PMID-sentid	Pub_year	Sent_text	comp_official_name	comp_offset	protein_name	organism	prot_offset
9160801-1	1997	Previous studies have suggested that peptide transport system (PTS)-1, a saturable efflux system from brain to blood, regulates the concentration in the brain of methionine enkephalin (Met-Enk), an opiate peptide related to the drinking of ethanol in mice.	Ethanol	240-247	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	189-192
9160250-0	1997	Ethanol alters the concentration of Met-enkephalin in brain by affecting peptide transport system-1 independent of preproenkephalin mRNA.	Ethanol	0-7	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	115-131
8968350-1	1996	The ability of spleen cells treated with methionine enkephalin (Met-ENK) in the presence of 3"-azido-3"-deoxythymidine (AZT) to produce cytokines and inhibit Friend leukemia virus (FLV) replication in Mus dunni cell cultures was investigated.	Zidovudine	92-118	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	68-71
9574833-0	1997	Effects of single and repeated morphine administration on the prodynorphin, proenkephalin and dopamine D2 receptor gene expression in the mouse brain.	Morphine	31-39	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	76-89
9574833-5	1997	Repeated treatment with morphine increased the PDYN mRNA level in both those structures after 2 and 72 h. In contrast to PDYN, the PENK mRNA level was reduced in the nucleus accumbens and remained unchanged in the striatum following repeated morphine administration.	Morphine	24-32	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	131-135
9574833-5	1997	Repeated treatment with morphine increased the PDYN mRNA level in both those structures after 2 and 72 h. In contrast to PDYN, the PENK mRNA level was reduced in the nucleus accumbens and remained unchanged in the striatum following repeated morphine administration.	Morphine	242-250	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	131-135
9574833-7	1997	The above results indicate that repeated morphine leads to long-lasting upregulation of the PDYN gene expression in the mouse nucleus accumbens and striatum; on the other hand, the PENK and D2 mRNA gene expressions are either inhibited or remain unchanged, significant changes being observed in the nucleus accumbens only.	Morphine	41-49	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	181-185
8968350-2	1996	In the presence of murine spleen cells, combination treatments using AZT plus Met-ENK or concanavalin A reduced FLV replication by 63% and 84%, respectively, as compared with 47% for AZT alone.	Zidovudine	183-186	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	82-85
1339154-4	1992	The present study shows that Met-Enk exerts an inhibitory effect on the growth of a macrophage derived fibrous histiocytoma (MC-II) inoculated intradermally into BALB/cJ mice.	mc-ii	125-130	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	33-36
8884235-7	1996	C57 mice pretreated with the dopamine receptor agonist, bromocriptine, had reduced striatum and mid brain preproenkephalin mRNA levels, and showed a 41% lower voluntary ethanol consumption compared to controls.	Bromocriptine	56-69	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	106-122
8194391-6	1993	On the other hand, studies of spinal subarachnoid infusion showed that only spinal antinociceptive neurons of mice were highly sensitive to the enzyme-resistant enkephalin (Enk) analog.	subarachnoid	37-49	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	161-171
8194391-6	1993	On the other hand, studies of spinal subarachnoid infusion showed that only spinal antinociceptive neurons of mice were highly sensitive to the enzyme-resistant enkephalin (Enk) analog.	subarachnoid	37-49	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	173-176
9001946-1	1996	We studied the effects of 10 micrograms of 17-beta-estradiol-3-benzoate treatment on preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA expression in female ovariectomized (OVX) Swiss Webster mice after 0, 1, 6, 12, 24, or 48 h, using the in situ hybridization technique.	estradiol 3-benzoate	43-71	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	85-101
9001946-1	1996	We studied the effects of 10 micrograms of 17-beta-estradiol-3-benzoate treatment on preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA expression in female ovariectomized (OVX) Swiss Webster mice after 0, 1, 6, 12, 24, or 48 h, using the in situ hybridization technique.	estradiol 3-benzoate	43-71	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	103-106
8933209-7	1996	By contrast, in the presence of mouse spleen cells, as a source of lymphocytes, in vitro combination treatments using AZT and Met-ENK reduced FLV replication by 67%, compared to 47% using AZT alone.	Zidovudine	188-191	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	130-133
8933209-8	1996	The inhibition due to Met-ENK was abrogated when spleen cells were pretreated with naloxone, an opioid antagonist.	Naloxone	83-91	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	26-29
8750842-1	1995	The aim of the study was to determine whether the haloperidol-produced induction of the c-fos gene in the mouse striatum is the cause of the increased expression of the striatal proenkephalin (PENK) gene after repeated haloperidol administration.	Haloperidol	50-61	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	178-191
8750842-1	1995	The aim of the study was to determine whether the haloperidol-produced induction of the c-fos gene in the mouse striatum is the cause of the increased expression of the striatal proenkephalin (PENK) gene after repeated haloperidol administration.	Haloperidol	50-61	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	193-197
8750842-1	1995	The aim of the study was to determine whether the haloperidol-produced induction of the c-fos gene in the mouse striatum is the cause of the increased expression of the striatal proenkephalin (PENK) gene after repeated haloperidol administration.	Haloperidol	219-230	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	178-191
8750842-1	1995	The aim of the study was to determine whether the haloperidol-produced induction of the c-fos gene in the mouse striatum is the cause of the increased expression of the striatal proenkephalin (PENK) gene after repeated haloperidol administration.	Haloperidol	219-230	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	193-197
8750842-4	1995	In animals injected with haloperidol for 9 days, levels of the striatal PENK mRNA were increased by 100%.	Haloperidol	25-36	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	72-76
7891117-0	1995	Preproenkephalin mRNA and methionine-enkephalin content are increased in mouse striatum after treatment with nicotine.	Nicotine	109-117	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	0-16
7891117-1	1995	A single dose of nicotine increased methionine-enkephalin (Met-Enk) immunoreactivity in the striatum of mice in a time-dependent manner.	Nicotine	17-25	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	63-66
7891117-2	1995	Met-Enk content reached maximum by approximately 1 h after nicotine and returned to control values by 6 h. The response to nicotine was blocked by pretreating animals with the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine.	Nicotine	59-67	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	4-7
7891117-2	1995	Met-Enk content reached maximum by approximately 1 h after nicotine and returned to control values by 6 h. The response to nicotine was blocked by pretreating animals with the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine.	Nicotine	123-131	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	4-7
7891117-2	1995	Met-Enk content reached maximum by approximately 1 h after nicotine and returned to control values by 6 h. The response to nicotine was blocked by pretreating animals with the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine.	Mecamylamine	206-218	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	4-7
7891117-4	1995	A single dose of nicotine also increased mRNA for the precursor peptide preproenkephalin (PPE).	Nicotine	17-25	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	72-88
7891117-4	1995	A single dose of nicotine also increased mRNA for the precursor peptide preproenkephalin (PPE).	Nicotine	17-25	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	90-93
7891117-5	1995	The increase of PPE mRNA preceded that of Met-Enk and reached a maximum by approximately 30 min after nicotine.	Nicotine	102-110	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	16-19
7891117-6	1995	PPE mRNA levels returned to near normal by approximately 3 h and increased again by 6 h after nicotine.	Nicotine	94-102	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	0-3
7891117-7	1995	Daily administration of nicotine for 14 days increased Met-Enk content and PPE mRNA in the striatum of mice as well.	Nicotine	24-32	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	59-62
7891117-7	1995	Daily administration of nicotine for 14 days increased Met-Enk content and PPE mRNA in the striatum of mice as well.	Nicotine	24-32	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	75-78
8353931-3	1993	In electrically active cultures, treatments with NMDA and KA increased preproenkephalin transcripts (mRNAppENK), showing maximum effects at 1 microM (4-fold and 2-fold, respectively), while treatments with quisqualate and MK801 caused concentration-dependent down-regulation in mRNAppENK.	N-Methylaspartate	49-53	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	71-87
8353931-3	1993	In electrically active cultures, treatments with NMDA and KA increased preproenkephalin transcripts (mRNAppENK), showing maximum effects at 1 microM (4-fold and 2-fold, respectively), while treatments with quisqualate and MK801 caused concentration-dependent down-regulation in mRNAppENK.	Dizocilpine Maleate	222-227	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	71-87
1348951-1	1992	Leu-enkephalin (Leu-Enk), norepinephrine (NE), somatostatin (SS), and bradykinin (BK) decrease the voltage-dependent calcium current in NG108-15 cells.	Calcium	117-124	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	20-23
1348951-5	1992	After treatment with PTX, the mutant GoA alpha rescued the Leu-Enk and NE pathways but not the SS pathway.	Leucine	59-62	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	63-66
1899692-0	1991	Preproenkephalin mRNA and methionine-enkephalin increase in mouse striatum after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment.	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine	81-125	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	0-16
1824001-3	1991	In the case of Zn deficient group, the inhibitions were up to 51% compared to 27% for the control and became higher as the increasing concentration of Met-Enk.	Zinc	15-17	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	155-158
1824001-5	1991	These findings suggest that Zn may interfere with the role of Met-Enk on BMC.	Zinc	28-30	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	66-69
1598829-2	1992	Met-enk enhanced the DH response to ear challenge when mice were treated with met-enk beginning at the same time as cpicutaneous sensitization with DNFB but not after being sensitized.	Dinitrofluorobenzene	148-152	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	4-7
1598829-3	1992	When met-enk (10 nmol.L-1-100 mumol.L-1) was included in Con A-stimulated lymphocyte cultures, the IL-2 production increased in a concentration-dependent manner.	Deferiprone	22-25	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	9-12
1899692-2	1991	We administered a dose of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) that produces a moderate depletion of dopamine in striatum, about 50%, without overt motor deficits, and found that Met-Enk-like immunoreactivity and preproenkephalin mRNA content increased in the tissue.	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine	26-70	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	198-201
1899692-2	1991	We administered a dose of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) that produces a moderate depletion of dopamine in striatum, about 50%, without overt motor deficits, and found that Met-Enk-like immunoreactivity and preproenkephalin mRNA content increased in the tissue.	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine	26-70	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	228-244
1899692-2	1991	We administered a dose of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) that produces a moderate depletion of dopamine in striatum, about 50%, without overt motor deficits, and found that Met-Enk-like immunoreactivity and preproenkephalin mRNA content increased in the tissue.	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine	72-76	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	198-201
1899692-2	1991	We administered a dose of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) that produces a moderate depletion of dopamine in striatum, about 50%, without overt motor deficits, and found that Met-Enk-like immunoreactivity and preproenkephalin mRNA content increased in the tissue.	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine	72-76	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	228-244
1651391-1	1991	The opioid activity and the selectivity for opioid receptor (subtypes) of newly synthesized fluorinated enkephalin (Enk) analogues, [2R, 4R], [2R, 4S], [2S, 4S] and [2S, 4R] trifluoro-Leu5-Enk (KKF-31, 32, 33 and 34) were investigated.	fluorinated	92-103	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	104-114
34736722-10	2022	Pregabalin and gabapentin increased HO-1, arginase-1, and endogenous opioid precursor preproenkephalin gene expression and decreased the expression of glial markers, interleukin-1beta, and inducible nitric oxide synthase.	Pregabalin	0-10	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	86-102
1848002-9	1991	Verapamil blunted both the brisk and the gradual increase in mPpa on lengthening inspiratory time.	Verapamil	0-9	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	61-65
34736722-10	2022	Pregabalin and gabapentin increased HO-1, arginase-1, and endogenous opioid precursor preproenkephalin gene expression and decreased the expression of glial markers, interleukin-1beta, and inducible nitric oxide synthase.	Gabapentin	15-25	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	86-102
34954388-2	2022	A hyaluronic acid (HA) polymeric nanoparticle with specific lymphatic uptake and highly water solubility was developed to deliver pyropheophorbide-a (PPa) for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treatment.	Hyaluronic Acid	2-17	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	150-153
34954388-2	2022	A hyaluronic acid (HA) polymeric nanoparticle with specific lymphatic uptake and highly water solubility was developed to deliver pyropheophorbide-a (PPa) for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treatment.	Hyaluronic Acid	19-21	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	150-153
34954388-2	2022	A hyaluronic acid (HA) polymeric nanoparticle with specific lymphatic uptake and highly water solubility was developed to deliver pyropheophorbide-a (PPa) for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treatment.	pyropheophorbide a	130-148	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	150-153
34954388-3	2022	METHODS AND RESULTS: PPa was chemically conjugated to the HA polymeric particle via an adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) linker.	adipic dihydrazide	87-110	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	21-24
34954388-3	2022	METHODS AND RESULTS: PPa was chemically conjugated to the HA polymeric particle via an adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) linker.	adh	112-115	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	21-24
34954388-6	2022	The singlet oxygen generation efficiency of PPa was not affected by conjugation to HA nanoparticles at a PPa loading degree of 1.89 w.t.%.	Singlet Oxygen	4-18	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	44-47
3526354-1	1986	Tyr-Gly-Gly (YGG) was recently shown to be an extraneuronal metabolite of opioid peptides derived from proenkephalin A, formed in brain by the action of "enkephalinase" (membrane metalloendopeptidase, EC 3.4.24.11) and degraded by aminopeptidases.	tyrosyl-glycyl-glycine	0-11	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	103-118
3368036-3	1988	A greater than six-fold increase in proenkephalin mRNA (mRNA(enk)) was observed by 24 hours following barium stimulation.	Barium	102-108	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	56-65
3368036-4	1988	The voltage-sensitive calcium channel blocker D600 inhibited the barium-stimulated secretion of enkephalin and blocked the stimulation of VIP biosynthesis and mRNA(enk).	Gallopamil	46-50	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	96-99
3368036-4	1988	The voltage-sensitive calcium channel blocker D600 inhibited the barium-stimulated secretion of enkephalin and blocked the stimulation of VIP biosynthesis and mRNA(enk).	Barium	65-71	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	96-99
3021119-0	1986	Glucocorticoids and cyclic AMP synergistically regulate the abundance of preproenkephalin messenger RNA in neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells.	Cyclic AMP	20-30	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	73-89
3021119-4	1986	Treatment with 8-bromo-cyclic AMP or an adenylate cyclase activator such as prostaglandin E1 or forskolin elevated preproenkephalin mRNA to twice the control or less.	8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate	15-33	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	115-131
3021119-4	1986	Treatment with 8-bromo-cyclic AMP or an adenylate cyclase activator such as prostaglandin E1 or forskolin elevated preproenkephalin mRNA to twice the control or less.	Alprostadil	76-92	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	115-131
3021119-4	1986	Treatment with 8-bromo-cyclic AMP or an adenylate cyclase activator such as prostaglandin E1 or forskolin elevated preproenkephalin mRNA to twice the control or less.	Colforsin	96-105	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	115-131
3021119-5	1986	Treatment with both glucocorticoid and forskolin for 24 hr or 8 days markedly increased preproenkephalin mRNA to 5-8 and 30 times the control, respectively.	Colforsin	39-48	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	88-104
3021119-7	1986	The results demonstrate that preproenkephalin gene expression is synergistically regulated by glucocorticoids and cAMP.	Cyclic AMP	114-118	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	29-45
34206631-4	2021	We developed a focused library of Leu-ENK analogs containing small hydrophobic modifications.	Leucine	34-37	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	38-41
34206631-5	2021	N-pivaloyl analog KK-103 showed the highest binding affinity to the delta opioid receptor (68% relative to Leu-ENK) and an extended plasma half-life of 37 h. In the murine hot-plate model, subcutaneous KK-103 showed 10-fold improved anticonception (142%MPE h) compared to Leu-ENK (14%MPE h).	Leucine	107-110	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	111-114
2532855-2	1989	The data from this experiment show that Met-Enk can suppress the responses of splenocyte from the 3 groups to concanavalin A (Con A), but less inhibition was observed in the Zn-deficient group.	Zinc	174-176	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	44-47
2532855-4	1989	Alteration of proliferative responses to Con A and PWM were reversible in the presence of naloxone 10 mumol/L indicating that the effect of Met-Enk on cellular proliferation was mediated by the opioid receptor.	Naloxone	90-98	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	144-147
2532855-5	1989	In the proliferation of MLC, the response of lymphocytes from Zn-deficient mice was increased in the absence of Met-Enk and Met-Enk can suppress this increased response.	Zinc	62-64	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	116-119
2532855-5	1989	In the proliferation of MLC, the response of lymphocytes from Zn-deficient mice was increased in the absence of Met-Enk and Met-Enk can suppress this increased response.	Zinc	62-64	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	128-131
3658811-1	1987	Short-lasting decrease in rectal temperature in mice after intraperitoneal administration of an enkephalin dimer, the so called double-enkephalin--(Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-NH)2 (D-ENK-O)--at dose 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg of body weight was observed.	Tyrosine	148-151	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	174-177
3658811-1	1987	Short-lasting decrease in rectal temperature in mice after intraperitoneal administration of an enkephalin dimer, the so called double-enkephalin--(Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-NH)2 (D-ENK-O)--at dose 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg of body weight was observed.	-ala-gly-phe-nh	153-168	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	174-177
3658811-3	1987	The hypothermic effect of D-ENK-O was almost completely reduced by naloxone which suggests an involvement of opiate receptors in the D-ENK-O produced hypothermia in mice.	Naloxone	67-75	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	28-31
3658811-3	1987	The hypothermic effect of D-ENK-O was almost completely reduced by naloxone which suggests an involvement of opiate receptors in the D-ENK-O produced hypothermia in mice.	Naloxone	67-75	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	135-138
3014570-3	1986	NAL which intensified the in vitro inhibitory effect of the used opioids showed an antagonistic effect on the in vivo suppressive effect of BETA-END on both brain and lung ACE activities whereas it had neither antagonistic nor synergistic effect on the in vivo inhibiting effect of MET-ENK and LEU-ENK on the lung ACE activity.	Naloxone	0-3	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	286-289
3014570-3	1986	NAL which intensified the in vitro inhibitory effect of the used opioids showed an antagonistic effect on the in vivo suppressive effect of BETA-END on both brain and lung ACE activities whereas it had neither antagonistic nor synergistic effect on the in vivo inhibiting effect of MET-ENK and LEU-ENK on the lung ACE activity.	Naloxone	0-3	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	298-301
3123943-1	1986	A membrane-bound enkephalin (ENK) -hydrolyzing amino-peptidase (AP) was partially purified from neuroblastoma (clone N1E-115) cell membranes; enzyme activity was assayed by determination of the leu-enkephalin (LENK) degradation product, tyrosine (Tyr), with HPLC.	Tyrosine	237-245	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	17-27
3123943-1	1986	A membrane-bound enkephalin (ENK) -hydrolyzing amino-peptidase (AP) was partially purified from neuroblastoma (clone N1E-115) cell membranes; enzyme activity was assayed by determination of the leu-enkephalin (LENK) degradation product, tyrosine (Tyr), with HPLC.	Tyrosine	237-245	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	29-32
3123943-1	1986	A membrane-bound enkephalin (ENK) -hydrolyzing amino-peptidase (AP) was partially purified from neuroblastoma (clone N1E-115) cell membranes; enzyme activity was assayed by determination of the leu-enkephalin (LENK) degradation product, tyrosine (Tyr), with HPLC.	Tyrosine	247-250	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	17-27
3123943-1	1986	A membrane-bound enkephalin (ENK) -hydrolyzing amino-peptidase (AP) was partially purified from neuroblastoma (clone N1E-115) cell membranes; enzyme activity was assayed by determination of the leu-enkephalin (LENK) degradation product, tyrosine (Tyr), with HPLC.	Tyrosine	247-250	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	29-32
6088688-2	1984	Changing the temperature of the binding assay, and thus altering the properties of neuronal membrane lipids, resulted in changes in the observed affinity of striatal binding sites for dihydromorphine (DHM), but not for D-Ala2, D-Leu5-enkephalin (ENK).	Dihydromorphine	184-199	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	246-249
3123945-1	1986	The tripeptide Tyr-Gly-Gly (YGG), an extraneuronal metabolite of opioid peptides (OP) derived from proenkephalin A is in a highly dynamic state in mouse striatum.	tripeptide K-26	4-14	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	99-114
3123945-1	1986	The tripeptide Tyr-Gly-Gly (YGG), an extraneuronal metabolite of opioid peptides (OP) derived from proenkephalin A is in a highly dynamic state in mouse striatum.	tyrosyl-glycyl-glycine	15-26	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	99-114
6088688-2	1984	Changing the temperature of the binding assay, and thus altering the properties of neuronal membrane lipids, resulted in changes in the observed affinity of striatal binding sites for dihydromorphine (DHM), but not for D-Ala2, D-Leu5-enkephalin (ENK).	Dihydromorphine	201-204	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	227-244
6088688-2	1984	Changing the temperature of the binding assay, and thus altering the properties of neuronal membrane lipids, resulted in changes in the observed affinity of striatal binding sites for dihydromorphine (DHM), but not for D-Ala2, D-Leu5-enkephalin (ENK).	Dihydromorphine	201-204	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	246-249
6088688-5	1984	High concentrations of ethanol were more effective at decreasing receptor affinity for both DHM and ENK when the binding assays were performed in the presence of GTP or Na+.	Ethanol	23-30	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	100-103
6088688-5	1984	High concentrations of ethanol were more effective at decreasing receptor affinity for both DHM and ENK when the binding assays were performed in the presence of GTP or Na+.	Guanosine Triphosphate	162-165	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	100-103
6198817-4	1981	In the biochemical study, it has been found that met-enk (100 micrograms) significantly increases the content of homovanillic acid (HVA) in the striatum.	Homovanillic Acid	113-130	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	53-56
6424102-1	1983	Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of kyotorphin (L-Tyr-L-Arg) and cyclo (N-methyl-L-Tyr-L-Arg), its analog, produced significant dose-dependent hypothermic responses in mice at an ambient temperature of 24 degrees C. The hypothermic action of kyotorphin was much greater than that of Met-enkephalin (Met-ENK) but less than that of cyclo NMTA.	l-tyr-l-arg	60-71	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	315-318
6424102-1	1983	Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of kyotorphin (L-Tyr-L-Arg) and cyclo (N-methyl-L-Tyr-L-Arg), its analog, produced significant dose-dependent hypothermic responses in mice at an ambient temperature of 24 degrees C. The hypothermic action of kyotorphin was much greater than that of Met-enkephalin (Met-ENK) but less than that of cyclo NMTA.	emodepside	77-82	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	315-318
6424102-3	1983	Met-ENK utilized as a control peptide in this study also produced a dose-dependent hypothermia which was slightly antagonized by naloxone (8 mg/kg, IP).	Naloxone	129-137	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	4-7
6198817-4	1981	In the biochemical study, it has been found that met-enk (100 micrograms) significantly increases the content of homovanillic acid (HVA) in the striatum.	Homovanillic Acid	132-135	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	53-56
6198817-6	1981	Met-enk (100 micrograms) and leu-enk (200 micrograms) did not affect the alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine-induced decrease in the content of DA and norepinephrine.	Leucine	29-32	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	33-36
6198817-7	1981	Following the injection of met-enk (100 micrograms) and leu-enk (200 micrograms) and leu-enk (200 micrograms) into the cerebral ventricle, the content of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the cerebral cortex was increased but that of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was not.	Leucine	56-59	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	60-63
6198817-7	1981	Following the injection of met-enk (100 micrograms) and leu-enk (200 micrograms) and leu-enk (200 micrograms) into the cerebral ventricle, the content of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the cerebral cortex was increased but that of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was not.	Leucine	56-59	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	60-63
33857021-5	2021	Acetaminophen prevented the haloperidol-induced decrease in the number of c-Fos+/preproenkephalin+ striatal neurons in wild-type mice but not in TRPV1-deficient mice.	Acetaminophen	0-13	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	81-97
33857021-5	2021	Acetaminophen prevented the haloperidol-induced decrease in the number of c-Fos+/preproenkephalin+ striatal neurons in wild-type mice but not in TRPV1-deficient mice.	Haloperidol	28-39	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	81-97
33436250-1	2021	To deliver photosensitizers with PEGylated heparin (HP) into tumor cells for photodynamic therapy, we prepared two polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized HP-based polymers conjugated with pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa): a non-GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety chemically attached to HP directly; and a GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-SS-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety conjugated to HP via a disulfide linkage.	Heparin	156-158	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	251-254
33846240-5	2021	Moreover, BMS-986122 increases the potency of Met-Enk to inhibit GABA release in the periaqueductal gray, an important site for antinociception.	gamma-Aminobutyric Acid	65-69	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	50-53
33436250-1	2021	To deliver photosensitizers with PEGylated heparin (HP) into tumor cells for photodynamic therapy, we prepared two polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized HP-based polymers conjugated with pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa): a non-GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety chemically attached to HP directly; and a GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-SS-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety conjugated to HP via a disulfide linkage.	Heparin	156-158	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	210-213
33436250-1	2021	To deliver photosensitizers with PEGylated heparin (HP) into tumor cells for photodynamic therapy, we prepared two polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized HP-based polymers conjugated with pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa): a non-GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety chemically attached to HP directly; and a GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-SS-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety conjugated to HP via a disulfide linkage.	Heparin	156-158	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	210-213
33436250-1	2021	To deliver photosensitizers with PEGylated heparin (HP) into tumor cells for photodynamic therapy, we prepared two polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized HP-based polymers conjugated with pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa): a non-GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety chemically attached to HP directly; and a GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-SS-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety conjugated to HP via a disulfide linkage.	Heparin	156-158	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	251-254
33436250-1	2021	To deliver photosensitizers with PEGylated heparin (HP) into tumor cells for photodynamic therapy, we prepared two polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized HP-based polymers conjugated with pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa): a non-GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety chemically attached to HP directly; and a GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-SS-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety conjugated to HP via a disulfide linkage.	Heparin	156-158	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	251-254
33436250-1	2021	To deliver photosensitizers with PEGylated heparin (HP) into tumor cells for photodynamic therapy, we prepared two polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized HP-based polymers conjugated with pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa): a non-GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety chemically attached to HP directly; and a GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-SS-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety conjugated to HP via a disulfide linkage.	Heparin	156-158	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	251-254
33436250-1	2021	To deliver photosensitizers with PEGylated heparin (HP) into tumor cells for photodynamic therapy, we prepared two polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized HP-based polymers conjugated with pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa): a non-GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety chemically attached to HP directly; and a GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-SS-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety conjugated to HP via a disulfide linkage.	Heparin	156-158	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	210-213
33436250-1	2021	To deliver photosensitizers with PEGylated heparin (HP) into tumor cells for photodynamic therapy, we prepared two polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized HP-based polymers conjugated with pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa): a non-GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety chemically attached to HP directly; and a GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-SS-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety conjugated to HP via a disulfide linkage.	Heparin	156-158	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	251-254
33436250-1	2021	To deliver photosensitizers with PEGylated heparin (HP) into tumor cells for photodynamic therapy, we prepared two polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized HP-based polymers conjugated with pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa): a non-GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety chemically attached to HP directly; and a GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-SS-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety conjugated to HP via a disulfide linkage.	Heparin	156-158	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	251-254
33436250-1	2021	To deliver photosensitizers with PEGylated heparin (HP) into tumor cells for photodynamic therapy, we prepared two polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized HP-based polymers conjugated with pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa): a non-GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety chemically attached to HP directly; and a GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-SS-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety conjugated to HP via a disulfide linkage.	Heparin	156-158	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	210-213
33436250-1	2021	To deliver photosensitizers with PEGylated heparin (HP) into tumor cells for photodynamic therapy, we prepared two polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized HP-based polymers conjugated with pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa): a non-GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety chemically attached to HP directly; and a GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-SS-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety conjugated to HP via a disulfide linkage.	Heparin	156-158	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	251-254
33436250-1	2021	To deliver photosensitizers with PEGylated heparin (HP) into tumor cells for photodynamic therapy, we prepared two polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized HP-based polymers conjugated with pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa): a non-GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety chemically attached to HP directly; and a GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-SS-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety conjugated to HP via a disulfide linkage.	Heparin	156-158	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	251-254
33436250-1	2021	To deliver photosensitizers with PEGylated heparin (HP) into tumor cells for photodynamic therapy, we prepared two polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized HP-based polymers conjugated with pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa): a non-GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety chemically attached to HP directly; and a GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-SS-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety conjugated to HP via a disulfide linkage.	Heparin	156-158	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	210-213
33436250-1	2021	To deliver photosensitizers with PEGylated heparin (HP) into tumor cells for photodynamic therapy, we prepared two polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized HP-based polymers conjugated with pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa): a non-GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety chemically attached to HP directly; and a GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-SS-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety conjugated to HP via a disulfide linkage.	Heparin	156-158	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	251-254
33436250-1	2021	To deliver photosensitizers with PEGylated heparin (HP) into tumor cells for photodynamic therapy, we prepared two polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized HP-based polymers conjugated with pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa): a non-GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety chemically attached to HP directly; and a GSH-responsive nanoagent (HP-Ppa-SS-mPEG) with the mPEG moiety conjugated to HP via a disulfide linkage.	Heparin	156-158	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	251-254
33436250-2	2021	The Ppa-functionalized HP without PEGylation (HP-Ppa) was designed as another control.	Heparin	23-25	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	4-7
33436250-2	2021	The Ppa-functionalized HP without PEGylation (HP-Ppa) was designed as another control.	Heparin	46-48	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	4-7
33436250-5	2021	HP-Ppa-SS-mPEG was found to achieve the highest tumor accumulation, the longest retention time and the best penetration into tumor tissues, resulting in the highest in vivo anticancer efficacy with 94.3 % tumor growth inhibition rate, suggesting that tumor microenvironment-responsive PEGylated HP-based nanomedicines may act as efficient anticancer agents.	Heparin	0-2	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	3-6
33436250-5	2021	HP-Ppa-SS-mPEG was found to achieve the highest tumor accumulation, the longest retention time and the best penetration into tumor tissues, resulting in the highest in vivo anticancer efficacy with 94.3 % tumor growth inhibition rate, suggesting that tumor microenvironment-responsive PEGylated HP-based nanomedicines may act as efficient anticancer agents.	monomethoxypolyethylene glycol	9-14	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	3-6
33436250-5	2021	HP-Ppa-SS-mPEG was found to achieve the highest tumor accumulation, the longest retention time and the best penetration into tumor tissues, resulting in the highest in vivo anticancer efficacy with 94.3 % tumor growth inhibition rate, suggesting that tumor microenvironment-responsive PEGylated HP-based nanomedicines may act as efficient anticancer agents.	Heparin	295-297	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	3-6
31917345-1	2020	Enkephalin (ENK) has been implicated in pain modulation within the spinal dorsal horn (SDH).	Enkephalins	0-10	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	12-15
31917345-4	2020	First, the distribution pattern of spinal ENK-ergic neurons was observed in adult preproenkephalin (PPE)-GFP knock-in mice.	preproenkephalin	82-98	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	42-45
31917345-4	2020	First, the distribution pattern of spinal ENK-ergic neurons was observed in adult preproenkephalin (PPE)-GFP knock-in mice.	preproenkephalin	82-98	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	100-103
31917345-7	2020	Some TMR-labeled neurons were simultaneously in close association with both IB4 and PPE-ir terminals.	dextran tetramethylrhodamine	5-8	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	84-87
31917345-10	2020	Whole-cell patch recordings showed that delta-opioid receptor (DOR) agonist, [D-Pen2,5]-enkephalin (DPDPE, 1 microM), significantly reduced the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) and decreased the activity of TMR-labeled neurons.	Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-	100-105	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	88-98
31917345-10	2020	Whole-cell patch recordings showed that delta-opioid receptor (DOR) agonist, [D-Pen2,5]-enkephalin (DPDPE, 1 microM), significantly reduced the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) and decreased the activity of TMR-labeled neurons.	dextran tetramethylrhodamine	237-240	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	88-98
29709465-13	2019	These data further suggest that specific changes in expression of cannabinoid receptors, preproenkephalin, and PDE10A, considered to be the hallmark of HD transcriptional dysregulation, may be produced by an abnormality of glutamate homeostasis under the regulation of neuronal GLT-1, or a synaptic disturbance caused by that abnormality, independently of mutation in huntingtin.	Glutamic Acid	223-232	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	89-105
30898641-4	2019	Herein, we utilize a surfactant-like chemotherapeutic agent, mitoxantrone (MTX), as a nanocarrier to deliver a photosensitizer pyropheophorbide a (PPa) for antitumor therapy.	Mitoxantrone	61-73	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	147-150
30898641-4	2019	Herein, we utilize a surfactant-like chemotherapeutic agent, mitoxantrone (MTX), as a nanocarrier to deliver a photosensitizer pyropheophorbide a (PPa) for antitumor therapy.	Mitoxantrone	75-78	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	147-150
30898641-4	2019	Herein, we utilize a surfactant-like chemotherapeutic agent, mitoxantrone (MTX), as a nanocarrier to deliver a photosensitizer pyropheophorbide a (PPa) for antitumor therapy.	pyropheophorbide a	127-145	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	147-150
30898641-5	2019	MTX consists of aromatic rings (hydrophobic part) and two amino-groups and two hydroxyl-groups (hydrophilic part) with planar structure, which could interact with PPa via pi-pi stacking, hydrophobic interactions, intermolecular hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions.	Mitoxantrone	0-3	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	163-166
30898641-5	2019	MTX consists of aromatic rings (hydrophobic part) and two amino-groups and two hydroxyl-groups (hydrophilic part) with planar structure, which could interact with PPa via pi-pi stacking, hydrophobic interactions, intermolecular hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions.	Hydrogen	228-236	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	163-166
30898641-6	2019	This system (PPa@MTX) spontaneously forms near-spherical nanostructures (~150 nm), has a high loading capacity for PPa (56.5%) and exhibits a pH-responsive drug release manner in vitro.	Mitoxantrone	17-20	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	13-16
30898641-6	2019	This system (PPa@MTX) spontaneously forms near-spherical nanostructures (~150 nm), has a high loading capacity for PPa (56.5%) and exhibits a pH-responsive drug release manner in vitro.	Mitoxantrone	17-20	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	115-118
30898641-7	2019	In vivo antitumor efficacy evaluations show that the pegylated PPa@MTX nanosystem has increased accumulation in tumor tissues and enhanced antitumor efficacy in female BALB/c mice bearing murine mammary carcinoma (4T1) tumor cells, compared to free PPa.	Mitoxantrone	67-70	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	63-66
30898641-7	2019	In vivo antitumor efficacy evaluations show that the pegylated PPa@MTX nanosystem has increased accumulation in tumor tissues and enhanced antitumor efficacy in female BALB/c mice bearing murine mammary carcinoma (4T1) tumor cells, compared to free PPa.	Mitoxantrone	67-70	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	249-252
30599218-11	2019	All these results indicated that ghrelin(1-7)-NH2 initially activated the GHS-R1alpha, then activated the OPRM, as well as increased the release of endogenous PENK to activate of OPRD to produce antinociception.	Ghrelin	33-40	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	159-163
29620538-4	2018	An imidazole-bearing amphiphilic copolymer was employed as the micelle building block to encapsulate triphenylphosphonium-pyropheophorbide a (TPP-PPa) conjugate or PPa.	imidazole	3-12	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	146-149
30618656-5	2018	Among the 109 genes that exhibited an NTG treatment-by-region interaction, solute carrier family 32 (GABA vesicular transporter) member 1 (Slc32a1) and preproenkephalin (Penk) exhibited reversal of expression patterns between the NTG and CON groups.	Nitroglycerin	38-41	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	152-168
30618656-5	2018	Among the 109 genes that exhibited an NTG treatment-by-region interaction, solute carrier family 32 (GABA vesicular transporter) member 1 (Slc32a1) and preproenkephalin (Penk) exhibited reversal of expression patterns between the NTG and CON groups.	Nitroglycerin	38-41	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	170-174
30618656-5	2018	Among the 109 genes that exhibited an NTG treatment-by-region interaction, solute carrier family 32 (GABA vesicular transporter) member 1 (Slc32a1) and preproenkephalin (Penk) exhibited reversal of expression patterns between the NTG and CON groups.	Nitroglycerin	230-233	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	152-168
30618656-5	2018	Among the 109 genes that exhibited an NTG treatment-by-region interaction, solute carrier family 32 (GABA vesicular transporter) member 1 (Slc32a1) and preproenkephalin (Penk) exhibited reversal of expression patterns between the NTG and CON groups.	Nitroglycerin	230-233	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	170-174
30040980-6	2018	NMYR-analgesia was significantly attenuated in preproenkephalin (PENK)- or proopioimelanocortin (POMC)-KO mice.	nmyr	0-4	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	47-63
30040980-6	2018	NMYR-analgesia was significantly attenuated in preproenkephalin (PENK)- or proopioimelanocortin (POMC)-KO mice.	nmyr	0-4	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	65-69
30040980-9	2018	In addition, PENK- and POMC-KO mice also attenuated the arginine-induced analgesia.	Arginine	56-64	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	13-17
29620538-4	2018	An imidazole-bearing amphiphilic copolymer was employed as the micelle building block to encapsulate triphenylphosphonium-pyropheophorbide a (TPP-PPa) conjugate or PPa.	imidazole	3-12	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	164-167
29620538-4	2018	An imidazole-bearing amphiphilic copolymer was employed as the micelle building block to encapsulate triphenylphosphonium-pyropheophorbide a (TPP-PPa) conjugate or PPa.	copolymer	33-42	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	146-149
29620538-4	2018	An imidazole-bearing amphiphilic copolymer was employed as the micelle building block to encapsulate triphenylphosphonium-pyropheophorbide a (TPP-PPa) conjugate or PPa.	copolymer	33-42	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	164-167
29620538-4	2018	An imidazole-bearing amphiphilic copolymer was employed as the micelle building block to encapsulate triphenylphosphonium-pyropheophorbide a (TPP-PPa) conjugate or PPa.	triphenylphosphonium-pyropheophorbide a	101-140	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	146-149
29620538-5	2018	Upon laser irradiation, the singlet oxygen produced by TPP-PPa/PPa oxidized the imidazole moiety to produce hydrophilic urea, leading to micelle disassembly and rapid cargo release.	Singlet Oxygen	28-42	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	59-62
29620538-5	2018	Upon laser irradiation, the singlet oxygen produced by TPP-PPa/PPa oxidized the imidazole moiety to produce hydrophilic urea, leading to micelle disassembly and rapid cargo release.	Singlet Oxygen	28-42	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	63-66
29620538-5	2018	Upon laser irradiation, the singlet oxygen produced by TPP-PPa/PPa oxidized the imidazole moiety to produce hydrophilic urea, leading to micelle disassembly and rapid cargo release.	imidazole	80-89	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	59-62
29620538-5	2018	Upon laser irradiation, the singlet oxygen produced by TPP-PPa/PPa oxidized the imidazole moiety to produce hydrophilic urea, leading to micelle disassembly and rapid cargo release.	imidazole	80-89	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	63-66
29620538-5	2018	Upon laser irradiation, the singlet oxygen produced by TPP-PPa/PPa oxidized the imidazole moiety to produce hydrophilic urea, leading to micelle disassembly and rapid cargo release.	Urea	120-124	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	59-62
29620538-5	2018	Upon laser irradiation, the singlet oxygen produced by TPP-PPa/PPa oxidized the imidazole moiety to produce hydrophilic urea, leading to micelle disassembly and rapid cargo release.	Urea	120-124	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	63-66
28476408-7	2017	The results revealed a significant decrease of Dyn A (p<0.01), Leu-Enk (p<0.001), Met-Enk (p<0.001), Tach58-71 (p<0.05), SP (p<0.01) and NKA (p<0.001) concentrations in both, PC1-/+ and PC2-/+ animals.	Leucine	66-69	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	70-73
26476133-13	2016	Taken together, these results suggest that M3G-induced nociceptive responses and ERK activation may be triggered via delta2-opioid receptors activated by Leu-ENK, which is formed from dynorphin in the spinal cord.	morphine-3-glucuronide	43-46	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	158-161
28424060-7	2017	In addition, it significantly reversed MPTP-induced lowering of SP, improved ENK levels in the basal ganglia, and ameliorated abnormal reduction in glutamate content in the motor cortex.	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine	39-43	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	77-80
27693568-4	2016	Pain thresholds in the pVAX1-PENK treated mice were significantly higher at day 3, then reached a peak at day 7 and lasted until day 28 after gene transfer, and the analgesic effect of pVAX1-PENK was blocked with naloxone hydrochloride.	Naloxone	213-235	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	29-33
27693568-4	2016	Pain thresholds in the pVAX1-PENK treated mice were significantly higher at day 3, then reached a peak at day 7 and lasted until day 28 after gene transfer, and the analgesic effect of pVAX1-PENK was blocked with naloxone hydrochloride.	Naloxone	213-235	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	191-195
27474249-7	2016	Furthermore, the mRNA and protein levels of delta-opioid peptide PENK and delta-opioid receptor OPRD were increased after i.c.v injection of ghrelin.	Ghrelin	141-148	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	65-69
27474249-14	2016	injection of ghrelin initially activated the GHS-R1alpha, which in turn increased the release of endogenous PENK to activation of OPRD to produce antinociception.	Ghrelin	13-20	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	108-112
27332148-3	2016	In this study, we prepared a nanovehicle for codelivery of photosensitizer (pyropheophorbide-a, PPa) and chemo-drugs (paclitaxel, PTX) based on the synthesis of PPa-conjugated amphiphilic copolymer PPa-PLA-PEG-PLA-PPa.	pyropheophorbide a	76-94	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	161-164
27332148-3	2016	In this study, we prepared a nanovehicle for codelivery of photosensitizer (pyropheophorbide-a, PPa) and chemo-drugs (paclitaxel, PTX) based on the synthesis of PPa-conjugated amphiphilic copolymer PPa-PLA-PEG-PLA-PPa.	pyropheophorbide a	76-94	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	161-164
27332148-3	2016	In this study, we prepared a nanovehicle for codelivery of photosensitizer (pyropheophorbide-a, PPa) and chemo-drugs (paclitaxel, PTX) based on the synthesis of PPa-conjugated amphiphilic copolymer PPa-PLA-PEG-PLA-PPa.	pyropheophorbide a	76-94	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	161-164
27332148-3	2016	In this study, we prepared a nanovehicle for codelivery of photosensitizer (pyropheophorbide-a, PPa) and chemo-drugs (paclitaxel, PTX) based on the synthesis of PPa-conjugated amphiphilic copolymer PPa-PLA-PEG-PLA-PPa.	Paclitaxel	118-128	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	161-164
27332148-3	2016	In this study, we prepared a nanovehicle for codelivery of photosensitizer (pyropheophorbide-a, PPa) and chemo-drugs (paclitaxel, PTX) based on the synthesis of PPa-conjugated amphiphilic copolymer PPa-PLA-PEG-PLA-PPa.	Paclitaxel	118-128	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	161-164
27332148-3	2016	In this study, we prepared a nanovehicle for codelivery of photosensitizer (pyropheophorbide-a, PPa) and chemo-drugs (paclitaxel, PTX) based on the synthesis of PPa-conjugated amphiphilic copolymer PPa-PLA-PEG-PLA-PPa.	Paclitaxel	118-128	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	161-164
27332148-3	2016	In this study, we prepared a nanovehicle for codelivery of photosensitizer (pyropheophorbide-a, PPa) and chemo-drugs (paclitaxel, PTX) based on the synthesis of PPa-conjugated amphiphilic copolymer PPa-PLA-PEG-PLA-PPa.	ptx	130-133	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	161-164
27332148-3	2016	In this study, we prepared a nanovehicle for codelivery of photosensitizer (pyropheophorbide-a, PPa) and chemo-drugs (paclitaxel, PTX) based on the synthesis of PPa-conjugated amphiphilic copolymer PPa-PLA-PEG-PLA-PPa.	ptx	130-133	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	161-164
27332148-3	2016	In this study, we prepared a nanovehicle for codelivery of photosensitizer (pyropheophorbide-a, PPa) and chemo-drugs (paclitaxel, PTX) based on the synthesis of PPa-conjugated amphiphilic copolymer PPa-PLA-PEG-PLA-PPa.	ptx	130-133	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	161-164
27332148-3	2016	In this study, we prepared a nanovehicle for codelivery of photosensitizer (pyropheophorbide-a, PPa) and chemo-drugs (paclitaxel, PTX) based on the synthesis of PPa-conjugated amphiphilic copolymer PPa-PLA-PEG-PLA-PPa.	copolymer	188-197	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	161-164
27332148-3	2016	In this study, we prepared a nanovehicle for codelivery of photosensitizer (pyropheophorbide-a, PPa) and chemo-drugs (paclitaxel, PTX) based on the synthesis of PPa-conjugated amphiphilic copolymer PPa-PLA-PEG-PLA-PPa.	copolymer	188-197	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	161-164
27332148-3	2016	In this study, we prepared a nanovehicle for codelivery of photosensitizer (pyropheophorbide-a, PPa) and chemo-drugs (paclitaxel, PTX) based on the synthesis of PPa-conjugated amphiphilic copolymer PPa-PLA-PEG-PLA-PPa.	copolymer	188-197	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	161-164
26520239-5	2016	After nicotine administration, there was a positive shift in correlation of mass/charge peak expression levels with substance P and proenkephalin A (218-228).	Nicotine	6-14	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	132-147
26476133-12	2016	Western blotting analysis revealed that antisera against dynorphin, antisera against Leu-ENK, naltrindole or naltriben resulted in a significant blockade of ERK activation induced by M3G in the spinal cord.	Leucine	85-88	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	89-92
25747602-5	2015	Acute haloperidol injection caused a significant increase in the transcripts of mGlu4 receptors, CB1 receptors and preproenkephalin-A at 2 and 24 h, and a reduction in the transcripts of mGlu5 and A2A receptors at 2 h. At least changes in the expression of mGlu4 receptors might be interpreted as compensatory because haloperidol-induced catalepsy was enhanced in mGlu4(-/-) mice.	Haloperidol	6-17	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	115-131
25747602-6	2015	Mice injected with 30 mg/kg of MPTP also showed an increase in the transcripts of mGlu4 receptors, CB1 receptors, and preproenkephalin-A at 3 d, and a reduction of the transcript of A2A receptors at 1 d in the striatum.	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine	31-35	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	118-134
25754760-3	2015	When given access to sucrose solution, PENK KOs exhibited fewer bouts of licking than wild types, even though the length of bouts was similar to that of wild types, a pattern that suggests diminished food motivation.	Sucrose	21-28	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	39-43
24480726-6	2014	co-administration of Leu-ENK with phospharamidon and bestatin.	Leucine	21-24	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	25-28
24943644-5	2014	The four lines of knockout mice acquired operant cocaine self-administration behavior, although DOR and PENK knockout mice showed less motivation for cocaine than wild-type littermates.	Cocaine	150-157	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	104-108
24750443-0	2014	The effect of striatal pre-enkephalin overexpression in the basal ganglia of the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson"s disease.	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine	81-125	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	27-37
24750443-1	2014	The midbrain dopamine (DA) cell death underlying Parkinson"s disease (PD) is associated with upregulation of pre-enkephalin (pENK) in striatopallidal neurons.	Dopamine	13-21	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	113-123
24750443-1	2014	The midbrain dopamine (DA) cell death underlying Parkinson"s disease (PD) is associated with upregulation of pre-enkephalin (pENK) in striatopallidal neurons.	Dopamine	13-21	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	125-129
24750443-2	2014	Our previous results obtained with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) parkinsonian monkeys suggest that increased striatal expression of pENK mRNA is a compensatory mechanism to alleviate PD-related motor symptoms.	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine	35-79	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	154-158
24750443-2	2014	Our previous results obtained with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) parkinsonian monkeys suggest that increased striatal expression of pENK mRNA is a compensatory mechanism to alleviate PD-related motor symptoms.	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine	81-85	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	154-158
24750443-3	2014	In this study, we tested the hypothesis that increased pENK expression in the striatum protects against the neurotoxic insults of MPTP in mice.	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine	130-134	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	55-59
24750443-5	2014	Our results showed that overexpression of pENK in the striatum of MPTP mice induced: (i) increased levels of the opioid peptide enkephalin (ENK) in the striatum; (ii) higher densities of ENK-positive fibers in both the globus pallidus (GP) and the substantia nigra; (iii) higher locomotor activity; and (iv) a higher density of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase-positive fibers in the striatum.	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine	66-70	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	42-46
24750443-5	2014	Our results showed that overexpression of pENK in the striatum of MPTP mice induced: (i) increased levels of the opioid peptide enkephalin (ENK) in the striatum; (ii) higher densities of ENK-positive fibers in both the globus pallidus (GP) and the substantia nigra; (iii) higher locomotor activity; and (iv) a higher density of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase-positive fibers in the striatum.	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine	66-70	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	128-138
24750443-5	2014	Our results showed that overexpression of pENK in the striatum of MPTP mice induced: (i) increased levels of the opioid peptide enkephalin (ENK) in the striatum; (ii) higher densities of ENK-positive fibers in both the globus pallidus (GP) and the substantia nigra; (iii) higher locomotor activity; and (iv) a higher density of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase-positive fibers in the striatum.	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine	66-70	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	43-46
24750443-5	2014	Our results showed that overexpression of pENK in the striatum of MPTP mice induced: (i) increased levels of the opioid peptide enkephalin (ENK) in the striatum; (ii) higher densities of ENK-positive fibers in both the globus pallidus (GP) and the substantia nigra; (iii) higher locomotor activity; and (iv) a higher density of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase-positive fibers in the striatum.	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine	66-70	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	140-143
24750443-6	2014	In addition, striatal overexpression of pENK in MPTP -treated mice led to 52 and 43% higher DA concentrations and DA turnover, respectively, in the GP compared to sham-treated MPTP mice.	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine	48-52	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	40-44
24750443-6	2014	In addition, striatal overexpression of pENK in MPTP -treated mice led to 52 and 43% higher DA concentrations and DA turnover, respectively, in the GP compared to sham-treated MPTP mice.	Dopamine	92-94	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	40-44
24750443-6	2014	In addition, striatal overexpression of pENK in MPTP -treated mice led to 52 and 43% higher DA concentrations and DA turnover, respectively, in the GP compared to sham-treated MPTP mice.	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine	176-180	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	40-44
23869067-5	2014	Maximum oxygen uptake was correlated directly to DL(CO) and inversely to the slope of mPpa-cardiac index relationships in both Sherpas and acclimatized lowlanders.	Oxygen	8-14	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	86-90
24480726-6	2014	co-administration of Leu-ENK with phospharamidon and bestatin.	ubenimex	53-61	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	25-28
24480726-14	2014	co-administration of Leu-ENK with peptidase inhibitors may be induced by an activation of the glutamate-NO-ERK pathway through the delta2-opioid receptor in the dorsal spinal cord.	Glutamic Acid	94-103	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	25-28
24035914-9	2014	pEnk is involved in these processes and delta/pEnk signaling likely regulates alcohol intake.	Alcohols	78-85	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	46-50
22796075-6	2012	The opioid agonist Met-enkephalin (Met-Enk) significantly attenuated solitary tract-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (ST-EPSCs) in NTS TH-EGFP neurons by 80%, an effect reversed by wash or the mu opioid receptor-specific antagonist D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH(2) (CTOP).	D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-ThrNH2	239-280	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	39-42
23831532-3	2013	Leu-Enk loaded N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles were prepared and evaluated as a brain delivery vehicle via nasal route.	Leucine	0-3	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	4-7
23831532-3	2013	Leu-Enk loaded N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles were prepared and evaluated as a brain delivery vehicle via nasal route.	N-trimethyl chitosan chloride	15-35	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	4-7
23831532-3	2013	Leu-Enk loaded N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles were prepared and evaluated as a brain delivery vehicle via nasal route.	N-trimethyl chitosan chloride	37-40	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	4-7
23831532-8	2013	Apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of Leu-Enk released from nanoparticles across the porcine nasal mucosa was determined to be 7.45+-0.30x10(-6) cm s(-1).	Leucine	44-47	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	48-51
23831532-9	2013	Permeability of Leu-Enk released from nanoparticles was 35 fold improved from the nasal mucosa as compared to Leu-Enk solution.	Leucine	16-19	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	20-23
23831532-9	2013	Permeability of Leu-Enk released from nanoparticles was 35 fold improved from the nasal mucosa as compared to Leu-Enk solution.	Leucine	16-19	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	114-117
23831532-9	2013	Permeability of Leu-Enk released from nanoparticles was 35 fold improved from the nasal mucosa as compared to Leu-Enk solution.	Leucine	110-113	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	20-23
23831532-9	2013	Permeability of Leu-Enk released from nanoparticles was 35 fold improved from the nasal mucosa as compared to Leu-Enk solution.	Leucine	110-113	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	114-117
23831532-10	2013	Fluorescent microscopy of brain sections of mice showed higher accumulation of fluorescent marker NBD-F labelled Leu-Enk, when administered nasally by TMC nanoparticles, while low brain uptake of marker solution was observed.	Leucine	113-116	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	117-120
23831532-10	2013	Fluorescent microscopy of brain sections of mice showed higher accumulation of fluorescent marker NBD-F labelled Leu-Enk, when administered nasally by TMC nanoparticles, while low brain uptake of marker solution was observed.	N-trimethyl chitosan chloride	151-154	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	117-120
23831532-11	2013	Furthermore, enhancement in brain uptake resulted into significant improvement in the observed antinociceptive effect of Leu-Enk as evidenced by hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing assay.	Leucine	121-124	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	125-128
23831532-11	2013	Furthermore, enhancement in brain uptake resulted into significant improvement in the observed antinociceptive effect of Leu-Enk as evidenced by hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing assay.	Acetic Acid	159-170	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	125-128
24093002-6	2013	During exercise, invasively determined PVCAP and non-invasive GXCAP were related (r = 0.86, P < 0.01), and GXCAP correlated with mPpa and PVR (r = -0.46 and -0.54; P < 0.01).	gxcap	110-115	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	132-136
22796075-6	2012	The opioid agonist Met-enkephalin (Met-Enk) significantly attenuated solitary tract-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (ST-EPSCs) in NTS TH-EGFP neurons by 80%, an effect reversed by wash or the mu opioid receptor-specific antagonist D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH(2) (CTOP).	CTOP	282-286	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	39-42
22504589-7	2012	Furthermore, preproenkephalin (Penk) mRNA levels in caudate putamen were significantly higher in mice that received 14-day withdrawal from escalating-dose binge cocaine before the CPP procedure (tested 24 days post-binge) than those that received 1-day withdrawal (tested 10 days post-binge).	Cocaine	161-168	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	13-29
22884407-2	2012	All compounds yielded good as single isomers by the use of PPA SiO(2) as a heterogeneous Bronsted acidic catalyst.	silicon monoxide	63-67	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	59-62
22504589-7	2012	Furthermore, preproenkephalin (Penk) mRNA levels in caudate putamen were significantly higher in mice that received 14-day withdrawal from escalating-dose binge cocaine before the CPP procedure (tested 24 days post-binge) than those that received 1-day withdrawal (tested 10 days post-binge).	Cocaine	161-168	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	31-35
18780300-2	2008	In this study, we examined the colocalization of enkephalin (ENK) mRNA with GABA in the spinal dorsal horn using the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)(67)-green fluorescence protein (GFP) knock-in mouse.	gamma-Aminobutyric Acid	76-80	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	49-59
21548966-7	2011	These results indicate that eGFP expression is controlled by the penk1 promoter, which contains cyclic AMP-responsive elements.	Cyclic AMP	96-106	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	65-70
19950118-5	2010	Consistently, Ikaros(-/-) mice had fewer striatal projecting neurons and, in particular, enkephalin (ENK)-positive neurons.	ikaros	14-20	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	89-99
19950118-5	2010	Consistently, Ikaros(-/-) mice had fewer striatal projecting neurons and, in particular, enkephalin (ENK)-positive neurons.	ikaros	14-20	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	101-104
19950118-8	2010	However, we demonstrate that Ikaros-1 and Ebf-1 independently regulate the final determination of the two populations of striatal projection neurons of the matrix compartment, ENK- and substance P-positive neurons.	ikaros	29-35	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	176-179
19997907-0	2010	Forebrain PENK and PDYN gene expression levels in three inbred strains of mice and their relationship to genotype-dependent morphine reward sensitivity.	Morphine	124-132	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	10-14
19997907-9	2010	CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that inter-strain differences in PENK and PDYN genes expression in the nucleus accumbens parallel sensitivity of the selected mouse strains to rewarding effects of morphine.	Morphine	201-209	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	70-74
19419794-2	2011	A lesion induced by 6-OHDA produced more severe motor deterioration in CB1 KO mice accompanied by more loss of DA neurons and increased PENK gene expression in the CPu.	Oxidopamine	20-26	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	136-140
20589098-10	2010	Corticostriatal responses changed dramatically after striatal DA depletion in 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned animals: a response reduction was seen in substance P (SP)+ MSNs whereas an enhanced response was seen in ENK+ MSNs.	Oxidopamine	78-96	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	221-224
18306316-1	2009	Nonbiodegradable polymer coating based on N-(2-carboxyethyl)pyrrole (PPA) and butyl ester of PPA (BuOPy) were successfully electrodeposited on a stainless steel stent surface using cyclic voltammetry.	Polymers	17-24	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	69-72
18306316-1	2009	Nonbiodegradable polymer coating based on N-(2-carboxyethyl)pyrrole (PPA) and butyl ester of PPA (BuOPy) were successfully electrodeposited on a stainless steel stent surface using cyclic voltammetry.	Polymers	17-24	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	93-96
18306316-1	2009	Nonbiodegradable polymer coating based on N-(2-carboxyethyl)pyrrole (PPA) and butyl ester of PPA (BuOPy) were successfully electrodeposited on a stainless steel stent surface using cyclic voltammetry.	N-(2-carboxyethyl)pyrrole	42-67	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	69-72
18306316-1	2009	Nonbiodegradable polymer coating based on N-(2-carboxyethyl)pyrrole (PPA) and butyl ester of PPA (BuOPy) were successfully electrodeposited on a stainless steel stent surface using cyclic voltammetry.	SEC-BUTYL ACETATE	78-89	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	93-96
18306316-1	2009	Nonbiodegradable polymer coating based on N-(2-carboxyethyl)pyrrole (PPA) and butyl ester of PPA (BuOPy) were successfully electrodeposited on a stainless steel stent surface using cyclic voltammetry.	Stainless Steel	145-160	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	69-72
18306316-1	2009	Nonbiodegradable polymer coating based on N-(2-carboxyethyl)pyrrole (PPA) and butyl ester of PPA (BuOPy) were successfully electrodeposited on a stainless steel stent surface using cyclic voltammetry.	Stainless Steel	145-160	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	93-96
18780300-2	2008	In this study, we examined the colocalization of enkephalin (ENK) mRNA with GABA in the spinal dorsal horn using the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)(67)-green fluorescence protein (GFP) knock-in mouse.	gamma-Aminobutyric Acid	76-80	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	61-64
18586398-9	2008	These observations indicate that 5-HT(3A) receptor co-localizes with GABA and ENK in the SDH, suggesting that serotonin may activate GABAergic and ENKergic neurons via 5-HT(3A) receptor subunit and therefore affect the release of GABA and ENK.	sdh	89-92	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	78-81
18586398-9	2008	These observations indicate that 5-HT(3A) receptor co-localizes with GABA and ENK in the SDH, suggesting that serotonin may activate GABAergic and ENKergic neurons via 5-HT(3A) receptor subunit and therefore affect the release of GABA and ENK.	sdh	89-92	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	147-150
18586398-9	2008	These observations indicate that 5-HT(3A) receptor co-localizes with GABA and ENK in the SDH, suggesting that serotonin may activate GABAergic and ENKergic neurons via 5-HT(3A) receptor subunit and therefore affect the release of GABA and ENK.	Serotonin	110-119	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	78-81
18586398-9	2008	These observations indicate that 5-HT(3A) receptor co-localizes with GABA and ENK in the SDH, suggesting that serotonin may activate GABAergic and ENKergic neurons via 5-HT(3A) receptor subunit and therefore affect the release of GABA and ENK.	Serotonin	110-119	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	147-150
18048009-7	2008	The preproenkephalin (ppENK) mRNA level in spinal cord, but not dorsal root ganglion, was significantly increased 2 h following nicotine administration and recovered to control level 4 h after nicotine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) administration.	Nicotine	128-136	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	4-20
18048009-7	2008	The preproenkephalin (ppENK) mRNA level in spinal cord, but not dorsal root ganglion, was significantly increased 2 h following nicotine administration and recovered to control level 4 h after nicotine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) administration.	Nicotine	128-136	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	22-27
18048009-7	2008	The preproenkephalin (ppENK) mRNA level in spinal cord, but not dorsal root ganglion, was significantly increased 2 h following nicotine administration and recovered to control level 4 h after nicotine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) administration.	Nicotine	193-201	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	4-20
18048009-7	2008	The preproenkephalin (ppENK) mRNA level in spinal cord, but not dorsal root ganglion, was significantly increased 2 h following nicotine administration and recovered to control level 4 h after nicotine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) administration.	Nicotine	193-201	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	22-27
18048009-8	2008	This increase in ppENK mRNA level was inhibited by MEC (3 mg/kg, s.c.).	Mecamylamine	51-54	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	17-22
17905519-4	2007	We sought additional evidence for the role of constitutively active MORs in this morphine-induced enhancement using the pro-enkephalin knockout (pENK(-)/(-)) mouse, which is devoid of naloxone CPA in the morphine-naive state.	Morphine	81-89	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	145-149
17905519-5	2007	Naloxone, but not the neutral antagonist, 6-beta-naloxol, produced CPA and physical withdrawal signs in pENK(-)/(-) mice when administered 2 h, but not 20 h, after morphine administration.	Naloxone	0-8	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	104-108
17905519-6	2007	Naloxone-precipitated physical withdrawal signs were attenuated in the pENK(-)/(-) mice relative to wild-type (WT) animals.	Naloxone	0-8	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	71-75
17905519-7	2007	In both WT and pENK(-)/(-) mice, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumping was greatest when naloxone was administered 2 h after morphine treatment and diminished at 3 h, in agreement with previous estimates of the time course for morphine-induced MOR constitutive activity in vitro.	Naloxone	33-41	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	15-19
17905519-7	2007	In both WT and pENK(-)/(-) mice, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumping was greatest when naloxone was administered 2 h after morphine treatment and diminished at 3 h, in agreement with previous estimates of the time course for morphine-induced MOR constitutive activity in vitro.	Naloxone	92-100	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	15-19
17825264-5	2007	Methamphetamine reduced striatal dopamine and its metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid concentrations, striatal and substantia nigra dopamine and vesicular monoamine transporter specific binding as well substantia nigra dopamine and vesicular monoamine transporter mRNA levels and increased striatal preproenkephalin mRNA levels.	Methamphetamine	0-15	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	328-344
17825264-7	2007	Tamoxifen at 50 microg reduced the methamphetamine effect on striatal dopamine concentration, dopamine transporter specific binding and prevented the increase in preproenkephalin mRNA levels; in the substantia nigra tamoxifen prevented the decrease of dopamine transporter mRNA levels.	Tamoxifen	0-9	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	162-178
17825264-7	2007	Tamoxifen at 50 microg reduced the methamphetamine effect on striatal dopamine concentration, dopamine transporter specific binding and prevented the increase in preproenkephalin mRNA levels; in the substantia nigra tamoxifen prevented the decrease of dopamine transporter mRNA levels.	Tamoxifen	216-225	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	162-178
17375141-5	2007	Nialamide and amitriptyline were even slightly more effective in animals with genetic deletion of Penk1, whereas the minimal effective dose of imipramine and fluoxetine was the same in the two genotypes.	Nialamide	0-9	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	98-103
17375141-5	2007	Nialamide and amitriptyline were even slightly more effective in animals with genetic deletion of Penk1, whereas the minimal effective dose of imipramine and fluoxetine was the same in the two genotypes.	Amitriptyline	14-27	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	98-103
17375141-6	2007	The dual peptidase inhibitor RB-101 was also effective in Penk1(-/-) as well as in Penk1(-/-)/Pdyn(-/-) animals, although its efficacy was somewhat reduced compared with wild-type animals.	RB 101	29-35	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	58-63
17375141-6	2007	The dual peptidase inhibitor RB-101 was also effective in Penk1(-/-) as well as in Penk1(-/-)/Pdyn(-/-) animals, although its efficacy was somewhat reduced compared with wild-type animals.	RB 101	29-35	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	83-88
16030394-6	2005	Morphine coinjection enhanced intraperitoneal accumulation of Met-ENK and its release from exudatory leukocytes, but inhibited its early fluctuations in hypothalamus and striatum.	Morphine	0-8	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	66-69
16300887-0	2006	Ketogenic diet decreases the level of proenkephalin mRNA induced by kainic acid in the mouse hippocampus.	Kainic Acid	68-79	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	38-51
16571613-6	2006	Isolated perfused lungs of allergen-sensitised and -challenged mice showed five-fold enhanced P(pa) responses to serotonin, which is reported to be a significant contributor to pulmonary hypertension in humans.	Serotonin	113-122	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	94-99
16571613-7	2006	This increase in P(pa) was abolished by the serotonin receptor-2A antagonist ketanserin, but not the serotonin receptor-1B antagonist GR127935.	Ketanserin	77-87	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	17-22
16030394-7	2005	Effects of morphine-modulated inflammation on the Met-ENK system lasted longer than 7 days.	Morphine	11-19	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	54-57
15544578-10	2004	Collectively, these approaches highlight the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway and identify several genes including protein kinase C beta isoform and preproenkephalin in regulation of ethanol- induced conditioned taste aversion.	Ethanol	189-196	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	155-171
15723346-0	2005	Regulation of striatal preproenkephalin mRNA levels in MPTP-lesioned mice treated with estradiol.	Estradiol	87-96	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	23-39
15723346-6	2005	MPTP lesion increased striatal preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA levels and they remained elevated in 17alpha-E(2)-treated MPTP mice whereas 17beta-E(2) treatment decreased these levels to control values.	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine	0-4	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	31-47
15723346-6	2005	MPTP lesion increased striatal preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA levels and they remained elevated in 17alpha-E(2)-treated MPTP mice whereas 17beta-E(2) treatment decreased these levels to control values.	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine	0-4	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	49-52
15723346-9	2005	This effect of 17beta-E(2) on PPE mRNA after a lesion could be one of many mechanisms by which this steroid exerts its neuroprotective activity.	Steroids	100-107	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	30-33
15689546-0	2005	Nicotine-induced antinociception, rewarding effects, and physical dependence are decreased in mice lacking the preproenkephalin gene.	Nicotine	0-8	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	111-127
15689546-9	2005	In summary, the present results indicate that endogenous opioid peptides derived from preproenkephalin are involved in the antinociceptive and rewarding properties of nicotine and participate in the expression of physical nicotine dependence.	Nicotine	167-175	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	86-102
15689546-9	2005	In summary, the present results indicate that endogenous opioid peptides derived from preproenkephalin are involved in the antinociceptive and rewarding properties of nicotine and participate in the expression of physical nicotine dependence.	Nicotine	222-230	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	86-102
12486185-4	2002	These data demonstrate that although signaling pathways involving ppENK, DOR, and NMDA receptor are necessary for the expression of morphine tolerance, other pathways independent of these factors can mediate physical dependence.	Morphine	132-140	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	66-71
15542741-6	2004	The Leu-Enk-induced current inhibition was recovered promptly by nefiracetam (1 microM), while control currents in the absence of Leu-Enk were not influenced by nefiracetam.	Leucine	4-7	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	8-11
15542741-6	2004	The Leu-Enk-induced current inhibition was recovered promptly by nefiracetam (1 microM), while control currents in the absence of Leu-Enk were not influenced by nefiracetam.	nefiracetam	65-76	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	8-11
15127945-1	2003	Most evidence agrees that levels of methionine enkephalin (Met-Enk) in brain are inversely correlated with ethanol drinking and withdrawal seizures.	Methionine	36-46	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	63-66
15127945-1	2003	Most evidence agrees that levels of methionine enkephalin (Met-Enk) in brain are inversely correlated with ethanol drinking and withdrawal seizures.	Ethanol	107-114	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	63-66
15127945-2	2003	One area of discrepancy is the effect of chronic ethanol administration on the level of immunoactive Met-Enk in brain, with some authors reporting increased and others reporting decreased levels.	Ethanol	49-56	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	105-108
15127945-4	2003	We found that all studies could be resolved by considering only length of time ethanol was administered, with Met-Enk levels first increasing and then decreasing.	Ethanol	79-86	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	114-117
15127945-5	2003	We tested this finding by determining the effect of 4-56 days of ethanol delivered in liquid feed on levels of brain Met-Enk.	Ethanol	65-72	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	121-124
15127945-6	2003	We found that brain levels of Met-Enk peaked after 7 days of ethanol ingestion and declined to levels lower than control by 28 days.	Ethanol	61-68	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	34-37
15127945-7	2003	Exposure to ethanol abolished a correlation between brain and serum levels of Met-Enk which occurred in controls.	Ethanol	12-19	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	82-85
15127945-8	2003	HPLC showed that whereas 100% of immunoactivity eluted in the position of Met-Enk in controls, only about 50% eluted as Met-Enk in mice exposed to ethanol.	Ethanol	147-154	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	124-127
15127945-9	2003	These results support the hypothesis that exposure to ethanol alters brain Met-Enk in a way consistent with the reinforcement of physical dependence.	Ethanol	54-61	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	79-82
14604463-2	2003	The analgesic activity was significantly affected by the time delay after the administration of Leu-Enk; the inhibition rates for the groups administered with acetic acid 5 min and 30 min after the administration of Leu-Enk were 56.40 +/- 8.54 and 17.98 +/- 7.07%, respectively.	Leucine	96-99	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	100-103
14604463-2	2003	The analgesic activity was significantly affected by the time delay after the administration of Leu-Enk; the inhibition rates for the groups administered with acetic acid 5 min and 30 min after the administration of Leu-Enk were 56.40 +/- 8.54 and 17.98 +/- 7.07%, respectively.	Leucine	96-99	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	220-223
14604463-2	2003	The analgesic activity was significantly affected by the time delay after the administration of Leu-Enk; the inhibition rates for the groups administered with acetic acid 5 min and 30 min after the administration of Leu-Enk were 56.40 +/- 8.54 and 17.98 +/- 7.07%, respectively.	Acetic Acid	159-170	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	100-103
14604463-2	2003	The analgesic activity was significantly affected by the time delay after the administration of Leu-Enk; the inhibition rates for the groups administered with acetic acid 5 min and 30 min after the administration of Leu-Enk were 56.40 +/- 8.54 and 17.98 +/- 7.07%, respectively.	Acetic Acid	159-170	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	220-223
14604463-2	2003	The analgesic activity was significantly affected by the time delay after the administration of Leu-Enk; the inhibition rates for the groups administered with acetic acid 5 min and 30 min after the administration of Leu-Enk were 56.40 +/- 8.54 and 17.98 +/- 7.07%, respectively.	Leucine	216-219	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	100-103
14604463-2	2003	The analgesic activity was significantly affected by the time delay after the administration of Leu-Enk; the inhibition rates for the groups administered with acetic acid 5 min and 30 min after the administration of Leu-Enk were 56.40 +/- 8.54 and 17.98 +/- 7.07%, respectively.	Leucine	216-219	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	220-223
14604463-4	2003	The enzyme inhibitors and absorption enhancers that produced the highest inhibition rates of Leu-Enk and YAGFL were azelaic acid (1%), thimerosal (0.5 mM, TM), ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (5 mM, EDTA) and L-alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine (0.5%, LPC), and TM (0.5 mM), EDTA (5 mM), LPC (0.5%) and povidone (5%), respectively.	Leucine	93-96	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	97-100
14604463-4	2003	The enzyme inhibitors and absorption enhancers that produced the highest inhibition rates of Leu-Enk and YAGFL were azelaic acid (1%), thimerosal (0.5 mM, TM), ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (5 mM, EDTA) and L-alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine (0.5%, LPC), and TM (0.5 mM), EDTA (5 mM), LPC (0.5%) and povidone (5%), respectively.	azelaic acid	116-128	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	97-100
14604463-4	2003	The enzyme inhibitors and absorption enhancers that produced the highest inhibition rates of Leu-Enk and YAGFL were azelaic acid (1%), thimerosal (0.5 mM, TM), ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (5 mM, EDTA) and L-alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine (0.5%, LPC), and TM (0.5 mM), EDTA (5 mM), LPC (0.5%) and povidone (5%), respectively.	Thimerosal	135-145	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	97-100
14604463-4	2003	The enzyme inhibitors and absorption enhancers that produced the highest inhibition rates of Leu-Enk and YAGFL were azelaic acid (1%), thimerosal (0.5 mM, TM), ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (5 mM, EDTA) and L-alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine (0.5%, LPC), and TM (0.5 mM), EDTA (5 mM), LPC (0.5%) and povidone (5%), respectively.	Edetic Acid	160-192	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	97-100
14604463-4	2003	The enzyme inhibitors and absorption enhancers that produced the highest inhibition rates of Leu-Enk and YAGFL were azelaic acid (1%), thimerosal (0.5 mM, TM), ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (5 mM, EDTA) and L-alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine (0.5%, LPC), and TM (0.5 mM), EDTA (5 mM), LPC (0.5%) and povidone (5%), respectively.	Edetic Acid	200-204	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	97-100
14604463-4	2003	The enzyme inhibitors and absorption enhancers that produced the highest inhibition rates of Leu-Enk and YAGFL were azelaic acid (1%), thimerosal (0.5 mM, TM), ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (5 mM, EDTA) and L-alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine (0.5%, LPC), and TM (0.5 mM), EDTA (5 mM), LPC (0.5%) and povidone (5%), respectively.	bmse001026	210-241	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	97-100
14604463-4	2003	The enzyme inhibitors and absorption enhancers that produced the highest inhibition rates of Leu-Enk and YAGFL were azelaic acid (1%), thimerosal (0.5 mM, TM), ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (5 mM, EDTA) and L-alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine (0.5%, LPC), and TM (0.5 mM), EDTA (5 mM), LPC (0.5%) and povidone (5%), respectively.	lpc	249-252	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	97-100
14604463-4	2003	The enzyme inhibitors and absorption enhancers that produced the highest inhibition rates of Leu-Enk and YAGFL were azelaic acid (1%), thimerosal (0.5 mM, TM), ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (5 mM, EDTA) and L-alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine (0.5%, LPC), and TM (0.5 mM), EDTA (5 mM), LPC (0.5%) and povidone (5%), respectively.	Thulium	259-261	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	97-100
14604463-4	2003	The enzyme inhibitors and absorption enhancers that produced the highest inhibition rates of Leu-Enk and YAGFL were azelaic acid (1%), thimerosal (0.5 mM, TM), ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (5 mM, EDTA) and L-alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine (0.5%, LPC), and TM (0.5 mM), EDTA (5 mM), LPC (0.5%) and povidone (5%), respectively.	Edetic Acid	272-276	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	97-100
14604463-4	2003	The enzyme inhibitors and absorption enhancers that produced the highest inhibition rates of Leu-Enk and YAGFL were azelaic acid (1%), thimerosal (0.5 mM, TM), ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (5 mM, EDTA) and L-alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine (0.5%, LPC), and TM (0.5 mM), EDTA (5 mM), LPC (0.5%) and povidone (5%), respectively.	lpc	285-288	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	97-100
14604463-4	2003	The enzyme inhibitors and absorption enhancers that produced the highest inhibition rates of Leu-Enk and YAGFL were azelaic acid (1%), thimerosal (0.5 mM, TM), ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (5 mM, EDTA) and L-alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine (0.5%, LPC), and TM (0.5 mM), EDTA (5 mM), LPC (0.5%) and povidone (5%), respectively.	Povidone	300-308	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	97-100
15525282-1	2004	The present study assessed alterations in mesolimbic enkephalin (ENK) mRNA levels after predator [2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylethiazoline (TMT)] and non-predator (butyric acid) odor encounter and/or light-dark (LD) testing in CD-1 mice immediately, 24, 48 and 168 h after the initial odor encounter and/or LD testing.	2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylethiazoline	98-136	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	53-63
15525282-1	2004	The present study assessed alterations in mesolimbic enkephalin (ENK) mRNA levels after predator [2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylethiazoline (TMT)] and non-predator (butyric acid) odor encounter and/or light-dark (LD) testing in CD-1 mice immediately, 24, 48 and 168 h after the initial odor encounter and/or LD testing.	2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylethiazoline	98-136	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	65-68
12852842-7	2003	Melatonin (1 micromol/L and 0.1 nmol/L) increased the content of met-Enk of lymphocytes in 2- and 11-month-old mice, respectively (P<0.01), which was blocked by nifedipine (1 micromol/L).	Melatonin	0-9	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	69-72
12852842-7	2003	Melatonin (1 micromol/L and 0.1 nmol/L) increased the content of met-Enk of lymphocytes in 2- and 11-month-old mice, respectively (P<0.01), which was blocked by nifedipine (1 micromol/L).	Nifedipine	164-174	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	69-72
12852842-8	2003	CONCLUSION: Melatonin exerted an effect on immune responses in mice of different months, which might be mediated by G protein-AC-cAMP signal transduction pathway and regulation of met-Enk level.	Melatonin	12-21	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	184-187
12887420-9	2003	This study is the first to demonstrate that Enk contributes to MDMA-induced increases in locomotor activity.	N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine	63-67	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	44-47
12023068-0	2002	Met-enkephalin and preproenkephalin mRNA changes in the striatum of the nicotine abstinence mouse.	Nicotine	72-80	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	19-35
12125043-6	2002	ppEnk mRNA in the CPu, but not NAc, was lower in MOR -/- mice than in wild-type mice following cocaine administration.	Cocaine	95-102	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	0-5
12125043-11	2002	MOR -/- mice are useful models for studying cocaine effects on ppEnk gene expression that could aid interpretation of the similar postmortem phenomena found in human cocaine addicts.	Cocaine	44-51	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	63-68
10912908-11	2000	All methyl esters of synthesized analogues of [Leu5]-ENK showed higher activity to mu receptors than structurally identical C-terminal amides.	methyl esters	4-17	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	53-56
10996137-1	2000	A single dose of nicotine given to mice induces first a rapid decrease (presumed release/enhanced degradation) and then a rise (presumed synthesis/enhanced accumulation) of met-enkephalin (Met-Enk) in dorsal and ventral striatum observed at 30 and 60 min post-treatment, respectively.	Nicotine	17-25	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	193-196
10996137-2	2000	These studies investigated whether the nicotine effect on Met-Enk was mediated indirectly, in part, via other neurotransmitters known to be released by nicotine.	Nicotine	39-47	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	62-65
10912908-11	2000	All methyl esters of synthesized analogues of [Leu5]-ENK showed higher activity to mu receptors than structurally identical C-terminal amides.	Amides	135-141	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	53-56
9347938-7	1997	Methionine-ENK (MET-ENK) and leucine-ENK (LEU-ENK) levels were determined in extracts from cortex, brain stem, hypothalamus, striatum, spinal cord, trigeminal ganglion and heart in treated and untreated mice.	Methionine	0-10	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	11-14
10375747-2	1998	Our studies showed that Met-Enk over a wide range of concentrations increased interleukin-1 (IL-1) production from mouse peritoneal macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and naloxone did not block the enhancing effect.	Naloxone	185-193	preproenkephalin	Mus musculus	28-31