PMID-sentid	Pub_year	Sent_text	comp_official_name	comp_offset	protein_name	organism	prot_offset
33908131-0	2022	A closer look at alcohol-induced changes in the ghrelin system: novel insights from preclinical and clinical data.	Alcohols	17-24	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	48-55
33951411-7	2021	MSCs preconditioning with ghrelin restored IR-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and membrane potential depolarization and enhanced ATP production.	Oxygen	77-83	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
33951411-7	2021	MSCs preconditioning with ghrelin restored IR-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and membrane potential depolarization and enhanced ATP production.	Adenosine Triphosphate	143-146	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
33547742-0	2021	Acylated ghrelin protects against Doxorubicin-induced nephropathy by activating SIRT1.	Doxorubicin	34-45	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
33737011-0	2021	A ghrelin receptor antagonist reduces the ability of ghrelin, alcohol or amphetamine to induce a dopamine release in the ventral tegmental area and in nucleus accumbens shell in rats.	Alcohols	62-69	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	2-9
33737011-0	2021	A ghrelin receptor antagonist reduces the ability of ghrelin, alcohol or amphetamine to induce a dopamine release in the ventral tegmental area and in nucleus accumbens shell in rats.	Amphetamine	73-84	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	2-9
33737011-0	2021	A ghrelin receptor antagonist reduces the ability of ghrelin, alcohol or amphetamine to induce a dopamine release in the ventral tegmental area and in nucleus accumbens shell in rats.	Dopamine	97-105	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	2-9
33737011-1	2021	The orexigenic peptide ghrelin increases the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell via central ghrelin receptors, especially those located in the ventral tegmental area (VTA).	Dopamine	56-64	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
33737011-5	2021	Thus, the effects of a ghrelin receptor antagonist, JMV2959, on the ability of i) central ghrelin ii) systemic alcohol or iii) systemic amphetamine to increase the dopamine release in the VTA and in the NAc shell in rats by using in vivo microdialysis.	N-(1-(4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-aminoacetamide	52-59	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
33737011-6	2021	We showed that systemic administration of JMV2959 blocks the ability of central ghrelin to increases dopamine release in the VTA and the NAc shell, and reduces the alcohol- and amphetamine-induced dopamine release in both these areas.	N-(1-(4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-aminoacetamide	42-49	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	80-87
33737011-6	2021	We showed that systemic administration of JMV2959 blocks the ability of central ghrelin to increases dopamine release in the VTA and the NAc shell, and reduces the alcohol- and amphetamine-induced dopamine release in both these areas.	Dopamine	101-109	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	80-87
33737011-7	2021	Locomotor activity studies was then conducted in an attempt to correlate the ghrelin-induced dopamine release in the VTA to a behavioural outcome.	Dopamine	93-101	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	77-84
33908131-1	2022	Ghrelin is a gastric-derived peptide hormone with demonstrated impact on alcohol intake and craving, but the reverse side of this bidirectional link, that is, the effects of alcohol on the ghrelin system, remains to be fully established.	Alcohols	73-80	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
33908131-1	2022	Ghrelin is a gastric-derived peptide hormone with demonstrated impact on alcohol intake and craving, but the reverse side of this bidirectional link, that is, the effects of alcohol on the ghrelin system, remains to be fully established.	Alcohols	174-181	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	189-196
33908131-6	2022	In rats, alcohol decreased acyl-ghrelin, but not des-acyl-ghrelin, in both Ghsr knockout and wild-type rats.	Alcohols	9-16	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
33908131-8	2022	Lastly, alcohol and sucrose produced distinct effects on ghrelin in rats despite equivalent caloric value.	Alcohols	8-15	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	57-64
33908131-8	2022	Lastly, alcohol and sucrose produced distinct effects on ghrelin in rats despite equivalent caloric value.	Sucrose	20-27	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	57-64
33908131-9	2022	Our findings suggest that alcohol acutely decreases peripheral ghrelin concentrations in vivo, but not in proportion to alcohol"s caloric value or through direct interaction with ghrelin-secreting gastric mucosal cells, the ghrelin receptor, or the GOAT enzyme.	Alcohols	26-33	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	63-70
33115827-6	2021	A prolonged fasting or ghrelin treatment recapitulated DREADD-induced activation of AgRP neurons and increased plasma BCAAs.	Amino Acids, Branched-Chain	118-123	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
33584263-10	2020	These data suggest that ghrelin is neuroprotective in 6-OHDA-induced PD models via improving autophagic flux dysfunction and restoration of TFEB level.	Oxidopamine	54-60	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	24-31
33789505-8	2021	Systemic OLZ decreased cisplatin-induced c-Fos immunofluorescence in the DVC and prevented cisplatin-induced reductions in circulating ghrelin levels.	Olanzapine	9-12	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	135-142
33789505-8	2021	Systemic OLZ decreased cisplatin-induced c-Fos immunofluorescence in the DVC and prevented cisplatin-induced reductions in circulating ghrelin levels.	Cisplatin	91-100	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	135-142
33340558-0	2021	Salmon acyl-ghrelin increases food intake and reduces doxorubicin-induced myocardial apoptosis in rats, likely by anti-oxidative activity.	Doxorubicin	54-65	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	12-19
33340558-1	2021	We had reported that orally administered ghrelin-containing salmon stomach extract prevents doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity.	Doxorubicin	92-103	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	41-48
33340558-1	2021	We had reported that orally administered ghrelin-containing salmon stomach extract prevents doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity.	Doxorubicin	105-108	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	41-48
33340558-10	2021	The results also suggest that, similar to rAG, sAG is a potent protectant against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity and a potential functional component in orally administered ghrelin-containing salmon stomach extract, which prevented DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in our previous study.	sagopilone	47-50	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	169-176
33340558-10	2021	The results also suggest that, similar to rAG, sAG is a potent protectant against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity and a potential functional component in orally administered ghrelin-containing salmon stomach extract, which prevented DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in our previous study.	Doxorubicin	228-231	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	169-176
33333047-0	2021	Protective effect of naringin on small intestine injury in NSAIDs related enteropathy by regulating ghrelin/GHS-R signaling pathway.	naringin	21-29	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	100-107
33333047-3	2021	METHODS: Naringin was used as the intervention method, observed the damage of small intestinal mucosa and detected the expression of ghrelin, GHS-R, leptin and TNF-alpha by electron microscopy, HE staining and immunohistochemistry.	naringin	9-17	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	133-140
33197510-5	2021	The AAC treated rats without ghrelin infusion showed decreased ghrelin content and expression of its receptors in the hearts.	aac	4-7	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	63-70
33584263-0	2020	Acylated Ghrelin is Protective Against 6-OHDA-induced Neurotoxicity by Regulating Autophagic Flux.	Oxidopamine	39-45	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
33584263-2	2020	Acylated ghrelin is a neuropeptide that has a variety of actions in the central nervous system.	acylated	0-8	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
33584263-3	2020	In the current study, we aimed to investigate whether ghrelin is neuroprotective in 6-OHDA-induced rat model and SH-SY5Y cell model and whether it is related to autophagic flux regulation.	Oxidopamine	84-90	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	54-61
33584263-4	2020	We observed that ghrelin could effectively reduce apomorphine-induced contralateral rotation in 6-OHDA-induced PD rats, preserve the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and increase the cell viability.	Apomorphine	50-61	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
33584263-4	2020	We observed that ghrelin could effectively reduce apomorphine-induced contralateral rotation in 6-OHDA-induced PD rats, preserve the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and increase the cell viability.	Oxidopamine	96-102	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
33584263-6	2020	SH-SY5Y cells transfected with adenovirus Ad-mCherry-GFP-LC3B further revealed that ghrelin could relieve the autophagic flux dysfunction induced by 6-OHDA.	Oxidopamine	149-155	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	84-91
33584263-7	2020	Lysotracker staining showed that ghrelin could reverse the decrease in lysosomes induced by 6-OHDA and immunofluorescence staining revealed a reverse of TFEB level in SH-SY5Y cells.	Oxidopamine	92-98	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
33584263-8	2020	Blocking autophagy activation with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) in rats treated with ghrelin and 6-OHDA showed no notable change in apoptosis-related markers, while blocking autophagosome fusion with lysosomes with chloroquine could notably reverse the downregulation of bax/bcl-2 ratio and cleaved caspase three expression by ghrelin.	3-methyladenine	35-50	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	79-86
33584263-8	2020	Blocking autophagy activation with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) in rats treated with ghrelin and 6-OHDA showed no notable change in apoptosis-related markers, while blocking autophagosome fusion with lysosomes with chloroquine could notably reverse the downregulation of bax/bcl-2 ratio and cleaved caspase three expression by ghrelin.	3-methyladenine	52-56	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	79-86
33584263-8	2020	Blocking autophagy activation with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) in rats treated with ghrelin and 6-OHDA showed no notable change in apoptosis-related markers, while blocking autophagosome fusion with lysosomes with chloroquine could notably reverse the downregulation of bax/bcl-2 ratio and cleaved caspase three expression by ghrelin.	3-methyladenine	52-56	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	321-328
33064265-0	2020	Correction to: Ghrelin ameliorates nerve growth factor Dysmetabolism and inflammation in STZ-induced diabetic rats.	Streptozocin	89-92	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	15-22
33379212-2	2020	The significant mutual interaction between these systems in food intake has been documented; however, the possible role of ghrelin/GHS-R1A in the cannabinoid reinforcement effects and addiction remain unclear.	Cannabinoids	146-157	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	123-130
33376306-8	2020	Paeoniflorin administration inhibited the cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and increased the level of ghrelin in the stomach.	peoniflorin	0-12	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	106-113
32946754-4	2020	We hypothesized that VAN-mediated processes are influenced by ghrelin, a stomach-derived orexigenic hormone, via communication to its receptor (GHSR) expressed on gut-innervating VANs.	van	21-24	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	62-69
33885252-2	2020	Considering the importance of ghrelin in stress-induced hyperphagia and a role of antioxidants in decreasing body weight, in the present study, the effect of vitamin C (VitC) on ghrelin secretion and food intake following chronic social isolation (CIS) was evaluated in rats.Methods.	Ascorbic Acid	158-167	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	178-185
33885252-9	2020	Histological assessment indicated a positive effect of VitC on gastric glandular cells compared to control, an effect that might partially be a reason of significant increase of plasma ghrelin levels in VitC rats.	Ascorbic Acid	55-59	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	185-192
33885252-10	2020	Elevated plasma ghrelin in VitC group was even higher than that one in stressed group, whereas there were no significant changes in the food intake.	Ascorbic Acid	27-31	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	16-23
33885252-14	2020	The data of the present study indicate that VitC may overcome ghrelin-induced hyperphagia and improve the abnormal feeding and depressive behavior in CIS rats.	Ascorbic Acid	44-48	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	62-69
32946754-8	2020	A functional role for endogenous VAN GHSR signaling was further confirmed by results revealing that VAN signaling is required for the hyperphagic effects of ghrelin administered at dark onset, and that gut-restricted ghrelin-induced increases in VAN firing rate require intact VAN GHSR expression.	van	33-36	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	157-164
32946754-8	2020	A functional role for endogenous VAN GHSR signaling was further confirmed by results revealing that VAN signaling is required for the hyperphagic effects of ghrelin administered at dark onset, and that gut-restricted ghrelin-induced increases in VAN firing rate require intact VAN GHSR expression.	van	33-36	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	217-224
32946754-8	2020	A functional role for endogenous VAN GHSR signaling was further confirmed by results revealing that VAN signaling is required for the hyperphagic effects of ghrelin administered at dark onset, and that gut-restricted ghrelin-induced increases in VAN firing rate require intact VAN GHSR expression.	van	100-103	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	157-164
32946754-8	2020	A functional role for endogenous VAN GHSR signaling was further confirmed by results revealing that VAN signaling is required for the hyperphagic effects of ghrelin administered at dark onset, and that gut-restricted ghrelin-induced increases in VAN firing rate require intact VAN GHSR expression.	van	100-103	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	157-164
32867237-7	2020	A higher ghrelin but lower nocturnal GH and lower IGF-I were observed in children with higher normal TSH concentration than those in children with lower normal TSH.	Thyrotropin	101-104	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
32963744-7	2020	Results: Gastric emptying rate increased in a different degree after intervention by EES, among which MES and HES groups showed a significant effect (compared with DGP, P<0.01) and the HES group was equivalent to the MPG group; serum ghrelin and content of serum GAS increased while SS and VIP decreased (compared with the DGP group, P<0.05 or P<0.01); c-Kit and SCF protein expressions in gastric tissue increased (compared with DGP group, P<0.05 or P<0.01).	Helium	110-113	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	234-241
32963744-7	2020	Results: Gastric emptying rate increased in a different degree after intervention by EES, among which MES and HES groups showed a significant effect (compared with DGP, P<0.01) and the HES group was equivalent to the MPG group; serum ghrelin and content of serum GAS increased while SS and VIP decreased (compared with the DGP group, P<0.05 or P<0.01); c-Kit and SCF protein expressions in gastric tissue increased (compared with DGP group, P<0.05 or P<0.01).	dgp	323-326	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	234-241
32867237-0	2020	Strong Positive Correlation between TSH and Ghrelin in Euthyroid Non-Growth Hormone-Deficient Children with Short Stature.	Thyrotropin	36-39	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-51
32032669-3	2020	Here we hypothesized that reward from social interaction in a juvenile male rat pair may be enhanced by ghrelin, a circulating hormone that has been shown to enhance reward from other natural (e.g. food, sex) as well as artificial reinforcers (e.g. alcohol and other drugs of abuse).	Ethanol	249-256	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	104-111
32963744-7	2020	Results: Gastric emptying rate increased in a different degree after intervention by EES, among which MES and HES groups showed a significant effect (compared with DGP, P<0.01) and the HES group was equivalent to the MPG group; serum ghrelin and content of serum GAS increased while SS and VIP decreased (compared with the DGP group, P<0.05 or P<0.01); c-Kit and SCF protein expressions in gastric tissue increased (compared with DGP group, P<0.05 or P<0.01).	dgp	323-326	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	234-241
32867237-7	2020	A higher ghrelin but lower nocturnal GH and lower IGF-I were observed in children with higher normal TSH concentration than those in children with lower normal TSH.	Thyrotropin	160-163	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
32801950-9	2020	Results: Compared to vehicle controls, ghrelin mimetics HM01 and ipamorelin significantly attenuated colonic hypersensitivity and somatic allodynia.	ipamorelin	65-75	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	39-46
32442542-8	2020	Carbachol potently attenuated LPS-induced intestinal hyperpermeability, and atropine or bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy prevented the improvement of intestinal hyperpermeability by central ghrelin.	Atropine	76-84	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	193-200
32442542-10	2020	Intracisternal injection of orexin 1 receptor antagonist, SB-334867 blocked intracisternal ghrelin-induced improvement of colonic hyperpermeability.	1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5)naphthyridin-4-yl urea	58-67	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	91-98
32801950-10	2020	The anti-nociceptive effects of the ghrelin mimetics were blocked after administration of the ghrelin receptor antagonist H0900.	3-(Boc-amino)-1-propanol	122-127	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
31852204-0	2020	Chronic peripheral ghrelin injection exerts antifibrotic by increasing growth differentiation factor 15 in rat hearts with myocardial fibrosis induced by isoproterenol.	Isoproterenol	154-167	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
32627950-3	2020	METHODS: This study first explored whether iPBN cells respond to ghrelin involving Fos mapping and electrophysiological studies in rats.	ipbn	43-47	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
31852204-1	2020	This study aimed to investigate the anti-fibrotic effects of ghrelin in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial fibrosis and the underlying mechanism.	Isoproterenol	72-85	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	61-68
31852204-1	2020	This study aimed to investigate the anti-fibrotic effects of ghrelin in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial fibrosis and the underlying mechanism.	Isoproterenol	87-90	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	61-68
31852204-4	2020	Ghrelin treatment greatly improved the cardiac function of ISO-treated rats.	Isoproterenol	59-62	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
31852204-6	2020	Ghrelin significantly reduced myocardial collagen area and hydroxyproline content, accompanied by decreased mRNA levels of collagen type I and III.	bradykinin, hydroxy-Pro(3)-	59-73	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
31852204-7	2020	Furthermore, ghrelin increased plasma level of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and GDF15 mRNA and protein levels in heart tissues, which were significantly decreased with ISO alone.	Isoproterenol	180-183	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
31852204-8	2020	The phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 and GSK-3beta at Ser9 was decreased with ISO, and ghrelin significantly reversed the downregulation of p-Akt and p-GSK-3beta.	seryl-seryl-seryl-arginine	30-33	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	87-94
31852204-8	2020	The phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 and GSK-3beta at Ser9 was decreased with ISO, and ghrelin significantly reversed the downregulation of p-Akt and p-GSK-3beta.	seryl-seryl-seryl-arginine	54-57	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	87-94
31852204-9	2020	Mediated by GDF15, ghrelin could attenuate ISO-induced myocardial fibrosis via Akt-GSK-3beta signaling.	Isoproterenol	43-46	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
32561800-7	2020	Phosphorylated-ERK1/2 levels indicated that ghrelin reduced neuronal activation induced by GD in nodose ganglion.	Gadolinium	91-93	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-51
32650579-0	2020	D-Pinitol from Ceratonia siliqua Is an Orally Active Natural Inositol That Reduces Pancreas Insulin Secretion and Increases Circulating Ghrelin Levels in Wistar Rats.	pinitol	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	136-143
32650579-6	2020	The profile of D-Pinitol suggests its potential use as a pancreatic protector decreasing insulin secretion through ghrelin upregulation, while sustaining glycaemia through the liver-based mechanisms of glycolysis control.	pinitol	15-24	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	115-122
32561800-8	2020	The effect of ghrelin on gastric mechanosensitivity was abolished by pre-treatment with antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (0.3 mg/kg i.v.).	GHRP-6, Lys(3)-	99-114	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	14-21
32188577-4	2020	The current study investigated the association between PVN-microinjected glucose and food intake and plasma ghrelin-leptin levels.	Glucose	73-80	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	108-115
32188577-9	2020	The stimulatory effect of glucose persisted for more than 2 h. Interestingly, it was found that PVN microinjection of glucose stimulates plasma ghrelin and decreases plasma leptin levels without any effect on plasma insulin and glucose concentrations over 1 h. The results of the present study suggest that the PVN glucose-mediated cells may be involved in the regulatory mechanisms of food intake.	Glucose	26-33	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	144-151
32188577-9	2020	The stimulatory effect of glucose persisted for more than 2 h. Interestingly, it was found that PVN microinjection of glucose stimulates plasma ghrelin and decreases plasma leptin levels without any effect on plasma insulin and glucose concentrations over 1 h. The results of the present study suggest that the PVN glucose-mediated cells may be involved in the regulatory mechanisms of food intake.	Glucose	118-125	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	144-151
32188577-9	2020	The stimulatory effect of glucose persisted for more than 2 h. Interestingly, it was found that PVN microinjection of glucose stimulates plasma ghrelin and decreases plasma leptin levels without any effect on plasma insulin and glucose concentrations over 1 h. The results of the present study suggest that the PVN glucose-mediated cells may be involved in the regulatory mechanisms of food intake.	Glucose	118-125	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	144-151
32325912-4	2020	In this study, we investigate the effect of chronic ghrelin treatment on glucose, body weight and insulin level in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats.	Glucose	73-80	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	52-59
32188577-9	2020	The stimulatory effect of glucose persisted for more than 2 h. Interestingly, it was found that PVN microinjection of glucose stimulates plasma ghrelin and decreases plasma leptin levels without any effect on plasma insulin and glucose concentrations over 1 h. The results of the present study suggest that the PVN glucose-mediated cells may be involved in the regulatory mechanisms of food intake.	Glucose	118-125	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	144-151
32171850-6	2020	In recent studies, we demonstrated that an alcohol-induced increase in serum ghrelin levels impairs insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells.	Alcohols	43-50	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	77-84
32171850-13	2020	To summarize, the alcohol-induced increase in serum ghrelin levels dysregulates adipose-liver interaction and promotes hepatic steatosis by increasing the free fatty acid released from adipose for hepatic uptake, and by altering adiponectin and cytokine secretion.	Alcohols	18-25	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	52-59
32171850-13	2020	To summarize, the alcohol-induced increase in serum ghrelin levels dysregulates adipose-liver interaction and promotes hepatic steatosis by increasing the free fatty acid released from adipose for hepatic uptake, and by altering adiponectin and cytokine secretion.	Fatty Acids, Nonesterified	155-170	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	52-59
32325912-4	2020	In this study, we investigate the effect of chronic ghrelin treatment on glucose, body weight and insulin level in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats.	Streptozocin	126-140	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	52-59
31923560-0	2020	Effects of Ethanol on Plasma Ghrelin levels in the Rat During Early and Late Adolescence.	Ethanol	11-18	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	29-36
31923560-1	2020	Ghrelin is an appetite-regulating peptide that is primarily secreted by endocrine cells in the stomach and is implicated in regulation of alcohol consumption and alcohol-reinforced behaviors.	Ethanol	138-145	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
31923560-1	2020	Ghrelin is an appetite-regulating peptide that is primarily secreted by endocrine cells in the stomach and is implicated in regulation of alcohol consumption and alcohol-reinforced behaviors.	Ethanol	162-169	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
31923560-4	2020	This was immediately followed by a blood draw for determination of the blood ethanol concentration (BEC) and plasma levels of acylated ghrelin (acyl-ghrelin; active).	Acyl Coenzyme A	126-130	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	135-142
31923560-5	2020	On PD 29, plasma levels of acyl-ghrelin were significantly elevated in male (but not female) rats in response to acute ethanol exposure by both gastric gavage and vapor inhalation.	Acyl Coenzyme A	27-31	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
31923560-5	2020	On PD 29, plasma levels of acyl-ghrelin were significantly elevated in male (but not female) rats in response to acute ethanol exposure by both gastric gavage and vapor inhalation.	Ethanol	119-126	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
31923560-6	2020	Importantly, assessment of plasma acyl-ghrelin in response to repeated ethanol exposure revealed a complex interaction of both sex and method of AIE exposure.	Acyl Coenzyme A	34-38	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	39-46
31923560-6	2020	Importantly, assessment of plasma acyl-ghrelin in response to repeated ethanol exposure revealed a complex interaction of both sex and method of AIE exposure.	Ethanol	71-78	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	39-46
31923560-7	2020	On PD 43, vapor inhalation increased plasma acyl-ghrelin in both males and females compared to their air control counterparts, whereas there was no change in plasma levels of acyl-ghrelin in either male or female rats in response to exposure by intragastric gavage.	Acyl Coenzyme A	44-48	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	49-56
31923560-8	2020	Assessment of plasma acyl-ghrelin following a 30-day ethanol-free period revealed AIE exposure did not produce a change in basal levels.	Acyl Coenzyme A	21-25	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
31923560-10	2020	Collectively, these observations suggest that acyl-ghrelin, a primary gut-brain signaling hormone, is elevated by ethanol during early adolescence independent of administration route, and in gender-dependent fashion.	Acyl Coenzyme A	46-50	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
31923560-10	2020	Collectively, these observations suggest that acyl-ghrelin, a primary gut-brain signaling hormone, is elevated by ethanol during early adolescence independent of administration route, and in gender-dependent fashion.	Ethanol	114-121	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
32485129-6	2020	RESULTS: We found that CIH enhanced migration of macrophages, and this effect was attenuated by exogenous ghrelin.	cih	23-26	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	106-113
32485129-9	2020	Furthermore, western blot and transwell assays showed that ghrelin inhibited CIH-induced migration via ROCK2 suppression in macrophages.	cih	77-80	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	59-66
32485129-10	2020	CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the present study shows that ghrelin inhibits CIH-induced migration via ROCK2 suppression in macrophages.	cih	71-74	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	54-61
32292065-0	2020	Ghrelin signaling contributes to fasting-induced attenuation of hindbrain neural activation and hypophagic responses to systemic cholecystokinin in rats.	Cholecystokinin	129-144	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
31991203-11	2020	In addition, leptin and ghrelin were down-regulated by KXS.	kxs	55-58	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	24-31
32029269-0	2020	Synergistic improvement effect of nicotine-ghrelin co-injection into the anterior ventral tegmental area on morphine-induced amnesia.	Nicotine	34-42	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	43-50
32029269-1	2020	In the present study the effect of ghrelin or ghrelin/nicotine injection into the anterior ventral tegmental area (aVTA) on morphine-induced amnesia in passive avoidance learning have been evaluated.	Morphine	124-132	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	46-53
32029269-6	2020	Post-training bilateral infusion of ghrelin (0.3, 1.5 and 3 nmol/mul) in a dose-dependent manner reversed amnesia induced by morphine (7.5 mg/kg, s.c.).	Morphine	125-133	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
32029269-0	2020	Synergistic improvement effect of nicotine-ghrelin co-injection into the anterior ventral tegmental area on morphine-induced amnesia.	Morphine	108-116	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	43-50
31904547-0	2020	Chronic ghrelin administration suppresses IKK/NF-kappaB/BACE1 mediated Abeta production in primary neurons and improves cognitive function via upregulation of PP1 in STZ-diabetic rats.	Streptozocin	166-169	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	8-15
32029269-7	2020	Furthermore, reversal effect of ghrelin (3 nmol/mul) was blocked by pre-treatment of intra-aVTA administration of mecamylamine (1-3 mug/rat), a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist.	Mecamylamine	114-126	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
32029269-10	2020	Co-treatment of an ineffective dose of ghrelin (0.3 nmol/mul) with an ineffective dose of nicotine (0.25 mug/rat) significantly increased step-through latency of morphine (7.5 mg/kg, s.c.) treated animals, indicating the synergistic effect of the drugs.	Morphine	162-170	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	39-46
32029269-11	2020	Taken together, our results suggest that intra-aVTA administration of ghrelin reversed morphine-induced amnesia and that ghrelin interacts synergistically with nicotine to mitigate morphine-induced amnesia.	Morphine	87-95	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	70-77
32029269-11	2020	Taken together, our results suggest that intra-aVTA administration of ghrelin reversed morphine-induced amnesia and that ghrelin interacts synergistically with nicotine to mitigate morphine-induced amnesia.	Morphine	181-189	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	121-128
32224927-0	2020	Estradiol Replacement Improves High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity by Suppressing the Action of Ghrelin in Ovariectomized Rats.	Estradiol	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	90-97
31904547-7	2020	Chronic ghrelin administration upregulated hippocampal PP1 expression, suppressed IKK/NF-kappaB/BACE1 mediated Abeta production, and improved cognition in STZ-induced diabetic rats.	Streptozocin	155-158	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	8-15
31904547-13	2020	Our findings indicated that chronic ghrelin administration can suppress IKK/NF-kappaB/BACE1 mediated Abeta production in primary neurons with high glucose treatment and improve the cognition via PP1 upregulation in diabetic rats.	Glucose	147-154	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
31811350-3	2020	OBJECTIVES: We investigated the role of leptin and ghrelin in the augmentation of heroin seeking induced by chronic food restriction.	Heroin	82-88	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
31811350-6	2020	In experiment 1, we measured the plasma concentrations of leptin and ghrelin following heroin self-administration and withdrawal.	Heroin	87-93	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	69-76
31811350-0	2020	A role for leptin and ghrelin in the augmentation of heroin seeking induced by chronic food restriction.	Heroin	53-59	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
31811350-14	2020	CONCLUSIONS: Leptin and ghrelin transmission in the VTA can modulate the augmentation of heroin seeking induced by chronic food restriction.	Heroin	89-95	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	24-31
32812929-0	2020	Unacylated ghrelin stimulates fatty acid oxidation to protect skeletal muscle against palmitate-induced impairment of insulin action in lean but not high-fat fed rats.	Fatty Acids	30-40	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-18
32812929-0	2020	Unacylated ghrelin stimulates fatty acid oxidation to protect skeletal muscle against palmitate-induced impairment of insulin action in lean but not high-fat fed rats.	Palmitates	86-95	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-18
32812929-2	2020	Recent findings suggest that both ghrelin isoforms stimulate skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation, lending to the possibility that it may regulate skeletal muscle"s handling of meal-derived substrates.	Fatty Acids	77-87	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	34-41
32812929-3	2020	It was hypothesized in the current study that ghrelin may preserve muscle insulin response during conditions of elevated saturated fatty acid (palmitate) availability by promoting its oxidation.	Fatty Acids	121-141	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	46-53
32812929-3	2020	It was hypothesized in the current study that ghrelin may preserve muscle insulin response during conditions of elevated saturated fatty acid (palmitate) availability by promoting its oxidation.	Palmitates	143-152	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	46-53
32812929-5	2020	We demonstrate that unacylated ghrelin (UnAG) is the more potent stimulator of skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation.	unag	40-44	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
32812929-5	2020	We demonstrate that unacylated ghrelin (UnAG) is the more potent stimulator of skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation.	Fatty Acids	95-105	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
32812929-6	2020	Both isoforms of ghrelin generally protected muscle from impaired insulin-mediated phosphorylation of AKT Ser473 and Thr308, as well as downstream phosphorylation of AS160 Ser588 during high palmitate exposure.	as160	166-171	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
30265180-2	2019	Ghrelin"s circulating concentrations follow an ultradian rhythm, peak immediately before a meal and point towards a potential metabolic role in reducing the mobilization of fatty acid stores in preparation for the storage of ingested food.	Fatty Acids	173-183	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
32922492-11	2020	In addition, apoptosis in MDMA+ ghrelin group was significantly reduced when compared with MDMA treated animals.	N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine	26-30	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
32922492-11	2020	In addition, apoptosis in MDMA+ ghrelin group was significantly reduced when compared with MDMA treated animals.	N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine	91-95	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
30265180-4	2019	Ghrelin blunted the ss3-induction (CL 316, 243) of glycerol release (index of lipolysis) which coincided with a reduced activation of the key lipid hydrolase HSL at two of its serine residues (Ser563/660).	Glycerol	51-59	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
30265180-4	2019	Ghrelin blunted the ss3-induction (CL 316, 243) of glycerol release (index of lipolysis) which coincided with a reduced activation of the key lipid hydrolase HSL at two of its serine residues (Ser563/660).	Serine	176-182	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
30265180-5	2019	Furthermore, ghrelin appeared to inhibit fatty acid reesterification in the presence of CL such that fatty acid concentrations in the surrounding media were maintained in spite of a reduction in lipolysis.	Fatty Acids	41-51	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
30265180-5	2019	Furthermore, ghrelin appeared to inhibit fatty acid reesterification in the presence of CL such that fatty acid concentrations in the surrounding media were maintained in spite of a reduction in lipolysis.	Fatty Acids	101-111	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
30265180-7	2019	This highlights the importance of exercising caution when interpreting the effects of administering ghrelin in vivo, and the necessity for uncovering the elusive mechanisms by which ghrelin regulates lipolysis and fatty acid reesterification.	Fatty Acids	214-224	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	182-189
31159591-9	2019	Besides, ghrelin activated PI3K/AKT and AMPK pathways even in H/R-stimulated cells.	r	64-65	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
31159591-10	2019	The protective effects of ghrelin against H/R-induced cell damage were all attenuated by the addition of LY294002 or Compound C. Moreover, endogenous inhibition of ghrelin significantly induced cell death of H9c2 cells.	r	44-45	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
31159591-10	2019	The protective effects of ghrelin against H/R-induced cell damage were all attenuated by the addition of LY294002 or Compound C. Moreover, endogenous inhibition of ghrelin significantly induced cell death of H9c2 cells.	r	44-45	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	164-171
31159591-10	2019	The protective effects of ghrelin against H/R-induced cell damage were all attenuated by the addition of LY294002 or Compound C. Moreover, endogenous inhibition of ghrelin significantly induced cell death of H9c2 cells.	2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	105-113	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
31159591-10	2019	The protective effects of ghrelin against H/R-induced cell damage were all attenuated by the addition of LY294002 or Compound C. Moreover, endogenous inhibition of ghrelin significantly induced cell death of H9c2 cells.	2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	105-113	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	164-171
31159591-11	2019	In conclusion, this study demonstrated that ghrelin pretreatment protected H9c2 cells against H/R-induced cell damage, possibly via PI3K/AKT and AMPK pathways.	r	96-97	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-51
30265180-8	2019	We conclude that both acylated and unacylated ghrelin can exert direct inhibitory effects on lipolysis and fatty acid reesterification in adipose tissue from rats.	Fatty Acids	107-117	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	46-53
30265180-9	2019	However, these effects are not observed in vivo and outline the complexity of studying ghrelin"s effects on fatty acid metabolism in the living animal.	Fatty Acids	108-118	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	87-94
31093930-0	2019	Acylated Ghrelin Protects the Hearts of Rats from Doxorubicin-Induced Fas/FasL Apoptosis by Stimulating SERCA2a Mediated by Activation of PKA and Akt.	Doxorubicin	50-61	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
31776951-3	2019	Both bariatric surgeries significantly decreased glucose-induced ghrelin level in the blood of rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus, which attested to an increase in the tissue sensitivity to ghrelin.	Glucose	49-56	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
31776951-3	2019	Both bariatric surgeries significantly decreased glucose-induced ghrelin level in the blood of rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus, which attested to an increase in the tissue sensitivity to ghrelin.	Glucose	49-56	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	190-197
31618336-5	2019	While PTZ increased plasma CGRP, SP and IL-1beta concentrations, ghrelin reduced the increases evoked by PTZ.	Pentylenetetrazole	105-108	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
31885795-0	2019	Ghrelin Aggravates Prostate Enlargement in Rats with Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Stromal Cell Proliferation, and Smooth Muscle Contraction in Human Prostate Tissues.	Testosterone	53-65	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
31885795-5	2019	Ghrelin (20 nmol/kg daily, p.o., 2 weeks) increased prostate size in rats with testosterone-induced BPH.	Testosterone	79-91	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
31844755-0	2019	Modulatory effects of ghrelin on sperm quality alterations induced by a fructose-enriched diet.	Fructose	72-80	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
31730522-11	2019	Conclusions Ghrelin has a beneficial effect against DOX-induced cardiomyopathy which may be mediated through VEGF-B and Cx43 expression in the myocardium.	Doxorubicin	52-55	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	12-19
31730522-12	2019	Ghrelin is a promising cardioprotective drug in DOX-induced cardiomyopathy patients, but further studies are needed to evaluate its use.	Doxorubicin	48-51	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
31635295-0	2019	Electro-Acupuncture Alleviates Cisplatin-Induced Anorexia in Rats by Modulating Ghrelin and Monoamine Neurotransmitters.	Cisplatin	31-40	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	80-87
31260652-0	2019	Ghrelin modulates morphine-nicotine interaction in avoidance memory: Involvement of CA1 nicotinic receptors.	Morphine	18-26	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
31601982-9	2019	Ghrelin inhibited CCI-induced GSK-3beta activation and beta-catenin overexpression in the spinal dorsal horn.	CCI	18-21	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
31260652-0	2019	Ghrelin modulates morphine-nicotine interaction in avoidance memory: Involvement of CA1 nicotinic receptors.	Nicotine	27-35	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
31260652-5	2019	The goal of present study is to examine the effect of intra-CA1 administration of ghrelin on morphine response for avoidance task alone or in combination with nicotine.	Morphine	93-101	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	82-89
31260652-7	2019	Results showed that subcutaneous administration of morphine immediately after training impaired memory in the test day and induced amnesia, while intra-CA1 pre-injection of ghrelin prevented amnesic effect of morphine and improved memory.	Morphine	209-217	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	173-180
31260652-9	2019	The results showed that intra-CA1 injection of an ineffective dose of ghrelin (0.03 nmol/microl) potentiated the nicotine (0.2 mg/kg, s.c.) response on amnesia induced by morphine.	Nicotine	113-121	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	70-77
31260652-9	2019	The results showed that intra-CA1 injection of an ineffective dose of ghrelin (0.03 nmol/microl) potentiated the nicotine (0.2 mg/kg, s.c.) response on amnesia induced by morphine.	Morphine	171-179	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	70-77
31260652-12	2019	In conclusion, present study suggests the significant role of ghrelin in morphine-related memory and its interactive effect with nicotine in avoidance task via CA1 nicotinic receptors.	Morphine	73-81	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	62-69
31260652-12	2019	In conclusion, present study suggests the significant role of ghrelin in morphine-related memory and its interactive effect with nicotine in avoidance task via CA1 nicotinic receptors.	Nicotine	129-137	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	62-69
31546643-2	2019	In our previous study, we showed that alcohol-induced increase in serum ghrelin levels impair insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells.	Alcohols	38-45	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	72-79
31546643-4	2019	In this study, we determined whether inhibition of ghrelin activity in chronic alcohol-fed rats could improve hepatic lipid homeostasis at the pancreas-adipose-liver axis.	Alcohols	79-86	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
31546643-0	2019	Inhibition of Ghrelin Activity by Receptor Antagonist [d-Lys-3] GHRP-6 Attenuates Alcohol-Induced Hepatic Steatosis by Regulating Hepatic Lipid Metabolism.	GHRP-6, Lys(3)-	54-70	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	14-21
31546643-9	2019	To summarize, inhibition of ghrelin activity reduced alcoholic steatosis by improving insulin secretion, normalizing serum insulin levels, inhibiting adipose lipolysis, and preventing fatty acid uptake and synthesis in the liver.	Fatty Acids	184-194	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	28-35
31546643-0	2019	Inhibition of Ghrelin Activity by Receptor Antagonist [d-Lys-3] GHRP-6 Attenuates Alcohol-Induced Hepatic Steatosis by Regulating Hepatic Lipid Metabolism.	Alcohols	82-89	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	14-21
31663064-0	2019	Ghrelin-Induced Sodium Reabsorption Is Mediated by PKA and Microtubule-Dependent alphaENaC Translocation in Female Rats.	Sodium	16-22	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
31278962-0	2019	Role of mesolimbic ghrelin in the acquisition of cocaine reward.	Cocaine	49-56	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
31278962-1	2019	The present study examined the ability of ghrelin administration into either the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or nucleus accumbens (NAc) to potentiate cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP).	Cocaine	151-158	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
31278962-8	2019	Our results indicated that ghrelin potentiated cocaine-induced CPP and that this effect was attenuated by JMV 2959.	Cocaine	47-54	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
31278962-9	2019	Overall, these findings provide further evidence that mesolimbic ghrelin signaling is indeed critically involved in mediating the rewarding effects of cocaine.	Cocaine	151-158	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
31509532-1	2019	ASB20123, a C-type natriuretic peptide/ghrelin chimeric peptide, was designed as a novel peptide and demonstrated full agonistic activity for natriuretic-peptide receptor B and a significantly longer half-life in plasma compared with the native peptide.	asb20123	0-8	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	39-46
31663064-1	2019	Intrarenal ghrelin infusion activates ghrelin receptors in the kidney collecting duct (CD) to increase alpha epithelial sodium (Na+) channel (alphaENaC)-dependent Na+ reabsorption in vivo, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown.	Sodium	120-126	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-18
31663064-1	2019	Intrarenal ghrelin infusion activates ghrelin receptors in the kidney collecting duct (CD) to increase alpha epithelial sodium (Na+) channel (alphaENaC)-dependent Na+ reabsorption in vivo, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown.	Sodium	120-126	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	38-45
31279091-10	2019	The protective effects of ghrelin were reversed by [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6, GHSR-1alpha siRNA or Ex527.	GHRP-6, Lys(3)-	51-66	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
31152850-9	2019	Ghrelin treatment reversed methamphetamine effects on hippocampal protein expression of Caspase 3 and Cytochrome-C, and BAX/Bcl-2 ratio.	Methamphetamine	27-42	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
31093684-0	2019	Acylated ghrelin prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiac intrinsic cell death and fibrosis in rats by restoring IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and inhibition of STAT1.	Doxorubicin	26-37	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
30914266-0	2019	Ghrelin and electrical stimulating the lateral hypothalamus area regulated the discharges of gastric distention neurons via the dorsal vagal complex in cisplatin-treated rats.	Cisplatin	152-161	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
30456835-1	2019	Ghrelin is a gastric hormone that has been implicated in the neurobiology of alcohol drinking.	Alcohols	77-84	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
31526442-1	2019	Hexarelin is a synthetic growth hormone-releasing peptide that exerts cardioprotective effects.	hexarelin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	25-57
30456835-3	2019	In addition, recent preliminary work suggests that the gut-microbiome, which appears to interact with the ghrelin system, may modulate alcohol drinking.	Alcohols	135-142	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	106-113
30456835-10	2019	Thus, the present results indicate that the ghrelin system may be involved in drinking patterns that result in presumably increased alcohol exposure levels.	Alcohols	132-139	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-51
30525248-7	2019	We found that ghrelin similarly increased motivated behaviour for chow and sucrose pellets.	Sucrose	75-82	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	14-21
31242552-1	2019	Capsaicin-Sensitive Sensory Nerves Are Necessary for the Protective Effect of Ghrelin in Cerulein-Induced Acute Pancreatitis in Rats.	Capsaicin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	78-85
31109149-9	2019	ICV and ARC injection of ghrelin significantly reduced pain in all phases of the formalin test (p < 0.001).	Formaldehyde	81-89	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	25-32
29098950-2	2019	Pharmacological doses of tryptophan, the essential amino acid precursor of serotonin, increase circulating leptin and decrease ghrelin in normal healthy adults.	Tryptophan	25-35	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	127-134
31017709-6	2019	Additionally, ghrelin activated P38 MAPK, AKT, and ERK1/2 pathways and also induced P38 MAPK phosphorylation in high glucose conditions.	Glucose	117-124	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	14-21
31017709-7	2019	Ghrelin induced ROS release and dose dependently reduced podocyte survival.	ros	16-19	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
31017709-9	2019	Furthermore, PLC inhibitor (U73122) inhibited ghrelin induced P38 MAPK activation.	1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione	28-34	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	46-53
29098950-5	2019	RESULTS: Following oral administration of tryptophan at a dose of 300 mg/kg, circulating levels of serotonin and leptin increased and those of ghrelin decreased in unstressed animals.	Tryptophan	42-52	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	143-150
29098950-10	2019	Tryptophan-induced decreases of ghrelin also did not occur in stressed animals.	Tryptophan	0-10	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
29098950-11	2019	CONCLUSION: The findings show an important role of serum serotonin, leptin, and ghrelin in responses to stress and suggest that the essential amino acid tryptophan can improve therapeutics in stress-induced hormonal and behavioral disorders.	essential amino acid tryptophan	132-163	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	80-87
31137755-7	2019	Exposure to the high dose of DEP enriched the butyrate-producing genera, Alloprevotella and Intestinimonas, leading to an increase in estradiol and a resulting decrease in total triglycerides (TGs) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); meanwhile, DEP-induced increases in peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) and ghrelin were attributed to the enrichment of short-chain fatty acid-producing Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Lactobacillus.	diethyl phosphate	29-32	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	319-326
30990143-3	2019	Ghrelin is involved in control of appetite and energy balance, regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as modulation of functioning of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, pulmonary and immune systems.	Carbohydrates	77-89	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
30721719-3	2019	Enterohormones such as ghrelin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide and mainly glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were recognized as key players in the physiophathological mechanisms associated with entero-pancreatic axis regulation and glucose tolerance improvement.	Glucose	229-236	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
30997983-10	2019	Conclusion: Ghrelin administration to rats after the formation of an experimental partial unilateral ureteral obstruction reduces tissue damage due to ghrelin"s antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects.	Ghrelin	151-158	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	12-19
31031602-0	2019	Multiple Beneficial Effects of Ghrelin Agonist, HM01 on Homeostasis Alterations in 6-Hydroxydopamine Model of Parkinson"s Disease in Male Rats.	Oxidopamine	83-100	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
30702902-0	2019	Chronic alcohol exposure alters circulating insulin and ghrelin levels: role of ghrelin in hepatic steatosis.	Alcohols	8-15	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	56-63
31031602-2	2019	Previously, we reported that the ghrelin receptor agonist, HM01 normalized the decreased 4-h fecal output and levodopa-inhibited gastric emptying in 6-OHDA rats, and activated selective areas in brain and spinal cord.	Levodopa	110-118	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
31031602-2	2019	Previously, we reported that the ghrelin receptor agonist, HM01 normalized the decreased 4-h fecal output and levodopa-inhibited gastric emptying in 6-OHDA rats, and activated selective areas in brain and spinal cord.	Oxidopamine	149-155	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
31031602-14	2019	Conclusions: Chronic treatment with ghrelin agonist, HM01 improved several non-motor symptoms in the rat PD model induced by 6-OHDA lesion including the decrease in body weight, water consumption, fecal weight and water content, and increased food intake while not improving the motor deficits.	HM01	53-57	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
31031602-14	2019	Conclusions: Chronic treatment with ghrelin agonist, HM01 improved several non-motor symptoms in the rat PD model induced by 6-OHDA lesion including the decrease in body weight, water consumption, fecal weight and water content, and increased food intake while not improving the motor deficits.	Oxidopamine	125-131	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
31031602-14	2019	Conclusions: Chronic treatment with ghrelin agonist, HM01 improved several non-motor symptoms in the rat PD model induced by 6-OHDA lesion including the decrease in body weight, water consumption, fecal weight and water content, and increased food intake while not improving the motor deficits.	Water	178-183	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
31031602-14	2019	Conclusions: Chronic treatment with ghrelin agonist, HM01 improved several non-motor symptoms in the rat PD model induced by 6-OHDA lesion including the decrease in body weight, water consumption, fecal weight and water content, and increased food intake while not improving the motor deficits.	Water	214-219	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
30702902-0	2019	Chronic alcohol exposure alters circulating insulin and ghrelin levels: role of ghrelin in hepatic steatosis.	Alcohols	8-15	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	80-87
30702902-3	2019	In this study, we hypothesized that ethanol-induced increase in ghrelin by impairing insulin secretion, could be responsible for the altered lipid metabolism observed in adipose and liver tissue.	Ethanol	36-43	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	64-71
30702902-6	2019	We found that ethanol increased serum ghrelin and decreased serum insulin levels in both fed and fasting conditions.	Ethanol	14-21	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	38-45
30702902-9	2019	Additionally, we found that increased concentration of serum ghrelin was due to increased synthesis and maturation in the stomach of the ethanol-fed rats.	Ethanol	137-144	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	61-68
30702902-11	2019	In conclusion, alcohol-induced elevation of circulating ghrelin levels impairs insulin secretion.	Alcohols	15-22	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	56-63
30702902-13	2019	NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our studies are the first to report that ethanol-induced increases in ghrelin contribute to impaired insulin secretion, which results in the altered lipid metabolism observed in adipose and liver tissue in the setting of alcoholic fatty liver disease.	Ethanol	58-65	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	87-94
30906450-8	2019	Although there was no statistically significant difference observed, the secretion of serum ghrelin and CCK was increased in the CV12 EA group compared with that in the control group.	cv12 ea	129-136	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	92-99
31517625-1	2019	OBJECTIVE: Ghrelin, a 28 amino acid peptide, has diverse physiological roles.	amino acid peptide	25-43	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-18
31517625-8	2019	PI3K inhi-bition by LY294002 significantly downregulated the ghrelin-induced overexpression of HOXB4 (p&lt;0.05).	2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	20-28	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	61-68
30794654-3	2019	ASB20123, one of the CNP/ghrelin chimeric peptides, is composed of CNP(1-22) and human ghrelin(12-28, E17D).	asb20123	0-8	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	25-32
31353599-1	2019	Teaghrelins are unique acylated flavonoid tetraglycosides originally identified in Chin-shin oolong tea, and proposed to be potential oral analogs of ghrelin.	flavonoid tetraglycosides	32-57	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	3-10
30265152-1	2019	This study investigated the effect of sub-chronic administration of unacylated ghrelin (UAG) on steroidogenesis, sperm parameter, and reproductive function in lean and high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese male rats.	URIDINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE-N-ACETYLMURAMOYL-L-ALANINE-D-GLUTAMATE	88-91	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	79-86
30963694-0	2019	Ghrelin stimulates fatty acid oxidation and inhibits lipolysis in isolated muscle from male rats.	Fatty Acids	19-29	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
30963694-3	2019	We found that the two major ghrelin isoforms, acylated and unacylated ghrelin, were able to significantly increase skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation (~20%) while incorporation of fatty acids into major lipid pools remained unchanged.	Fatty Acids	131-141	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	28-35
30963694-3	2019	We found that the two major ghrelin isoforms, acylated and unacylated ghrelin, were able to significantly increase skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation (~20%) while incorporation of fatty acids into major lipid pools remained unchanged.	Fatty Acids	131-141	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	70-77
30963694-3	2019	We found that the two major ghrelin isoforms, acylated and unacylated ghrelin, were able to significantly increase skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation (~20%) while incorporation of fatty acids into major lipid pools remained unchanged.	Fatty Acids	182-193	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	28-35
30963694-5	2019	Ghrelin isoforms had no independent effect on lipolysis under unstimulated conditions, but nearly completely abolished epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis.	Epinephrine	119-130	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
30963694-7	2019	Taken together, these findings suggest that ghrelin isoforms have a direct, acute effect on fatty acid oxidation and lipolysis.	Fatty Acids	92-102	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-51
30794654-3	2019	ASB20123, one of the CNP/ghrelin chimeric peptides, is composed of CNP(1-22) and human ghrelin(12-28, E17D).	asb20123	0-8	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	87-94
30794654-6	2019	These results suggested that the C-terminal part of ghrelin, which has clusters of basic amino acid residues and a BX7B motif, might contribute to the retention of ASB20123 in the extracellular matrix of the growth plate.	Amino Acids, Basic	83-99	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	52-59
30794654-6	2019	These results suggested that the C-terminal part of ghrelin, which has clusters of basic amino acid residues and a BX7B motif, might contribute to the retention of ASB20123 in the extracellular matrix of the growth plate.	asb20123	164-172	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	52-59
29429367-0	2019	Obestatin protects and reverses nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its associated insulin resistance in rats via inhibition of food intake, enhancing hepatic adiponectin signaling, and blocking ghrelin acylation.	Ghrelin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	196-203
30781678-5	2019	[d-Lys3]-GHRP-6 ghrelin antagonist was injected 15 min before ghrelin injection in a dose of 10.0 pmol i.c.v.	[d-lys3]-ghrp	0-13	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	16-23
30781678-10	2019	Following pretreatment with the ghrelin antagonist [d-Lys3]-GHRP-6, the high plasma oxytocin level induced by ghrelin was significantly reduced.	GHRP-6, Lys(3)-	51-66	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
30781678-10	2019	Following pretreatment with the ghrelin antagonist [d-Lys3]-GHRP-6, the high plasma oxytocin level induced by ghrelin was significantly reduced.	GHRP-6, Lys(3)-	51-66	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	110-117
30527470-9	2019	There was a statistically significant increase in the hydroxyproline content in the ghrelin subgroup on the 14th postoperative day (P = 0.043).	Hydroxyproline	54-68	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	84-91
30527470-11	2019	CONCLUSIONS: The administration of ghrelin had beneficial anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, increasing the resistance of the anastomosis and the hydroxyproline tissue content in the postoperative period.	Hydroxyproline	154-168	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	35-42
30343042-8	2019	High-fat diet schedules resulted in the enhancement of leptin concentrations, while increases in blood levels of ghrelin were noted after intermitted high-fat or continuous high-sucrose diet.	Sucrose	178-185	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	113-120
30414405-0	2019	Cocaine and cocaine expectancy increase growth hormone, ghrelin, GLP-1, IGF-1, adiponectin, and corticosterone while decreasing leptin, insulin, GIP, and prolactin.	Cocaine	0-7	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	56-63
30683114-0	2019	Gut ghrelin regulates hepatic glucose production and insulin signaling via a gut-brain-liver pathway.	Glucose	30-37	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	4-11
30683114-2	2019	However, the effects of intestinal ghrelin on hepatic glucose production (HGP) are still unclear.	Glucose	54-61	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	35-42
30683114-7	2019	Intraduodenal co-infusion of ghrelin receptor antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 and AMPK agonist with ghrelin diminished gut ghrelin-induced increase in HGP and decrease in glucose infusion rate (GIR) and hepatic insulin signaling.	Glucose	166-173	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	29-36
30683114-7	2019	Intraduodenal co-infusion of ghrelin receptor antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 and AMPK agonist with ghrelin diminished gut ghrelin-induced increase in HGP and decrease in glucose infusion rate (GIR) and hepatic insulin signaling.	Glucose	166-173	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	95-102
30683114-7	2019	Intraduodenal co-infusion of ghrelin receptor antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 and AMPK agonist with ghrelin diminished gut ghrelin-induced increase in HGP and decrease in glucose infusion rate (GIR) and hepatic insulin signaling.	Glucose	166-173	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	95-102
30683114-8	2019	The effects of gut ghrelin were also negated by co-infusion with tetracaine, or MK801, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor inhibitor, and adenovirus expressing the shRNA of NR1 subunit of NMDA receptors (Ad-shNR1) within the dorsal vagal complex, and hepatic vagotomy in rats.	Tetracaine	65-75	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
30683114-8	2019	The effects of gut ghrelin were also negated by co-infusion with tetracaine, or MK801, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor inhibitor, and adenovirus expressing the shRNA of NR1 subunit of NMDA receptors (Ad-shNR1) within the dorsal vagal complex, and hepatic vagotomy in rats.	Dizocilpine Maleate	80-85	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
30683114-9	2019	When ghrelin and lipids were co-infused into the duodenum, the roles of gut lipids in increasing the rate of glucose infusion (GIR) and lowering HGP were reversed.	Glucose	109-116	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	5-12
30336120-4	2019	Results indicated that acylated ghrelin induced a robust increase in RER representing a shift toward enhanced carbohydrate oxidation and reduced lipid utilization.	Carbohydrates	110-122	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
30414405-3	2019	During cocaine-taking, growth hormone and acetylated ghrelin increased 10-fold; glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) doubled; non-acetylated ghrelin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and corticosterone increased by 50% and adiponectin increased by 17%.	Cocaine	7-14	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
30414405-0	2019	Cocaine and cocaine expectancy increase growth hormone, ghrelin, GLP-1, IGF-1, adiponectin, and corticosterone while decreasing leptin, insulin, GIP, and prolactin.	Cocaine	12-19	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	56-63
30414405-1	2019	The dopamine system-essential for mood and movement-can be activated in two ways: by excitatory inputs that cause burst firing and stamp-in learning or by slow excitatory or inhibitory inputs-like leptin, insulin, ghrelin, or corticosterone-that decrease or increase single-spike (pacemaker) firing rate and that modulate motivation.	Dopamine	4-12	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	214-221
30272367-15	2018	In conclusion, ghrelin protected the myocardium with H/R treatment through upregulating the expression of GH, GHSR and IGF-1, and promoting the phosphorylation of Akt.	r	55-56	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	15-22
30268665-0	2018	Ghrelin agonist HM01 attenuates chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity in rodent models.	HM01	16-20	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
30053031-0	2018	Hyperosmolar Duodenal Saline Infusion Lowers Circulating Ghrelin and Stimulates Intestinal Hormone Release in Young Men.	Sodium Chloride	22-28	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	57-64
29237283-0	2018	Ghrelin attenuated hyperalgesia induced by chronic nitroglycerin: CGRP and TRPV1 as targets for migraine management.	Nitroglycerin	51-64	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
30111257-1	2018	OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aim to reveal the alterations (due to seizure) in the serum and brain levels of nesfatin-1, ghrelin and irisin after acute or chronic pentylenetetrazole administrations in rats using sodium valproate.	Pentylenetetrazole	164-182	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	122-129
30009998-3	2018	However, our recent work has also suggested a role for des-acylated ghrelin (DAG) in these functions.	dag	77-80	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	68-75
30009998-4	2018	Here we hypothesized ghrelin"s anti-inflammatory activity is mediated by the HPA axis and this effect is differentially executed by AG and DAG.	dag	139-142	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	21-28
29859973-8	2018	Both the 42-h fasting and des-acyl ghrelin groups might modulate the tail-hiding behavior of rats in a cold, and a part of the insula might be involved this response during fasting.	Diethylstilbestrol	26-29	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	35-42
30009391-6	2018	Our results demonstrated that chronic ghrelin treatment not only improved memory processing and retrieval in normal rats during the PAL task, but also promoted memory retention and alleviated memory loss by amelioration of Abeta1-42-induced synaptic plasticity impairment in AD subjects through augmentation of field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) slope that led to LTP restitution in both the mPP-DG and the CA3-CA1 synapses.	mpp-dg	405-411	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	38-45
30106107-0	2018	Ghrelin improves pilocarpine-induced cerebral cortex inflammation in epileptic rats by inhibiting NF-kappaB and TNF-alpha.	Pilocarpine	17-28	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
30106107-6	2018	Ghrelin intervention significantly decreased TNF-alpha and NF-kappaB protein and mRNA expression compared with the pilocarpine and the pilocarpine + saline groups, although it did not reduce expression levels to those seen in the normal control group.	Pilocarpine	115-126	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
30106107-6	2018	Ghrelin intervention significantly decreased TNF-alpha and NF-kappaB protein and mRNA expression compared with the pilocarpine and the pilocarpine + saline groups, although it did not reduce expression levels to those seen in the normal control group.	Pilocarpine	135-146	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
30106107-6	2018	Ghrelin intervention significantly decreased TNF-alpha and NF-kappaB protein and mRNA expression compared with the pilocarpine and the pilocarpine + saline groups, although it did not reduce expression levels to those seen in the normal control group.	Sodium Chloride	149-155	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
30300044-0	2018	Acylated ghrelin protects aorta damage post-MI via activation of eNOS and inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme induced activation of NAD(P)H-dependent oxidase.	NADP	140-146	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
30261633-2	2018	Ghrelin significantly participates in reinforcing neurobiological mechanisms of stimulants, including amphetamines; thus, ghrelin antagonism is proposed as a promising addiction treatment.	Amphetamines	102-114	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
30261633-2	2018	Ghrelin significantly participates in reinforcing neurobiological mechanisms of stimulants, including amphetamines; thus, ghrelin antagonism is proposed as a promising addiction treatment.	Amphetamines	102-114	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	122-129
30261633-8	2018	Our results encourage further research of the ghrelin antagonism as a potential new pharmacological tool for methamphetamine addiction treatment.	Methamphetamine	109-124	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	46-53
29927808-1	2018	The present study investigated the relationship between accumbal ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) signaling in alcohol reward in female rats.	Alcohols	122-129	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
30211131-12	2018	It seems that ghrelin might have a more fundamental role in the food intake with respect to the leptin and glucose levels in subchronic stress condition.	Glucose	107-114	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	14-21
29927808-0	2018	Accumbal ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide 1 signaling in alcohol reward in female rats.	Alcohols	58-65	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
29927808-13	2018	Overall, these findings demonstrate the importance of accumbal ghrelin and GLP-1 signaling in alcohol reward and appetitive motivation.	Alcohols	94-101	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	63-70
30175152-8	2018	In addition, Ghrelin upregulated PPAR-gamma expression in vivo and in vitro, and treatment with GW9662 counteracted the effects of Ghrelin.	2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide	96-102	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	131-138
30276139-0	2018	Effect of Ghrelin on Caspase 3 and Bcl2 Gene Expression in H2O2 Treated Rat"s Bone Marrow Stromal Cells.	Hydrogen Peroxide	59-63	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-17
29865176-0	2018	Treatment with Obestatin-A Ghrelin Gene-Encoded Peptide-Reduces the Severity of Experimental Colitis Evoked by Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid.	Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid	111-140	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
30002711-1	2018	Introduction: Obestatin is a 23-amino acid peptide derived from proghrelin, a common prohormone for ghrelin and obestatin.	Ghrelin	112-121	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	67-74
30011905-8	2018	The administration of the ruthenium complex resulted in reduced fasting blood glucose, food intake, and body weight gain which was associated with decreased plasma ghrelin, insulin, and HbA1c levels in both the presence and absence of dietary intervention.	Ruthenium	26-35	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	164-171
29914799-0	2018	Enhancement of ghrelin-signaling system by Rikkunshi-To attenuates teriparatide-induced pica in rats.	Teriparatide	67-79	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	15-22
29914799-7	2018	Teriparatide significantly increased the incidence of pica, while suppressing intestinal motility and plasma ghrelin levels in rats fed normal diets; however, rats fed diets with RKT showed improvements in all of the teriparatide-induced adverse reactions.	Teriparatide	0-12	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	109-116
29914799-8	2018	These therapeutic effects were antagonized by a ghrelin receptor antagonist ([D-Lys3]-GHRP-6; 200 nmol/rat).	GHRP-6, Lys(3)-	77-92	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	48-55
29958814-0	2018	Role of the cannabinoid signaling in the brain orexin- and ghrelin-induced visceral antinociception in conscious rats.	Cannabinoids	12-23	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	59-66
29958814-1	2018	We hypothesized that the cannabinoid (CB) system may mediate the brain orexin- or ghrelin-induced visceral antinociception.	Cannabinoids	25-36	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	82-89
29476749-9	2018	Pretreatment with subcutaneous injection of either naloxone hydrochloride or sulpiride, a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, significantly blocked ghrelin-induced visceral antinociception; furthermore, neither subcutaneous injection of naloxone methiodide, a peripheral selective opioid antagonist, SCH23390, a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, nor DPCPX, an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, blocked antinociception.	Naloxone	51-73	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	145-152
28635134-0	2018	Locomotor sensitization is expressed by ghrelin and D1 dopamine receptor agonist in the nucleus accumbens core in amphetamine pre-exposed rat.	Amphetamine	114-125	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	40-47
28635134-8	2018	When we measured rats" locomotor activity for 1 hour immediately following microinjections, only ghrelin + SKF81297 produces sensitized locomotor activity, while all others have no effects.	SK and F 81297	107-115	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	97-104
29476749-9	2018	Pretreatment with subcutaneous injection of either naloxone hydrochloride or sulpiride, a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, significantly blocked ghrelin-induced visceral antinociception; furthermore, neither subcutaneous injection of naloxone methiodide, a peripheral selective opioid antagonist, SCH23390, a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, nor DPCPX, an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, blocked antinociception.	Sulpiride	77-86	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	145-152
29476749-10	2018	Although intracisternal SB334867, an orexin 1 receptor antagonist, alone failed to change the threshold volume, centrally injected SB334867 potently blocked ghrelin-induced antinociceptive action during colonic distension.	1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5)naphthyridin-4-yl urea	131-139	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	157-164
29476749-11	2018	These results provide the first evidence that ghrelin acts centrally in the brain to enhance antinociceptive response to colonic distension through the central opioid system, dopamine D2 signaling, and the orexinergic pathway.	Dopamine	175-183	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	46-53
29436604-1	2018	Ghrelin influences pancreatic endocrine and exocrine functions, regulates intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i levels, and has an anti-inflammatory role in acute pancreatitis.	Calcium	88-95	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
29436604-6	2018	In this study, the ghrelin serum level was highest in the ANP group and was higher in the AEP group than the normal group.	aep	90-93	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
28802901-10	2018	Regarding the underlying mechanism, we hypothesized that the removal of the ghrelin producing part of the stomach in the VSG surgery is a possible contributor to the observed reduced ethanol preference.	Ethanol	183-190	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
28802901-13	2018	Next, the rats were given IP injections of the ghrelin receptor antagonist, JMV (2.5mg/kg body weight).	jmv	76-79	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	47-54
29325034-11	2018	Finally, ghrelin caused a dose-dependent vasodilation of IMA rings (preconstricted with phenylephrine).	Phenylephrine	88-101	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
28751159-0	2018	Ghrelin ameliorates acute lung injury induced by oleic acid via inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress.	Oleic Acid	49-59	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
29618984-9	2018	Adult CR-Leptin animals showed higher plasma ghrelin levels than CR animals, particularly at 3 months (+16%), and a lower leptin/ghrelin ratio (-28 and -37% at 3 and 6 months, respectively).	Chromium	6-8	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	45-52
29618984-9	2018	Adult CR-Leptin animals showed higher plasma ghrelin levels than CR animals, particularly at 3 months (+16%), and a lower leptin/ghrelin ratio (-28 and -37% at 3 and 6 months, respectively).	Chromium	6-8	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	129-136
29477364-0	2018	Ghrelin protects against depleted uranium-induced bone damage by increasing osteoprotegerin/RANKL ratio.	Uranium	34-41	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
29477364-2	2018	The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ghrelin on rats implanted with DU and explore the underlying mechanisms.	du	84-86	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
29477364-3	2018	The results showed that ghrelin could increase the expression of ghrelin receptor in bone tissue, thus alleviate the apoptosis of bone tissue after 3 months of 0.3 g DU embedded in the tibia.	du	166-168	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	24-31
29477364-5	2018	Ghrelin treatment can significantly reduce the changes caused by DU.	du	65-67	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
29477364-7	2018	Furthermore, ghrelin can also significantly reduce the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL) and phosphorylated p38-MAPK expression, and increase the level of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in tissues after exposure to DU.	du	231-233	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
29477364-10	2018	These results suggest that ghrelin may inhibit p38 MAPK activation induced by DU, and increase the OPG/RANKL ratio caused by DU exposure, hence alleviating the bone damage caused by long-term DU exposure.	du	78-80	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
29477364-10	2018	These results suggest that ghrelin may inhibit p38 MAPK activation induced by DU, and increase the OPG/RANKL ratio caused by DU exposure, hence alleviating the bone damage caused by long-term DU exposure.	du	125-127	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
29477364-10	2018	These results suggest that ghrelin may inhibit p38 MAPK activation induced by DU, and increase the OPG/RANKL ratio caused by DU exposure, hence alleviating the bone damage caused by long-term DU exposure.	du	125-127	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
29593559-7	2018	Ghrelin treatment significantly reduced plasma organ damage markers (lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase) and protein levels of 3-nitrotyrosine, particularly in the brain, lung and liver, but only partly suppressed inflammatory cell invasion and did not reduce proinflammatory cytokine production.	3-nitrotyrosine	168-183	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
29593559-8	2018	Ghrelin partially attenuated the CPB-induced elevation of epinephrine and to a lesser extent norepinephrine when compared to the CPB saline group, while dopamine levels were completely suppressed.	Epinephrine	58-69	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
29593559-8	2018	Ghrelin partially attenuated the CPB-induced elevation of epinephrine and to a lesser extent norepinephrine when compared to the CPB saline group, while dopamine levels were completely suppressed.	Norepinephrine	93-107	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
29593559-8	2018	Ghrelin partially attenuated the CPB-induced elevation of epinephrine and to a lesser extent norepinephrine when compared to the CPB saline group, while dopamine levels were completely suppressed.	Sodium Chloride	133-139	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
29593559-9	2018	Ghrelin treatment sustained plasma levels of reduced glutathione and decreased glutathione disulphide when compared to CPB saline rats.	Glutathione	53-64	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
29593559-9	2018	Ghrelin treatment sustained plasma levels of reduced glutathione and decreased glutathione disulphide when compared to CPB saline rats.	Glutathione Disulfide	79-101	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
29593559-10	2018	These results suggest that even though ghrelin only partially inhibited the large CPB induced increase in catecholamines and organ macrophage infiltration, it reduced oxidative stress and subsequent cell damage.	Catecholamines	106-120	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	39-46
29366747-7	2018	Experiments in isolated cardiomyocytes revealed that ghrelin amplified the increases in calcium transient changes evoked by isoproterenol.	Calcium	88-95	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
29366747-7	2018	Experiments in isolated cardiomyocytes revealed that ghrelin amplified the increases in calcium transient changes evoked by isoproterenol.	Isoproterenol	124-137	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
29366747-8	2018	SIGNIFICANCE: Taken together, our results indicate that the Ghrelin-GHS-R1a axis potentiates the magnitude of stress-evoked tachycardia by modulating the autonomic nervous system and peripheral mechanisms, strongly relying on the activation of cardiac calcium transient and beta-adrenergic receptors.	Calcium	252-259	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	60-67
29191751-6	2018	Additionally, STFP was impaired following peripheral injections of l-cysteine that reduce circulating ghrelin levels, suggesting that vHP ghrelin-mediated effects on STFP require peripheral ghrelin release.	Cysteine	67-77	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	102-109
29191751-6	2018	Additionally, STFP was impaired following peripheral injections of l-cysteine that reduce circulating ghrelin levels, suggesting that vHP ghrelin-mediated effects on STFP require peripheral ghrelin release.	Cysteine	67-77	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	138-145
29191751-6	2018	Additionally, STFP was impaired following peripheral injections of l-cysteine that reduce circulating ghrelin levels, suggesting that vHP ghrelin-mediated effects on STFP require peripheral ghrelin release.	Cysteine	67-77	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	138-145
28776825-2	2018	The effect of rikkunshito is related to endogenous ghrelin and its active ingredient atractylodin enhances ghrelin receptor signaling.	atractylodin	85-97	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	107-114
29392420-9	2018	All these beneficial effects of ghrelin, except its inhibitory action on IL-6 expression, were partially and significantly abolished by the co-administration of AG490.	alpha-cyano-(3,4-dihydroxy)-N-benzylcinnamide	161-166	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
29057768-11	2018	In conclusion, our data suggest that ghrelin protects adult rat hippocampal NSCs from excessive autophagy in experimental stroke (oxygen-glucose deprivation) model.	oxygen-glucose	130-144	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	37-44
29373879-0	2017	Ghrelin Alleviates MDMA-Induced Disturbance of Serum Glucose and Lipids Levels in the Rat.	N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine	19-23	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
29113826-1	2018	Ghrelin, a growth hormone-releasing peptide, potentially improves cardiac function, but the mechanisms remain unclear.	Ghrelin	0-7	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-43
30175761-8	2018	The pharmacokinetic parameters, effectiveness of substance P against NV and anorexia, and serotonin-activated ghrelin levels were assessed for BH only.	Serotonin	90-99	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	110-117
28987626-0	2018	NO involvement in the inhibition of ghrelin on voltage-dependent potassium currents in rat hippocampal cells.	Potassium	65-74	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
28987626-2	2018	In this study, we examined the effect of ghrelin on voltage-dependent potassium (K+) currents in hippocampal cells of 1-3 days SD rats by whole-cell patch-clamp technique, and discussed whether NO was involved in this process.	Potassium	70-79	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	41-48
28987626-3	2018	The results showed that ghrelin significantly inhibited the voltage-dependent K+ currents in hippocampal cells, and the inhibitory effect was more significant when l-arginine was co-administered.	Arginine	164-174	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	24-31
28987626-4	2018	In contrast, N-nitro- l-arginine methyl ester increased the ghrelin inhibited K+ currents and attenuated the inhibitory effect of ghrelin.	n-nitro- l-arginine methyl ester	13-45	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	60-67
28987626-4	2018	In contrast, N-nitro- l-arginine methyl ester increased the ghrelin inhibited K+ currents and attenuated the inhibitory effect of ghrelin.	n-nitro- l-arginine methyl ester	13-45	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	130-137
29056353-2	2018	Pharmacological inactivation of GHR-Rs via administration of the drug JMV 2959 attenuates the rewarding/reinforcing effects of several drugs of abuse including alcohol, morphine, amphetamine and nicotine.	Alcohols	160-167	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-35
29056353-2	2018	Pharmacological inactivation of GHR-Rs via administration of the drug JMV 2959 attenuates the rewarding/reinforcing effects of several drugs of abuse including alcohol, morphine, amphetamine and nicotine.	Morphine	169-177	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-35
29056353-2	2018	Pharmacological inactivation of GHR-Rs via administration of the drug JMV 2959 attenuates the rewarding/reinforcing effects of several drugs of abuse including alcohol, morphine, amphetamine and nicotine.	Amphetamine	179-190	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-35
29056353-2	2018	Pharmacological inactivation of GHR-Rs via administration of the drug JMV 2959 attenuates the rewarding/reinforcing effects of several drugs of abuse including alcohol, morphine, amphetamine and nicotine.	Nicotine	195-203	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-35
29373879-0	2017	Ghrelin Alleviates MDMA-Induced Disturbance of Serum Glucose and Lipids Levels in the Rat.	Glucose	53-60	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
29373879-4	2017	Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide secreted predominantly from the stomach.	28-amino-acid peptide	13-34	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
29373879-5	2017	It has been demonstrated that ghrelin has hepatoprotective effects and is able to increase blood glucose concentration.	Glucose	97-104	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
29373879-6	2017	In the current study, we explored the effect of hepatotoxic dose of MDMA and therapeutic use of exogenous ghrelin on the serum levels of glucose and lipids in four groups of rats.	Glucose	137-144	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	106-113
29373879-10	2017	In addition, following ghrelin administration, the blood sugar levels improved and LDL levels returned to the baseline value, and ghrelin treatment did not improve triglycerides levels.	Sugars	57-62	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
29373879-12	2017	To our knowledge, this is the first report showing ghrelin administration could improve hypoglycemia and normalize LDL levels induced by MDMA and partially restore hepatic architecture.	N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine	137-141	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
29165386-2	2017	We have previously demonstrated that systemic administration of ghrelin antagonist (JMV2959) significantly decreased morphine-induced dopamine and anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA) increase in the NACSh.	N-(1-(4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-aminoacetamide	84-91	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	64-71
29354291-3	2017	In this study, we have investigated the potential clinical impact of unacylated-ghrelin (UnAG) in a liver I/R rat model.	unag	89-93	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	80-87
28985965-0	2017	Ghrelin projection from the lateral hypothalamus area to the dorsal vagal complex and its regulation of gastric motility in cisplatin-treated rats.	Cisplatin	124-133	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
28985965-1	2017	OBJECTIVE: To investigate ghrelin projection from the lateral hypothalamus area (LHA) to the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) and its regulation of gastric motility in cisplatin-treated rats.	Cisplatin	162-171	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
28985965-7	2017	Conversely, the expression of ghrelin in the LHA and DVC was reduced in cisplatin-treated rats.	Cisplatin	72-81	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
28985965-14	2017	This regulation on gastric motility was weaker in cisplatin-treated rats than in saline-treated rats, possibly due to reduced ghrelin expression in the LHA and ghrelin projection from the LHA to the DVC.	Cisplatin	50-59	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	126-133
28985965-14	2017	This regulation on gastric motility was weaker in cisplatin-treated rats than in saline-treated rats, possibly due to reduced ghrelin expression in the LHA and ghrelin projection from the LHA to the DVC.	Cisplatin	50-59	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	160-167
29165386-2	2017	We have previously demonstrated that systemic administration of ghrelin antagonist (JMV2959) significantly decreased morphine-induced dopamine and anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA) increase in the NACSh.	Morphine	117-125	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	64-71
29165386-2	2017	We have previously demonstrated that systemic administration of ghrelin antagonist (JMV2959) significantly decreased morphine-induced dopamine and anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA) increase in the NACSh.	Dopamine	134-142	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	64-71
29165386-2	2017	We have previously demonstrated that systemic administration of ghrelin antagonist (JMV2959) significantly decreased morphine-induced dopamine and anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA) increase in the NACSh.	anandamide	147-157	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	64-71
29165386-2	2017	We have previously demonstrated that systemic administration of ghrelin antagonist (JMV2959) significantly decreased morphine-induced dopamine and anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA) increase in the NACSh.	aea	159-185	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	64-71
29165386-2	2017	We have previously demonstrated that systemic administration of ghrelin antagonist (JMV2959) significantly decreased morphine-induced dopamine and anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA) increase in the NACSh.	anandamide	187-190	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	64-71
29165386-2	2017	We have previously demonstrated that systemic administration of ghrelin antagonist (JMV2959) significantly decreased morphine-induced dopamine and anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA) increase in the NACSh.	nacsh	208-213	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	64-71
28584298-8	2017	Acylated and desacyl ghrelin increased TG content, whereas GLP-1 increased insulin release in RIN-m5F beta-cells.	Triglycerides	39-41	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	21-28
29150643-5	2017	Oral administration of beta-eudesmol brought significant increments in food intake in rats and elevated plasma ghrelin levels.	beta-eudesmol	23-36	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	111-118
29150643-9	2017	The physiological effects of beta-eudesmol, for example, incremental increase in food intake, ghrelin elevation and activation of GVNA, were significantly reduced in TRPA1 knockout rats.	beta-eudesmol	29-42	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	94-101
28958601-1	2017	An increasing number of studies over the past few years have demonstrated ghrelin"s role in alcohol, cocaine and nicotine abuse.	Alcohols	92-99	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	74-81
28958601-1	2017	An increasing number of studies over the past few years have demonstrated ghrelin"s role in alcohol, cocaine and nicotine abuse.	Cocaine	101-108	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	74-81
28958601-1	2017	An increasing number of studies over the past few years have demonstrated ghrelin"s role in alcohol, cocaine and nicotine abuse.	Nicotine	113-121	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	74-81
28958601-4	2017	The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether a ghrelin antagonist (JMV2959) was able to inhibit morphine-induced biased conditioned place preference and challenge-morphine-induced accumbens dopaminergic sensitization and behavioral sensitization in adult male rats.	N-(1-(4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-aminoacetamide	76-83	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	56-63
28958601-4	2017	The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether a ghrelin antagonist (JMV2959) was able to inhibit morphine-induced biased conditioned place preference and challenge-morphine-induced accumbens dopaminergic sensitization and behavioral sensitization in adult male rats.	Morphine	105-113	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	56-63
28958601-4	2017	The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether a ghrelin antagonist (JMV2959) was able to inhibit morphine-induced biased conditioned place preference and challenge-morphine-induced accumbens dopaminergic sensitization and behavioral sensitization in adult male rats.	Morphine	172-180	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	56-63
28552460-0	2017	Ghrelin enhances food intake and carbohydrate oxidation in a nitric oxide dependent manner.	Carbohydrates	33-45	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
28552460-0	2017	Ghrelin enhances food intake and carbohydrate oxidation in a nitric oxide dependent manner.	Nitric Oxide	61-73	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
28552460-6	2017	Our results demonstrated that peripheral and central l-NAME pretreatment dose-dependently attenuated ghrelin induced increases in food intake and RER in either the ArcN or PVN.	NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester	53-59	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	101-108
28552460-8	2017	These findings suggest that ghrelin enhancement of food intake and carbohydrate oxidation in the rat ArcN and PVN is NO-dependent.	Carbohydrates	67-79	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	28-35
29225581-9	2017	The anti-apoptotic effect of unacylated ghrelin was shown by a decrease in apoptotic DNA fragmentation and terminal dUTP nick-end labeling index in the compressed muscle.	deoxyuridine triphosphate	116-120	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	40-47
29225581-10	2017	The protective effects of unacylated ghrelin vanished when co-treated with EX527.	6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide	75-80	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	37-44
28792489-9	2017	l-Phe stimulated GLP-1 and PYY release, and reduced plasma ghrelin, and also stimulated insulin release and improved glucose tolerance in rats.	Phenylalanine	0-5	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	59-66
28792489-11	2017	CONCLUSIONS: l-Phe reduced food intake, stimulated GLP-1 and PYY release, and reduced plasma ghrelin in rodents.	Phenylalanine	13-18	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	93-100
28984792-0	2017	Effects of Ghrelin miRNA on Inflammation and Calcium Pathway in Pancreatic Acinar Cells of Acute Pancreatitis.	Calcium	45-52	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-18
28984792-1	2017	OBJECTIVES: The study investigated the effects of endogenous targeted inhibition of ghrelin gene on inflammation and calcium pathway in an in vitro pancreatic acinar cell model of acute pancreatitis.	Calcium	117-124	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	84-91
28984792-6	2017	Intracellular calcium and expression of some calcium pathway proteins decreased significantly in cells transfected with ghrelin miRNA compared with the other groups.	Calcium	14-21	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	120-127
28984792-7	2017	CONCLUSIONS: Targeted inhibition of ghrelin gene in pancreatic acinar cells of acute pancreatitis can upregulate the expression of the intracellular inflammatory factors and alleviate the intracellular calcium overload.	Calcium	202-209	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
28782532-9	2017	Ghrelin could inhibit the increased protein levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1beta induced by lipopolysacharide in primary cultured cardiomyocytes of neonatal rats.	lipopolysacharide	96-113	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
28838338-6	2017	Immunoreactivity of octanoylated ghrelin significantly increased in GI compared to GIII, GV, and GVI (p&amp;lt;0.05).	glycylvaline	89-91	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
27876637-5	2017	Ghrelin injected into either ventricle reduced both water and 1.8% NaCl intake that was stimulated by AngII.	Water	52-57	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
27876637-5	2017	Ghrelin injected into either ventricle reduced both water and 1.8% NaCl intake that was stimulated by AngII.	Sodium Chloride	67-71	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
27876637-7	2017	For example, forebrain application of ghrelin reduced saline intake by a reduction in both the number of licking bursts and the size of each licking burst, but hindbrain application of ghrelin had a more selective effect on burst number.	Sodium Chloride	54-60	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	38-45
28838338-6	2017	Immunoreactivity of octanoylated ghrelin significantly increased in GI compared to GIII, GV, and GVI (p&amp;lt;0.05).	N-Methyl-1-[4-(9h-Purin-6-Yl)phenyl]methanamine	97-100	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
28838338-6	2017	Immunoreactivity of octanoylated ghrelin significantly increased in GI compared to GIII, GV, and GVI (p&amp;lt;0.05).	Phosphorus	102-104	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
28838338-6	2017	Immunoreactivity of octanoylated ghrelin significantly increased in GI compared to GIII, GV, and GVI (p&amp;lt;0.05).	Adenosine Monophosphate	104-107	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
28635609-0	2017	Gastroprotective effect of ghrelin against indomethacin-induced gastric injury in rats: possible role of heme oxygenase-1 pathway.	Indomethacin	43-55	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
28796827-9	2017	Ghrelin increased adiposity and promoted carbohydrate over fat metabolism, but did not alter total body protein, muscle strength nor muscle morphology.	Carbohydrates	41-53	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
29151078-1	2017	Ghrelin, an acylated 28-amino acid polypeptide, was primary isolated from the stomach, and the stomach is a main source of circulating ghrelin.	Ghrelin	135-142	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
28635609-2	2017	The present study aimed to investigate the effect of pretreatment with ghrelin on indomethacin-induced gastric injury in rats and the role of heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) pathway as a novel mechanism underlying the gastroprotective effect of ghrelin.	Indomethacin	82-94	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	71-78
28635609-6	2017	In order to elucidate the possible role of HO-1 in mediating the protective effects of ghrelin, tin protoporphyrin (SnPP) HO-1 blocker was administrated; it significantly attenuated the gastroprotective effect of ghrelin.	tin protoporphyrin IX	96-114	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	87-94
28635609-6	2017	In order to elucidate the possible role of HO-1 in mediating the protective effects of ghrelin, tin protoporphyrin (SnPP) HO-1 blocker was administrated; it significantly attenuated the gastroprotective effect of ghrelin.	S-Nitroso-N-propionyl-D,L-penicillamine	116-120	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	87-94
28635609-6	2017	In order to elucidate the possible role of HO-1 in mediating the protective effects of ghrelin, tin protoporphyrin (SnPP) HO-1 blocker was administrated; it significantly attenuated the gastroprotective effect of ghrelin.	S-Nitroso-N-propionyl-D,L-penicillamine	116-120	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	213-220
28213203-5	2017	Ghrelin delivered to the LHA increased food intake and motivated behavior for sucrose in both male and female rats, whereas increased food-seeking behavior and body weight were only observed in females.	Sucrose	78-85	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
28500684-2	2017	This study is hypothesized that new onset alcohol intake is a behavioral adaptation that occurs secondary to reduced appetite and correlates with altered central ghrelin signaling.	Alcohols	42-49	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	162-169
27916732-6	2017	RESULTS: Ghrelin treatment attenuated the elevation of calcium deposition and ALP activity in VC model both in vivo and in vitro.	Calcium	55-62	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
28665321-0	2017	Capsaicin-Sensitive Sensory Nerves Are Necessary for the Protective Effect of Ghrelin in Cerulein-Induced Acute Pancreatitis in Rats.	Capsaicin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	78-85
28665321-7	2017	In rats with intact SN, pretreatment with ghrelin led to a reversal of the cerulein-induced increase in pancreatic weight, plasma activity of lipase and plasma concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha).	Tin	20-22	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
28665321-9	2017	CDSN tended to increase the severity of AP and abolished the protective effect of ghrelin.	cdsn	0-4	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	82-89
28665321-12	2017	Moreover, CDSN inhibited the cerulein- and ghrelin-induced increase in gene expression and synthesis of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in those cells.	cdsn	10-14	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	43-50
28676552-3	2017	Skeletal muscle is important in the insulin-stimulated clearance of glucose, and ghrelin"s exponential rise prior to a meal could potentially facilitate this.	Glucose	68-75	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	81-88
28676552-4	2017	This study was aimed at elucidating any direct stimulatory action that ghrelin may have on glucose transport and insulin signaling in isolated rat skeletal muscle, in the absence of confounding secondary factors.	Glucose	91-98	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	71-78
28676552-9	2017	Furthermore, to our knowledge, we are among the first to show that ghrelin can act independent of its receptor and cause an increase in calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CaMKII) phosphorylation in glycolytic muscle, although this was not associated with an increase in glucose transport.	Glucose	274-281	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	67-74
27686854-0	2017	Ghrelin and adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells improve nerve regeneration in a rat model of epsilon-caprolactone conduit reconstruction.	caprolactone	99-119	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
28410130-5	2017	In the presence of 16.7 mM glucose, GSIS in LP rats was unchanged while in CT rats was reduced by ghrelin and reversed by ghrelin antagonist.	Glucose	27-34	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	98-105
28410130-5	2017	In the presence of 16.7 mM glucose, GSIS in LP rats was unchanged while in CT rats was reduced by ghrelin and reversed by ghrelin antagonist.	Glucose	27-34	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	122-129
28410130-6	2017	These results indicate ghrelin signaling inhibits GSIS of pancreatic islets in pregnant rats fed CT diet, but it is blunted in pregnant rats fed LP diet and thus may not contribute to the reduction of plasma insulin and GSIS of pancreatic islets in late pregnancy.	Carbon Tetrachloride	97-99	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
28513740-0	2017	l-Ornithine stimulates growth hormone release in a manner dependent on the ghrelin system.	Ornithine	0-11	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	75-82
28229938-0	2017	Participation of ghrelin signalling in the reciprocal regulation of hypothalamic NPY/POMC-mediated appetite control in amphetamine-treated rats.	Amphetamine	119-130	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
28229938-7	2017	Peripheral ghrelin and the central ghrelin system participated in the regulation in AMPH-induced appetite control.	Amphetamine	84-88	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-18
28229938-7	2017	Peripheral ghrelin and the central ghrelin system participated in the regulation in AMPH-induced appetite control.	Amphetamine	84-88	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	35-42
28513740-2	2017	GH-releasing activity after intraduodenal administration of l-Orn was blocked by [d-Lys3]-GHRP-6, an antagonist of the ghrelin receptor; however, l-Orn (100 muM) has no affinity for the ghrelin receptor, suggesting that the GH-releasing activity of l-Orn is mediated via ghrelin release and activation of the ghrelin receptor.	Ornithine	60-65	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	119-126
28513740-2	2017	GH-releasing activity after intraduodenal administration of l-Orn was blocked by [d-Lys3]-GHRP-6, an antagonist of the ghrelin receptor; however, l-Orn (100 muM) has no affinity for the ghrelin receptor, suggesting that the GH-releasing activity of l-Orn is mediated via ghrelin release and activation of the ghrelin receptor.	GHRP-6, Lys(3)-	81-96	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	119-126
28513740-2	2017	GH-releasing activity after intraduodenal administration of l-Orn was blocked by [d-Lys3]-GHRP-6, an antagonist of the ghrelin receptor; however, l-Orn (100 muM) has no affinity for the ghrelin receptor, suggesting that the GH-releasing activity of l-Orn is mediated via ghrelin release and activation of the ghrelin receptor.	Ornithine	146-151	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	119-126
28513740-2	2017	GH-releasing activity after intraduodenal administration of l-Orn was blocked by [d-Lys3]-GHRP-6, an antagonist of the ghrelin receptor; however, l-Orn (100 muM) has no affinity for the ghrelin receptor, suggesting that the GH-releasing activity of l-Orn is mediated via ghrelin release and activation of the ghrelin receptor.	Ornithine	146-151	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	119-126
28513740-3	2017	Intraduodenally administered l-Orn increased ghrelin mRNA expression in the duodenum but not in the stomach or hypothalamus.	Ornithine	29-34	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	45-52
28513740-4	2017	In addition, l-Orn-induced GH-releasing activity was inhibited by propranolol, an antagonist of beta-adrenergic receptor, which is known to be coupled to ghrelin release.	Ornithine	13-18	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	154-161
28513740-4	2017	In addition, l-Orn-induced GH-releasing activity was inhibited by propranolol, an antagonist of beta-adrenergic receptor, which is known to be coupled to ghrelin release.	Propranolol	66-77	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	154-161
28513740-5	2017	In conclusion, intraduodenally administered l-Orn stimulates GH secretion through the sympathetic nervous and ghrelin systems.	Ornithine	44-49	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	110-117
27686854-6	2017	MAIN RESULTS: Rats receiving GHR or ASCs showed no significant increased functional recovery in ankle stance angle (p=0.372) but a higher nerve area (p=0.015), myelin area (p=0.046) and number of myelinated fibers (p=0.012) in the middle and distal segments of operated sciatic nerves in comparison to saline-treated control animals.	Sodium Chloride	302-308	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	29-32
27686854-7	2017	CONCLUSION: These results suggest that utilization of ghrelin or ASCs may improve nerve regeneration using Dl-lactic-epsilon-caprolactone conduits.	dl-lactic-epsilon-caprolactone	107-137	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	54-61
28665194-9	2017	Ghrelin immunoreactivity was lower in the LPS group (p &lt; 0.05) and higher in the simvastatin + LPS group than in the LPS group (p &lt; 0.01).	Simvastatin	84-95	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
28357639-0	2017	Ghrelin ameliorates nerve growth factor Dysmetabolism and inflammation in STZ-induced diabetic rats.	Streptozocin	74-77	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
28357639-2	2017	Ghrelin, a 28 amino acid peptide, is associated with neuromodulation and cognitive improvement, which has been considered as a potential protective agent for several neurodegenerative diseases.	amino acid peptide	14-32	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
28357639-4	2017	We found that ghrelin attenuated astrocytic activation and reduced levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.	Streptozocin	126-140	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	14-21
28665194-12	2017	We observed that pretreatment of simvastatin caused favorable changes on ghrelin and TBARS levels in rats with sepsis.	Simvastatin	33-44	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	73-80
28468316-8	2017	RESULTS: Incubation of isolated acinar cells with caerulein inhibited GHS-R and GHRL expression at the level of mRNA and protein in those cells.	Ceruletide	50-59	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	80-84
28538694-0	2017	Essential Role of Growth Hormone and IGF-1 in Therapeutic Effect of Ghrelin in the Course of Acetic Acid-Induced Colitis.	Acetic Acid	93-104	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	68-75
28538694-13	2017	We conclude that administration of ghrelin accelerates the healing of the acetic acid-induced colitis.	Acetic Acid	74-85	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	35-42
28468316-9	2017	Either in rats with intact SN or with CDSN, administration of GHRL before isolation of acinar cells increased expression of GHRL and GHS-R in those cells and reversed the caerulein-induced reduction in expression of those parameters.	cdsn	38-42	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	62-66
28468316-9	2017	Either in rats with intact SN or with CDSN, administration of GHRL before isolation of acinar cells increased expression of GHRL and GHS-R in those cells and reversed the caerulein-induced reduction in expression of those parameters.	Ceruletide	171-180	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	62-66
28219000-1	2017	Ghrelin, an orexigenic hormone released from the empty stomach, provides a gut-brain signal that promotes many appetitive behaviours, including anticipatory and goal-directed behaviours for palatable treats high in sugar and/or fat.	Sugars	215-220	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
27862969-0	2017	Mediation of oxidative stress in hypothalamic ghrelin-associated appetite control in rats treated with phenylpropanolamine.	Phenylpropanolamine	103-122	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	46-53
27862969-2	2017	This study explored whether hypothalamic antioxidants participated in hypothalamic ghrelin system-associated appetite control in PPA-treated rats.	Phenylpropanolamine	129-132	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	83-90
27862969-4	2017	Results showed that both food intake and the expression of NPY and ghrelin/AG/GOAT/GHSR1a decreased in response to PPA treatment with maximum decrease on Day 2 of the treatment.	Phenylpropanolamine	115-118	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	67-74
27862969-6	2017	A cerebral infusion of either a GHSR1a antagonist or reactive oxygen species scavenger modulated feeding behavior and NPY, CART, antioxidants and ghrelin system expression, showing the involvement of ghrelin signaling and oxidative stress in regulating PPA-mediated appetite control.	Reactive Oxygen Species	53-76	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	146-153
27862969-6	2017	A cerebral infusion of either a GHSR1a antagonist or reactive oxygen species scavenger modulated feeding behavior and NPY, CART, antioxidants and ghrelin system expression, showing the involvement of ghrelin signaling and oxidative stress in regulating PPA-mediated appetite control.	Reactive Oxygen Species	53-76	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	200-207
27862969-7	2017	We suggest that hypothalamic ghrelin signaling system, with the help of antioxidants, may participate in NPY/CART-mediated appetite control in PPA-treated rats.	Phenylpropanolamine	143-146	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	29-36
28281036-8	2017	In conclusion, Ghrelin can reduce the H/R damage on NRCMs and inhibit the apoptosis by activating Akt-mTOR signaling pathway.	r	40-41	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	15-22
28930716-10	2017	The antinociceptive effect of ghrelin in the rat model of IBS was partly blocked by both the ghrelin antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 and the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone.	Naloxone	163-171	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
28093190-0	2017	Ghrelin fibers from lateral hypothalamus project to nucleus tractus solitaries and are involved in gastric motility regulation in cisplatin-treated rats.	Cisplatin	130-139	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
28093190-6	2017	2days after cisplatin dosing, expression of ghrelin in LH decreased while GHS-R1a in both LH and NTS increased.	Cisplatin	12-21	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-51
28093190-8	2017	NMDA in LH excited most of ghrelin-responsive gastric distension (GD)-sensitive neurons in NTS and promoted gastric motility.	N-Methylaspartate	0-4	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
27782745-0	2017	Obestatin modulates ghrelin"s effects on the basal and stimulated testosterone secretion by the testis of rat: an in vitro study.	Ghrelin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	20-27
27782745-0	2017	Obestatin modulates ghrelin"s effects on the basal and stimulated testosterone secretion by the testis of rat: an in vitro study.	Testosterone	66-78	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	20-27
27782745-2	2017	We investigated the ability of obestatin to counteract the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on basal and stimulated testosterone (T) secretion in vitro.	Ghrelin	31-40	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	80-87
27782745-8	2017	Obestatin opposed the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on T secretion under both basal and hCG-stimulated conditions at all doses tested.	Ghrelin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	43-50
27782745-9	2017	In conclusions, administration of obestatin was able to antagonize the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on testosterone secretion in vitro.	Ghrelin	34-43	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	92-99
27782745-9	2017	In conclusions, administration of obestatin was able to antagonize the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on testosterone secretion in vitro.	Testosterone	103-115	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	92-99
27998722-13	2017	Collectively, these data suggest that intermittent access to HFD attenuates alcohol intake through reducing anxiety-like behavior, a process potentially controlled by elevated plasma ghrelin levels.	Alcohols	76-83	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	183-190
28228348-0	2017	Carbon dioxide in carbonated beverages induces ghrelin release and increased food consumption in male rats: Implications on the onset of obesity.	Carbon Dioxide	0-14	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	47-54
29332900-3	2017	Because hypophysectomy may decrease the secretion of thyroid stimulated hormone (TSH), we assessed whether the regulation of brain protein synthesis was mediated by changes in the plasma concentrations of thyroid hormone and ghrelin in the 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU, thyroid inhibitor)-treated or control adult rats fed ornithine.	Propylthiouracil	240-261	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	225-232
29332900-8	2017	The results suggest that dietary ornithine likely increases the rate of brain protein synthesis in control and PTU-treated rats, and that the ornithine-induced increase in the GH concentration may stimulate mainly brain protein synthesis via ghrelin.	Propylthiouracil	111-114	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	242-249
29332900-8	2017	The results suggest that dietary ornithine likely increases the rate of brain protein synthesis in control and PTU-treated rats, and that the ornithine-induced increase in the GH concentration may stimulate mainly brain protein synthesis via ghrelin.	Ornithine	142-151	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	242-249
28228348-11	2017	CONCLUSIONS: These results implicate a major role for carbon dioxide gas in soft drinks in inducing weight gain and the onset of obesity via ghrelin release and stimulation of the hunger response in male mammals.	Carbon Dioxide	54-68	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	141-148
27523747-0	2016	Ginkgoghrelins, unique acylated flavonoid diglycosides in Folium Ginkgo, stimulate growth hormone secretion via activation of the ghrelin receptor.	Flavonoids	32-41	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	6-13
29129986-2	2017	Ghrelin administration is expected to reduce ROS, preventing the onset of different diseases.	ros	45-48	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
29129986-4	2017	In the present study, we investigated the effects of ghrelin against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and the associated molecular mechanisms in HLECs and rat lenses.	Hydrogen Peroxide	69-73	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
29129986-5	2017	The results showed that pretreatment with ghrelin reduced H2O2-induced cellular apoptosis and ROS accumulation, increased the expression levels of SOD and CAT, and decreased the expression level of MDA.	Hydrogen Peroxide	58-62	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
29129986-5	2017	The results showed that pretreatment with ghrelin reduced H2O2-induced cellular apoptosis and ROS accumulation, increased the expression levels of SOD and CAT, and decreased the expression level of MDA.	ros	94-97	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
29129986-7	2017	This is the first report to show that ghrelin can protect HLECs from H2O2-induced oxidative stress.	Hydrogen Peroxide	69-73	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	38-45
28028362-3	2016	RESULTS: Compared to saline controls (5 muL/rat), ICV acyl ghrelin at 1 nmol/5 muL enhanced the total fecal weight, accelerated the colonic transit time, and increased the fecal pellet output during the first hour post-injection, while ICV des-acyl ghrelin at 1 nmol/5 muL only accelerated the colonic transit time.	icv	50-53	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	59-66
28028362-6	2016	The total fecal weight during the first hour post-injection correlated with the colonic transit time and fecal pellet output after the ICV injection of acyl ghrelin (1 nmol/5 muL), whereas the total fecal weight during the first hour post-injection correlated with the fecal pellet output but not the colonic transit time after the ICV injection of des-acyl ghrelin (1 nmol/5 muL).	icv	135-138	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	157-164
27825986-6	2017	In addition, daily injection of the ghrelin inhibitor JMV3002 into the lateral ventricles of Wistar rats increased wheel-running activity.	JMV3002	54-61	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
27825986-7	2017	Co-administration of obestatin inhibited ghrelin-induced increases in food intake but did not inhibit ghrelin-induced suppression of voluntary exercise in rats.	Ghrelin	21-30	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	41-48
28008992-7	2016	In primary rat hepatocytes, the incubation with both acylated and desacyl ghrelin (10, 100 and 1,000 pmol/L) significantly increased TG content, triggered AMPK-activated mitochondrial FFA beta-oxidation and autophagy.	Thioguanine	133-135	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	74-81
27523747-0	2016	Ginkgoghrelins, unique acylated flavonoid diglycosides in Folium Ginkgo, stimulate growth hormone secretion via activation of the ghrelin receptor.	diglycosides	42-54	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	6-13
27523747-9	2016	RESULTS: Similar to growth hormone-releasing hormone-6 (GHRP-6), a synthetic analog of ghrelin, ginkgoghrelins were demonstrated to stimulate growth hormone secretion of rat primary anterior pituitary cells in a dose dependent manner, and the stimulation was inhibited by [d-Arg1, d-Phe5, d-Trp7,9, Leu11]-substance P, an inverse agonist of the ghrelin receptor.	ginkgoghrelins	96-110	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	87-94
27417519-7	2016	In contrast, gallic acid (GA) and oligomeric flavanols inhibited ghrelin release.	Gallic Acid	13-24	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
27417519-7	2016	In contrast, gallic acid (GA) and oligomeric flavanols inhibited ghrelin release.	Gallic Acid	26-28	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
27417519-8	2016	The ghrelin-inhibiting effects of GA were confirmed in rats and in rat duodenal segments.	Gallic Acid	34-36	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	4-11
25763920-13	2016	In addition, neonatal EB treatment to undernourished females significantly decreased adult plasma testosterone, estradiol, and acylated ghrelin levels.	estradiol 3-benzoate	22-24	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	136-143
27530317-0	2016	Ghrelin gene products rescue cultured adult rat hippocampal neural stem cells from high glucose insult.	Glucose	88-95	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
27757017-0	2016	Intracerebroventricular urocortin 3 counteracts central acyl ghrelin-induced hyperphagic and gastroprokinetic effects via CRF receptor 2 in rats.	acyl	56-60	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	61-68
27757017-5	2016	RESULTS: ICV infusion of urocortin 3 opposed central acyl ghrelin-elicited hyperphagia via CRF receptor 2 in satiated rats.	icv	9-12	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	58-65
27757017-6	2016	ICV injection of O-n-octanoylated ghrelin and des-Gln14-ghrelin were equally potent in accelerating gastric emptying in fasted rats, whereas ICV administration of urocortin 3 delayed gastric emptying.	icv	0-3	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	34-41
27757017-7	2016	In addition, ICV infusion of urocortin 3 counteracted central acyl ghrelin-induced gastroprokinetic effects via CRF receptor 2 pathway.	icv	13-16	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	67-74
27757017-8	2016	CONCLUSION: ICV-infused urocortin 3 counteracts central acyl ghrelin-induced hyperphagic and gastroprokinetic effects via CRF receptor 2 in rats.	icv	12-15	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	61-68
27530317-3	2016	Therefore, we hypothesize that ghrelin gene products may reduce the harmful effects of high glucose (HG) on hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs).	Glucose	92-99	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
27521247-4	2016	The ventral tegmental area (VTA) appears to be a key region through which stimulation of ghrelin receptors (GHS-R1A) invigorates food-directed responding, in part by activating the mesoaccumbens dopamine system.	Dopamine	195-203	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	89-96
27600292-6	2016	The increased Sirt1 that was observed in rats on a low-salt diet was associated with increased ghrelin expression in the distal nephron, with both molecules exhibiting similar distribution patterns.	Salts	55-59	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	95-102
27454242-2	2016	Using indirect calorimetry, we first showed that acylated ghrelin, administered into the ArcN, significantly increased the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in male Sprague-Dawley rats, representing a shift in fuel utilization toward enhanced carbohydrate oxidation and reduced lipid utilization.	Carbohydrates	242-254	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	58-65
27600292-8	2016	Our study indicates that this "ghrelin-Sirt1 system" may participate in regulating sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron.	Sodium	83-89	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
27608911-3	2016	MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, we observed the changes in food intake, kaolin consumption, body weight, plasma ghrelin concentration and expression of ghrelin and its receptor GHS-R1a in the stomach and nucleus tractus solitaries (NTS) in cisplatin-treated rats, and the effects of ghrelin microinjected into NTS on the discharge activity of gastric distension (GD) responsive neurons and gastric motility were also observed.	Cisplatin	253-262	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	165-172
27436480-0	2016	Ghrelin attenuates hyperalgesia and light aversion-induced by nitroglycerin in male rats.	Nitroglycerin	62-75	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
27436480-4	2016	Results suggest that the effects of NTG can be largely reversed by administration of ghrelin, which mimics the effects of sumatriptan used as relevant positive therapeutic control in this study.	Nitroglycerin	36-39	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	85-92
27436480-4	2016	Results suggest that the effects of NTG can be largely reversed by administration of ghrelin, which mimics the effects of sumatriptan used as relevant positive therapeutic control in this study.	Sumatriptan	122-133	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	85-92
27317984-2	2016	MCFA gastric absorption, particularly that of octanoic acid (C8:0), may have a physiological importance in the octanoylation of ghrelin, the orexigenic gastric peptide acting as an endogenous ligand of the hypothalamic growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR-1a).	mcfa	0-4	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	128-135
27317984-2	2016	MCFA gastric absorption, particularly that of octanoic acid (C8:0), may have a physiological importance in the octanoylation of ghrelin, the orexigenic gastric peptide acting as an endogenous ligand of the hypothalamic growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR-1a).	octanoic acid	46-59	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	128-135
27598133-0	2016	Exogenous Ghrelin Accelerates the Healing of Acetic Acid-Induced Colitis in Rats.	Acetic Acid	45-56	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-17
27608911-0	2016	Involvement of ghrelin in nucleus tractus solitaries on gastric signal afferent and gastric motility in cisplatin-treated rats.	Cisplatin	104-113	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	15-22
27608911-3	2016	MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, we observed the changes in food intake, kaolin consumption, body weight, plasma ghrelin concentration and expression of ghrelin and its receptor GHS-R1a in the stomach and nucleus tractus solitaries (NTS) in cisplatin-treated rats, and the effects of ghrelin microinjected into NTS on the discharge activity of gastric distension (GD) responsive neurons and gastric motility were also observed.	Cisplatin	253-262	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	165-172
27608911-3	2016	MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, we observed the changes in food intake, kaolin consumption, body weight, plasma ghrelin concentration and expression of ghrelin and its receptor GHS-R1a in the stomach and nucleus tractus solitaries (NTS) in cisplatin-treated rats, and the effects of ghrelin microinjected into NTS on the discharge activity of gastric distension (GD) responsive neurons and gastric motility were also observed.	nts	323-326	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	165-172
27608911-3	2016	MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, we observed the changes in food intake, kaolin consumption, body weight, plasma ghrelin concentration and expression of ghrelin and its receptor GHS-R1a in the stomach and nucleus tractus solitaries (NTS) in cisplatin-treated rats, and the effects of ghrelin microinjected into NTS on the discharge activity of gastric distension (GD) responsive neurons and gastric motility were also observed.	nts	245-248	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	165-172
27608911-3	2016	MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, we observed the changes in food intake, kaolin consumption, body weight, plasma ghrelin concentration and expression of ghrelin and its receptor GHS-R1a in the stomach and nucleus tractus solitaries (NTS) in cisplatin-treated rats, and the effects of ghrelin microinjected into NTS on the discharge activity of gastric distension (GD) responsive neurons and gastric motility were also observed.	nts	245-248	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	165-172
27608911-3	2016	MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, we observed the changes in food intake, kaolin consumption, body weight, plasma ghrelin concentration and expression of ghrelin and its receptor GHS-R1a in the stomach and nucleus tractus solitaries (NTS) in cisplatin-treated rats, and the effects of ghrelin microinjected into NTS on the discharge activity of gastric distension (GD) responsive neurons and gastric motility were also observed.	nts	323-326	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	165-172
27608911-7	2016	Cisplatin induced the decrease in gastric contraction while ghrelin administrated into NTS promoted the gastric motility significantly.	nts	87-90	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	60-67
27608911-8	2016	However, the amplitude and frequency of gastric contraction promoted by ghrelin in NTS of cisplatin-treated rats were lower than that of saline treated rats.	Cisplatin	90-99	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	72-79
27608911-9	2016	The effects of ghrelin could be completely blocked by its receptor antagonist BIM28163.	BIM28163	78-86	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	15-22
27608911-10	2016	CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that ghrelin in the NTS might participate in the regulation of GD-neurons and gastric motility via its receptor in cisplatin-treated rats.	Cisplatin	152-161	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
28852714-0	2016	THE EFFECTS OF Syzygium aromaticum-DERIVED TRITERPENES ON GASTROINTESTINAL GHRELIN EXPRESSION IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS.	Triterpenes	43-54	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	75-82
27508207-10	2016	RESULTS: In MTX-treated anorectic rats, the number of preproghrelin mRNA-producing cells was found increased (by 51.3%, p &lt; 0.001) as well were plasma concentrations of both ghrelin and des-acyl-ghrelin (by 70.4%, p &lt; 0.05 and 98.3%, p &lt; 0.01, respectively).	Methotrexate	12-15	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	60-67
27508207-10	2016	RESULTS: In MTX-treated anorectic rats, the number of preproghrelin mRNA-producing cells was found increased (by 51.3%, p &lt; 0.001) as well were plasma concentrations of both ghrelin and des-acyl-ghrelin (by 70.4%, p &lt; 0.05 and 98.3%, p &lt; 0.01, respectively).	Methotrexate	12-15	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	177-184
27508207-13	2016	CONCLUSION: MTX-induced anorexia, weight loss, and anxiety are accompanied by increased ghrelin production and by a decrease of ghrelin-reactive IgG levels and affinity binding properties.	Methotrexate	12-15	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	88-95
27508207-13	2016	CONCLUSION: MTX-induced anorexia, weight loss, and anxiety are accompanied by increased ghrelin production and by a decrease of ghrelin-reactive IgG levels and affinity binding properties.	Methotrexate	12-15	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	128-135
28852714-0	2016	THE EFFECTS OF Syzygium aromaticum-DERIVED TRITERPENES ON GASTROINTESTINAL GHRELIN EXPRESSION IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS.	Streptozocin	97-111	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	75-82
28852714-8	2016	RESULTS: Ghrelin concentrations in untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats were significantly higher in comparison to the non-diabetic control.	Streptozocin	45-48	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
28852714-9	2016	Interestingly, the administration of OA and MA reduced food intake, blood glucose levels and plasma ghrelin levels in STZ-induced diabetic rats.	Streptozocin	118-121	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	100-107
28852714-10	2016	This was further complemented by significant reductions in the gastrointestinal expression of ghrelin suggesting that the anti-diabetic properties of these triterpenes are mediated, in part, through the reduction of food intake and the modulation of ghrelin expression.	Triterpenes	156-167	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	94-101
28852714-10	2016	This was further complemented by significant reductions in the gastrointestinal expression of ghrelin suggesting that the anti-diabetic properties of these triterpenes are mediated, in part, through the reduction of food intake and the modulation of ghrelin expression.	Triterpenes	156-167	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	250-257
27147616-0	2016	The ghrelin receptor agonist HM01 mimics the neuronal effects of ghrelin in the arcuate nucleus and attenuates anorexia-cachexia syndrome in tumor-bearing rats.	HM01	29-33	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	4-11
26424164-11	2016	We further evaluated the impact of ghrelin on dopamine-related gene expression and dopamine turnover in brain areas key in impulsive behavior control.	Dopamine	46-54	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	35-42
26922067-0	2016	Urine and serum ghrelin, sCD80 and sCTLA-4 levels in doxorubicin-induced experimental nephrotic syndrome.	Doxorubicin	53-64	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	16-23
26922067-8	2016	The urinary ghrelin levels were negatively correlated with the levels of serum triglyceride, TC and urine protein, sCD80 and sCTLA4.	Triglycerides	79-91	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	12-19
26922067-8	2016	The urinary ghrelin levels were negatively correlated with the levels of serum triglyceride, TC and urine protein, sCD80 and sCTLA4.	Technetium	93-95	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	12-19
26922067-13	2016	CONCLUSION: Low urine ghrelin levels might be relevant to pathogenesis of doxorubicin-induced NS.	Doxorubicin	74-85	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
26907996-8	2016	Similarly, ghrelin levels were increased only in proactively coping ABA rats.	alisol B 23-acetate	68-71	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-18
29920044-0	2016	[Ghrelin protects against hippocampal injury after global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and regulate glutamic acid/gamma-aminobutyric acid sensitive neuron discharge] Objective: To observe the protective effect of ghrelin on hippocampal injury induced by global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and explore its effect mechanisms.	Glutamic Acid	101-114	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	1-8
29920044-0	2016	[Ghrelin protects against hippocampal injury after global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and regulate glutamic acid/gamma-aminobutyric acid sensitive neuron discharge] Objective: To observe the protective effect of ghrelin on hippocampal injury induced by global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and explore its effect mechanisms.	gamma-Aminobutyric Acid	115-138	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	1-8
26822085-0	2016	Unacylated Ghrelin Reduces Skeletal Muscle Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Inflammation and Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperglycemia and Whole-Body Insulin Resistance in Rodents.	Reactive Oxygen Species	43-66	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-18
27141463-11	2016	In co-administrated groups, [D-Lys(3) ]-GHRP-6 antagonized the effects of ghrelin.	[d-lys(3) ]	28-39	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	74-81
27141463-11	2016	In co-administrated groups, [D-Lys(3) ]-GHRP-6 antagonized the effects of ghrelin.	ghrp	40-44	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	74-81
26512025-5	2016	Supporting increased ghrelin action, MENX rats show increased food intake, enhanced body fat mass, and elevated plasma levels of triglycerides and cholesterol.	Triglycerides	129-142	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	21-28
26512025-5	2016	Supporting increased ghrelin action, MENX rats show increased food intake, enhanced body fat mass, and elevated plasma levels of triglycerides and cholesterol.	Cholesterol	147-158	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	21-28
26512025-8	2016	In line with ghrelin"s proposed role in glucose metabolism, we find decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in MENX rats, while insulin sensitivity is improved.	Glucose	40-47	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
26512025-8	2016	In line with ghrelin"s proposed role in glucose metabolism, we find decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in MENX rats, while insulin sensitivity is improved.	Glucose	78-85	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
27190513-6	2016	Further studies revealed that ghrelin increased ERK activation and decreased p38MAPK expression after dexamethasone treatment.	Dexamethasone	102-115	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
26507196-0	2016	Ghrelin and endocannabinoids participation in morphine-induced effects in the rat nucleus accumbens.	Morphine	46-54	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
27396373-6	2016	In particular, ghrelin treatment decreases alpha -SMA protein expression, hepatic content of hydroxyproline and reduces the elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase levels.	Hydroxyproline	93-107	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	15-22
27396373-7	2016	Moreover, ghrelin attenuates liver injury and collagen deposition through inhibition of hepatic cell apoptosis and antioxidative activity, at least in part by nitric oxide induction.	Nitric Oxide	159-171	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-17
26612921-11	2016	Acute and chronic exposure to foot-shock and psychological stress increased ghrelin secretion from isolated islets in the presence of different glucose concentrations.	Glucose	144-151	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
27190513-0	2016	Ghrelin Protects against Dexamethasone-Induced INS-1 Cell Apoptosis via ERK and p38MAPK Signaling.	Dexamethasone	25-38	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
27190513-2	2016	In this study, we investigated the protective effect of ghrelin on dexamethasone-induced INS-1 cell apoptosis.	Dexamethasone	67-80	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	56-63
27190513-7	2016	Ghrelin-mediated protection of dexamethasone-induced apoptosis of INS-1 cells was attenuated using the ERK inhibitor U0126 (10 muM), and cell viability increased using the p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 (10 muM).	Dexamethasone	31-44	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
27190513-3	2016	Our data showed that ghrelin (0.1 muM) inhibited dexamethasone-induced (0.1 muM) apoptosis of INS-1 cells and facilitated cell proliferation.	Dexamethasone	49-62	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	21-28
27190513-5	2016	The protective effect of ghrelin against dexamethasone-induced INS-1 cell apoptosis was mediated via growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a.	Dexamethasone	41-54	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	25-32
27190513-7	2016	Ghrelin-mediated protection of dexamethasone-induced apoptosis of INS-1 cells was attenuated using the ERK inhibitor U0126 (10 muM), and cell viability increased using the p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 (10 muM).	U 0126	117-122	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
27190513-7	2016	Ghrelin-mediated protection of dexamethasone-induced apoptosis of INS-1 cells was attenuated using the ERK inhibitor U0126 (10 muM), and cell viability increased using the p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 (10 muM).	SB 203580	190-198	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
27190513-8	2016	In conclusion, ghrelin could protect against dexamethasone-induced INS-1 cell apoptosis, at least partially via GHS-R1a and the signaling pathway of ERK and p38MAPK.	Dexamethasone	45-58	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	15-22
26183405-0	2015	Modulation of cue-induced firing of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons by leptin and ghrelin.	Dopamine	59-67	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	90-97
27656230-0	2016	Immunohistochemical expression of ghrelin in capsaicin-treated rat ovaries during the different developmental periods.	Capsaicin	45-54	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	34-41
27656230-5	2016	The aim of this study was the localization and expression of ghrelin in the ovaries of rats treated with capsaicin during the postnatal development.	Capsaicin	105-114	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	61-68
26520918-6	2016	Growth was evaluated after ghrelin antagonist ([D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6) administration, which reduced DNA synthesis index in early-weaned rats (P &lt; 0.05) as determined by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation.	Bromodeoxyuridine	167-184	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
26159083-6	2015	Ghrelin (at 1 mug/kg) altered plasma glucose but not insulin levels on the 21st day compared to control values.	Glucose	37-44	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
26172570-7	2015	Both receptors preferred to bind Ser(3)-ghrelin including newt and rat ghrelin than Thr(3)-ghrelin with bullfrog ghrelin.	Threonine	84-87	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	40-47
26349558-11	2015	Fasting insulin and leptin were elevated and the post-prandial reduction in ghrelin level was inhibited by olanzapine.The MIS remained functionally intact after long-term olanzapine treatment.	Olanzapine	107-117	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
26349558-12	2015	Altered insulin, leptin and ghrelin levels indicate olanzapine-induced metabolic derangements.	Olanzapine	52-62	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	28-35
26364514-10	2015	However, the above biochemical events in ghrelin treated diabetic rats were completely inhibited by GHSR-1a blocker [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6.	-lys3	118-123	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	41-48
26283199-6	2015	Constitutive GHSR1a activity reduces CaV2 currents by a Gi/o-dependent mechanism that involves persistent reduction in channel density at the plasma membrane, whereas ghrelin-dependent GHSR1a inhibition is reversible and involves altered CaV2 gating via a Gq-dependent pathway.	glycylglutamine	256-258	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	167-174
26162700-11	2015	The effect of choline on serum leptin and ghrelin levels was similar with CDP-choline while no effect was seen with cytidine.	Choline	14-21	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
26162700-12	2015	Suppression of serum ghrelin levels was eliminated through mecamylamine pretreatment while a rise in leptin was prevented by both atropine and mecamylamine pretreatments.	Mecamylamine	59-71	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	21-28
26329764-1	2015	It has been shown that dopamine antagonists suppress the ghrelin-induced increased motivation to work for food.	Dopamine	23-31	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	57-64
26329764-2	2015	The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the dopamine antagonist flupentixol on ghrelin-induced food intake.	Dopamine	62-70	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	97-104
26329764-2	2015	The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the dopamine antagonist flupentixol on ghrelin-induced food intake.	Flupenthixol	82-93	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	97-104
25912801-1	2015	UNLABELLED: Obestatin, as ghrelin, has been originally extracted from the stomach, which remains its major source.	Ghrelin	12-21	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
25967263-6	2015	We found that intra-VTA microinjection of 1, 2, and 4mug of ghrelin, induced a dose-related increase of 1h of reward-based feeding on HFD in sated rats, as well as a 24-h body weight gain.	Hydrogen	104-106	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	60-67
25967263-7	2015	The overconsumption stimulated by ghrelin could be attenuated by 10mug of direct infusion of the ghrelin receptor antagonist D-Lys3-GHRP-6 into the VTA.	GHRP-6, Lys(3)-	125-138	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	34-41
25967263-9	2015	Conversely, hyperphagia on HFD that is potentiated by ghrelin could be blocked by pretreatment with a 10-mug D-Lys3-GHRP-6 intra-VTA microinjection.	d-lys3-ghrp	109-120	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	54-61
25059551-0	2015	Biochemical and histopathological evaluations of ghrelin effects following cadmium toxicity in the rat testis.	Cadmium	75-82	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	49-56
25059551-3	2015	A single dose of Cd was injected to induce testicular injury and also ghrelin for 10 consecutive days to group 3.	Cadmium	17-19	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	70-77
25059551-7	2015	Notably, ghrelin treatment not only prevented reduction in SOD, GPx, CAT and GSH level, but also increased enzyme activities form their normal values.	Glutathione	77-80	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
25059551-8	2015	Moreover, TBARS concentration was significantly reduced by ghrelin administration.	Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances	10-15	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	59-66
25059551-9	2015	Furthermore, ghrelin pre-treatment resulted in partial but not significant prevention in testicular histopathological features damaged by Cd.	Cadmium	138-140	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
25059551-10	2015	In conclusion, the obtained results indicate for the first time the novel evidences of ghrelin ability in promotion of antioxidant enzyme activities and reduction of lipid peroxidation following Cd-induced oxidative stress in the rat testis.	Cadmium	195-197	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	87-94
25059551-11	2015	These observations also demonstrate that ghrelin may be considered as promising antioxidant agent in prevention and attenuation of testicular injury upon Cd toxicity.	Cadmium	154-156	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	41-48
25727097-10	2015	In contrast, the specific 5-HT2C receptor agonist lorcaserin, recently approved for the treatment of obesity, attenuates ghrelin-induced food intake.	lorcaserin	50-60	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	121-128
26079093-4	2015	Chronic nicotine administration increased levels of gastrin, ghrelin and histamine but decreased prostaglandin E2 .	Nicotine	8-16	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	61-68
26079093-7	2015	The increase in ghrelin concentration and its effect following chronic nicotine administration needs further investigation.	Nicotine	71-79	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	16-23
26079093-12	2015	Different routes of chronic nicotine administration resulted in a significant increase in serum and gastric homogenate gastrin and ghrelin concentrations and a significant decrease in serum and homogenate PGE2 concentrations compared with the control group.	Nicotine	28-36	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	131-138
26079093-15	2015	The increased ghrelin concentration and its effect following nicotine chronic administration needs further investigation.	Nicotine	61-69	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	14-21
26196391-0	2015	Dietary Caprylic Acid (C8:0) Does Not Increase Plasma Acylated Ghrelin but Decreases Plasma Unacylated Ghrelin in the Rat.	octanoic acid	8-21	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	103-110
26196391-0	2015	Dietary Caprylic Acid (C8:0) Does Not Increase Plasma Acylated Ghrelin but Decreases Plasma Unacylated Ghrelin in the Rat.	1-octene	23-25	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	103-110
26380450-1	2015	OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of nourishing yin removing fire Chinese herbs (NYRF-CH) on the gene expression of hypothalamic growth hormone secretion peptide (Ghrelin) and its receptor growth hormone secretion peptide receptor 1alpha (GHSR1-alpha) at the puberty onset of danazol induced female precocious rats.	Danazol	275-282	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	162-169
25789445-2	2015	The purpose of this study was to investigate whether ghrelin has protective effects in the liver of streptozocin (STZ) diabetic rats or not.	Streptozocin	100-112	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
25789445-2	2015	The purpose of this study was to investigate whether ghrelin has protective effects in the liver of streptozocin (STZ) diabetic rats or not.	Streptozocin	114-117	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
25789445-10	2015	Ghrelin administration improved histopathologic changes in STZ-diabetic liver.	Streptozocin	59-62	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
25789445-17	2015	The response of antioxidants including glutathione levels, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were altered in ghrelin administrated diabetic rats.	Glutathione	39-50	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	120-127
25922422-10	2015	In contrast, MRN administration of 8-OH-DPAT potentiated the eating-stimulant effect of PVN ghrelin.	8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin	35-44	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	92-99
25486021-0	2015	Induction of xanthine oxidase activity, endoplasmic reticulum stress and caspase activation by sodium metabisulfite in rat liver and their attenuation by Ghrelin.	sodium metabisulfite	95-115	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	154-161
26236657-11	2015	Ghrelin administration significantly increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in the hypoxic animals compared to the hypoxic + saline and normal groups (p=0.042 and P= 0.001, respectively).	Sodium Chloride	116-122	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
25645463-1	2015	Ghrelin and its synthetic analog hexarelin are specific ligands of growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor.	hexarelin	33-42	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
25645463-8	2015	Acylated ghrelin (AG) and unacylated ghrelin (UAG) administration reduces glucose levels and increases insulin-producing beta cell number, and insulin secretion in pancreatectomized rats and in newborn rats treated with streptozotocin, suggesting a possible role of GHS in pancreatic regeneration.	URIDINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE-N-ACETYLMURAMOYL-L-ALANINE-D-GLUTAMATE	46-49	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	37-44
25645463-8	2015	Acylated ghrelin (AG) and unacylated ghrelin (UAG) administration reduces glucose levels and increases insulin-producing beta cell number, and insulin secretion in pancreatectomized rats and in newborn rats treated with streptozotocin, suggesting a possible role of GHS in pancreatic regeneration.	Glucose	74-81	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
25645463-8	2015	Acylated ghrelin (AG) and unacylated ghrelin (UAG) administration reduces glucose levels and increases insulin-producing beta cell number, and insulin secretion in pancreatectomized rats and in newborn rats treated with streptozotocin, suggesting a possible role of GHS in pancreatic regeneration.	Glucose	74-81	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	37-44
25645463-10	2015	Here, we review the physiological roles of ghrelin and hexarelin in the protection and regeneration of beta cells and their roles in the regulation of insulin release, glucose, and fat metabolism and present their potential therapeutic effects in the treatment of diabetes and diabetic-associated heart diseases.	Glucose	168-175	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	43-50
25708523-0	2015	Ghrelin regulates phasic dopamine and nucleus accumbens signaling evoked by food-predictive stimuli.	Dopamine	25-33	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
25708523-8	2015	After training, we measured the effect of ghrelin infused into the lateral ventricle (LV) on sub-second fluctuations in NAc dopamine using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and individual NAc neuron activity using in vivo electrophysiology in separate groups of rats.	nac dopamine	120-132	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
25708523-9	2015	LV ghrelin augmented both phasic dopamine and phasic increases in the activity of NAc neurons evoked by the CS+.	Dopamine	33-41	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	3-10
25708523-9	2015	LV ghrelin augmented both phasic dopamine and phasic increases in the activity of NAc neurons evoked by the CS+.	Cesium	108-111	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	3-10
25708523-13	2015	Here we show that cue-evoked changes in both nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine (DA) and NAc cell activity are modulated by intra-cranial infusions of the stomach hormone ghrelin--a hormone known to act centrally to promote food intake.	Dopamine	69-77	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	169-176
25708523-13	2015	Here we show that cue-evoked changes in both nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine (DA) and NAc cell activity are modulated by intra-cranial infusions of the stomach hormone ghrelin--a hormone known to act centrally to promote food intake.	Dopamine	79-81	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	169-176
25616061-3	2015	Here, we describe some features of a rat model of low fiber-induced constipation, and investigate the effectiveness of the ghrelin agonist, capromorelin.	CP 424391	140-152	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	123-130
26064259-12	2015	In the Simvastatin group, Ghrelin levels were increased in comparison with the other groups (P &lt; 0.01).	Simvastatin	7-18	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
26064259-14	2015	We observed that the degree of hepatocellular degeneration was partially reduced depending on the dosage and duration of prior simvastatin treatment with LPS, probably due to alterations of Ghrelin and HIF-1alpha levels.	Simvastatin	127-138	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	190-197
25770835-5	2015	The plasma ghrelin levels significantly increased with an upregulation of gastric ghrelin mRNA expression induced by CS exposure.	Cesium	117-119	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-18
25770835-5	2015	The plasma ghrelin levels significantly increased with an upregulation of gastric ghrelin mRNA expression induced by CS exposure.	Cesium	117-119	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	82-89
25486021-6	2015	Ghrelin treatment decreased XO activity to baseline levels and attenuated ER stress and caspase activation in liver tissue of sodium metabisulfite treated rats.	sodium metabisulfite	126-146	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
25486021-7	2015	In conclusion, metabolism of sodium metabisulfite in liver tissue increased XO activity, induced ER stress and caused caspase activation which was attenuated by ghrelin treatment.	sodium metabisulfite	29-49	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	161-168
25756415-15	2015	The density of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling-positive apoptotic neurons was significantly lowered by ghrelin.	deoxyuridine triphosphate	53-57	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	132-139
25644372-7	2015	Postprandial leptin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) levels increased, and ghrelin level decreased significantly (p &lt; 0.05) both in vehicle- and olanzapine-treated groups, but plasma insulin increased only in vehicle-treated animals.	Olanzapine	170-180	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	97-104
25644372-8	2015	Furthermore, decrement in ghrelin level was attenuated in olanzapine-treated animals compared to controls.	Olanzapine	58-68	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
25644372-13	2015	The blunted postprandial ghrelin and insulin response could contribute to the effect of olanzapine on feeding behaviour.	Olanzapine	88-98	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	25-32
25784288-0	2015	Effect of enalapril maleate on ghrelin levels in metabolic syndrome in rats.	Enalapril	10-27	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
25784288-6	2015	Ghrelin immunoreactivity in the kidneys was of moderate density in the distal and collecting tubules, mild density in the proximal tubule and glomeruli, whereas the density decreased in the MetS group and other enalapril-treated groups.	Enalapril	211-220	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
25784288-7	2015	In conclusion, ghrelin levels in MetS groups were significantly lower than control group, and thus Enalapril treatment improves components of MetS and has direct effects on serum ghrelin levels that are independent of MetS.	Enalapril	99-108	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	15-22
25784288-7	2015	In conclusion, ghrelin levels in MetS groups were significantly lower than control group, and thus Enalapril treatment improves components of MetS and has direct effects on serum ghrelin levels that are independent of MetS.	Enalapril	99-108	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	179-186
25486021-3	2015	This study was performed to elucidate the effect of ghrelin on sulfite-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and caspase activation in rat peripheral organs.	Sulfites	63-70	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	52-59
26713317-0	2015	The Influence of Ghrelin on the Development of Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis in Rats.	dextran sodium sulfate	47-69	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
25446595-4	2015	The therapeutic effects of raw Heshouwu on aging-related diseases were somehow similar to the anti-aging effects of growth hormone release induced by ghrelin MATERIALS AND METHODS: Major ingredients in the methanol extract from raw Heshouwu were separated and identified.	Methanol	206-214	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	150-157
25765092-0	2015	The effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on ghrelin expression in rat testis: biochemical and immunohistochemical study.	Streptozocin	15-29	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	50-57
25687675-0	2015	Ghrelin gene expression in rats with ethanol-induced gastric ulcers: a role of melatonin.	Ethanol	37-44	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
25687675-0	2015	Ghrelin gene expression in rats with ethanol-induced gastric ulcers: a role of melatonin.	Melatonin	79-88	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
25687675-12	2015	CONCLUSIONS: The present data indicate that melatonin may have a potential impact in the treatment of peptic ulcer not only via its known antioxidant effect but also via induction of the ghrelin biosynthesis, as it was documented by significant increase in ghrelin mRNA expression.	Melatonin	44-53	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	187-194
25466669-7	2015	Centrally administered O-n-octanoylated ghrelin and des-Gln(14)-ghrelin-induced hyperphagic effects were counteracted dose-dependently by IP AM-251, but not AM-630.	des-gln	52-59	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	64-71
26257781-6	2015	Our results show that ghrelin alone has no remarkable effects on beta-cells in basal conditions, but interestingly it activates cell survival pathways, downregulates apoptotic mediators and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and restores insulin secretion in response to glucose when beta-cells are cytokine-exposed.	Glucose	266-273	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
25557226-10	2015	Tetrodotoxin completely blocked the colokinetic effect of ghrelin.	Tetrodotoxin	0-12	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	58-65
25557226-15	2015	CONCLUSIONS &amp; INFERENCES: This study showed that intrathecal injection of ghrelin stimulates colorectal motility by acting on ghrelin-sensitive neurons in the lumbosacral defecation center.	Adenosine Monophosphate	13-16	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	78-85
25049077-5	2014	Intracellular application of GDP-beta-S and pretreatment with pertussis toxin abolished the inhibitory effects of ghrelin.	guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate)	29-39	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	114-121
25327342-0	2014	New ghrelin agonist, HM01 alleviates constipation and L-dopa-delayed gastric emptying in 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson"s disease.	HM01	21-25	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	4-11
25327342-0	2014	New ghrelin agonist, HM01 alleviates constipation and L-dopa-delayed gastric emptying in 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson"s disease.	Levodopa	54-60	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	4-11
25327342-0	2014	New ghrelin agonist, HM01 alleviates constipation and L-dopa-delayed gastric emptying in 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson"s disease.	Oxidopamine	89-106	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	4-11
25327342-2	2014	We investigated the novel ghrelin agonist, HM01 influence on GI motor dysfunctions in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rats.	HM01	43-47	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
25265283-0	2014	Peripheral alpha2-beta1 adrenergic interactions mediate the ghrelin response to brain urocortin 1 in rats.	Urocortins	86-97	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	60-67
25265283-2	2014	We investigated mechanisms through which urocortin 1 (UCN1) injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV, 300 pmol/rat) inhibits circulating ghrelin in rats.	icv	96-99	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	136-143
25049077-7	2014	Ghrelin markedly increased protein kinase A (PKA) activity, and intracellular application of PKI 5-24 as well as pretreatment of the cells with the PKA inhibitor KT-5720 abolished ghrelin-induced IBa decrease, while inhibition of PKC had no such effects.	indolebutyric acid	196-199	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
25049077-7	2014	Ghrelin markedly increased protein kinase A (PKA) activity, and intracellular application of PKI 5-24 as well as pretreatment of the cells with the PKA inhibitor KT-5720 abolished ghrelin-induced IBa decrease, while inhibition of PKC had no such effects.	indolebutyric acid	196-199	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	180-187
25049077-8	2014	At the cellular level, ghrelin induced a significant increase in action-potential firing, and blockade of GHS-R1a by BIM-28163 abolished the ghrelin-induced hyperexcitability.	bim	117-120	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	141-148
25230765-7	2014	Ghrelin enhanced smooth muscle strip contraction induced by CCh, but when CCh was absent, this effect was eliminated.	Carbachol	60-63	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
25230765-8	2014	Atropine and nimodipine eradicated the muscle strip contraction enhanced by ghrelin, while [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 was only able to partly block this effect and TTX had no effect on muscle strip contraction.	Atropine	0-8	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
25230765-8	2014	Atropine and nimodipine eradicated the muscle strip contraction enhanced by ghrelin, while [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 was only able to partly block this effect and TTX had no effect on muscle strip contraction.	Nimodipine	13-23	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
25230765-11	2014	In conclusion the present study demonstrated that ghrelin may act as an adjuvant to regulate gastric smooth muscle contraction induced by CCh through GHS-R1s, which are expressed on myenteric nerve cells, Cajal cells and smooth muscle cells.	Carbachol	138-141	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	50-57
25511098-7	2014	These effects were partly reversed in DM+MI+ghrelin group and the beneficial effects of ghrelin were partly abolished by D-Lys3-GHRP-6 (all P &lt; 0.05).	d-lys3-ghrp	121-132	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	88-95
24880084-0	2014	Ghrelin alters the stimulatory effect of cocaine on ethanol intake following mesolimbic or systemic administration.	Cocaine	41-48	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
24880084-0	2014	Ghrelin alters the stimulatory effect of cocaine on ethanol intake following mesolimbic or systemic administration.	Ethanol	52-59	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
25025182-0	2014	Cyclic estradiol treatment modulates the orexigenic effects of ghrelin in ovariectomized rats.	cyclic estradiol	0-16	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	63-70
25025182-3	2014	The following studies evaluated the hypothesis that the inhibitory effects of estradiol on feeding involve interactions with orexigenic peptides by examining the ability of estradiol to modulate the behavioral effects of ghrelin in female rats.	Estradiol	173-182	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	221-228
25025182-8	2014	Ghrelin significantly increased food intake during nocturnal tests in oil-treated but not estradiol-treated rats.	Oils	70-73	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
24357139-8	2014	An additive effect on appetite and glucose was observed when T3 (oral) was administered with central (intracerebroventricular) administration of a ghrelin mimetic, MK-0677.	ibutamoren mesylate	164-171	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	147-154
24880084-2	2014	To further investigate a possible interaction between these two neurochemical systems, we examined the impact of ghrelin, cocaine and combined injections of ghrelin with cocaine, on voluntary ethanol intake.	Ethanol	192-199	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	113-120
24880084-2	2014	To further investigate a possible interaction between these two neurochemical systems, we examined the impact of ghrelin, cocaine and combined injections of ghrelin with cocaine, on voluntary ethanol intake.	Ethanol	192-199	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	157-164
24880084-7	2014	While ghrelin and cocaine reliably increased ethanol intake, peripheral administration of the peptide elicited a dose-dependent differential effect on cocaine-induced intake.	Ethanol	45-52	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	6-13
24880084-8	2014	Pretreatment with ghrelin potentiated the effect of cocaine on ethanol intake at a low dose of 2.5 nmol, whereas 10 nmol suppressed cocaine-induced ethanol intake.	Cocaine	52-59	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
24880084-8	2014	Pretreatment with ghrelin potentiated the effect of cocaine on ethanol intake at a low dose of 2.5 nmol, whereas 10 nmol suppressed cocaine-induced ethanol intake.	Ethanol	63-70	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
24880084-10	2014	Finally, when injected directly into the VTA, ghrelin (300 pmol) potentiated the effect of systemic cocaine on ethanol intake.	Cocaine	100-107	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	46-53
24880084-10	2014	Finally, when injected directly into the VTA, ghrelin (300 pmol) potentiated the effect of systemic cocaine on ethanol intake.	Ethanol	111-118	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	46-53
24880084-11	2014	Combined subthreshold dosing of VTA ghrelin with a subthreshold dose of cocaine also evoked reliable increases in intake compared to vehicle.	Cocaine	72-79	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
24880084-12	2014	Overall, our data suggest that low doses of ghrelin elicit a stimulatory effect on cocaine-induced ethanol consummatory behavior and provide further support for an interactive role of dopaminergic and ghrelinergic transmission in ethanol reward.	Cocaine	83-90	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-51
24880084-12	2014	Overall, our data suggest that low doses of ghrelin elicit a stimulatory effect on cocaine-induced ethanol consummatory behavior and provide further support for an interactive role of dopaminergic and ghrelinergic transmission in ethanol reward.	Ethanol	99-106	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-51
24880084-12	2014	Overall, our data suggest that low doses of ghrelin elicit a stimulatory effect on cocaine-induced ethanol consummatory behavior and provide further support for an interactive role of dopaminergic and ghrelinergic transmission in ethanol reward.	Ethanol	230-237	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-51
25296496-9	2014	Administration of ghrelin receptor analog [D-Lys (3)] GHRP-6 to obese rats resulted in significant restoration of serum cholesterol, glucose, leptin and ghrelin levels to that of control with concomitant reduction in hippocampal Abeta and AChE levels.	Cholesterol	120-131	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
25119860-5	2014	Notable increases in ghrelin and glucagon occurred in TCDD-treated Long-Evans rats alone, which links these hormones to the wasting syndrome.	Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins	54-58	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	21-28
25296496-9	2014	Administration of ghrelin receptor analog [D-Lys (3)] GHRP-6 to obese rats resulted in significant restoration of serum cholesterol, glucose, leptin and ghrelin levels to that of control with concomitant reduction in hippocampal Abeta and AChE levels.	Glucose	133-140	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
24789208-6	2014	Plasma ghrelin was suppressed dose dependently and most strongly by glucose.	Glucose	68-75	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	7-14
24531567-0	2014	Ghrelin receptor antagonism of morphine-induced accumbens dopamine release and behavioral stimulation in rats.	Morphine	31-39	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
24531567-0	2014	Ghrelin receptor antagonism of morphine-induced accumbens dopamine release and behavioral stimulation in rats.	Dopamine	58-66	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
24531567-2	2014	An increasing number of studies over the past few years have demonstrated ghrelin"s role in alcohol, cocaine, and nicotine abuse.	Alcohols	92-99	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	74-81
24531567-2	2014	An increasing number of studies over the past few years have demonstrated ghrelin"s role in alcohol, cocaine, and nicotine abuse.	Cocaine	101-108	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	74-81
24531567-2	2014	An increasing number of studies over the past few years have demonstrated ghrelin"s role in alcohol, cocaine, and nicotine abuse.	Nicotine	114-122	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	74-81
24531567-4	2014	The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether a ghrelin antagonist (JMV2959) was able to inhibit markers of morphine-induced activation of the neural reward system, namely morphine-induced increase of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and behavioral changes in rats.	N-(1-(4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-aminoacetamide	76-83	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	56-63
24531567-4	2014	The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether a ghrelin antagonist (JMV2959) was able to inhibit markers of morphine-induced activation of the neural reward system, namely morphine-induced increase of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and behavioral changes in rats.	Morphine	116-124	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	56-63
24531567-4	2014	The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether a ghrelin antagonist (JMV2959) was able to inhibit markers of morphine-induced activation of the neural reward system, namely morphine-induced increase of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and behavioral changes in rats.	Morphine	180-188	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	56-63
24531567-4	2014	The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether a ghrelin antagonist (JMV2959) was able to inhibit markers of morphine-induced activation of the neural reward system, namely morphine-induced increase of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and behavioral changes in rats.	Dopamine	209-217	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	56-63
24789208-7	2014	Hyperosmolar infusions of lactulose, which transits the small intestine unabsorbed, and 3-O-methylglucose (3-O-MG), which is absorbed like glucose but remains unmetabolized, also suppressed ghrelin.	3-O-Methylglucose	88-105	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	190-197
24789208-9	2014	In study 2, intestinal infusions of hyperosmolar NaCl suppressed ghrelin, a response that was not attenuated by coinfusion with the neural blocker lidocaine.	Sodium Chloride	49-53	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
24789208-11	2014	Importantly, raising Intralipid"s osmolarity to that of the glucose solution by nonabsorbable lactulose supplementation enhanced ghrelin suppression to that seen after glucose.	Glucose	60-67	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	129-136
24789208-11	2014	Importantly, raising Intralipid"s osmolarity to that of the glucose solution by nonabsorbable lactulose supplementation enhanced ghrelin suppression to that seen after glucose.	Lactulose	94-103	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	129-136
24789208-11	2014	Importantly, raising Intralipid"s osmolarity to that of the glucose solution by nonabsorbable lactulose supplementation enhanced ghrelin suppression to that seen after glucose.	Glucose	168-175	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	129-136
24936732-11	2014	Ghrelin, but not PYY, correlated linearly and positively with HOMA-IR: ghrelin vs. HOMA-IR (r = 0.52; p = 0.008), and PYY vs. HOMA-IR (r = 0.22; p = 0.200).	HOMA	62-66	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
24468236-0	2014	Hypothalamic ghrelin signalling mediates olanzapine-induced hyperphagia and weight gain in female rats.	Olanzapine	41-51	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
24468236-4	2014	We report that olanzapine (a SGA with high weight gain liability) potently and time-dependently up-regulate ghrelin and ghrelin signalling, leading to hyperphagia and weight gain in female Sprague-Dawley rats, an action reversed by i.c.v.	Olanzapine	15-25	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	108-115
24468236-4	2014	We report that olanzapine (a SGA with high weight gain liability) potently and time-dependently up-regulate ghrelin and ghrelin signalling, leading to hyperphagia and weight gain in female Sprague-Dawley rats, an action reversed by i.c.v.	Olanzapine	15-25	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	120-127
24468236-6	2014	These findings indicate a crucial role of ghrelin signalling in hyperphagia induced by olanzapine, supporting the notion that GHS-R1a antagonist may be useful for pharmacological treatment of SGA-induced weight gain resulted from hyperphagia.	Olanzapine	87-97	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
24790191-0	2014	Nutritional state-dependent ghrelin activation of vasopressin neurons via retrograde trans-neuronal-glial stimulation of excitatory GABA circuits.	gamma-Aminobutyric Acid	132-136	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	28-35
24790191-3	2014	Here, we show using electrophysiological recordings and calcium imaging in rat brain slices that ghrelin stimulates VP neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in a nutritional state-dependent manner by activating an excitatory GABAergic synaptic input via a retrograde neuronal-glial circuit.	Calcium	56-63	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	97-104
24790191-4	2014	In slices from fasted rats, ghrelin activation of a postsynaptic ghrelin receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a), in VP neurons caused the dendritic release of VP, which stimulated astrocytes to release the gliotransmitter adenosine triphosphate (ATP).	Adenosine Triphosphate	252-274	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	28-35
24790191-4	2014	In slices from fasted rats, ghrelin activation of a postsynaptic ghrelin receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a), in VP neurons caused the dendritic release of VP, which stimulated astrocytes to release the gliotransmitter adenosine triphosphate (ATP).	Adenosine Triphosphate	252-274	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
24790191-4	2014	In slices from fasted rats, ghrelin activation of a postsynaptic ghrelin receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a), in VP neurons caused the dendritic release of VP, which stimulated astrocytes to release the gliotransmitter adenosine triphosphate (ATP).	Adenosine Triphosphate	276-279	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	28-35
24790191-4	2014	In slices from fasted rats, ghrelin activation of a postsynaptic ghrelin receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a), in VP neurons caused the dendritic release of VP, which stimulated astrocytes to release the gliotransmitter adenosine triphosphate (ATP).	Adenosine Triphosphate	276-279	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
24695709-0	2014	Ghrelin acts as an interface between physiological state and phasic dopamine signaling.	Dopamine	68-76	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
24695709-4	2014	Lateral ventricular (LV) ghrelin increased, while LV ghrelin receptor antagonism suppressed the magnitude of dopamine spikes evoked by food.	Dopamine	109-117	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
24428428-4	2014	Recently ghrelin and its receptor were shown to mediate alcohol reward and to control alcohol consumption in rodents.	Alcohols	56-63	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
24428428-4	2014	Recently ghrelin and its receptor were shown to mediate alcohol reward and to control alcohol consumption in rodents.	Alcohols	86-93	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
24428428-5	2014	However, the role of central versus peripheral ghrelin for alcohol reward needs to be elucidated.	Alcohols	59-66	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	47-54
24513955-10	2014	However, rats in the CCI model group developed severe hyperalgesia and allodynia, as well as significantly downregulated expression of ghrelin and GHSR-1a.	CCI	21-24	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	135-142
24522112-0	2014	Ghrelin inhibits doxorubicin cardiotoxicity by inhibiting excessive autophagy through AMPK and p38-MAPK.	Doxorubicin	17-28	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
24522112-7	2014	Ghrelin, like an autophagy inhibitor, 3-MA, inhibited the DOX-induced autophagy and attenuated cardiomyocyte apoptosis and size decrease.	3-methyladenine	38-42	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
24522112-7	2014	Ghrelin, like an autophagy inhibitor, 3-MA, inhibited the DOX-induced autophagy and attenuated cardiomyocyte apoptosis and size decrease.	Doxorubicin	58-61	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
24726120-6	2014	RESULTS: Glutathione peroxidase activity and glutathione content significantly promoted on day 7 in the cryptorchid rats treated by ghrelin.	Glutathione	45-56	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	132-139
24726120-9	2014	By contrast, significant reduction was observed in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentrations following ghrelin administration on day 7.	Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances	51-90	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	116-123
24293163-0	2014	Gastric bypass surgery may improve beta cell apoptosis with ghrelin overexpression in patients with BMI &gt;= 32.5 kg/m(2.).	bmi &gt	100-107	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	60-67
24293163-15	2014	Moreover, the ghrelin gene products probably protect beta cells by maintaining calcium homeostasis.	Calcium	79-86	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	14-21
24513955-11	2014	Compared with CCI model rats, intrathecal injection of ghrelin clearly delayed thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia at 3, 5, and 7 days after CCI; reduced the levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha; and inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and the activation of NF-kappaBp65 in the spinal dorsal horn.	CCI	14-17	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	55-62
24513955-11	2014	Compared with CCI model rats, intrathecal injection of ghrelin clearly delayed thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia at 3, 5, and 7 days after CCI; reduced the levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha; and inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and the activation of NF-kappaBp65 in the spinal dorsal horn.	CCI	151-154	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	55-62
24513955-12	2014	In addition, the effect of ghrelin could be blocked by [D-Lys]-GHRP-6, a GHSR-1a antagonist.	growth hormone releasing hexapeptide	55-69	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
25247193-0	2014	Intraportal infusion of ghrelin could inhibit glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion by enteric neural net in Wistar rat.	Glucose	46-53	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	24-31
24261332-4	2014	METHODS: We assessed the responses to ghrelin in fasted rats using: (i) in vivo measurements of gastric tone and motility following IVth ventricle application or unilateral microinjection of ghrelin into the DVC and (ii) whole cell recordings from gastric-projecting neurons of the DMV.	(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid	282-285	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	38-45
24261332-5	2014	KEY RESULTS: (i) IVth ventricle application or unilateral microinjection of ghrelin into the DVC-elicited contractions of the gastric corpus via excitation of a vagal cholinergic efferent pathway and (ii) ghrelin facilitates excitatory, but not inhibitory, presynaptic transmission to DMV neurons.	(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid	285-288	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
24261332-6	2014	CONCLUSIONS &amp; INFERENCES: Our data indicate that ghrelin acts centrally by activating excitatory synaptic inputs onto DMV neurons, resulting in increased cholinergic drive by way of vagal motor innervation to the stomach.	Adenosine Monophosphate	13-16	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
24261332-6	2014	CONCLUSIONS &amp; INFERENCES: Our data indicate that ghrelin acts centrally by activating excitatory synaptic inputs onto DMV neurons, resulting in increased cholinergic drive by way of vagal motor innervation to the stomach.	(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid	122-125	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
24622834-16	2014	Ghrelin is able to reverse a deleterious effect of COX-1 inhibitor on healing of ethanol-induced gastric ulcers.	Ethanol	81-88	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
24438586-2	2014	However, 14 years after the receptors were described (18-24 years since ligands became available) the inactivity of the ghrelin agonist TZP-102 in patients with gastroparesis joins the list of unsuccessful motilin agonists.	UNII-9NFY3MS3SL	136-143	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	120-127
24438586-4	2014	Pustovit et al., have now shown that the ghrelin agonist ulimorelin evokes prolonged increases in rat colorectal propulsion yet responses to other ghrelin agonists fade.	ulimorelin	57-67	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	41-48
25247193-1	2014	As a regulator of food intake and energy metabolism, the role of ghrelin in glucose metabolism is still not fully understood.	Glucose	76-83	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
25247193-3	2014	We demonstrated that ghrelin inhibited the glucose-stimulated release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) when infused into the portal vein of Wistar rat.	Glucose	43-50	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	21-28
25247193-4	2014	Hepatic vagotomy diminished the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion.	Glucose	64-71	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
25247193-5	2014	In addition, phentolamine, a nonselective alpha receptor antagonist, could recover the decrease of GLP-1 release induced by ghrelin infusion.	Phentolamine	13-25	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	124-131
24524370-1	2014	OBJECTIVE: Ghrelin, a 28 amino acid peptide, has diverse effects in body organs.	amino acid peptide	25-43	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-18
23886382-6	2014	At the functional level, this results in a vagally-mediated and atropine-sensitive stimulation of gastric epithelial and endocrine cells secreting acid, pepsin, serotonin, histamine and ghrelin, and enteric neurons leading to increased gastric motility and emptying.	Atropine	64-72	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	186-193
24289827-9	2013	Nonetheless, pretreatment with an anti-NUCB2/nesfatin-1 antibody in the Arc further increased the firing rate of most of the ghrelin-responsive GD-excitatory neurons and decreased the ghrelin-responsive GD-inhibitory neurons following electrical stimulation of the PVN.	Gadolinium	144-146	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	125-132
24672803-9	2014	Postoperatively, ghrelin was significantly increased in MGBP and RYGB groups but decreased in TG group.	Thioguanine	94-96	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
24672803-11	2014	Ghrelin/obestatin in TG group decreased significantly.	Ghrelin	8-17	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
24672803-11	2014	Ghrelin/obestatin in TG group decreased significantly.	Thioguanine	21-23	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
24366191-0	2014	Organ-specific activation of the gastric branch of the efferent vagus nerve by ghrelin in urethane-anesthetized rats.	Urethane	90-98	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	79-86
23994018-4	2013	Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTORC1, suppressed ghrelin-induced phosphorylation of hypothalamic S6K1 and increased food intake and insulin in rats.	Sirolimus	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	46-53
23955309-7	2013	Pretreatment with rapamycin for 15 min attenuated the orexigenic effect of ghrelin.	Sirolimus	18-27	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	75-82
23940093-6	2014	Females displayed significant higher ghrelin than males especially in response to stress, ovariectomy suppresses serum ghrelin in both unstressed and stressed females which is rescued by replacement with EB.	estradiol 3-benzoate	204-206	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	37-44
23940093-6	2014	Females displayed significant higher ghrelin than males especially in response to stress, ovariectomy suppresses serum ghrelin in both unstressed and stressed females which is rescued by replacement with EB.	estradiol 3-benzoate	204-206	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	119-126
23813326-0	2013	Ghrelin inhibits high glucose-induced PC12 cell apoptosis by regulating TLR4/NF-kappaB pathway.	Glucose	22-29	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
28989815-10	2013	Our results indicated that both cocaine and ghrelin elicited CPP and that ghrelin pre-treatment potentiated the effect of cocaine on place preference.	Cocaine	122-129	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	74-81
23920247-6	2013	RESULTS: The results showed that plasma ghrelin levels were inversely correlated with the gastric ghrelin levels and adaptive thermogenesis in rats undergone both thyroidectomy and IBA removal.	indolebutyric acid	181-184	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	40-47
28989815-0	2013	Microinjection of Ghrelin into the Ventral Tegmental Area Potentiates Cocaine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference.	Cocaine	70-77	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
23465234-0	2013	Effect of application route of the ghrelin analog BIM-28131 (RM-131) on body weight and body composition in a rat heart failure model.	relamorelin	61-67	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	35-42
24029240-7	2013	Octreotide infusion permanently decreased ghrelin levels, whereas SXN101959 only transiently attenuated ghrelinemia.	Octreotide	0-10	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
23494606-7	2013	Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry revealed that rats given saline alone during MI exhibited a marked reduction in phosphorylated connexin-43 within the left ventricle, whereas those that received ghrelin displayed only minor reductions in comparison with sham-operated rats.	Sodium Chloride	65-71	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	202-209
23494606-8	2013	These effects of ghrelin were diminished by the coadministration of atropine or the blockade of vagal afferents.	Atropine	68-76	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
24036253-0	2013	Curcumin improves expression of ghrelin through attenuating oxidative stress in gastric tissues of streptozotocin-induced diabetic gastroparesis rats.	Curcumin	0-8	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
24036253-0	2013	Curcumin improves expression of ghrelin through attenuating oxidative stress in gastric tissues of streptozotocin-induced diabetic gastroparesis rats.	Streptozocin	99-113	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
24036253-6	2013	After administration of curcumin, the parameters were ameliorated to a large extent; (ii) curcumin treatment dose-dependently augmented the ghrelin levels of stomach and plasma, which were earlier depleted in the diabetic control rats.	Curcumin	90-98	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	140-147
24036253-7	2013	Conversely, the expression of ghrelin mRNA was decreased after curcumin treatment; and (iii) the gastric emptying in curcumin treated diabetic rats was notably accelerated compared with the diabetic control rats.	Curcumin	63-71	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
24036253-7	2013	Conversely, the expression of ghrelin mRNA was decreased after curcumin treatment; and (iii) the gastric emptying in curcumin treated diabetic rats was notably accelerated compared with the diabetic control rats.	Curcumin	117-125	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
23920247-7	2013	Fatty diet and FLZ enhanced the increase of plasma ghrelin of hypothyroid rats.	fatty	0-5	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
23920247-7	2013	Fatty diet and FLZ enhanced the increase of plasma ghrelin of hypothyroid rats.	flz	15-18	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
23831084-0	2013	Ghrelin amplifies the nicotine-induced dopamine release in the rat striatum.	Dopamine	39-47	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
23831084-1	2013	The orexigenic peptide ghrelin plays a prominent role in the regulation of energy balance and in the mediation of reward mechanisms and reinforcement for addictive drugs, such as nicotine.	Nicotine	179-187	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
23831084-0	2013	Ghrelin amplifies the nicotine-induced dopamine release in the rat striatum.	Nicotine	22-30	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
23831084-4	2013	Ghrelin stimulates the dopaminergic neurons via growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHS-R1A) in the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra pars compacta resulting in the release of dopamine in the ventral and dorsal striatum, respectively.	Dopamine	23-31	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
23831084-5	2013	In the present study an in vitro superfusion of rat striatal slices was performed, in order to investigate the direct action of ghrelin on the striatal dopamine release and the interaction of ghrelin with nicotine through this neurotransmitter release.	Dopamine	152-160	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	128-135
23831084-6	2013	Ghrelin increased significantly the dopamine release from the rat striatum following electrical stimulation.	Dopamine	36-44	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
23831084-10	2013	Ghrelin further stimulated the nicotine-induced dopamine release and this effect was abolished by mecamylamine and was partially inhibited by GHRP-6.	Nicotine	31-39	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
23831084-10	2013	Ghrelin further stimulated the nicotine-induced dopamine release and this effect was abolished by mecamylamine and was partially inhibited by GHRP-6.	Dopamine	48-56	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
23831084-10	2013	Ghrelin further stimulated the nicotine-induced dopamine release and this effect was abolished by mecamylamine and was partially inhibited by GHRP-6.	Mecamylamine	98-110	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
23831084-11	2013	The present results demonstrate that ghrelin stimulates directly the dopamine release and amplifies the nicotine-induced dopamine release in the rat striatum.	Dopamine	69-77	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	37-44
23831084-11	2013	The present results demonstrate that ghrelin stimulates directly the dopamine release and amplifies the nicotine-induced dopamine release in the rat striatum.	Nicotine	104-112	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	37-44
23831084-11	2013	The present results demonstrate that ghrelin stimulates directly the dopamine release and amplifies the nicotine-induced dopamine release in the rat striatum.	Dopamine	121-129	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	37-44
23831084-12	2013	We presume that striatal cholinergic interneurons also express GHS-R1A, through which ghrelin can amplify the nicotine-induced dopamine release in the striatum.	Nicotine	110-118	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	86-93
23831084-12	2013	We presume that striatal cholinergic interneurons also express GHS-R1A, through which ghrelin can amplify the nicotine-induced dopamine release in the striatum.	Dopamine	127-135	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	86-93
23836294-0	2013	Ghrelin and nicotine stimulate equally the dopamine release in the rat amygdala.	Dopamine	43-51	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
23836294-1	2013	The orexigenic peptide ghrelin plays a prominent role in the regulation of energy balance and in the mediation of reward processes and reinforcement for addictive drugs, such as nicotine.	Nicotine	178-186	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
23994559-7	2013	In both models, compared with Tm or DTT treatment alone, pre-incubation cardiomyocytes with ghrelin significantly activated AMPK, reversed the upregulation of the ERS markers, C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) and cleaved caspase-12, and reduced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes.	Dithiothreitol	36-39	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	92-99
23994559-4	2013	In the in vivo rat heart injury model induced by isoproterenol (ISO), we found that exogenous ghrelin could alleviate heart dysfunction, reduce myocardial injury and apoptosis and inhibit the excessive myocardial ERS induced by ISO.	Isoproterenol	49-62	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	94-101
23994559-4	2013	In the in vivo rat heart injury model induced by isoproterenol (ISO), we found that exogenous ghrelin could alleviate heart dysfunction, reduce myocardial injury and apoptosis and inhibit the excessive myocardial ERS induced by ISO.	Isoproterenol	64-67	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	94-101
23994559-7	2013	In both models, compared with Tm or DTT treatment alone, pre-incubation cardiomyocytes with ghrelin significantly activated AMPK, reversed the upregulation of the ERS markers, C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) and cleaved caspase-12, and reduced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes.	Thulium	30-32	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	92-99
23836294-3	2013	Ghrelin and nicotine activates the mesolimbicocortical dopaminergic pathways via growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHS-R1A) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchR), respectively, resulting in the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex.	Dopamine	55-63	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
23836294-4	2013	In the present study an in vitro superfusion of rat amygdalar slices was performed in order to investigate the direct action of ghrelin and nicotine on the amygdalar dopamine release.	Dopamine	166-174	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	128-135
23836294-5	2013	Ghrelin increased significantly the dopamine release from the rat amygdala following electrical stimulation.	Dopamine	36-44	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
23836294-9	2013	Co-administration of ghrelin and nicotine induced a similar increase of amygdalar dopamine release.	Dopamine	82-90	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	21-28
23836294-11	2013	The present results demonstrate that both ghrelin and nicotine stimulates directly the dopamine release in the amygdala, an important dopaminergic target area of the mesolimbicocortical pathway.	Dopamine	87-95	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
23311595-0	2013	Ethanol affects acylated and total ghrelin levels in peripheral blood of alcohol-dependent rats.	Ethanol	0-7	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	35-42
23965296-1	2013	This study was performed to observe the effects of ghrelin on the activity of gastric distention (GD) sensitive neurons in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus (Arc) and on gastric motility in vivo in streptozocin (STZ) induced diabetes mellitus (DM) rats.	Streptozocin	200-212	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
23965296-6	2013	The effects induced by ghrelin could be blocked by growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) antagonist [d-Lys-3]-GHRP-6 or BIM28163.	GHRP-6, Lys(3)-	106-122	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
24093007-3	2013	Of interest to our laboratory has been the assessment of the impact of GHR modulation of the locomotor activation and reward/reinforcement properties of psychostimulants such as cocaine and nicotine.	Cocaine	178-185	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	71-74
24093007-3	2013	Of interest to our laboratory has been the assessment of the impact of GHR modulation of the locomotor activation and reward/reinforcement properties of psychostimulants such as cocaine and nicotine.	Nicotine	190-198	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	71-74
24093007-4	2013	Systemic GHR infusions augment cocaine stimulated locomotion and conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats, as does food restriction (FR) which elevates plasma ghrelin levels.	Cocaine	31-38	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-12
22809535-5	2013	RESULTS: The generation of beating EBs and the expression of cardiac-specific markers including cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and alpha-myosin heavy chain (alpha-MHC) were 2 to 3-fold upregulated by ghrelin.	ethylbenzene	35-38	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	195-202
22809535-8	2013	Importantly, activation of ERK1/2, but not Akt, was induced by ghrelin in the newly-formed EBs, and the ghrelin-induced effects of cardiomyocyte differentiation were abolished by adding specific ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059, but not specific PI3K inhibitor Wortmannin.	ethylbenzene	91-94	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	63-70
22809535-8	2013	Importantly, activation of ERK1/2, but not Akt, was induced by ghrelin in the newly-formed EBs, and the ghrelin-induced effects of cardiomyocyte differentiation were abolished by adding specific ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059, but not specific PI3K inhibitor Wortmannin.	2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	212-219	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	104-111
22809535-8	2013	Importantly, activation of ERK1/2, but not Akt, was induced by ghrelin in the newly-formed EBs, and the ghrelin-induced effects of cardiomyocyte differentiation were abolished by adding specific ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059, but not specific PI3K inhibitor Wortmannin.	Wortmannin	253-263	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	104-111
23701881-6	2013	Fasting (48h) and refeeding (2h)-associated changes in serum ghrelin, insulin, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide and leptin, and the concomitant changes in orexigenic or anorexigenic peptide expression in the brainstem and hypothalamus, all apparent in Wistar rats, were absent or markedly reduced in GK rats, with hormone release stimulated by vagal activation, such as ghrelin and pancreatic polypeptide, decreased substantially.	48H	9-12	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	61-68
23701881-6	2013	Fasting (48h) and refeeding (2h)-associated changes in serum ghrelin, insulin, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide and leptin, and the concomitant changes in orexigenic or anorexigenic peptide expression in the brainstem and hypothalamus, all apparent in Wistar rats, were absent or markedly reduced in GK rats, with hormone release stimulated by vagal activation, such as ghrelin and pancreatic polypeptide, decreased substantially.	Deuterium	29-31	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	61-68
23701881-6	2013	Fasting (48h) and refeeding (2h)-associated changes in serum ghrelin, insulin, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide and leptin, and the concomitant changes in orexigenic or anorexigenic peptide expression in the brainstem and hypothalamus, all apparent in Wistar rats, were absent or markedly reduced in GK rats, with hormone release stimulated by vagal activation, such as ghrelin and pancreatic polypeptide, decreased substantially.	Deuterium	29-31	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	372-379
23965296-6	2013	The effects induced by ghrelin could be blocked by growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) antagonist [d-Lys-3]-GHRP-6 or BIM28163.	BIM28163	126-134	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
24093007-5	2013	Ghrelin enhancement of psychostimulant function may occur owing to a direct action on mesolimbic dopamine function or may reflect an indirect action of ghrelin on glucocorticoid pathways.	Dopamine	97-105	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
24093007-6	2013	Genomic or pharmacological ablation of GHR-Rs attenuates the acute locomotor-enhancing effects of nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine and alcohol and blunts the CPP induced by food, alcohol, amphetamine and cocaine in mice.	Nicotine	98-106	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	39-42
24093007-6	2013	Genomic or pharmacological ablation of GHR-Rs attenuates the acute locomotor-enhancing effects of nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine and alcohol and blunts the CPP induced by food, alcohol, amphetamine and cocaine in mice.	Cocaine	108-115	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	39-42
24093007-6	2013	Genomic or pharmacological ablation of GHR-Rs attenuates the acute locomotor-enhancing effects of nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine and alcohol and blunts the CPP induced by food, alcohol, amphetamine and cocaine in mice.	Amphetamine	117-128	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	39-42
24093007-6	2013	Genomic or pharmacological ablation of GHR-Rs attenuates the acute locomotor-enhancing effects of nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine and alcohol and blunts the CPP induced by food, alcohol, amphetamine and cocaine in mice.	Alcohols	133-140	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	39-42
24093007-6	2013	Genomic or pharmacological ablation of GHR-Rs attenuates the acute locomotor-enhancing effects of nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine and alcohol and blunts the CPP induced by food, alcohol, amphetamine and cocaine in mice.	Alcohols	177-184	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	39-42
24093007-6	2013	Genomic or pharmacological ablation of GHR-Rs attenuates the acute locomotor-enhancing effects of nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine and alcohol and blunts the CPP induced by food, alcohol, amphetamine and cocaine in mice.	Amphetamine	186-197	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	39-42
24093007-6	2013	Genomic or pharmacological ablation of GHR-Rs attenuates the acute locomotor-enhancing effects of nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine and alcohol and blunts the CPP induced by food, alcohol, amphetamine and cocaine in mice.	Cocaine	202-209	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	39-42
24093007-8	2013	Inactivation of ghrelin circuit function in rats by injection of a ghrelin receptor antagonist (e.g., JMV 2959) diminishes the development of nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization.	Nicotine	142-150	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	16-23
24093007-9	2013	These results suggest a key permissive role for GHR-R activity for the induction of locomotor sensitization to nicotine.	Nicotine	111-119	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	48-51
24093007-11	2013	Finally, antagonism of GHR-Rs may represent a smoking cessation modality that not only blocks nicotine-induced reward but that also may limit weight gain after smoking cessation.	Nicotine	94-102	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-26
23698230-0	2013	Intrarenal ghrelin receptors regulate ENaC-dependent sodium reabsorption by a cAMP-dependent pathway.	Sodium	53-59	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-18
23698230-0	2013	Intrarenal ghrelin receptors regulate ENaC-dependent sodium reabsorption by a cAMP-dependent pathway.	Cyclic AMP	78-82	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-18
23698230-2	2013	The infusion of ghrelin into the renal interstitium stimulates distal nephron-dependent sodium reabsorption in normal rats, but the mechanism is unknown.	Sodium	88-94	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	16-23
23698230-6	2013	In the presence of amiloride, renal interstitial ghrelin failed to reduce urine sodium excretion, suggesting that ghrelin-induced sodium reabsorption is dependent on intact ENaC activity.	Sodium	130-136	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	114-121
23698230-10	2013	Finally, renal interstitial ghrelin infusion significantly increased interstitial cAMP levels and adenylyl cyclase blockade abolished ghrelin-induced antinatriuresis.	Cyclic AMP	82-86	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	28-35
23624808-1	2013	OBJECTIVE: Recent evidence suggests that ghrelin, a peptidic hormone stimulating food intake, interacts with the dopamine signaling.	Dopamine	113-121	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	41-48
23624808-3	2013	Ghrelin increases dopamine levels in the shell of the nucleus accumbens stimulating food intake, while ablation of the ghrelin receptor attenuates the hypophagia caused by the activation of dopamine receptor 2.	Dopamine	18-26	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
23977009-2	2013	Recent studies implicate that the gut-brain hormone ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide, is a potential mediator of alcohol related behaviours.	Alcohols	111-118	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	52-59
23311595-1	2013	There is a hypothesis that ghrelin could take part in the central effects of alcohol as well as function as a peripheral indicator of the changes which occur during long-term alcohol consumption.	Alcohols	77-84	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
23311595-1	2013	There is a hypothesis that ghrelin could take part in the central effects of alcohol as well as function as a peripheral indicator of the changes which occur during long-term alcohol consumption.	Alcohols	175-182	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
23311595-2	2013	The aim of this study was to determine a correlation between alcohol concentration and acylated and total form of ghrelin after a single administration of alcohol (intraperitoneal, i.p.)	Alcohols	61-68	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	114-121
23311595-2	2013	The aim of this study was to determine a correlation between alcohol concentration and acylated and total form of ghrelin after a single administration of alcohol (intraperitoneal, i.p.)	Alcohols	155-162	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	114-121
23311595-5	2013	It was found that ghrelin in ethanol-naive WHP animals showed a significantly lower level when compared with the ethanol-naive WLP or Wistar rats.	Ethanol	29-36	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
23311595-5	2013	It was found that ghrelin in ethanol-naive WHP animals showed a significantly lower level when compared with the ethanol-naive WLP or Wistar rats.	Ethanol	113-120	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
23311595-7	2013	Chronic alcohol intake in all groups of rats led to decrease of acylated ghrelin concentration.	Alcohols	8-15	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	73-80
23311595-8	2013	PR and WHP rats, after chronic alcohol drinking, had lower levels of both form of ghrelin in comparison with NP and WLP rats, respectively, and the observed differences in ghrelin levels were in inverse relationship with their alcohol intake.	Alcohols	227-234	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	172-179
23311595-9	2013	In conclusion, it is suggested that there is a strong relationship between alcohol administration or intake, ethanol concentration in blood and both active and total ghrelin level in the experimental animals, and that ghrelin plasma concentration can be a marker of alcohol drinking predisposition.	Alcohols	266-273	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	218-225
23311595-0	2013	Ethanol affects acylated and total ghrelin levels in peripheral blood of alcohol-dependent rats.	Alcohols	73-80	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	35-42
23481295-10	2013	U0126, a specific inhibitor of mitogen activated protein kinases kinase, blocked ghrelin- and des-acyl ghrelin-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and cell proliferation in IEC-6 cells.	U 0126	0-5	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	81-88
23651849-1	2013	Previously, we reported that exogenous administration of ghrelin ameliorates glucose metabolism in a neonate streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model through enhancement of beta-cell proliferation.	Streptozocin	109-123	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	57-64
23651849-1	2013	Previously, we reported that exogenous administration of ghrelin ameliorates glucose metabolism in a neonate streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model through enhancement of beta-cell proliferation.	Streptozocin	125-128	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	57-64
23578756-0	2013	Microinjection of ghrelin in the nucleus accumbens core enhances locomotor activity induced by cocaine.	Cocaine	95-102	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
23578756-2	2013	Previously it has been shown that systemic ghrelin enhances cocaine-induced hyper-locomotor activity.	Cocaine	60-67	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	43-50
23578756-3	2013	However, it has not been determined yet what effects ghrelin may produce on cocaine-induced locomotor behavior when microinjected into the nucleus accumbens core, where cocaine actually produces its locomotor activating effects.	Cocaine	76-83	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
23578756-3	2013	However, it has not been determined yet what effects ghrelin may produce on cocaine-induced locomotor behavior when microinjected into the nucleus accumbens core, where cocaine actually produces its locomotor activating effects.	Cocaine	169-176	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
23603525-6	2013	Ghrelin significantly increased all parameters, but the stimulatory effects on body weight gain and food intake were more pronounced in peripubertal/young rats, while the increase in white adipose mass, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels was more noticeable in adult/middle-aged animals.	Triglycerides	203-215	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
23603525-8	2013	However, the higher responsiveness of aged rats to ghrelin-mediated increase in lipid metabolites was accompanied by an increase in adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone levels.	Corticosterone	164-178	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
23680429-0	2013	Differential effects of central ghrelin on fatty acid metabolism in hypothalamic ventral medial and arcuate nuclei.	Fatty Acids	43-53	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
23680429-2	2013	Previous studies using whole hypothalamic tissue lysates have shown that fatty acid metabolism plays a key role in ghrelin"s effect on feeding.	Fatty Acids	73-83	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	115-122
23680429-3	2013	Here, we report site-specific effects of central ghrelin on fatty acid metabolism in two critical hypothalamic nuclei, the ventral medial nucleus (VMN) and the arcuate nucleus (Arc).	Fatty Acids	60-70	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	49-56
23680429-4	2013	Intracerebroventricular administration of ghrelin to rats activates AMP-activated protein kinase in both the VMN and the Arc, while ghrelin treatment has a site-specific effect on fatty acid metabolic pathways in these two nuclei.	Fatty Acids	180-190	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	132-139
23680429-5	2013	In the VMN, central ghrelin increases the phosphorylation level of ACC, indicating the decrease in activity, and decreases the level of malonyl-CoA (the product of ACC).	Malonyl Coenzyme A	136-147	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	20-27
23680429-7	2013	Consistent with this action of malonyl-CoA on CPT-1, central ghrelin treatment increases the activity of CPT-1 in the VMN.	Malonyl Coenzyme A	31-42	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	61-68
23680429-9	2013	Taken together, our data suggest ghrelin exerts differential effects on fatty acid metabolic pathways in the VMN and the Arc.	Fatty Acids	72-82	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
23762368-4	2013	In vivo extracellular single-unit recordings showed that ghrelin with the concentration of several nanomolars (nM) stimulated spontaneous firing of the LA neurons, an effect that was dose-dependent and could be blocked by co-application of a GHS-R1a antagonist D-Lys3-GHRP-6.	d-lys3-ghrp	261-272	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	57-64
23538209-0	2013	The effect of ghrelin on MK-801 induced memory impairment in rats.	Dizocilpine Maleate	25-31	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	14-21
23538209-3	2013	The current study was to find out whether intracerebroventricular administration of ghrelin can prevent amnesia induced by MK-801 in rats.	Dizocilpine Maleate	123-129	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	84-91
23538209-12	2013	In the third set of experiments, administration of ghrelin (200 ng/rat) right after the acquisition session (i.e. before MK-801 injection) improved the MK-801 induced memory impairment, but administration of ghrelin before retrieval session did not affect the MK-801 induced memory impairment.	Dizocilpine Maleate	152-158	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
23538209-12	2013	In the third set of experiments, administration of ghrelin (200 ng/rat) right after the acquisition session (i.e. before MK-801 injection) improved the MK-801 induced memory impairment, but administration of ghrelin before retrieval session did not affect the MK-801 induced memory impairment.	Dizocilpine Maleate	152-158	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
23538209-14	2013	A novel finding in this study is that ghrelin can prevent amnesia produced by NMDA antagonist in rats when injected in post-training phase.	N-Methylaspartate	78-82	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	38-45
22884970-7	2013	Intra-VHPC ghrelin delivery also increased willingness to work for sucrose and increased spontaneous meal initiation in nondeprived rats after the presentation of a conditioned stimulus that previously signaled meal access when the rats were food-restricted.	Sucrose	67-74	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-18
22884970-8	2013	The food intake enhancing effects of VHPC ghrelin were blocked by co-administration of a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (LY294002).	vhpc	37-41	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
22884970-8	2013	The food intake enhancing effects of VHPC ghrelin were blocked by co-administration of a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (LY294002).	2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	133-141	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
23439480-1	2013	This study aimed to investigate the effect of ghrelin administration on sulfite induced oxidative and apoptotic changes in rat gastric mucosa.	Sulfites	72-79	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	46-53
23439480-10	2013	In conclusion, we suggest that ghrelin treatment might ameliorate ingested-Na2S2O5 induced gastric mucosal injury stemming from apoptosis and oxidative stress in rats.	sodium metabisulfite	75-82	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
23481295-10	2013	U0126, a specific inhibitor of mitogen activated protein kinases kinase, blocked ghrelin- and des-acyl ghrelin-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and cell proliferation in IEC-6 cells.	U 0126	0-5	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	103-110
23063894-16	2013	Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of yohimbine was partly reversed by the ghrelin receptor agonist, GHRP-6.	growth hormone releasing hexapeptide	101-107	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	75-82
23863681-1	2013	OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects and mechanisms of Ghrelin on hypertension and insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats.	Fructose	102-110	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	52-59
23416021-6	2013	After 5 days of control measurements, ghrelin (0.21 nmol/h) or saline vehicle were infused ICV for 10 days followed by a 5-day post-treatment period.	icv	91-94	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	38-45
23416021-10	2013	ICV Ghrelin infusion caused a 50% reduction in sympathetic tone to the heart but did not alter BRS.	icv	0-3	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	4-11
23063894-16	2013	Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of yohimbine was partly reversed by the ghrelin receptor agonist, GHRP-6.	Yohimbine	38-47	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	75-82
23863681-13	2013	CONCLUSION: Ghrelin may lower blood pressure, ameliorate insulin resistance and improve insulin sensitivity through inhibiting oxidative stress in fructose-induced rats.	Fructose	147-155	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	12-19
23295905-9	2013	Administration of ghrelin only in the acute hypoxia group significantly (P&lt;0.001) reduced brain water content.	Water	99-104	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
23066988-0	2013	Metformin directly inhibits ghrelin secretion through AMP-activated protein kinase in rat primary gastric cells.	Metformin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	28-35
23066988-2	2013	Metformin treatment is also associated with lower circulating levels of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin.	Metformin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	95-102
23066988-4	2013	Metformin significantly reduced ghrelin secretion and proghrelin mRNA production and both these effects were blocked by co-incubation with the AMPK inhibitor compound C. Furthermore, the AMPK activator 5-amino-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR) significantly inhibited ghrelin secretion.	Metformin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
23066988-4	2013	Metformin significantly reduced ghrelin secretion and proghrelin mRNA production and both these effects were blocked by co-incubation with the AMPK inhibitor compound C. Furthermore, the AMPK activator 5-amino-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR) significantly inhibited ghrelin secretion.	Metformin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	57-64
23066988-4	2013	Metformin significantly reduced ghrelin secretion and proghrelin mRNA production and both these effects were blocked by co-incubation with the AMPK inhibitor compound C. Furthermore, the AMPK activator 5-amino-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR) significantly inhibited ghrelin secretion.	-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide	211-256	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
23066988-7	2013	Our results show that Metformin directly inhibits stomach ghrelin production and secretion through AMPK.	Metformin	22-31	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	58-65
23066988-8	2013	This reduction in ghrelin secretion may be one of the key components in Metformin"s mechanism of weight loss.	Metformin	72-81	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
22987245-3	2013	Ghrelin and its analogues BIM-28125 and BIM-28131 (now known as RM-131) have been shown to increase weight in a rat model of CHF.	bim	26-29	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
22987245-3	2013	Ghrelin and its analogues BIM-28125 and BIM-28131 (now known as RM-131) have been shown to increase weight in a rat model of CHF.	bim	40-43	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
22987245-3	2013	Ghrelin and its analogues BIM-28125 and BIM-28131 (now known as RM-131) have been shown to increase weight in a rat model of CHF.	relamorelin	64-70	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
23307791-0	2013	Glucagon stimulates ghrelin secretion through the activation of MAPK and EPAC and potentiates the effect of norepinephrine.	Glucagon	0-8	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	20-27
24312846-7	2013	RESULTS: Intrahippocampal injection of 0.3 nmol/mul/side ghrelin decreased duration of seizure and TSS induced by PTZ.	Pentylenetetrazole	114-117	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	57-64
23307791-3	2013	We hypothesized that glucagon can directly stimulate stomach ghrelin production.	Glucagon	21-29	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	61-68
23307791-7	2013	The MAP kinase inhibitor (PD98058) reduced the glucagon-stimulated ghrelin secretion and proghrelin mRNA expression.	PD 98058	26-33	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	67-74
23307791-11	2013	Instead, inhibiting the exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC) with Brefeldin-A was able to significantly reduce glucagon-stimulated ghrelin secretion.	Cyclic AMP	54-58	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	136-143
23307791-11	2013	Instead, inhibiting the exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC) with Brefeldin-A was able to significantly reduce glucagon-stimulated ghrelin secretion.	Brefeldin A	71-82	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	136-143
23307791-11	2013	Instead, inhibiting the exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC) with Brefeldin-A was able to significantly reduce glucagon-stimulated ghrelin secretion.	Glucagon	116-124	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	136-143
23307791-12	2013	Furthermore, the EPAC agonist (8-pCPT) significantly stimulated ghrelin secretion.	8-pcpt	31-37	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	64-71
23307791-13	2013	Depleting endoplasmic reticulum calcium stores or blocking voltage-dependant calcium channels prevented glucagon stimulated ghrelin secretion.	Glucagon	104-112	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	124-131
23307791-14	2013	Finally, co-incubation with the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine potentiated the glucagon stimulation of ghrelin secretion.	Norepinephrine	61-75	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	116-123
23307791-14	2013	Finally, co-incubation with the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine potentiated the glucagon stimulation of ghrelin secretion.	Glucagon	92-100	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	116-123
23307791-15	2013	Our findings are the first to show a direct link between glucagon and stomach ghrelin production and secretion and highlight the role of MAPK, the PKA-independent EPAC pathway, and the synergy between norepinephrine and glucagon in ghrelin release.	Glucagon	57-65	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	78-85
23307791-15	2013	Our findings are the first to show a direct link between glucagon and stomach ghrelin production and secretion and highlight the role of MAPK, the PKA-independent EPAC pathway, and the synergy between norepinephrine and glucagon in ghrelin release.	Norepinephrine	201-215	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	78-85
23159626-3	2013	Moreover, these actions of des-acyl ghrelin on body temperature were inhibited by the parasympathetic nerve blocker methylscopolamine but not by the sympathetic nerve blocker timolol.	N-Methylscopolamine	116-133	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
24312860-3	2013	In the present study; we investigated antiepileptic mechanism of ghrelin through GABAB receptors using CGP35348 (selective GABAB receptor antagonist).	CGP 35348	103-111	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
23525322-8	2013	RESULTS: In the Ghrelin Group, the bursting pressure and hydroxyproline levels were significantly higher than in the Control Group.	Hydroxyproline	57-71	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	16-23
24312860-11	2013	The ghrelin antiepileptic effect was completely antagonized by GABAB blockade.	gabab	63-68	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	4-11
24312860-12	2013	The suppression of both duration and TSS induced by ghrelin in hippocampus was significantly (p&lt;0.001) blocked by CGP35348 in PTZ-induced seizures.	CGP 35348	117-125	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	52-59
24312860-12	2013	The suppression of both duration and TSS induced by ghrelin in hippocampus was significantly (p&lt;0.001) blocked by CGP35348 in PTZ-induced seizures.	Pentylenetetrazole	129-132	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	52-59
24312860-14	2013	Therefore, it is possible to speculate that ghrelin acts in the hippocampus to modulate seizures via GABA.	gamma-Aminobutyric Acid	101-105	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-51
23774069-4	2013	Double immunohistochemical staining revealed that Ki-67-positive progenitor cells and doublecortin (DCX)-positive neuroblasts in the DG of the SDRs expressed ghrelin receptors.	doublecortin	86-98	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	158-165
23328675-0	2013	Ghrelin counteracts salt-induced hypertension via promoting diuresis and renal nitric oxide production in Dahl rats.	Salts	20-24	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
23328675-0	2013	Ghrelin counteracts salt-induced hypertension via promoting diuresis and renal nitric oxide production in Dahl rats.	Nitric Oxide	79-91	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
23129314-0	2013	Acylated ghrelin protects hippocampal neurons in pilocarpine-induced seizures of immature rats by inhibiting cell apoptosis.	Pilocarpine	49-60	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
23129314-1	2013	Ghrelin has two major molecular forms, acylated ghrelin (AG) and unacylated ghrelin (UAG).	URIDINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE-N-ACETYLMURAMOYL-L-ALANINE-D-GLUTAMATE	85-88	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
23129314-1	2013	Ghrelin has two major molecular forms, acylated ghrelin (AG) and unacylated ghrelin (UAG).	URIDINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE-N-ACETYLMURAMOYL-L-ALANINE-D-GLUTAMATE	85-88	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
22915487-7	2013	Clozapine-treated male and female animals had higher fasting glucose, adiponectin, leptin, ghrelin, cholesterol, HDL and LDL levels, whereas haloperidol caused increased levels of insulin and decreased values of HbA1c, cholesterol, HDL and LDL.	Clozapine	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	91-98
22968812-0	2013	Ghrelin increases GABAergic transmission and interacts with ethanol actions in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala.	Ethanol	60-67	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
22968812-4	2013	However, ghrelin also activates GHS-R1A receptors on extrahypothalamic targets that mediate alcohol reward.	Alcohols	92-99	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
22968812-7	2013	Here, we used quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) to detect Ghsr mRNA in the CeA and performed electrophysiological recordings to measure ghrelin effects on GABA transmission in this brain region.	gamma-Aminobutyric Acid	151-155	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	132-139
22968812-11	2013	Coapplication of ethanol further increased the ghrelin-induced enhancement of IPSP amplitude, but to a lesser extent than ethanol alone.	Ethanol	17-24	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	47-54
22968812-11	2013	Coapplication of ethanol further increased the ghrelin-induced enhancement of IPSP amplitude, but to a lesser extent than ethanol alone.	Ethanol	122-129	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	47-54
22968812-12	2013	When applied alone, ethanol significantly increased IPSP amplitude, but this effect was attenuated by the application of ghrelin.	Ethanol	20-27	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	121-128
22968812-13	2013	In neurons from chronic ethanol-treated (CET) animals, the magnitude of ghrelin-induced increases in IPSP amplitude was not significantly different from that in naive animals, but the ethanol-induced increase in amplitude was abolished.	Ethanol	24-31	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	72-79
22968812-13	2013	In neurons from chronic ethanol-treated (CET) animals, the magnitude of ghrelin-induced increases in IPSP amplitude was not significantly different from that in naive animals, but the ethanol-induced increase in amplitude was abolished.	cet	41-44	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	72-79
22968812-13	2013	In neurons from chronic ethanol-treated (CET) animals, the magnitude of ghrelin-induced increases in IPSP amplitude was not significantly different from that in naive animals, but the ethanol-induced increase in amplitude was abolished.	Ethanol	184-191	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	72-79
23183626-0	2013	Intravenous injection of urocortin 1 induces a CRF2 mediated increase in circulating ghrelin and glucose levels through distinct mechanisms in rats.	Urocortins	25-36	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	85-92
23183626-4	2013	Ucn 1 (10 mug/kg, iv) induced a rapid onset and long lasting increase in ghrelin levels reaching 68% and 219% at 0.5 and 3h post injection respectively and a 5-h hyperglycemic response.	Tritium	121-123	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	73-80
23183626-7	2013	Hexamethonium (10 mg/kg, sc) prevented Ucn 1-induced rise in total ghrelin levels while not altering the hyperglycemic response.	Hexamethonium	0-13	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	67-74
23021962-2	2012	The expression of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a) has been demonstrated in rat and human testis, and ghrelin also affects testosterone (T) secretion in vitro, suggesting a role for this molecule in the direct control of testis function.	Testosterone	157-169	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
23000094-0	2012	Ghrelin protects against cobalt chloride-induced hypoxic injury in cardiac H9c2 cells by inhibiting oxidative stress and inducing autophagy.	cobaltous chloride	25-40	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
23000094-2	2012	We used CoCl(2) to mimic hypoxic conditions in cardiac H9c2 cells in order to study the mechanism by which ghrelin protects cardiac myocytes against hypoxic injury by regulating the content of intracellular ROS and autophagy levels.	cobaltous chloride	8-15	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	107-114
23000094-2	2012	We used CoCl(2) to mimic hypoxic conditions in cardiac H9c2 cells in order to study the mechanism by which ghrelin protects cardiac myocytes against hypoxic injury by regulating the content of intracellular ROS and autophagy levels.	ros	207-210	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	107-114
23000094-8	2012	Ghrelin treatment significantly attenuated CoCl(2)-induced hypoxic injury by decreasing cell apoptosis, LDH activity, ROS content, and Nox1 expression and increasing cell viability, autophagy levels, catalase, and Mn-SOD mRNA levels and activities.	cobaltous chloride	43-50	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
23000094-8	2012	Ghrelin treatment significantly attenuated CoCl(2)-induced hypoxic injury by decreasing cell apoptosis, LDH activity, ROS content, and Nox1 expression and increasing cell viability, autophagy levels, catalase, and Mn-SOD mRNA levels and activities.	ros	118-121	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
23000094-11	2012	Our results indicate that ghrelin protected cardiac myocytes against CoCl(2)-induced hypoxic injury by decreasing Nox1 expression, increasing the expression and activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, and inducing protective autophagy in an AMPK-dependent manner.	cobaltous chloride	69-76	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
21790898-0	2012	Attenuation of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization in rats sustaining genetic or pharmacologic antagonism of ghrelin receptors.	Cocaine	15-22	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	113-120
21790898-1	2012	Systemic infusions of the orexigenic peptide ghrelin (GHR) increase dopamine levels within the nucleus accumbens and augment cocaine-stimulated locomotion and conditioned place preference in rats; observations that suggest an important role for GHR and GHR receptors (GHR-Rs) in drug reinforcement.	Dopamine	68-76	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	54-57
21790898-1	2012	Systemic infusions of the orexigenic peptide ghrelin (GHR) increase dopamine levels within the nucleus accumbens and augment cocaine-stimulated locomotion and conditioned place preference in rats; observations that suggest an important role for GHR and GHR receptors (GHR-Rs) in drug reinforcement.	Cocaine	125-132	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	54-57
23317783-1	2013	Based on the bioinformatic prediction, Zhang and colleagues discovered obestatin, a new 23-amino acid hormone from rat stomach extract encoded by the ghrelin gene.	amino acid hormone	91-109	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	150-157
21790898-8	2012	GHR-R null rats treated repeatedly with cocaine showed diminished development of cocaine locomotor sensitization relative to WT rats treated with cocaine.	Cocaine	40-47	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
21790898-8	2012	GHR-R null rats treated repeatedly with cocaine showed diminished development of cocaine locomotor sensitization relative to WT rats treated with cocaine.	Cocaine	81-88	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
21790898-8	2012	GHR-R null rats treated repeatedly with cocaine showed diminished development of cocaine locomotor sensitization relative to WT rats treated with cocaine.	Cocaine	81-88	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
21790898-10	2012	These results suggest that GHR-R activity is required for the induction of locomotor sensitization to cocaine and complement an emerging literature implicating central GHR systems in drug reward.	Cocaine	102-109	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-30
21790898-11	2012	GHR is an orexigenic gut peptide that is transported across the blood-brain barrier and interacts with GHR-Rs located on ventral tegmental dopamine neurons.	Dopamine	139-147	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
21790898-11	2012	GHR is an orexigenic gut peptide that is transported across the blood-brain barrier and interacts with GHR-Rs located on ventral tegmental dopamine neurons.	Dopamine	139-147	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	103-106
22407485-3	2012	In this study, we examined whether the inhibitory effect of ghrelin in the development of hyperalgesia and edema induced by intraplantar carrageenan administration depends on an interaction with GHS-R1a.	Carrageenan	137-148	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	60-67
27186127-0	2012	Efficacy of ipamorelin, a ghrelin mimetic, on gastric dysmotility in a rodent model of postoperative ileus.	ipamorelin	12-22	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
27186127-2	2012	The goal of this study was to investigate whether ipamorelin, a synthetic peptidomimetic that acts on the ghrelin receptor, accelerates gastric emptying in a rodent model of gastroparesis induced by abdominal surgery and intestinal manipulation.	ipamorelin	50-60	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	106-113
27186127-9	2012	Following abdominal surgery and intestinal manipulation, isolated preparations of gastric smooth muscle exhibited a marked inhibition of acetylcholine and electrical field stimulation-induced contractile responses, which were reversed by ipamorelin and ghrelin.	Acetylcholine	137-150	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	253-260
27186127-10	2012	CONCLUSION: These results suggest that ipamorelin accelerates gastric emptying in a rodent model of postoperative ileus through the stimulation of gastric contractility by activating a ghrelin receptor-mediated mechanism involving cholinergic excitatory neurons.	ipamorelin	39-49	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	185-192
22407485-11	2012	administration of desacyl-ghrelin (DAG), which did not bind GHS-R1a, induced a significant reduction of the hyperalgesic and edematous activities of carrageenan.	ghrelin, des-n-octanoyl	35-38	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
22407485-11	2012	administration of desacyl-ghrelin (DAG), which did not bind GHS-R1a, induced a significant reduction of the hyperalgesic and edematous activities of carrageenan.	Carrageenan	149-160	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
22673784-12	2012	Pretreatment with the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 eliminated ghrelin-induced increases in lever pressing, without compromising generalized licking motor control, indicating a role for D1 signaling in ghrelin"s motivational feeding effects.	SCH 23390	54-63	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	75-82
22801415-0	2012	A study on the short-term effect of cafeteria diet and pioglitazone on insulin resistance and serum levels of adiponectin and ghrelin.	Pioglitazone	55-67	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	126-133
22801415-7	2012	Likewise, acylated ghrelin levels were higher in CAFE-P (471.52 +- 195.09 pg/mL) than in CHOW-P (193.01 +- 87.61 pg/mL, P = 0.009) and CAFE-O (259.44 +- 86.36 pg/mL, P = 0.047) animals.	cafe-p	49-55	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
22801415-7	2012	Likewise, acylated ghrelin levels were higher in CAFE-P (471.52 +- 195.09 pg/mL) than in CHOW-P (193.01 +- 87.61 pg/mL, P = 0.009) and CAFE-O (259.44 +- 86.36 pg/mL, P = 0.047) animals.	chow-p	89-95	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
22801415-7	2012	Likewise, acylated ghrelin levels were higher in CAFE-P (471.52 +- 195.09 pg/mL) than in CHOW-P (193.01 +- 87.61 pg/mL, P = 0.009) and CAFE-O (259.44 +- 86.36 pg/mL, P = 0.047) animals.	cafe-o	135-141	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
22801415-9	2012	Although CAFE-P animals exhibited higher ghrelin levels, this was probably related to food deprivation rather than to a direct pharmacological effect, possibly attenuating the increase in adiponectin levels.	cafe-p	9-15	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	41-48
22897875-5	2012	In Fura-2 Ca(2+) imaging analysis, ghrelin administration increased the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in approximately 50% of total isolated anterior pituitary cells, and 20% of these cells strongly responded to ghrelin.	Fura-2	3-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	35-42
22865372-2	2012	Activation of GHSR requires the presence of a fatty-acid (FA) side chain on amino acid residue serine 3 of the ghrelin molecule.	Fatty Acids	46-56	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	111-118
22865372-2	2012	Activation of GHSR requires the presence of a fatty-acid (FA) side chain on amino acid residue serine 3 of the ghrelin molecule.	Serine	95-101	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	111-118
22865372-5	2012	Fatty acids principally available in the diet (such as palmitate C16) and therefore representing potential substrates for the ghrelin-activating enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) were used for dose-, time-, and administration/route-dependent effects of ghrelin on food intake, body weight, and body composition in rats and mice.	Fatty Acids	0-11	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	126-133
22865372-5	2012	Fatty acids principally available in the diet (such as palmitate C16) and therefore representing potential substrates for the ghrelin-activating enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) were used for dose-, time-, and administration/route-dependent effects of ghrelin on food intake, body weight, and body composition in rats and mice.	Fatty Acids	0-11	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	152-159
22017465-7	2012	To this purpose, wild-type (WT) or mutant rats sustaining N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced knockout of GHR-Rs (GHR-R null rats) were implanted with stimulating electrodes aimed at the lateral hypothalamus, shaped to respond for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) and then tested using a rate-frequency procedure to examine ICSS response patterns.	Ethylnitrosourea	58-79	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	100-103
22673784-12	2012	Pretreatment with the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 eliminated ghrelin-induced increases in lever pressing, without compromising generalized licking motor control, indicating a role for D1 signaling in ghrelin"s motivational feeding effects.	SCH 23390	54-63	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	214-221
22750144-2	2012	GLP-1 potentiated glucose-induced insulin release and cAMP production in isolated islets and [Ca(2+)](i) increases in single beta-cells, and these potentiations were attenuated by ghrelin.	Cyclic AMP	54-58	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	180-187
22465682-11	2012	In both approaches, a considerable percentage of 1400 W sensitive neurons were excited by ghrelin (10(-8)M; 50% and 75%, respectively).	N-((3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)methyl)ethanimidamide	49-55	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	90-97
22750144-3	2012	Ghrelin suppressed [Ca(2+)](i) responses to an adenylate cyclase activator forskolin.	Colforsin	75-84	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
22750144-0	2012	Exogenous and endogenous ghrelin counteracts GLP-1 action to stimulate cAMP signaling and insulin secretion in islet beta-cells.	Cyclic AMP	71-75	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	25-32
22750144-2	2012	GLP-1 potentiated glucose-induced insulin release and cAMP production in isolated islets and [Ca(2+)](i) increases in single beta-cells, and these potentiations were attenuated by ghrelin.	Glucose	18-25	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	180-187
22750144-4	2012	Moreover, GLP-1-induced insulin release and cAMP production were markedly enhanced by [D-lys(3)]-GHRP-6, a ghrelin receptor antagonist, in isolated islets.	GHRP-6, Lys(3)-	86-103	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	107-114
22750144-5	2012	These results indicate that both exogenous and endogenous islet-derived ghrelin counteracts glucose-dependent GLP-1 action to increase cAMP production, [Ca(2+)](i) and insulin release in islet beta-cells, positioning ghrelin as a modulator of insulinotropic GLP-1.	Glucose	92-99	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	72-79
22750144-5	2012	These results indicate that both exogenous and endogenous islet-derived ghrelin counteracts glucose-dependent GLP-1 action to increase cAMP production, [Ca(2+)](i) and insulin release in islet beta-cells, positioning ghrelin as a modulator of insulinotropic GLP-1.	Glucose	92-99	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	217-224
22750144-5	2012	These results indicate that both exogenous and endogenous islet-derived ghrelin counteracts glucose-dependent GLP-1 action to increase cAMP production, [Ca(2+)](i) and insulin release in islet beta-cells, positioning ghrelin as a modulator of insulinotropic GLP-1.	Cyclic AMP	135-139	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	72-79
23843819-3	2012	Ghrelin, a 28-amino-acid peptide, synthesizes in the stomach and has protective roles in cardiovascular systems and also affects metabolic pathways.	amino-acid peptide	14-32	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
22634385-4	2012	For this reason male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected ip with 0.1mg/kg rat ghrelin or 0.9mg/kg 3-Trp-rat ghrelin.	3-trp	96-101	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	106-113
22487248-7	2012	The results showed that injection of Ghrelin into the BLA produced a significant enhancement in retention, which was attenuated by injection of lidocaine into BLA.	Lidocaine	144-153	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	37-44
23843819-11	2012	Hypoxic animals that were treated with ghrelin were significantly more polycythemic than the controls and even hypoxic with saline treated rats (P &lt; 0.001).	Sodium Chloride	124-130	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	39-46
22516464-6	2012	Ghrelin was applied to cultured hippocampal slices for either 60 min or 23 h. Ghrelin increased the phalloidin fluorescent signals.	Phalloidine	100-110	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
22510708-9	2012	The sucrose-enriched diet increased total energy intake, adipose accrual, and leptin, adiponectin, and acylated ghrelin levels but decreased BW.	Sucrose	4-11	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	112-119
22339616-0	2012	Effects of ghrelin on homocysteine-induced dysfunction and inflammatory response in rat cardiac microvascular endothelial cells.	Homocysteine	22-34	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-18
22339616-6	2012	The data suggest that ghrelin inhibits HCY-induced CMEC dysfunction and inflammatory response, probably mediated by inhibition of NF-kappaB activation.	Homocysteine	39-42	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
22537050-2	2012	Among these compounds, it was disclosed that the addition in some compounds of a GlyMetAla tripeptide at the N-terminus of the ghrelin peptide agonists converts them into ghrelin receptor antagonists.	glymetala tripeptide	81-101	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	127-134
22516464-6	2012	Ghrelin was applied to cultured hippocampal slices for either 60 min or 23 h. Ghrelin increased the phalloidin fluorescent signals.	Phalloidine	100-110	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	78-85
22516464-7	2012	The antagonist of the ghrelin receptor, D-Lys3-GHSR-6, blocked the ghrelin"s effect of increasing the phalloidin signal, suggesting that the ghrelin"s effect was mediated by the ghrelin receptor (GHSR1a).	Phalloidine	102-112	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
22516464-7	2012	The antagonist of the ghrelin receptor, D-Lys3-GHSR-6, blocked the ghrelin"s effect of increasing the phalloidin signal, suggesting that the ghrelin"s effect was mediated by the ghrelin receptor (GHSR1a).	Phalloidine	102-112	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	67-74
22516464-8	2012	The ghrelin-mediated increase in phalloidin signals remained elevated while ghrelin was present in the culture media for 23 h. However, removal of ghrelin from culture media restored the phalloidin signal to control level.	Phalloidine	33-43	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	4-11
22352743-0	2012	Des-acyl ghrelin fragments and analogues promote survival of pancreatic beta-cells and human pancreatic islets and prevent diabetes in streptozotocin-treated rats.	Streptozocin	135-149	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
22269847-5	2012	By annexin V-propidium iodide dual staining and 2"-deoxyuridine 5"-triphosphate nick end-labeling analysis, we found that Ang II induced H9c2 cell apoptosis, whereas coincubation of ghrelin with Ang II significantly reduced H9c2 cell apoptosis induced by Ang II.	annexin v-propidium iodide	3-29	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	182-189
22269847-5	2012	By annexin V-propidium iodide dual staining and 2"-deoxyuridine 5"-triphosphate nick end-labeling analysis, we found that Ang II induced H9c2 cell apoptosis, whereas coincubation of ghrelin with Ang II significantly reduced H9c2 cell apoptosis induced by Ang II.	deoxyuridine triphosphate	48-79	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	182-189
22532145-3	2012	The aim of the present study was to examine the number, distribution and activity of ghrelin and somatostatin producing endocrine cells in the pancreas of rats after a single administration of selective CP 55,940 agonist of CB1 receptor.	cp 55	203-208	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	85-92
21995653-3	2012	However, a role for ghrelin has been demonstrated only with psychostimulant drugs and alcohol associated behaviors.	Alcohols	86-93	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	20-27
21982116-8	2012	Olanzapine increased M3R binding density in the Arc, VMH and DVC, body weight, food intake, circulating plasma ghrelin and CCK levels, and decreased plasma insulin and glucose.	Olanzapine	0-10	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	111-118
22534700-0	2012	Ghrelin accelerates the healing of cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers in rats.	Cysteamine	35-45	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
22534700-2	2012	The aim of the present investigation was to examine the influence of ghrelin administration on the course of cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers, as well as effects on mucosal production of oxygen free radicals and duodenal antioxidant defense.	Cysteamine	109-119	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	69-76
22443313-0	2012	Ghrelin prevents levodopa-induced inhibition of gastric emptying and increases circulating levodopa in fasted rats.	Levodopa	17-25	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
22443313-0	2012	Ghrelin prevents levodopa-induced inhibition of gastric emptying and increases circulating levodopa in fasted rats.	Levodopa	91-99	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
22443313-20	2012	CONCLUSIONS &amp; INFERENCES: Ghrelin counteracts L-dopa-induced delayed gastric emptying but not Fos induction in the brain and enhances circulating L-dopa levels.	Adenosine Monophosphate	13-16	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
22443313-20	2012	CONCLUSIONS &amp; INFERENCES: Ghrelin counteracts L-dopa-induced delayed gastric emptying but not Fos induction in the brain and enhances circulating L-dopa levels.	Levodopa	50-56	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
22443313-20	2012	CONCLUSIONS &amp; INFERENCES: Ghrelin counteracts L-dopa-induced delayed gastric emptying but not Fos induction in the brain and enhances circulating L-dopa levels.	Levodopa	150-156	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
22352743-1	2012	Des-acyl ghrelin, although devoid of binding to ghrelin receptor (GRLN), exerts many biological effects, including regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism.	Glucose	129-136	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
22352743-2	2012	Indeed, des-acyl ghrelin promotes pancreatic beta-cell and human islet cell survival and prevents diabetes in streptozotocin (STZ) treated rats.	Streptozocin	110-124	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
22352743-2	2012	Indeed, des-acyl ghrelin promotes pancreatic beta-cell and human islet cell survival and prevents diabetes in streptozotocin (STZ) treated rats.	Streptozocin	126-129	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
22352743-4	2012	Among the different compounds tested, des-acyl ghrelin((6-13)) and des-acyl ghrelin((6-13)) with alanine substitutions or cyclization, but not with d-amino acid substitutions, showed the best survival effect, similar to des-acyl ghrelin.	Alanine	97-104	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	47-54
22352743-4	2012	Among the different compounds tested, des-acyl ghrelin((6-13)) and des-acyl ghrelin((6-13)) with alanine substitutions or cyclization, but not with d-amino acid substitutions, showed the best survival effect, similar to des-acyl ghrelin.	Alanine	97-104	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
22352743-4	2012	Among the different compounds tested, des-acyl ghrelin((6-13)) and des-acyl ghrelin((6-13)) with alanine substitutions or cyclization, but not with d-amino acid substitutions, showed the best survival effect, similar to des-acyl ghrelin.	Alanine	97-104	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
22352743-5	2012	Des-acyl ghrelin((6-13)) even prevented diabetes in STZ-treated rats and protected human circulating angiogenic cells from oxidative stress and senescence, similar to des-acyl ghrelin.	Streptozocin	52-55	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
21767445-7	2012	Plasma ghrelin response was attenuated in the LHF group.	5-[[2-[(2~{r},3~{s},4~{r},5~{r})-5-(6-Aminopurin-9-Yl)-3,4-Bis(Oxidanyl)oxolan-2-Yl]ethylamino]methyl]-4-Azanyl-1-[2-(4-Bromanylphenoxy)ethyl]pyrimidin-2-One	46-49	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	7-14
22270395-7	2012	RESULTS: Intraperitoneal administration of exogenous ghrelin significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased blood glucose concentrations, attenuated insulin responses during glucose tolerance tests, reduced insulin release from the isolated islets induced by 11.1 and 16.7 mmol/L glucose, hyperpolarized the resting membrane potential and increased the Kir6.2 mRNA and protein expression levels.	Glucose	105-112	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
22270395-7	2012	RESULTS: Intraperitoneal administration of exogenous ghrelin significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased blood glucose concentrations, attenuated insulin responses during glucose tolerance tests, reduced insulin release from the isolated islets induced by 11.1 and 16.7 mmol/L glucose, hyperpolarized the resting membrane potential and increased the Kir6.2 mRNA and protein expression levels.	Glucose	165-172	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
22270395-7	2012	RESULTS: Intraperitoneal administration of exogenous ghrelin significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased blood glucose concentrations, attenuated insulin responses during glucose tolerance tests, reduced insulin release from the isolated islets induced by 11.1 and 16.7 mmol/L glucose, hyperpolarized the resting membrane potential and increased the Kir6.2 mRNA and protein expression levels.	Glucose	165-172	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
22305493-1	2012	A series of benzodiazepine antagonists of the human ghrelin receptor GHSR1a were synthesized and their antagonism and metabolic stability were evaluated.	Benzodiazepines	12-26	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	52-59
21994044-5	2012	Ghrelin (40 nmol/kg IP) or vehicle (physiological saline) was administrated 15 min before reperfusion.	Sodium Chloride	50-56	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
21994044-10	2012	In the ghrelin-treated group, the malondialdehyde values were significantly lowered, and only enzyme activity of glutathione peroxidase showed significant increases compared with the I/R group.	Malondialdehyde	34-49	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	7-14
22120831-0	2012	Dexamethasone stimulates the expression of ghrelin and its receptor in rat hypothalamic 4B cells.	Dexamethasone	0-13	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	43-50
22120831-9	2012	Dexamethasone increased ghrelin mRNA levels.	Dexamethasone	0-13	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	24-31
22120831-10	2012	A potent glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, RU-486, significantly blocked dexamethasone-induced increases in ghrelin mRNA levels.	Mifepristone	45-51	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	110-117
22120831-10	2012	A potent glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, RU-486, significantly blocked dexamethasone-induced increases in ghrelin mRNA levels.	Dexamethasone	75-88	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	110-117
22120831-13	2012	Incubation with both dexamethasone and ghrelin had an additive effect on CRF and ghrelin mRNA levels.	Dexamethasone	21-34	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	81-88
21309944-2	2012	It has been shown that ghrelin is an important signal for the control of body weight homeostasis, preferably by interacting with hypothalamic circuits, as well as for drug reward by activating the mesolimbic dopamine system.	Dopamine	208-216	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
22293417-6	2012	In the smoking group, the plasma levels of acyl ghrelin were significantly higher (75.9 +- 5.1 fmol/ml versus 46.5 +- 3.3 fmol/ml, p &lt; 0.01), while those of leptin were significantly lower than those in the non-smoking group (434.9 +- 41.1 ng/ml versus 744.0 +- 45.4 ng/ml, p &lt; 0.01) after the final CS exposure.	Cesium	306-308	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	48-55
22293417-8	2012	These results suggested that acyl ghrelin and leptin levels in plasma may change to compensate for the negative energy balance by CS.	Cesium	130-132	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	34-41
22286034-2	2012	Recently we have found that the C-terminal part of ghrelin protects the ester bond of 3-octanoyled serine from plasma esterases and plays the essential role to prolong the plasma half-life and to show its biological activity in vivo.	Esters	72-77	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
22286034-2	2012	Recently we have found that the C-terminal part of ghrelin protects the ester bond of 3-octanoyled serine from plasma esterases and plays the essential role to prolong the plasma half-life and to show its biological activity in vivo.	3-octanoyled serine	86-105	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
22286034-7	2012	From the relationship between structures of chimeric peptides and their corresponding plasma half-lives, the mid-region of ghrelin rich in basic amino acids ((15)RKESKK(20)) was considered to be the most important in prolonging the plasma half-life of motilin.	Amino Acids, Basic	139-156	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	123-130
21971115-9	2012	Because PIO can reduce systemic glucose and lipid levels, our findings suggest that elevated glucose and lipid levels are part of the inhibitory mechanism behind reduced ghrelin (total) secretion in rats fed a HF diet.	Pioglitazone	8-11	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	170-177
21971115-9	2012	Because PIO can reduce systemic glucose and lipid levels, our findings suggest that elevated glucose and lipid levels are part of the inhibitory mechanism behind reduced ghrelin (total) secretion in rats fed a HF diet.	Glucose	93-100	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	170-177
21309944-5	2012	However, the role of central ghrelin signaling in high alcohol consumption is not known.	Alcohols	55-62	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	29-36
22571486-8	2012	Plasma ghrelin concentrations were negatively correlated with glucose levels in all three groups.	Glucose	62-69	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	7-14
23160599-0	2012	Effects of ghrelin on the intracellular calcium concentration in rat aorta vascular smooth muscle cells.	Calcium	40-47	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-18
21907737-1	2012	Previous evidence indicates that peripherally administered ghrelin significantly increases corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA and serum corticosterone.	Corticosterone	144-158	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	59-66
23160599-6	2012	The intracellular calcium variations affected by ghrelin and the interactions of ghrelin with angiotensin II (AngII), Sq22536, and potassium chloride (KCl) were observed using a calcium imaging and analysis system.	Calcium	18-25	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	49-56
23160599-8	2012	The most prominent finding in the present study was that ghrelin inhibited the AngII-induced increase in the calcium concentration.	Calcium	109-116	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	57-64
22899955-7	2012	The pharmacological mechanisms of ALZ involved the homeostasis of ghrelin expression and secretion.	2-[N'-(4-AMINO-BUTYL)-HYDRAZINOCARBONYL]-PYRROLIDINE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID BENZYL ESTER	34-37	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	66-73
22975058-4	2012	In fact, ghrelin"s action on feeding or GH secretion is abolished or attenuated in rats that have undergone vagotomy or treatment with capsaicin, a specific afferent neurotoxin.	Capsaicin	135-144	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
22975045-4	2012	Ghrelin is a peptide hormone in which the third amino acid, usually a serine but in some species a threonine, is modified by a fatty acid; this modification is essential for ghrelin"s activity.	Serine	70-76	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
22975060-7	2012	Ghrelin and the ghrelin signal potentiator rikkunshito successfully restore fed-like motor activities to fasted activities in fenfluramine-treated rats and in a cancer anorexia-cachexia animal model.	Fenfluramine	126-138	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
22975045-4	2012	Ghrelin is a peptide hormone in which the third amino acid, usually a serine but in some species a threonine, is modified by a fatty acid; this modification is essential for ghrelin"s activity.	Serine	70-76	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	174-181
22975045-4	2012	Ghrelin is a peptide hormone in which the third amino acid, usually a serine but in some species a threonine, is modified by a fatty acid; this modification is essential for ghrelin"s activity.	Threonine	99-108	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
22975060-7	2012	Ghrelin and the ghrelin signal potentiator rikkunshito successfully restore fed-like motor activities to fasted activities in fenfluramine-treated rats and in a cancer anorexia-cachexia animal model.	Fenfluramine	126-138	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	16-23
22975045-4	2012	Ghrelin is a peptide hormone in which the third amino acid, usually a serine but in some species a threonine, is modified by a fatty acid; this modification is essential for ghrelin"s activity.	Threonine	99-108	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	174-181
23227170-1	2012	Recent discoveries indicate an important role for ghrelin in drug and alcohol reward and an ability of ghrelin to regulate mesolimbic dopamine activity.	Alcohols	70-77	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	50-57
22975045-4	2012	Ghrelin is a peptide hormone in which the third amino acid, usually a serine but in some species a threonine, is modified by a fatty acid; this modification is essential for ghrelin"s activity.	Fatty Acids	127-137	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
22975045-4	2012	Ghrelin is a peptide hormone in which the third amino acid, usually a serine but in some species a threonine, is modified by a fatty acid; this modification is essential for ghrelin"s activity.	Fatty Acids	127-137	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	174-181
22975045-7	2012	With the exception of the deletion of Gln14, des-Gln14-ghrelin is identical to ghrelin, retaining the n-octanoic acid modification.	octanoic acid	102-117	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	55-62
22975046-1	2012	Ghrelin, a 28-amino acid-long peptide with an n-octanoyl modification at Ser(3), has been isolated from rat and human stomachs as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor.	Serine	73-76	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
22975050-1	2012	BACKGROUND: Octanoyl modification of ghrelin is rapidly hydrolyzed to des-acyl ghrelin in blood samples.	octanoyl	12-20	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	37-44
22975050-1	2012	BACKGROUND: Octanoyl modification of ghrelin is rapidly hydrolyzed to des-acyl ghrelin in blood samples.	octanoyl	12-20	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	79-86
22975050-9	2012	The collection of blood samples with EDTA-aprotinin under cooled conditions was appropriate to maintain ghrelin stability.	edta-aprotinin	37-51	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	104-111
22343549-0	2012	Intracerebroventricular administration of metformin inhibits ghrelin-induced Hypothalamic AMP-kinase signalling and food intake.	Metformin	42-51	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	61-68
22343549-2	2012	The present study investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular administration of metformin on food intake and hypothalamic appetite-regulating signalling pathways induced by the orexigenic peptide ghrelin.	Metformin	88-97	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	204-211
22343549-5	2012	RESULTS: Metformin suppressed the increase in food consumption induced by intracerebroventricular ghrelin in a dose-dependent manner.	Metformin	9-18	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	98-105
22343549-8	2012	Metformin treatment blocked ghrelin-induced activation of hypothalamic AMPK/ACC/Raptor and restored mTOR activity without affecting S6K phosphorylation.	Metformin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	28-35
22343549-9	2012	Metformin also reduced food consumption induced by the AMPK activator AICAR while the ghrelin-triggered food intake was inhibited by the mTOR activator L-leucine.	Leucine	152-161	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	86-93
22343549-10	2012	CONCLUSION: Metformin could reduce food intake by preventing ghrelin-induced AMPK signalling and mTOR inhibition in the hypotalamus.	Metformin	12-21	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	61-68
22100225-6	2012	MEK inhibitor PD98059 abolished ghrelin-induced phosphorylation of ERK, but had no effect on Akt phosphorylation.	2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	14-21	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
22100225-7	2012	PI3K inhibitor LY294002 abolished ghrelin-induced phosphorylation of Akt, but had no effect on ERK phosphorylation.	2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	15-23	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	34-41
22138721-10	2012	Administration of ghrelin to diabetic rats caused an increase in intestinal CAT, SOD, GP(x) and GST activities and GSH levels, while PC levels decreased.	Glutathione	115-118	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
22138721-10	2012	Administration of ghrelin to diabetic rats caused an increase in intestinal CAT, SOD, GP(x) and GST activities and GSH levels, while PC levels decreased.	pc	133-135	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
23227170-1	2012	Recent discoveries indicate an important role for ghrelin in drug and alcohol reward and an ability of ghrelin to regulate mesolimbic dopamine activity.	Dopamine	134-142	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	103-110
23166710-0	2012	Concomitant release of ventral tegmental acetylcholine and accumbal dopamine by ghrelin in rats.	Acetylcholine	41-54	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	80-87
23166710-0	2012	Concomitant release of ventral tegmental acetylcholine and accumbal dopamine by ghrelin in rats.	Dopamine	68-76	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	80-87
23166710-4	2012	Ghrelin receptors (GHS-R1A) are expressed in these reward nodes and ghrelin administration into the LDTg increases accumbal dopamine, an effect involving nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the VTA.	Dopamine	124-132	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
23227170-2	2012	The role of dopamine in novelty seeking, and the association between this trait and drug and alcohol abuse, led us to hypothesize that ghrelin may influence novelty seeking behavior.	Dopamine	12-20	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	135-142
23166710-4	2012	Ghrelin receptors (GHS-R1A) are expressed in these reward nodes and ghrelin administration into the LDTg increases accumbal dopamine, an effect involving nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the VTA.	Dopamine	124-132	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	68-75
23166710-6	2012	Here we show that ghrelin, administered peripherally or locally into the LDTg concomitantly increases ventral tegmental acetylcholine as well as accumbal dopamine release.	Acetylcholine	120-133	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
21930685-0	2011	Influence of fasting, insulin and glucose on ghrelin in the dorsal vagal complex in rats.	Glucose	34-41	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	45-52
23166710-6	2012	Here we show that ghrelin, administered peripherally or locally into the LDTg concomitantly increases ventral tegmental acetylcholine as well as accumbal dopamine release.	Dopamine	154-162	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
23166710-8	2012	In addition, local perfusion of the unselective nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine into the VTA blocks the ability of ghrelin (administered into the LDTg) to increase N.Acc.-dopamine, but not VTA-acetylcholine.	Mecamylamine	69-81	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	117-124
23166710-8	2012	In addition, local perfusion of the unselective nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine into the VTA blocks the ability of ghrelin (administered into the LDTg) to increase N.Acc.-dopamine, but not VTA-acetylcholine.	ldtg	148-152	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	117-124
23166710-8	2012	In addition, local perfusion of the unselective nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine into the VTA blocks the ability of ghrelin (administered into the LDTg) to increase N.Acc.-dopamine, but not VTA-acetylcholine.	n.acc.-dopamine	166-181	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	117-124
23166710-9	2012	Collectively our data indicate that ghrelin activates the LDTg causing a release of acetylcholine in the VTA, which in turn activates local nicotinic acetylcholine receptors causing a release of accumbal dopamine.	Acetylcholine	84-97	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
23166710-9	2012	Collectively our data indicate that ghrelin activates the LDTg causing a release of acetylcholine in the VTA, which in turn activates local nicotinic acetylcholine receptors causing a release of accumbal dopamine.	Dopamine	204-212	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
21903141-0	2011	Pharmacologic antagonism of ghrelin receptors attenuates development of nicotine induced locomotor sensitization in rats.	Nicotine	72-80	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	28-35
21903141-2	2011	Systemic GHR infusions augment cocaine stimulated locomotion and conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats, whereas genetic or pharmacological ablation of GHR-Rs has been shown to attenuate the acute locomotor-enhancing effects of nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine and alcohol and to blunt the CPP induced by food, alcohol, amphetamine and cocaine in mice.	Cocaine	31-38	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-12
21903141-8	2011	CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that GHR-R activity is required for the induction of locomotor sensitization to nicotine and complement an emerging literature implicating central GHR systems in drug reward/reinforcement.	Nicotine	115-123	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	40-43
21903141-8	2011	CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that GHR-R activity is required for the induction of locomotor sensitization to nicotine and complement an emerging literature implicating central GHR systems in drug reward/reinforcement.	Nicotine	115-123	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	182-185
21945915-0	2011	Ghrelin potentiates TSH-induced expression of the thyroid tissue-specific genes thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase and sodium-iodine symporter, in rat PC-Cl3 Cells.	Thyrotropin	20-23	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
21640759-0	2011	Hepatoprotective effect of ghrelin on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in rats.	Carbon Tetrachloride	38-58	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
21640759-1	2011	BACKGROUND &amp; AIMS: Recent studies have revealed that ghrelin may be an antioxidant and antiinflammatory agent.	Adenosine Monophosphate	12-15	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	57-64
21640759-3	2011	We investigated whether ghrelin plays a protective role against carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced acute liver injury in rats.	Carbon Tetrachloride	64-84	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	24-31
21640759-10	2011	Moreover, both ghrelin alone and ghrelin plus CCl(4) treatment elevated serum glucose level.	Glucose	78-85	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	15-22
21640759-10	2011	Moreover, both ghrelin alone and ghrelin plus CCl(4) treatment elevated serum glucose level.	Glucose	78-85	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
21874246-7	2011	In addition, ghrelin enhanced smooth muscle strip contraction induced by carbachol.	Carbachol	73-82	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
21377501-10	2011	When LPS administration was combined with ghrelin fever was attenuated, corticosterone secretion further increased, and the elevated preoptic PGE(2) levels were relatively reduced, but a correlation between these two variables (corticosterone and PGE(2)) failed to exist.	Prostaglandins E	142-145	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
21377501-10	2011	When LPS administration was combined with ghrelin fever was attenuated, corticosterone secretion further increased, and the elevated preoptic PGE(2) levels were relatively reduced, but a correlation between these two variables (corticosterone and PGE(2)) failed to exist.	Corticosterone	228-242	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
21377501-10	2011	When LPS administration was combined with ghrelin fever was attenuated, corticosterone secretion further increased, and the elevated preoptic PGE(2) levels were relatively reduced, but a correlation between these two variables (corticosterone and PGE(2)) failed to exist.	Prostaglandins E	247-250	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
21377501-12	2011	Moreover, our findings also support the notion that ghrelin attenuates fever by means of a direct effect of the peptide reducing PGE(2) production in the preoptic region.	Dinoprostone	129-135	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	52-59
22081645-0	2011	Insulin suppresses ghrelin-induced calcium signaling in neuropeptide Y neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus.	Calcium	35-42	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
21945915-0	2011	Ghrelin potentiates TSH-induced expression of the thyroid tissue-specific genes thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase and sodium-iodine symporter, in rat PC-Cl3 Cells.	Sodium iodine	115-128	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
21945915-5	2011	Finally, we have determined the stimulatory effect of ghrelin on TSH-induced expression of the tissue-specific key genes involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormone: thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase and sodium-iodine symporter.	Thyrotropin	65-68	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	54-61
21945915-5	2011	Finally, we have determined the stimulatory effect of ghrelin on TSH-induced expression of the tissue-specific key genes involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormone: thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase and sodium-iodine symporter.	Sodium iodine	202-215	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	54-61
22135911-1	2011	Antiserum YJC 13-31 against the rat ghrelin conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was produced in the rabbit and a double antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) for ghrelin has been developed.	yjc	10-13	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
21820473-0	2011	Ghrelin inhibited serotonin release from hippocampal slices.	Serotonin	18-27	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
21820473-3	2011	In our laboratory we have shown that (a) Ghr administration, either intracerebroventricular or directly into the hippocampus enhanced memory consolidation in a step down test in rats (b) the effect of Ghr upon memory decreases in animals pretreated with a serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor, Fluoxetine, suggesting that Ghr effects in the hippocampus could be related to the availability of 5-HT.	Serotonin	256-265	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	41-44
21820473-3	2011	In our laboratory we have shown that (a) Ghr administration, either intracerebroventricular or directly into the hippocampus enhanced memory consolidation in a step down test in rats (b) the effect of Ghr upon memory decreases in animals pretreated with a serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor, Fluoxetine, suggesting that Ghr effects in the hippocampus could be related to the availability of 5-HT.	Fluoxetine	293-303	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	41-44
22135911-8	2011	Gavage of saline was sufficient to raise serum ghrelin from 2.6 +/- 0.18 to 6.7 +/- 0.7 ng/ml (P &lt; 0.01).	Sodium Chloride	10-16	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	47-54
21839128-2	2011	The major active products of the ghrelin gene in the stomach of rats, mice and humans are 28-amino acid peptides acylated at the serine-3 position with an n-octanoyl group (C8:0), called simply ghrelin.	Serine	129-135	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
21839128-2	2011	The major active products of the ghrelin gene in the stomach of rats, mice and humans are 28-amino acid peptides acylated at the serine-3 position with an n-octanoyl group (C8:0), called simply ghrelin.	Serine	129-135	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	194-201
22135911-9	2011	Gavage with nonylphenol (NP) suppressed the elevation of serum ghrelin levels in a dose-dependent manner.	nonylphenol	12-23	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	63-70
22135911-9	2011	Gavage with nonylphenol (NP) suppressed the elevation of serum ghrelin levels in a dose-dependent manner.	nonylphenol	25-27	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	63-70
21784787-0	2011	Ghrelin reduces hypertonic saline intake in a variety of natriorexigenic conditions.	Sodium Chloride	27-33	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
22005105-0	2011	Ghrelin-attenuated cognitive dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.	Streptozocin	44-58	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
21874320-0	2011	Ghrelin reduces voltage-gated calcium currents in GH3 cells via cyclic GMP pathways.	Calcium	30-37	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
21874320-0	2011	Ghrelin reduces voltage-gated calcium currents in GH3 cells via cyclic GMP pathways.	Cyclic GMP	64-74	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
21784787-2	2011	More recent studies show that ghrelin reduces water intake in rats and some non-mammalian species.	Water	46-51	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
21784787-3	2011	Despite the importance of the regulation of NaCl intake in body fluid homeostasis, the effects of ghrelin on saline intake have not been investigated.	Sodium Chloride	109-115	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	98-105
21784787-5	2011	We found that ghrelin attenuated saline intake stimulated by angiotensin II, by water deprivation followed by partial rehydration and by dietary sodium deficiency.	Sodium Chloride	33-39	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	14-21
21784787-5	2011	We found that ghrelin attenuated saline intake stimulated by angiotensin II, by water deprivation followed by partial rehydration and by dietary sodium deficiency.	Water	80-85	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	14-21
21784787-5	2011	We found that ghrelin attenuated saline intake stimulated by angiotensin II, by water deprivation followed by partial rehydration and by dietary sodium deficiency.	Sodium	145-151	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	14-21
21784787-7	2011	The finding that ghrelin reduced hypertonic saline intake in some, but not all, natriorexigenic conditions mirrors the previously published findings that in one-bottle tests of drinking, ghrelin reduces water intake in only some conditions.	Sodium Chloride	44-50	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
21784787-7	2011	The finding that ghrelin reduced hypertonic saline intake in some, but not all, natriorexigenic conditions mirrors the previously published findings that in one-bottle tests of drinking, ghrelin reduces water intake in only some conditions.	Water	203-208	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
21784787-7	2011	The finding that ghrelin reduced hypertonic saline intake in some, but not all, natriorexigenic conditions mirrors the previously published findings that in one-bottle tests of drinking, ghrelin reduces water intake in only some conditions.	Water	203-208	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	187-194
21617846-6	2011	Compared with the control group, ghrelin mRNA expression was up-regulated and the myocardium calcium content was significantly increased in vitamin D3 and nicotine-treated rats.	Cholecalciferol	140-150	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
21617846-6	2011	Compared with the control group, ghrelin mRNA expression was up-regulated and the myocardium calcium content was significantly increased in vitamin D3 and nicotine-treated rats.	Nicotine	155-163	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
21617846-11	2011	These results indicate that exogenous administration with ghrelin attenuates myocardial calcification induced by nicotine and vitamin D3, and that the possible mechanism is via the ghrelin-induced increase in the OPN mRNA levels and decrease in the ET-1 mRNA expression in the myocardium.	Nicotine	113-121	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	58-65
21617846-11	2011	These results indicate that exogenous administration with ghrelin attenuates myocardial calcification induced by nicotine and vitamin D3, and that the possible mechanism is via the ghrelin-induced increase in the OPN mRNA levels and decrease in the ET-1 mRNA expression in the myocardium.	Nicotine	113-121	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	181-188
21617846-11	2011	These results indicate that exogenous administration with ghrelin attenuates myocardial calcification induced by nicotine and vitamin D3, and that the possible mechanism is via the ghrelin-induced increase in the OPN mRNA levels and decrease in the ET-1 mRNA expression in the myocardium.	Cholecalciferol	126-136	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	58-65
21617846-11	2011	These results indicate that exogenous administration with ghrelin attenuates myocardial calcification induced by nicotine and vitamin D3, and that the possible mechanism is via the ghrelin-induced increase in the OPN mRNA levels and decrease in the ET-1 mRNA expression in the myocardium.	Cholecalciferol	126-136	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	181-188
21640160-0	2011	6-Hydroxydopamine lesions of the ventral tegmental area suppress ghrelin"s ability to elicit food-reinforced behavior.	Oxidopamine	0-17	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
21788571-0	2011	Ghrelin attenuates cAMP-PKA signaling to evoke insulinostatic cascade in islet beta-cells.	Cyclic AMP	19-23	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
21788571-6	2011	RESULTS: Ghrelin suppressed glucose (8.3 mmol/L)-induced insulin release in rat perfused pancreas and isolated islets, and these effects of ghrelin were blunted in the presence of cAMP analogs or adenylate cyclase inhibitor.	Glucose	28-35	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
21788571-7	2011	Glucose-induced cAMP production in isolated islets was attenuated by ghrelin and enhanced by ghrelin receptor antagonist and anti-ghrelin antiserum, which counteract endogenous islet-derived ghrelin.	Glucose	0-7	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	69-76
21788571-7	2011	Glucose-induced cAMP production in isolated islets was attenuated by ghrelin and enhanced by ghrelin receptor antagonist and anti-ghrelin antiserum, which counteract endogenous islet-derived ghrelin.	Cyclic AMP	16-20	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	69-76
21788571-10	2011	CONCLUSIONS: Ghrelin directly interacts with islet beta-cells to attenuate glucose-induced cAMP production and PKA activation, which lead to activation of Kv channels and suppression of glucose-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase and insulin release.	Glucose	75-82	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
21788571-10	2011	CONCLUSIONS: Ghrelin directly interacts with islet beta-cells to attenuate glucose-induced cAMP production and PKA activation, which lead to activation of Kv channels and suppression of glucose-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase and insulin release.	Cyclic AMP	91-95	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
21788571-10	2011	CONCLUSIONS: Ghrelin directly interacts with islet beta-cells to attenuate glucose-induced cAMP production and PKA activation, which lead to activation of Kv channels and suppression of glucose-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase and insulin release.	Glucose	186-193	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
21763741-6	2011	Whole-cell recording revealed that ghrelin depolarized DRN neurons dose-dependently in tetrodotoxin-containing artificial cerebrospinal fluid (TTX ACSF).	Tetrodotoxin	87-99	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	35-42
21763741-7	2011	Pretreatment with [D-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6, a selective antagonist for GHS-Rs, antagonized the ghrelin-induced depolarization.	GHRP-6, Lys(3)-	18-35	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	88-95
21763741-8	2011	The depolarization was significantly reduced in a low-Na(+) TTX ACSF and in a high-K(+) TTX ACSF and was abolished in the combination of both ACSFs, suggesting that the ghrelin-induced depolarization is mediated by a dual ionic mechanism including an increase in nonselective cationic conductance and a decrease in K(+) conductance.	Tetrodotoxin	56-63	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	169-176
21763741-8	2011	The depolarization was significantly reduced in a low-Na(+) TTX ACSF and in a high-K(+) TTX ACSF and was abolished in the combination of both ACSFs, suggesting that the ghrelin-induced depolarization is mediated by a dual ionic mechanism including an increase in nonselective cationic conductance and a decrease in K(+) conductance.	Tetrodotoxin	84-91	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	169-176
21846463-0	2011	10-Gingerol, a component of rikkunshito, improves cisplatin-induced anorexia by inhibiting acylated ghrelin degradation.	gingerol	0-11	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	100-107
21846463-0	2011	10-Gingerol, a component of rikkunshito, improves cisplatin-induced anorexia by inhibiting acylated ghrelin degradation.	Cisplatin	50-59	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	100-107
21846463-3	2011	RKT inhibited decreases in plasma ghrelin level and enhanced acyl- to desacyl-ghrelin (A/D) ratio in cisplatin-treated rats.	Cisplatin	101-110	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	78-85
21846463-5	2011	In addition, 10-gingerol, a component of RKT, inhibited exogenous ghrelin deacylation.	gingerol	13-24	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	66-73
21392542-2	2011	Recently, the orexigenic peptide ghrelin was shown to be required for alcohol-induced reward, an effect mediated via ghrelin receptors, GHS-R1A, at the level of the cholinergic-dopaminergic reward link.	Alcohols	70-77	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
21392542-2	2011	Recently, the orexigenic peptide ghrelin was shown to be required for alcohol-induced reward, an effect mediated via ghrelin receptors, GHS-R1A, at the level of the cholinergic-dopaminergic reward link.	Alcohols	70-77	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	117-124
21392542-8	2011	Furthermore, the AA rats had significantly smaller reduction of plasma ghrelin levels over time, after several weeks of alcohol exposure, than had the ANA rats.	Alcohols	120-127	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	71-78
21392542-9	2011	The present study provides further evidence for that the ghrelin signalling system, in particular at the level of the mesocortocolimbic dopamine system, is involved in alcohol consumption, and thus possibly contributes to alcohol use disorder.	Dopamine	136-144	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	57-64
21392542-9	2011	The present study provides further evidence for that the ghrelin signalling system, in particular at the level of the mesocortocolimbic dopamine system, is involved in alcohol consumption, and thus possibly contributes to alcohol use disorder.	Alcohols	168-175	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	57-64
21642627-8	2011	Intravitreal delivery of [Dap3]-ghrelin during OIR significantly reduces retinal vessel loss when administered during the hyperoxic phase.	[dap3]	25-31	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
21640160-8	2011	We conclude that the metabolic peptide ghrelin interacts with dopamine, within reward circuitry, to modulate appetitive behavior.	Dopamine	62-70	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	39-46
21435395-0	2011	Acylated and unacylated ghrelin attenuate isoproterenol-induced lipolysis in isolated rat visceral adipocytes through activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma and phosphodiesterase 3B.	Isoproterenol	42-55	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	24-31
21354264-1	2011	Here we review recent advances that identify a role for the central ghrelin signalling system in reward from both natural rewards (such as food) and artificial rewards (that include alcohol and drugs of abuse).	Alcohols	182-189	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	68-75
21354264-8	2011	Furthermore, variations in the GHS-R1A and pro-ghrelin genes have been associated with high alcohol consumption, smoking and increased weight gain in alcohol dependent individuals as well as with bulimia nervosa and obesity.	Alcohols	92-99	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	47-54
21354264-8	2011	Furthermore, variations in the GHS-R1A and pro-ghrelin genes have been associated with high alcohol consumption, smoking and increased weight gain in alcohol dependent individuals as well as with bulimia nervosa and obesity.	Alcohols	150-157	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	47-54
21204602-0	2011	Role of ghrelin on testosterone secretion and the mRNA expression of androgen receptors in adult rat testis.	Testosterone	19-31	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	8-15
21107779-7	2011	The concentration of L-Arg was significantly higher in ghrelin-treated rats than in control while arginase activity was significantly lower in ghrelin-treated than in control hearts.	Arginine	21-26	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	55-62
21514337-1	2011	Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs) receptor (GHS-R), increases adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol (corticosterone) as well as GH secretion in humans and animals.	Corticosterone	140-154	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
21320265-7	2011	RESULTS: Hyperserotoninergic rats had significantly lower body weight (-7.4 and -6.8%) and plasma leptin levels (-44 and -38%) than controls, after both short- and long-term serotonin treatment, respectively, whereas plasma ghrelin levels were unaffected.	Serotonin	14-23	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	224-231
21204602-1	2011	The present study was designed to determine the effects of ghrelin on in vivo and in vitro secretion of testosterone (T) and the expression of androgen receptor (AR) mRNA in the adult rat testis.	Testosterone	104-116	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	59-66
21291937-1	2011	Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a), and consists of 28 amino acid residues with octanoyl modification at Ser(3).	octanoyl	131-139	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
21713709-5	2011	RESULTS: In vitro, ghrelin enhanced the contraction of smooth muscle strips in the presence of carbachol, and the differences in contraction induced by different concentrations of ghrelin(0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mumol/L) were statistically significant [(223+-18)%, (245+-22)%, (264+-25)%, P&lt;0.01].	Carbachol	95-104	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
21046141-1	2011	Ghrelin and exercise have been known to stimulate the release of growth hormone which is related to the glucose metabolism.	Glucose	104-111	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
21291937-1	2011	Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a), and consists of 28 amino acid residues with octanoyl modification at Ser(3).	Serine	156-159	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
21291937-2	2011	The previous studies have revealed that N-terminal part of ghrelin including modified Ser(3) is the active core for the activation of GHS-R1a.	Serine	86-90	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	59-66
21291937-6	2011	Although the lack of C-terminal two amino acids did not modify PK profile and GH releasing activity, the deletion of C-terminal 8 and 20 amino acids affected them, and ghrelin(1-7)-Lys-NH(2) exhibited very short plasma half-life and low GH releasing activity in vivo.	Lysine	181-184	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	168-175
21291937-7	2011	In rat plasma, ghrelin(1-7)-Lys-NH(2) was degraded more rapidly than ghrelin, suggesting that C-terminal part of ghrelin protected octanoylation of Ser(3) from plasma esterases.	Lysine	28-31	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	15-22
21291937-7	2011	In rat plasma, ghrelin(1-7)-Lys-NH(2) was degraded more rapidly than ghrelin, suggesting that C-terminal part of ghrelin protected octanoylation of Ser(3) from plasma esterases.	Serine	148-151	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	15-22
21335062-6	2011	We found that motivated behavior for a sucrose reward, assessed in an operant conditioning paradigm in rats, was increased when ghrelin was microinjected directly into the VTA but not into the NAcc.	Sucrose	39-46	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	128-135
21386086-7	2011	RESULTS: The central pretreatment with Ex527, a potent SIRT1 inhibitor, blunted the ghrelin-induced food intake in rats.	6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide	39-44	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	84-91
21490225-6	2011	In humans, systemic ghrelin infusions significantly enhanced sniff magnitudes in response to both food and nonfood odorants and air in comparison to control saline infusions but did not affect the pleasantness ratings of odors.	Sodium Chloride	157-163	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	20-27
21241769-2	2011	Here, we investigated the effects of acyl-ghrelin neutralization with the acyl-ghrelin-binding compound NOX-B11(2) during the fasting-refeeding cycle.	NOX-B11	104-111	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	79-86
21443714-2	2011	Three ghrelin gene products participate in modulating appetite, adipogenesis, glucose metabolism, cell proliferation, immune, sleep, memory, anxiety, cognition, and stress.	Glucose	78-85	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	6-13
21443714-5	2011	ICV and IV administration of des-acyl ghrelin disrupted fasted motor activity in the antrum.	icv	0-3	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	38-45
21443714-6	2011	Changes in gastric motility induced by IV administration of des-acyl ghrelin were antagonized by ICV administration of a corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) 2 receptor antagonist.	icv	97-100	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	69-76
21515456-3	2011	After a 18-h fasting, the rats with or without pretreatment with D-Lys(3)-GHRP-6 were given subcutaneous injections of ghrelin at different doses to observe the changes in duodenal MMC recorded using a multi lead physiological recording system.	GHRP-6, Lys(3)-	65-80	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	119-126
21241769-4	2011	Analysis of enzymes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism in liver of fed, fasted and refed rats revealed that neutralization of acyl-ghrelin resulted in minor decreases in the enzymes of glycolytic and lipogenic pathways during fasting.	Glucose	32-39	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	137-144
21448464-6	2011	In the present study a group of alcohol-consuming individuals selected from a population cohort was investigated for genetic variants of the ghrelin signalling system in relation to both their alcohol and sucrose consumption.	Alcohols	32-39	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	141-148
21448464-6	2011	In the present study a group of alcohol-consuming individuals selected from a population cohort was investigated for genetic variants of the ghrelin signalling system in relation to both their alcohol and sucrose consumption.	Alcohols	193-200	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	141-148
21448464-6	2011	In the present study a group of alcohol-consuming individuals selected from a population cohort was investigated for genetic variants of the ghrelin signalling system in relation to both their alcohol and sucrose consumption.	Sucrose	205-212	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	141-148
21448464-9	2011	Here we found associations with the ghrelin gene haplotypes and increased sucrose consumption, and a trend for the same association was seen in the high alcohol consumers.	Sucrose	74-81	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
21448464-9	2011	Here we found associations with the ghrelin gene haplotypes and increased sucrose consumption, and a trend for the same association was seen in the high alcohol consumers.	Alcohols	153-160	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
21448464-11	2011	Further, ghrelin increases the intake of sucrose in rats.	Sucrose	41-48	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
21220707-0	2011	Intrarenal ghrelin infusion stimulates distal nephron-dependent sodium reabsorption in normal rats.	Sodium	64-70	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-18
21056063-8	2011	Olanzapine increased circulating ghrelin and cholecystokinin, but had no effect on peptide YY((3-36)).	Olanzapine	0-10	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
21194528-0	2011	Ghrelin protects H9c2 cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis through NF-kappaB and mitochondria-mediated signaling.	Hydrogen Peroxide	33-50	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
21194528-2	2011	Herein we investigate the protective effects of ghrelin in H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis of H9c2 cells, as well as the possible molecular mechanisms involved.	Hydrogen Peroxide	59-67	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	48-55
21194528-7	2011	We observed a dose-dependent rescue of H9c2 cells from H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis in the presence of different ghrelin concentrations.	Hydrogen Peroxide	55-63	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	111-118
21194528-8	2011	Preincubation with ghrelin also restored the ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential levels that had been altered by H(2)O(2) treatment.	Reactive Oxygen Species	45-48	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
21194528-8	2011	Preincubation with ghrelin also restored the ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential levels that had been altered by H(2)O(2) treatment.	Hydrogen Peroxide	118-126	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
21194528-9	2011	Moreover, ghrelin decreased H(2)O(2)-induced Bax production and caspase-9 activation, and increased Bcl-2 levels.	Hydrogen Peroxide	28-36	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-17
21194528-10	2011	NF-kappaB phosphorylation was also significantly inhibited by ghrelin in H(2)O(2)-treated cells.	Hydrogen Peroxide	73-81	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	62-69
21194528-11	2011	Caspase-3 activation was suppressed by ghrelin in H(2)O(2)-treated H9c2 cells in a dose-dependent manner.	Hydrogen Peroxide	50-58	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	39-46
21461072-3	2011	The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of DA-9601 on ghrelin in an acute gastric injury model induced by alcohol or indomethacin.	Alcohols	119-126	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	67-74
21461072-3	2011	The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of DA-9601 on ghrelin in an acute gastric injury model induced by alcohol or indomethacin.	Indomethacin	130-142	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	67-74
21461072-7	2011	RESULTS: Immediately after ethanol administration, ghrelin increased in both groups pretreated with DA-9601 and placebo.	Ethanol	27-34	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
21461072-10	2011	CONCLUSIONS: DA-9601 potentiates the endogenous production and secretion of ghrelin in acute gastric injury models induced by ethanol or indomethacin.	Ethanol	126-133	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
21461072-10	2011	CONCLUSIONS: DA-9601 potentiates the endogenous production and secretion of ghrelin in acute gastric injury models induced by ethanol or indomethacin.	Indomethacin	137-149	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
21490406-4	2011	Here, we report that acylated ghrelin inhibited tunicamycin- or thapsigargin-triggered ER stress-induced apoptotic cell death in primary rat cortical neurons.	Tunicamycin	48-59	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
21172362-9	2011	In addition, OEA induced peripheral changes in gut peptides, with marked effects on PYY and Ghrelin.	oleoylethanolamide	13-16	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	92-99
21167869-8	2011	Notably, ghrelin caused a partial recovery in all of the above-mentioned parameters and accelerated testicular regeneration process by day 30 compared to the heat-saline group (P&lt;0.05).	Sodium Chloride	163-169	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
21426792-5	2011	CONCLUSION: Long-term isocaloric high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet can reduce body weight and visceral fat, increase the expression of ghrelin, and decline GLP-1 expression in diet-induced obesity rats.	Carbohydrates	51-63	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	137-144
21073908-0	2011	Protective role of ghrelin against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced coagulation disturbances in rats.	Carbon Tetrachloride	35-55	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
21418984-0	2011	[Expression of neuropeptides ghrelin and Nesfatin-1 in kainic acid kindling rats].	Kainic Acid	55-66	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	29-36
21418984-1	2011	OBJECTIVE: To observed the post-seizure expression level of neuropeptides ghrelin and Nesfatin-1 between the untreated and treated groups in kainic acid-kindling rats and understand the significance of their basic expressions.	Kainic Acid	141-152	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	74-81
21418984-7	2011	The expression of ghrelin became elevated at all stages in the VPA group.	Valproic Acid	63-66	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
20596792-4	2011	In this model, a high-salt diet induced high blood pressure and increased ghrelin levels but reduced food intake.	Salts	22-26	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	74-81
20596792-5	2011	In salt-sensitive hypertension, cumulative food intake decreased, while both ghrelin messenger RNA levels and plasma ghrelin content increased.	Salts	3-7	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	77-84
21490406-4	2011	Here, we report that acylated ghrelin inhibited tunicamycin- or thapsigargin-triggered ER stress-induced apoptotic cell death in primary rat cortical neurons.	Thapsigargin	64-76	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
21490406-5	2011	An analysis using a specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), LY294002, showed that ghrelin prevented apoptosis via the activation of PI3K signaling pathway.	2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	80-88	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	102-109
21490406-8	2011	Exposure of cells to tunicamycin or thapsigargin resulted in nuclear translocation of forkhead box protein O1 (Foxo1), which was reduced by pretreatment with ghrelin.	Tunicamycin	21-32	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	158-165
21490406-8	2011	Exposure of cells to tunicamycin or thapsigargin resulted in nuclear translocation of forkhead box protein O1 (Foxo1), which was reduced by pretreatment with ghrelin.	Thapsigargin	36-48	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	158-165
21490406-11	2011	In addition, phospho-Akt was translocated to the nucleus in response to ghrelin and PI3K inhibition by LY294002 prevented ghrelin-induced effect on phospho-Akt localization.	2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	103-111	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	122-129
21778696-0	2011	GSK1614343, a novel ghrelin receptor antagonist, produces an unexpected increase of food intake and body weight in rodents and dogs.	N'-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-(hexahydropyrrolo(1,2-a)pyrazin-2(1H)-yl)-2-(3-pyridinyl)ethanohydrazide	0-10	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	20-27
21778696-4	2011	In the present study, GSK1614343 (10 mg/kg) was not able to antagonize ghrelin-induced food consumption in rat, but unexpectedly stimulated FI and BW gain in both rats and dogs, a profile associated with decreased ghrelin plasma level.	N'-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-(hexahydropyrrolo(1,2-a)pyrazin-2(1H)-yl)-2-(3-pyridinyl)ethanohydrazide	22-32	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	214-221
20933579-2	2010	Ghrelin regulates mesolimbic dopamine neurons projecting from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens, partly via cholinergic VTA afferents originating in the laterodorsal tegmental area (LDTg).	Dopamine	29-37	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
22102869-0	2011	Ghrelin and its analogues, BIM-28131 and BIM-28125, improve body weight and regulate the expression of MuRF-1 and MAFbx in a rat heart failure model.	bim	27-30	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
22102869-0	2011	Ghrelin and its analogues, BIM-28131 and BIM-28125, improve body weight and regulate the expression of MuRF-1 and MAFbx in a rat heart failure model.	bim	41-44	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
22039445-0	2011	High-fat diet with acyl-ghrelin treatment leads to weight gain with low inflammation, high oxidative capacity and normal triglycerides in rat muscle.	Triglycerides	121-134	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	24-31
22039445-3	2011	The gastric orexigenic hormone acylated ghrelin (A-Ghr) has antiinflammatory effects in vitro and it lowers muscle triglycerides while modulating mitochondrial oxidative capacity in lean rodents.	Triglycerides	115-128	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	40-47
22039445-10	2011	Ghrelin administration following high-fat feeding results in a novel model of weight gain with low inflammation, high mitochondrial enzyme activities and normalized triglycerides in skeletal muscle.	Triglycerides	165-178	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
20933579-8	2010	ghrelin-induced food intake was suppressed by mecamylamine i.p.	Mecamylamine	46-58	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
21119572-0	2010	Ghrelin inhibits apoptosis induced by palmitate in rat aortic endothelial cells.	Palmitates	38-47	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
20450938-0	2010	The different satiating capacity of CHO and fats can be mediated by different effects on leptin and ghrelin systems.	CAV protocol	36-39	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	100-107
20450938-2	2010	Here we aimed to assess whether changes in leptin and ghrelin systems can be involved in the different satiating capacities of carbohydrates (CHO) and fat.	Carbohydrates	127-140	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	54-61
20972719-0	2010	Nitric oxide inhibits ghrelin-induced cell proliferation and ERK1/2 activation in GH3 cells.	Nitric Oxide	0-12	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
20972719-2	2010	Nitric oxide can influence the stimulatory effects of ghrelin on growth hormone secretion in growth hormone-releasing adenomas.	Nitric Oxide	0-12	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	54-61
20972719-4	2010	In this study, we observed that ghrelin, at a concentration of 10-9 to 10-6 M, significantly increased BrdU incorporation into rat GH3 cells.	Bromodeoxyuridine	103-107	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
20972719-5	2010	A NO donor, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), blunted basal, and ghrelin-induced cell proliferation.	S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine	12-43	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	71-78
20972719-5	2010	A NO donor, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), blunted basal, and ghrelin-induced cell proliferation.	S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine	45-49	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	71-78
20450938-2	2010	Here we aimed to assess whether changes in leptin and ghrelin systems can be involved in the different satiating capacities of carbohydrates (CHO) and fat.	CAV protocol	142-145	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	54-61
21119572-4	2010	We investigated the effect of ghrelin on palmitate-induced apoptosis in rat aortic endothelial cells and the involved transduction pathway.	Palmitates	41-50	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
21119572-10	2010	Ghrelin attenuated palmitate-induced apoptosis in endothelial cells.	Palmitates	19-28	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
21119572-13	2010	Phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002, extenuated the antiapoptotic effect of ghrelin.	2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	49-57	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	98-105
21119572-14	2010	Reactive oxygen species levels were increased by palmitate, but this effect was inhibited by ghrelin.	Reactive Oxygen Species	0-23	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	93-100
21119572-14	2010	Reactive oxygen species levels were increased by palmitate, but this effect was inhibited by ghrelin.	Palmitates	49-58	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	93-100
21119572-16	2010	CONCLUSIONS: Ghrelin inhibits palmitate-induced apoptosis involved in activating the PI3K/Akt pathway and suppressing palmitate-induced oxidative stress in endothelial cells.	Palmitates	30-39	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
21119572-16	2010	CONCLUSIONS: Ghrelin inhibits palmitate-induced apoptosis involved in activating the PI3K/Akt pathway and suppressing palmitate-induced oxidative stress in endothelial cells.	Palmitates	118-127	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
21119572-17	2010	Ghrelin may be protective against palmitate-induced endothelial injury.	Palmitates	34-43	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
20573591-0	2010	Hypothalamic paraventricular 5-hydroxytryptamine inhibits the effects of ghrelin on eating and energy substrate utilization.	Serotonin	29-48	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	73-80
20817059-7	2010	Desacyl ghrelin (DAG) was derived from total minus AG.	ghrelin, des-n-octanoyl	17-20	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	8-15
20571831-3	2010	In the present study, we compared desacyl and acyl ghrelin with regard to acid secretion and histamine production in the rat stomach.	Histamine	93-102	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
20571831-13	2010	CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that acyl ghrelin stimulates gastric acid secretion via a mechanism involving activation of the vagus nerve and histamine release and synthesis and that desacyl ghrelin has no action on gastric acid secretion.	Histamine	146-155	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-51
20571831-14	2010	Furthermore, the results demonstrate synergism between gastrin and acyl ghrelin in terms of gastric acid secretion via a mechanism involving histamine release and synthesis.	Histamine	141-150	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	72-79
20573591-7	2010	PVN injections of ghrelin increased food intake and increased RQ, reflecting a shift in energy substrate utilization in favor of carbohydrate oxidation.	Carbohydrates	129-141	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
20691233-3	2010	In the present study, we investigated the roles of ghrelin and obestatin on mast cell degranulation and found that both ghrelin and obestatin induce the release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells.	Ghrelin	63-72	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	120-127
20691233-3	2010	In the present study, we investigated the roles of ghrelin and obestatin on mast cell degranulation and found that both ghrelin and obestatin induce the release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells.	Ghrelin	132-141	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
20727930-0	2010	Protective effect of ghrelin on acetaminophen-induced liver injury in rat.	Acetaminophen	32-45	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	21-28
20727930-9	2010	Although NAC (the standard antidote of acetaminophen toxicity) also reduced ALT, AST and TNF-alpha levels, our results show that ghrelin is more potent than NAC in protecting the liver from acetaminophen-induced liver injury.	Acetaminophen	190-203	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	129-136
20727930-4	2010	The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective role of ghrelin in liver toxicity due to acetaminophen overdose.	Acetaminophen	94-107	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	61-68
20727930-9	2010	Although NAC (the standard antidote of acetaminophen toxicity) also reduced ALT, AST and TNF-alpha levels, our results show that ghrelin is more potent than NAC in protecting the liver from acetaminophen-induced liver injury.	Acetaminophen	39-52	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	129-136
20691233-3	2010	In the present study, we investigated the roles of ghrelin and obestatin on mast cell degranulation and found that both ghrelin and obestatin induce the release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells.	Histamine	164-173	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
20691233-3	2010	In the present study, we investigated the roles of ghrelin and obestatin on mast cell degranulation and found that both ghrelin and obestatin induce the release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells.	Histamine	164-173	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	120-127
20691233-5	2010	Rat peritoneal mast cells and rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells did not express the ghrelin receptor GHSR1a, suggesting that histamine release induced by ghrelin occurs via a receptor-independent mechanism.	Histamine	131-140	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	160-167
20685872-0	2010	Identification and characterization of acyl-protein thioesterase 1/lysophospholipase I as a ghrelin deacylation/lysophospholipid hydrolyzing enzyme in fetal bovine serum and conditioned medium.	Lysophospholipids	112-128	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	92-99
20685872-1	2010	Ghrelin contains an octanoic acid at the third residue serine, and the presence of octanoic acid on ghrelin is critical to its physiological functions.	octanoic acid	20-33	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
20685872-1	2010	Ghrelin contains an octanoic acid at the third residue serine, and the presence of octanoic acid on ghrelin is critical to its physiological functions.	octanoic acid	83-96	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	100-107
20685872-4	2010	Chromatographic separation showed a 24-kDa band on SDS-PAGE corresponding to ghrelin deacylation activity, and the protein band was identified as acyl-protein thioesterase 1 (APT1)/lysophospholipase I.	Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate	51-54	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	77-84
20685872-1	2010	Ghrelin contains an octanoic acid at the third residue serine, and the presence of octanoic acid on ghrelin is critical to its physiological functions.	Serine	55-61	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
21122278-7	2010	UCP2 mRNA expression was down-regulated by ghrelin in the presence of 26.4 mM glucose, however it was unchanged after obestatin treatment.	Glucose	78-85	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	43-50
20631048-4	2010	Chronic infusion of ethanol into the stomach for 3 weeks in free-feeding rats caused widespread injury of the stomach mucosa, and increased both plasma ghrelin levels and the number of ghrelin cells.	Ethanol	20-27	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	152-159
20631048-4	2010	Chronic infusion of ethanol into the stomach for 3 weeks in free-feeding rats caused widespread injury of the stomach mucosa, and increased both plasma ghrelin levels and the number of ghrelin cells.	Ethanol	20-27	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	185-192
20631048-7	2010	Although insulin decreased and 20% glucose increased plasma glucose levels, they both decreased plasma ghrelin levels.	Glucose	35-42	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	103-110
20631048-9	2010	These results indicate that 1) acyl-ghrelin secretion from the stomach under fasting condition is suppressed by nutrients but not by mechanical expansion of the stomach; 2) high and low environmental temperature, stress, or administration of insulin reciprocally affect plasma levels of ghrelin and leptin; and 3) an increase of stomach ghrelin cell number and plasma ghrelin levels after chronic ethanol treatment may be involved in restoration of gastric mucosae.	Ethanol	397-404	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	287-294
20631048-9	2010	These results indicate that 1) acyl-ghrelin secretion from the stomach under fasting condition is suppressed by nutrients but not by mechanical expansion of the stomach; 2) high and low environmental temperature, stress, or administration of insulin reciprocally affect plasma levels of ghrelin and leptin; and 3) an increase of stomach ghrelin cell number and plasma ghrelin levels after chronic ethanol treatment may be involved in restoration of gastric mucosae.	Ethanol	397-404	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	287-294
20631048-9	2010	These results indicate that 1) acyl-ghrelin secretion from the stomach under fasting condition is suppressed by nutrients but not by mechanical expansion of the stomach; 2) high and low environmental temperature, stress, or administration of insulin reciprocally affect plasma levels of ghrelin and leptin; and 3) an increase of stomach ghrelin cell number and plasma ghrelin levels after chronic ethanol treatment may be involved in restoration of gastric mucosae.	Ethanol	397-404	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	287-294
20437258-4	2010	The major form of caprine ghrelin is a 27 amino acid peptide that is octanoylated (C8:0) at Ser(3) and lacks Gln(14), which is present in rat and human ghrelin.	Norleucine	18-25	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
21081795-10	2010	Intraluminal application of melatonin, its precursor: L-tryptophan, leptin or ghrelin dose-dependently increased plasma CCK level.	Melatonin	28-37	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	78-85
20600421-1	2010	The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of long-term exposure to low leptin and high ghrelin levels, inherent to activity-based anorexia (ABA), on peripheral metabolism-implicated tissues such as muscle and fat depots.	alisol B 23-acetate	153-156	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	100-107
20600421-3	2010	Our results confirm that feeding restriction to 1 h per day, and particularly the combination of this fasting regime with exercise (ABA), significantly reduces fat mass, decreases leptin circulating levels, increases ghrelin levels strikingly and enhances insulin sensitivity.	alisol B 23-acetate	132-135	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	217-224
20553917-7	2010	When ghrelin (1 nM) and obestatin (1 nM) were co-perfused, we observed that ghrelin reversed obestatin-induced inhibition of dopamine release, and obestatin was able to block ghrelin-induced inhibition of serotonin release.	Ghrelin	24-33	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
20553917-7	2010	When ghrelin (1 nM) and obestatin (1 nM) were co-perfused, we observed that ghrelin reversed obestatin-induced inhibition of dopamine release, and obestatin was able to block ghrelin-induced inhibition of serotonin release.	Ghrelin	24-33	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
20553917-7	2010	When ghrelin (1 nM) and obestatin (1 nM) were co-perfused, we observed that ghrelin reversed obestatin-induced inhibition of dopamine release, and obestatin was able to block ghrelin-induced inhibition of serotonin release.	Ghrelin	93-102	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	5-12
20553917-7	2010	When ghrelin (1 nM) and obestatin (1 nM) were co-perfused, we observed that ghrelin reversed obestatin-induced inhibition of dopamine release, and obestatin was able to block ghrelin-induced inhibition of serotonin release.	Ghrelin	93-102	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
20553917-7	2010	When ghrelin (1 nM) and obestatin (1 nM) were co-perfused, we observed that ghrelin reversed obestatin-induced inhibition of dopamine release, and obestatin was able to block ghrelin-induced inhibition of serotonin release.	Ghrelin	93-102	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
20553917-7	2010	When ghrelin (1 nM) and obestatin (1 nM) were co-perfused, we observed that ghrelin reversed obestatin-induced inhibition of dopamine release, and obestatin was able to block ghrelin-induced inhibition of serotonin release.	Dopamine	125-133	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
20553917-7	2010	When ghrelin (1 nM) and obestatin (1 nM) were co-perfused, we observed that ghrelin reversed obestatin-induced inhibition of dopamine release, and obestatin was able to block ghrelin-induced inhibition of serotonin release.	Dopamine	125-133	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
20553917-7	2010	When ghrelin (1 nM) and obestatin (1 nM) were co-perfused, we observed that ghrelin reversed obestatin-induced inhibition of dopamine release, and obestatin was able to block ghrelin-induced inhibition of serotonin release.	Ghrelin	93-102	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	5-12
20553917-7	2010	When ghrelin (1 nM) and obestatin (1 nM) were co-perfused, we observed that ghrelin reversed obestatin-induced inhibition of dopamine release, and obestatin was able to block ghrelin-induced inhibition of serotonin release.	Ghrelin	93-102	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
20553917-7	2010	When ghrelin (1 nM) and obestatin (1 nM) were co-perfused, we observed that ghrelin reversed obestatin-induced inhibition of dopamine release, and obestatin was able to block ghrelin-induced inhibition of serotonin release.	Ghrelin	93-102	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
20553917-8	2010	We can conclude that obestatin plays an anorectic role in the hypothalamus which could be partially mediated by the acute inhibition of dopamine release, with the possible involvement of antagonism of the hypothalamic serotonin inhibitory effects of ghrelin.	Ghrelin	21-30	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	250-257
20437258-4	2010	The major form of caprine ghrelin is a 27 amino acid peptide that is octanoylated (C8:0) at Ser(3) and lacks Gln(14), which is present in rat and human ghrelin.	amino acid peptide	42-60	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
20437258-4	2010	The major form of caprine ghrelin is a 27 amino acid peptide that is octanoylated (C8:0) at Ser(3) and lacks Gln(14), which is present in rat and human ghrelin.	Serine	92-95	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
20437258-4	2010	The major form of caprine ghrelin is a 27 amino acid peptide that is octanoylated (C8:0) at Ser(3) and lacks Gln(14), which is present in rat and human ghrelin.	Glutamine	109-112	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
20335227-0	2010	Ghrelin effects on neuropeptides in the rat hypothalamus depend on fatty acid metabolism actions on BSX but not on gender.	Fatty Acids	67-77	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
20451534-5	2010	Moreover, pre-administration of NG-nitro-l-arginine (l-NOArg) in the hippocampus partially prevented the Ghr-induced memory improvement, abolished the increase in NOS activity, and prevented the decreased threshold to generate LTP induced by Ghr.	Nitroarginine	32-51	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	105-108
20451534-5	2010	Moreover, pre-administration of NG-nitro-l-arginine (l-NOArg) in the hippocampus partially prevented the Ghr-induced memory improvement, abolished the increase in NOS activity, and prevented the decreased threshold to generate LTP induced by Ghr.	Nitroarginine	32-51	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	242-245
20451534-5	2010	Moreover, pre-administration of NG-nitro-l-arginine (l-NOArg) in the hippocampus partially prevented the Ghr-induced memory improvement, abolished the increase in NOS activity, and prevented the decreased threshold to generate LTP induced by Ghr.	Nitroarginine	53-60	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	105-108
20451534-5	2010	Moreover, pre-administration of NG-nitro-l-arginine (l-NOArg) in the hippocampus partially prevented the Ghr-induced memory improvement, abolished the increase in NOS activity, and prevented the decreased threshold to generate LTP induced by Ghr.	Nitroarginine	53-60	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	242-245
20534732-0	2010	Reduced ghrelin secretion in the hypothalamus of rats due to cisplatin-induced anorexia.	Cisplatin	61-70	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	8-15
20534732-3	2010	Hypothalamic ghrelin secretion changes after vagotomy or administration of cisplatin.	Cisplatin	75-84	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
20534732-6	2010	Hypothalamic ghrelin secretion significantly increased in 24-h-fasted rats compared to freely fed rats and was markedly reduced 24 and 48 h after cisplatin treatment in cisplatin-treated rats compared to saline-treated rats, although their plasma ghrelin levels were comparable.	Cisplatin	146-155	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
20534732-6	2010	Hypothalamic ghrelin secretion significantly increased in 24-h-fasted rats compared to freely fed rats and was markedly reduced 24 and 48 h after cisplatin treatment in cisplatin-treated rats compared to saline-treated rats, although their plasma ghrelin levels were comparable.	Cisplatin	169-178	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
20534732-6	2010	Hypothalamic ghrelin secretion significantly increased in 24-h-fasted rats compared to freely fed rats and was markedly reduced 24 and 48 h after cisplatin treatment in cisplatin-treated rats compared to saline-treated rats, although their plasma ghrelin levels were comparable.	Cisplatin	169-178	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	247-254
20534732-7	2010	In cisplatin-treated rats, icv ghrelin administration reversed the decrease in food intake, vagotomy partially restored hypothalamic ghrelin secretion, and hypothalamic serotonin 2C receptor mRNA expression increased significantly.	Cisplatin	3-12	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
20534732-8	2010	Administration of rikkunshito (an endogenous ghrelin enhancer) or a serotonin 2C receptor antagonist reversed the decrease in hypothalamic ghrelin secretion and food intake 24 h after cisplatin treatment.	Cisplatin	184-193	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	139-146
20534732-9	2010	Cisplatin-induced anorexia is mediated through reduced hypothalamic ghrelin secretion.	Cisplatin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	68-75
20717637-10	2010	NPY/AgRP mRNA levels in ARC treated with ghrelin increased significantly compared with those in control group (injected with saline).	Sodium Chloride	125-131	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	41-48
20335227-9	2010	In addition, blockage of hypothalamic fatty acid beta oxidation prevents the ghrelin-promoting action on AgRP and NPY mRNA expression, also in a gender-independent manner.	Fatty Acids	38-48	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	77-84
20382773-0	2010	Unacylated ghrelin and obestatin increase islet cell mass and prevent diabetes in streptozotocin-treated newborn rats.	Streptozocin	82-96	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-18
20572026-0	2010	Ghrelin improves disturbed myocardial energy metabolism in rats with heart failure induced by isoproterenol.	Isoproterenol	94-107	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
20410201-6	2010	HL-1 and primary-cultured mouse and rat cardiomyocytes each possessed two independent specific binding sites for des-G not recognized by ghrelin (radioreceptor assays).	des-g	113-118	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	137-144
20382773-1	2010	The ghrelin gene products, namely acylated ghrelin (AG), unacylated ghrelin (UAG), and obestatin (Ob), were shown to prevent pancreatic beta-cell death and to improve beta-cell function under treatment with cytokines, which are major cause of beta-cell destruction in diabetes.	URIDINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE-N-ACETYLMURAMOYL-L-ALANINE-D-GLUTAMATE	77-80	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	4-11
20045146-0	2010	Effects of acute ethionine injection on plasma ghrelin and obestatin levels in trained male rats.	Ethionine	17-26	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	47-54
20045146-6	2010	The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a single dose of ETH (0.7 mg/g of body weight) injection on resting plasma total ghrelin and obestatin concentrations in male trained rats.	Ethionine	72-75	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	136-143
20045146-10	2010	Ethionine compared with a NaCl injection resulted in significant (P &lt; .013) reductions in resting hepatic ATP and glycogen levels, and in a significant (P &lt; .001) increase in concentrations of plasma total ghrelin but not obestatin.	Ethionine	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	212-219
20581789-1	2010	Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide, identified in the stomach of rats and humans, in 1999.	amino acid peptide	16-34	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
20045146-11	2010	The results indicate that ETH-induced liver ATP and glycogen deficiency could exert a powerful regulatory influence on plasma total ghrelin, but this is not the case for obestatin.	Ethionine	26-29	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	132-139
20581789-7	2010	Ghrelin also inhibits prostaglandin and/or leukotriene synthesis.	Prostaglandins	22-35	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
20045146-11	2010	The results indicate that ETH-induced liver ATP and glycogen deficiency could exert a powerful regulatory influence on plasma total ghrelin, but this is not the case for obestatin.	Adenosine Triphosphate	44-47	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	132-139
20581789-7	2010	Ghrelin also inhibits prostaglandin and/or leukotriene synthesis.	Leukotrienes	43-54	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
20045146-11	2010	The results indicate that ETH-induced liver ATP and glycogen deficiency could exert a powerful regulatory influence on plasma total ghrelin, but this is not the case for obestatin.	Glycogen	52-60	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	132-139
19505544-6	2010	Affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) revealed an interaction between ghrelin and the negatively charged (DPPC:DPPS) liposomes, whereas only very small affinities were discerned in the other liposomal formulations of ghrelin.	1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine	109-113	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	73-80
21235123-7	2010	CONCLUSION: Vasodilatatory actions of ghrelin are potentiated by Ang 1-7 and mediated by local synthesis of prostaglandins and nitric oxide.	Prostaglandins	108-122	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	38-45
21235123-7	2010	CONCLUSION: Vasodilatatory actions of ghrelin are potentiated by Ang 1-7 and mediated by local synthesis of prostaglandins and nitric oxide.	Nitric Oxide	127-139	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	38-45
20577031-6	2010	Ghrelin-treated rats had elevated (p&lt;0.05) blood concentrations of ACTH, aldosterone and corticosterone (68%, 32% and 67%, respectively).	Aldosterone	76-87	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
20577031-6	2010	Ghrelin-treated rats had elevated (p&lt;0.05) blood concentrations of ACTH, aldosterone and corticosterone (68%, 32% and 67%, respectively).	Corticosterone	92-106	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
19505544-6	2010	Affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) revealed an interaction between ghrelin and the negatively charged (DPPC:DPPS) liposomes, whereas only very small affinities were discerned in the other liposomal formulations of ghrelin.	dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine	114-118	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	73-80
20346506-0	2010	Dynamics of placental ghrelin production and its receptor expression in a Dahl salt-sensitive rat model of intrauterine growth restriction.	Salts	79-83	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
20372824-14	2010	GHREL infusion lowered plasma corticosterone concentration at day 5 but not 8 of the experiment, while OBS administration was ineffective.	Corticosterone	30-44	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
20149910-8	2010	Ghrelin-O-acyltransferase (GOAT) mRNA in the stomach was up-regulated 21-fold in adult AL rats compared to young AL and 14-fold compared to adult DR rats.	Aluminum	87-89	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
20646435-12	2010	And the duration of hyperglycemia is affected by the rising ratio of ghrelin/obestatin.	Ghrelin	77-86	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	69-76
20149910-8	2010	Ghrelin-O-acyltransferase (GOAT) mRNA in the stomach was up-regulated 21-fold in adult AL rats compared to young AL and 14-fold compared to adult DR rats.	Aluminum	113-115	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
19915384-3	2010	AIM: As ghrelin secretion is affected by insulin concentration, we hypothesized that carbohydrates with different glycemic responses might influence fasting plasma ghrelin levels.	Carbohydrates	85-98	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	8-15
20407078-10	2010	Ghrelin levels in plasma and fundus were increased in all groups, although the highest levels were found in rats treated with exogenous ghrelin.	Ghrelin	136-143	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
20171995-0	2010	Rikkunshito and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist improve cisplatin-induced anorexia via hypothalamic ghrelin interaction.	Cisplatin	51-60	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	95-102
19945199-6	2010	The unmodified des-n-octanoyl form (des-acyl ghrelin) and the recent obestatin act through distinct receptors and contrarily to acyl ghrelin, show an anorexigenic activity.	des-n-octanoyl	15-29	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	45-52
19915384-3	2010	AIM: As ghrelin secretion is affected by insulin concentration, we hypothesized that carbohydrates with different glycemic responses might influence fasting plasma ghrelin levels.	Carbohydrates	85-98	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	164-171
19840269-0	2010	Ghrelin stimulates gastric motility of the guinea pig through activation of a capsaicin-sensitive neural pathway: in vivo and in vitro functional studies.	Capsaicin	78-87	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
19840269-16	2010	CONCLUSIONS &amp; INFERENCES: Ghrelin stimulates gastric motility of the guinea pig through activation of capsaicin-sensitive vago-vagal reflex pathway including efferent cholinergic neurons.	Adenosine Monophosphate	13-16	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
19840269-16	2010	CONCLUSIONS &amp; INFERENCES: Ghrelin stimulates gastric motility of the guinea pig through activation of capsaicin-sensitive vago-vagal reflex pathway including efferent cholinergic neurons.	Capsaicin	106-115	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
19840269-17	2010	Peripheral ghrelin receptors on enteric nitrergic nerves might affect the ghrelin-induced gastric action by releasing nitric oxide.	Nitric Oxide	118-130	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-18
23675174-0	2010	Ghrelin Protection against Cytotoxic Effect of Ethanol on Rat Salivary Mucin Synthesis involves Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Activation through S-Nitrosylation.	Ethanol	47-54	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
20044509-11	2010	Similarly, dextrin also induced significant suppression of ghrelin (two-way ANOVA: P = 0.02), whereas Liposyn did not (P = 0.32).	Dextrins	11-18	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	59-66
23675174-2	2010	Here, we report on the role of ghrelin in countering the disturbances in salivary mucin synthesis caused by ethanol cytotoxicity in rat sublingual gland acinar cells.	Ethanol	108-115	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
23675174-7	2010	Our findings demonstrate that ghrelin protection of the acinar cells against ethanol cytotoxicity and the impairment in salivary mucin synthesis involves Src kinase activation of the Akt/cNOS pathway that leads to up-regulation in cNOS activity.	Ethanol	77-84	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
23675174-8	2010	We also show that cNOS-derived NO induction of the cPLA2 activation through S-nitrosylation, for the increase in PGE2 generation, is an essential element of the protective mechanism of ghrelin action.	Dinoprostone	113-117	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	185-192
23675174-3	2010	We show that the countering effect of ghrelin on mucin synthesis was associated with the increase in NO and PGE2 production, and the enhancement in cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) activity.	Dinoprostone	108-112	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	38-45
23675174-4	2010	The ghrelin-induced up-regulation in mucin synthesis, like that of cPLA2 activity, was subject to suppression by Src inhibitor, PP2, ERK inhibitor, PD98059, as well as Akt inhibitor, SH-5 and ascorbate.	2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	148-155	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	4-11
23675174-4	2010	The ghrelin-induced up-regulation in mucin synthesis, like that of cPLA2 activity, was subject to suppression by Src inhibitor, PP2, ERK inhibitor, PD98059, as well as Akt inhibitor, SH-5 and ascorbate.	SH-5	183-187	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	4-11
23675174-4	2010	The ghrelin-induced up-regulation in mucin synthesis, like that of cPLA2 activity, was subject to suppression by Src inhibitor, PP2, ERK inhibitor, PD98059, as well as Akt inhibitor, SH-5 and ascorbate.	Ascorbic Acid	192-201	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	4-11
23675174-5	2010	Moreover, the loss in countering effect of ghrelin on the ethanol cytotoxicity and mucin synthesis was attained with cNOS inhibitor, L-NAME as well as COX-1 inhibitor, SC-560.	Ethanol	58-65	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	43-50
23675174-5	2010	Moreover, the loss in countering effect of ghrelin on the ethanol cytotoxicity and mucin synthesis was attained with cNOS inhibitor, L-NAME as well as COX-1 inhibitor, SC-560.	NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester	133-139	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	43-50
23675174-5	2010	Moreover, the loss in countering effect of ghrelin on the ethanol cytotoxicity and mucin synthesis was attained with cNOS inhibitor, L-NAME as well as COX-1 inhibitor, SC-560.	SC 560	168-174	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	43-50
19931319-5	2010	Ghrelin administered intravenously suppressed noradrenaline release in the BAT of WT rats, but not in Tg rats.	Norepinephrine	46-59	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
19931319-7	2010	As our previous study showed that peripheral ghrelin-induced noradrenaline release suppression in BAT is blocked by vagotomy, the present findings also suggest that vagal afferents transmit the peripheral ghrelin signal to the sympathetic nervous system innervating BAT.	Norepinephrine	61-74	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	45-52
19931319-7	2010	As our previous study showed that peripheral ghrelin-induced noradrenaline release suppression in BAT is blocked by vagotomy, the present findings also suggest that vagal afferents transmit the peripheral ghrelin signal to the sympathetic nervous system innervating BAT.	Norepinephrine	61-74	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	205-212
19944125-6	2010	In addition, systolic blood pressure was a significantly independent variable of ghrelin levels, obestatin levels, and the ghrelin to obestatin ratio in a multiple regression analysis.	Ghrelin	134-143	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	123-130
19876773-6	2010	Leptin decreased fat pad weights, whereas ghrelin (G330) increased fat pad weights (P &lt; 0.05).	g330	51-55	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
19944728-1	2010	Ghrelin circulates as acylated (AG) and unacylated (or desacyl) ghrelin (UAG).	URIDINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE-N-ACETYLMURAMOYL-L-ALANINE-D-GLUTAMATE	73-76	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
21152208-0	2010	Mechanism of Cytosolic Phospholipase A(2) Activation in Ghrelin Protection of Salivary Gland Acinar Cells against Ethanol Cytotoxicity.	Ethanol	114-121	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	56-63
19766150-8	2010	As with CST treatment, ALP activation and calcium deposition were decreased significantly on treatment with ghrelin, the endogenous agonist of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a), but not significantly with somatostatin-14 or proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide in VSMCs.	Calcium	42-49	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	108-115
19948829-0	2010	Methyl donor deficiency affects fetal programming of gastric ghrelin cell organization and function in the rat.	methyl radical	0-6	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	61-68
19956915-2	2010	Ghrelin, a novel stomach-derived peptide, is down-regulated in sepsis and administration of ghrelin into rodents decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines, attenuates hepatic and other organ injuries and improves survival.	Ghrelin	92-99	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
19956915-3	2010	Ghrelin"s beneficial effect in sepsis is mediated by the inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), as evidenced by the reduced gut-derived norepineprine (NE) release in sepsis after ghrelin treatment.	norepineprine	149-162	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
19956915-3	2010	Ghrelin"s beneficial effect in sepsis is mediated by the inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), as evidenced by the reduced gut-derived norepineprine (NE) release in sepsis after ghrelin treatment.	Ghrelin	192-199	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
19876793-11	2009	Results revealed a late shift from high elevated fl to significantly enhanced levels of bl in ghrelin treated obese animals.	fl	49-51	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	94-101
19760484-0	2010	Centrally administered ghrelin potently inhibits water intake induced by angiotensin II and hypovolemia in rats.	Water	49-54	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
19760484-2	2010	Recently, we showed that centrally administered ghrelin is a potent antidipsogenic hormone in 24-h water deprived rats.	Water	99-104	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	48-55
19760484-3	2010	In this study, we examined the effect of intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of ghrelin on angiotensin II (AII)-induced water intake in rats.	Water	124-129	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	84-91
19760484-5	2010	Water intake induced by the icv injection of AII or ip injection of PEG was significantly reduced after icv injection of ghrelin, although food intake was stimulated by the hormone.	Water	0-5	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	121-128
19760484-5	2010	Water intake induced by the icv injection of AII or ip injection of PEG was significantly reduced after icv injection of ghrelin, although food intake was stimulated by the hormone.	Polyethylene Glycols	68-71	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	121-128
19895783-1	2009	Obestatin, the ghrelin-associated peptide, showed to activate MAPK signaling with no effect on Akt nor cell proliferating activity in rat tumor somatotroph cells (growth cells, GC).	Ghrelin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	15-22
20721287-6	2010	It has recently been shown that rikkunshito ameliorates cisplatin-induced anorexia by mediating an increase in the circulating ghrelin concentration.	Cisplatin	56-65	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	127-134
20721292-1	2010	Ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin, and obestatin are derived from a common prohormone, preproghrelin by posttranslational processing, originating from endocrine cells in the stomach.	preproghrelin	79-92	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
20721292-1	2010	Ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin, and obestatin are derived from a common prohormone, preproghrelin by posttranslational processing, originating from endocrine cells in the stomach.	preproghrelin	79-92	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
20798855-1	2010	Ghrelin is 28-amino-acid peptide that was discovered from the rat and human stomach in 1999.	amino-acid peptide	14-32	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
20501445-1	2009	Acyl ghrelin has a 28-amino acid sequence with O-n-octanoyl acid modification at the serine 3 position, whereas des-acyl ghrelin has no octanoyl acid modification.	o-n-octanoyl acid	47-64	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	5-12
20501445-1	2009	Acyl ghrelin has a 28-amino acid sequence with O-n-octanoyl acid modification at the serine 3 position, whereas des-acyl ghrelin has no octanoyl acid modification.	Serine	85-91	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	5-12
20501445-1	2009	Acyl ghrelin has a 28-amino acid sequence with O-n-octanoyl acid modification at the serine 3 position, whereas des-acyl ghrelin has no octanoyl acid modification.	octanoyl acid	51-64	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	5-12
20501445-6	2009	Acyl ghrelin-/des-acyl ghrelin-positive closed-type cells contain obestatin; on the other hand, des-acyl ghrelin-positive open-type cells contain somatostatin.	Ghrelin	66-75	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	5-12
20501445-6	2009	Acyl ghrelin-/des-acyl ghrelin-positive closed-type cells contain obestatin; on the other hand, des-acyl ghrelin-positive open-type cells contain somatostatin.	Ghrelin	66-75	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
20501445-6	2009	Acyl ghrelin-/des-acyl ghrelin-positive closed-type cells contain obestatin; on the other hand, des-acyl ghrelin-positive open-type cells contain somatostatin.	Ghrelin	66-75	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
19540304-6	2009	Ghrelin did not modify body weight or serum glucose, leptin or adiponectin, but increased total ghrelin (P&lt;0.05), IGF-I (P&lt;0.01) and prolactin (P&lt;0.01) levels.	Ghrelin	96-103	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
19757089-4	2009	The loss in countering effect of ghrelin on the ethanol cytotoxicity was attained with constitutive NOS (cNOS) inhibitor, L-NAME, as well as indomethacin and a specific COX-1 inhibitor, SC-560, while specific COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, and a selective inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor, 1400W, had no effect.	NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester	122-128	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
19757089-4	2009	The loss in countering effect of ghrelin on the ethanol cytotoxicity was attained with constitutive NOS (cNOS) inhibitor, L-NAME, as well as indomethacin and a specific COX-1 inhibitor, SC-560, while specific COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, and a selective inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor, 1400W, had no effect.	Indomethacin	141-153	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
19757089-0	2009	Involvement of constitutive nitric oxide synthase in ghrelin-induced cytosolic phospholipase A(2) activation in gastric mucosal cell protection against ethanol cytotoxicity.	Ethanol	152-159	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
19757089-4	2009	The loss in countering effect of ghrelin on the ethanol cytotoxicity was attained with constitutive NOS (cNOS) inhibitor, L-NAME, as well as indomethacin and a specific COX-1 inhibitor, SC-560, while specific COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, and a selective inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor, 1400W, had no effect.	SC 560	186-192	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
19757089-2	2009	Here, using primary culture of rat gastric mucosal cells, we report on the mechanism of ghrelin protection against ethanol cytotoxicity.	Ethanol	115-122	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	88-95
19757089-3	2009	We show that the protective effect of ghrelin was associated with the increase in NO and PGE2 production, and characterized by a marked up-regulation in cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) activity and arachidonic acid (AA) release.	Dinoprostone	89-93	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	38-45
19757089-4	2009	The loss in countering effect of ghrelin on the ethanol cytotoxicity was attained with constitutive NOS (cNOS) inhibitor, L-NAME, as well as indomethacin and a specific COX-1 inhibitor, SC-560, while specific COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, and a selective inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor, 1400W, had no effect.	N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide	226-232	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
19757089-3	2009	We show that the protective effect of ghrelin was associated with the increase in NO and PGE2 production, and characterized by a marked up-regulation in cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) activity and arachidonic acid (AA) release.	Arachidonic Acid	205-221	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	38-45
19757089-4	2009	The loss in countering effect of ghrelin on the ethanol cytotoxicity was attained with constitutive NOS (cNOS) inhibitor, L-NAME, as well as indomethacin and a specific COX-1 inhibitor, SC-560, while specific COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, and a selective inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor, 1400W, had no effect.	Ethanol	48-55	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
19757089-4	2009	The loss in countering effect of ghrelin on the ethanol cytotoxicity was attained with constitutive NOS (cNOS) inhibitor, L-NAME, as well as indomethacin and a specific COX-1 inhibitor, SC-560, while specific COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, and a selective inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor, 1400W, had no effect.	N-((3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)methyl)ethanimidamide	282-287	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
19757089-5	2009	The effect of L-NAME was reflected in the inhibition of ghrelin-induced mucosal cell capacity for NO production, cPLA(2) activation, and PGE2 generation, whereas indomethacin caused only the inhibition in PGE2 generation.	NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester	14-20	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	56-63
19757089-5	2009	The effect of L-NAME was reflected in the inhibition of ghrelin-induced mucosal cell capacity for NO production, cPLA(2) activation, and PGE2 generation, whereas indomethacin caused only the inhibition in PGE2 generation.	Dinoprostone	137-141	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	56-63
19757089-5	2009	The effect of L-NAME was reflected in the inhibition of ghrelin-induced mucosal cell capacity for NO production, cPLA(2) activation, and PGE2 generation, whereas indomethacin caused only the inhibition in PGE2 generation.	Dinoprostone	205-209	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	56-63
19757089-7	2009	Preincubation with L-NAME resulted in the inhibition of the ghrelin-induced S-nitrosylation, whereas the ERK inhibitor, PD98059, caused the blockage in cPLA(2) protein phosphorylation as well as S-nitrosylation.	NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester	19-25	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	60-67
19757089-8	2009	The findings demonstrate that ghrelin protection of gastric mucosa against ethanol cytotoxicity involves cNOS-derived NO induction of cPLA(2) activation for the increase in PGE2 synthesis.	Ethanol	75-82	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
19757089-8	2009	The findings demonstrate that ghrelin protection of gastric mucosa against ethanol cytotoxicity involves cNOS-derived NO induction of cPLA(2) activation for the increase in PGE2 synthesis.	Dinoprostone	173-177	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
19506532-10	2009	CONCLUSIONS: Ghrelin inhibits the development of acute pancreatitis induced by sodium taurocholate.	Taurocholic Acid	79-98	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
19703102-4	2009	Co-administration of the ghrelin receptor antagonist JMV2959 suppressed/blocked the majority of these effects, with the notable exception of ghrelin-induced food intake and food efficiency.	N-(1-(4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-aminoacetamide	53-60	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	25-32
19646496-8	2009	In addition, the ghrelin-induced depolarization was drastically reduced in high-K+ TTX ACSF with a K+ concentration of 13.25 mM.	Tetrodotoxin	83-86	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
19646497-2	2009	Obestatin, a sibling of ghrelin derived from preproghrelin, opposes several physiological actions of ghrelin.	Ghrelin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	24-31
19646497-2	2009	Obestatin, a sibling of ghrelin derived from preproghrelin, opposes several physiological actions of ghrelin.	Ghrelin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
19416745-0	2009	Expression of prepro-ghrelin and related receptor genes in the rat adrenal gland and evidences that ghrelin exerts a potent stimulating effect on corticosterone secretion by cultured rat adrenocortical cells.	Corticosterone	146-160	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	100-107
19826187-1	2009	Obestatin is a peptide derived from the proghrelin, a common prohormone for ghrelin and obestatin.	Ghrelin	88-97	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	43-50
19826187-2	2009	Obestatin, like the ghrelin has been originally extracted from rat stomach, and the stomach seems to be a major source of circulating obestatin.	Ghrelin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	20-27
19540431-7	2009	In addition, the ORX-A- and ghrelin-induced depolarizations were both blocked by D609, a phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor.	tricyclodecane-9-yl-xanthogenate	81-85	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	28-35
19362120-0	2009	Peripherally administered ghrelin induces bimodal effects on the mesolimbic dopamine system depending on food-consumptive states.	Dopamine	76-84	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
19362120-1	2009	Ghrelin induces orexigenic behavior by activation of growth hormone secretagogue 1 receptors (GHSRs) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) as well as hypothalamus, suggesting the involvement of mesolimbic dopamine system in the action of ghrelin.	Dopamine	203-211	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
19362120-1	2009	Ghrelin induces orexigenic behavior by activation of growth hormone secretagogue 1 receptors (GHSRs) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) as well as hypothalamus, suggesting the involvement of mesolimbic dopamine system in the action of ghrelin.	Dopamine	203-211	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	236-243
19362120-2	2009	The present study aimed to identify neuronal mechanisms by which peripherally administered ghrelin regulates the mesolimbic dopamine system under different food-consumptive states.	Dopamine	124-132	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	91-98
19362120-6	2009	Peripheral administration of ghrelin decreased dopamine levels in the NAc when food was removed following ghrelin administration.	Dopamine	47-55	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	29-36
19362120-6	2009	Peripheral administration of ghrelin decreased dopamine levels in the NAc when food was removed following ghrelin administration.	Dopamine	47-55	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	106-113
19362120-6	2009	Peripheral administration of ghrelin decreased dopamine levels in the NAc when food was removed following ghrelin administration.	nac	70-73	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	29-36
19362120-6	2009	Peripheral administration of ghrelin decreased dopamine levels in the NAc when food was removed following ghrelin administration.	nac	70-73	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	106-113
19362120-8	2009	In contrast, when animals consumed food following ghrelin administration, dopamine levels increased robustly.	Dopamine	74-82	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	50-57
19362120-11	2009	Furthermore, local injection of ghrelin into the VTA induced dopamine release in the NAc and food consumption, supporting the local action of ghrelin in the VTA.	Dopamine	61-69	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
19362120-11	2009	Furthermore, local injection of ghrelin into the VTA induced dopamine release in the NAc and food consumption, supporting the local action of ghrelin in the VTA.	Dopamine	61-69	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	142-149
19362120-11	2009	Furthermore, local injection of ghrelin into the VTA induced dopamine release in the NAc and food consumption, supporting the local action of ghrelin in the VTA.	nac	85-88	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
19362120-11	2009	Furthermore, local injection of ghrelin into the VTA induced dopamine release in the NAc and food consumption, supporting the local action of ghrelin in the VTA.	nac	85-88	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	142-149
19362120-12	2009	In conclusion, peripherally administered ghrelin activates GHSRs in the VTA, and induces bimodal effects on mesolimbic dopamine neurotransmission depending on food-consumptive states.	Dopamine	119-127	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	41-48
19416745-8	2009	Prolonged exposure of cultured cells to GHREL resulted in a potent, comparable to ACTH, stimulating effect of GHREL on corticosterone secretion.	Corticosterone	119-133	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	40-45
19416745-8	2009	Prolonged exposure of cultured cells to GHREL resulted in a potent, comparable to ACTH, stimulating effect of GHREL on corticosterone secretion.	Corticosterone	119-133	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	110-115
19416745-13	2009	Thus, our study is the first to demonstrate direct stimulating effect of GHREL on corticosterone output by cultured rat adrenocortical cells.	Corticosterone	82-96	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	73-78
19540431-7	2009	In addition, the ORX-A- and ghrelin-induced depolarizations were both blocked by D609, a phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor.	Phosphatidylcholines	89-108	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	28-35
19351665-0	2009	Ghrelin suppresses noradrenaline release in the brown adipose tissue of rats.	Norepinephrine	19-32	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
19356720-3	2009	JMV 2810, a partial agonist, also suppressed ghrelin-induced food intake (range: 0.02-2 microg).	jmv	0-3	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	45-52
19289146-0	2009	Ghrelin inhibits apoptosis induced by high glucose and sodium palmitate in adult rat cardiomyocytes through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.	Glucose	43-50	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
19289146-0	2009	Ghrelin inhibits apoptosis induced by high glucose and sodium palmitate in adult rat cardiomyocytes through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.	Palmitic Acid	55-71	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
19351665-1	2009	To clarify the role of ghrelin in the regulatory mechanism of energy metabolism, we analyzed the effects of centrally and peripherally administered ghrelin on noradrenaline release in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) of rats using a microdialysis system.	Norepinephrine	159-172	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	148-155
19351665-5	2009	administered ghrelin (30 nmol) suppressed noradrenaline release in BAT, and this suppression was blocked by a vagotomy.	Norepinephrine	42-55	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
19351665-8	2009	administration of des-acyl ghrelin, which does not bind to GH secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a), affected noradrenaline release in BAT.	Norepinephrine	112-125	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
19351665-3	2009	administration of ghrelin at a dose of 500 pmol suppressed noradrenaline release in BAT, and microinjection of ghrelin (50 pmol) into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) or arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus also suppressed noradrenaline release in BAT.	Norepinephrine	59-72	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
19082668-14	2009	In the ghrelin-receiving rats, blood glucose levels tended to decrease from the 15th postoperative day.	Blood Glucose	31-44	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	7-14
19406177-7	2009	Furthermore, in vitro, ghrelin directly inhibited the myocardial ERS response induced by tunicamycin or dithiothreitol in rat cardiac tissue.	Tunicamycin	89-100	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
19406177-7	2009	Furthermore, in vitro, ghrelin directly inhibited the myocardial ERS response induced by tunicamycin or dithiothreitol in rat cardiac tissue.	Dithiothreitol	104-118	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
19082668-17	2009	CONCLUSION: Exogenous ghrelin administration decreased blood glucose levels after 90% pancreatectomy by increasing islet cell numbers and enhancing endocrine and exocrine regeneration.	Glucose	61-68	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
19122448-10	2009	In the thyroid parenchyma of ghrelin-treated rats, an increased number of hypofunctioning follicles was noticed, characterized by flattened, weakly Tg-immunoreactive epithelium and colloid distension.	Thioguanine	148-150	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	29-36
19118591-7	2009	Application of [d-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6, a selective antagonist for GHS-Rs, almost blocked the ghrelin-induced depolarization.	GHRP-6, Lys(3)-	15-32	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	88-95
19118591-8	2009	Furthermore, the ghrelin-induced depolarization was reduced in high K(+) ACSF or low Na(+) ACSF, and abolished in high K(+)-low Na(+) ACSF or in a combination of low Na(+) ACSF and recordings with Cs(+)-containing pipettes.	Cesium	197-202	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
19150635-1	2009	In goldfish, intraperitoneal (IP) or intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of synthetic ghrelin consisting of 12- or 19-amino-acid residues, deduced from its precursor cDNA, with an octanoic acid modification at the third N-terminal serine residue (Ser(3)), stimulates growth hormone release and food intake.	octanoic acid	189-202	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	95-102
19150635-5	2009	We characterized the goldfish ghrelin as 11 molecular forms consisting of 14-, 17-, 18- and 19-amino-acid residues with acylation at Ser(3), and the 17-residue form was predominant.	Serine	133-136	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
18842278-5	2009	In the treatment group, 1nmol of ghrelin was administered as sc injection for 10 consecutive days or vehicle (physiological saline) to the control rats.	1nmol	24-29	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
18842278-5	2009	In the treatment group, 1nmol of ghrelin was administered as sc injection for 10 consecutive days or vehicle (physiological saline) to the control rats.	Sodium Chloride	124-130	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
18957289-8	2009	The serine dense N-terminal sequence of des-acyl ghrelin mediates endothelium-dependent vasodilatation via activation of apamin+TRAM-34 sensitive small- and intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels present on the mesenteric endothelium.	Serine	4-10	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	49-56
18957289-8	2009	The serine dense N-terminal sequence of des-acyl ghrelin mediates endothelium-dependent vasodilatation via activation of apamin+TRAM-34 sensitive small- and intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels present on the mesenteric endothelium.	TRAM 34	128-135	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	49-56
19118592-0	2009	Systemic administration of ghrelin increases extracellular dopamine in the shell but not the core subdivision of the nucleus accumbens.	Dopamine	59-67	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
19118592-2	2009	GHS-Rs are also expressed in midbrain dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) suggesting that ghrelin may modulate the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system.	Dopamine	38-46	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	111-118
19118592-2	2009	GHS-Rs are also expressed in midbrain dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) suggesting that ghrelin may modulate the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system.	Dopamine	157-159	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	111-118
19118592-3	2009	In support of this hypothesis, previous results have shown that intraventricular administration of ghrelin in rats increases DA levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc).	Dopamine	125-127	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	99-106
19118592-5	2009	Similar dose regimen was then used to measure ghrelin-induced effects on extracellular levels of monoamines in the shell and core subdivisions of the NAc using microdialysis in freely moving rats.	monoamines	97-107	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	46-53
18848587-0	2009	Short-term oral oleoyl-estrone decreases the expression of ghrelin in the rat stomach.	oleoyl-estrone	16-30	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	59-66
19420908-6	2009	The results also showed that isoflavone and diethylstilbestrol could decrease ghrelin and NPY levels and increase CCK, PYY and E2 levels.	Isoflavones	29-39	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	78-85
19420908-6	2009	The results also showed that isoflavone and diethylstilbestrol could decrease ghrelin and NPY levels and increase CCK, PYY and E2 levels.	Diethylstilbestrol	44-62	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	78-85
19420908-8	2009	CONCLUSIONS: These findings showed that isoflavone could reduce obesity by decreasing food intake, possibly by (1) reducing ghrelin and NPY levels, thereby decreasing food intake, and (2) increasing CCK and PYY levels, which can induce satiety by irritating the vagal center.	Isoflavones	40-50	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	124-131
18974228-2	2009	Our study demonstrated that ghrelin increased with 24-h fasting in rats with the lowest PVATV (less than 6%), after 3 days in rats with intermediate PVATV (6-9%) and 5 days in rats with the highest PVATV (greater than 9%).	pvatv	88-93	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	28-35
18974228-2	2009	Our study demonstrated that ghrelin increased with 24-h fasting in rats with the lowest PVATV (less than 6%), after 3 days in rats with intermediate PVATV (6-9%) and 5 days in rats with the highest PVATV (greater than 9%).	pvatv	149-154	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	28-35
18974228-2	2009	Our study demonstrated that ghrelin increased with 24-h fasting in rats with the lowest PVATV (less than 6%), after 3 days in rats with intermediate PVATV (6-9%) and 5 days in rats with the highest PVATV (greater than 9%).	pvatv	149-154	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	28-35
18974228-5	2009	In rats matched for PVATV, but with different body weights, the fasting induced similar levels of increased ghrelin while in rats with different PVATV ghrelin secretion was different in response to fasting, even when body weights were matched in two groups.	pvatv	145-150	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	151-158
18694442-3	2009	We tested GSK894281 for its effectiveness at the ghrelin receptor and its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.	N-(5-(cis-3,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-2-(methyloxy) phenyl)-3-fluoro-4-(5-methyl-2-furanyl)benzenesulfonamide	10-19	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	49-56
18694442-4	2009	GSK894281 was effective at the human and rat ghrelin receptors at 1-10 nmol L(-1), but was &gt;1000-fold less potent at the motilin receptor.	N-(5-(cis-3,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-2-(methyloxy) phenyl)-3-fluoro-4-(5-methyl-2-furanyl)benzenesulfonamide	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	45-52
19429016-0	2009	Ghrelin protects against cell death of hippocampal neurons in pilocarpine-induced seizures in rats.	Pilocarpine	62-73	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
19429016-1	2009	Ghrelin, a 28-amino-acid peptide, is mainly secreted by the stomach.	amino-acid peptide	14-32	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
19429016-7	2009	Ghrelin can inhibit hippocampal neuronal damage caused by pilocarpine-induced seizures, which might have therapeutic value in seizures.	Pilocarpine	58-69	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
18761029-6	2009	Ghrelin also affected water intake, but with less consistency across the conditions.	Water	22-27	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
18773927-4	2009	Obestatin was originally proposed to be the ligand for GPR39, a receptor related to the ghrelin receptor subfamily, but this remains controversial.	Ghrelin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	88-95
19907132-6	2009	Coadministration of NAL with ghrelin significantly restored mean LH concentration and pulse frequency.	Naloxone	20-23	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	29-36
19839851-2	2009	The aim of this study was to determine the immunohistochemical localization of ghrelin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat kidneys.	Streptozocin	90-104	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	79-86
19009644-6	2008	In vitro studies revealed that estrogen stimulated both ghrelin expression and production and that treatment with formestane, an aromatase (estrogen synthetase) inhibitor, decreased ghrelin expression level.	formestane	114-124	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	182-189
19112387-11	2008	RESULTS: The presence of ghrelin gene transcripts was demonstrated in 10 out of 15 examined somatotroph tumors (obtained from patients treated with octreotide LAR before the surgery) and also in 2 out of 4 samples of prolactinomas, 7 out of 8 of nonfunctioning tumors and in 2 samples of normal pituitary.	Octreotide	148-158	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	25-32
19112387-15	2008	CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated that ghrelin gene is expressed in somatotroph adenomas, both treated and untreated with octreotide LAR before the surgery, and also in other types of pituitary adenomas (prolactinomas and nonfunctioning adenomas).	Octreotide	124-134	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	41-48
18930090-4	2008	Since acylated ghrelin strongly induces insulin resistance, it could be hypothesized that obestatin plays a role in glucose homeostasis as well.	Ghrelin	90-99	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	15-22
19080336-8	2008	All abovementioned effects of ghrelin were inhibited by GW9662.	2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide	56-62	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
19009648-8	2008	However, we have shown that famotidine completely inhibited ghrelin-induced acid secretion and histidine decarboxylase (HDC) mRNA was increased in gastric mucosa by ghrelin injection which is inhibited by vagotomy Our results indicate that histamine is involved in the action of ghrelin on acid secretion.	Histamine	240-249	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	165-172
19009648-4	2008	In the previous studies, the action of ghrelin on acid secretion was shown to be as strong as that of histamine and gastrin in in-vivo experiment.	Histamine	102-111	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	39-46
19009648-8	2008	However, we have shown that famotidine completely inhibited ghrelin-induced acid secretion and histidine decarboxylase (HDC) mRNA was increased in gastric mucosa by ghrelin injection which is inhibited by vagotomy Our results indicate that histamine is involved in the action of ghrelin on acid secretion.	Famotidine	28-38	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	60-67
19009648-8	2008	However, we have shown that famotidine completely inhibited ghrelin-induced acid secretion and histidine decarboxylase (HDC) mRNA was increased in gastric mucosa by ghrelin injection which is inhibited by vagotomy Our results indicate that histamine is involved in the action of ghrelin on acid secretion.	Famotidine	28-38	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	165-172
19009648-8	2008	However, we have shown that famotidine completely inhibited ghrelin-induced acid secretion and histidine decarboxylase (HDC) mRNA was increased in gastric mucosa by ghrelin injection which is inhibited by vagotomy Our results indicate that histamine is involved in the action of ghrelin on acid secretion.	Famotidine	28-38	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	165-172
19009648-8	2008	However, we have shown that famotidine completely inhibited ghrelin-induced acid secretion and histidine decarboxylase (HDC) mRNA was increased in gastric mucosa by ghrelin injection which is inhibited by vagotomy Our results indicate that histamine is involved in the action of ghrelin on acid secretion.	Histamine	240-249	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	165-172
18985808-11	2008	Acid inhibition with esomeprazole increased plasma ghrelin from 10 +/- 2 pmol/L to 65 +/- 26 pmol/L (P &lt; 0.001), and somatostatin from 10 +/- 2 pmol/L to 67 +/- 18 pmol/L (P &lt; 0.001).	Esomeprazole	21-33	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
18541646-3	2008	However, whether there is a neuroprotective effect of unacylated ghrelin (UAG), the most abundant form of ghrelin in plasma, is still unknown.	URIDINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE-N-ACETYLMURAMOYL-L-ALANINE-D-GLUTAMATE	74-77	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	106-113
18627777-10	2008	Serum ghrelin was increased in rats receiving fructose solution.	Fructose	46-54	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	6-13
18611393-1	2008	Gastrin and ghrelin are secreted from G cells and X/A-like cells in the stomach, respectively, and respective hormones stimulate gastric acid secretion by acting through histamine and the vagus nerve.	Histamine	170-179	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	12-19
18776988-5	2008	Exogenous ghrelin (10-1000 ng/ml) significantly inhibited TNF-alpha-induced proliferation of VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner.	vsmcs	93-98	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-17
18953092-1	2008	Ghrelin is 28-amino acid peptide, which is produced mainly in the stomach.	amino acid peptide	14-32	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
18953092-7	2008	Centrally applied ghrelin increased body weight after the 2(nd) injection till the end of treatment (p &lt; 0.05), which was followed by increased food and water intake (p &lt; 0.05).	Water	156-161	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
18460598-4	2008	However, the potency of the endogenous hormone ghrelin is limited due to a short half-life and the fragility of its bioactivity ensuring acylation at serine 3.	Serine	150-156	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	47-54
18514059-3	2008	It has been suggested that ghrelin/obestatin stimulate growth hormone release and have opposite actions on food intake.	Ghrelin	35-44	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
18414388-0	2008	Central ghrelin gastroprotection involves nitric oxide/prostaglandin cross-talk.	Nitric Oxide	42-54	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	8-15
18395937-9	2008	On the other hand, in tissue samples the raised MDA levels, MPO activity and reduced GSH levels, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity due to burn injury were found at control levels in ghrelin-treated groups, while DNA fragmentation in the gastric tissue was also reduced.	Glutathione	85-88	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	175-182
18400333-1	2008	Obestatin, a sibling of ghrelin derived from preproghrelin, opposes several physiological actions of ghrelin.	Ghrelin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	24-31
18400333-1	2008	Obestatin, a sibling of ghrelin derived from preproghrelin, opposes several physiological actions of ghrelin.	Ghrelin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
18455814-2	2008	Administration of ghrelin (GHRL), an endogenous orexigenic peptide known to stimulate gastric motility, has been shown to reduce the symptoms of CADS induced in relevant animal models with the potent chemotherapeutic agent, cisplatin.	Cisplatin	224-233	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
18455814-2	2008	Administration of ghrelin (GHRL), an endogenous orexigenic peptide known to stimulate gastric motility, has been shown to reduce the symptoms of CADS induced in relevant animal models with the potent chemotherapeutic agent, cisplatin.	Cisplatin	224-233	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-31
18455814-4	2008	treatment on the expression of GHRL and ghrelin receptor (GHSR) mRNAs in the hypothalamus and the stomach at a time-point (2 days) when the effects of cisplatin are pronounced.	Cisplatin	151-160	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-35
18455814-8	2008	Cisplatin increased GHSR mRNA expression in the stomach (67%) and hypothalamus (52%) but not GHRL mRNA expression and increased the percentage of acylated GHRL (7.03+/-1.35% vs. 11.38+/-2.40%) in the plasma.	Cisplatin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	155-159
18455814-9	2008	Dexamethasone reduced the plasma level of acylated GHRL and the percentage of acylated GHRL to values below those in animals treated with saline alone (7.03+/-1.35% vs. 2.60+/-0.49%).	Dexamethasone	0-13	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-55
18455814-9	2008	Dexamethasone reduced the plasma level of acylated GHRL and the percentage of acylated GHRL to values below those in animals treated with saline alone (7.03+/-1.35% vs. 2.60+/-0.49%).	Dexamethasone	0-13	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	87-91
18439428-4	2008	METHODS: We investigated the decreases of plasma acylated-ghrelin level and food intake caused by cisplatin, serotonin (5-HT), 5-HT agonists, and vagotomy as well as the decrease-suppressing effects of rikkunshito and 5-HT antagonists.	Cisplatin	98-107	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	58-65
18439428-6	2008	RESULTS: Cisplatin, 5-HT, BW723C86 (5-HT2B-receptor agonist), and m-chlorophenylpiperazine HCl (5-HT2C agonist) markedly decreased plasma acylated-ghrelin levels, although 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 agonists had no effect.	m-chlorophenylpiperazine hcl	66-94	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	147-154
18439428-7	2008	In contrast, 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C antagonists suppressed the cisplatin-induced decrease of plasma acylated-ghrelin level and food intake.	Cisplatin	58-67	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	104-111
18439428-8	2008	Administration of rat ghrelin improved the cisplatin-induced decrease in food intake.	Cisplatin	43-52	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
18439428-9	2008	Vagotomy decreased the plasma acylated-ghrelin level, which was decreased further by cisplatin.	Cisplatin	85-94	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	39-46
18439428-10	2008	Rikkunshito suppressed such cisplatin-induced decreases of plasma acylated-ghrelin level and food intake.	Cisplatin	28-37	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	75-82
18439428-12	2008	Components of rikkunshito, 3,3",4",5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone, hesperidin, and iso-liquiritigenin showed a 5-HT2B-antagonistic effect in vitro, and oral administration of rikkunshito suppressed the cisplatin-induced decrease in the plasma acylated-ghrelin level.	3,3',4',5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone	27-62	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	249-256
18562476-5	2008	Animals treated with ghrelin showed a significant increase in new bone formation as demonstrated by an increment in bone mineral density and fluorescence labelling of tetracycline relative to the control group.	Tetracycline	167-179	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	21-28
18591913-14	2008	The anti-inflammatory effect of ghrelin was inhibited by L-NAME.	NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester	57-63	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
18400333-9	2008	Plasma glucose was the only independent predictor of ghrelin levels, obestatin levels, and ghrelin to obestatin ratios.	Glucose	7-14	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
18400333-9	2008	Plasma glucose was the only independent predictor of ghrelin levels, obestatin levels, and ghrelin to obestatin ratios.	Glucose	7-14	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	91-98
18400333-10	2008	Obestatin immunoreactivity was detected in the fundus of stomach, liver and pancreatic islets, with roughly similar patterns of distribution to ghrelin.	Ghrelin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	144-151
18400333-11	2008	These data show quantitative and qualitative differences in circulating ghrelin and obestatin responses to the short-term feeding status and nutrient composition, and may support a role for obestatin in regulating metabolism and energy homeostasis.	Ghrelin	190-199	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	72-79
18436343-0	2008	Ghrelin infused into the portal vein inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in Wistar rats.	Glucose	46-53	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
18436343-3	2008	We demonstrated that ghrelin inhibited the glucose-stimulated release of insulin when infused into the portal vein of Wistar rats.	Glucose	43-50	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	21-28
18436343-5	2008	Hepatic vagotomy or coinfusion with atropine methyl bromide diminished the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.	methylatropine	36-59	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	96-103
18436343-5	2008	Hepatic vagotomy or coinfusion with atropine methyl bromide diminished the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.	Glucose	107-114	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	96-103
18436343-6	2008	In conclusion, ghrelin exerts an inhibitory effect on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion via the hepatic portal system and the vagus nerve.	Glucose	54-61	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	15-22
18385464-7	2008	In contrast, plasma ghrelin levels remained within the fasted levels in STZ rats after feeding.	Streptozocin	72-75	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	20-27
18385464-9	2008	Treatments with anti-ghrelin antibodies attenuated accelerated gastric emptying in STZ rats (50.1 +/- 3.5%, n = 6, P &lt; 0.05), while having little effect in vehicle control rats.	Streptozocin	83-86	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	21-28
18385464-11	2008	Treatments with anti-ghrelin antibodies suppressed this enhanced antropyloric coordination in STZ rats.	Streptozocin	94-97	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	21-28
18439428-12	2008	Components of rikkunshito, 3,3",4",5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone, hesperidin, and iso-liquiritigenin showed a 5-HT2B-antagonistic effect in vitro, and oral administration of rikkunshito suppressed the cisplatin-induced decrease in the plasma acylated-ghrelin level.	Hesperidin	64-74	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	249-256
18439428-12	2008	Components of rikkunshito, 3,3",4",5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone, hesperidin, and iso-liquiritigenin showed a 5-HT2B-antagonistic effect in vitro, and oral administration of rikkunshito suppressed the cisplatin-induced decrease in the plasma acylated-ghrelin level.	isoliquiritigenin	80-98	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	249-256
18439428-13	2008	CONCLUSIONS: The cisplatin-induced decreases of the plasma acylated-ghrelin level and food intake are mediated by 5-HT2B/2C receptors and suppressed by flavonoids in rikkunshito.	Cisplatin	17-26	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	68-75
18439428-13	2008	CONCLUSIONS: The cisplatin-induced decreases of the plasma acylated-ghrelin level and food intake are mediated by 5-HT2B/2C receptors and suppressed by flavonoids in rikkunshito.	Flavonoids	152-162	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	68-75
18414388-0	2008	Central ghrelin gastroprotection involves nitric oxide/prostaglandin cross-talk.	Prostaglandins	55-68	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	8-15
18414388-2	2008	We investigated the role of prostaglandins (PG) and the possible interplay between PGs and nitric oxide (NO) in ghrelin gastroprotection against ethanol (EtOH)-induced gastric lesions.	Ethanol	145-152	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	112-119
18414388-9	2008	Indomethacin and SC560, but not celecoxib, removed ghrelin gastroprotection.	Indomethacin	0-12	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
18414388-9	2008	Indomethacin and SC560, but not celecoxib, removed ghrelin gastroprotection.	SC 560	17-22	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
18414388-10	2008	L-NAME prevented the PGE(2) surge induced by ghrelin and, like indomethacin, reduced EtOH-induced PGE(2) increase.	NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester	0-6	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	45-52
18414388-10	2008	L-NAME prevented the PGE(2) surge induced by ghrelin and, like indomethacin, reduced EtOH-induced PGE(2) increase.	Prostaglandins E	21-24	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	45-52
18343456-7	2008	Plasma noradrenalin level was significantly elevated at every time point until 24 h. Guanethidine pretreatment eliminated the delay in gastric emptying at 8 h. Active ghrelin was significantly increased on days 3 and 5 after peak (at 24 h) plasma total and desacyl ghrelin in the stress group.	Norepinephrine	7-19	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	167-174
18346818-7	2008	The excitatory effect of ghrelin on VMH neurons in normal artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) persisted in low Ca2+-high Mg2+ ACSF.	magnesium ion	123-127	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	25-32
18218693-4	2008	Both hexarelin and ghrelin stimulated increased incorporation of (3)H-thymidine, indicating an increased cell proliferation.	h-thymidine	68-79	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
18218693-9	2008	We have demonstrated stimulation of (3)H-thymidine incorporation with both hexarelin and ghrelin.	h-thymidine	39-50	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	89-96
18343456-7	2008	Plasma noradrenalin level was significantly elevated at every time point until 24 h. Guanethidine pretreatment eliminated the delay in gastric emptying at 8 h. Active ghrelin was significantly increased on days 3 and 5 after peak (at 24 h) plasma total and desacyl ghrelin in the stress group.	Guanethidine	85-97	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	167-174
18343456-7	2008	Plasma noradrenalin level was significantly elevated at every time point until 24 h. Guanethidine pretreatment eliminated the delay in gastric emptying at 8 h. Active ghrelin was significantly increased on days 3 and 5 after peak (at 24 h) plasma total and desacyl ghrelin in the stress group.	Guanethidine	85-97	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	265-272
18329635-3	2008	The aim of the study was to determine if peripherally administered ghrelin affects neuronal activity in the DMH, as assessed by Fos expression.	Dimenhydrinate	108-111	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	67-74
18329635-5	2008	Peripheral ghrelin induced a significant increase in the number of Fos-ir positive neurons/section compared with vehicle in the ARC (mean+/-SEM: 49+/-2 vs. 23+/-2 neurons/section, p=0.001), PVN (69+/-5 vs. 34+/-3, p=0.001), and DMH (142+/-5 vs. 83+/-5, p&lt;0.001).	Dimenhydrinate	228-231	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-18
18329635-9	2008	These data indicate that peripheral ghrelin activates DMH neurons and that NPY-/AgRP-positive fibers may be involved in the response.	Dimenhydrinate	54-57	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
18071756-12	2008	Thus, obestatin and ghrelin co-localize with an anticipated monoamine in A-like cells in the stomach, and obestatin is found in pancreatic islets.	monoamine	60-69	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	20-27
18313206-3	2008	Ghrelin increased intracellular calcium levels but not intracellular cyclic AMP levels.	Calcium	32-39	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
18313206-7	2008	Pretreatment with TSH potentiates the growth effects of ghrelin in thyroid cells, and p66Shc, a growth factor receptor adaptor protein, might mediate these synergistic effects.	Thyrotropin	18-21	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	56-63
18313206-8	2008	Ghrelin phosphorylated TSH-induced p66Shc, which was inhibited by CPA.	Thyrotropin	23-26	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
18313206-8	2008	Ghrelin phosphorylated TSH-induced p66Shc, which was inhibited by CPA.	cyclopiazonic acid	66-69	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
18313206-10	2008	Thus, ghrelin-induced intracellular calcium signaling enhanced the TSH-induced proliferation of thyrocytes, possibly mediated by the p66Shc pathway.	Calcium	36-43	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	6-13
18313206-10	2008	Thus, ghrelin-induced intracellular calcium signaling enhanced the TSH-induced proliferation of thyrocytes, possibly mediated by the p66Shc pathway.	Thyrotropin	67-70	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	6-13
18310451-1	2008	Obestatin, a product of post-translational processing of the ghrelin prohormone, has been reported to act in the brain to inhibit thirst.	Ghrelin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	61-68
18359683-5	2008	Ghrelin also showed excitatory effect on the MMCs, which was inhibited by atropine, L-arginine or (D-Lys3)GHRP-6, but not by propranolol and phentolamine.	Atropine	74-82	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
18359683-5	2008	Ghrelin also showed excitatory effect on the MMCs, which was inhibited by atropine, L-arginine or (D-Lys3)GHRP-6, but not by propranolol and phentolamine.	Arginine	84-94	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
18359683-5	2008	Ghrelin also showed excitatory effect on the MMCs, which was inhibited by atropine, L-arginine or (D-Lys3)GHRP-6, but not by propranolol and phentolamine.	GHRP-6, Lys(3)-	98-112	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
18359683-6	2008	CONCLUSION: Ghrelin can promote gastrointestinal motilities, and its excitatory effects rely on the cholinergic pathway in close relation to nitric oxide pathway.	Nitric Oxide	141-153	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	12-19
17936373-1	2008	It is reported that the pineal gland and its main hormone melatonin may have a role in the regulation of ghrelin synthesis in the brain.	Melatonin	58-67	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	105-112
17913259-6	2008	Of 26 glucose-inhibited neurons examined for response to ghrelin, 23 were depressed, 1 was activated, and 2 failed to respond to ghrelin.	Glucose	6-13	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	57-64
17913259-7	2008	Nine of 11 glucose-excited neurons were suppressed by ghrelin application, and the responses are abolished by the pretreatment with the GHS-R antagonist, [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6.	Glucose	11-18	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	54-61
17936373-3	2008	One aim of this study was to investigate possible effects of pinealectomy and melatonin treatment on gastric ghrelin amount.	Melatonin	78-87	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	109-116
17913259-10	2008	In conclusion, the activity of the glucosensing neurons in the DVC can be modulated by ghrelin, the primary effect of ghrelin on the glucose-INH and glucose-EXC neurons was inhibitory.	Glucose	35-42	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	87-94
17913259-10	2008	In conclusion, the activity of the glucosensing neurons in the DVC can be modulated by ghrelin, the primary effect of ghrelin on the glucose-INH and glucose-EXC neurons was inhibitory.	Glucose	35-42	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	118-125
17825442-8	2008	These stimulatory actions of ghrelin on both gastric myoelectrical activity and gastric emptying were not fully eliminated by pretreatment with atropine sulphate.	Atropine	144-161	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	29-36
18039782-4	2008	Treatment with ghrelin and two ghrelin receptor agonists (BIM-28125 and BIM-28131) resulted in increased food intake and an improvement in lean body mass accrual that was related in part to a decrease in muscle protein degradation as assessed by muscle levels of the 14-kDa actin fragment resulting from cleaved actomyosin.	bim	58-61	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	15-22
17936372-5	2008	Two weeks gavage treatment with the ghrelin mimetic, MK-0677, to rats increased NPY and POMC mRNA in the arcuate nucleus and MCH mRNA in the lateral hypothalamus.	ibutamoren mesylate	53-60	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
18039782-4	2008	Treatment with ghrelin and two ghrelin receptor agonists (BIM-28125 and BIM-28131) resulted in increased food intake and an improvement in lean body mass accrual that was related in part to a decrease in muscle protein degradation as assessed by muscle levels of the 14-kDa actin fragment resulting from cleaved actomyosin.	bim	58-61	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
18039782-4	2008	Treatment with ghrelin and two ghrelin receptor agonists (BIM-28125 and BIM-28131) resulted in increased food intake and an improvement in lean body mass accrual that was related in part to a decrease in muscle protein degradation as assessed by muscle levels of the 14-kDa actin fragment resulting from cleaved actomyosin.	bim	72-75	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	15-22
18039782-4	2008	Treatment with ghrelin and two ghrelin receptor agonists (BIM-28125 and BIM-28131) resulted in increased food intake and an improvement in lean body mass accrual that was related in part to a decrease in muscle protein degradation as assessed by muscle levels of the 14-kDa actin fragment resulting from cleaved actomyosin.	bim	72-75	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
18024547-6	2008	In ghrelin-treated rats, LV enlargement induced by MI was significantly attenuated compared with saline-treated rats.	Sodium Chloride	97-103	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	3-10
17962345-0	2008	Ghrelin prevents cisplatin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and cachexia.	Cisplatin	17-26	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
17962345-3	2008	The objective of this study was to determine the effects of ghrelin administration on mechanical hyperalgesia, anorexia, and cachexia induced by cisplatin.	Cisplatin	145-154	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	60-67
17962345-4	2008	Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given cisplatin, ghrelin, ghrelin-cisplatin, or vehicle ip.	Cisplatin	70-79	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	62-69
17962345-8	2008	Our results indicate that ghrelin coadministration inhibited the development of cisplatin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia, anorexia, and cachexia induced by cisplatin.	Cisplatin	80-89	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
17962345-8	2008	Our results indicate that ghrelin coadministration inhibited the development of cisplatin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia, anorexia, and cachexia induced by cisplatin.	Cisplatin	157-166	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
17962345-9	2008	Although ghrelin treatment had no effect on plasma IGF-I levels in control rats, it prevented the decrease in IGF-I levels induced by cisplatin.	Cisplatin	134-143	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
17962345-10	2008	The attenuation of cisplatin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia induced by ghrelin was correlated with the prevention of cisplatin-induced lowering of IGF-I.	Cisplatin	19-28	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	72-79
17962345-10	2008	The attenuation of cisplatin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia induced by ghrelin was correlated with the prevention of cisplatin-induced lowering of IGF-I.	Cisplatin	118-127	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	72-79
18024547-9	2008	Importantly, a 2-wk administration of ghrelin dramatically suppressed the MI-induced increase in heart rate and plasma norepinephrine concentration to the similar levels as in sham-operated controls.	Norepinephrine	119-133	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	38-45
18519241-9	2008	The attenuation of ghrelin-immunoreactivity of gastric mucosa, after a single injection of R-(+)-methanandamide and CP 55,940 was accompanied by a significant increase of ghrelin plasma concentration.	methanandamide	91-111	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
18253047-11	2008	Serum concentrations of ghrelin, obestatin, leptin, gastrin, and pancreastatin were greatly reduced after Gx.	glycinexylidide	106-108	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	24-31
18519241-9	2008	The attenuation of ghrelin-immunoreactivity of gastric mucosa, after a single injection of R-(+)-methanandamide and CP 55,940 was accompanied by a significant increase of ghrelin plasma concentration.	methanandamide	91-111	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	171-178
19141406-10	2008	Those observations may indicate, that chronic administration of L-thyroxine cause the change of ghrelin plasma concentration in rats, probably via direct influence on gastric X/A-like cells, but this effect is not responsible for hyperphagia associated with hyperthyroidism.	Thyroxine	64-75	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	96-103
18519241-10	2008	These results indicate that stimulation of appetite exerted by cannabinoids may be connected with an increase of ghrelin secretion from gastric X/A-like cells.	Cannabinoids	63-75	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	113-120
18180328-7	2008	Ghrelin concentration in the PF 30/15 group was also higher than in the three other groups (P&lt;0.001 versus PF 5/40; P&lt;0.05 versus PF 15/30 and PF 40/5).	pyrazofurin	29-31	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
18180328-7	2008	Ghrelin concentration in the PF 30/15 group was also higher than in the three other groups (P&lt;0.001 versus PF 5/40; P&lt;0.05 versus PF 15/30 and PF 40/5).	pyrazofurin	110-112	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
18180328-7	2008	Ghrelin concentration in the PF 30/15 group was also higher than in the three other groups (P&lt;0.001 versus PF 5/40; P&lt;0.05 versus PF 15/30 and PF 40/5).	pyrazofurin	110-112	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
17705669-3	2008	Nitric oxide (NO) was shown as a mediator in the mechanism of ghrelin action on gastric acid secretory function.	Nitric Oxide	0-12	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	62-69
18444139-5	2008	In hypothalamus, ghrelin-infused TB rats exhibited significantly increased concentration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) as compared to saline-infused TB rats.	Terbium	33-35	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
18444139-5	2008	In hypothalamus, ghrelin-infused TB rats exhibited significantly increased concentration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) as compared to saline-infused TB rats.	Terbium	143-145	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
17705669-10	2008	Exogenous ghrelin administration increased gastric acid output, mucus content and total plasma nitrite levels, while these effects of ghrelin were inhibited by applying L-NAME.	Nitrites	95-102	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-17
17705669-10	2008	Exogenous ghrelin administration increased gastric acid output, mucus content and total plasma nitrite levels, while these effects of ghrelin were inhibited by applying L-NAME.	NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester	169-175	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	134-141
17575083-0	2007	Ghrelin uses Galphai2 and activates voltage-dependent K+ channels to attenuate glucose-induced Ca2+ signaling and insulin release in islet beta-cells: novel signal transduction of ghrelin.	Glucose	79-86	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
17983857-10	2008	Additionally, desacyl ghrelin was able to enhance medium glucose consumption by mature adipocytes in culture.	Glucose	57-64	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
17673520-0	2007	Intravenous glucose administration in fasting rats has differential effects on acylated and unacylated ghrelin in the portal and systemic circulation: a comparison between portal and peripheral concentrations in anesthetized rats.	Glucose	12-19	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	103-110
17914952-4	2007	Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to: (i) test the in vivo effect of peripherally administered ghrelin on gastric I/R-induced lesions in rats; and (ii) investigate in vitro the effect of ghrelin on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by human polymorphoneuclear (PMN) cells.	Reactive Oxygen Species	216-239	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	205-212
17914952-16	2007	In vitro studies showed for the first time that ghrelin inhibited ROS generation by human PMN in a dose-dependent manner.	Reactive Oxygen Species	66-69	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	48-55
17462749-6	2007	Pretreatment with lorglumide, a CCK(1) receptor blocker, reversed the stimulation of amylase release produced by intraduodenal application of ghrelin.	lorglumide	18-28	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	142-149
17573135-10	2007	Adrenaline, noradrenaline, endothelin and secretin stimulated ghrelin release, while somatostatin and GRP inhibited.	Epinephrine	0-10	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	62-69
17573135-10	2007	Adrenaline, noradrenaline, endothelin and secretin stimulated ghrelin release, while somatostatin and GRP inhibited.	Norepinephrine	12-25	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	62-69
18070752-5	2007	RESULTS: Ghrelin increased body weight (+1.4%) and blood glucose (both p &lt; 0.05 vs. saline) but not food intake, plasma insulin, or free fatty acids.	Blood Glucose	51-64	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
18070752-5	2007	RESULTS: Ghrelin increased body weight (+1.4%) and blood glucose (both p &lt; 0.05 vs. saline) but not food intake, plasma insulin, or free fatty acids.	Sodium Chloride	87-93	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
17462749-4	2007	Ghrelin given into the duodenum of healthy rats at doses of 1.0 or 10.0 microg/kg increased pancreatic amylase outputs under basal conditions or following the stimulation of pancreatic secretion with DPBJ.	dpbj	200-204	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
17462749-5	2007	Bilateral vagotomy as well as capsaicin deactivation of sensory fibers completely abolished all stimulatory effects of luminal ghrelin on pancreatic exocrine function.	Capsaicin	30-39	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	127-134
17993760-2	2007	Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid hormone produced mainly by the stomach which strongly promotes food intake.	-amino-acid hormone	15-34	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
17321631-0	2007	Oral pioglitazone administration increases food intake through ghrelin-independent pathway in Zucker fatty rat.	Pioglitazone	5-17	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	63-70
17321631-4	2007	We examined whether oral pioglitazone administration regulates plasma ghrelin concentration and body weights using Zucker fatty rats (ZFR).	Pioglitazone	25-37	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	70-77
17575083-0	2007	Ghrelin uses Galphai2 and activates voltage-dependent K+ channels to attenuate glucose-induced Ca2+ signaling and insulin release in islet beta-cells: novel signal transduction of ghrelin.	Glucose	79-86	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	180-187
17575083-2	2007	This study aimed to explore signaling mechanisms for insulinostatic ghrelin action in islet beta-cells, with special attention to heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins and K(+) channels.	Guanosine Triphosphate	145-148	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	68-75
17575083-11	2007	Ghrelin attenuated glucose-induced action potentials and [Ca(2+)](i) increases in beta-cells.	Glucose	19-26	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
17575083-12	2007	Suppressions of [Ca(2+)](i) increase and insulin release by ghrelin were blunted in beta-cells treated with PTX and with antisense oligonucleotide specific for G-protein Galpha(i2)-subunit.	Oligonucleotides	131-146	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	60-67
17575083-13	2007	Ghrelin attenuates glucose-induced insulin release via PTX-sensitive Galpha(i2)-mediated activation of Kv channels and suppression of [Ca(2+)](i) in beta-cells, representing the unique signaling of ghrelin distinct from that for GH release.	Glucose	19-26	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
17575083-13	2007	Ghrelin attenuates glucose-induced insulin release via PTX-sensitive Galpha(i2)-mediated activation of Kv channels and suppression of [Ca(2+)](i) in beta-cells, representing the unique signaling of ghrelin distinct from that for GH release.	Glucose	19-26	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	198-205
17901588-2	2007	It was shown that obestatin may counteract the effects of its sister peptide, ghrelin, on food intake and gastrointestinal motility but the other roles in controlling the gastrointestinal function remain unknown.	Ghrelin	18-27	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	78-85
17462598-0	2007	Glucagon receptor expression and glucagon stimulation of ghrelin secretion in rat stomach.	Glucagon	33-41	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	57-64
17629416-0	2007	Acute administration of clozapine concurrently increases blood glucose and circulating plasma ghrelin levels in rats.	Clozapine	24-33	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	94-101
17543279-4	2007	We show that ghrelin inhibited ASK1 activity induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP), inhibited ASK1-mediated caspase 3 activation and apoptosis in PC12 cells.	Nitroprusside	56-76	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
17543279-6	2007	Quercetin, an inhibitor of HSP70, blocked the effects of ghrelin on ASK1 activity.	Quercetin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	57-64
17462598-1	2007	The present study was performed to evaluate the role of glucagon in the regulation of ghrelin secretion from the rat stomach.	Glucagon	56-64	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	86-93
17462598-4	2007	Intravenous administration of glucagon caused transient increases in both acyl- and desacyl-ghrelin levels in the gastric vein within 10 min, which was followed by gradual increases in desacyl-ghrelin levels until 60 min.	Glucagon	30-38	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	92-99
17462598-4	2007	Intravenous administration of glucagon caused transient increases in both acyl- and desacyl-ghrelin levels in the gastric vein within 10 min, which was followed by gradual increases in desacyl-ghrelin levels until 60 min.	Glucagon	30-38	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	193-200
17462598-5	2007	Steady state levels of ghrelin mRNA in the stomach were increased by 1.9-fold 20 min after glucagon administration, but not at 5 or 120 min.	Glucagon	91-99	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
17462598-6	2007	These results suggest that glucagon stimulates acute release of both forms of ghrelin and thereafter upregulates synthesis and release of desacyl-ghrelin in the rat stomach.	Glucagon	27-35	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	78-85
17462598-6	2007	These results suggest that glucagon stimulates acute release of both forms of ghrelin and thereafter upregulates synthesis and release of desacyl-ghrelin in the rat stomach.	Glucagon	27-35	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	146-153
17413663-5	2007	When the sucrose solution was offered as the only source of calories, rats treated with ghrelin infused in the ventricle and site-specifically increased sucrose consumption.	Sucrose	9-16	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	88-95
17636176-0	2007	Direct stimulatory effect of ghrelin on pituitary release of LH through a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism that is modulated by estrogen.	Nitric Oxide	74-86	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	29-36
17303662-14	2007	These findings indicate that ghrelin increases [Ca(2+)](i) via mechanisms depending on phospholipase C and adenylate cyclase-PKA pathways in ARC NPY neurons and that leptin counteracts ghrelin responses via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-PDE3 pathway.	Phosphatidylinositols	209-229	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	29-36
17347304-3	2007	We used a rat model of cancer cachexia and administered human ghrelin and a synthetic ghrelin analog BIM-28131 via continuous infusion using sc osmotic minipumps.	relamorelin	101-110	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	86-93
17347304-4	2007	Tumor-implanted rats receiving human ghrelin or BIM-28131 exhibited a significant increase in food consumption and weight gain vs. saline-treated animals.	Sodium Chloride	131-137	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	37-44
17257691-0	2007	Augmented cocaine conditioned place preference in rats pretreated with systemic ghrelin.	Cocaine	10-17	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	80-87
17257691-3	2007	Moreover, systemically administered ghrelin crosses into the brain and is known to augment the locomotor-stimulating effects of cocaine [COC: Wellman et al., 2005].	Cocaine	128-135	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
17413663-5	2007	When the sucrose solution was offered as the only source of calories, rats treated with ghrelin infused in the ventricle and site-specifically increased sucrose consumption.	Sucrose	153-160	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	88-95
17556859-8	2007	These results suggested (a) that ghrelin has no direct effect on liver, and (b) that when administrated to a whole organism, ghrelin may alter the lipid metabolism and the energy balance through a marked decrease in liver fatty acid oxidation.	Fatty Acids	222-232	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	125-132
17556859-0	2007	Ghrelin reduces hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid beta oxidation.	Fatty Acids	38-48	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
17189653-0	2007	Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (fluoxetine) decreases the effects of ghrelin on memory retention and food intake.	Fluoxetine	40-50	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	77-84
17189653-3	2007	In the present work we analyzed the effect on food intake and memory retention induced by Ghr after serotonin (5-HT) availability modification at the serotoninergic synapses.	Serotonin	100-109	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	90-93
17189653-6	2007	When the animals were treated with FLU prior to Ghr injection, the food intake induced, as well as the expression of short and long term memory retention, was decreased.	Fluoxetine	35-38	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	48-51
17251274-7	2007	Collectively, these data suggest that estradiol inhibits the orexigenic action of ghrelin in females, that weight gain associated with OVX is ghrelin mediated, and that this endocrine interaction may account for an important sex differences in food intake and the regulation of body weight.	Estradiol	38-47	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	82-89
17556866-0	2007	Ghrelin improves growth hormone responses to growth hormone-releasing hormone in a streptozotocin-diabetic model of delayed onset.	Streptozocin	83-97	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
17556859-1	2007	Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide secreted during starvation by gastric cells.	amino-acid peptide	16-34	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
17556859-2	2007	Ghrelin physiologically induces food intake and seems to alter lipid and glucid metabolism in several tissues such as adipose tissue and liver.	Saccharin	73-79	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
17454854-12	2007	Pretreatment with atropine, L-arginine, ondansetron, and (D-Lys3)GHRP-6 inhibited the effects of ghrelin.	Arginine	28-38	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	97-104
17556859-4	2007	We investigated the effects of peripheral ghrelin administration on 2 crucial parameters of fatty acid oxidation: the levocarnitine (L-carnitine)-dependent entry of the fatty acids in the mitochondria and the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation.	Fatty Acids	92-102	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
17556859-7	2007	In hepatocytes prepared from 3 nmol ghrelin-treated rats, a 44% reduction of the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation while no alteration of the L-carnitine-related parameters were observed.	Fatty Acids	95-105	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
17454854-12	2007	Pretreatment with atropine, L-arginine, ondansetron, and (D-Lys3)GHRP-6 inhibited the effects of ghrelin.	Ondansetron	40-51	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	97-104
17454854-10	2007	Ghrelin induced duodenal MMC after administration in the fed state, and shortened the duodenal MMC cycle length and the duration of phase III during fasting.	Mitomycin	25-28	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
17454854-10	2007	Ghrelin induced duodenal MMC after administration in the fed state, and shortened the duodenal MMC cycle length and the duration of phase III during fasting.	Mitomycin	95-98	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
17454854-12	2007	Pretreatment with atropine, L-arginine, ondansetron, and (D-Lys3)GHRP-6 inhibited the effects of ghrelin.	Atropine	18-26	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	97-104
17454854-12	2007	Pretreatment with atropine, L-arginine, ondansetron, and (D-Lys3)GHRP-6 inhibited the effects of ghrelin.	GHRP-6, Lys(3)-	57-71	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	97-104
16466902-1	2007	Ghrelin, a novel 28-amino acid peptide with an n-octanoyl modification at Ser3, has been isolated from rat and human stomach as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor.	amino acid peptide	20-38	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
17157327-8	2007	Ghrelin increased circulating concentrations of ACTH and corticosterone (p&lt;0.05) by 62% and 66%, respectively.	Corticosterone	57-71	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
17157327-9	2007	The data provide clear documentation that intracerebroventricular ghrelin stimulates ACTH cell hypertrophy and proliferation, and promotes ACTH and corticosterone release.	Corticosterone	148-162	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	66-73
17407494-0	2007	Correlation between serum ghrelin levels and cocaine-seeking behaviour triggered by cocaine-associated conditioned stimuli in rats.	Cocaine	45-52	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
17407494-0	2007	Correlation between serum ghrelin levels and cocaine-seeking behaviour triggered by cocaine-associated conditioned stimuli in rats.	Cocaine	84-91	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
17407494-4	2007	Accordingly, the present study investigated the potential role of serum ghrelin levels in the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behaviour triggered by cocaine-associated cues.	Cocaine	111-118	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	72-79
17407494-4	2007	Accordingly, the present study investigated the potential role of serum ghrelin levels in the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behaviour triggered by cocaine-associated cues.	Cocaine	150-157	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	72-79
17407494-12	2007	A positive and significant correlation was observed between ghrelin levels (r = 0.64; P &lt; 0.05), but not corticosterone (r = 0.37; NS), and the increased active lever presses only in animals exposed to CS.	Cesium	205-207	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	60-67
17407494-13	2007	These findings suggest a potential role of ghrelin in the modulation of cue-triggered reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behaviour.	Cocaine	103-110	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	43-50
17166664-8	2007	The LCV pre-injection of thioperamide clearly blocked suppressing effects of ghrelin on RSNA and BP.	lcv	4-7	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	77-84
17166664-8	2007	The LCV pre-injection of thioperamide clearly blocked suppressing effects of ghrelin on RSNA and BP.	thioperamide	25-37	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	77-84
17166664-8	2007	The LCV pre-injection of thioperamide clearly blocked suppressing effects of ghrelin on RSNA and BP.	rsna	88-92	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	77-84
17166664-10	2007	Therefore, these results suggest that leptin and ghrelin might affect RSNA and BP by mediating central histaminegic H1- and H3-receptors, respectively.	rsna	70-74	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	49-56
16466902-4	2007	However, much structural divergence in peptide length and fatty acid modification was observed in feline ghrelin: peptides consisting of 27 or 26 amino acids lacking Gln14 and/or Arg28 were found, and the third serine residue was modified by octanoic acid (C8:0), decanoic acid (10:0), or unsaturated fatty acids (C8:1, C10:1 and C10:2).	Fatty Acids	58-68	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	105-112
16466902-4	2007	However, much structural divergence in peptide length and fatty acid modification was observed in feline ghrelin: peptides consisting of 27 or 26 amino acids lacking Gln14 and/or Arg28 were found, and the third serine residue was modified by octanoic acid (C8:0), decanoic acid (10:0), or unsaturated fatty acids (C8:1, C10:1 and C10:2).	Serine	211-217	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	105-112
16466902-4	2007	However, much structural divergence in peptide length and fatty acid modification was observed in feline ghrelin: peptides consisting of 27 or 26 amino acids lacking Gln14 and/or Arg28 were found, and the third serine residue was modified by octanoic acid (C8:0), decanoic acid (10:0), or unsaturated fatty acids (C8:1, C10:1 and C10:2).	octanoic acid	242-255	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	105-112
16466902-4	2007	However, much structural divergence in peptide length and fatty acid modification was observed in feline ghrelin: peptides consisting of 27 or 26 amino acids lacking Gln14 and/or Arg28 were found, and the third serine residue was modified by octanoic acid (C8:0), decanoic acid (10:0), or unsaturated fatty acids (C8:1, C10:1 and C10:2).	decanoic acid	264-277	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	105-112
16466902-4	2007	However, much structural divergence in peptide length and fatty acid modification was observed in feline ghrelin: peptides consisting of 27 or 26 amino acids lacking Gln14 and/or Arg28 were found, and the third serine residue was modified by octanoic acid (C8:0), decanoic acid (10:0), or unsaturated fatty acids (C8:1, C10:1 and C10:2).	Fatty Acids, Unsaturated	289-312	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	105-112
16466902-4	2007	However, much structural divergence in peptide length and fatty acid modification was observed in feline ghrelin: peptides consisting of 27 or 26 amino acids lacking Gln14 and/or Arg28 were found, and the third serine residue was modified by octanoic acid (C8:0), decanoic acid (10:0), or unsaturated fatty acids (C8:1, C10:1 and C10:2).	1-octene	257-259	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	105-112
17392601-0	2007	Endogenous ghrelin increases in adriamycin-induced heart failure rats.	Doxorubicin	32-42	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-18
17392601-2	2007	The present report studied whether pathophysiologic increment of endogenous ghrelin levels was existed in the progression of adriamycin (ADR)-induced CHF, then the possible compensatory mechanism by which the changes were induced and the relationship between active ghrelin, cardiac function and energy reserve in heart failure (HF) rats were explored.	Doxorubicin	125-135	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
17587180-0	2007	Glucocorticoid inhibition of growth in rats: partial reversal with the full-length ghrelin analog BIM-28125.	BIM-28125	98-107	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	83-90
17283231-4	2007	ghrelin(1-28) immunoreactivity (IR) in human plasma and rat plasma/stomach consisted of major des-octanoyl and minor octanoylated forms, as determined by HPLC/RIA.	des-octanoyl	94-106	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
17283231-5	2007	Human plasma ghrelin(1-28) IR was significantly suppressed by food intake, oral glucose and 1 mg s.c. glucagon administration.	Glucose	80-87	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
17283231-5	2007	Human plasma ghrelin(1-28) IR was significantly suppressed by food intake, oral glucose and 1 mg s.c. glucagon administration.	Glucagon	102-110	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
17283231-8	2007	Human plasma proghrelin(29-94)-like IR positively correlated with ghrelin(1-28) IR, was significantly suppressed by food intake and oral glucose and shared with ghrelin(1-28) IR a negative correlation with body mass index.	proghrelin	13-23	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	66-73
17283231-8	2007	Human plasma proghrelin(29-94)-like IR positively correlated with ghrelin(1-28) IR, was significantly suppressed by food intake and oral glucose and shared with ghrelin(1-28) IR a negative correlation with body mass index.	Glucose	137-144	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	16-23
17283231-10	2007	Rather, our data suggest that circulating and stored peptides derived from the carboxyl terminal of proghrelin (C-ghrelin) are consistent in length with proghrelin(29-94) and respond to metabolic manipulation, at least in man, in similar fashion to ghrelin(1-28).	proghrelin	100-110	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	114-121
17283231-10	2007	Rather, our data suggest that circulating and stored peptides derived from the carboxyl terminal of proghrelin (C-ghrelin) are consistent in length with proghrelin(29-94) and respond to metabolic manipulation, at least in man, in similar fashion to ghrelin(1-28).	proghrelin	153-163	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	103-110
17283231-10	2007	Rather, our data suggest that circulating and stored peptides derived from the carboxyl terminal of proghrelin (C-ghrelin) are consistent in length with proghrelin(29-94) and respond to metabolic manipulation, at least in man, in similar fashion to ghrelin(1-28).	proghrelin	153-163	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	114-121
17157813-6	2007	This report provides evidence indicating that obestatin effects are functionally opposite on anxiety and hunger to the ghrelin effects, while both these related peptides increase memory retention.	Ghrelin	46-55	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	119-126
16931650-1	2007	Derived from the same prohormone, obestatin has been reported to exert effects on food intake that oppose those of ghrelin.	Ghrelin	34-43	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	115-122
17128285-6	2007	Obestatin (0.1-1 nM) reduced the ability of ghrelin 1 microM to facilitate EFS-evoked contractions of the stomach (increases were 42.7+/-7.8% and 21.2+/-5.0 % in the absence and presence of obestatin 1 nM; P&lt;0.05; n=12); higher concentrations (10-1000 nM) tended to reduce the response to ghrelin but changes were not statistically significant.	Ghrelin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-51
17128285-6	2007	Obestatin (0.1-1 nM) reduced the ability of ghrelin 1 microM to facilitate EFS-evoked contractions of the stomach (increases were 42.7+/-7.8% and 21.2+/-5.0 % in the absence and presence of obestatin 1 nM; P&lt;0.05; n=12); higher concentrations (10-1000 nM) tended to reduce the response to ghrelin but changes were not statistically significant.	Ghrelin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	292-299
17128285-6	2007	Obestatin (0.1-1 nM) reduced the ability of ghrelin 1 microM to facilitate EFS-evoked contractions of the stomach (increases were 42.7+/-7.8% and 21.2+/-5.0 % in the absence and presence of obestatin 1 nM; P&lt;0.05; n=12); higher concentrations (10-1000 nM) tended to reduce the response to ghrelin but changes were not statistically significant.	Ghrelin	190-199	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-51
17548264-0	2007	Ghrelin and insulin gene expression changes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after rosiglitazone pretreatment.	Streptozocin	47-61	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
17548264-0	2007	Ghrelin and insulin gene expression changes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after rosiglitazone pretreatment.	Rosiglitazone	90-103	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
17548264-1	2007	The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of rosiglitazone treatment on islet ghrelin and insulin gene expressions in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.	Rosiglitazone	51-64	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	84-91
17548264-1	2007	The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of rosiglitazone treatment on islet ghrelin and insulin gene expressions in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.	Streptozocin	140-143	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	84-91
17356261-0	2007	Acute effect of leptin and ghrelin injection on postprandial glycogen and lipid synthesis in rats.	Glycogen	61-69	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
17356261-1	2007	AIM: The study was designed to investigate the immediate (1 h) effect of leptin and ghrelin injection on in vivo postprandial hepatic glycogen and lipid synthesis.	Glycogen	134-142	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	84-91
17587180-3	2007	The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of a full-length, metabolically stabilized ghrelin agonist, BIM-28125, to reverse the dexamethasone-induced decrease of growth rate of prepubertal Sprague-Dawley male rats.	BIM-28125	117-126	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	100-107
17587180-3	2007	The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of a full-length, metabolically stabilized ghrelin agonist, BIM-28125, to reverse the dexamethasone-induced decrease of growth rate of prepubertal Sprague-Dawley male rats.	Dexamethasone	143-156	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	100-107
16793188-4	2006	Ghrelin antisense oligonucleotides produced an anxiolytic-like effects in the elevated plus maze test, black and white test, or conditioned fear tests.	Oligonucleotides	18-34	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
17228088-14	2006	in smaller concentrations (12.5% and 25%) produced a significant increase in plasma immunorective ghrelin levels and this effect was inhibited in rats receiving ethanol in higher concentrations (75% and 100%).	Ethanol	161-168	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	98-105
17060947-3	2006	Here we show that in mice and rats, ghrelin bound to neurons of the VTA, where it triggered increased dopamine neuronal activity, synapse formation, and dopamine turnover in the nucleus accumbens in a GHSR-dependent manner.	Dopamine	102-110	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
17060947-3	2006	Here we show that in mice and rats, ghrelin bound to neurons of the VTA, where it triggered increased dopamine neuronal activity, synapse formation, and dopamine turnover in the nucleus accumbens in a GHSR-dependent manner.	Dopamine	153-161	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
16887908-4	2006	Incubation of the hypothalamic explants with ghrelin significantly increased NPY and AGRP mRNA expression in the presence, but not absence, of dexamethasone.	Dexamethasone	143-156	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	45-52
16887908-8	2006	The stimulatory effects of ghrelin on NPY gene expression were abolished in the presence of cycloheximide, which blocks translation, suggesting that de novo protein synthesis is required for ghrelin action.	Cycloheximide	92-105	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
16887908-8	2006	The stimulatory effects of ghrelin on NPY gene expression were abolished in the presence of cycloheximide, which blocks translation, suggesting that de novo protein synthesis is required for ghrelin action.	Cycloheximide	92-105	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	191-198
17173080-11	2006	CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrate that ghrelin may play a role in protective, compensative and negative-feedback regulation in the disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism.	Glucose	142-149	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	38-45
17109829-0	2006	Nitric oxide directly inhibits ghrelin-activated neurons of the arcuate nucleus.	Nitric Oxide	0-12	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
17109829-13	2006	The current studies demonstrate that NO/cGMP signaling inhibits a large population of ArcM neurons including ghrelin-excited cells.	Cyclic GMP	40-44	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	109-116
17218761-1	2006	Ghrelin and melatonin are produced in the central nervous system and in the gastrointestinal tissues; ghrelin in the stomach, and melatonin - in the liver and in the intestine.	Melatonin	130-139	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
17218762-6	2006	Ghrelin was shown to positively influence weight gain, increase GH, insulin and cortisol secretion.	Hydrocortisone	80-88	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
17228088-21	2006	We conclude that central and peripheral ghrelin exerts a potent protective and gastric secretory effects in rats exposed to ethanol and I/R, and that these actions involve vagal nerve integrity, partially depending upon afferent nerves and hyperemia mediated by sensory neuropeptides such as CGRP released from these nerves.	Ethanol	124-131	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	40-47
16868036-7	2006	The protective and hyperemic activities of ghrelin were significantly attenuated in rats pretreated with d-Lys(3)-GHRP-6 and capsaicin denervation and completely abolished by vagotomy.	GHRP-6, Lys(3)-	105-120	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	43-50
16959954-5	2006	LPS inhibited the elevated fasted plasma ghrelin levels by 47.6 +/- 4.9%, 58.9 +/- 3.3%, 74.4 +/- 2.7%, and 48.9 +/- 8.7% at 2, 3, 5, and 7 h postinjection, respectively, and values returned to preinjection levels at 24 h. Insulin levels were negatively correlated to those of ghrelin, whereas there was no significant correlation between glucose and ghrelin.	Glucose	339-346	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	41-48
16959954-6	2006	IL-1Ra and indomethacin prevented the first 3-h decline in ghrelin levels induced by LPS, whereas astressin B did not.	Indomethacin	11-23	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	59-66
16955211-4	2006	effect of specific inhibitors of PI(3)K (LY294002 and wortmannin) and MAPK (PD98059 and UO126) on the insulin-mediated reduction of ghrelin levels in rats.	2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	41-49	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	132-139
16955211-4	2006	effect of specific inhibitors of PI(3)K (LY294002 and wortmannin) and MAPK (PD98059 and UO126) on the insulin-mediated reduction of ghrelin levels in rats.	Wortmannin	54-64	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	132-139
16955211-4	2006	effect of specific inhibitors of PI(3)K (LY294002 and wortmannin) and MAPK (PD98059 and UO126) on the insulin-mediated reduction of ghrelin levels in rats.	2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	76-83	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	132-139
16955211-4	2006	effect of specific inhibitors of PI(3)K (LY294002 and wortmannin) and MAPK (PD98059 and UO126) on the insulin-mediated reduction of ghrelin levels in rats.	U 0126	88-93	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	132-139
16868036-7	2006	The protective and hyperemic activities of ghrelin were significantly attenuated in rats pretreated with d-Lys(3)-GHRP-6 and capsaicin denervation and completely abolished by vagotomy.	Capsaicin	125-134	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	43-50
16868036-8	2006	Indomethacin, SC560, and rofecoxib, selective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors, attenuated ghrelin-induced protection that was restored by supplying the methyl analog of prostaglandin (PG) E(2).	Indomethacin	0-12	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	85-92
16868036-8	2006	Indomethacin, SC560, and rofecoxib, selective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors, attenuated ghrelin-induced protection that was restored by supplying the methyl analog of prostaglandin (PG) E(2).	SC 560	14-19	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	85-92
16868036-8	2006	Indomethacin, SC560, and rofecoxib, selective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors, attenuated ghrelin-induced protection that was restored by supplying the methyl analog of prostaglandin (PG) E(2).	rofecoxib	25-34	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	85-92
16868036-8	2006	Indomethacin, SC560, and rofecoxib, selective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors, attenuated ghrelin-induced protection that was restored by supplying the methyl analog of prostaglandin (PG) E(2).	Prostaglandins E	164-184	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	85-92
16868036-10	2006	We conclude that ghrelin exhibits gastroprotective and hyperemic activities against I/R-induced erosions, the effects that are mediated by hormone activation of GHS-R1a receptors, COX-PG system, and vagal-sensory nerves.	Prostaglandins	184-186	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
16873401-9	2006	When ghrelin, applied intrathecally, was used to desensitize its receptors, the effect of intravenous CP464709 was blocked.	cp464709	102-110	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	5-12
16762351-7	2006	These were octanoylated eel ghrelin and other ghrelins that may have different fatty acid modifications, suggesting that this RIA can detect acylated ghrelin of eels as seen previously in the case of rat.	Fatty Acids	79-89	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	46-53
17003276-7	2006	Moreover, treatment with an aromatase inhibitor, 4-hydro-xyandrostenedione (formestane), significantly decreased the level of ghrelin mRNA expression in minced stomach tissue.	formestane	49-74	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	126-133
17003276-7	2006	Moreover, treatment with an aromatase inhibitor, 4-hydro-xyandrostenedione (formestane), significantly decreased the level of ghrelin mRNA expression in minced stomach tissue.	formestane	76-86	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	126-133
16891413-7	2006	Synthetic ghrelin analogs were prepared that spanned residues 1-10 [ghrelin (1-10) Ser-3(butanoyl) hapten, Ghr1], 13-28 [ghrelin (13-28) hapten, Ghr2], and 1-28 [ghrelin(1-28) Ser-3(butanoyl) hapten, Ghr3], and included n-butanoyl esters at Ser-3.	Serine	83-86	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-17
16759671-5	2006	Central ghrelin (4 ng to 4 microg/rat) given 5 min before carrageenan produced a dose-related reversal of carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia measured by Randall-Selitto test with an ED50 of 81.7 ng/rat.	Carrageenan	106-117	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	8-15
16759671-10	2006	Given i.p., 30 min before carrageenan, ghrelin (20-160 microg/kg) induced a significant dose-dependent inhibition of hyperalgesia with an ED50 of 77 microg/kg and a slight reduction of edema.	Carrageenan	26-37	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	39-46
16759671-4	2006	administration of ghrelin, the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, in the development of hyperalgesia and edema induced by intraplantar injection of carrageenan in rats.	Carrageenan	176-187	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
16891413-7	2006	Synthetic ghrelin analogs were prepared that spanned residues 1-10 [ghrelin (1-10) Ser-3(butanoyl) hapten, Ghr1], 13-28 [ghrelin (13-28) hapten, Ghr2], and 1-28 [ghrelin(1-28) Ser-3(butanoyl) hapten, Ghr3], and included n-butanoyl esters at Ser-3.	butanoyl) hapten	89-105	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-17
16891413-7	2006	Synthetic ghrelin analogs were prepared that spanned residues 1-10 [ghrelin (1-10) Ser-3(butanoyl) hapten, Ghr1], 13-28 [ghrelin (13-28) hapten, Ghr2], and 1-28 [ghrelin(1-28) Ser-3(butanoyl) hapten, Ghr3], and included n-butanoyl esters at Ser-3.	ghr2	145-149	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-17
16891413-7	2006	Synthetic ghrelin analogs were prepared that spanned residues 1-10 [ghrelin (1-10) Ser-3(butanoyl) hapten, Ghr1], 13-28 [ghrelin (13-28) hapten, Ghr2], and 1-28 [ghrelin(1-28) Ser-3(butanoyl) hapten, Ghr3], and included n-butanoyl esters at Ser-3.	Serine	176-179	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-17
16891413-7	2006	Synthetic ghrelin analogs were prepared that spanned residues 1-10 [ghrelin (1-10) Ser-3(butanoyl) hapten, Ghr1], 13-28 [ghrelin (13-28) hapten, Ghr2], and 1-28 [ghrelin(1-28) Ser-3(butanoyl) hapten, Ghr3], and included n-butanoyl esters at Ser-3.	butanoyl) hapten	182-198	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-17
16891413-7	2006	Synthetic ghrelin analogs were prepared that spanned residues 1-10 [ghrelin (1-10) Ser-3(butanoyl) hapten, Ghr1], 13-28 [ghrelin (13-28) hapten, Ghr2], and 1-28 [ghrelin(1-28) Ser-3(butanoyl) hapten, Ghr3], and included n-butanoyl esters at Ser-3.	ghr3	200-204	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-17
16891413-7	2006	Synthetic ghrelin analogs were prepared that spanned residues 1-10 [ghrelin (1-10) Ser-3(butanoyl) hapten, Ghr1], 13-28 [ghrelin (13-28) hapten, Ghr2], and 1-28 [ghrelin(1-28) Ser-3(butanoyl) hapten, Ghr3], and included n-butanoyl esters at Ser-3.	n-butanoyl esters	220-237	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-17
16891413-7	2006	Synthetic ghrelin analogs were prepared that spanned residues 1-10 [ghrelin (1-10) Ser-3(butanoyl) hapten, Ghr1], 13-28 [ghrelin (13-28) hapten, Ghr2], and 1-28 [ghrelin(1-28) Ser-3(butanoyl) hapten, Ghr3], and included n-butanoyl esters at Ser-3.	Serine	176-179	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-17
16891413-8	2006	Groups immunized with Ghr1 or Ghr3 showed greater and more selective plasma binding capacity for the active, Ser-3-(n-octanoyl) form of ghrelin as compared with Ghr2 or keyhole limpet hemocyanin vaccinated controls.	ser-3-(n-octanoyl) form	109-132	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	136-143
16859671-11	2006	In the presence of atropine 1 microM, L-NAME 0.3 mM or the tachykinin receptor antagonists (as above), ghrelin 1 microM increased any EFS-induced contraction but in the presence of atropine had no effects on EFS-evoked relaxations.	Atropine	19-27	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	103-110
16859671-11	2006	In the presence of atropine 1 microM, L-NAME 0.3 mM or the tachykinin receptor antagonists (as above), ghrelin 1 microM increased any EFS-induced contraction but in the presence of atropine had no effects on EFS-evoked relaxations.	NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester	38-44	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	103-110
16859671-11	2006	In the presence of atropine 1 microM, L-NAME 0.3 mM or the tachykinin receptor antagonists (as above), ghrelin 1 microM increased any EFS-induced contraction but in the presence of atropine had no effects on EFS-evoked relaxations.	Atropine	181-189	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	103-110
16469825-4	2006	Pretreatment with atropine or hexamethonium or an acute vagotomy, but not a perivagal application of capsaicin, completely abolished pancreatic protein secretion responses to ghrelin.	Atropine	18-26	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	175-182
16806163-6	2006	All doses of SR141716 were capable to reduce the orexigenic effect of the GHRP.	Rimonabant	13-21	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	74-78
16643913-7	2006	NAP had only a transient, while cyproheptadine elicited a more permanent impact on the hyperthermic response evoked by ghrelin; the other antagonists proved to be ineffective.	Cyproheptadine	32-46	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	119-126
16814134-0	2006	Ghrelin inhibits vascular superoxide production in spontaneously hypertensive rats.	Superoxides	26-36	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
16814134-5	2006	Because oxidative stress and increased superoxide production by NAD(P)H oxidases (Nox) are critical in the pathogenesis of hypertension, we aimed to study the effects of ghrelin on vascular superoxide production and NAD(P)H oxidase activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).	Superoxides	190-200	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	170-177
16814134-8	2006	Direct superoxide scavenging properties of ghrelin were tested using xanthine-xanthine oxidase system.	Superoxides	7-17	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	43-50
16814134-10	2006	Preincubation of aortic segments from SHR or WKY with ghrelin caused concentration-dependent (from 50 pg/mL to 5 ng/mL) decrease of basal superoxide production.	Superoxides	138-148	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	54-61
16814134-13	2006	Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition, using N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), partially blunted the effects of ghrelin on NADPH oxidase activity indicating potential role of nitric oxide.	NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester	46-84	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	128-135
16814134-13	2006	Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition, using N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), partially blunted the effects of ghrelin on NADPH oxidase activity indicating potential role of nitric oxide.	NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester	86-92	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	128-135
16814134-13	2006	Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition, using N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), partially blunted the effects of ghrelin on NADPH oxidase activity indicating potential role of nitric oxide.	Nitric Oxide	191-203	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	128-135
16417945-0	2006	Inotropic and lusitropic effects of ghrelin and their modulation by the endocardial endothelium, NO, prostaglandins, GHS-R1a and KCa channels.	Prostaglandins	101-115	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
16647196-1	2006	Both unacylated ghrelin (UAG) and acylated ghrelin (AG) exert metabolic effects.	URIDINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE-N-ACETYLMURAMOYL-L-ALANINE-D-GLUTAMATE	25-28	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	16-23
16469825-4	2006	Pretreatment with atropine or hexamethonium or an acute vagotomy, but not a perivagal application of capsaicin, completely abolished pancreatic protein secretion responses to ghrelin.	Hexamethonium	30-43	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	175-182
16570155-10	2006	CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: These findings suggest that ghrelin promotes regeneration of beta cells in STZ-treated newborn rats.	Streptozocin	103-106	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	56-63
15994217-4	2006	Spiegelmer NOX-B11 is a synthetic l-oligonucleotide, which was previously shown to bind ghrelin.	l-oligonucleotide	34-51	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	88-95
16570155-0	2006	Ghrelin prevents development of diabetes at adult age in streptozotocin-treated newborn rats.	Streptozocin	57-71	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
16570155-2	2006	In this study, we examined whether early treatment with ghrelin can regenerate beta cells of the pancreas in an animal model of diabetes mellitus, the n0-STZ model, in which neonatal rats are injected with streptozotocin (STZ) at birth.	Streptozocin	206-220	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	56-63
16570155-5	2006	RESULTS: By day 21, ghrelin treatment increased pancreatic expression of insulin and Pdx1 mRNA in n0-STZ rats.	Streptozocin	101-104	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	20-27
16570155-6	2006	The number of replicating cells was also significantly increased in the ghrelin-treated n0-STZ model.	Streptozocin	91-94	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	72-79
16570155-8	2006	Ghrelin treatment resulted in the improvement of plasma glucose levels, which were associated with normal plasma insulin levels.	Glucose	56-63	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
16570155-9	2006	Pancreatic insulin mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased in ghrelin-treated n0-STZ model animals.	Streptozocin	94-97	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	75-82
16527847-9	2006	TYR also increased portal ghrelin [change (Delta), +52 +/- 11%], whereas saline infusion had little effect.	Tyramine	0-3	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
16527847-10	2006	We next determined whether the neural stimulation of ghrelin secretion was mediated indirectly via the suppression of insulin secretion during SNS and TYR.	Tyramine	151-154	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
15994217-9	2006	RESULTS: Treatment with NOX-B11 30 nmol suppressed ghrelin induced c-Fos-like immunoreactivity in the arcuate nucleus and blocked the ghrelin induced increase in food intake within the first half hour after ghrelin injection (mean 1.13 (SEM 0.59) g/kg body weight; 4.94 (0.63) g/kg body weight versus 0.58 (0.58) g/kg body weight; p&lt;0.0001).	NOX-B11	24-31	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
15994217-9	2006	RESULTS: Treatment with NOX-B11 30 nmol suppressed ghrelin induced c-Fos-like immunoreactivity in the arcuate nucleus and blocked the ghrelin induced increase in food intake within the first half hour after ghrelin injection (mean 1.13 (SEM 0.59) g/kg body weight; 4.94 (0.63) g/kg body weight versus 0.58 (0.58) g/kg body weight; p&lt;0.0001).	NOX-B11	24-31	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	134-141
15994217-9	2006	RESULTS: Treatment with NOX-B11 30 nmol suppressed ghrelin induced c-Fos-like immunoreactivity in the arcuate nucleus and blocked the ghrelin induced increase in food intake within the first half hour after ghrelin injection (mean 1.13 (SEM 0.59) g/kg body weight; 4.94 (0.63) g/kg body weight versus 0.58 (0.58) g/kg body weight; p&lt;0.0001).	NOX-B11	24-31	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	134-141
15994217-10	2006	Treatment with NOX-B11 1 nmol or control Spiegelmer had no effect whereas treatment with NOX-B11 10 nmol showed an intermediate effect on ghrelin induced food intake.	NOX-B11	89-96	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	138-145
16479319-4	2006	This study was undertaken to examine the effect of zinc supplementation on the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, which exhibits ghrelin production and secretion, and lipid metabolism on the gastrointestinal tract.	Streptozocin	79-93	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	138-145
16479319-4	2006	This study was undertaken to examine the effect of zinc supplementation on the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, which exhibits ghrelin production and secretion, and lipid metabolism on the gastrointestinal tract.	Streptozocin	95-98	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	138-145
16484324-6	2006	Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of rat des-acyl ghrelin to rats or mice fed ad libitum stimulated feeding during the light phase; neither ip nor icv administration of des-acyl ghrelin to fasting mice suppressed feeding.	icv	25-28	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	61-68
16631138-6	2006	Light onset injection of ghrelin suppressed non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) and rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS) for 2 h. In the first hour, ghrelin induced increases in behavioral activity including feeding, exploring, and grooming and stimulated food and water intake.	Water	261-266	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	25-32
16631138-6	2006	Light onset injection of ghrelin suppressed non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) and rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS) for 2 h. In the first hour, ghrelin induced increases in behavioral activity including feeding, exploring, and grooming and stimulated food and water intake.	Water	261-266	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	145-152
16626506-0	2006	Cardioprotective effects of ghrelin and des-octanoyl ghrelin on myocardial injury induced by isoproterenol in rats.	Isoproterenol	93-106	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	28-35
16626506-0	2006	Cardioprotective effects of ghrelin and des-octanoyl ghrelin on myocardial injury induced by isoproterenol in rats.	Isoproterenol	93-106	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
16626506-1	2006	AIM: To determine the cardioprotective action of ghrelin and des-octanoyl ghrelin in rats with isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury.	Isoproterenol	95-108	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	49-56
16626506-6	2006	RESULTS: Compared with controls, ISO-treated rats showed severe myocardial injury, cardiomegaly, infarction-like necrosis and massive fibrosis with increases in irradiated-ghrelin (ir-ghrelin) content in plasma by 67% and myocardia by 66% and in the mRNA level in the myocardia by 93% (P&lt;0.01).	Isoproterenol	33-36	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	172-179
16626506-6	2006	RESULTS: Compared with controls, ISO-treated rats showed severe myocardial injury, cardiomegaly, infarction-like necrosis and massive fibrosis with increases in irradiated-ghrelin (ir-ghrelin) content in plasma by 67% and myocardia by 66% and in the mRNA level in the myocardia by 93% (P&lt;0.01).	Isoproterenol	33-36	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	184-191
16626506-14	2006	The protective effect of ghrelin against ISO-induced cardiac function injury and fibrosis was more potent than that of des-octanoyl ghrelin, which suggests that ghrelin could be an endogenous cardioprotective factor in ischemic heart disease, and that its effects include growth hormone-dependent and -independent pathways.	Isoproterenol	41-44	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	25-32
16455774-3	2006	In this work, the effects of single and repeated administration of ghrelin or UAG on LH secretion were compared in pubertal and adult male rats.	Luteinizing Hormone	85-87	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	67-74
16455774-5	2006	Daily injection of ghrelin or UAG throughout puberty similarly decreased LH levels and partially delayed balanopreputial separation.	Luteinizing Hormone	73-75	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
16455774-6	2006	Likewise, chronic infusion of ghrelin or UAG to adult males resulted in significant decreases in circulating LH and FSH concentrations.	Luteinizing Hormone	109-111	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
16455774-7	2006	Moreover, acute injection of ghrelin induced a transient reduction in LH levels in freely moving males, an effect that was fully mimicked by administration of UAG.	Luteinizing Hormone	70-72	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	29-36
16455774-7	2006	Moreover, acute injection of ghrelin induced a transient reduction in LH levels in freely moving males, an effect that was fully mimicked by administration of UAG.	URIDINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE-N-ACETYLMURAMOYL-L-ALANINE-D-GLUTAMATE	159-162	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	29-36
16455774-9	2006	Finally, injection of ghrelin moderately, but significantly, reduced the duration of LH secretory responses to the potent gonadotropin secretagogue kisspeptin-10, whereas ghrelin infusion in a model of chronic elevation of serum gonadotropin levels (the transgenic growth retarded male rat) evoked a significant reduction of LH concentrations.	Luteinizing Hormone	85-87	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
16455774-9	2006	Finally, injection of ghrelin moderately, but significantly, reduced the duration of LH secretory responses to the potent gonadotropin secretagogue kisspeptin-10, whereas ghrelin infusion in a model of chronic elevation of serum gonadotropin levels (the transgenic growth retarded male rat) evoked a significant reduction of LH concentrations.	Luteinizing Hormone	325-327	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
16581065-0	2006	Ghrelin-induced gastroprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury involves an activation of sensory afferent nerves and hyperemia mediated by nitric oxide.	Nitric Oxide	145-157	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
16455774-10	2006	Altogether our present results further substantiate the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on basal and stimulated LH secretion in a wide array of experimental conditions.	Luteinizing Hormone	109-111	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	77-84
16455774-11	2006	Moreover, our data are the first to demonstrate the ability of UAG, originally considered an inert form of the molecule, to mimic the actions of acylated ghrelin on LH release.	Luteinizing Hormone	165-167	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	154-161
16581065-10	2006	Deactivation of sensory nerves with capsaicin or inhibition of cNOS by L-NNA significantly attenuated the protective activity of ghrelin and accompanying increase in the GBF.	Capsaicin	36-45	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	129-136
16581065-10	2006	Deactivation of sensory nerves with capsaicin or inhibition of cNOS by L-NNA significantly attenuated the protective activity of ghrelin and accompanying increase in the GBF.	Nitroarginine	71-76	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	129-136
16339208-6	2006	Chronic treatment of mothers with ghrelin resulted in a significant increase in birth weight in comparison to newborns from saline-treated mothers.	Sodium Chloride	124-130	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	34-41
16338009-0	2006	Ghrelin stimulates insulin-induced glucose uptake in adipocytes.	Glucose	35-42	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
16338009-5	2006	We have investigated the effects of ghrelin on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in isolated white adipocytes in vitro.	Glucose	66-73	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
16338009-8	2006	Ghrelin increased insulin-stimulated deoxyglucose uptake in isolated white adipocytes extracted from the epididymal fat pads of male Wistar rats.	Deoxyglucose	37-49	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
16338009-9	2006	Ghrelin 1000 nM significantly increased deoxyglucose uptake by 55% in the presence of 0.1 nM insulin.	Deoxyglucose	40-52	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
16338009-13	2006	Ghrelin therefore appears to directly potentiate adipocyte insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in selective adipocyte populations.	Glucose	78-85	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
16549524-6	2006	Exogenous administration of ghrelin to nitrofen-treated dams led to an attenuation of pulmonary hypoplasia of CDH pups.	nitrofen	39-47	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	28-35
16549524-9	2006	Overexpression of ghrelin in hypoplastic lungs and the effect of exogenous administration of ghrelin to nitrofen-treated dams strongly suggest a role for ghrelin in mechanisms involved in attenuation of fetal lung hypoplasia, most likely through a GHSR1a-independent pathway.	nitrofen	104-112	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	93-100
16549524-9	2006	Overexpression of ghrelin in hypoplastic lungs and the effect of exogenous administration of ghrelin to nitrofen-treated dams strongly suggest a role for ghrelin in mechanisms involved in attenuation of fetal lung hypoplasia, most likely through a GHSR1a-independent pathway.	nitrofen	104-112	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	93-100
16533152-9	2006	Maximal enhancement of the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration induced by SM-130686 treatment was approximately 55% that induced by ghrelin, suggesting that SM-130686 may be a partial GHS-R agonist.	SM 130686	156-165	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	131-138
16339208-11	2006	Both acylated and des-acyl ghrelin increased [3H]thymidine and 5-bromo-2"-deoxyuridine incorporation of cultured fetal skin cells in a dose-dependent manner, and calcium-imaging analysis revealed that acyl and des-acyl ghrelin increased the Ca2+ influx in discrete cultured fetal skin cells, respectively.	Tritium	46-48	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
16339208-11	2006	Both acylated and des-acyl ghrelin increased [3H]thymidine and 5-bromo-2"-deoxyuridine incorporation of cultured fetal skin cells in a dose-dependent manner, and calcium-imaging analysis revealed that acyl and des-acyl ghrelin increased the Ca2+ influx in discrete cultured fetal skin cells, respectively.	Thymidine	49-58	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
16339208-11	2006	Both acylated and des-acyl ghrelin increased [3H]thymidine and 5-bromo-2"-deoxyuridine incorporation of cultured fetal skin cells in a dose-dependent manner, and calcium-imaging analysis revealed that acyl and des-acyl ghrelin increased the Ca2+ influx in discrete cultured fetal skin cells, respectively.	Bromodeoxyuridine	63-86	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
16461552-10	2006	However, pituitary receptor mRNA levels for GHRH and ghrelin increased and those for somatostatin (sst2, sst3 and sst5) decreased following HI STZ treatment.	Streptozocin	143-146	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
16356516-6	2006	In the middle of the light phase, ghrelin significantly increased feeding up to 2 h after injection in ad libitum fed rats (BW 130 g; food intake 1 h after injection: NaCl 0.4 +/- 0.2 g versus ghrelin 1.2 +/- 0.3 g [p &lt; 0.05]).	Sodium Chloride	167-171	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	34-41
16356516-8	2006	However repeated ghrelin injection (15 microg/kg/day once daily at light onset) over 10 days significantly increased food intake in rats (BW 400-460 g) starting from day 4 of the experiment (24 h food intake: NaCl approx.	Sodium Chloride	209-213	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
16809926-4	2006	Ghrelin secretion (70% in its unacylated form) is mainly under metabolic control being modulated by glucose, insulin and feeding.	Glucose	100-107	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
16226323-3	2006	During both the phases of feeding, co-administration of Ghrelin with either AgRP 50 or AgRP 100 pmol into the PVN did not produce a synergistic effect on the food intake, suggesting that ghrelin induction of feeding occurs by recruiting Agrp as one of the obligatory mediators of its orexigenic effect.	Ghrelin	56-63	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	187-194
16005109-3	2005	Systemic administration of ghrelin significantly increased 5-bromo-2"-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation in the NTS in adult rats with cervical vagotomy.	Bromodeoxyuridine	59-82	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
16623356-3	2006	Recently, we demonstrated that exogenous administration of ghrelin modulates its endogenous levels and attenuates the majority of alterations induced by monocrotaline (MCT).	Monocrotaline	153-166	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	59-66
16623356-3	2006	Recently, we demonstrated that exogenous administration of ghrelin modulates its endogenous levels and attenuates the majority of alterations induced by monocrotaline (MCT).	Monocrotaline	168-171	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	59-66
16623356-6	2006	One week later, the animals treated with MCT were randomly divided into two groups and treated with ghrelin (100 microg/kg, bid, sc) or with a similar volume of vehicle.	Monocrotaline	41-44	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	100-107
16081643-0	2005	Growth hormone-releasing peptide hexarelin reduces neonatal brain injury and alters Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3beta phosphorylation.	hexarelin	33-42	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-32
16423819-0	2005	Ghrelin against alendronate-induced gastric damage in rats.	Alendronate	16-27	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
16423819-3	2005	Ghrelin, a 28 amino acid peptide produced predominantly by the stomach, was shown to exert a potent protective action on the stomach of rats exposed to ethanol or stress.	Ethanol	152-159	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
16388096-0	2005	Ghrelin reduces voltage-gated potassium currents in GH3 cells via cyclic GMP pathways.	Potassium	30-39	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
16388096-0	2005	Ghrelin reduces voltage-gated potassium currents in GH3 cells via cyclic GMP pathways.	Cyclic GMP	66-76	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
16137788-6	2005	Because opioids modulate feeding in the VTA and Acb, we hypothesized that ghrelin"s effects in one site were dependent on opioid signaling in the opposite site.	acb	48-51	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	74-81
16005109-3	2005	Systemic administration of ghrelin significantly increased 5-bromo-2"-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation in the NTS in adult rats with cervical vagotomy.	Bromodeoxyuridine	84-88	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
16005109-8	2005	The mitotic effect of ghrelin was abolished by treatment of cultured NTS neurons with ghrelin receptor antagonists: D-Lys-3-GHRP-6 and [D-Arg1, D-Phe-5, D-Trp-7, 9, Leu-11] substance P. Diltiazem, a L-type calcium channel blocker, significantly attenuated ghrelin-mediated increments in BrdU incorporation.	d-lys-3-ghrp	116-128	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
16005109-8	2005	The mitotic effect of ghrelin was abolished by treatment of cultured NTS neurons with ghrelin receptor antagonists: D-Lys-3-GHRP-6 and [D-Arg1, D-Phe-5, D-Trp-7, 9, Leu-11] substance P. Diltiazem, a L-type calcium channel blocker, significantly attenuated ghrelin-mediated increments in BrdU incorporation.	d-lys-3-ghrp	116-128	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	86-93
16005109-8	2005	The mitotic effect of ghrelin was abolished by treatment of cultured NTS neurons with ghrelin receptor antagonists: D-Lys-3-GHRP-6 and [D-Arg1, D-Phe-5, D-Trp-7, 9, Leu-11] substance P. Diltiazem, a L-type calcium channel blocker, significantly attenuated ghrelin-mediated increments in BrdU incorporation.	Tryptophan	154-158	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
16005109-8	2005	The mitotic effect of ghrelin was abolished by treatment of cultured NTS neurons with ghrelin receptor antagonists: D-Lys-3-GHRP-6 and [D-Arg1, D-Phe-5, D-Trp-7, 9, Leu-11] substance P. Diltiazem, a L-type calcium channel blocker, significantly attenuated ghrelin-mediated increments in BrdU incorporation.	Tryptophan	154-158	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	86-93
16005109-8	2005	The mitotic effect of ghrelin was abolished by treatment of cultured NTS neurons with ghrelin receptor antagonists: D-Lys-3-GHRP-6 and [D-Arg1, D-Phe-5, D-Trp-7, 9, Leu-11] substance P. Diltiazem, a L-type calcium channel blocker, significantly attenuated ghrelin-mediated increments in BrdU incorporation.	Leucine	165-168	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
16005109-8	2005	The mitotic effect of ghrelin was abolished by treatment of cultured NTS neurons with ghrelin receptor antagonists: D-Lys-3-GHRP-6 and [D-Arg1, D-Phe-5, D-Trp-7, 9, Leu-11] substance P. Diltiazem, a L-type calcium channel blocker, significantly attenuated ghrelin-mediated increments in BrdU incorporation.	Leucine	165-168	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	86-93
15964641-7	2005	With time, a sucrose-rich diet was found to raise the fasting level of leptin and to lower the fasting level of ghrelin in rats.	Sucrose	13-20	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	112-119
16033952-1	2005	Pralmorelin hydrochloride (pralmorelin), consisting of six amino acid residues, is a growth hormone-releasing peptide.	WAY-GPA-748	0-25	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	85-117
16033952-1	2005	Pralmorelin hydrochloride (pralmorelin), consisting of six amino acid residues, is a growth hormone-releasing peptide.	growth hormone-releasing peptide-2	27-38	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	85-117
16040140-8	2005	Ghrelin had no effect on basal acid secretion, but at 500 pmol kg(-1) min(-1) ghrelin significantly decreased pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion.	Pentagastrin	110-122	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	78-85
16142407-7	2005	The studies suggest that IC des-acyl ghrelin decreases food intake in food-deprived rats and inhibits gastric emptying without altering small intestinal transit.	ic	25-27	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	37-44
16370568-7	2005	Moreover, ghrelin provides a potent and dose-related gastroprotective action against ethanol- and stress-induced gastric ulcers.	Ethanol	85-92	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-17
16370568-8	2005	The integrity of both nitric oxide (NO) system and capsaicin afferent nerves are required for the gastroprotective effect of ghrelin, whereas the vagus nerve might be involved in conveying ghrelinergic signal from periphery to the brain.	Nitric Oxide	22-34	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	125-132
16370568-9	2005	In addition, prostaglandins derived by the constitutive cyclooxygenase (COX) activity are essential for the protective activity of ghrelin in ethanol and stress-induced gastric lesions.	Prostaglandins	13-27	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	131-138
16370568-9	2005	In addition, prostaglandins derived by the constitutive cyclooxygenase (COX) activity are essential for the protective activity of ghrelin in ethanol and stress-induced gastric lesions.	Ethanol	142-149	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	131-138
15964641-8	2005	A fat-rich diet suppressed serum ghrelin without affecting serum leptin; high sucrose and high fat in combination greatly reduced serum ghrelin and raised serum leptin in the fasted state.	Sucrose	78-85	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	136-143
15964641-13	2005	In contrast, the expression of ghrelin and the serum ghrelin concentration were suppressed by all palatable diets, sucrose and fat alike.	Sucrose	115-122	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
15964641-13	2005	In contrast, the expression of ghrelin and the serum ghrelin concentration were suppressed by all palatable diets, sucrose and fat alike.	Sucrose	115-122	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
16084498-5	2005	In the LHA, the majority of GSNs (17/25) increased in frequency due to ghrelin.	gsns	28-32	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	71-78
16084498-7	2005	The responses to ghrelin were abolished by pretreatment of [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6, ghrelin receptor antagonist.	GHRP-6, Lys(3)-	59-75	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
16084498-8	2005	These data indicate that the glucose responding neurons in the LHA, VMH, and pPVN are also involved in the orexigenic actions of ghrelin in the hypothalamic circuits, although AgRP/NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) are the primary targets of ghrelin.	Glucose	29-36	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	129-136
16084498-8	2005	These data indicate that the glucose responding neurons in the LHA, VMH, and pPVN are also involved in the orexigenic actions of ghrelin in the hypothalamic circuits, although AgRP/NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) are the primary targets of ghrelin.	Glucose	29-36	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	249-256
16112398-0	2005	Gastrokinetic effect of ghrelin analog RC-1139 in the rat.	RC-1139	39-46	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	24-31
16112398-2	2005	We aimed to confirm the gastrokinetic effect of ghrelin analog, RC-1139, in the presence of opiates.	RC-1139	64-71	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	48-55
16112398-2	2005	We aimed to confirm the gastrokinetic effect of ghrelin analog, RC-1139, in the presence of opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	92-99	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	48-55
16112398-10	2005	Ghrelin analog RC-1139 is a potent gastrokinetic in rat; it reversed gastric post-op.	RC-1139	15-22	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
15778430-0	2005	Enhanced ghrelin secretion in rats with cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers.	Cysteamine	40-50	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
15817841-8	2005	Ghrelin also increased RQ, reflecting a shift in energy substrate utilization in favor of carbohydrate oxidation.	Carbohydrates	90-102	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
15778430-3	2005	The present study was conducted to investigate the dynamics of ghrelin secretion in rats treated with cysteamine.	Cysteamine	102-112	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	63-70
15778430-6	2005	Even at the time points of 2 and 10 h after the first dose of cysteamine, at which time no significant ulcer formation or antral neutrophil accumulation was yet noted, a significant increase in the plasma ghrelin level and decrease in the gastric ghrelin level were observed.	Cysteamine	62-72	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	205-212
15778430-6	2005	Even at the time points of 2 and 10 h after the first dose of cysteamine, at which time no significant ulcer formation or antral neutrophil accumulation was yet noted, a significant increase in the plasma ghrelin level and decrease in the gastric ghrelin level were observed.	Cysteamine	62-72	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	247-254
15778430-9	2005	In conclusion, an increase in the plasma ghrelin level precedes the formation of duodenal ulcers in rats treated with cysteamine.	Cysteamine	118-128	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	41-48
15774556-0	2005	Molecular forms of hypothalamic ghrelin and its regulation by fasting and 2-deoxy-d-glucose administration.	Deoxyglucose	74-91	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
15790726-4	2005	Daily sc injection of ghrelin (0.5 nmol/12 h; between postnatal d 33 and 43) significantly decreased serum LH and testosterone levels and partially prevented balano-preputial separation (as an external index of puberty onset) in pubertal male rats.	Luteinizing Hormone	107-109	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
15790726-4	2005	Daily sc injection of ghrelin (0.5 nmol/12 h; between postnatal d 33 and 43) significantly decreased serum LH and testosterone levels and partially prevented balano-preputial separation (as an external index of puberty onset) in pubertal male rats.	Testosterone	114-126	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
15774556-5	2005	Using the combination of reverse-phase HPLC and ghrelin-specific RIA, we determined that the rat hypothalamus contains both n-octanoyl-modified and des-acyl ghrelins.	n-octanoyl-modified	124-143	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	48-55
15774556-5	2005	Using the combination of reverse-phase HPLC and ghrelin-specific RIA, we determined that the rat hypothalamus contains both n-octanoyl-modified and des-acyl ghrelins.	ghrelin, des-n-octanoyl	148-165	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	48-55
15774556-9	2005	Two hours after injection of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG), a selective blocker of carbohydrate metabolism, ghrelin peptide levels also decreased.	Deoxyglucose	29-46	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	103-110
15774556-9	2005	Two hours after injection of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG), a selective blocker of carbohydrate metabolism, ghrelin peptide levels also decreased.	Deoxyglucose	48-52	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	103-110
15941929-4	2005	The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two somatostatin analogues, SOM230 and octreotide, on ghrelin secretion in rats.	Octreotide	95-105	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	110-117
15774556-10	2005	Thus, induction of glucoprivic states, such as fasting and 2-DG treatment, decreased ghrelin gene expression and peptide content within the hypothalamus.	Deoxyglucose	59-63	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	85-92
15941929-7	2005	RESULTS: Acute treatment with octreotide dose-dependently inhibited unstimulated and stimulated secretion of total and active ghrelin.	Octreotide	30-40	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	126-133
15929744-6	2005	Refeeding with sugar alone for 2 h at the end of a 48-h fast also reduced the potentiated Fos response in fasting, indicating that elevated blood glucose can influence the central responsiveness to ghrelin/GHS.	Sugars	15-20	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	198-205
15941929-10	2005	After 7 days of treatment, active ghrelin was strongly inhibited by both compounds in fasted animals, with a stronger effect for octreotide.	Octreotide	129-139	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	34-41
15930174-6	2005	DEX significantly increased plasma leptin and ghrelin in normoxic pups, but only increased ghrelin in hypoxic pups.	Dexamethasone	0-3	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	46-53
15930174-6	2005	DEX significantly increased plasma leptin and ghrelin in normoxic pups, but only increased ghrelin in hypoxic pups.	Dexamethasone	0-3	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	91-98
15929744-6	2005	Refeeding with sugar alone for 2 h at the end of a 48-h fast also reduced the potentiated Fos response in fasting, indicating that elevated blood glucose can influence the central responsiveness to ghrelin/GHS.	Glucose	146-153	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	198-205
15862568-3	2005	We have identified two ghrelins (ghrelin-C8 and -C10) in the stomach of tilapia, a euryhaline fish.	euryhaline	83-93	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
15721487-2	2005	Dose-response studies revealed that ghrelin at concentrations of 0.01-1 micromol l-1 inhibited insulin secretion stimulated by 8.3 mmol l-1 glucose, while ghrelin at concentrations lower than the physiological range (0.01 pmol l-1 to 1 nmol l-1) were without effect.	Glucose	140-147	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
15721487-6	2005	Addition of an NO scavenger (cPTIO) or the NOS inhibitor L-NAME to the incubation medium prevented the effects of ghrelin on hormone secretion from isolated islets.	NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester	57-63	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	114-121
15688086-7	2005	bolus injection of 100 microg ghrelin on appetite, ideas about food, hormone levels, and glucose concentration in young control subjects.	Glucose	89-96	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
15890336-13	2005	Studies in the presence of l-NAME confirmed the effect of the ghrelin agonists on cholinergic excitatory motor responses.	NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester	27-33	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	62-69
15824852-12	2005	We also examined calcium accumulation and ALP activity in osteoblast-like cells induced by ghrelin.	Calcium	17-24	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	91-98
15824852-16	2005	The proliferative effects of ghrelin were suppressed by [D-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6, an antagonist of GHS-R1a, in a dose-dependent manner.	GHRP-6, Lys(3)-	56-73	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	29-36
15824852-17	2005	Furthermore, ghrelin increased the expression of osteoblast differentiation markers, ALP activity, and calcium accumulation in the matrix.	Calcium	103-110	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
15576457-11	2005	Finally, ghrelin, in vitro, was able to significantly stimulate cAMP production and inhibits chondrocytes metabolic activity both in human and murine chondrocytes.	Cyclic AMP	64-68	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
15809012-8	2005	In terms of function, ghrelin has been proven to dose-dependently inhibit testicular testosterone secretion in vitro, and to modulate Leydig cell proliferation in vivo, as well as the expression of relevant testicular genes, such as that encoding stem cell factor.	Testosterone	85-97	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
15809012-9	2005	Moreover, extragonadal actions of ghrelin upon the reproductive axis have been also reported, as ghrelin was able to suppress LH secretion in vivo and to decrease LH responsiveness to GnRH in vitro.	Luteinizing Hormone	126-128	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	34-41
15809012-9	2005	Moreover, extragonadal actions of ghrelin upon the reproductive axis have been also reported, as ghrelin was able to suppress LH secretion in vivo and to decrease LH responsiveness to GnRH in vitro.	Luteinizing Hormone	126-128	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	97-104
15809012-9	2005	Moreover, extragonadal actions of ghrelin upon the reproductive axis have been also reported, as ghrelin was able to suppress LH secretion in vivo and to decrease LH responsiveness to GnRH in vitro.	Luteinizing Hormone	163-165	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	34-41
15809012-9	2005	Moreover, extragonadal actions of ghrelin upon the reproductive axis have been also reported, as ghrelin was able to suppress LH secretion in vivo and to decrease LH responsiveness to GnRH in vitro.	Luteinizing Hormone	163-165	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	97-104
15507538-10	2005	Both GHRP-2 (10(-7) M) and ghrelin (10(-7) M) prevented endotoxin-induced IL-6 and decreased nitrite/nitrate release from peritoneal macrophages in vitro.	Nitrites	93-100	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
15507538-10	2005	Both GHRP-2 (10(-7) M) and ghrelin (10(-7) M) prevented endotoxin-induced IL-6 and decreased nitrite/nitrate release from peritoneal macrophages in vitro.	Nitrates	101-108	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
15694847-0	2005	Ghrelin system in pancreatic AR42J cells: its ligand stimulation evokes calcium signalling through ghrelin receptors.	Calcium	72-79	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
15694847-0	2005	Ghrelin system in pancreatic AR42J cells: its ligand stimulation evokes calcium signalling through ghrelin receptors.	Calcium	72-79	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	99-106
15694847-4	2005	Thus this study aims, first, to investigate the expression of ghrelin and its receptor in pancreatic AR42J cells and, secondly, to elucidate its calcium signalling pathway.	Calcium	145-152	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	62-69
15775782-0	2005	Nitric oxide synthase inhibition exaggerates the hypotensive response to ghrelin: role of calcium-activated potassium channels.	Nitric Oxide	0-12	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	73-80
15775782-6	2005	Intravenous infusion of 50 mug/kg each of apamin and charybdotoxin (ChTX), a combination that is known to block Ca-activated K channels or the endothelium-derived hyperpolarization process, attenuated the decrease in MAP evoked by ghrelin in both control and NOS-inhibited rats.	Charybdotoxin	53-66	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	231-238
15775782-6	2005	Intravenous infusion of 50 mug/kg each of apamin and charybdotoxin (ChTX), a combination that is known to block Ca-activated K channels or the endothelium-derived hyperpolarization process, attenuated the decrease in MAP evoked by ghrelin in both control and NOS-inhibited rats.	Charybdotoxin	68-72	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	231-238
15775782-8	2005	CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the Ca-activated, K-channel-mediated, ghrelin-evoked decrease in MAP may be significant in states of endothelial dysfunction associated with reduced nitric oxide availability.	Nitric Oxide	185-197	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	74-81
15788704-4	2005	Ghrelin is a peptide hormone in which the third amino acid, usually a serine but in some species a threonine, is modified by a fatty acid; this modification is essential for ghrelin"s activity.	Serine	70-76	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
15788704-4	2005	Ghrelin is a peptide hormone in which the third amino acid, usually a serine but in some species a threonine, is modified by a fatty acid; this modification is essential for ghrelin"s activity.	Serine	70-76	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	174-181
15788704-4	2005	Ghrelin is a peptide hormone in which the third amino acid, usually a serine but in some species a threonine, is modified by a fatty acid; this modification is essential for ghrelin"s activity.	Threonine	99-108	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
15788704-4	2005	Ghrelin is a peptide hormone in which the third amino acid, usually a serine but in some species a threonine, is modified by a fatty acid; this modification is essential for ghrelin"s activity.	Threonine	99-108	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	174-181
15788704-4	2005	Ghrelin is a peptide hormone in which the third amino acid, usually a serine but in some species a threonine, is modified by a fatty acid; this modification is essential for ghrelin"s activity.	Fatty Acids	127-137	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
15788704-4	2005	Ghrelin is a peptide hormone in which the third amino acid, usually a serine but in some species a threonine, is modified by a fatty acid; this modification is essential for ghrelin"s activity.	Fatty Acids	127-137	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	174-181
15576457-12	2005	In addition, ghrelin is able to actively decrease both spontaneous or insulin-induced long chain fatty acid uptake in human and mouse chondrocytes.	long chain fatty acid	86-107	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
15582733-6	2005	The ICV injection of ghrelin increased plasma corticosterone levels in a dose-dependent or a time-dependent manner.	Corticosterone	46-60	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	21-28
15720710-6	2005	RESULTS: ICV injections of ghrelin (0.03 nmol, 0.3 nmol and 3.0 nmol/5 microl and saline controls) decreased the colonic transit time up to 43%.	Sodium Chloride	82-88	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
15720710-7	2005	IP injections of ghrelin (0.3 nmol - 3.0 nmol kg(-1) BW and saline controls) decreased colonic transit time dose related.	Sodium Chloride	60-66	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
15582718-10	2005	DEX administration significantly reduced circulating ghrelin, whereas the sst2 antagonist had no significant effect.	Dexamethasone	0-3	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
15582733-7	2005	Co-injection of a CRF receptor antagonist, astressin, attenuated ghrelin-induced plasma corticosterone increase and anorexia.	Corticosterone	88-102	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
15528308-9	2005	Glucose and amino acids suppressed ghrelin more rapidly and strongly (by approximately 70%) than did lipids (by approximately 50%).	Glucose	0-7	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	35-42
15775713-0	2005	Ghrelin is suppressed by glucagon and does not mediate glucagon-related growth hormone release.	Glucagon	25-33	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
15328073-3	2005	We investigated the potential effects of peripheral ghrelin administration (two times daily 200-micrograms [DOSAGE ERROR CORRECTED] sc injection for 4 days) on triglyceride content and mitochondrial and lipid metabolism gene expression in rat liver and muscles.	Triglycerides	160-172	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	52-59
15328073-5	2005	In liver, ghrelin induced a lipogenic and glucogenic pattern of gene expression and increased triglyceride content while reducing activated (phosphorylated) stimulator of fatty acid oxidation, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK, all P &lt; 0.05), with unchanged mitochondrial oxidative enzyme activities.	Triglycerides	94-106	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-17
15328073-5	2005	In liver, ghrelin induced a lipogenic and glucogenic pattern of gene expression and increased triglyceride content while reducing activated (phosphorylated) stimulator of fatty acid oxidation, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK, all P &lt; 0.05), with unchanged mitochondrial oxidative enzyme activities.	Fatty Acids	171-181	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-17
15328073-6	2005	In contrast, triglyceride content was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) after ghrelin administration in mixed (gastrocnemius) and unchanged in oxidative (soleus) muscle.	Triglycerides	13-25	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	66-73
15328073-9	2005	Thus ghrelin induces tissue-specific changes in mitochondrial and lipid metabolism gene expression and favors triglyceride deposition in liver over skeletal muscle.	Triglycerides	110-122	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	5-12
15775713-8	2005	RESULTS: In children, glucagon caused a 26% decrease in ghrelin and a 72% increase in glucose concentrations that were independent of the dose or administration route of glucagon.	Glucagon	22-30	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	56-63
15775713-10	2005	There was a significant correlation between the maximum decrease in ghrelin and increases in glucose (p = 0.03) but not in insulin.	Glucose	93-100	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	68-75
15775713-11	2005	There was a significant correlation between ghrelin and GH area under the curve after controlling for the dose of glucagon (p = 0.03) but not for the maximum increase in glucose.In normal adults, glucagon administration caused a 7% decrease in ghrelin concentrations after 6 min (p = 0.0002).	Glucagon	114-122	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-51
16114272-6	2005	In terms of function, ghrelin inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, stimulated testicular testosterone secretion in vitro and modulated Leydig cell proliferation in vivo as well as the expression of relevant testicular genes, such as that encoding stem cell factor.	Testosterone	90-102	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
15775713-11	2005	There was a significant correlation between ghrelin and GH area under the curve after controlling for the dose of glucagon (p = 0.03) but not for the maximum increase in glucose.In normal adults, glucagon administration caused a 7% decrease in ghrelin concentrations after 6 min (p = 0.0002).	Glucagon	196-204	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-51
15775713-11	2005	There was a significant correlation between ghrelin and GH area under the curve after controlling for the dose of glucagon (p = 0.03) but not for the maximum increase in glucose.In normal adults, glucagon administration caused a 7% decrease in ghrelin concentrations after 6 min (p = 0.0002).	Glucagon	196-204	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	244-251
16259727-11	2005	Ghrelin-induced protection was abolished by vagotomy and significantly attenuated by L-NNA and deactivation of afferent nerves with neurotoxic dose of capsaicin.	Nitroarginine	85-90	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
16259727-11	2005	Ghrelin-induced protection was abolished by vagotomy and significantly attenuated by L-NNA and deactivation of afferent nerves with neurotoxic dose of capsaicin.	Capsaicin	151-160	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
16625855-4	2005	Here we show that ghrelin and desoctanoyl ghrelin stimulate cell proliferation in rat pituitary cell line (GH3), and these effects could be inhibited with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C inhibitors.	3'-dGTP	107-110	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
16114272-7	2005	Additional reproductive effects of ghrelin have been recently substantiated, as ghrelin was able to both suppress LH secretion in vivo and decrease LH responsiveness to GnRH in vitro.	Luteinizing Hormone	114-116	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	35-42
16625855-4	2005	Here we show that ghrelin and desoctanoyl ghrelin stimulate cell proliferation in rat pituitary cell line (GH3), and these effects could be inhibited with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C inhibitors.	3'-dGTP	107-110	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
16114272-7	2005	Additional reproductive effects of ghrelin have been recently substantiated, as ghrelin was able to both suppress LH secretion in vivo and decrease LH responsiveness to GnRH in vitro.	Luteinizing Hormone	114-116	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	80-87
16114272-7	2005	Additional reproductive effects of ghrelin have been recently substantiated, as ghrelin was able to both suppress LH secretion in vivo and decrease LH responsiveness to GnRH in vitro.	Luteinizing Hormone	148-150	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	35-42
16114272-7	2005	Additional reproductive effects of ghrelin have been recently substantiated, as ghrelin was able to both suppress LH secretion in vivo and decrease LH responsiveness to GnRH in vitro.	Luteinizing Hormone	148-150	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	80-87
16721030-10	2005	In summary, our data illustrate a complex mode of action of ghrelin upon the gonadotropic axis, with predominant inhibitory effects at central (hypothalamic) levels and upon GnRH-induced gonadotropin secretion, but direct stimulatory actions on basal LH and FSH secretion.	Luteinizing Hormone	251-253	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	60-67
16721030-7	2005	Conversely, GnRH-stimulated LH secretion in vitro was persistently inhibited by ghrelin regardless of the stage of the cycle, whereas stimulated FSH secretion was only inhibited by ghrelin at estrus.	Luteinizing Hormone	28-30	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	80-87
15780475-9	2005	However, in AL animals, NPY mRNA expression in arcuate and dorsomedial nuclei was significantly increased by methamphetamine, which also reduced serum leptin and insulin and increased serum ghrelin concentrations.	Methamphetamine	109-124	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	190-197
15780475-11	2005	The increase in NPY expression produced by methamphetamine in AL animals may be mediated by the ability of this drug to decrease secretion of leptin and insulin and increase secretion of ghrelin.	Methamphetamine	43-58	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	187-194
15780475-11	2005	The increase in NPY expression produced by methamphetamine in AL animals may be mediated by the ability of this drug to decrease secretion of leptin and insulin and increase secretion of ghrelin.	Aluminum	62-64	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	187-194
15555596-8	2004	These results reveal that LysoPLA I catalyzes the removal of n-octanoic acid from ghrelin to form des-acyl ghrelin.	octanoic acid	61-76	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	107-114
15256494-2	2004	Ghrelin is n-octanoylated on the Ser(3) residue, and this modification is essential for its interaction with the receptor.	Serine	33-36	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
15555596-6	2004	K(m) and V(max) values were determined as 6.5 microM and 2.3 micromol/min/mg for ghrelin and 2.2 x 10(2) microM and 0.5 micromol/min/mg for lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC), respectively.	Lysophosphatidylcholines	140-163	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	81-94
15555596-6	2004	K(m) and V(max) values were determined as 6.5 microM and 2.3 micromol/min/mg for ghrelin and 2.2 x 10(2) microM and 0.5 micromol/min/mg for lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC), respectively.	Lysophosphatidylcholines	165-171	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	81-94
15555596-8	2004	These results reveal that LysoPLA I catalyzes the removal of n-octanoic acid from ghrelin to form des-acyl ghrelin.	octanoic acid	61-76	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	82-89
15742997-0	2004	Ghrelin enhances gastric motility through direct stimulation of intrinsic neural pathways and capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurones in rats.	Capsaicin	94-103	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
15742997-3	2004	The present study was designed to investigate whether ghrelin accelerates gastric emptying via capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurones and directly affects the enteric neuromuscular function.	Capsaicin	95-104	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	54-61
15742997-7	2004	The effects of ghrelin on spontaneous contractile activities of isolated strips from stomach and jejunum were also investigated and the influence of ghrelin on motor responses to carbachol and electrical field stimulation was examined.	Carbachol	179-188	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	149-156
15742997-10	2004	Pretreatment with capsaicin prevented the ghrelin-induced acceleration of gastric emptying of nutrient solids.	Capsaicin	18-27	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
15742997-13	2004	CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the stimulatory effects of ghrelin on gastric motility are mediated by direct stimulation of the enteric neural pathway and capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurones.	Capsaicin	162-171	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
15533263-0	2004	Potential modulation of plasma ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 by anorexigenic cannabinoid compounds, SR141716A (rimonabant) and oleoylethanolamide.	Cannabinoids	83-94	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
15533263-0	2004	Potential modulation of plasma ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 by anorexigenic cannabinoid compounds, SR141716A (rimonabant) and oleoylethanolamide.	Rimonabant	106-115	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
15533263-0	2004	Potential modulation of plasma ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 by anorexigenic cannabinoid compounds, SR141716A (rimonabant) and oleoylethanolamide.	Rimonabant	117-127	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
15533263-0	2004	Potential modulation of plasma ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 by anorexigenic cannabinoid compounds, SR141716A (rimonabant) and oleoylethanolamide.	oleoylethanolamide	133-151	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
15533263-4	2004	The increase in ghrelin levels observed in the vehicle-injected rats was abolished in animals receiving OEA and significantly reduced with SR141716A.	oleoylethanolamide	104-107	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	16-23
15533263-4	2004	The increase in ghrelin levels observed in the vehicle-injected rats was abolished in animals receiving OEA and significantly reduced with SR141716A.	Rimonabant	139-148	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	16-23
15533263-6	2004	In fed rats, plasma ghrelin levels of SR141716A- and OEA-treated rats were 35% lower as compared with those of the vehicle-injected rats.	Rimonabant	38-47	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	20-27
15533263-6	2004	In fed rats, plasma ghrelin levels of SR141716A- and OEA-treated rats were 35% lower as compared with those of the vehicle-injected rats.	oleoylethanolamide	53-56	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	20-27
15284203-3	2004	We have studied the inhibitory effect of the intake of two different macronutrients (fat and carbohydrates) on ghrelin production by the stomach in fasted rats, as well as the relation with another important signal in the regulation of energy balance, leptin.	Carbohydrates	93-106	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	111-118
15284203-8	2004	The decrease in ghrelin expression by feeding was associated with an increased expression of gastric leptin only when animals ate carbohydrates.	Carbohydrates	130-143	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	16-23
15284203-9	2004	We conclude that the inhibition of ghrelin production by the stomach after re-feeding of fasted rats is dependent on diet composition and can be related to the different satiating capacity of the ingested macronutrients, which is higher for carbohydrates than fat.	Carbohydrates	241-254	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	35-42
15331358-11	2004	Finally, ghrelin administration attenuated MCT-induced PH, pulmonary vascular remodeling, and RV hypertrophy, indicating that it may modulate PH.	Monocrotaline	43-46	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
15284210-5	2004	In these settings, intratesticular injection of ghrelin significantly decreased the proliferative activity of differentiating immature Leydig cells, estimated by 5-bromodeoxyuridine labeling.	Bromodeoxyuridine	162-181	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	48-55
15256494-6	2004	In rat serum, the carboxylesterase inhibitor bis-p-nitrophenyl-phosphate totally inhibited ghrelin desoctanoylation, and a correlation was found between ghrelin desoctanoylation and carboxylesterase activity.	bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate	45-72	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	91-98
15256494-9	2004	In human serum, ghrelin desoctanoylation was partially inhibited by eserine salicylate and sodium fluoride, two butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors, but not by bis-p-nitrophenyl-phosphate and EDTA.	Physostigmine	68-75	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	16-23
15256494-9	2004	In human serum, ghrelin desoctanoylation was partially inhibited by eserine salicylate and sodium fluoride, two butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors, but not by bis-p-nitrophenyl-phosphate and EDTA.	Salicylates	76-86	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	16-23
15256494-9	2004	In human serum, ghrelin desoctanoylation was partially inhibited by eserine salicylate and sodium fluoride, two butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors, but not by bis-p-nitrophenyl-phosphate and EDTA.	Sodium Fluoride	91-106	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	16-23
15256494-13	2004	We identified five cleavage sites in ghrelin between residues -Ser(2)-(acyl)Ser(3)- (stomach and liver), -(acyl?	Serine	63-66	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	37-44
15256494-13	2004	We identified five cleavage sites in ghrelin between residues -Ser(2)-(acyl)Ser(3)- (stomach and liver), -(acyl?	Serine	76-79	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	37-44
15488999-7	2004	Moreover, ghrelin was able to inhibit stimulated testicular testosterone secretion, whereas androgens have been proven independent modulators of circulating ghrelin levels.	Testosterone	60-72	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-17
15492855-6	2004	Ghrelin (10(-8) M) exerted a vinblastine-like effect and counteracted the stimulatory action of FGF-2.	Vinblastine	29-40	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
15380311-5	2004	administration of ghrelin potently enhanced fat intake over carbohydrate intake in both HC- and HF-preferring rats.	Carbohydrates	60-72	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
15363972-3	2004	Here we show that des-acyl ghrelin, like ghrelin and some synthetic GHS (hexarelin and MK0677) and carboxy-terminally ghrelin fragments such as ghrelin-(1-5) and ghrelin-(1-10), all significantly reduced, over concentrations ranging from 1 to 1000 nM, the stimulation of glycerol release caused in rat epididymal adipocytes by the nonselective beta-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol in vitro.	Isoproterenol	370-383	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
15142846-5	2004	Interestingly, coinfusion of ghrelin with diltiazem completely restored myocardial contractile function that was decreased 30 +/- 3% (P &lt; 0.01) by diltiazem alone.	Diltiazem	150-159	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	29-36
15142846-10	2004	Furthermore, the data obtained from diltiazem infusion suggest that ghrelin has a role in regulation of contractility when L-type Ca(2+) channels are blocked.	Diltiazem	36-45	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	68-75
15272046-6	2004	Ghrelin significantly increased voltage-activated calcium currents in isolated single DMNV neurones from a mean maximal change of 141 +/- 26 pA to 227 +/- 37 pA.	Calcium	50-57	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
15569462-0	2004	[Effect of free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance on plasma ghrelin level: an experimental study with rats].	Fatty Acids, Nonesterified	11-26	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	64-71
15569462-1	2004	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance on plasma ghrelin level.	Fatty Acids, Nonesterified	40-55	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	93-100
15569462-15	2004	Pearson analysis showed that fasting plasma ghrelin concentration was negatively correlated with fasting plasma insulin levels (r = -0.52, P &lt; 0.05)and blood glucose (r = -0.61, P &lt; 0.05).	Glucose	161-168	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-51
15363972-0	2004	Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin both inhibit isoproterenol-induced lipolysis in rat adipocytes via a non-type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor.	Isoproterenol	42-55	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
15363972-0	2004	Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin both inhibit isoproterenol-induced lipolysis in rat adipocytes via a non-type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor.	Isoproterenol	42-55	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	21-28
15363972-1	2004	Besides possessing a strong growth hormone (GH)-releasing activity, the gastrointestinal octanoylated peptide ghrelin has been reported to antagonize lipolysis in rat adipocytes.	Peptides	102-109	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	110-117
15167567-1	2004	Ghrelin is a 28 amino-acid peptide that has been shown to induce positive energy balance when administered both peripherally and centrally.	amino-acid peptide	16-34	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
15363972-3	2004	Here we show that des-acyl ghrelin, like ghrelin and some synthetic GHS (hexarelin and MK0677) and carboxy-terminally ghrelin fragments such as ghrelin-(1-5) and ghrelin-(1-10), all significantly reduced, over concentrations ranging from 1 to 1000 nM, the stimulation of glycerol release caused in rat epididymal adipocytes by the nonselective beta-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol in vitro.	hexarelin	73-82	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
15363972-3	2004	Here we show that des-acyl ghrelin, like ghrelin and some synthetic GHS (hexarelin and MK0677) and carboxy-terminally ghrelin fragments such as ghrelin-(1-5) and ghrelin-(1-10), all significantly reduced, over concentrations ranging from 1 to 1000 nM, the stimulation of glycerol release caused in rat epididymal adipocytes by the nonselective beta-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol in vitro.	ibutamoren mesylate	87-93	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
15363972-3	2004	Here we show that des-acyl ghrelin, like ghrelin and some synthetic GHS (hexarelin and MK0677) and carboxy-terminally ghrelin fragments such as ghrelin-(1-5) and ghrelin-(1-10), all significantly reduced, over concentrations ranging from 1 to 1000 nM, the stimulation of glycerol release caused in rat epididymal adipocytes by the nonselective beta-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol in vitro.	Glycerol	271-279	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
15329412-3	2004	We demonstrate that our lead compound, L-NOX-B11, binds ghrelin with low-nanomolar affinity and inhibits ghrelin-mediated GHS-receptor activation in cell culture with an IC(50) of 5 nM.	l-nox-b11	39-48	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	56-63
15329412-3	2004	We demonstrate that our lead compound, L-NOX-B11, binds ghrelin with low-nanomolar affinity and inhibits ghrelin-mediated GHS-receptor activation in cell culture with an IC(50) of 5 nM.	l-nox-b11	39-48	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	105-112
15329412-4	2004	l-NOX-B11 is highly specific for the bioactive, n-octanoylated form of ghrelin.	l-nox-b11	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	71-78
15329412-7	2004	administration of polyethylene glycol modified l-NOX-B11 efficiently suppresses ghrelin-induced growth hormone release in rats.	Polyethylene Glycols	18-37	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	80-87
15329412-7	2004	administration of polyethylene glycol modified l-NOX-B11 efficiently suppresses ghrelin-induced growth hormone release in rats.	l-nox	47-52	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	80-87
15329412-7	2004	administration of polyethylene glycol modified l-NOX-B11 efficiently suppresses ghrelin-induced growth hormone release in rats.	b11	53-56	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	80-87
15339387-0	2004	Ghrelin protects myocardium from isoproterenol-induced injury in rats.	Isoproterenol	33-46	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
15339248-3	2004	We have also discovered an analog of ghrelin, BIM-28163, that is an antagonist at the GHS receptor and that fully inhibits GHS receptor activation induced by native ghrelin.	BIM28163	46-55	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	37-44
15339248-3	2004	We have also discovered an analog of ghrelin, BIM-28163, that is an antagonist at the GHS receptor and that fully inhibits GHS receptor activation induced by native ghrelin.	BIM28163	46-55	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	165-172
15339248-4	2004	In vivo, BIM-28163 does not increase GH secretion but fully blocks ghrelin-induced GH secretion.	bim	9-12	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	67-74
15339248-5	2004	In contrast, BIM-28163 acts as a full agonist with regard to the ghrelin actions of stimulating weight gain and food intake.	bim	13-16	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
15339248-7	2004	This concept is strengthened by our observation that at certain hypothalamic sites, BIM-28163 acts as an antagonist of ghrelin-induced neuronal activation, while at other sites, both ghrelin and BIM-28163 induce neuronal activation via the same receptor.	BIM28163	84-93	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	119-126
15177919-5	2004	Ghrelin-induced protection was abolished by vagotomy and attenuated by suppression of COX, deactivation of afferent nerves with neurotoxic dose of capsaicin or CGRP(8-37) and by inhibition of NOS with L-NNA but not influenced by medullectomy and administration of 6-hydroxydopamine.	Capsaicin	147-156	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
15177919-5	2004	Ghrelin-induced protection was abolished by vagotomy and attenuated by suppression of COX, deactivation of afferent nerves with neurotoxic dose of capsaicin or CGRP(8-37) and by inhibition of NOS with L-NNA but not influenced by medullectomy and administration of 6-hydroxydopamine.	Nitroarginine	201-206	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
15177919-5	2004	Ghrelin-induced protection was abolished by vagotomy and attenuated by suppression of COX, deactivation of afferent nerves with neurotoxic dose of capsaicin or CGRP(8-37) and by inhibition of NOS with L-NNA but not influenced by medullectomy and administration of 6-hydroxydopamine.	Oxidopamine	264-281	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
15177919-6	2004	We conclude that ghrelin exerts a potent protective action on the stomach of rats exposed to ethanol and WRS, and these effects depend upon vagal activity, sensory nerves and hyperemia mediated by NOS-NO and COX-PG systems.	Ethanol	93-100	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
15177919-6	2004	We conclude that ghrelin exerts a potent protective action on the stomach of rats exposed to ethanol and WRS, and these effects depend upon vagal activity, sensory nerves and hyperemia mediated by NOS-NO and COX-PG systems.	pg	212-214	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
15296479-10	2004	Ghrelin, at 10(-10) to 10(-6) M concentrations, significantly increased [(3)H]thymidine incorporation (at 10(-9) M, 183+/-13% (means+/-s.e.m.)	Thymidine	78-87	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
15296479-14	2004	The positive effect of ghrelin and desoctanoyl ghrelin on [(3)H]thymidine incorporation was abolished by the MAPK kinase inhibitor U0126, the PKC inhibitor GF109203X and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin 23, suggesting that the ghrelin-induced cell proliferation of GH3 cells is mediated both via a PKC-MAPK-dependent pathway and via a tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway.	Thymidine	64-73	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
15296479-14	2004	The positive effect of ghrelin and desoctanoyl ghrelin on [(3)H]thymidine incorporation was abolished by the MAPK kinase inhibitor U0126, the PKC inhibitor GF109203X and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin 23, suggesting that the ghrelin-induced cell proliferation of GH3 cells is mediated both via a PKC-MAPK-dependent pathway and via a tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway.	U 0126	131-136	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
15296479-14	2004	The positive effect of ghrelin and desoctanoyl ghrelin on [(3)H]thymidine incorporation was abolished by the MAPK kinase inhibitor U0126, the PKC inhibitor GF109203X and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin 23, suggesting that the ghrelin-induced cell proliferation of GH3 cells is mediated both via a PKC-MAPK-dependent pathway and via a tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway.	bisindolylmaleimide I	156-165	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
15296479-14	2004	The positive effect of ghrelin and desoctanoyl ghrelin on [(3)H]thymidine incorporation was abolished by the MAPK kinase inhibitor U0126, the PKC inhibitor GF109203X and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin 23, suggesting that the ghrelin-induced cell proliferation of GH3 cells is mediated both via a PKC-MAPK-dependent pathway and via a tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway.	Tyrphostins	200-210	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
15296479-14	2004	The positive effect of ghrelin and desoctanoyl ghrelin on [(3)H]thymidine incorporation was abolished by the MAPK kinase inhibitor U0126, the PKC inhibitor GF109203X and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin 23, suggesting that the ghrelin-induced cell proliferation of GH3 cells is mediated both via a PKC-MAPK-dependent pathway and via a tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway.	3'-dGTP	273-276	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
15093702-6	2004	GLP-1(7-36)amide 10(-8) and 10(-7) M decreased ghrelin secretion significantly.	Amides	11-16	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	47-54
15093702-10	2004	These data demonstrate that GLP-1(7-36)amide, insulin, gastrin and somatostatin are potential candidates to contribute to the postprandially observed inhibition of ghrelin secretion with insulin being the most effective inhibitor in this isolated stomach model.	Amides	39-44	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	164-171
15646370-1	2004	KP-102 (D-alanyl-3-(2-naphthyl)-D-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-tryptophyl-D-phenylalanyl-L-lysinamide dihydrochloride, growth hormone-releasing peptide-2, GHRP-2, pralmorelin, CAS 158861-67-7), is a potent synthetic growth hormone (GH) secretagogue.	growth hormone-releasing peptide-2	0-6	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	108-140
15213356-2	2004	The aim of this study was to examine the expression of ghrelin in gastric mucosa after its exposure to ethanol and its effects on gastric lesions induced by ethanol with and without pretreatment with indomethacin.	Ethanol	103-110	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	55-62
15213356-2	2004	The aim of this study was to examine the expression of ghrelin in gastric mucosa after its exposure to ethanol and its effects on gastric lesions induced by ethanol with and without pretreatment with indomethacin.	Ethanol	157-164	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	55-62
15213356-2	2004	The aim of this study was to examine the expression of ghrelin in gastric mucosa after its exposure to ethanol and its effects on gastric lesions induced by ethanol with and without pretreatment with indomethacin.	Indomethacin	200-212	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	55-62
15213356-7	2004	Exposure of gastric mucosa to 75% ethanol resulted in numerous mucosal lesions of an area of about 115 mm(2) and in the increase of mucosal expression of TNF-alpha, PGE(2), TGFalpha and ghrelin with concomitant decrease in GBF.	Ethanol	34-41	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	186-193
15213356-9	2004	Pretreatment with indometahcin, which suppressed the generation of PGE(2) by about 85%, augmented ethanol-induced gastric lesions and eliminated the ghrelin-induced protection of mucosa against ethanol.	indometahcin	18-30	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	149-156
15213356-9	2004	Pretreatment with indometahcin, which suppressed the generation of PGE(2) by about 85%, augmented ethanol-induced gastric lesions and eliminated the ghrelin-induced protection of mucosa against ethanol.	Ethanol	194-201	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	149-156
15213356-10	2004	We conclude that ghrelin, whose mucosal expression is enhanced after exposure to ethanol, exhibits a strong gastroprotection, at least in part, due to its anti-inflammatory action mediated by prostaglandins.	Ethanol	81-88	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
15213356-10	2004	We conclude that ghrelin, whose mucosal expression is enhanced after exposure to ethanol, exhibits a strong gastroprotection, at least in part, due to its anti-inflammatory action mediated by prostaglandins.	Prostaglandins	192-206	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
14993197-6	2004	Pretreatment with intravenous injection of pentolinium (5 mg/kg), a ganglion-blocking agent, eliminated these cardiovascular responses induced by the microinjection of ghrelin (20 pmol) into the nucleus of the solitary tract; however, pretreatment with intravenous injection of atropine sulfate (0.1 mg/kg), an antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, failed to prevent them.	Pentolinium Tartrate	43-54	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	168-175
15382608-1	2004	Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for GHS-R, was isolated from rat stomach, although other tissues exist expressing ghrelin, such as pituitary, hypothalamus, placent, ovary, testes, etc.	Ghrelin	113-120	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
14716201-7	2004	In addition, ghrelin attenuated the depletion of myocardial ATP resulting from ischemia and reperfusion.	Adenosine Triphosphate	60-63	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
15193764-7	2004	In vitro, ghrelin stimulated the secretion of both gonadotropins, and differentially modulated the response to LHRH; the LH response was inhibited, while the FSH response was enhanced.	Luteinizing Hormone	111-113	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-17
15117840-6	2004	Ghrelin inhibited H2O2-induced cytokine release in HUVECs, suggesting that the peptide blocks redox-mediated cellular signaling.	Hydrogen Peroxide	18-22	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
14966197-13	2004	Ghrelin dose-dependently inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from INS-1 (832/13) cells, and GHS-R was detected in the cells.	Glucose	35-42	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
14966197-14	2004	We conclude that ghrelin is expressed in a novel developmentally regulated endocrine islet cell type in the rat pancreas and that ghrelin inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion via a direct effect on the beta-cell.	Glucose	147-154	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	130-137
14665405-1	2003	Ghrelin, a novel 28-amino-acid hormone secreted by gastric oxyntic glands, stimulates food intake and induces adiposity.	28-amino-acid hormone	17-38	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
14726611-22	2003	Ghrelin was administrated twice (30 min prior to the first caerulein or saline injection and 3 h later) at the doses: 2, 10 or 20 nmol/kg.	Ceruletide	59-68	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
15040854-11	2003	Pretreatment with the ganglion blocker hexamethonium and with atropine completely abolished the stimulatory effect of central ghrelin.	Hexamethonium	39-52	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	126-133
15040854-11	2003	Pretreatment with the ganglion blocker hexamethonium and with atropine completely abolished the stimulatory effect of central ghrelin.	Atropine	62-70	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	126-133
14726611-7	2003	Ghrelin was administrated twice (30 min prior to the first caerulein or saline injection and 3 h later) at the doses: 2, 10 or 20 nmol/kg.	Ceruletide	59-68	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
14726611-22	2003	Ghrelin was administrated twice (30 min prior to the first caerulein or saline injection and 3 h later) at the doses: 2, 10 or 20 nmol/kg.	Sodium Chloride	72-78	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
14726611-7	2003	Ghrelin was administrated twice (30 min prior to the first caerulein or saline injection and 3 h later) at the doses: 2, 10 or 20 nmol/kg.	Sodium Chloride	72-78	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
14550279-8	2003	This improvement by ghrelin was inhibited by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a nonselective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor.	NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester	45-79	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	20-27
12810528-4	2003	When emptying was permitted, glucose infusion reduced ghrelin level by approximately 50%, and, in agreement with previous data, water infusions were without effect.	Glucose	29-36	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	54-61
12953161-6	2003	Ghrelin output was detected in the incubation fluid of rat hypothalamic explants and could be stimulated with high potassium concentrations.	Potassium	115-124	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
12883265-7	2003	RESULTS: Ghrelin inhibited insulin secretion from islets and INS-1E cells in a dose- and glucose-dependent manner.	Glucose	89-96	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
12883265-10	2003	CONCLUSIONS: Ghrelin inhibits the insulin secretion in vitro in a dose- and glucose-dependent manner.	Glucose	76-83	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
12892835-5	2003	Early and late treatment with ghrelin increased markedly the plasma glucose concentration and decreased the plasma lactate concentration.	Glucose	68-75	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
12892835-5	2003	Early and late treatment with ghrelin increased markedly the plasma glucose concentration and decreased the plasma lactate concentration.	Lactic Acid	115-122	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
12892835-6	2003	Early treatment with ghrelin attenuated significantly the deficiency in myocardial ATP content, but late treatment with ghrelin had no effect on myocardial ATP content.	Adenosine Triphosphate	83-86	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	21-28
12586750-6	2003	In addition, isoproterenol (10(-8) M, 40 min)-stimulated lipolysis was significantly reduced by simultaneous ghrelin treatment in a dose-dependent manner in vitro.	Isoproterenol	13-26	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	109-116
12730858-1	2003	BACKGROUND &amp; AIMS: Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone secreted by the stomach.	Adenosine Monophosphate	12-15	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
12706820-0	2003	Enhanced plasma ghrelin levels in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.	Streptozocin	44-58	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	16-23
12706820-3	2003	We investigated the dynamics of ghrelin in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, because they present reduced body weight and hyperphagia.	Streptozocin	53-67	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
12697684-4	2003	Ghrelin was far less effective than hexarelin in preventing increases in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (15% and 60% protection for ghrelin and hexarelin, respectively), coronary perfusion pressure (10% and 45% reduction), and release of creatine kinase in the heart perfusate (15% and 55% reduction).	hexarelin	153-162	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
12686388-6	2003	The excitatory effect of ghrelin on neuronal activity was postsynaptic since it was unaffected by synaptic blockade (low Ca(2+)/high Mg(2+) solution).	magnesium ion	133-139	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	25-32
12860196-6	2003	The delayed emptying of acetaminophen seen post-operatively in saline-treated animals could be completely reversed by MTL-RP/Ghrelin (P&lt;0.01) whether it was given at 100 microg/kg on day 2 (102+/-7% of the normal emptying capacity), 4 microg/kg on day 3 (106+/-7%) or 20 microg/kg on day 4 (132+/-8%).	Sodium Chloride	63-69	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	125-132
12488364-0	2003	Ghrelin protects against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats: studies on the mechanisms of action.	Ethanol	25-32	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
12665315-0	2003	Effect of Ghrelin on catecholamine secretion in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells.	Catecholamines	21-34	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-17
12665315-3	2003	At concentrations of 10 nM and over (10 nM, 100 nM, and 1 microM), ghrelin significantly inhibited basal dopamine release by 30, 32 and 34%, respectively (P &lt; 0.05) in PC12 cells, suggesting that ghrelin may be involved in the mechanism of catecholamine regulation in chromaffin cells.	Dopamine	105-113	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	67-74
12665315-3	2003	At concentrations of 10 nM and over (10 nM, 100 nM, and 1 microM), ghrelin significantly inhibited basal dopamine release by 30, 32 and 34%, respectively (P &lt; 0.05) in PC12 cells, suggesting that ghrelin may be involved in the mechanism of catecholamine regulation in chromaffin cells.	Catecholamines	243-256	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	67-74
12665315-3	2003	At concentrations of 10 nM and over (10 nM, 100 nM, and 1 microM), ghrelin significantly inhibited basal dopamine release by 30, 32 and 34%, respectively (P &lt; 0.05) in PC12 cells, suggesting that ghrelin may be involved in the mechanism of catecholamine regulation in chromaffin cells.	chromaffin	271-281	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	67-74
12511228-9	2003	The plasma glucose concentration and myocardial ATP content increased by 53 % and 22 %, respectively, but plasma lactate concentration decreased by 40 % in ghrelin-treated rats (P &lt; 0.01).	Lactic Acid	113-120	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	156-163
12511228-10	2003	The plasma ghrelin level in rats with septic shock was 51 % higher than that of rats in sham group, and was negatively correlated with MABP and blood glucose concentration (r=-0.721 and -0.811, respectively, P &lt;0.01).	Glucose	150-157	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-18
12586359-6	2003	Ghrelin (10(-8) and 10(-6) M) raised basal, but not agonist-stimulated, proliferation rate of cultured ZG cells (percent of cells able to incorporate 5-bromo-2"-deoxyuridine), without affecting apoptotic deletion rate (percent of cells able to incorporate biotinylated nucleosides into apoptotic DNA fragments).	Bromodeoxyuridine	150-173	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
12586359-6	2003	Ghrelin (10(-8) and 10(-6) M) raised basal, but not agonist-stimulated, proliferation rate of cultured ZG cells (percent of cells able to incorporate 5-bromo-2"-deoxyuridine), without affecting apoptotic deletion rate (percent of cells able to incorporate biotinylated nucleosides into apoptotic DNA fragments).	Nucleosides	269-280	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
12586359-7	2003	The tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitor tyrphostin-23 and the p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor PD-98059 abolished the proliferogenic effect of 10(-8) M ghrelin, while the protein kinase A and C inhibitors H-89 and calphostin-C were ineffective.	tyrphostin A23	35-48	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	172-179
12586359-7	2003	The tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitor tyrphostin-23 and the p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor PD-98059 abolished the proliferogenic effect of 10(-8) M ghrelin, while the protein kinase A and C inhibitors H-89 and calphostin-C were ineffective.	2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	115-123	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	172-179
12586359-7	2003	The tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitor tyrphostin-23 and the p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor PD-98059 abolished the proliferogenic effect of 10(-8) M ghrelin, while the protein kinase A and C inhibitors H-89 and calphostin-C were ineffective.	calphostin C	234-246	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	172-179
12586359-8	2003	Ghrelin (10(-8) M) stimulated TK and MAPK activity of dispersed ZG cells, and the effect was abolished by preincubation with tyrphostin-23 and PD-98059, respectively.	Tyrphostins	125-135	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
12586359-8	2003	Ghrelin (10(-8) M) stimulated TK and MAPK activity of dispersed ZG cells, and the effect was abolished by preincubation with tyrphostin-23 and PD-98059, respectively.	2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	143-151	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
12586359-9	2003	Tyrphostin-23 annulled ghrelin-induced activation of MAPK activity.	Tyrphostins	0-10	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
12624529-12	2003	Finally, effects of ghrelin were blocked by pretreatment with MK-801 and NBQX antagonists of EAA ionotropic receptors and after manipulation of endogenous serotoninergic tone.	Dizocilpine Maleate	62-68	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	20-27
12624529-12	2003	Finally, effects of ghrelin were blocked by pretreatment with MK-801 and NBQX antagonists of EAA ionotropic receptors and after manipulation of endogenous serotoninergic tone.	2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline	73-77	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	20-27
12624529-13	2003	In addition, the potent releasing activity of EAA agonists NMDA and AMPA was blunted by pretreatment with D-Lys3-GHRP-6, a selective antagonist of the cognate ghrelin receptor, i.e. the GH-secretagogue receptor.	N-Methylaspartate	59-63	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	159-166
12624529-13	2003	In addition, the potent releasing activity of EAA agonists NMDA and AMPA was blunted by pretreatment with D-Lys3-GHRP-6, a selective antagonist of the cognate ghrelin receptor, i.e. the GH-secretagogue receptor.	GHRP-6, Lys(3)-	106-119	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	159-166
12624529-15	2003	The data also demonstrate for the first time the existence of a cross-talk between ghrelin and other neurotransmitter systems, such as EAAs and serotonin, in precise control of GH secretion.	Serotonin	144-153	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	83-90
12414809-2	2003	Ghrelin, a novel 28-amino acid peptide with an n-octanoyl modification at Ser(3), was isolated from rat stomach and found to be an endogenous ligand for the growth-hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R).	Serine	74-77	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
12414809-5	2003	Human ghrelin was purified from the stomach by gel filtration and high performance liquid chromatography, using a ghrelin-specific radioimmunoassay and an intracellular calcium influx assay on a stable cell line expressing GHS-R to test the fractions.	Calcium	169-176	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	6-13
12414809-9	2003	The major active form of human ghrelin is a 28-amino acid peptide octanoylated at Ser(3), as was found for rat ghrelin.	Serine	82-85	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
12488364-3	2003	Ghrelin was administered either intracerebroventricularly or sc 30 min before ethanol, and mucosal lesions were examined macroscopically.	Ethanol	78-85	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
12486113-7	2002	Finally, both MK-0677 and hexarelin, a nonpeptidyl and a peptidyl synthetic GHS, respectively, recognize the common ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin binding sites, inhibit cell death, and activate MAPK and Akt.These findings provide the first evidence that, independent of its acylation, ghrelin gene product may act as a survival factor directly on the cardiovascular system through binding to a novel, yet to be identified receptor, which is distinct from GHSR-1a.	ibutamoren mesylate	14-21	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	116-123
12486113-7	2002	Finally, both MK-0677 and hexarelin, a nonpeptidyl and a peptidyl synthetic GHS, respectively, recognize the common ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin binding sites, inhibit cell death, and activate MAPK and Akt.These findings provide the first evidence that, independent of its acylation, ghrelin gene product may act as a survival factor directly on the cardiovascular system through binding to a novel, yet to be identified receptor, which is distinct from GHSR-1a.	ibutamoren mesylate	14-21	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	137-144
12486113-7	2002	Finally, both MK-0677 and hexarelin, a nonpeptidyl and a peptidyl synthetic GHS, respectively, recognize the common ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin binding sites, inhibit cell death, and activate MAPK and Akt.These findings provide the first evidence that, independent of its acylation, ghrelin gene product may act as a survival factor directly on the cardiovascular system through binding to a novel, yet to be identified receptor, which is distinct from GHSR-1a.	ibutamoren mesylate	14-21	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	137-144
12486113-7	2002	Finally, both MK-0677 and hexarelin, a nonpeptidyl and a peptidyl synthetic GHS, respectively, recognize the common ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin binding sites, inhibit cell death, and activate MAPK and Akt.These findings provide the first evidence that, independent of its acylation, ghrelin gene product may act as a survival factor directly on the cardiovascular system through binding to a novel, yet to be identified receptor, which is distinct from GHSR-1a.	hexarelin	26-35	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	116-123
12486113-7	2002	Finally, both MK-0677 and hexarelin, a nonpeptidyl and a peptidyl synthetic GHS, respectively, recognize the common ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin binding sites, inhibit cell death, and activate MAPK and Akt.These findings provide the first evidence that, independent of its acylation, ghrelin gene product may act as a survival factor directly on the cardiovascular system through binding to a novel, yet to be identified receptor, which is distinct from GHSR-1a.	hexarelin	26-35	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	137-144
12486113-7	2002	Finally, both MK-0677 and hexarelin, a nonpeptidyl and a peptidyl synthetic GHS, respectively, recognize the common ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin binding sites, inhibit cell death, and activate MAPK and Akt.These findings provide the first evidence that, independent of its acylation, ghrelin gene product may act as a survival factor directly on the cardiovascular system through binding to a novel, yet to be identified receptor, which is distinct from GHSR-1a.	hexarelin	26-35	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	137-144
12486113-7	2002	Finally, both MK-0677 and hexarelin, a nonpeptidyl and a peptidyl synthetic GHS, respectively, recognize the common ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin binding sites, inhibit cell death, and activate MAPK and Akt.These findings provide the first evidence that, independent of its acylation, ghrelin gene product may act as a survival factor directly on the cardiovascular system through binding to a novel, yet to be identified receptor, which is distinct from GHSR-1a.	Diethylstilbestrol	128-131	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	137-144
12486113-7	2002	Finally, both MK-0677 and hexarelin, a nonpeptidyl and a peptidyl synthetic GHS, respectively, recognize the common ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin binding sites, inhibit cell death, and activate MAPK and Akt.These findings provide the first evidence that, independent of its acylation, ghrelin gene product may act as a survival factor directly on the cardiovascular system through binding to a novel, yet to be identified receptor, which is distinct from GHSR-1a.	Diethylstilbestrol	128-131	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	137-144
12486113-7	2002	Finally, both MK-0677 and hexarelin, a nonpeptidyl and a peptidyl synthetic GHS, respectively, recognize the common ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin binding sites, inhibit cell death, and activate MAPK and Akt.These findings provide the first evidence that, independent of its acylation, ghrelin gene product may act as a survival factor directly on the cardiovascular system through binding to a novel, yet to be identified receptor, which is distinct from GHSR-1a.	acyl	132-136	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	137-144
12486113-7	2002	Finally, both MK-0677 and hexarelin, a nonpeptidyl and a peptidyl synthetic GHS, respectively, recognize the common ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin binding sites, inhibit cell death, and activate MAPK and Akt.These findings provide the first evidence that, independent of its acylation, ghrelin gene product may act as a survival factor directly on the cardiovascular system through binding to a novel, yet to be identified receptor, which is distinct from GHSR-1a.	acyl	132-136	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	137-144
12482728-4	2002	Ghrelin is a peptide of 28 amino acids, in which Ser3 is modified by an n-octanoic acid.	octanoic acid	72-87	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
12421646-4	2002	We found that ghrelin did not modify dopamine or norepinephrine release, but inhibited serotonin release.	Serotonin	87-96	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	14-21
12446621-0	2002	Role of ghrelin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic hyperphagia.	Streptozocin	19-33	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	8-15
12446621-8	2002	The ghrelin gene expression in the stomach was also higher in STZ diabetic rats than in control rats, but this difference was not significant.	Streptozocin	62-65	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	4-11
12421646-6	2002	We conclude that the appetite-stimulating activity of ghrelin could be mediated by inhibited serotonin release, while the anorectic effects of amylin could involve inhibited release of dopamine in the hypothalamus.	Serotonin	93-102	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	54-61
12429053-10	2002	Ghrelin was strongly correlated with insulin (r=-0.68), glucose infusion rate (r=-0.75) and free fatty acids (r=0.67), when all 3 groups were combined, although only the 2 latter variables were independent predictors of ghrelin.	Glucose	56-63	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
12429053-10	2002	Ghrelin was strongly correlated with insulin (r=-0.68), glucose infusion rate (r=-0.75) and free fatty acids (r=0.67), when all 3 groups were combined, although only the 2 latter variables were independent predictors of ghrelin.	Fatty Acids, Nonesterified	92-108	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
12429053-10	2002	Ghrelin was strongly correlated with insulin (r=-0.68), glucose infusion rate (r=-0.75) and free fatty acids (r=0.67), when all 3 groups were combined, although only the 2 latter variables were independent predictors of ghrelin.	Ghrelin	220-227	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
12016119-3	2002	In normal, conscious unoperated animals, ghrelin/MTLRP (5 or 20 microg/kg iv) significantly accelerated the gastric emptying of a methylcellulose liquid solution (gastric residue after 15 min: 57 +/- 7, 42 +/- 11, 17 +/- 4, and 9 +/- 3% of the ingested meal with doses of 0, 1, 5, and 20 microg/kg iv, respectively) Transit of the methylcellulose liquid solution was also accelerated by ghrelin/MTLRP in the small intestine but not in the colon.	methylcellulose liquid	130-152	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	41-48
12500165-0	2002	Mechanism of ghrelin-evoked glucagon secretion from the pancreas of diabetic rats.	Glucagon	28-36	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
12193546-9	2002	Moreover, glucose injection was revealed to reduce plasma ghrelin levels in rats.	Glucose	10-17	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	58-65
12379504-5	2002	Ghrelin also had a significant stimulatory effect on thymidine incorporation (129+/-2% of control at 3 micro M and 18 h, P&lt;0.05).	Thymidine	53-62	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
12379504-6	2002	The stimulatory effect on thymidine incorporation of hexarelin, Tyr-Ala-hexarelin, EP80317 and ghrelin was specific and no stimulatory effect was observed with the truncated GH-releasing peptide EP51389 or the non-peptidyl GHS MK-0677.	Thymidine	26-35	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	95-102
12379504-7	2002	In competitive binding studies, (125)I-labeled Tyr-Ala-hexarelin was used as radioligand and competition curves showed displacement with hexarelin, Tyr-Ala-hexarelin, EP80317 and ghrelin, whereas MK-0677 and EP51389 produced very little displacement at 1 micro M concentration, adding further support for an alternative subtype binding site in the heart compared with the pituitary.	tyrosyl-alanyl-hexarelin	47-64	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	179-186
12379504-7	2002	In competitive binding studies, (125)I-labeled Tyr-Ala-hexarelin was used as radioligand and competition curves showed displacement with hexarelin, Tyr-Ala-hexarelin, EP80317 and ghrelin, whereas MK-0677 and EP51389 produced very little displacement at 1 micro M concentration, adding further support for an alternative subtype binding site in the heart compared with the pituitary.	hexarelin	55-64	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	179-186
12176667-5	2002	The former antibody recognizes specifically ghrelin with n- octanoylated Ser 3 (acyl ghrelin), and does not recognize des-acyl ghrelin.	n- octanoylated ser	57-76	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-51
12016119-3	2002	In normal, conscious unoperated animals, ghrelin/MTLRP (5 or 20 microg/kg iv) significantly accelerated the gastric emptying of a methylcellulose liquid solution (gastric residue after 15 min: 57 +/- 7, 42 +/- 11, 17 +/- 4, and 9 +/- 3% of the ingested meal with doses of 0, 1, 5, and 20 microg/kg iv, respectively) Transit of the methylcellulose liquid solution was also accelerated by ghrelin/MTLRP in the small intestine but not in the colon.	methylcellulose liquid	130-152	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	49-54
12016119-3	2002	In normal, conscious unoperated animals, ghrelin/MTLRP (5 or 20 microg/kg iv) significantly accelerated the gastric emptying of a methylcellulose liquid solution (gastric residue after 15 min: 57 +/- 7, 42 +/- 11, 17 +/- 4, and 9 +/- 3% of the ingested meal with doses of 0, 1, 5, and 20 microg/kg iv, respectively) Transit of the methylcellulose liquid solution was also accelerated by ghrelin/MTLRP in the small intestine but not in the colon.	Methylcellulose	130-145	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	41-48
12016119-3	2002	In normal, conscious unoperated animals, ghrelin/MTLRP (5 or 20 microg/kg iv) significantly accelerated the gastric emptying of a methylcellulose liquid solution (gastric residue after 15 min: 57 +/- 7, 42 +/- 11, 17 +/- 4, and 9 +/- 3% of the ingested meal with doses of 0, 1, 5, and 20 microg/kg iv, respectively) Transit of the methylcellulose liquid solution was also accelerated by ghrelin/MTLRP in the small intestine but not in the colon.	Methylcellulose	130-145	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	49-54
12016119-5	2002	In rats in which postoperative gastrointestinal ileus had been experimentally induced, ghrelin/MTLRP (20 microg/kg iv) reversed the delayed gastric evacuation (gastric residue after 15 min: 28 +/- 7% of the ingested meal vs. 82 +/- 9% with saline).	Sodium Chloride	240-246	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	87-94
12016119-5	2002	In rats in which postoperative gastrointestinal ileus had been experimentally induced, ghrelin/MTLRP (20 microg/kg iv) reversed the delayed gastric evacuation (gastric residue after 15 min: 28 +/- 7% of the ingested meal vs. 82 +/- 9% with saline).	Sodium Chloride	240-246	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	95-100
11956180-3	2002	Very recently, it was shown in cells transfected with the GHS-Rla that short acylated peptides encompassing the first 4-5 residues of ghrelin were capable of increasing intracellular calcium almost as efficiently as the full-length ghrelin.	Calcium	183-190	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	134-141
12050285-2	2002	Ghrelin is involved in the regulation of GH release, but it has recently been suggested that ghrelin may have other actions, including effects on appetite, carbohydrate metabolism, heart, kidney, pancreas, gonads, and cell proliferation.	Carbohydrates	156-168	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	93-100
11834435-6	2002	RESULTS: Addition of 10 nM ghrelin to the perfusate significantly reduced the insulin response to the secretagogues glucose, arginine and carbachol, which act on the B-cell via different mechanisms, as well as the somatostatin response to arginine.	Glucose	116-123	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
11796529-7	2002	From a functional standpoint, ghrelin, in a dose-dependent manner, induced an average 30% inhibition of human CG- and cAMP-stimulated T secretion in vitro.	Cyclic AMP	118-122	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
11944918-8	2002	Ghrelin was inversely correlated with plasma leptin (r = -0.55; P &lt; 0.003) and blood glucose (r = -0.58; P &lt; 0.001) as well as with body weight (r = -0.63; P &lt; 0.0001) and body fat content estimated by the sampling of specific fat pads (r = -0.62; P &lt; 0.0001).	Glucose	88-95	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
11834435-6	2002	RESULTS: Addition of 10 nM ghrelin to the perfusate significantly reduced the insulin response to the secretagogues glucose, arginine and carbachol, which act on the B-cell via different mechanisms, as well as the somatostatin response to arginine.	Arginine	125-133	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
11834435-6	2002	RESULTS: Addition of 10 nM ghrelin to the perfusate significantly reduced the insulin response to the secretagogues glucose, arginine and carbachol, which act on the B-cell via different mechanisms, as well as the somatostatin response to arginine.	Carbachol	138-147	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
11834435-6	2002	RESULTS: Addition of 10 nM ghrelin to the perfusate significantly reduced the insulin response to the secretagogues glucose, arginine and carbachol, which act on the B-cell via different mechanisms, as well as the somatostatin response to arginine.	Arginine	239-247	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
11834435-8	2002	At a lower concentration (2 nM) ghrelin was also found to inhibit glucose-induced insulin release.	Glucose	66-73	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	32-39
11546772-0	2001	Bullfrog ghrelin is modified by n-octanoic acid at its third threonine residue.	octanoic acid	32-47	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
11756331-5	2002	Ghrelin co-localized exclusively with glucagon in rat islets, indicating that it is produced in alpha-cells.	Glucagon	38-46	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
11751604-6	2002	The effect of both ghrelin and GHRP-6 on food intake was blocked by preadministration of a Y1 NPY receptor antagonist (BIBO3304).	BIBO 3304	119-127	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
11786190-2	2001	The mouse ppMTLRP was found identical to the rat precursor of ghrelin (ppghrelin), an endogenous ligand specific for the Growth Hormone Secretagogue receptor identified from rat stomach (Kojima et al.).	Ghrelin	71-80	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	62-69
11688975-2	2001	Since orexin suppresses pulsatile LH secretion in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, the present study was undertaken to investigate whether ghrelin also suppresses LH secretion.	Luteinizing Hormone	157-159	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	133-140
11688975-4	2001	After ghrelin injection, pulsatile LH secretions which were ongoing in these E(2)-treated OVX rats were significantly suppressed for about 1 h, whereas GH secretion increased, peaking at 30 min.	Luteinizing Hormone	35-37	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	6-13
11688975-4	2001	After ghrelin injection, pulsatile LH secretions which were ongoing in these E(2)-treated OVX rats were significantly suppressed for about 1 h, whereas GH secretion increased, peaking at 30 min.	Estradiol	77-81	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	6-13
11711576-8	2001	Infusion of ghrelin (12 nmol kg(-1) h(-1)) abolished pancreatic protein secretion caused by the central vagal stimulant 2-deoxy-D-glucose (75 mg kg(-1)), whereas bethanechol-stimulated pancreatic protein output was inhibited by only 59 +/- 7 %.	Deoxyglucose	120-137	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	12-19
11711576-8	2001	Infusion of ghrelin (12 nmol kg(-1) h(-1)) abolished pancreatic protein secretion caused by the central vagal stimulant 2-deoxy-D-glucose (75 mg kg(-1)), whereas bethanechol-stimulated pancreatic protein output was inhibited by only 59 +/- 7 %.	Bethanechol	162-173	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	12-19
11711576-12	2001	In contrast, ghrelin (10(-9)-10(-7) M) dose-dependently inhibited amylase release from pancreatic lobules exposed to 75 mM potassium.	Potassium	123-132	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-20
11546772-0	2001	Bullfrog ghrelin is modified by n-octanoic acid at its third threonine residue.	Threonine	61-70	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
11546772-4	2001	A unique threonine at amino acid position 3 (Thr(3)) in bullfrog ghrelin differs from the serine present in the mammalian ghrelins; this Thr(3) is acylated by either n-octanoic or n-decanoic acid.	Threonine	9-18	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
11546772-4	2001	A unique threonine at amino acid position 3 (Thr(3)) in bullfrog ghrelin differs from the serine present in the mammalian ghrelins; this Thr(3) is acylated by either n-octanoic or n-decanoic acid.	Threonine	45-48	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
11546772-4	2001	A unique threonine at amino acid position 3 (Thr(3)) in bullfrog ghrelin differs from the serine present in the mammalian ghrelins; this Thr(3) is acylated by either n-octanoic or n-decanoic acid.	Serine	90-96	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
11546772-4	2001	A unique threonine at amino acid position 3 (Thr(3)) in bullfrog ghrelin differs from the serine present in the mammalian ghrelins; this Thr(3) is acylated by either n-octanoic or n-decanoic acid.	Threonine	137-140	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
11546772-4	2001	A unique threonine at amino acid position 3 (Thr(3)) in bullfrog ghrelin differs from the serine present in the mammalian ghrelins; this Thr(3) is acylated by either n-octanoic or n-decanoic acid.	n-octanoic	166-176	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
11546772-4	2001	A unique threonine at amino acid position 3 (Thr(3)) in bullfrog ghrelin differs from the serine present in the mammalian ghrelins; this Thr(3) is acylated by either n-octanoic or n-decanoic acid.	decanoic acid	180-195	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72
11522606-0	2001	[125I-His(9)]-ghrelin, a novel radioligand for localizing GHS orphan receptors in human and rat tissue: up-regulation of receptors with athersclerosis.	125i-his	1-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	14-21
11822826-0	2001	Preliminary evidence that pharmacologic melatonin treatment decreases rat ghrelin levels.	Melatonin	40-49	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	74-81
11822826-5	2001	Plasma ghrelin concentrations were significantly reduced by exogenous melatonin.	Melatonin	70-79	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	7-14
11735244-0	2001	The growth hormone secretagogue ipamorelin counteracts glucocorticoid-induced decrease in bone formation of adult rats.	ipamorelin	32-42	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	4-31
11735244-1	2001	The ability of the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) Ipamorelin to counteract the catabolic effects of glucocorticoid (GC) on skeletal muscles and bone was investigated in vivo in an adult rat model.	ipamorelin	53-63	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-46
11522606-3	2001	We have characterized for the first time the binding of human [125I-His(9)]-ghrelin to normal human and rat tissue and demonstrated expression of this "orphan" receptor that has previously been predicted to exist from mRNA.	125i-his	63-71	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
11522606-4	2001	Furthermore, we have discovered that [125I-His(9)]-ghrelin density is significantly increased in atherosclerosis.	Histidine	43-46	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
11522606-8	2001	Specific [125I-His(9)]-ghrelin binding was to the human vasculature including aorta, coronary, pulmonary, arcuate arteries in the kidney and saphenous veins.	125i-his	10-18	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-30
11522606-13	2001	Our results suggest that the native receptor for [125I-His(9)]-ghrelin may be widely distributed in the human cardiovascular system.	Histidine	55-58	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	63-70
11494558-3	2001	Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide with an essential n-octanoyl modification at Ser3.	amino-acid peptide	16-34	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
11517195-8	2001	The infusion of GHRH (10 microg/h, 4h) in freely-moving adult male rats resulted in a 1.9-fold increase in ghrelin mRNA levels relative to control rats (P &lt; 0.05).	4h	35-37	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	107-114
11159873-1	2001	BACKGROUND &amp; AIMS: : Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor, was recently identified in the rat stomach.	Adenosine Monophosphate	12-15	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	25-32
11375804-1	2001	OBJECTIVE: The recently isolated endogenous GH secretagogue, named ghrelin, is a gastric peptide of 28 amino acids with an n-octanoylation in the serine 3 that confers the biological activity to this factor.	Serine	146-152	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	67-74
11375804-5	2001	We also examined the effect of gonadal steroid deprivation on ghrelin mRNA expression.	Steroids	39-46	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	62-69
11238504-5	2001	To clarify the mechanisms of action underlying the GH-releasing activity of ghrelin in humans, its interaction with GHRH and HEX was also studied.	hexarelin	125-128	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
11238504-14	2001	The GH response to ghrelin was clearly higher (P &lt; 0.01) than the one recorded after GHRH (26.7 +/- 8.7 microg/L; 619.6 +/- 174.4 microg/L.h) and even significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) than after HEX (68.4 +/- 14.7 microg/L; 1546.9 +/- 380.0 microg/L x h).	hexarelin	200-203	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
11322495-1	2001	NN703 is an orally active and selective growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) that was derived from growth hormone-releasing peptide-1(GHRP-1) via ipamorelin by a peptidomimetic approach and has now entered into phase II clinical trials.	tabimorelin	0-5	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	40-67
11322495-1	2001	NN703 is an orally active and selective growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) that was derived from growth hormone-releasing peptide-1(GHRP-1) via ipamorelin by a peptidomimetic approach and has now entered into phase II clinical trials.	ipamorelin	143-153	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	40-67
11322495-6	2001	The binding of GHRPs to the glandular part of the stomach and the blunted GH response to GHRP-6 following resection of the GI tract suggest a role for ghrelin as a mediator of part of the GH-releasing effect of GHRPs.	ghrps	15-20	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	151-158
11119706-0	2000	Kidney produces a novel acylated peptide, ghrelin.	Peptides	33-40	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
11162609-5	2001	We examined the effect of ghrelin on gastric acid secretion in urethane-anesthetized rats and found that ICV administration of ghrelin increased gastric acid output in a dose-dependent manner.	Urethane	63-71	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	127-134
11162609-6	2001	Vagotomy and administration of atropine abolished the gastric acid secretion induced by ghrelin.	Atropine	31-39	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	88-95
11174017-1	2001	Ghrelin (Ghr), a 28 amino acid gastric peptide with an n-octanoylation on Ser 3, has recently been identified as an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor.	Serine	74-77	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
11174017-18	2001	In conclusion, (1) n-octanoylation of Ghrs and the shorter form hGhr18 is essential for the direct pituitary GH-releasing effect of this new family of endogenous GHSs; (2) only the longer forms are active in vivo and (3) inhibition of SRIH release appears involved in the mechanism of Ghr action.	Nitrogen	1-2	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	38-41
11162448-2	2000	The Ser3 residue of ghrelin is modified by n-octanoic acid, a modification necessary for hormonal activity.	octanoic acid	43-58	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	20-27
11162448-3	2000	We established two ghrelin-specific radioimmunoassays; one recognizes the octanoyl-modified portion and another the C-terminal portion of ghrelin.	octanoyl	74-82	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
11162448-5	2000	While ghrelin activates growth-hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor-expressing cells, the nonmodified des-n-octanyl form of ghrelin, designated as des-acyl ghrelin, does not.	des-n-octanyl	101-114	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	123-130
11162448-5	2000	While ghrelin activates growth-hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor-expressing cells, the nonmodified des-n-octanyl form of ghrelin, designated as des-acyl ghrelin, does not.	des-n-octanyl	101-114	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	123-130
11786694-3	2001	Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide, in which the serine 3 is modified by an n-octanoic acid and this modification is essential for ghrelin"s activity.	28-amino-acid peptide	13-34	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
11786694-3	2001	Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide, in which the serine 3 is modified by an n-octanoic acid and this modification is essential for ghrelin"s activity.	28-amino-acid peptide	13-34	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	131-138
11786694-3	2001	Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide, in which the serine 3 is modified by an n-octanoic acid and this modification is essential for ghrelin"s activity.	Serine	49-55	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
11786694-3	2001	Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide, in which the serine 3 is modified by an n-octanoic acid and this modification is essential for ghrelin"s activity.	Serine	49-55	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	131-138
11786694-3	2001	Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide, in which the serine 3 is modified by an n-octanoic acid and this modification is essential for ghrelin"s activity.	octanoic acid	76-91	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
11108296-6	2000	We found that central administration of ghrelin increased both agouti-related protein (AGRP) mRNA levels (245.8 +/- 28.3% of the saline-treated controls; p &lt; 0.01) in the hypothalamus and food intake (5.7 +/- 0.9 g ghrelin vs. 1.9 +/- 0.5 g saline; p &lt; 0.05).	Sodium Chloride	129-135	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	40-47
11108296-6	2000	We found that central administration of ghrelin increased both agouti-related protein (AGRP) mRNA levels (245.8 +/- 28.3% of the saline-treated controls; p &lt; 0.01) in the hypothalamus and food intake (5.7 +/- 0.9 g ghrelin vs. 1.9 +/- 0.5 g saline; p &lt; 0.05).	Sodium Chloride	244-250	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	40-47
10373343-0	1999	Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats.	ipamorelin	0-10	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-50
11078999-3	2000	Ghrelin has been reported to increase in vitro GH secretion as well as in vivo plasma GH levels in pentobarbital anaesthetized rats.	Pentobarbital	99-112	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
10887041-0	2000	Hexarelin, a growth hormone secretagogue, protects the isolated rat heart from ventricular dysfunction produced by exposure to calcium-free medium.	hexarelin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-40
10887041-0	2000	Hexarelin, a growth hormone secretagogue, protects the isolated rat heart from ventricular dysfunction produced by exposure to calcium-free medium.	Calcium	127-134	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-40
10869872-9	2000	In this species, growth hormone response to hexarelin (31.25 microg/kg, IV), a potent growth hormone-releasing peptide, was not modified by coadministration of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (50 mg/kg, IV).	hexarelin	44-53	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	86-118
10512687-0	1999	Hexarelin, a growth hormone - releasing peptide, counteracts bone loss in gonadectomized male rats.	hexarelin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-47
11057670-6	2000	Rat serum ghrelin concentrations were increased by fasting and were reduced by re-feeding or oral glucose administration, but not by water ingestion.	Glucose	98-105	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-17
10801861-2	2000	Ghrelin is modified with an n-octanoyl group at Ser(3).	Serine	48-51	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
10801861-6	2000	This ligand, named des-Gln(14)-ghrelin, is a 27-amino acid peptide, whose sequence is identical to ghrelin except for one glutamine.	des-gln	19-26	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
10801861-6	2000	This ligand, named des-Gln(14)-ghrelin, is a 27-amino acid peptide, whose sequence is identical to ghrelin except for one glutamine.	des-gln	19-26	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	99-106
10801861-6	2000	This ligand, named des-Gln(14)-ghrelin, is a 27-amino acid peptide, whose sequence is identical to ghrelin except for one glutamine.	Glutamine	122-131	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
10801861-8	2000	Furthermore, genomic sequencing and cDNA analysis indicate that des-Gln(14)-ghrelin is not encoded by a gene distinct from ghrelin but is encoded by an mRNA created by alternative splicing of the ghrelin gene.	des-gln	64-71	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
10801861-10	2000	Des-Gln(14)-ghrelin has an n-octanoyl modification at Ser(3) like ghrelin, which is also essential for its activity.	des-gln	0-7	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	12-19
10801861-10	2000	Des-Gln(14)-ghrelin has an n-octanoyl modification at Ser(3) like ghrelin, which is also essential for its activity.	des-gln	0-7	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	66-73
10801861-10	2000	Des-Gln(14)-ghrelin has an n-octanoyl modification at Ser(3) like ghrelin, which is also essential for its activity.	Serine	54-57	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	12-19
10801861-10	2000	Des-Gln(14)-ghrelin has an n-octanoyl modification at Ser(3) like ghrelin, which is also essential for its activity.	Serine	54-57	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	66-73
10801861-11	2000	Des-Gln(14)-ghrelin-stimulated growth hormone releases when injected into rats.	des-gln	0-7	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	12-19
10801861-12	2000	Thus, growth hormone release is regulated by two gastric peptides, ghrelin and des-Gln(14)-ghrelin.	des-gln	79-86	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	91-98
10532947-1	1999	Hexarelin, a synthetic hexapeptide of the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) family with strong growth hormone (GH)-releasing activity, features protecting activity against postischemic ventricular dysfunction in hearts from GH-deficient and senescent rats.	hexarelin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-74
10532947-1	1999	Hexarelin, a synthetic hexapeptide of the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) family with strong growth hormone (GH)-releasing activity, features protecting activity against postischemic ventricular dysfunction in hearts from GH-deficient and senescent rats.	hexarelin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	76-80
9607790-8	1998	The abundance of GHRS or GHRL in tissues from male, virgin female, and pregnant rats was estimated from the amount of 125I-GH that was bound to each isoform after immunoprecipitation.	125i-gh	118-125	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	25-29
9849822-3	1998	As an outcome of a major chemistry programme, ipamorelin was identified within a series of compounds lacking the central dipeptide Ala-Trp of growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP)-1.	ipamorelin	46-56	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	142-174
9849822-3	1998	As an outcome of a major chemistry programme, ipamorelin was identified within a series of compounds lacking the central dipeptide Ala-Trp of growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP)-1.	ipamorelin	46-56	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	176-180
9849822-5	1998	A pharmacological profiling using GHRP and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) antagonists clearly demonstrated that ipamorelin, like GHRP-6, stimulates GH release via a GHRP-like receptor.	ipamorelin	121-131	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	34-38
9849822-5	1998	A pharmacological profiling using GHRP and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) antagonists clearly demonstrated that ipamorelin, like GHRP-6, stimulates GH release via a GHRP-like receptor.	ipamorelin	121-131	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	138-142
9849822-5	1998	A pharmacological profiling using GHRP and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) antagonists clearly demonstrated that ipamorelin, like GHRP-6, stimulates GH release via a GHRP-like receptor.	ipamorelin	121-131	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	138-142
9849822-15	1998	In conclusion, ipamorelin is the first GHRP-receptor agonist with a selectivity for GH release similar to that displayed by GHRH.	ipamorelin	15-25	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	39-43
9846166-0	1998	Effects of repeated doses and continuous infusions of the growth hormone-releasing peptide hexarelin in conscious male rats.	hexarelin	91-100	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	58-90
1712588-1	1991	Since the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP), His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, was found to specifically release growth hormone by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as the hypothalamus, in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate and characterized GHRP binding sites on peripheral membranes of both the rat anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.	Histidine	51-54	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-42
8761023-0	1996	Effects of the synthesized growth hormone releasing peptide, KP-102, on growth hormone release in sodium glutamate monohydrate-treated low growth rats.	Sodium Glutamate	98-126	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-59
7775651-0	1995	[Effect of newly developed analogue of growth hormone releasing peptide [D-Ala-D-beta Nal-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 (KP-102)] on growth hormone secretion in adult male rats].	beta nal-ala-trp-d-phe-lys-nh2	81-111	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	39-71
9643439-1	1998	The aim of this study was to investigate if the effective in-situ permeability (Peff) of a new growth hormone-releasing peptide, hexarelin, along rat intestine was enhanced by a lipid matrix drug-delivery system comprising a mixture of soybean phosphatidyl choline and medium-chain monoacylglycerol (PC-MG).	Phosphatidylcholines	244-264	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	95-127
9643439-1	1998	The aim of this study was to investigate if the effective in-situ permeability (Peff) of a new growth hormone-releasing peptide, hexarelin, along rat intestine was enhanced by a lipid matrix drug-delivery system comprising a mixture of soybean phosphatidyl choline and medium-chain monoacylglycerol (PC-MG).	Monoglycerides	282-298	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	95-127
9643439-1	1998	The aim of this study was to investigate if the effective in-situ permeability (Peff) of a new growth hormone-releasing peptide, hexarelin, along rat intestine was enhanced by a lipid matrix drug-delivery system comprising a mixture of soybean phosphatidyl choline and medium-chain monoacylglycerol (PC-MG).	pc	300-302	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	95-127
8149896-0	1994	Disposition of growth hormone-releasing peptide (SK&amp;F 110679) in rat and dog following intravenous or subcutaneous administration.	amicloral	49-55	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	15-47
8095015-0	1993	Mechanisms of action of a second generation growth hormone-releasing peptide (Ala-His-D-beta Nal-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) in rat anterior pituitary cells.	alanyl-histidyl-(2-naphthyl)alanyl-tryptophyl-phenylalanyl-lysinamide	78-118	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-76
1712588-1	1991	Since the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP), His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, was found to specifically release growth hormone by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as the hypothalamus, in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate and characterized GHRP binding sites on peripheral membranes of both the rat anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.	Histidine	51-54	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-48
1712588-1	1991	Since the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP), His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, was found to specifically release growth hormone by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as the hypothalamus, in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate and characterized GHRP binding sites on peripheral membranes of both the rat anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.	Histidine	51-54	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	303-307
1712588-1	1991	Since the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP), His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, was found to specifically release growth hormone by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as the hypothalamus, in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate and characterized GHRP binding sites on peripheral membranes of both the rat anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.	Tryptophan	57-60	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-42
1712588-1	1991	Since the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP), His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, was found to specifically release growth hormone by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as the hypothalamus, in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate and characterized GHRP binding sites on peripheral membranes of both the rat anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.	Tryptophan	57-60	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-48
1712588-1	1991	Since the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP), His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, was found to specifically release growth hormone by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as the hypothalamus, in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate and characterized GHRP binding sites on peripheral membranes of both the rat anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.	Tryptophan	57-60	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	303-307
1712588-1	1991	Since the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP), His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, was found to specifically release growth hormone by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as the hypothalamus, in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate and characterized GHRP binding sites on peripheral membranes of both the rat anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.	Alanine	61-64	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-42
1712588-1	1991	Since the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP), His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, was found to specifically release growth hormone by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as the hypothalamus, in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate and characterized GHRP binding sites on peripheral membranes of both the rat anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.	Alanine	61-64	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-48
1712588-1	1991	Since the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP), His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, was found to specifically release growth hormone by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as the hypothalamus, in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate and characterized GHRP binding sites on peripheral membranes of both the rat anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.	Alanine	61-64	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	303-307
1712588-1	1991	Since the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP), His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, was found to specifically release growth hormone by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as the hypothalamus, in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate and characterized GHRP binding sites on peripheral membranes of both the rat anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.	Tryptophan	65-68	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-42
1712588-1	1991	Since the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP), His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, was found to specifically release growth hormone by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as the hypothalamus, in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate and characterized GHRP binding sites on peripheral membranes of both the rat anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.	Tryptophan	65-68	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-48
1712588-1	1991	Since the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP), His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, was found to specifically release growth hormone by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as the hypothalamus, in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate and characterized GHRP binding sites on peripheral membranes of both the rat anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.	Tryptophan	65-68	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	303-307
1712588-1	1991	Since the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP), His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, was found to specifically release growth hormone by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as the hypothalamus, in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate and characterized GHRP binding sites on peripheral membranes of both the rat anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.	D-phenylalanine	69-74	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-42
1712588-1	1991	Since the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP), His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, was found to specifically release growth hormone by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as the hypothalamus, in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate and characterized GHRP binding sites on peripheral membranes of both the rat anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.	D-phenylalanine	69-74	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-48
1712588-1	1991	Since the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP), His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, was found to specifically release growth hormone by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as the hypothalamus, in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate and characterized GHRP binding sites on peripheral membranes of both the rat anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.	D-phenylalanine	69-74	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	303-307
1712588-1	1991	Since the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP), His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, was found to specifically release growth hormone by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as the hypothalamus, in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate and characterized GHRP binding sites on peripheral membranes of both the rat anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.	Lysine	75-78	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	10-42
1712588-1	1991	Since the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP), His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, was found to specifically release growth hormone by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as the hypothalamus, in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate and characterized GHRP binding sites on peripheral membranes of both the rat anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.	Lysine	75-78	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	44-48
1712588-1	1991	Since the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP), His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, was found to specifically release growth hormone by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as the hypothalamus, in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate and characterized GHRP binding sites on peripheral membranes of both the rat anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.	Lysine	75-78	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	303-307
33771554-0	2021	Activation of central adenosine A2B receptors mediate brain ghrelin-induced improvement of intestinal barrier function through the vagus nerve in rats.	Adenosine	22-31	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	60-67
1696753-0	1990	Hypotension induced by growth-hormone-releasing peptide is mediated by mast cell serotonin release in the rat.	Serotonin	81-90	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	23-55
33771554-5	2021	Adenosine receptor antagonist, 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX), blocked the intracisternal ghrelin-induced improvement of intestinal hyperpermeability while dopamine, cannabinoid or opioid receptor antagonist failed to prevent it.	Adenosine	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	102-109
33771554-5	2021	Adenosine receptor antagonist, 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX), blocked the intracisternal ghrelin-induced improvement of intestinal hyperpermeability while dopamine, cannabinoid or opioid receptor antagonist failed to prevent it.	1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine	31-65	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	102-109
33771554-5	2021	Adenosine receptor antagonist, 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX), blocked the intracisternal ghrelin-induced improvement of intestinal hyperpermeability while dopamine, cannabinoid or opioid receptor antagonist failed to prevent it.	1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine	67-72	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	102-109
33771554-5	2021	Adenosine receptor antagonist, 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX), blocked the intracisternal ghrelin-induced improvement of intestinal hyperpermeability while dopamine, cannabinoid or opioid receptor antagonist failed to prevent it.	Dopamine	168-176	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	102-109
33771554-5	2021	Adenosine receptor antagonist, 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX), blocked the intracisternal ghrelin-induced improvement of intestinal hyperpermeability while dopamine, cannabinoid or opioid receptor antagonist failed to prevent it.	Cannabinoids	178-189	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	102-109
33771554-9	2021	Adenosine A2B specific antagonist, alloxazine blocked the ghrelin- or central vagal stimulation by 2-deoxy-d-glucose-induced improvement of intestinal hyperpermeability.	Adenosine	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	58-65
33771554-9	2021	Adenosine A2B specific antagonist, alloxazine blocked the ghrelin- or central vagal stimulation by 2-deoxy-d-glucose-induced improvement of intestinal hyperpermeability.	isoalloxazine	35-45	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	58-65
33771554-9	2021	Adenosine A2B specific antagonist, alloxazine blocked the ghrelin- or central vagal stimulation by 2-deoxy-d-glucose-induced improvement of intestinal hyperpermeability.	Glucose	109-116	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	58-65
33771554-10	2021	These results suggest that activation of adenosine A2B receptors in the central nervous system is capable of improving intestinal barrier function through the vagal pathway, and the adenosine A2B receptors may mediate the ghrelin-induced improvement of leaky gut in a vagal dependent fashion.	Adenosine	41-50	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	222-229
33771554-10	2021	These results suggest that activation of adenosine A2B receptors in the central nervous system is capable of improving intestinal barrier function through the vagal pathway, and the adenosine A2B receptors may mediate the ghrelin-induced improvement of leaky gut in a vagal dependent fashion.	Adenosine	182-191	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	222-229
34954300-0	2022	Differential Effects of Intra-Ventral Tegmental Area Ghrelin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 on the Stimulatory Action of D-Amphetamine and Cocaine-Induced Ethanol Intake in Male Sprague Dawley Rats.	Ethanol	152-159	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
26600052-6	2015	Ghrelin significantly reduced citrulline concentration (p&lt;0.05) and arginase activity (p&lt;0.01) in HF rats.	Citrulline	30-40	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
34954300-0	2022	Differential Effects of Intra-Ventral Tegmental Area Ghrelin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 on the Stimulatory Action of D-Amphetamine and Cocaine-Induced Ethanol Intake in Male Sprague Dawley Rats.	Dextroamphetamine	118-131	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
34954300-7	2022	Our results indicated that VTA ghrelin significantly increased ethanol intake, and most importantly, potentiated the effect of d-amphetamine and cocaine on ethanol consumption.	Ethanol	63-70	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
34954300-0	2022	Differential Effects of Intra-Ventral Tegmental Area Ghrelin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 on the Stimulatory Action of D-Amphetamine and Cocaine-Induced Ethanol Intake in Male Sprague Dawley Rats.	Cocaine	136-143	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	53-60
34954300-7	2022	Our results indicated that VTA ghrelin significantly increased ethanol intake, and most importantly, potentiated the effect of d-amphetamine and cocaine on ethanol consumption.	Dextroamphetamine	127-140	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
34954300-7	2022	Our results indicated that VTA ghrelin significantly increased ethanol intake, and most importantly, potentiated the effect of d-amphetamine and cocaine on ethanol consumption.	Cocaine	145-152	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
34954300-7	2022	Our results indicated that VTA ghrelin significantly increased ethanol intake, and most importantly, potentiated the effect of d-amphetamine and cocaine on ethanol consumption.	Ethanol	156-163	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
34954300-10	2022	Overall our findings are consistent with a critical role for both ghrelin and GLP-1 receptor mechanisms in mesolimbic ethanol reward circuitry.	Ethanol	118-125	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	66-73
34954300-11	2022	Moreover, our results further suggest that ghrelin and GLP-1 modulate the stimulatory effect of psychostimulants on ethanol intake.	Ethanol	116-123	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	43-50
34151639-0	2021	Demonstration of the protective effect of ghrelin in the livers of rats with cisplatin toxicity.	Cisplatin	77-86	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
34800646-12	2022	Cisplatin-induced gastric antrum, liver, ileum injuries were ameliorated, serum leptin level reduction was elevated, and ghrelin, IL-6, GDF15 level increases were decreased after LJZD treatments.	Cisplatin	0-9	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	121-128
34151639-2	2021	The aim of our study is to show whether ghrelin reduces the liver toxicity of cisplatin in the rat model.	Cisplatin	78-87	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	40-47
34151639-7	2021	It was determined that, especially in the high-dose group, the MDA, plasma ALT, and SOD levels increased less in the ghrelin group as compared to the cisplatin group, and the glutathione level decreased slightly with a low dose of ghrelin, while it increased with a higher dose.	Glutathione	175-186	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	231-238
34151639-8	2021	In histopathological examination, it was determined that the toxic effect of cisplatin on the liver was reduced with a low dose of ghrelin, and its histopathological appearance was similar to normal liver tissue when given a high dose of ghrelin.	Cisplatin	77-86	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	131-138
34151639-9	2021	These findings show that ghrelin, especially in high doses, can be used to reduce the toxic effect of cisplatin.	Cisplatin	102-111	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	25-32
34737846-2	2021	Our previous work proved that ghrelin pretreatment reduced the apoptosis of lens epithelial cells induced by hydrogen peroxide, reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and effectively maintained the transparency of lens tissue.	Hydrogen Peroxide	109-126	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
34869311-0	2021	CircPan3 Promotes the Ghrelin System and Chondrocyte Autophagy by Sponging miR-667-5p During Rat Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis.	circpan3	0-8	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
34869311-9	2021	Taken together, our findings demonstrate that circPan3 promotes ghrelin synthesis and chondrocyte autophagy via targeting miR-667-5p, protecting against OA injury.	circpan3	46-54	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	64-71
34737846-2	2021	Our previous work proved that ghrelin pretreatment reduced the apoptosis of lens epithelial cells induced by hydrogen peroxide, reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and effectively maintained the transparency of lens tissue.	Reactive Oxygen Species	156-179	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
34737846-2	2021	Our previous work proved that ghrelin pretreatment reduced the apoptosis of lens epithelial cells induced by hydrogen peroxide, reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and effectively maintained the transparency of lens tissue.	Reactive Oxygen Species	181-184	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	30-37
34737846-4	2021	In this study, we conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments to explore the effect of ghrelin on high-glucose- (HG-) induced ARPE-19 cell damage and diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.	Glucose	102-109	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	86-93
34737846-11	2021	The results indicated that ghrelin reduced ROS generation, inhibited cell apoptosis and the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, inhibited the apoptosis of retinal cells in diabetic rats, and protected the retina against HG-induced dysfunction.	Reactive Oxygen Species	43-46	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
34981014-12	2021	Conclusion: Ghrelin, like citicoline, improves passive avoidance learning by altering the NMDAR1 and HTR1alpha expression in the hippocampus.	Cytidine Diphosphate Choline	26-36	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	12-19
34687336-0	2022	Dose-dependent effects of ghrelin and aberrant anti-Mullerian hormone levels in the prevention of ovarian damage caused by cisplatin in Wistar-albino rats.	Cisplatin	123-132	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
34687336-1	2022	PURPOSE: Ghrelin has previously been proven to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in preventing cisplatin-induced ovarian damage.	Cisplatin	111-120	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
34687336-11	2022	The AMH level of the SF + cisplatin group was significantly lower than that of the sham group and the high-dose ghrelin + cisplatin group, and the AMH level of the sham group was significantly higher than that of the low-dose ghrelin + cisplatin group.	Cisplatin	122-131	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	112-119
34687336-11	2022	The AMH level of the SF + cisplatin group was significantly lower than that of the sham group and the high-dose ghrelin + cisplatin group, and the AMH level of the sham group was significantly higher than that of the low-dose ghrelin + cisplatin group.	Cisplatin	236-245	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	226-233
34687336-12	2022	CONCLUSION: High-dose ghrelin was effective in preventing cisplatin-induced ovarian damage by preserving the number of primordial and primary follicles.	Cisplatin	58-67	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	22-29
34314760-0	2021	Ghrelin ameliorates cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction by regulating the Nrf2/NADPH/ROS pathway.	NADP	88-93	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
34314760-0	2021	Ghrelin ameliorates cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction by regulating the Nrf2/NADPH/ROS pathway.	ros	94-97	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
34314760-1	2021	To evaluate the role of ghrelin in cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction (MI) and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of ghrelin-regulated Nrf2/NADPH/ROS pathway-mediated cardioprotection, the profile of Nrf2, fibrosis markers, and oxidative stress markers were characterized in a rat model of MI and Angiotensin II (Ang II)-stimulated cardiac fibroblasts (CFs).	NADP	156-161	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	133-140
34314760-1	2021	To evaluate the role of ghrelin in cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction (MI) and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of ghrelin-regulated Nrf2/NADPH/ROS pathway-mediated cardioprotection, the profile of Nrf2, fibrosis markers, and oxidative stress markers were characterized in a rat model of MI and Angiotensin II (Ang II)-stimulated cardiac fibroblasts (CFs).	ros	162-165	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	133-140
34314760-10	2021	In conclusion, ghrelin ameliorates post-MI and Ang II-induced cardiac fibrosis by activating Nrf2, which in turn inhibits the NADPH/ROS pathway.	NADP	126-131	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	15-22
34314760-10	2021	In conclusion, ghrelin ameliorates post-MI and Ang II-induced cardiac fibrosis by activating Nrf2, which in turn inhibits the NADPH/ROS pathway.	ros	132-135	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	15-22
34550535-1	2022	AIMS: The aim of the study was to determine how the administration of a high-fat diet supplemented with various forms of chromium to rats affects accumulation of this element in the tissues and levels of leptin, ghrelin, insulin, glucagon, serotonin, noradrenaline and histamine, as well as selected mineral elements.	Chromium	121-129	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	212-219
34550535-10	2022	CONCLUSION: A high-fat diet was shown to negatively affect the level of hormones regulating carbohydrate metabolism (increasing leptin levels and decreasing levels of ghrelin and insulin).	Carbohydrates	92-104	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	167-174
34132689-0	2021	Acylated ghrelin attenuates L-thyroxin-induced cardiac damage in rats by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and downregulating components of the cardiac renin-angiotensin system.	Thyroxine	28-38	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	9-16
34132689-1	2021	ABSTRACT: This study investigated the protective effect of acylated ghrelin (AG) against L-thyroxin (L-Thy)-induced cardiac damage in rats and examined possible mechanisms.	Thyroxine	89-99	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	68-75
34132689-1	2021	ABSTRACT: This study investigated the protective effect of acylated ghrelin (AG) against L-thyroxin (L-Thy)-induced cardiac damage in rats and examined possible mechanisms.	l-thy	101-106	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	68-75
34132689-3	2021	L-Thy significantly reduced the levels of AG, des-acyl ghrelin (DAG), and the AG/DAG ratio.	l-thy	0-5	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	55-62
34449915-2	2022	Ghrelin inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by activating pancreatic GHSR.	Glucose	17-24	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
34582357-8	2021	Importantly, prior to fat accumulation, male GhsrM/M rats preferentially used carbohydrates as fuel substrate without alterations of energy intake, energy expenditure or physical activity and showed alterations of the GHSR system (i.e. enhanced ratio of GHSR hormones LEAP2:acyl-ghrelin and increased Ghsr expression in the hypothalamus).	Carbohydrates	78-91	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	279-286
34642258-6	2021	Ghrelin markedly improved the oxidative stress injury and inflammation, showed histological preservation of the cardiac muscle fibers morphology, ameliorated the ISO-induced ECG changes and caused a significant elevation in eNOS, HO-1, and Nrf2 expression.	Isoproterenol	162-165	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
34350235-12	2021	Administration of ghrelin attenuated the mitochondria damage via reducing ROS generation, decreasing the concentration of calcium ion and ceremide, and promoting ATP production.	ros	74-77	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
34350235-12	2021	Administration of ghrelin attenuated the mitochondria damage via reducing ROS generation, decreasing the concentration of calcium ion and ceremide, and promoting ATP production.	Calcium	122-129	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
34350235-12	2021	Administration of ghrelin attenuated the mitochondria damage via reducing ROS generation, decreasing the concentration of calcium ion and ceremide, and promoting ATP production.	ceremide	138-146	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
34350235-12	2021	Administration of ghrelin attenuated the mitochondria damage via reducing ROS generation, decreasing the concentration of calcium ion and ceremide, and promoting ATP production.	Adenosine Triphosphate	162-165	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-25
34642258-0	2021	Ghrelin ameliorated inflammation and oxidative stress in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction through the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (NRF2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway.	Isoproterenol	57-70	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
34264552-21	2021	Ghrelin blood level significantly decreased in all experimental groups compared to the control: by 30% in rats fed and by almost 50% when carnosine and alpha-lipoic acid were added to HCCDD.	Thioctic Acid	152-169	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
34336236-8	2021	These inhibitory effects of ghrelin were antagonized by intravenous naloxone methiodide administration.	N-methylnaloxone	68-87	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	28-35
34264552-21	2021	Ghrelin blood level significantly decreased in all experimental groups compared to the control: by 30% in rats fed and by almost 50% when carnosine and alpha-lipoic acid were added to HCCDD.	hccdd	184-189	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
34264552-22	2021	The intake of alpha-lipoic acid led to hormone level changes in adipose tissue lysates, leptin content decreased (2.31+-0.11 vs 2.77+-0.15 pg/ml), while ghrelin level significantly increased (0.35+-0.14 vs 0.20+-0.06 pg/ml), compared with the control group (r<0.05).	Thioctic Acid	14-31	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	153-160
35594708-1	2022	Low levels of unacylated ghrelin (UAG) and a higher ratio of acylated ghrelin (AG)/UAG in obesity are associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).	URIDINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE-N-ACETYLMURAMOYL-L-ALANINE-D-GLUTAMATE	34-37	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	25-32
34999386-8	2022	In addition, l-Car lowered the levels of leptin and ghrelin and increased transforming growth factor beta 1 in the blood plasma, and consumption of Res was accompanied by a decrease in interleukin-17A and increase in interferon gamma in spleen lysates.	Carnitine	13-18	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	52-59
35430377-3	2022	Our results demonstrated the anti-depressive, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective effects of ghrelin, as evidenced by the amelioration of anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, reduction in apoptosis, and preservation of neuron integrity in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats.	Streptozocin	238-252	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	89-96
35430377-3	2022	Our results demonstrated the anti-depressive, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective effects of ghrelin, as evidenced by the amelioration of anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, reduction in apoptosis, and preservation of neuron integrity in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats.	Streptozocin	254-257	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	89-96
35430377-4	2022	STZ treatment induced M1-phenotypic microglial polarization, accompanied by neuroinflammation, which was reversed by ghrelin treatment.	Streptozocin	0-3	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	117-124
35064236-0	2022	Involvement of the ghrelin system in the maintenance of oxycodone self-administration: converging evidence from endocrine, pharmacologic and transgenic approaches.	Oxycodone	56-65	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
35064236-2	2022	However, the response of the ghrelin system to opioid-motivated behaviors and the role of ghrelin in oxycodone self-administration remain to be studied.	Oxycodone	101-110	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	90-97
35203618-4	2022	DMH treatment decreased microhematocrit values and IL-6, ghrelin, and myostatin serum levels.	1,2-Dimethylhydrazine	0-3	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	57-64
35601782-0	2022	Changes of plasma concentration and gene expression of ghrelin and leptin in rats receiving kisspeptin and morphine.	Morphine	107-115	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	55-62
35601782-4	2022	In the present study, the interaction effects of kisspeptin and morphine were investigated on plasma and gene expression levels of leptin and ghrelin.	Morphine	64-72	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	142-149
35601782-10	2022	Morphine significantly increased plasma concentration and hypothalamic mRNA levels of ghrelin compared to saline while kisspeptin significantly decreased them compared to saline.	Morphine	0-8	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	86-93
35601782-12	2022	Kisspeptin significantly decreased the effects of morphine on plasma concentration and hypothalamic gene expression levels of ghrelin compared to morphine alone, however, it did not affect morphine influence on plasma and leptin gene expression levels compared to morphine alone.	Morphine	50-58	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	126-133
35601782-12	2022	Kisspeptin significantly decreased the effects of morphine on plasma concentration and hypothalamic gene expression levels of ghrelin compared to morphine alone, however, it did not affect morphine influence on plasma and leptin gene expression levels compared to morphine alone.	Morphine	146-154	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	126-133
35169271-3	2022	In this study, we further explored the underlying mechanism and signaling pathways mediating ghrelin modulation of CTA memory in rats.	Chlorotrianisene	115-118	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	93-100
35169271-5	2022	We showed that preadministration of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 abolished the repressive effect of ghrelin on CTA memory.	2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	55-63	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	99-106
35169271-6	2022	Moreover, LY294002 pretreatment prevented ghrelin from inhibiting Arc and zif268 mRNA expression in the BLA triggered by CTA memory retrieval.	2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	10-18	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
35169271-7	2022	Preadministration of rapamycin eliminated the repressive effect of ghrelin, while Gsk3 inhibitors failed to mimic ghrelin"s effect.	Sirolimus	21-30	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	67-74
35126171-3	2021	Herein, we describe our approach of utilizing synchrotron radiation microangiography to, first, ascertain whether the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) hexarelin is a vasodilator in the coronary circulation of normal and anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats, and next investigate if hexarelin is able to prevent the pathogenesis of right ventricle (RV) dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension in the sugen chronic hypoxia model rat.	hexarelin	152-161	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	118-145
35126171-5	2021	Previous work indicated that chronic exogenous administration of ghrelin largely prevented the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension in chronic hypoxia and in monocrotaline models.	Monocrotaline	160-173	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-72