PMID-sentid	Pub_year	Sent_text	comp_official_name	comp_offset	protein_name	organism	prot_offset
33872570-9	2021	Molecular docking studies suggested that pelargonidin binds a fatty acid binding pocket on the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein.	pelargonidin	41-53	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	133-138
33852951-4	2021	The binding activity of rhACE2 to Spike protein of SARS-CoV2 was evaluated in S protein-overexpressed HEK293A cells (HEK293A-SP cells) through flow cytometry.	rhace2	24-30	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	34-39
34007088-4	2021	This study, therefore, aimed to design and synthesize novel pyrazolone-based compounds as potential inhibitors that would interrupt the interaction between the viral spike protein and the host cell receptor to prevent SARS-CoV 2 entrance into the cell.	pyrazolone	60-70	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	166-171
33619758-3	2021	Here, we address the role of tetracycline as an inhibitor for the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein.	Tetracycline	29-41	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	103-108
33857328-0	2021	Can ketone bodies inactivate coronavirus spike protein?	Ketones	4-10	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	41-46
33857328-5	2021	Also, a new prophylactic and therapeutic measure against SARS-CoV-2 using acetoacetate is proposed, suggesting that it could similarly break the viral spike through Schiff base reaction with lysines of the spike protein.	acetoacetic acid	74-86	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	151-156
33857328-5	2021	Also, a new prophylactic and therapeutic measure against SARS-CoV-2 using acetoacetate is proposed, suggesting that it could similarly break the viral spike through Schiff base reaction with lysines of the spike protein.	acetoacetic acid	74-86	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	206-211
33857328-5	2021	Also, a new prophylactic and therapeutic measure against SARS-CoV-2 using acetoacetate is proposed, suggesting that it could similarly break the viral spike through Schiff base reaction with lysines of the spike protein.	Schiff Bases	165-176	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	151-156
33857328-5	2021	Also, a new prophylactic and therapeutic measure against SARS-CoV-2 using acetoacetate is proposed, suggesting that it could similarly break the viral spike through Schiff base reaction with lysines of the spike protein.	Schiff Bases	165-176	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	206-211
33857328-5	2021	Also, a new prophylactic and therapeutic measure against SARS-CoV-2 using acetoacetate is proposed, suggesting that it could similarly break the viral spike through Schiff base reaction with lysines of the spike protein.	Lysine	191-198	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	151-156
33857328-5	2021	Also, a new prophylactic and therapeutic measure against SARS-CoV-2 using acetoacetate is proposed, suggesting that it could similarly break the viral spike through Schiff base reaction with lysines of the spike protein.	Lysine	191-198	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	206-211
33872570-9	2021	Molecular docking studies suggested that pelargonidin binds a fatty acid binding pocket on the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein.	Fatty Acids	62-72	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	133-138
33872570-10	2021	In vitro studies demonstrated that pelargonidin significantly reduces the binding of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein to ACE2 and reduces the SARS-CoV-2 replication in a concentration-dependent manner.	pelargonidin	35-47	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	96-101
33972374-5	2021	Interestingly, both the cellular and humoral immune responses strongly targeted the S1 domain of spike following VacV-S immunization.	Valacyclovir	113-117	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	97-102
32345140-4	2021	The current study aimed to repurpose stilbenoid analogs, reported for some other biological activities, against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human ACE2 receptor complex for their affinity and stability using molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy analysis based on molecular docking.	Stilbenes	37-47	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	123-128
32345140-9	2021	Based on the results, we report that stilbene based compounds in general and resveratrol, in particular, can be promising anti-COVID-19 drug candidates acting through disruption of the spike protein.	Stilbenes	37-45	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	185-190
32345140-9	2021	Based on the results, we report that stilbene based compounds in general and resveratrol, in particular, can be promising anti-COVID-19 drug candidates acting through disruption of the spike protein.	Resveratrol	77-88	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	185-190
32345140-11	2021	[Formula: see text] Communicated by Ramaswamy H. SarmaHighlightsStilbenoid analogs could be potential disruptors of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human ACE2 receptor complex.In particular, resveratrol revealed highly stable conformation to the viral protein: ACE2 receptor complex.The strong interaction of resveratrol is affirmed by molecular dynamic simulation studies and better net free energies.	sarmahighlightsstilbenoid	49-74	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	127-132
32345140-11	2021	[Formula: see text] Communicated by Ramaswamy H. SarmaHighlightsStilbenoid analogs could be potential disruptors of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human ACE2 receptor complex.In particular, resveratrol revealed highly stable conformation to the viral protein: ACE2 receptor complex.The strong interaction of resveratrol is affirmed by molecular dynamic simulation studies and better net free energies.	Resveratrol	188-199	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	127-132
33740542-4	2021	In this paper, we proposed a 5G-enabled fluorescence sensor for quantitative detection of spike protein and nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 by using mesoporous silica encapsulated up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs@mSiO2) labeled lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA).	mesoporous silica	152-169	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	90-95
33972374-6	2021	Notably, immunization with VacV-expressing spike conjugated to the MHC class II invariant chain, a strategy previously reported by us and others to enhance the immunogenicity of antigenic peptides, did not promote stronger spike-specific T cell or Ab responses in vivo.	Valacyclovir	27-31	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	43-48
33679194-6	2021	In addition, SARS-CoV-2 S trimer model uncovered the presence of N-acetyl glucosamine ligands.	Acetylglucosamine	65-85	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	13-14
33888467-2	2021	We show that SARS-CoV-2 spike binds biliverdin and bilirubin, the tetrapyrrole products of haem metabolism, with nanomolar affinity.	Biliverdine	36-46	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	24-29
33888467-2	2021	We show that SARS-CoV-2 spike binds biliverdin and bilirubin, the tetrapyrrole products of haem metabolism, with nanomolar affinity.	Bilirubin	51-60	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	24-29
33888467-2	2021	We show that SARS-CoV-2 spike binds biliverdin and bilirubin, the tetrapyrrole products of haem metabolism, with nanomolar affinity.	Tetrapyrroles	66-78	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	24-29
33888467-3	2021	Using cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography, we mapped the tetrapyrrole interaction pocket to a deep cleft on the spike N-terminal domain (NTD).	Tetrapyrroles	72-84	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	127-132
33888467-4	2021	At physiological concentrations, biliverdin significantly dampened the reactivity of SARS-CoV-2 spike with immune sera and inhibited a subset of neutralizing antibodies.	Biliverdine	33-43	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	96-101
34004174-4	2021	Comparison of the glycosylation profile of the S protein to that of the HLA-II-bound S peptides reveals substantial trimming of glycan residues on the latter, likely induced during antigen processing.	Polysaccharides	128-134	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	47-48
34004174-4	2021	Comparison of the glycosylation profile of the S protein to that of the HLA-II-bound S peptides reveals substantial trimming of glycan residues on the latter, likely induced during antigen processing.	Polysaccharides	128-134	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	85-86
34032635-9	2021	The MIS-C patient treated with larazotide displayed a coinciding decrease in plasma SARS-CoV-2 Spike antigen levels, inflammatory markers, and a resultant clinical improvement above that achieved with currently available treatments.	Larazotide	31-41	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	95-100
34054147-2	2021	This article describes an electrochemical immunoassay platform developed to determine the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike antibody by using gold-clusters capped with cysteamine, glutaraldehyde, the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 antigen and bovine serum albumin on a glassy carbon electrode.	Cysteamine	201-211	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	151-156
34052578-0	2021	Azelastine inhibits viropexis of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirus by binding to SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2.	azelastine	0-10	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	44-49
34054147-2	2021	This article describes an electrochemical immunoassay platform developed to determine the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike antibody by using gold-clusters capped with cysteamine, glutaraldehyde, the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 antigen and bovine serum albumin on a glassy carbon electrode.	Glutaral	213-227	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	151-156
34054147-2	2021	This article describes an electrochemical immunoassay platform developed to determine the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike antibody by using gold-clusters capped with cysteamine, glutaraldehyde, the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 antigen and bovine serum albumin on a glassy carbon electrode.	Carbon	310-316	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	151-156
34013835-0	2021	Hypoxia reduces cell attachment of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by modulating the expression of ACE2, neuropilin-1, syndecan-1 and cellular heparan sulfate.	Heparitin Sulfate	136-151	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	46-51
34019385-2	2021	In this study, a spike protein deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) aptamer was used as a receptor, and a self-grown Au nanopopcorn surface was used as a SERS detection substrate for the sensible detection of SARS-CoV-2.	Gold	108-110	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	17-22
34019385-3	2021	A quantitative analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 lysate was performed by monitoring the change in the SERS peak intensity caused by the new binding between the aptamer DNA released from the Au nanopopcorn surface and the spike protein in the SARS-CoV-2 virion.	sers	95-99	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	214-219
34019385-3	2021	A quantitative analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 lysate was performed by monitoring the change in the SERS peak intensity caused by the new binding between the aptamer DNA released from the Au nanopopcorn surface and the spike protein in the SARS-CoV-2 virion.	Gold	183-185	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	214-219
33789211-3	2021	SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 protein receptor binding domain (SARS-CoV-2 S1 RBD) binds to heparin and heparin binding proteins.	Heparin	81-88	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	11-16
33789211-3	2021	SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 protein receptor binding domain (SARS-CoV-2 S1 RBD) binds to heparin and heparin binding proteins.	Heparin	93-100	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	11-16
34013835-4	2021	In addition, hypoxia inhibits the binding of the spike to NCI-H460 human lung epithelial cells by decreasing the cell surface levels of heparan sulfate (HS), a known attachment receptor of SARS-CoV-2.	Heparitin Sulfate	136-151	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	49-54
34013835-4	2021	In addition, hypoxia inhibits the binding of the spike to NCI-H460 human lung epithelial cells by decreasing the cell surface levels of heparan sulfate (HS), a known attachment receptor of SARS-CoV-2.	Heparitin Sulfate	153-155	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	49-54
33583954-2	2021	The results of molecular docking positioned four molecules at the interaction site Tyr-491(Spike)-Glu-37(ACE2) and one at the site Gly-488(Spike)-Lys-353(ACE2).	Glutamic Acid	98-101	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	91-96
34006835-0	2021	Ceftazidime is a potential drug to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro by blocking spike protein-ACE2 interaction.	Ceftazidime	0-11	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	85-90
34015061-4	2021	DC-SIGN, L-SIGN, Langerin and MGL bind to diverse glycans of the spike using multiple interaction areas.	Polysaccharides	50-57	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	65-70
33991349-2	2021	Spike glycan processing and cleavage, which occur in the Golgi network, are important for fusion at the plasma membrane, promoting both virion infectivity and cell-to-cell viral spreading.	Polysaccharides	6-12	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	0-5
33583954-2	2021	The results of molecular docking positioned four molecules at the interaction site Tyr-491(Spike)-Glu-37(ACE2) and one at the site Gly-488(Spike)-Lys-353(ACE2).	Glycine	131-134	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	139-144
33583954-2	2021	The results of molecular docking positioned four molecules at the interaction site Tyr-491(Spike)-Glu-37(ACE2) and one at the site Gly-488(Spike)-Lys-353(ACE2).	Lysine	146-149	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	139-144
34013301-0	2021	Plasmodium infection induces cross-reactive antibodies to carbohydrate epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein.	Carbohydrates	58-70	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	98-103
33979123-4	2021	Among promising candidates identified, several dyes (Congo red, direct violet 1, Evans blue) and novel druglike compounds (DRI-C23041, DRI-C91005) inhibited the interaction of hACE2 with the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 as well as SARS-CoV with low micromolar activity in our cell-free ELISA-type assays (IC50"s of 0.2-3.0 muM), whereas control compounds, such as sunset yellow FCF, chloroquine, and suramin, showed no activity.	Congo Red	53-62	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	191-196
33979123-4	2021	Among promising candidates identified, several dyes (Congo red, direct violet 1, Evans blue) and novel druglike compounds (DRI-C23041, DRI-C91005) inhibited the interaction of hACE2 with the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 as well as SARS-CoV with low micromolar activity in our cell-free ELISA-type assays (IC50"s of 0.2-3.0 muM), whereas control compounds, such as sunset yellow FCF, chloroquine, and suramin, showed no activity.	Direct Violet 1	64-79	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	191-196
33979123-4	2021	Among promising candidates identified, several dyes (Congo red, direct violet 1, Evans blue) and novel druglike compounds (DRI-C23041, DRI-C91005) inhibited the interaction of hACE2 with the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 as well as SARS-CoV with low micromolar activity in our cell-free ELISA-type assays (IC50"s of 0.2-3.0 muM), whereas control compounds, such as sunset yellow FCF, chloroquine, and suramin, showed no activity.	Evans Blue	81-91	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	191-196
33979123-4	2021	Among promising candidates identified, several dyes (Congo red, direct violet 1, Evans blue) and novel druglike compounds (DRI-C23041, DRI-C91005) inhibited the interaction of hACE2 with the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 as well as SARS-CoV with low micromolar activity in our cell-free ELISA-type assays (IC50"s of 0.2-3.0 muM), whereas control compounds, such as sunset yellow FCF, chloroquine, and suramin, showed no activity.	6-hydroxy-5-((p- sulfophenyl)azo)-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid disodium salt	364-381	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	191-196
33979123-4	2021	Among promising candidates identified, several dyes (Congo red, direct violet 1, Evans blue) and novel druglike compounds (DRI-C23041, DRI-C91005) inhibited the interaction of hACE2 with the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 as well as SARS-CoV with low micromolar activity in our cell-free ELISA-type assays (IC50"s of 0.2-3.0 muM), whereas control compounds, such as sunset yellow FCF, chloroquine, and suramin, showed no activity.	Chloroquine	383-394	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	191-196
33979123-4	2021	Among promising candidates identified, several dyes (Congo red, direct violet 1, Evans blue) and novel druglike compounds (DRI-C23041, DRI-C91005) inhibited the interaction of hACE2 with the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 as well as SARS-CoV with low micromolar activity in our cell-free ELISA-type assays (IC50"s of 0.2-3.0 muM), whereas control compounds, such as sunset yellow FCF, chloroquine, and suramin, showed no activity.	Suramin	400-407	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	191-196
33977847-0	2021	Computational and experimental insights on the interaction of artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin and chloroquine with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD).	artemisinin	62-73	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	126-131
33977847-0	2021	Computational and experimental insights on the interaction of artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin and chloroquine with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD).	artenimol	75-93	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	126-131
33977847-0	2021	Computational and experimental insights on the interaction of artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin and chloroquine with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD).	Chloroquine	98-109	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	126-131
34013265-8	2021	A local analysis of seven key binding pockets reveals that six out them, including those for engaging ACE2, therapeutic mini-proteins, linoleic acid, two different kinds of antibodies, and protein-glycan interaction sites, switch conformations between their known apo- and holo-conformations, even when the global spike conformation is 1RBD-up.	Linoleic Acid	135-148	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	314-319
34013265-8	2021	A local analysis of seven key binding pockets reveals that six out them, including those for engaging ACE2, therapeutic mini-proteins, linoleic acid, two different kinds of antibodies, and protein-glycan interaction sites, switch conformations between their known apo- and holo-conformations, even when the global spike conformation is 1RBD-up.	Polysaccharides	197-203	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	314-319
34029872-4	2021	The recognition and binding of receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on SERS assay significantly quenched the spectral intensities of most peaks and exhibited a shift from 1189 to 1182 cm-1.	sers	92-96	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	75-80
34013301-2	2021	Cross-reactive antibodies specifically recognized the sialic acid moiety on N-linked glycans of the Spike protein and do not neutralize in vitro SARS-CoV-2.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	54-65	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	100-105
34000512-5	2021	We demonstrate that SARS-Cov-2 spike protein peptide 674-685 competes with the antibody against 179-190 fragment of alpha7 nAChR subunit for the binding to alpha7-expressing cells and mitochondria and prevents the release of cytochrome c from isolated mitochondria in response to 0.5 mM H2O2 but does not protect intact U373 cells against apoptogenic effect of H2O2.	Hydrogen Peroxide	287-291	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	31-36
34013301-2	2021	Cross-reactive antibodies specifically recognized the sialic acid moiety on N-linked glycans of the Spike protein and do not neutralize in vitro SARS-CoV-2.	n-linked glycans	76-92	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	100-105
34000512-5	2021	We demonstrate that SARS-Cov-2 spike protein peptide 674-685 competes with the antibody against 179-190 fragment of alpha7 nAChR subunit for the binding to alpha7-expressing cells and mitochondria and prevents the release of cytochrome c from isolated mitochondria in response to 0.5 mM H2O2 but does not protect intact U373 cells against apoptogenic effect of H2O2.	Hydrogen Peroxide	361-365	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	31-36
34000512-2	2021	The 674-685 fragment of SARS-Cov-2 spike protein is homologous to the fragment of alpha-cobratoxin underlying its interaction with alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs).	Acetylcholine	148-161	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	35-40
34013268-5	2021	Comparison of the glycan conformations between S-only and S-antibody systems reveals the roles of glycans in S-antibody binding.	Polysaccharides	18-24	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	47-48
33975938-4	2021	Here, we show that this RBD conjugated to each of two carrier proteins elicited more potent neutralizing responses in immunized rodents than did a similarly conjugated proline-stabilized S-protein ectodomain.	Proline	168-175	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	187-188
34013268-5	2021	Comparison of the glycan conformations between S-only and S-antibody systems reveals the roles of glycans in S-antibody binding.	Polysaccharides	18-24	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	58-59
34013268-5	2021	Comparison of the glycan conformations between S-only and S-antibody systems reveals the roles of glycans in S-antibody binding.	Polysaccharides	18-24	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	58-59
34013268-5	2021	Comparison of the glycan conformations between S-only and S-antibody systems reveals the roles of glycans in S-antibody binding.	Polysaccharides	98-105	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	47-48
34013268-5	2021	Comparison of the glycan conformations between S-only and S-antibody systems reveals the roles of glycans in S-antibody binding.	Polysaccharides	98-105	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	58-59
34013268-5	2021	Comparison of the glycan conformations between S-only and S-antibody systems reveals the roles of glycans in S-antibody binding.	Polysaccharides	98-105	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	58-59
33903171-5	2021	Interestingly, the glycans at two glycosylation sites, N90 and N322, have opposite effects on spike protein binding.	Polysaccharides	19-26	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	94-99
33903171-7	2021	Therefore, this glycan can interfere with the binding of the spike protein and protect against docking of the virus to the cell.	Polysaccharides	16-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	61-66
33903171-8	2021	By contrast, the glycan at the N322 site interacts tightly with the RBD of the ACE2-bound spike protein and strengthens the complex.	Polysaccharides	17-23	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	90-95
34046428-0	2021	Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Novel Indole Derivatives and Their in silico Screening on Spike Glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2.	indole	42-48	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	94-99
33979301-10	2021	Finally, we demonstrate that the inflammatory response induced by anti-spike IgG can be specifically counteracted by fostamatinib, an FDA- and EMA-approved therapeutic small molecule inhibitor of Syk kinase.	fostamatinib	117-129	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	71-76
33903171-9	2021	Remarkably, the N322 glycan binds to a conserved region of the spike protein identified previously as a cryptic epitope for a neutralizing antibody.	n322 glycan	16-27	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	63-68
33972500-0	2021	Lenalidomide downregulates ACE2 protein abundance to alleviate infection by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein conditioned pseudoviruses.	Lenalidomide	0-12	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	87-92
34020130-8	2021	The compound, isosilybin, had an average free binding energy of -63.06 kcal/mol for the Spike-RBD protein.	isosilybin	14-24	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	88-93
33994655-6	2021	The MD simulations of ligand-free, Rutin DAB10-bound, and Swertiapuniside-bound ACE2-Spike complex revealed abrogation of the hydrogen bonding network between the two proteins.	swertiapuniside	58-73	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	85-90
33994655-6	2021	The MD simulations of ligand-free, Rutin DAB10-bound, and Swertiapuniside-bound ACE2-Spike complex revealed abrogation of the hydrogen bonding network between the two proteins.	Hydrogen	126-134	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	85-90
33561649-11	2021	In contrast, gingerol has shown strong interactions with spike protein, and RdRp and quercetin with main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2.	gingerol	13-21	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	57-62
34026780-6	2021	Recently, an amino acid aspartate (D) to glycine (G) (D614G) mutation due to an adenine to guanine nucleotide change at position 23,403 at the 614th amino-acid position of the spike protein in the original reference genotype has been identified.	Aspartic Acid	24-33	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	176-181
34026780-6	2021	Recently, an amino acid aspartate (D) to glycine (G) (D614G) mutation due to an adenine to guanine nucleotide change at position 23,403 at the 614th amino-acid position of the spike protein in the original reference genotype has been identified.	Glycine	41-48	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	176-181
34026780-6	2021	Recently, an amino acid aspartate (D) to glycine (G) (D614G) mutation due to an adenine to guanine nucleotide change at position 23,403 at the 614th amino-acid position of the spike protein in the original reference genotype has been identified.	Adenine	80-87	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	176-181
34026780-6	2021	Recently, an amino acid aspartate (D) to glycine (G) (D614G) mutation due to an adenine to guanine nucleotide change at position 23,403 at the 614th amino-acid position of the spike protein in the original reference genotype has been identified.	Guanine Nucleotides	91-109	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	176-181
34033999-0	2021	Sulforaphane inhibits the expression of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 induced in bronchial epithelial IB3-1 cells by exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein.	sulforaphane	0-12	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	146-151
33963055-11	2021	Together with their improved stability and storage properties we suggest that closed spikes may be a valuable component of refined, next-generation vaccines.ImportanceVaccines in use against SARS-CoV-2 induce immune responses against the spike protein.	importancevaccines	157-175	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	85-90
33949124-3	2021	Our study comprises three steps: atom-by-atom generation of new molecules around a receptor, structural similarity mapping to existing approved and investigational drugs, and validation of their binding strengths to the viral spike proteins based on rigorous all-atom, explicit-water well-tempered metadynamics free energy calculations.	Water	278-283	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	226-231
34029937-15	2021	Our findings suggest that corilagin could be a safe and potential antiviral agent against the COVID-19 acting through the blockade of the fusion of SARS-CoV-2 spike-RBD to hACE2 receptors.	corilagin	26-35	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	159-164
32985653-3	2021	The Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is extensively glycosylated with 22 occupied N glycan sites and is required for viral entry.	n glycan	77-85	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	4-9
32985653-7	2021	Celgosivir prevented SARS-CoV-2-induced cell death and reduced viral replication and Spike protein levels in a dose-dependent manner in culture with Vero E6 cells.	celgosivir	0-10	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	85-90
33580518-0	2021	Three Salvianolic acids inhibit 2019-nCoV spike pseudovirus viropexis by binding to both its RBD and receptor ACE2.	salvianolic acid	6-23	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	42-47
33731853-2	2021	We isolated a large number of nAbs from SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals capable of disrupting proper interaction between the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike (S) protein and the receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).	nabs	30-34	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	168-173
33731853-2	2021	We isolated a large number of nAbs from SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals capable of disrupting proper interaction between the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike (S) protein and the receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).	nabs	30-34	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	40-41
33731853-4	2021	Here, we report cryo-EM structures of the ten most potent nAbs in their native full-length IgG-form or in both IgG-form and Fab-form bound to the trimeric S protein of SARS-CoV-2.	nabs	58-62	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	155-156
33706067-1	2021	While the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein is defined as the primary severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor, the viral serine molecule might be mobilized by the host"s transmembrane protease serine subtype 2 (TMPRSS2) enzyme from the viral spike (S) protein and hijack the host"s N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) metabolism.	Serine	164-170	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	285-290
33518846-4	2021	The reaction of Brent and West Texas Intermediate crude oil prices to the spike in COVID-19 related online searches is found to be statistically insignificant, which can be explained by oil price pass-through into gasoline spot price.	Oils	56-59	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	74-79
33580518-8	2021	In conclusion, our study revealed that three Salvianolic acids can inhibit the entry of 2019-nCoV spike pseudovirus into ACE2h cells by binding to the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and ACE2 protein.	salvianolic acid	45-62	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	98-103
33580518-8	2021	In conclusion, our study revealed that three Salvianolic acids can inhibit the entry of 2019-nCoV spike pseudovirus into ACE2h cells by binding to the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and ACE2 protein.	salvianolic acid	45-62	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	172-177
33041173-0	2021	Glycyrrhizic acid exerts inhibitory activity against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.	Glycyrrhizic Acid	0-17	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	57-62
34055475-1	2021	Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and inactivated virus was achieved using disposable and biofunctionalized functional strips, which can be connected externally to a reusable printed circuit board for signal amplification with an embedded metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET).	Metals	247-252	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	28-33
34055475-1	2021	Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and inactivated virus was achieved using disposable and biofunctionalized functional strips, which can be connected externally to a reusable printed circuit board for signal amplification with an embedded metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET).	Oxides	253-258	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	28-33
33734704-4	2021	In this study, after developing a quantitative structure activity relationship analysis based on molecular topology, several macrolide antibiotics are identified as promising SARS-CoV-2 spike protein inhibitors.	Macrolides	125-134	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	186-191
33914735-2	2021	We present a 2.9-A resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the complex between the ACE2 receptor and N501Y spike protein ectodomains that shows Y501 inserted into a cavity at the binding interface near Y41 of ACE2.	y501	163-167	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	126-131
33908595-4	2021	Using Poisson-Boltzmann electrostatics coupled to a detailed spike protein charge regulation model, we show how pH and salt concentration drastically change both the scale and the sign of the interaction.	Salts	119-123	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	61-66
33191068-12	2021	In addition, the SPR experiments revealed that the quercetin and isoquercitrin were combined with SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein rather than Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, while astragaloside IV and rutin were combined with ACE2 rather than SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein.	Quercetin	51-60	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	109-114
33191068-12	2021	In addition, the SPR experiments revealed that the quercetin and isoquercitrin were combined with SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein rather than Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, while astragaloside IV and rutin were combined with ACE2 rather than SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein.	Quercetin	51-60	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	248-253
33191068-12	2021	In addition, the SPR experiments revealed that the quercetin and isoquercitrin were combined with SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein rather than Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, while astragaloside IV and rutin were combined with ACE2 rather than SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein.	isoquercitrin	65-78	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	109-114
33909065-5	2021	In particular, a flat sialic acid-binding domain was proposed at the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the spike protein, which may lead to the initial contact and interaction of the virus on the epithelium followed by higher affinity binding to ACE2 receptor, likely a two-step attachment fashion.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	22-33	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	100-105
33909065-8	2021	Further, the ACE2 glycosylation mutants indicate that sialic acids on ACE2 receptor prevent ACE2-spike protein interaction.	Sialic Acids	54-66	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	97-102
33909065-9	2021	On the other hand, a most recent study indicates that gangliosides could serve as ligands for receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Gangliosides	54-66	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	138-143
33935562-3	2021	Further, the best binding energy of doxorubicin interacting with virus spike protein (PDB: 6VYB) was observed to be -6.38 kcal/mol and it was followed by exemestane and gatifloxacin.	Doxorubicin	36-47	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	71-76
33935562-3	2021	Further, the best binding energy of doxorubicin interacting with virus spike protein (PDB: 6VYB) was observed to be -6.38 kcal/mol and it was followed by exemestane and gatifloxacin.	exemestane	154-164	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	71-76
33935562-3	2021	Further, the best binding energy of doxorubicin interacting with virus spike protein (PDB: 6VYB) was observed to be -6.38 kcal/mol and it was followed by exemestane and gatifloxacin.	Gatifloxacin	169-181	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	71-76
33935562-4	2021	The molecular simulation dynamics analysis of doxorubicin, Reference Mean Square Deviation (RMSD), Root Mean Square fluctuation (RMSF), Radius of Gyration (Rg), and formation of hydrogen bonds plot interpretation suggested, a significant deviation and fluctuation of Doxorubicin-Spike RBD complex during the whole simulation period.	Hydrogen	178-186	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	279-284
33935562-5	2021	The Rg analysis has stated that the Doxorubicin-Spike RBD complex was stable during 15000-35000ps MDS.	Doxorubicin	36-47	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-53
33935562-6	2021	The results have suggested that doxorubicin could inhibit the virus spike protein and prevent the access of the SARS-CoV-2 to the host cell.	Doxorubicin	32-43	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	68-73
33915212-8	2021	Exploring further, our in-silico analysis indicated that the heparin interacts with post-translational glycoconjugates present on spike proteins.	Heparin	61-68	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	130-135
33915212-10	2021	Heparin-binding to the open conformation of spike structurally supports the state and may aid ACE2 binding as reported with cell surface-bound heparan sulfate.	Heparin	0-7	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	44-49
33915212-10	2021	Heparin-binding to the open conformation of spike structurally supports the state and may aid ACE2 binding as reported with cell surface-bound heparan sulfate.	Heparitin Sulfate	143-158	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	44-49
33915212-11	2021	We also studied spike protein mutant variants" heparin interactions for possible resistance.	Heparin	47-54	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	16-21
33922914-0	2021	Dieckol and Its Derivatives as Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein (UK Strain: VUI 202012/01): A Computational Study.	dieckol	0-7	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	66-71
33890572-5	2021	Together with quantitative cell biology approaches, the screen reveals an essential role for biophysical aspects of the membrane, particularly cholesterol-rich regions, in spike-mediated fusion, which extends to replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 isolates.	Cholesterol	143-154	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	172-177
33895135-6	2021	We found that entry of pp-VSV-SARS-CoV-2 spike required activation of acid sphingomyelinase and release of ceramide, events that were all prevented by pretreatment with ambroxol.	Ceramides	107-115	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	41-46
33968948-8	2021	Moreover, heparin may present anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential once it can impact viral infectivity and alter SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein architecture.	Heparin	10-17	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	114-119
33513242-7	2021	It was similar across glucose levels and correlated with the humoral response against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Glucose	22-29	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	101-106
33895135-6	2021	We found that entry of pp-VSV-SARS-CoV-2 spike required activation of acid sphingomyelinase and release of ceramide, events that were all prevented by pretreatment with ambroxol.	Ambroxol	169-177	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	41-46
33895135-8	2021	Inhalation of ambroxol reduced acid sphingomyelinase activity in nasal epithelial cells, and prevented pp-VSV-SARS-CoV-2 spike-induced acid sphingomyelinase activation, ceramide release, and entry of pp-VSV-SARS-CoV-2 spike ex vivo.	Ambroxol	14-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	121-126
33895135-8	2021	Inhalation of ambroxol reduced acid sphingomyelinase activity in nasal epithelial cells, and prevented pp-VSV-SARS-CoV-2 spike-induced acid sphingomyelinase activation, ceramide release, and entry of pp-VSV-SARS-CoV-2 spike ex vivo.	Ambroxol	14-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	218-223
33895135-9	2021	The addition of purified acid sphingomyelinase or C16 ceramide restored entry of pp-VSV-SARS-CoV-2 spike into ambroxol-treated epithelial cells.	N-palmitoylsphingosine	50-62	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	99-104
33895135-9	2021	The addition of purified acid sphingomyelinase or C16 ceramide restored entry of pp-VSV-SARS-CoV-2 spike into ambroxol-treated epithelial cells.	Ambroxol	110-118	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	99-104
33963705-0	2021	[Salvianolic acid B and its magnesium salt inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection of Vero-E6 cells by blocking spike protein-mediated membrane fusion].	salvianolic acid B	1-19	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	101-106
33963705-0	2021	[Salvianolic acid B and its magnesium salt inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection of Vero-E6 cells by blocking spike protein-mediated membrane fusion].	magnesium salt	28-42	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	101-106
33963705-13	2021	OBJECTIVE: Sal-B and its magnesium salt ZDDY can inhibit the entry of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero-E6 cells in vitro by blocking SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated virus-cell membrane fusion.	salvianolic acid B	11-16	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	130-135
33963705-13	2021	OBJECTIVE: Sal-B and its magnesium salt ZDDY can inhibit the entry of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero-E6 cells in vitro by blocking SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated virus-cell membrane fusion.	magnesium salt	25-39	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	130-135
33860605-1	2021	Here we report that negatively charged polysulfates can bind to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 via electrostatic interactions.	polysulfates	39-51	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	68-73
33860605-6	2021	Furthermore, in molecular dynamics simulations, we verified that LPGS can bind stronger to the spike protein than heparin, and that LPGS can interact even more with the spike protein of the new N501Y and E484K variants.	lpgs	65-69	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	95-100
33860605-6	2021	Furthermore, in molecular dynamics simulations, we verified that LPGS can bind stronger to the spike protein than heparin, and that LPGS can interact even more with the spike protein of the new N501Y and E484K variants.	lpgs	132-136	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	169-174
33928117-0	2021	Glycans of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in Virus Infection and Antibody Production.	Polysaccharides	0-7	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	22-27
33847382-0	2021	Potential antiviral activity of isorhamnetin against SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus in vitro.	3-methylquercetin	32-44	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	64-69
33847382-7	2021	Viral entry studies in vitro indicated that isorhamnetin inhibited SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus entering ACE2h cells.	3-methylquercetin	44-56	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	78-83
33883951-10	2021	Biotinylated spike protein binding was inhibited by unlabeled spike but not spike 1 protein on PHH and HLC.	4,5,6,7-tetrachlorophthalide	95-98	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	13-18
33883951-12	2021	An antibody to the hepatocyte ASGr1 blocked the binding of the spike protein to PHH and HLC.	4,5,6,7-tetrachlorophthalide	80-83	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	63-68
33883951-14	2021	The differential antibody blocking of spike binding to AT2, PHH and HLC indicated that neutralizing activity of SARS-CoV-2 binding might involve additional mechanisms beyond RBD binding to ACE-2.	at2	55-58	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	38-43
33921378-1	2021	To determine whether quaternary ammonium (k21) binds to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein via computational molecular docking simulations, the crystal structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain complexed with ACE-2 (PDB ID: 6LZG) was downloaded from RCSB PD and prepared using Schrodinger 2019-4.	k21	42-45	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	117-122
33689337-3	2021	In this work, multiple mus-long all-atom molecular dynamics simulations were performed to provide deeper insights into the structure and dynamics of S protein and glycan functions.	Polysaccharides	163-169	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	149-150
33850236-0	2021	Author Correction: Catechin and curcumin interact with S protein of SARS-CoV2 and ACE2 of human cell membrane: insights from computational studies.	Catechin	19-27	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	55-56
33850236-0	2021	Author Correction: Catechin and curcumin interact with S protein of SARS-CoV2 and ACE2 of human cell membrane: insights from computational studies.	Curcumin	32-40	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	55-56
33608407-15	2021	We therefore caution against use of Bromhexine in higher dosage until its effects on SARS-CoV-2 spike activation are better understood.	Bromhexine	36-46	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	96-101
33867777-0	2021	The binding mechanism of ivermectin and levosalbutamol with spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.	Ivermectin	25-35	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	60-65
33867777-0	2021	The binding mechanism of ivermectin and levosalbutamol with spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.	Levalbuterol	40-54	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	60-65
33867777-1	2021	In this study, we have investigated the binding mechanism of two FDA-approved drugs (ivermectin and levosalbutamol) with the spike protein of SARs-CoV-2 using three different computational modeling techniques.	Ivermectin	85-95	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	125-130
33867777-1	2021	In this study, we have investigated the binding mechanism of two FDA-approved drugs (ivermectin and levosalbutamol) with the spike protein of SARs-CoV-2 using three different computational modeling techniques.	Levalbuterol	100-114	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	125-130
33867777-3	2021	Ivermectin binds with LEU492, GLN493, GLY496, and TRY505 residues in the spike protein through hydrogen bonds and levosalbutamol binds with TYR453 and TYR505 residues.	try505	50-56	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	73-78
33867777-3	2021	Ivermectin binds with LEU492, GLN493, GLY496, and TRY505 residues in the spike protein through hydrogen bonds and levosalbutamol binds with TYR453 and TYR505 residues.	Hydrogen	95-103	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	73-78
33867777-3	2021	Ivermectin binds with LEU492, GLN493, GLY496, and TRY505 residues in the spike protein through hydrogen bonds and levosalbutamol binds with TYR453 and TYR505 residues.	Levalbuterol	114-128	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	73-78
33867777-4	2021	Using density functional theory (DFT) studies, we have calculated the binding energies between ivermectin and levosalbutamol with residues in spike protein which favor their binding are - 22.4 kcal/mol and - 21.08 kcal/mol, respectively.	Ivermectin	95-105	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	142-147
33921378-1	2021	To determine whether quaternary ammonium (k21) binds to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein via computational molecular docking simulations, the crystal structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain complexed with ACE-2 (PDB ID: 6LZG) was downloaded from RCSB PD and prepared using Schrodinger 2019-4.	quaternary ammonium	21-40	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	117-122
33921378-1	2021	To determine whether quaternary ammonium (k21) binds to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein via computational molecular docking simulations, the crystal structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain complexed with ACE-2 (PDB ID: 6LZG) was downloaded from RCSB PD and prepared using Schrodinger 2019-4.	quaternary ammonium	21-40	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	220-225
33867777-4	2021	Using density functional theory (DFT) studies, we have calculated the binding energies between ivermectin and levosalbutamol with residues in spike protein which favor their binding are - 22.4 kcal/mol and - 21.08 kcal/mol, respectively.	Levalbuterol	110-124	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	142-147
33921378-1	2021	To determine whether quaternary ammonium (k21) binds to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein via computational molecular docking simulations, the crystal structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain complexed with ACE-2 (PDB ID: 6LZG) was downloaded from RCSB PD and prepared using Schrodinger 2019-4.	k21	42-45	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	220-225
33867777-7	2021	Three different computer modeling techniques reveal that ivermectin is more stable than levosalbutamol in the active site of spike protein where hACE2 binds.	Levalbuterol	88-102	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	125-130
33921378-6	2021	Negative scores show that the binding of a quaternary ammonium compound with the spike protein"s binding site is favorable.	quaternary ammonium	43-62	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	81-86
33921378-9	2021	The proposed drug formulation based on quaternary ammonium to characterize affinity to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using simulation and computational immunological methods has shown promising findings.	quaternary ammonium	39-58	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	102-107
33791697-2	2021	The interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) promotes viral entry 3 .	Heparitin Sulfate	62-77	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	30-35
33609497-4	2021	In this study, in vitro severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike pseudotyped viral infection experiments indicated that histamine H1 antagonists loratadine (LOR) and desloratadine (DES) could prevent entry of the pseudotyped virus into ACE2-overexpressing HEK293T cells and showed that DES was more effective.	Histamine	146-155	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	85-90
33609497-4	2021	In this study, in vitro severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike pseudotyped viral infection experiments indicated that histamine H1 antagonists loratadine (LOR) and desloratadine (DES) could prevent entry of the pseudotyped virus into ACE2-overexpressing HEK293T cells and showed that DES was more effective.	Loratadine	171-181	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	85-90
33609497-4	2021	In this study, in vitro severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike pseudotyped viral infection experiments indicated that histamine H1 antagonists loratadine (LOR) and desloratadine (DES) could prevent entry of the pseudotyped virus into ACE2-overexpressing HEK293T cells and showed that DES was more effective.	desloratadine	192-205	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	85-90
33609497-8	2021	To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the inhibitory effect of LOR and DES on SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus viropexis by blocking spike protein-ACE2 interaction.	Loratadine	82-85	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	108-113
33609497-8	2021	To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the inhibitory effect of LOR and DES on SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus viropexis by blocking spike protein-ACE2 interaction.	Loratadine	82-85	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	154-159
33609497-8	2021	To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the inhibitory effect of LOR and DES on SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus viropexis by blocking spike protein-ACE2 interaction.	desloratadine	90-93	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	108-113
33609497-8	2021	To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the inhibitory effect of LOR and DES on SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus viropexis by blocking spike protein-ACE2 interaction.	desloratadine	90-93	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	154-159
33467896-4	2021	It is now known that the structural spike (S) protein of the SARS-CoV-2 undergoes proteolytic priming by the host serine proteases for entry into the host cells, and N- and O-glycosylation by the host cell enzymes during virion packaging, which enable the virus to spread.	Serine	114-120	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	36-41
33467896-4	2021	It is now known that the structural spike (S) protein of the SARS-CoV-2 undergoes proteolytic priming by the host serine proteases for entry into the host cells, and N- and O-glycosylation by the host cell enzymes during virion packaging, which enable the virus to spread.	Serine	114-120	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	43-44
33164230-10	2021	There is growing evidence that androgen-enabled expression of ACE2 receptors and the serine protease TMPRSS2, two permissive elements engaging the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for infection, may contribute to severe COVID-19 in men.	Serine	85-91	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	158-163
33918615-0	2021	The Photosensitizer Octakis(cholinyl)zinc Phthalocyanine with Ability to Bind to a Model Spike Protein Leads to a Loss of SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity In Vitro When Exposed to Far-Red LED.	Zn(II)-phthalocyanine	36-56	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	89-94
33918615-5	2021	To detect possible PS binding sites on the envelope of SARS-CoV-2, we analyzed electrostatic potential and simulated binding of Zn-PcChol8+ to the spike protein of this coronavirus by means of Brownian dynamics software, ProKSim (Protein Kinetics Simulator).	zn-pcchol8+	128-139	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	147-152
33827113-8	2021	One of the most effective molecules was Niclosamide, which markedly blunted calcium oscillations and membrane conductances in Spike-expressing cells by suppressing the activity of TMEM16F/Anoctamin6, a calcium-activated ion channel and scramblase responsible for phosphatidylserine exposure on the cell surface.	Niclosamide	40-51	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	126-131
33827113-8	2021	One of the most effective molecules was Niclosamide, which markedly blunted calcium oscillations and membrane conductances in Spike-expressing cells by suppressing the activity of TMEM16F/Anoctamin6, a calcium-activated ion channel and scramblase responsible for phosphatidylserine exposure on the cell surface.	Calcium	76-83	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	126-131
33821265-6	2021	Furthermore, MU-UNMC-2 was highly potent in blocking the virus entry by using pseudoviral particles expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike.	mu-unmc-2	13-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	122-127
33821268-5	2021	A drug-repurposing screen identified a subset of protease inhibitors that promiscuously inhibited spike cleavage by both transmembrane serine proteases as well as coagulation factors.	Serine	135-141	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	98-103
33821268-6	2021	The mechanism of the protease inhibitors nafamostat and camostat extend beyond inhibition of TMPRSS2 to coagulation-induced spike cleavage.	nafamostat	41-51	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	124-129
33639176-5	2021	RESULTS: In-vitro exogenous addition of baricitinib significantly decreased IFN-gamma response to spike- (median: 0.21, IQR: 0.01-1; spike+baricitinib 1000 nM median: 0.05, IQR: 0-0.18; p < 0.0001) and to the remainder-antigens (median: 0.08 IQR: 0-0.55; remainder-antigens+baricitinib 1000 nM median: 0.03, IQR: 0-0.14; p = 0.0013).	baricitinib	40-51	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	98-103
33639176-5	2021	RESULTS: In-vitro exogenous addition of baricitinib significantly decreased IFN-gamma response to spike- (median: 0.21, IQR: 0.01-1; spike+baricitinib 1000 nM median: 0.05, IQR: 0-0.18; p < 0.0001) and to the remainder-antigens (median: 0.08 IQR: 0-0.55; remainder-antigens+baricitinib 1000 nM median: 0.03, IQR: 0-0.14; p = 0.0013).	baricitinib	40-51	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	133-138
33639176-5	2021	RESULTS: In-vitro exogenous addition of baricitinib significantly decreased IFN-gamma response to spike- (median: 0.21, IQR: 0.01-1; spike+baricitinib 1000 nM median: 0.05, IQR: 0-0.18; p < 0.0001) and to the remainder-antigens (median: 0.08 IQR: 0-0.55; remainder-antigens+baricitinib 1000 nM median: 0.03, IQR: 0-0.14; p = 0.0013).	baricitinib	139-150	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	98-103
33639176-5	2021	RESULTS: In-vitro exogenous addition of baricitinib significantly decreased IFN-gamma response to spike- (median: 0.21, IQR: 0.01-1; spike+baricitinib 1000 nM median: 0.05, IQR: 0-0.18; p < 0.0001) and to the remainder-antigens (median: 0.08 IQR: 0-0.55; remainder-antigens+baricitinib 1000 nM median: 0.03, IQR: 0-0.14; p = 0.0013).	baricitinib	139-150	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	98-103
33639176-7	2021	Baricitinib did modulate other soluble factors besides IFN-gamma, significantly decreasing the spike-specific-response mediated by IL-17, IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-4, IL-13, IL-1ra, IL-10, GM-CSF, FGF, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1beta (p <= 0.0156).	baricitinib	0-11	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	95-100
33571798-0	2021	Exploring the efficacy of naturally occurring biflavone based antioxidants towards the inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein mediated membrane fusion.	biflavone	46-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	116-121
33571798-1	2021	Molecular docking studies were done to show the inhibitory effect of two naturally occurring biflavone based anti-HIV agents, hinokiflavone and robustaflavone against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein mediated attack on the human ACE2 receptors via membrane fusion mechanism.	biflavone	93-102	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	182-187
33571798-1	2021	Molecular docking studies were done to show the inhibitory effect of two naturally occurring biflavone based anti-HIV agents, hinokiflavone and robustaflavone against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein mediated attack on the human ACE2 receptors via membrane fusion mechanism.	biflavone	93-102	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	171-172
33571798-1	2021	Molecular docking studies were done to show the inhibitory effect of two naturally occurring biflavone based anti-HIV agents, hinokiflavone and robustaflavone against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein mediated attack on the human ACE2 receptors via membrane fusion mechanism.	hinokiflavone	126-139	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	182-187
33571798-1	2021	Molecular docking studies were done to show the inhibitory effect of two naturally occurring biflavone based anti-HIV agents, hinokiflavone and robustaflavone against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein mediated attack on the human ACE2 receptors via membrane fusion mechanism.	hinokiflavone	126-139	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	171-172
33571798-1	2021	Molecular docking studies were done to show the inhibitory effect of two naturally occurring biflavone based anti-HIV agents, hinokiflavone and robustaflavone against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein mediated attack on the human ACE2 receptors via membrane fusion mechanism.	robustaflavone	144-158	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	182-187
33571798-1	2021	Molecular docking studies were done to show the inhibitory effect of two naturally occurring biflavone based anti-HIV agents, hinokiflavone and robustaflavone against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein mediated attack on the human ACE2 receptors via membrane fusion mechanism.	robustaflavone	144-158	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	171-172
33571798-3	2021	Both the biflavones, showed potential as inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 S protein-mediated viral entry.	biflavones	9-19	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	56-57
33605822-11	2021	Elucidation of the glycan repertoire on the spike protein can propel research for the development of an appropriate vaccine.	Polysaccharides	19-25	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	44-49
33784482-10	2021	These results conclusively demonstrate that the calcium independent rfhSP-D mediated inhibition of binding between the receptor binding domain of the S1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human ACE-2, its host cell receptor, and a significant reduction in SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in-vitro.	Calcium	48-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	179-184
33833542-7	2021	Hypotonic liquid exudation from the nasal surface detaches and drains the inflammatory cytokines and other contaminants towards the film where selected polymers bind and neutralize SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 and RBD protein as well as Covid-19 disease-specific key pro-inflammatory IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-10, IL-13, and GM-CSF cytokines.	Polymers	152-160	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	192-197
33791697-2	2021	The interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) promotes viral entry 3 .	Heparitin Sulfate	79-81	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	30-35
33791697-3	2021	We find that halofuginone reduces HS biosynthesis, thereby reducing spike protein binding, SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped virus, and authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection.	halofuginone	13-25	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	68-73
33469977-0	2021	Molecular Simulations suggest Vitamins, Retinoids and Steroids as Ligands of the Free Fatty Acid Pocket of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein.	Retinoids	40-49	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	122-127
33755704-10	2021	Notably, we have found a D614G (aspartic acid to glycine) mutation in spike protein of the sequences from the GH clade.	Aspartic Acid	32-45	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	70-75
33755704-10	2021	Notably, we have found a D614G (aspartic acid to glycine) mutation in spike protein of the sequences from the GH clade.	Glycine	49-56	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	70-75
33634309-5	2021	Two aspartic acid residues in partially buried salt-bridges (D290-R273 and R355-D398) have pKas that are calculated to be elevated and destabilizing in more open forms of the spike trimer.	Aspartic Acid	4-17	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	175-180
33386025-5	2021	Further, the molecular interactions determined by molecular dynamics simulation revealed that among the 75 drug molecules, catechin can effectively bind to 3CLpro, CTSL, RBD of S protein, NSP6 and nucleocapsid protein.	Catechin	123-131	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	166-167
33469977-0	2021	Molecular Simulations suggest Vitamins, Retinoids and Steroids as Ligands of the Free Fatty Acid Pocket of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein.	Steroids	54-62	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	122-127
33469977-0	2021	Molecular Simulations suggest Vitamins, Retinoids and Steroids as Ligands of the Free Fatty Acid Pocket of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein.	Fatty Acids, Nonesterified	81-96	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	122-127
33469977-1	2021	We investigate binding of linoleate and other potential ligands to the recently discovered fatty acid binding site in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, using docking and molecular dynamics simulations.	Linoleic Acid	26-35	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	133-138
33469977-1	2021	We investigate binding of linoleate and other potential ligands to the recently discovered fatty acid binding site in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, using docking and molecular dynamics simulations.	Fatty Acids	91-101	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	133-138
33469977-2	2021	Simulations suggest that linoleate and dexamethasone stabilize the locked spike conformation, thus reducing the opportunity for ACE2 interaction.	Linoleic Acid	25-34	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	74-79
33469977-2	2021	Simulations suggest that linoleate and dexamethasone stabilize the locked spike conformation, thus reducing the opportunity for ACE2 interaction.	Dexamethasone	39-52	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	74-79
33469977-6	2021	The SARS-CoV-2 spike fatty acid site may bind a diverse array of ligands, including dietary components, and therefore provides a promising target for therapeutics or prophylaxis.	Fatty Acids	21-31	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	15-20
33609494-0	2021	A potential interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.	Acetylcholine	75-88	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	47-52
33741598-4	2021	We then identified heptad repeat 2 (HR2) in S2 as the cause of spike metastability, designed an HR2-deleted glycine-capped spike (S2GDeltaHR2), and displayed S2GDeltaHR2 on SApNPs.	heptad	19-25	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	63-68
33741598-4	2021	We then identified heptad repeat 2 (HR2) in S2 as the cause of spike metastability, designed an HR2-deleted glycine-capped spike (S2GDeltaHR2), and displayed S2GDeltaHR2 on SApNPs.	Glycine	108-115	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	123-128
33741941-5	2021	We further demonstrate that alpha1AT binds and inactivates the serine protease TMPRSS2, which enzymatically primes the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for membrane fusion.	Serine	63-69	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	130-135
33657316-0	2021	Heterogeneity of Glycan Processing on Trimeric SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Revealed by Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry.	Polysaccharides	17-23	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	58-63
33657316-1	2021	The heterogeneity associated with glycosylation of the 66 N-glycan sites on the protein trimer making up the spike (S) region of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been assessed by charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS).	n-glycan	58-66	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	109-114
33609494-2	2021	recently suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein may interact with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), and that such interactions may be involved in pathology and infectivity.	Acetylcholine	81-94	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	39-44
33682632-5	2021	This study evaluates a few selective herbal compounds like glucoraphanin, vitexin, niazinin, etc., as a potential inhibitor of the spike protein and 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) or main protease (Mpro) of SARS-COV-2 through in-silico virtual studies such as molecular docking, target analysis, toxicity prediction and ADME prediction and supported by a Molecular-Dynamic simulation.	glucoraphanin	59-72	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	131-136
33758527-0	2021	Coronil, a Tri-Herbal Formulation, Attenuates Spike-Protein-Mediated SARS-CoV-2 Viral Entry into Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Production by Inhibiting Spike Protein-ACE-2 Interaction.	coronil	0-7	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	46-51
33758527-0	2021	Coronil, a Tri-Herbal Formulation, Attenuates Spike-Protein-Mediated SARS-CoV-2 Viral Entry into Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Production by Inhibiting Spike Protein-ACE-2 Interaction.	coronil	0-7	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	185-190
33737214-6	2021	Spike (S) glycoprotein initiates the attachment of SARS-CoV-2 with a widely expressed cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and subsequent S glycoprotein priming via serine protease TMPRSS2.	Serine	186-192	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	0-5
33758835-2	2021	The abundance of N-linked glycans across the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is a potential source of heterogeneity between the many different vaccine candidates under investigation.	n-linked glycans	17-33	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	56-61
33758835-5	2021	Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a fully glycosylated spike support s a model of steric restrictions that shape enzymatic processing of the glycans.	Polysaccharides	146-153	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	60-65
33750821-3	2021	The endosomal acidification inhibitors (8P9R and chloroquine) can synergistically enhance the activity of arbidol, a spike-ACE2 fusion inhibitor, against SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in cells.	8p9r	40-44	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	117-122
33750821-3	2021	The endosomal acidification inhibitors (8P9R and chloroquine) can synergistically enhance the activity of arbidol, a spike-ACE2 fusion inhibitor, against SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in cells.	Chloroquine	49-60	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	117-122
33750821-3	2021	The endosomal acidification inhibitors (8P9R and chloroquine) can synergistically enhance the activity of arbidol, a spike-ACE2 fusion inhibitor, against SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in cells.	umifenovir	106-113	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	117-122
33758527-10	2021	Conclusion: Coronil prevented SARS-CoV-2 S-protein mediated viral entry into A549 cells by inhibiting spike protein-ACE-2 interactions.	coronil	12-19	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	102-107
33737804-0	2021	Withanone from Withania somnifera Attenuates SARS-CoV-2 RBD and Host ACE2 Interactions to Rescue Spike Protein Induced Pathologies in Humanized Zebrafish Model.	withanone	0-9	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	97-102
33737804-7	2021	Withanone-enriched extract from W. somnifera was tested for its ability to ameliorate clinically relevant pathological features, modelled in humanized zebrafish through SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike (S) protein induction.	withanone	0-9	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	192-197
33737804-7	2021	Withanone-enriched extract from W. somnifera was tested for its ability to ameliorate clinically relevant pathological features, modelled in humanized zebrafish through SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike (S) protein induction.	withanone	0-9	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	169-170
33682632-5	2021	This study evaluates a few selective herbal compounds like glucoraphanin, vitexin, niazinin, etc., as a potential inhibitor of the spike protein and 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) or main protease (Mpro) of SARS-COV-2 through in-silico virtual studies such as molecular docking, target analysis, toxicity prediction and ADME prediction and supported by a Molecular-Dynamic simulation.	vitexin	74-81	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	131-136
33682632-5	2021	This study evaluates a few selective herbal compounds like glucoraphanin, vitexin, niazinin, etc., as a potential inhibitor of the spike protein and 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) or main protease (Mpro) of SARS-COV-2 through in-silico virtual studies such as molecular docking, target analysis, toxicity prediction and ADME prediction and supported by a Molecular-Dynamic simulation.	Niazinin	83-91	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	131-136
33629859-2	2021	Herein, we demonstrate that Rhodamine 6G (Rh-6G) dye conjugated DNA aptamer-attached gold nanostar (GNS)-based distance-dependent nanoparticle surface energy transfer (NSET) spectroscopy has the capability of rapid diagnosis of specific SARS-CoV-2 spike recombinant antigen or SARS-CoV-2 spike protein pseudotyped baculovirus within 10 min.	Rhodamines	28-37	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	248-253
33860009-4	2021	The ligand-receptor complexes" accuracy in preventing the Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 penetration inside the host cells has been analyzed through hydrogen-hydrophobic bond interactions, principal component analysis (PCA), root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), and B-Factor.	Hydrogen	150-158	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	58-63
33860009-4	2021	The ligand-receptor complexes" accuracy in preventing the Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 penetration inside the host cells has been analyzed through hydrogen-hydrophobic bond interactions, principal component analysis (PCA), root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), and B-Factor.	Hydrogen	150-158	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	58-59
33897423-5	2021	In this study, molecular docking and biolayer interferometry (BLI) binding assay were adopted to determine the direct molecular interactions between natural small-molecule, 1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) and the spike-RBD of the SARS-CoV-2.	Glucose	196-203	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	218-223
33897423-5	2021	In this study, molecular docking and biolayer interferometry (BLI) binding assay were adopted to determine the direct molecular interactions between natural small-molecule, 1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) and the spike-RBD of the SARS-CoV-2.	beta-penta-O-galloyl-glucose	205-208	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	218-223
33897423-6	2021	Our results showed that PGG preferentially binds to a pocket that contains residues Glu 340 to Lys 356 of spike-RBD with a relatively low binding energy of -8 kcal/mol.	beta-penta-O-galloyl-glucose	24-27	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	106-111
33629859-2	2021	Herein, we demonstrate that Rhodamine 6G (Rh-6G) dye conjugated DNA aptamer-attached gold nanostar (GNS)-based distance-dependent nanoparticle surface energy transfer (NSET) spectroscopy has the capability of rapid diagnosis of specific SARS-CoV-2 spike recombinant antigen or SARS-CoV-2 spike protein pseudotyped baculovirus within 10 min.	Rhodamines	28-37	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	288-293
33897423-11	2021	Our findings suggest that PGG may be a safe and potential antiviral agent against the COVID-19 by blockade the fusion of SARS-CoV-2 spike-RBD to hACE2 receptors.	beta-penta-O-galloyl-glucose	26-29	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	132-137
33653892-4	2021	Exchange of K986 and V987 for prolines has been shown to stabilize the trimers of SARS-CoV-1 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike proteins.	Proline	30-38	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	146-151
33748577-7	2021	The low limit of detection (125 copies/mL for the influenza virus and 1 fg/mL for the recombinant 2019-nCoV spike protein) has demonstrated the sensitivity of the MXene-graphene VSTM on the FET platform to virus sensing.	mxene	163-168	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	108-113
33748577-7	2021	The low limit of detection (125 copies/mL for the influenza virus and 1 fg/mL for the recombinant 2019-nCoV spike protein) has demonstrated the sensitivity of the MXene-graphene VSTM on the FET platform to virus sensing.	Graphite	169-177	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	108-113
33791156-7	2021	Through an initiate pilot screening with around 100 compounds, Flupirtine, a selective neuronal potassium channel opener, was identified as a potential TMPRSS2 inhibitor from an FDA-approved drug library by using this screening platform, and showed inhibitory effect on the TMPRSS-dependent infection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped lentiviral particles.	flupirtine	63-73	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	315-320
33535144-5	2021	In this study, we focused on identifying a more potent analogue of HCQ and CQ against the spike protein of SAR-CoV-2 that can act as an effective antiviral agent for COVID-19 treatment.	Hydroxychloroquine	67-70	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	90-95
33838626-0	2021	Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S Protein Binds to Glycans of the Lactosamine Family in vitro.	Polysaccharides	42-49	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	12-13
33838626-0	2021	Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S Protein Binds to Glycans of the Lactosamine Family in vitro.	lactosamine	57-68	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	12-13
33838626-3	2021	We studied interaction of the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein with an array of glycoconjugates, including various sialylated, sulfated, and other glycans, and found that the S protein binds some (but not all) glycans of the lactosamine family.	Polysaccharides	155-162	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	53-58
33838626-3	2021	We studied interaction of the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein with an array of glycoconjugates, including various sialylated, sulfated, and other glycans, and found that the S protein binds some (but not all) glycans of the lactosamine family.	Polysaccharides	155-162	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	42-43
33838626-3	2021	We studied interaction of the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein with an array of glycoconjugates, including various sialylated, sulfated, and other glycans, and found that the S protein binds some (but not all) glycans of the lactosamine family.	Polysaccharides	155-162	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	45-46
33838626-3	2021	We studied interaction of the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein with an array of glycoconjugates, including various sialylated, sulfated, and other glycans, and found that the S protein binds some (but not all) glycans of the lactosamine family.	Polysaccharides	218-225	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	53-58
33838626-3	2021	We studied interaction of the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein with an array of glycoconjugates, including various sialylated, sulfated, and other glycans, and found that the S protein binds some (but not all) glycans of the lactosamine family.	Polysaccharides	218-225	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	42-43
33838626-3	2021	We studied interaction of the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein with an array of glycoconjugates, including various sialylated, sulfated, and other glycans, and found that the S protein binds some (but not all) glycans of the lactosamine family.	Polysaccharides	218-225	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	45-46
33838626-3	2021	We studied interaction of the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein with an array of glycoconjugates, including various sialylated, sulfated, and other glycans, and found that the S protein binds some (but not all) glycans of the lactosamine family.	lactosamine	233-244	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	53-58
33838626-3	2021	We studied interaction of the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein with an array of glycoconjugates, including various sialylated, sulfated, and other glycans, and found that the S protein binds some (but not all) glycans of the lactosamine family.	lactosamine	233-244	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	42-43
33838626-3	2021	We studied interaction of the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein with an array of glycoconjugates, including various sialylated, sulfated, and other glycans, and found that the S protein binds some (but not all) glycans of the lactosamine family.	lactosamine	233-244	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	45-46
33688648-2	2021	However, the structures and relative abundance of the new O-glycans found on the S protein regional-binding domain (S-RBD) remain cryptic because of the challenges in intact glycoform analysis.	o-glycans	58-67	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	81-82
33688648-5	2021	These findings demonstrate that native top-down MS can provide a high-resolution proteoform-resolved mapping of diverse O-glycoforms of the S glycoprotein, which lays a strong molecular foundation to uncover the functional roles of their O-glycans.	o-glycans	238-247	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	49-50
33651173-0	2021	Electrochemical immunosensor with Cu2O nanocube coating for detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	cuprous oxide	34-38	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	84-89
33535144-5	2021	In this study, we focused on identifying a more potent analogue of HCQ and CQ against the spike protein of SAR-CoV-2 that can act as an effective antiviral agent for COVID-19 treatment.	Chloroquine	68-70	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	90-95
33535144-7	2021	This work identifies the six potential analogues, out of which two compounds, namely 1-[1-(6-Chloroquinolin-4-yl) piperidin-4-yl]piperidin-3-ol and (1R,2R)-2-N-(7-Chloroquinolin-4-yl)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine interact with the active site of the spike protein similar to HCQ and CQ respectively with augmented safety profile.	1-[1-(6-chloroquinolin-4-yl) piperidin-4-yl]piperidin-3-ol	85-143	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	244-249
33535144-7	2021	This work identifies the six potential analogues, out of which two compounds, namely 1-[1-(6-Chloroquinolin-4-yl) piperidin-4-yl]piperidin-3-ol and (1R,2R)-2-N-(7-Chloroquinolin-4-yl)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine interact with the active site of the spike protein similar to HCQ and CQ respectively with augmented safety profile.	(1r,2r)-2-n-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine	148-206	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	244-249
33503469-0	2021	Nicotinic Cholinergic System and COVID-19: In Silico Identification of Interactions Betaetween alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor and the Cryptic Epitopes of SARS-Co-V and SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoproteins.	betaetween	84-94	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	188-193
33503469-3	2021	We have previously presented the potential interaction between SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), due to a "toxin-like" epitope on the Spike glycoprotein, with homology to a sequence of a snake venom toxin.	Acetylcholine	107-120	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	74-79
33503469-3	2021	We have previously presented the potential interaction between SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), due to a "toxin-like" epitope on the Spike glycoprotein, with homology to a sequence of a snake venom toxin.	Acetylcholine	107-120	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	178-183
33688584-3	2021	Comparing to those under trial/temporarily used antivirus drugs (i.e., umifenovir, lopinavir), ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and cefuroxime show higher binding affinities to the N-terminal domain of N protein (N-NTD), C-terminal domain of N protein (N-CTD), and receptor-binding domain of S protein (S-RBD).	umifenovir	71-81	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	284-285
33688584-3	2021	Comparing to those under trial/temporarily used antivirus drugs (i.e., umifenovir, lopinavir), ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and cefuroxime show higher binding affinities to the N-terminal domain of N protein (N-NTD), C-terminal domain of N protein (N-CTD), and receptor-binding domain of S protein (S-RBD).	Lopinavir	83-92	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	284-285
33688584-3	2021	Comparing to those under trial/temporarily used antivirus drugs (i.e., umifenovir, lopinavir), ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and cefuroxime show higher binding affinities to the N-terminal domain of N protein (N-NTD), C-terminal domain of N protein (N-CTD), and receptor-binding domain of S protein (S-RBD).	Ceftriaxone	95-106	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	284-285
33688584-3	2021	Comparing to those under trial/temporarily used antivirus drugs (i.e., umifenovir, lopinavir), ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and cefuroxime show higher binding affinities to the N-terminal domain of N protein (N-NTD), C-terminal domain of N protein (N-CTD), and receptor-binding domain of S protein (S-RBD).	Cefotaxime	108-118	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	284-285
33688584-3	2021	Comparing to those under trial/temporarily used antivirus drugs (i.e., umifenovir, lopinavir), ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and cefuroxime show higher binding affinities to the N-terminal domain of N protein (N-NTD), C-terminal domain of N protein (N-CTD), and receptor-binding domain of S protein (S-RBD).	Cefuroxime	124-134	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	284-285
33732940-0	2021	Discovery of Clioquinol and analogues as novel inhibitors of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 infection, ACE2 and ACE2 - Spike protein interaction in vitro.	Clioquinol	13-23	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	136-141
33732940-5	2021	In addition, all three compounds showed potent anti-exopeptidase activity against recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (rhACE2) and inhibited the binding of rhACE2 with SARS-CoV-2 Spike (RBD) protein.	rhace2	170-176	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	193-198
33577324-0	2021	Kobophenol A Inhibits Binding of Host ACE2 Receptor with Spike RBD Domain of SARS-CoV-2, a Lead Compound for Blocking COVID-19.	kobophenol A	0-12	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	57-62
33531790-11	2021	The docking analysis of CPT against the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 showed hydrogen bonding with the amino acids at K466 with a bond distance of 2.56A  and K355 with a bond distance of 2.40A .	Hydrogen	80-88	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	40-45
33531790-12	2021	This finding was of particular importance that other compounds including hydroxychloroquine sulphate, lopinavir and ivermectin could bind with the spike protein only by weak Vander wall bonds and no hydrogen bond formation was noticed.	Hydroxychloroquine	73-100	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	147-152
33531790-12	2021	This finding was of particular importance that other compounds including hydroxychloroquine sulphate, lopinavir and ivermectin could bind with the spike protein only by weak Vander wall bonds and no hydrogen bond formation was noticed.	Lopinavir	102-111	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	147-152
33531790-12	2021	This finding was of particular importance that other compounds including hydroxychloroquine sulphate, lopinavir and ivermectin could bind with the spike protein only by weak Vander wall bonds and no hydrogen bond formation was noticed.	Ivermectin	116-126	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	147-152
33468620-0	2021	Ipomoeassin-F inhibits the in vitro biogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its host cell membrane receptor.	ipomoeassin F	0-13	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	65-70
33718731-3	2021	In this work, we investigate three different optical techniques for quantifying the binding of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to surface-immobilized oligonucleotide aptamers.	Oligonucleotides	155-170	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	118-123
33619331-0	2021	Serine 477 plays a crucial role in the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with the human receptor ACE2.	Serine	0-6	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	69-74
33340519-6	2021	We then probed the impact of ACE2 glycosylation on S binding and revealed a subtle sensitivity with hypersialylated or oligomannose-type glycans slightly impeding the interaction.	Polysaccharides	137-144	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	51-52
33655075-0	2021	Correction to "The SARS-COV-2 Spike Protein Binds Sialic Acids, and Enables Rapid Detection in a Lateral Flow Point of Care Diagnostic Device".	Sialic Acids	50-62	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	30-35
33786369-0	2021	Drug Repurposing of Itraconazole and Estradiol Benzoate against COVID-19 by Blocking SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Mediated Membrane Fusion.	Itraconazole	20-32	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	96-101
33786369-0	2021	Drug Repurposing of Itraconazole and Estradiol Benzoate against COVID-19 by Blocking SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Mediated Membrane Fusion.	estradiol 3-benzoate	37-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	96-101
33468620-4	2021	Using an in vitro system, we demonstrate that the small molecule inhibitor ipomoeassin F (Ipom-F) potently blocks the Sec61-mediated ER membrane translocation/insertion of three therapeutic protein targets for SARS-CoV-2 infection; the viral spike and ORF8 proteins together with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the host cell plasma membrane receptor.	ipomoeassin F	75-88	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	242-247
33468620-4	2021	Using an in vitro system, we demonstrate that the small molecule inhibitor ipomoeassin F (Ipom-F) potently blocks the Sec61-mediated ER membrane translocation/insertion of three therapeutic protein targets for SARS-CoV-2 infection; the viral spike and ORF8 proteins together with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the host cell plasma membrane receptor.	ipomoeassin F	90-96	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	242-247
33559733-0	2022	"COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 virus spike protein-related delayed inflammatory reaction to hyaluronic acid dermal fillers: a challenging clinical conundrum in diagnosis and treatment".	Hyaluronic Acid	82-97	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	27-32
33578036-0	2021	Nanoluciferase complementation-based bioreporter reveals the importance of N-linked glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 Spike for viral entry.	Nitrogen	0-1	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	112-117
33679150-5	2021	In this study, we docked five clinically used drug molecules, favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir, and ritonavir onto three target proteins, the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and human furin protease.	Hydroxychloroquine	75-93	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	202-207
33679150-5	2021	In this study, we docked five clinically used drug molecules, favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir, and ritonavir onto three target proteins, the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and human furin protease.	remdesivir	95-105	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	202-207
33679150-5	2021	In this study, we docked five clinically used drug molecules, favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir, and ritonavir onto three target proteins, the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and human furin protease.	Lopinavir	107-116	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	202-207
33679150-5	2021	In this study, we docked five clinically used drug molecules, favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir, and ritonavir onto three target proteins, the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and human furin protease.	Ritonavir	122-131	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	202-207
33357843-3	2021	Several biochemical studies show strong binding of heparin and heparin-like molecules to the Spike protein, which resulted in inhibition of viral infection to cells.	Heparin	51-58	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	93-98
33357843-3	2021	Several biochemical studies show strong binding of heparin and heparin-like molecules to the Spike protein, which resulted in inhibition of viral infection to cells.	Heparin	63-70	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	93-98
33578665-8	2021	Attachment of the antigens to the ELISA surface using a layer of anti-histidine antibodies gave equivalent resolution for both S-RBDN318-V510 and the full-length spike protein.	Histidine	70-79	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	162-167
33594365-7	2021	For the theoretical triple mutant, we demonstrated through Alanine mutations, which help "unglue" key residue-residue interactions, that these three key stabilizing residues could cause the transition of Down to Up protomer states, where the Up protomer state allows binding of the prefusion Spike protein to hACE2 host cell receptors, whereas the Down state is believed inaccessible.	Alanine	59-66	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	292-297
33559733-1	2022	We present the first reported cases of delayed inflammatory reactions (DIR) to hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers after exposure to the COVID-19 spike protein.	Hyaluronic Acid	79-94	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	146-151
33559733-1	2022	We present the first reported cases of delayed inflammatory reactions (DIR) to hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers after exposure to the COVID-19 spike protein.	Hyaluronic Acid	96-98	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	146-151
33615316-0	2021	Adsorption of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 at Oxide Surfaces Studied by High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy.	Oxides	45-50	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	25-30
33540713-5	2021	The evaluation of the mechanism of action suggested that both HIDROX and HT induced structural changes in SARS-CoV-2, which changed the molecular weight of the spike proteins.	hidrox	62-68	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	160-165
33540713-5	2021	The evaluation of the mechanism of action suggested that both HIDROX and HT induced structural changes in SARS-CoV-2, which changed the molecular weight of the spike proteins.	3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol	73-75	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	160-165
33552834-4	2021	Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal alpha1 and alpha2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Hydrogen	239-247	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	327-332
33614627-6	2020	A new type of ganglioside-binding domain within the N-terminal portion of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was identified.	Gangliosides	14-25	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	89-94
33406838-0	2021	N- and O-Glycosylation of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein.	Nitrogen	0-1	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	41-46
33406838-5	2021	By analysis of the protein produced in HEK293 cells, we observe that the spike is O-glycosylated on a threonine (T678) near the furin cleavage site occupied by core-1 and core-2 structures.	Threonine	102-111	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	73-78
33406838-6	2021	In addition, we have identified eight additional O-glycopeptides on the spike glycoprotein and confirmed that the spike protein is heavily N-glycosylated.	o-glycopeptides	49-64	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	72-77
33406838-7	2021	Our recently developed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methodology allowed us to identify LacdiNAc structural motifs on all occupied N-glycopeptides and polyLacNAc structures on six glycopeptides of the spike protein.	n-glycopeptides	141-156	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	211-216
33406838-7	2021	Our recently developed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methodology allowed us to identify LacdiNAc structural motifs on all occupied N-glycopeptides and polyLacNAc structures on six glycopeptides of the spike protein.	polylacnac	161-171	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	211-216
33406838-7	2021	Our recently developed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methodology allowed us to identify LacdiNAc structural motifs on all occupied N-glycopeptides and polyLacNAc structures on six glycopeptides of the spike protein.	Glycopeptides	143-156	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	211-216
33786537-0	2021	Adsorption of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 at Oxide Surfaces Studied by High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy.	Oxides	45-50	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	25-30
33615316-5	2021	Herein, high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) is used to monitor the adsorption of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 at Al2O3(0001) and TiO2(100) surfaces in situ.	Aluminum Oxide	124-129	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	104-109
33615316-5	2021	Herein, high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) is used to monitor the adsorption of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 at Al2O3(0001) and TiO2(100) surfaces in situ.	titanium dioxide	140-144	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	104-109
33128388-2	2021	Transient production of spike in both human embryonic kidney (HEK) and CHO cells mediated by polyethyleneimine was increased significantly (up to 10.9-fold) by a reduction in culture temperature to 32 C to permit extended duration cultures.	aziridine	93-110	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	24-29
32770567-0	2021	Epigallocatechin gallate and theaflavin gallate interaction in SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein central channel with reference to the hydroxychloroquine interaction: Bioinformatics and molecular docking study.	epigallocatechin gallate	0-24	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	74-79
32770567-0	2021	Epigallocatechin gallate and theaflavin gallate interaction in SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein central channel with reference to the hydroxychloroquine interaction: Bioinformatics and molecular docking study.	theaflavine gallate	29-47	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	74-79
32770567-0	2021	Epigallocatechin gallate and theaflavin gallate interaction in SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein central channel with reference to the hydroxychloroquine interaction: Bioinformatics and molecular docking study.	Hydroxychloroquine	126-144	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	74-79
32770567-6	2021	In the current study we demonstrated by bioinformatics (CASTp: computed atlas of surface topography of protein, PyMol: molecular visualization) and molecular docking (PatchDock and Autodock) experiments that tea flavonoids catechin products mainly epigallocatechin gallate or other like theaflavin gallate demonstrated higher atomic contact energy (ACE) value, binding energy, Ki value, ligand efficiency, surface area and more amino acid interactions than hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) during binding in the central channel of the spike protein.	Flavonoids	212-222	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	527-532
32770567-6	2021	In the current study we demonstrated by bioinformatics (CASTp: computed atlas of surface topography of protein, PyMol: molecular visualization) and molecular docking (PatchDock and Autodock) experiments that tea flavonoids catechin products mainly epigallocatechin gallate or other like theaflavin gallate demonstrated higher atomic contact energy (ACE) value, binding energy, Ki value, ligand efficiency, surface area and more amino acid interactions than hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) during binding in the central channel of the spike protein.	Catechin	223-231	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	527-532
32770567-6	2021	In the current study we demonstrated by bioinformatics (CASTp: computed atlas of surface topography of protein, PyMol: molecular visualization) and molecular docking (PatchDock and Autodock) experiments that tea flavonoids catechin products mainly epigallocatechin gallate or other like theaflavin gallate demonstrated higher atomic contact energy (ACE) value, binding energy, Ki value, ligand efficiency, surface area and more amino acid interactions than hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) during binding in the central channel of the spike protein.	epigallocatechin gallate	248-272	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	527-532
33387788-0	2021	Dexamethasone inhibits SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus viropexis by binding to ACE2.	Dexamethasone	0-13	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	34-39
33387788-4	2021	Molecular docking results revealed that DEX occupied with active binding site of ACE2 of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Dexamethasone	40-43	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	100-105
33387788-6	2021	DEX was found out to inhibiting the viropexis into ACE2h cells using SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus.	Dexamethasone	0-3	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	80-85
33387788-7	2021	Therefore, DEX inhibits the entrance of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus into cell by binding to ACE2.	Dexamethasone	11-14	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	51-56
33573088-0	2021	In Silico Study of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids as Potential SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Closed Conformation Stabilizers: Epidemiological and Computational Approaches.	Fatty Acids, Unsaturated	19-46	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	71-76
33573088-4	2021	Moreover, it was found that linoleic acid, an omega-6 PUFA, could stabilize the spike protein in a closed conformation, blocking its interaction with ACE2.	Linoleic Acid	28-41	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	80-85
33573088-6	2021	We found that: (a) countries whose source of omega-3 is from marine origin have lower fatality rates; and (b) like linoleic acid, omega-3 PUFA could also bind to the closed conformation of spike protein and therefore, could help reduce COVID-19 complications by reducing viral entrance to cells, in addition to their known anti-inflammatory effects.	omega-3	45-52	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	189-194
33573088-6	2021	We found that: (a) countries whose source of omega-3 is from marine origin have lower fatality rates; and (b) like linoleic acid, omega-3 PUFA could also bind to the closed conformation of spike protein and therefore, could help reduce COVID-19 complications by reducing viral entrance to cells, in addition to their known anti-inflammatory effects.	Linoleic Acid	115-128	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	189-194
33573088-6	2021	We found that: (a) countries whose source of omega-3 is from marine origin have lower fatality rates; and (b) like linoleic acid, omega-3 PUFA could also bind to the closed conformation of spike protein and therefore, could help reduce COVID-19 complications by reducing viral entrance to cells, in addition to their known anti-inflammatory effects.	omega-3	130-137	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	189-194
33615192-0	2021	Docking Prediction of Levodopa in the Receptor Binding Domain of Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2.	Levodopa	22-30	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	65-70
33532784-2	2021	We show that SARS-CoV-2 spike binds biliverdin and bilirubin, the tetrapyrrole products of haem metabolism, with nanomolar affinity.	Biliverdine	36-46	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	24-29
33532784-2	2021	We show that SARS-CoV-2 spike binds biliverdin and bilirubin, the tetrapyrrole products of haem metabolism, with nanomolar affinity.	Bilirubin	51-60	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	24-29
33532784-2	2021	We show that SARS-CoV-2 spike binds biliverdin and bilirubin, the tetrapyrrole products of haem metabolism, with nanomolar affinity.	Tetrapyrroles	66-78	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	24-29
33532784-3	2021	Using cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography we mapped the tetrapyrrole interaction pocket to a deep cleft on the spike N-terminal domain (NTD).	Tetrapyrroles	71-83	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	126-131
33532784-4	2021	At physiological concentrations, biliverdin significantly dampened the reactivity of SARS-CoV-2 spike with immune sera and inhibited a subset of neutralizing antibodies.	Biliverdine	33-43	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	96-101
33501442-7	2021	VSV pseudoviruses with spike containing K417N-E484K-N501Y-D614G and full B.1.351 mutations resulted in 2.7 and 6.4-fold GMT reduction, respectively, when compared to the D614G VSV pseudovirus.	GlcNAc-Mal	120-123	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	23-28
33481336-3	2021	Human ACE2 is heavily glycosylated and its glycans impact on binding to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and virus infectivity.	Polysaccharides	43-50	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	87-92
33479401-5	2021	The binding affinity values of catechin and curcumin for the S protein, ACE2 and RBD/ACE2-complex are - 10.5 and - 7.9 kcal/mol; - 8.9 and - 7.8 kcal/mol; and - 9.1 and - 7.6 kcal/mol, respectively.	Catechin	31-39	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	61-62
33494530-3	2021	In this study, we investigated the polyglucin:spermidine conjugate as a carrier of an mRNA-RBD vaccine encoding the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Spermidine	46-56	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	164-169
33356169-10	2021	Results from the infection experiments and modeling of the peptides with Spike RBD identified a 6-amino-acid (Glu37-Gln42) ACE2 motif that is important for SARS-CoV-2 inhibition.	6-amino-acid	96-108	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	73-78
33249077-5	2021	In this context, the present study reviews the efficacy of many dietary flavonols as potential antiviral drugs targeting the SARS-CoV-2 enzymes and proteins including Chymotrypsin-Like Protease (3CLpro), Papain Like protease (PLpro), Spike protein (S protein) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and also their ability to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) receptor.	Flavonols	72-81	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	234-239
32770567-7	2021	Moreover, out of three distinct binding sites (I, II and III) of spike core when HCQ binds only with site III (farthest from the nCoV-RBD of ACE2 contact), epigallocatechin gallate and theaflavin gallate bind all three sites.	Hydroxychloroquine	81-84	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	65-70
32770567-7	2021	Moreover, out of three distinct binding sites (I, II and III) of spike core when HCQ binds only with site III (farthest from the nCoV-RBD of ACE2 contact), epigallocatechin gallate and theaflavin gallate bind all three sites.	epigallocatechin gallate	156-180	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	65-70
32770567-7	2021	Moreover, out of three distinct binding sites (I, II and III) of spike core when HCQ binds only with site III (farthest from the nCoV-RBD of ACE2 contact), epigallocatechin gallate and theaflavin gallate bind all three sites.	theaflavine gallate	185-203	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	65-70
33532806-8	2021	Combinations of N, RBD, and S and a summary algorithmic index of all three (N/RBD/S) in saliva produced ranges of PPA: 87.6-98.9% and NPA: 50-91.7% with the three EIAs and ranges of PPA: 88.4-98.6% and NPA: 21.9-34.4% with the nAb assay.	ppa	114-117	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	82-83
33532796-3	2021	The glutamate (E) to Lysine (K) substitution at position 484 (E484K) in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein is present in the rapidly spreading variants of concern belonging to the B.1.351 and P.1 lineages.	Glutamic Acid	4-13	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	113-118
33532796-3	2021	The glutamate (E) to Lysine (K) substitution at position 484 (E484K) in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein is present in the rapidly spreading variants of concern belonging to the B.1.351 and P.1 lineages.	Lysine	21-27	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	113-118
33514685-0	2021	Engaging the spikes: heparan sulfate facilitates SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding to ACE2 and potentiates viral infection.	Heparitin Sulfate	21-36	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	13-18
33387885-10	2021	Together, our results suggest that 4"-acetamidechalcones inhibit the interaction of the virus with host cells through binding to ACE2 or SPIKE protein, probably generating a steric impediment.	4"-acetamidechalcones	35-56	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	137-142
33479401-0	2021	Catechin and curcumin interact with S protein of SARS-CoV2 and ACE2 of human cell membrane: insights from computational studies.	Catechin	0-8	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	36-37
33479401-0	2021	Catechin and curcumin interact with S protein of SARS-CoV2 and ACE2 of human cell membrane: insights from computational studies.	Curcumin	13-21	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	36-37
33479401-4	2021	It is evident from the present computational study, that catechin and curcumin, not only exhibit strong binding affinity to viral S Protein and host receptor ACE2 but also to their complex (receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV2 and ACE2; RBD/ACE2-complex).	Catechin	57-65	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	130-131
33479401-4	2021	It is evident from the present computational study, that catechin and curcumin, not only exhibit strong binding affinity to viral S Protein and host receptor ACE2 but also to their complex (receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV2 and ACE2; RBD/ACE2-complex).	Catechin	57-65	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	227-232
33479401-4	2021	It is evident from the present computational study, that catechin and curcumin, not only exhibit strong binding affinity to viral S Protein and host receptor ACE2 but also to their complex (receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV2 and ACE2; RBD/ACE2-complex).	Curcumin	70-78	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	130-131
33479401-4	2021	It is evident from the present computational study, that catechin and curcumin, not only exhibit strong binding affinity to viral S Protein and host receptor ACE2 but also to their complex (receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV2 and ACE2; RBD/ACE2-complex).	Curcumin	70-78	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	227-232
33479401-5	2021	The binding affinity values of catechin and curcumin for the S protein, ACE2 and RBD/ACE2-complex are - 10.5 and - 7.9 kcal/mol; - 8.9 and - 7.8 kcal/mol; and - 9.1 and - 7.6 kcal/mol, respectively.	Curcumin	44-52	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	61-62
33479401-6	2021	Curcumin directly binds to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of viral S Protein.	Curcumin	0-8	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	70-71
33479401-8	2021	Contrary to this, catechin binds with amino acid residues present near the RBD site of S Protein and causes fluctuation in the amino acid residues of the RBD and its near proximity.	Catechin	18-26	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	87-88
33479401-10	2021	Protein-protein interaction studies in presence of curcumin or catechin also corroborate the above findings suggesting the efficacy of these two polyphenols in hindering the formation of S Protein-ACE2 complex.	Curcumin	51-59	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	187-188
33479401-10	2021	Protein-protein interaction studies in presence of curcumin or catechin also corroborate the above findings suggesting the efficacy of these two polyphenols in hindering the formation of S Protein-ACE2 complex.	Catechin	63-71	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	187-188
33479401-10	2021	Protein-protein interaction studies in presence of curcumin or catechin also corroborate the above findings suggesting the efficacy of these two polyphenols in hindering the formation of S Protein-ACE2 complex.	Polyphenols	145-156	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	187-188
33498225-3	2021	This potential is suggested on the basis of the emergence of an RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartate) sequence in the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein.	arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid	64-67	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	144-149
33498225-3	2021	This potential is suggested on the basis of the emergence of an RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartate) sequence in the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein.	arginine-glycine	69-85	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	144-149
33498225-3	2021	This potential is suggested on the basis of the emergence of an RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartate) sequence in the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein.	Aspartic Acid	86-95	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	144-149
33542917-8	2020	The results are indicative of better potential of solanine, acetoside, and rutin, as Mpro and spike glycoprotein RBD dual inhibitors.	Solanine	50-58	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	94-99
33495714-0	2021	Binding of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein to Glycans.	Polysaccharides	43-50	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	26-31
33495714-4	2021	In this study, we examined and compared the binding of the subunits and spike (S) proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV to these glycans.	Polysaccharides	137-144	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	72-77
33128388-4	2021	Purification of recombinant spike by Ni-chelate affinity chromatography initially yielded a variety of co-eluting protein impurities identified as host cell derived by mass spectrometry, which were separated from spike trimer using a modified imidazole gradient elution.	imidazole	243-252	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	28-33
33130382-2	2021	Among the eight nisin variants examined, nisin H, nisin Z, nisin U and nisin A showed a significant binding affinity towards hACE2, higher than that of the RBD (receptor binding domain) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	nisin u	59-66	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	204-209
33519467-0	2020	3-Hydroxyphthalic Anhydride-Modified Chicken Ovalbumin as a Potential Candidate Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Disrupting the Interaction of Spike Protein With Host ACE2 Receptor.	3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride	0-27	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	143-148
33519460-0	2020	Methylene Blue Inhibits the SARS-CoV-2 Spike-ACE2 Protein-Protein Interaction-a Mechanism that can Contribute to its Antiviral Activity Against COVID-19.	Methylene Blue	0-14	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	39-44
33519460-5	2020	Methylene blue inhibited the entry of a SARS-CoV-2 spike bearing pseudovirus into ACE2-expressing cells with similar IC50 (3.5 muM).	Methylene Blue	0-14	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	51-56
33427588-3	2021	In this present study, we have predicted the reported bioactive flavonoids and triterpenoids of the plant against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), spike protein, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE-2) receptor and dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP4) receptor through molecular docking and in silico ADME predictions methods.	Flavonoids	64-74	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	181-186
33427588-3	2021	In this present study, we have predicted the reported bioactive flavonoids and triterpenoids of the plant against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), spike protein, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE-2) receptor and dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP4) receptor through molecular docking and in silico ADME predictions methods.	Triterpenes	79-92	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	181-186
33490110-13	2020	Molecular docking and dynamics of inhibition of the S protein and Mpro by NZO and DMO correlated well.	Nocodazole	74-77	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	52-53
33490110-13	2020	Molecular docking and dynamics of inhibition of the S protein and Mpro by NZO and DMO correlated well.	demethyloleuropein	82-85	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	52-53
33397223-0	2021	Virtual screening of curcumin and its analogs against the spike surface glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV.	Curcumin	21-29	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	58-63
33397223-7	2021	In the present study, curcumin and its derivatives were docked, using Autodock 4.2, onto the 6CRV and 6M0J to study their capability to act as inhibitors of the spike protein and thereby, viral entry.	Curcumin	22-30	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	161-166
33397223-10	2021	A good binding energy, drug likeness and efficient pharmacokinetic parameters suggest the potential of curcumin and few of its derivatives as SARS-CoV-2 spike protein inhibitors.	Curcumin	103-111	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	153-158
33431842-3	2021	To support ongoing vaccine development efforts, we report the structure-based design of soluble S trimers with increased yields and stabilities, based on introduction of single point mutations and disulfide-bridges.	Disulfides	197-206	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	96-97
32518941-0	2021	Identification of 22 N-glycosites on spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 and accessible surface glycopeptide motifs: Implications for vaccination and antibody therapeutics.	Nitrogen	21-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	37-42
32518941-1	2021	Coronaviruses hijack human enzymes to assemble the sugar coat on their spike glycoproteins.	Sugars	51-56	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	71-76
33420022-4	2021	Next, we show that sialic acids present on ACE2 prevent efficient spike/ACE2-interaction.	Sialic Acids	19-31	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	66-71
33409846-7	2021	SARS-CoV-2, by using the well-known angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 by the protein spike, as the host receptor to enter into alveolar, myocardial, and renal epithelial cells, can be disrupted by vitamin D.	Vitamin D	195-204	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	83-88
33262453-0	2021	Dalbavancin binds ACE2 to block its interaction with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in animal models.	dalbavancin	0-11	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	64-69
33262453-4	2021	Our results showed that dalbavancin directly binds to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with high affinity, thereby blocking its interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	dalbavancin	24-35	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	172-177
33968333-0	2021	Evidence of a Putative Glycosaminoglycan Binding Site on the Glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein N-terminal domain.	Glycosaminoglycans	23-40	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	85-90
33968333-4	2021	Here, we performed bioinformatics and molecular dynamics simulations of the spike protein to investigate the existence of additional GAG binding sites on the receptor-binding domain (RBD), separate from previously reported heparin-binding sites.	Glycosaminoglycans	133-136	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	76-81
33968333-7	2021	Docking studies using GlycoTorch Vina and subsequent MD simulations of the spike trimer in the presence of dodecasaccharides of the GAGs heparin and heparan sulfate supported this possibility.	dodecasaccharides	107-124	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	75-80
33968333-7	2021	Docking studies using GlycoTorch Vina and subsequent MD simulations of the spike trimer in the presence of dodecasaccharides of the GAGs heparin and heparan sulfate supported this possibility.	Heparin	137-144	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	75-80
33968333-7	2021	Docking studies using GlycoTorch Vina and subsequent MD simulations of the spike trimer in the presence of dodecasaccharides of the GAGs heparin and heparan sulfate supported this possibility.	Heparitin Sulfate	149-164	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	75-80
33968333-10	2021	These findings identify a site in the spike protein that favors heparan sulfate binding that may be particularly pertinent for a better understanding of the recent UK and South African strains.	Heparitin Sulfate	64-79	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	38-43
32972339-6	2021	The priming of the spike (S) protein of the virus by proteolytic cleavage by the trans-membrane serine protease-2 (TMPRSS2) is necessary for fusion of the virus to the host cell after it binds to its receptor angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2).	Serine	96-102	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	19-24
33239231-5	2021	First, AAT is a serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN) shown to inhibit TMPRSS-2, the host serine protease that cleaves the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, a necessary preparatory step for the virus to bind its cell surface receptor ACE2 to gain intracellular entry.	Serine	87-93	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	120-125
32972339-6	2021	The priming of the spike (S) protein of the virus by proteolytic cleavage by the trans-membrane serine protease-2 (TMPRSS2) is necessary for fusion of the virus to the host cell after it binds to its receptor angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2).	Serine	96-102	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	26-27
33232865-13	2021	SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has a number of phosphorylation sites that can induce cAMP, PKC, Tyr signaling pathways.	Cyclic AMP	79-83	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	11-16
33232865-13	2021	SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has a number of phosphorylation sites that can induce cAMP, PKC, Tyr signaling pathways.	Tyrosine	90-93	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	11-16
33102950-2	2021	This work focuses on the potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 entry through a hypothesized alpha5beta1 integrin-based mechanism, and indicates that inhibiting the spike protein interaction with alpha5beta1 integrin (+/- ACE2), and the interaction between alpha5beta1 integrin and ACE2 using a novel molecule ATN-161 represents a promising approach to treat COVID-19.	acetyl-prolyl-histidyl-seryl-cysteinyl-asparaginamide	303-310	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	158-163
33363251-3	2021	Molecular docking studies for 15 flavonoids on the three SARS CoV-2 proteins, non-structural protein-15 Endoribonuclease (NSP15), the receptor-binding domain of spike protein (RBD of S protein), and main protease (Mpro/3CLpro) were performed and selected protein-ligand complexes were subjected to Molecular Dynamics simulations.	Flavonoids	33-43	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	161-166
33424398-0	2021	In silico evaluation of flavonoids as effective antiviral agents on the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2.	Flavonoids	24-34	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	72-77
33110386-0	2021	Computational selection of flavonoid compounds as inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 main protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and spike proteins: A molecular docking study.	Flavonoids	27-36	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	128-133
33110386-9	2021	Among the lead compounds, agathisflavone showed highest binding energy value of -8.4 kcal/mol against main protease, Albireodelphin showed highest dock score of -9.8 kcal/mol and -11.2 kcal/mol against RdRp, and spike proteins, respectively.	agathisflavone	26-40	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	212-217
33424398-4	2021	In the current study, an in silico approach is carried out as a means of inhibiting the spike protein of the novel coronavirus by flavonoids from natural sources that possess both antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties.	Flavonoids	130-140	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	88-93
33424398-5	2021	The methodology is focused on molecular docking of 10 flavonoid compounds that are docked with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, to determine the highest binding affinity at the binding site.	Flavonoids	54-63	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	99-104
33424398-7	2021	The flavonoid naringin showed the least binding energy of -9.8 Kcal/mol with the spike protein which was compared with the standard drug, dexamethasone which is being repurposed to treat critically ill patients.	Flavonoids	4-13	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	81-86
33424398-7	2021	The flavonoid naringin showed the least binding energy of -9.8 Kcal/mol with the spike protein which was compared with the standard drug, dexamethasone which is being repurposed to treat critically ill patients.	naringin	14-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	81-86
33326798-4	2020	The disulfide-bonded ACE2 microbody protein inhibits entry of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein pseudotyped virus and replication of live SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in a mouse model.	Disulfides	4-13	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	73-78
33375175-6	2020	While the neck/repeat region is involved in oligomeric dimerization, the CRD recognizes the mannose-containing structures present on specific glycoproteins such as those found on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Mannose	92-99	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	194-199
33506114-5	2021	The second and the dominant variant, represented by 62%, showed aspartate a coil amino acid substitution to glycine an extracellular amino acid at D614G located in the spike recognition binding site.	Aspartic Acid	64-73	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	168-173
33506114-5	2021	The second and the dominant variant, represented by 62%, showed aspartate a coil amino acid substitution to glycine an extracellular amino acid at D614G located in the spike recognition binding site.	Glycine	108-115	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	168-173
33720612-6	2020	Umifenovir is antiviral agent, it belongs to fusion inhibitors, interacts with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	umifenovir	0-10	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	90-95
33425427-7	2020	The results showed that hesperidin, nabiximols, pectolinarin, epigallocatechin gallate, and rhoifolin had better poses than nelfinavir, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine sulfate as spike glycoprotein inhibitors.	Hesperidin	24-34	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	183-188
33425427-7	2020	The results showed that hesperidin, nabiximols, pectolinarin, epigallocatechin gallate, and rhoifolin had better poses than nelfinavir, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine sulfate as spike glycoprotein inhibitors.	nabiximols	36-46	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	183-188
33425427-7	2020	The results showed that hesperidin, nabiximols, pectolinarin, epigallocatechin gallate, and rhoifolin had better poses than nelfinavir, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine sulfate as spike glycoprotein inhibitors.	pectolinarin	48-60	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	183-188
33425427-7	2020	The results showed that hesperidin, nabiximols, pectolinarin, epigallocatechin gallate, and rhoifolin had better poses than nelfinavir, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine sulfate as spike glycoprotein inhibitors.	epigallocatechin gallate	62-86	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	183-188
33425427-7	2020	The results showed that hesperidin, nabiximols, pectolinarin, epigallocatechin gallate, and rhoifolin had better poses than nelfinavir, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine sulfate as spike glycoprotein inhibitors.	rhoifolin	92-101	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	183-188
33425427-7	2020	The results showed that hesperidin, nabiximols, pectolinarin, epigallocatechin gallate, and rhoifolin had better poses than nelfinavir, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine sulfate as spike glycoprotein inhibitors.	Nelfinavir	124-134	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	183-188
33353972-4	2020	The lead nanobody candidate, NIH-CoVnb-112, blocks SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus infection of HEK293 cells expressing human ACE2 with an EC50 of 0.3 microg/mL.	nih-covnb-112	29-42	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	62-67
33353972-6	2020	Furthermore, NIH-CoVnb-112 blocks interaction between ACE2 and several high affinity variant forms of the spike protein.	nih-covnb-112	13-26	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	106-111
33409271-3	2020	The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein contains disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylations, therefore, it is typically produced by secretion.	Nitrogen	98-99	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	51-56
32915505-0	2020	Structural characterization of the N-linked glycans in the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and their interactions with human lectins using NMR spectroscopy.	n-linked glycans	35-51	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	101-106
32915505-1	2020	The glycan structures of the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV2 spike glycoprotein expressed in human HEK293F cells have been studied by using NMR.	Polysaccharides	4-10	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	70-75
33409271-3	2020	The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein contains disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylations, therefore, it is typically produced by secretion.	Disulfides	78-87	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	51-56
33409271-3	2020	The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein contains disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylations, therefore, it is typically produced by secretion.	Disulfides	78-87	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	58-59
33409271-3	2020	The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein contains disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylations, therefore, it is typically produced by secretion.	Nitrogen	98-99	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	58-59
33239446-3	2020	Internalized 25HC accumulates in the late endosomes and potentially restricts SARS-CoV-2 spike protein catalyzed membrane fusion via blockade of cholesterol export.	25-hydroxycholesterol	13-17	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	89-94
32991900-4	2020	Since the proteolytic cleavage of the S protein is critical for virus penetration into cells, a set of drugs, such as chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, camostat mesylate have been tested in clinical trials to suppress this event.	Hydroxychloroquine	131-149	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	0-1
32991900-4	2020	Since the proteolytic cleavage of the S protein is critical for virus penetration into cells, a set of drugs, such as chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, camostat mesylate have been tested in clinical trials to suppress this event.	camostat	151-168	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	0-1
33239446-3	2020	Internalized 25HC accumulates in the late endosomes and potentially restricts SARS-CoV-2 spike protein catalyzed membrane fusion via blockade of cholesterol export.	Cholesterol	145-156	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	89-94
33552855-3	2021	This CID tool, evolved from an anti-caffeine nanobody via cell-based high-throughput screening, permits caffeine-inducible gating of calcium channels, tumor killing via necroptosis, growth factors-independent activation of tyrosine receptor kinase signaling, and enhancement of nanobody-mediated antigen recognition for the severe acute respiratory distress coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein.	Caffeine	36-44	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	385-390
33377107-1	2020	This protocol describes an integrated approach for analyzing site-specific N- and O-linked glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by mass spectrometry.	Nitrogen	75-76	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	119-124
33552855-3	2021	This CID tool, evolved from an anti-caffeine nanobody via cell-based high-throughput screening, permits caffeine-inducible gating of calcium channels, tumor killing via necroptosis, growth factors-independent activation of tyrosine receptor kinase signaling, and enhancement of nanobody-mediated antigen recognition for the severe acute respiratory distress coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein.	Caffeine	104-112	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	385-390
33552855-3	2021	This CID tool, evolved from an anti-caffeine nanobody via cell-based high-throughput screening, permits caffeine-inducible gating of calcium channels, tumor killing via necroptosis, growth factors-independent activation of tyrosine receptor kinase signaling, and enhancement of nanobody-mediated antigen recognition for the severe acute respiratory distress coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein.	Calcium	133-140	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	385-390
33302853-0	2021	Silybin B and Cianidanol Inhibit M pro and Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2: Evidence from in Silico Molecular Docking Studies.	Silybin	0-9	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	43-48
33302853-0	2021	Silybin B and Cianidanol Inhibit M pro and Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2: Evidence from in Silico Molecular Docking Studies.	Catechin	14-24	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	43-48
33302853-6	2021	Fiboflavin, an immunity booster, was found to inhibit both the Mpro and spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.	Dermadram	0-10	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	72-77
32363391-0	2020	Deducing the N- and O-glycosylation profile of the spike protein of novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.	Nitrogen	13-14	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	51-56
32363391-3	2020	The spike protein is comprised of two protein subunits (S1 and S2), which together possess 22 potential N-glycosylation sites.	Nitrogen	104-105	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	4-9
32363391-5	2020	We have characterized the quantitative N-glycosylation profile on spike protein and interestingly, observed unexpected O-glycosylation modifications on the receptor-binding domain of spike protein subunit S1.	Nitrogen	39-40	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	66-71
32363391-5	2020	We have characterized the quantitative N-glycosylation profile on spike protein and interestingly, observed unexpected O-glycosylation modifications on the receptor-binding domain of spike protein subunit S1.	Nitrogen	39-40	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	183-188
32363391-7	2020	Our data on the N- and O-glycosylation are strengthened by extensive manual interpretation of each glycopeptide spectra in addition to using bioinformatics tools to confirm the complexity of glycosylation in the spike protein.	Nitrogen	16-17	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	212-217
33292056-0	2022	Sensing the interactions between carbohydrate-binding agents and N-linked glycans of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein using molecular docking and simulation studies.	Carbohydrates	33-45	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	96-101
33292056-0	2022	Sensing the interactions between carbohydrate-binding agents and N-linked glycans of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein using molecular docking and simulation studies.	n-linked glycans	65-81	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	96-101
32363391-7	2020	Our data on the N- and O-glycosylation are strengthened by extensive manual interpretation of each glycopeptide spectra in addition to using bioinformatics tools to confirm the complexity of glycosylation in the spike protein.	Glycopeptides	99-111	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	212-217
33292056-2	2022	The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells is covered with N-linked glycans having oligomannose and complex sugars.	n-linked glycans	137-153	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	31-36
33292056-2	2022	The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells is covered with N-linked glycans having oligomannose and complex sugars.	oligomannose	161-173	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	31-36
33292056-2	2022	The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells is covered with N-linked glycans having oligomannose and complex sugars.	Sugars	186-192	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	31-36
32363391-8	2020	The elucidation of the glycan repertoire on the spike protein provides insights into the viral binding studies and more importantly, propels research toward the development of a suitable vaccine candidate.	Polysaccharides	23-29	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-53
33363465-7	2020	Our bioinformatics analysis predicted microRNAs (miRs), miR-335-5p and miR-26b-5p, as being modulated by Spike and ACE together with histone deacetylate (HDAC) pathway.	histone deacetylate	133-152	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	105-110
33330868-0	2021	Binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to ACE2 is disabled by thiol-based drugs; evidence from in vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection studies.	Sulfhydryl Compounds	59-64	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	22-27
33231598-1	2020	The effect of the polyanionic polymer of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) involved in innate immunity on the binding of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the cellular ACE2 receptor was studied.	polyanionic polymer	18-37	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	171-176
33330868-3	2021	To determine if cystines in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein maintain a native binding interface that can be disrupted by drugs that cleave cystines, we tested if thiol-based drugs have efficacy in receptor binding and cell infection assays.	Cystine	16-24	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	43-48
33330868-4	2021	We found that thiol-based drugs, cysteamine and WR-1065 (the active metabolite of amifostine) in particular, decrease binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to its receptor, decrease the entry efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus, and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 live virus infection.	Sulfhydryl Compounds	14-19	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	140-145
33330868-4	2021	We found that thiol-based drugs, cysteamine and WR-1065 (the active metabolite of amifostine) in particular, decrease binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to its receptor, decrease the entry efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus, and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 live virus infection.	Sulfhydryl Compounds	14-19	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	215-220
33330868-4	2021	We found that thiol-based drugs, cysteamine and WR-1065 (the active metabolite of amifostine) in particular, decrease binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to its receptor, decrease the entry efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus, and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 live virus infection.	Cysteamine	33-43	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	140-145
33330868-4	2021	We found that thiol-based drugs, cysteamine and WR-1065 (the active metabolite of amifostine) in particular, decrease binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to its receptor, decrease the entry efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus, and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 live virus infection.	Cysteamine	33-43	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	215-220
33330868-4	2021	We found that thiol-based drugs, cysteamine and WR-1065 (the active metabolite of amifostine) in particular, decrease binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to its receptor, decrease the entry efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus, and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 live virus infection.	N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-1,3-diaminopropane	48-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	140-145
33330868-4	2021	We found that thiol-based drugs, cysteamine and WR-1065 (the active metabolite of amifostine) in particular, decrease binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to its receptor, decrease the entry efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus, and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 live virus infection.	N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-1,3-diaminopropane	48-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	215-220
33330868-4	2021	We found that thiol-based drugs, cysteamine and WR-1065 (the active metabolite of amifostine) in particular, decrease binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to its receptor, decrease the entry efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus, and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 live virus infection.	Amifostine	82-92	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	140-145
33330868-4	2021	We found that thiol-based drugs, cysteamine and WR-1065 (the active metabolite of amifostine) in particular, decrease binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to its receptor, decrease the entry efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus, and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 live virus infection.	Amifostine	82-92	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	215-220
33330868-6	2021	One Sentence Summary: Thiol-based drugs decrease binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to its receptor and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 cell entry.	Sulfhydryl Compounds	22-27	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	71-76
33290397-2	2020	The host serine protease TMPRSS2 and cysteine proteases Cathepsin B/L can activate S, making two independent entry pathways accessible to SARS-CoV-2.	Serine	9-15	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	29-30
33231598-1	2020	The effect of the polyanionic polymer of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) involved in innate immunity on the binding of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the cellular ACE2 receptor was studied.	Polyphosphates	51-64	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	171-176
33231598-1	2020	The effect of the polyanionic polymer of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) involved in innate immunity on the binding of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the cellular ACE2 receptor was studied.	Polyphosphates	66-71	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	171-176
33293627-6	2020	Serine proteases are known to be involved in the infection process by priming the virus spike protein.	Serine	0-6	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	88-93
33284859-6	2020	Use of the AT1 receptor antagonist, Candesartan cilexetil, resulted in down-regulation of IL-6/soluble IL-6R release in spike expressing cells.	candesartan cilexetil	36-57	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	120-125
33278189-4	2020	The virus requires proteolytic processing of its spike protein by transmembrane protease receptor serine type 2 (TMPRSS2) to enable binding to cellular ACE2.	Serine	98-104	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	49-54
32834111-0	2020	Computational evaluation of major components from plant essential oils as potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Oils, Volatile	56-70	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	106-111
33264497-3	2021	Based on notable viral spike (S) protein features, we propose that the flat sialic acid-binding domain at the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the S1 subunit leads to more effective first contact and interaction with the sialic acid layer over the epithelium and this, in turn, allows faster viral "surfing" of the epithelium and receptor scanning by SARS-CoV-2.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	76-87	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	23-28
33264497-3	2021	Based on notable viral spike (S) protein features, we propose that the flat sialic acid-binding domain at the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the S1 subunit leads to more effective first contact and interaction with the sialic acid layer over the epithelium and this, in turn, allows faster viral "surfing" of the epithelium and receptor scanning by SARS-CoV-2.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	76-87	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	30-31
33264497-3	2021	Based on notable viral spike (S) protein features, we propose that the flat sialic acid-binding domain at the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the S1 subunit leads to more effective first contact and interaction with the sialic acid layer over the epithelium and this, in turn, allows faster viral "surfing" of the epithelium and receptor scanning by SARS-CoV-2.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	215-226	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	23-28
33264497-3	2021	Based on notable viral spike (S) protein features, we propose that the flat sialic acid-binding domain at the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the S1 subunit leads to more effective first contact and interaction with the sialic acid layer over the epithelium and this, in turn, allows faster viral "surfing" of the epithelium and receptor scanning by SARS-CoV-2.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	215-226	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	30-31
32905794-0	2020	The inorganic polymer, polyphosphate, blocks binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to ACE2 receptor at physiological concentrations.	Polymers	14-21	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	67-72
33268377-7	2021	I hypothesize that several membrane-associated serine proteinases (MASPs), in synergy with or in place of TMPRSS2, contribute to activate the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Serine	47-53	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	153-158
33207872-2	2020	Here, we develop a colorimetric-fluorescent dual-mode lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) biosensor for rapid, sensitive, and simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG in human serum using spike (S) protein-conjugated SiO2@Au@QD nanobeads (NBs) as labels.	Silicon Dioxide	230-234	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	148-149
32905794-0	2020	The inorganic polymer, polyphosphate, blocks binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to ACE2 receptor at physiological concentrations.	Polyphosphates	23-36	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	67-72
32916377-10	2020	Eventually, the MM-PBSA results showed the full-length model had a stronger binding free energy (almost 5-fold) than the RBD structure model of SARS-CoV2 S spike protein complex.	poly(tetramethylene succinate-co-tetramethylene adipate)	19-23	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	156-161
33232205-3	2020	By using a panel of rabbit antisera against virions and five structural proteins together with a convalescent serum, the spike (S) glycoprotein was shown to be N-linked glycosylated, PNGase F-sensitive, endoglycosidase H-resistant and cleaved by Furin-like proteases into S1 and S2 subunits.	Nitrogen	160-161	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	121-126
32954047-7	2020	Interestingly, in ORF8 substitution of Leucine, a nonpolar to Serine a polar amino acid at same position (aa84 L to S) in 23 isolates of five countries i.e. China, USA, Spain, Taiwan and India were observed, which may affect the conformation of peptides.	Leucine	39-46	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	62-63
33344790-7	2020	The obtained results based on Lennard-Jones and electrostatic potentials demonstrated that crocetin has a high affinity towards spike protein and also the main protease of the virus.	crocetin	91-99	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	128-133
33425684-4	2021	Molecular modeling revealed that the SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein might bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) through a cryptic epitope homologous to snake toxins, substrates well documented and known for their affinity to the nAChRs.	Acetylcholine	91-104	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-53
32809969-6	2020	In a single treated patient, we also evaluated the alteration of myeloid cell functional activity.RESULTSWe provide evidence that patients treated with baricitinib had a marked reduction in serum levels of IL-6, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha, a rapid recovery of circulating T and B cell frequencies, and increased antibody production against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, all of which were clinically associated with a reduction in the need for oxygen therapy and a progressive increase in the P/F (PaO2, oxygen partial pressure/FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen) ratio.CONCLUSIONThese data suggest that baricitinib prevented the progression to a severe, extreme form of the viral disease by modulating the patients" immune landscape and that these changes were associated with a safer, more favorable clinical outcome for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT04438629.FUNDINGThis work was supported by the Fondazione Cariverona (ENACT Project) and the Fondazione TIM.	baricitinib	152-163	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	352-357
32969524-7	2020	The results revealed that Withanolide R (-141.96 KJ/mol) and 2,3-Dihydrowithaferin A (-87.60 KJ/mol) were with the lowest relative free energy of binding for main protease and the spike proteins respectively.	Withanolide R	26-39	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	180-185
32969524-7	2020	The results revealed that Withanolide R (-141.96 KJ/mol) and 2,3-Dihydrowithaferin A (-87.60 KJ/mol) were with the lowest relative free energy of binding for main protease and the spike proteins respectively.	2,3-Dihydrowithaferin A	61-84	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	180-185
32920291-0	2020	Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as ACE2 blockers to inhibit viropexis of 2019-nCoV Spike pseudotyped virus.	Chloroquine	0-11	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	86-91
33096020-4	2020	Importantly, in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, a strong cytotoxic TFH response was observed early in the illness, which correlated negatively with antibody levels to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	tfh	67-70	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	178-183
32920291-0	2020	Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as ACE2 blockers to inhibit viropexis of 2019-nCoV Spike pseudotyped virus.	Hydroxychloroquine	16-34	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	86-91
33368089-0	2020	Heparin Inhibits Cellular Invasion by SARS-CoV-2: Structural Dependence of the Interaction of the Spike S1 Receptor-Binding Domain with Heparin.	Heparin	0-7	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	98-103
33368089-0	2020	Heparin Inhibits Cellular Invasion by SARS-CoV-2: Structural Dependence of the Interaction of the Spike S1 Receptor-Binding Domain with Heparin.	Heparin	136-143	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	98-103
33368089-5	2020	Surface plasmon resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopy demonstrate that heparin and enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin which is a clinical anticoagulant, bind and induce a conformational change in the spike (S1) protein receptor-binding domain (S1 RBD) of SARS-CoV-2.	Heparin	79-86	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	216-221
33368089-5	2020	Surface plasmon resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopy demonstrate that heparin and enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin which is a clinical anticoagulant, bind and induce a conformational change in the spike (S1) protein receptor-binding domain (S1 RBD) of SARS-CoV-2.	Enoxaparin	91-101	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	216-221
33368089-5	2020	Surface plasmon resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopy demonstrate that heparin and enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin which is a clinical anticoagulant, bind and induce a conformational change in the spike (S1) protein receptor-binding domain (S1 RBD) of SARS-CoV-2.	Heparin	126-133	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	216-221
33269329-0	2020	The SARS-COV-2 Spike Protein Binds Sialic Acids and Enables Rapid Detection in a Lateral Flow Point of Care Diagnostic Device.	Sialic Acids	35-47	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	15-20
33255253-4	2020	In this study, in silico studies showed an affinity of the alkaloids for binding to the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, putatively preventing it from binding to the host cell.	Alkaloids	59-68	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	130-135
33269350-0	2021	Ipomoeassin-F inhibits the in vitro biogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its host cell membrane receptor.	ipomoeassin F	0-13	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	65-70
33269350-4	2021	Using an in vitro system, we demonstrate that the small molecule inhibitor ipomoeassin F (Ipom-F) potently blocks the Sec61-mediated ER membrane translocation/insertion of three therapeutic protein targets for SARS-CoV-2 infection; the viral spike and ORF8 proteins together with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the host cell plasma membrane receptor.	ipomoeassin F	75-88	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	242-247
33269350-4	2021	Using an in vitro system, we demonstrate that the small molecule inhibitor ipomoeassin F (Ipom-F) potently blocks the Sec61-mediated ER membrane translocation/insertion of three therapeutic protein targets for SARS-CoV-2 infection; the viral spike and ORF8 proteins together with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the host cell plasma membrane receptor.	ipomoeassin F	90-96	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	242-247
33299610-7	2020	However, it appears that S protein proteolytic cleavage is dependent on (1) furin and (2) serine protease transmembrane protease serine 2 proteases acting in tandem.	Serine	90-96	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	25-26
33299610-7	2020	However, it appears that S protein proteolytic cleavage is dependent on (1) furin and (2) serine protease transmembrane protease serine 2 proteases acting in tandem.	Serine	129-135	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	25-26
33245459-10	2020	Beta-sesquiphellandrene provides not only inhibitory effect on spike protein of SARS-CoV2 but also similar inhibitory effects on membrane glycoprotein polyprotein complex of SFTS virus, which hampers the pathological initiation of the diseases caused by both the viruses, i.e., COVID-19 and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome.	beta-Sesquiphellandrene	0-23	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	63-68
33163980-4	2020	Neutralization or consumption of surface ceramide reduces infection with pp-VSV-SARS-CoV-2 spike.	Ceramides	41-49	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	91-96
33163980-5	2020	Treating volunteers with a low dose of amitriptyline prevents infection of freshly isolated nasal epithelial cells with pp-VSV-SARS-CoV-2 spike.	Amitriptyline	39-52	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	138-143
32970989-1	2020	We show that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with both cellular heparan sulfate and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through its receptor-binding domain (RBD).	Heparitin Sulfate	67-82	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	24-29
32970989-3	2020	Both ACE2 and heparin can bind independently to spike protein in vitro, and a ternary complex can be generated using heparin as a scaffold.	Heparin	14-21	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-53
32970989-4	2020	Electron micrographs of spike protein suggests that heparin enhances the open conformation of the RBD that binds ACE2.	Heparin	52-59	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	24-29
32970989-5	2020	On cells, spike protein binding depends on both heparan sulfate and ACE2.	Heparitin Sulfate	48-63	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	10-15
32970989-6	2020	Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, heparin lyases, and lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and/or infection by pseudotyped virus and authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus.	Heparin	15-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	107-112
32970989-6	2020	Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, heparin lyases, and lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and/or infection by pseudotyped virus and authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus.	Heparin	42-49	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	107-112
32970989-6	2020	Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, heparin lyases, and lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and/or infection by pseudotyped virus and authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus.	Heparin	42-49	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	107-112
32970989-6	2020	Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, heparin lyases, and lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and/or infection by pseudotyped virus and authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus.	Heparitin Sulfate	76-91	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	107-112
32551648-10	2020	Preliminary results on hepcidin (a molecule with strong structural and sequence with AMR) indicated an inhibitory effect on the binding affinity of the spike protein toward the ACE2 protein.	amr	85-88	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	152-157
32958580-0	2020	Free fatty acid binding pocket in the locked structure of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Fatty Acids	5-15	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	69-74
32907334-7	2020	These results suggest potential structural mechanisms for toremifene by blocking the spike protein and NSP14 of SARS-CoV-2, offering a drug candidate for COVID-19.	Toremifene	58-68	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	85-90
32917722-0	2020	Sphingosine prevents binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike to its cellular receptor ACE2.	Sphingosine	0-11	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	43-48
32917722-3	2020	We demonstrate that exogenously applied sphingosine suspended in 0.9% NaCl prevents cellular infection with pp-SARS-CoV-2 spike.	Sphingosine	40-51	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	122-127
32917722-3	2020	We demonstrate that exogenously applied sphingosine suspended in 0.9% NaCl prevents cellular infection with pp-SARS-CoV-2 spike.	Sodium Chloride	70-74	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	122-127
32917722-4	2020	Pre-treatment of cultured Vero epithelial cells or freshly isolated human nasal epithelial cells with low concentrations of sphingosine prevented adhesion of and infection with pp-VSV-SARS-CoV-2 spike.	Sphingosine	124-135	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	195-200
32958580-3	2020	Our 2.85 A cryo-EM structure of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein reveals that the receptor binding domains (RBDs) tightly bind the essential free fatty acid (FFA) linoleic acid (LA) in three composite binding pockets.	essential free fatty acid	132-157	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	43-48
32917722-5	2020	Mechanistically, we demonstrate that sphingosine binds to ACE2, the cellular receptor of SARS-CoV-2, and prevents the interaction of the receptor binding domain of the viral spike protein with ACE2.	Sphingosine	37-48	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	174-179
32958580-3	2020	Our 2.85 A cryo-EM structure of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein reveals that the receptor binding domains (RBDs) tightly bind the essential free fatty acid (FFA) linoleic acid (LA) in three composite binding pockets.	Fatty Acids, Nonesterified	159-162	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	43-48
32958580-3	2020	Our 2.85 A cryo-EM structure of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein reveals that the receptor binding domains (RBDs) tightly bind the essential free fatty acid (FFA) linoleic acid (LA) in three composite binding pockets.	Linoleic Acid	164-177	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	43-48
33064451-3	2020	We conducted a comprehensive mass spectrometric analysis of the N-glycosylation profiles of the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins using signature ions-triggered electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) mass spectrometry.	Nitrogen	64-65	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	107-112
33298900-2	2020	Here we combine genetics and chemical perturbation to demonstrate that ACE2-mediated entry of SARS-Cov and CoV-2 requires the cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) as an assisting cofactor: ablation of genes involved in HS biosynthesis or incubating cells with a HS mimetic both inhibit Spike-mediated viral entry.	Heparitin Sulfate	139-154	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	283-288
33298900-2	2020	Here we combine genetics and chemical perturbation to demonstrate that ACE2-mediated entry of SARS-Cov and CoV-2 requires the cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) as an assisting cofactor: ablation of genes involved in HS biosynthesis or incubating cells with a HS mimetic both inhibit Spike-mediated viral entry.	Heparitin Sulfate	156-158	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	283-288
33298900-3	2020	We show that heparin/HS binds to Spike directly, and facilitates the attachment of Spike-bearing viral particles to the cell surface to promote viral entry.	Heparin	13-20	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	33-38
33298900-3	2020	We show that heparin/HS binds to Spike directly, and facilitates the attachment of Spike-bearing viral particles to the cell surface to promote viral entry.	Heparin	13-20	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	83-88
33298900-3	2020	We show that heparin/HS binds to Spike directly, and facilitates the attachment of Spike-bearing viral particles to the cell surface to promote viral entry.	Heparitin Sulfate	21-23	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	33-38
33298900-3	2020	We show that heparin/HS binds to Spike directly, and facilitates the attachment of Spike-bearing viral particles to the cell surface to promote viral entry.	Heparitin Sulfate	21-23	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	83-88
32768503-7	2020	Cyanidin may inhibit RNA polymerase function and, Quercetin is found to block interaction sites on the viral spike.	cyanidin	0-8	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	109-114
32768503-7	2020	Cyanidin may inhibit RNA polymerase function and, Quercetin is found to block interaction sites on the viral spike.	Quercetin	50-59	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	109-114
33064451-0	2020	Comprehensive Analysis of the Glycan Complement of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins Using Signature Ions-Triggered Electron-Transfer/Higher-Energy Collisional Dissociation (EThcD) Mass Spectrometry.	Polysaccharides	30-36	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	62-67
33344913-0	2020	Docking Prediction of Amantadine in the Receptor Binding Domain of Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2.	Amantadine	22-32	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	67-72
33064451-4	2020	The patterns of N-glycosylation within the recombinant ectodomain and S1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were characterized using this approach.	Nitrogen	16-17	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	99-104
33064451-7	2020	In addition, we compared N-glycan profiles of the recombinant spike proteins produced from different expression systems, including human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells and Spodoptera frugiperda (SF9) insect cells.	n-glycan	25-33	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	62-67
33091382-1	2020	Biotin-labeled molecular probes, comprising specific regions of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike, would be helpful in the isolation and characterization of antibodies targeting this recently emerged pathogen.	Biotin	0-6	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	129-134
32681121-9	2020	Rare variants likely interfering with the internalization process, namely p.(Leu351Val) and p.(Pro389His), predicted to interfere with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding, were also observed.	leu351val	77-86	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	146-151
32919067-7	2020	From analyses of spike protein sequences we identify patches of histidine and carboxylate groups that could be involved in transient proton binding.	Histidine	64-73	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	17-22
32919067-7	2020	From analyses of spike protein sequences we identify patches of histidine and carboxylate groups that could be involved in transient proton binding.	carboxylate	78-89	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	17-22
33193454-0	2020	CoVaccine HT  Adjuvant Potentiates Robust Immune Responses to Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 Immunization.	covaccine ht  adjuvant	0-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	85-90
33140034-3	2020	Similar to many other viral fusion proteins, the SARS-CoV-2 spike utilizes a glycan shield to thwart the host immune response.	Polysaccharides	77-83	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	60-65
33140034-6	2020	We reveal an essential structural role of N-glycans at sites N165 and N234 in modulating the conformational dynamics of the spike"s receptor binding domain (RBD), which is responsible for ACE2 recognition.	n-glycans	42-51	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	124-129
33140034-8	2020	Additionally, end-to-end accessibility analyses outline a complete overview of the vulnerabilities of the glycan shield of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein, which may be exploited in the therapeutic efforts targeting this molecular machine.	Polysaccharides	106-112	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	127-128
33140034-9	2020	Overall, this work presents hitherto unseen functional and structural insights into the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and its glycan coat, providing a strategy to control the conformational plasticity of the RBD that could be harnessed for vaccine development.	Polysaccharides	117-123	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	88-89
33147850-0	2020	Application of Humanized Zebrafish Model in the Suppression of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Induced Pathology by Tri-Herbal Medicine Coronil via Cytokine Modulation.	Trichloroethylene	109-112	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	74-79
33147850-0	2020	Application of Humanized Zebrafish Model in the Suppression of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Induced Pathology by Tri-Herbal Medicine Coronil via Cytokine Modulation.	coronil	129-136	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	74-79
33147850-5	2020	At human relevant doses of 12 and 58 microg/kg, Coronil inhibited SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, induced humanized zebrafish mortality, and rescued from behavioral fever.	coronil	48-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	77-82
33147850-10	2020	Taken together, we show the disease modifying immunomodulatory properties of Coronil, at human equivalent doses, in rescuing the pathological features induced by the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, suggesting its potential use in SARS-CoV-2 infectivity.	coronil	77-84	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	177-182
33173847-4	2020	In this work, a model of a sandwich plasmonic biosensor that utilizes gold nanorods (Au NRs) for the detection of COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is presented.	Gold	85-87	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	134-139
33254482-7	2020	Based on this survey, we hypothesize that the correlation between the ABO blood system and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection can be presumably explained by the modulation of sialic acid-containing receptors distribution on host cell surface induced by ABO antigens through carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions, which could maximize or minimize the virus Spike protein binding to the host cell.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	179-190	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	361-366
33140034-0	2020	Beyond Shielding: The Roles of Glycans in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein.	Polysaccharides	31-38	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	57-62
32846088-5	2020	Although the surface domains of both spike proteins are highly similar, their receptor-binding domains (RBDs) and the O-linked glycan domains are structurally different.	o-linked glycan	118-133	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	37-42
33103998-9	2020	Among them, inhibition of N-glycan biosynthesis enhanced Spike-protein proteolysis.	n-glycan	26-34	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	57-62
33105999-6	2020	Adsorption onto cellulose stabilizes in this configuration, with the help of a large number of hydrogen bonds developed between cellulose and the three receptor-binding domains of the glycoprotein spike.	Hydrogen	95-103	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	197-202
33105999-7	2020	In the case of adsorption onto graphite, the initial adsorption configuration is not stable and the surface induces a substantial deformation of the glycoprotein spike with a large number of adsorbed residues not pertaining to the binding subunits of the spike monomers.	Graphite	31-39	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	162-167
33105999-7	2020	In the case of adsorption onto graphite, the initial adsorption configuration is not stable and the surface induces a substantial deformation of the glycoprotein spike with a large number of adsorbed residues not pertaining to the binding subunits of the spike monomers.	Graphite	31-39	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	255-260
33106810-0	2020	Sterilizing Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Mice by a Single-Shot and Modified Imidazoquinoline TLR7/8 Agonist-Adjuvanted Recombinant Spike Protein Vaccine.	THOS Streptonigrin	88-104	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	143-148
33106810-6	2020	IMDQ-PEG-CHOL is used to induce a protective immune response against SARS-CoV-2 after single vaccination with trimeric recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the BALB/c mouse model.	imdq-peg-chol	0-13	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	142-147
33106810-7	2020	Inclusion of amphiphilic IMDQ-PEG-CHOL in the SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccine formulation resulted in enhanced immune cell recruitment and activation in the draining lymph node.	imdq-peg-chol	25-38	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	57-62
33193684-8	2020	All the eight compounds can effectively interfere with the binding of ACE2 and Spike protein, especially Nelfinavir, providing drug candidates for the treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2, suggesting further assessment of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of these compounds in cell culture.	Nelfinavir	105-115	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	79-84
33106801-6	2020	The spike and ACE2 proteins are highly glycosylated with sialic acid modifications that direct viral-host interactions and infection.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	57-68	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	4-9
33149560-8	2020	However, 4 polyphenols such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), homoeriodictyol, isorhamnetin, and curcumin interact, in addition to the Spike protein and its binding sites in GRP78, with the ATPase domain of GRP78.	Polyphenols	11-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	137-142
33149560-8	2020	However, 4 polyphenols such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), homoeriodictyol, isorhamnetin, and curcumin interact, in addition to the Spike protein and its binding sites in GRP78, with the ATPase domain of GRP78.	epigallocatechin gallate	31-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	137-142
33149560-8	2020	However, 4 polyphenols such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), homoeriodictyol, isorhamnetin, and curcumin interact, in addition to the Spike protein and its binding sites in GRP78, with the ATPase domain of GRP78.	epigallocatechin gallate	57-61	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	137-142
33149560-8	2020	However, 4 polyphenols such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), homoeriodictyol, isorhamnetin, and curcumin interact, in addition to the Spike protein and its binding sites in GRP78, with the ATPase domain of GRP78.	homoeriodictyol	64-79	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	137-142
33149560-8	2020	However, 4 polyphenols such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), homoeriodictyol, isorhamnetin, and curcumin interact, in addition to the Spike protein and its binding sites in GRP78, with the ATPase domain of GRP78.	3-methylquercetin	81-93	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	137-142
33149560-8	2020	However, 4 polyphenols such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), homoeriodictyol, isorhamnetin, and curcumin interact, in addition to the Spike protein and its binding sites in GRP78, with the ATPase domain of GRP78.	Curcumin	99-107	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	137-142
33330839-3	2020	We discovered six compounds (cepharanthine, abemaciclib, osimertinib, trimipramine, colforsin, and ingenol) to be broad spectrum inhibitors for spike-mediated entry.	cepharanthine	29-42	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	144-149
33330839-3	2020	We discovered six compounds (cepharanthine, abemaciclib, osimertinib, trimipramine, colforsin, and ingenol) to be broad spectrum inhibitors for spike-mediated entry.	abemaciclib	44-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	144-149
33330839-3	2020	We discovered six compounds (cepharanthine, abemaciclib, osimertinib, trimipramine, colforsin, and ingenol) to be broad spectrum inhibitors for spike-mediated entry.	osimertinib	57-68	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	144-149
33330839-3	2020	We discovered six compounds (cepharanthine, abemaciclib, osimertinib, trimipramine, colforsin, and ingenol) to be broad spectrum inhibitors for spike-mediated entry.	Trimipramine	70-82	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	144-149
33330839-3	2020	We discovered six compounds (cepharanthine, abemaciclib, osimertinib, trimipramine, colforsin, and ingenol) to be broad spectrum inhibitors for spike-mediated entry.	Colforsin	84-93	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	144-149
33330839-3	2020	We discovered six compounds (cepharanthine, abemaciclib, osimertinib, trimipramine, colforsin, and ingenol) to be broad spectrum inhibitors for spike-mediated entry.	ingenol	99-106	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	144-149
33077685-0	2021	Site-specific N-glycosylation Characterization of Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins.	Nitrogen	14-15	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	73-78
33077836-5	2020	In this paper five phytochemicals, which belong to flavonoid and anthraquinone subclass, have been selected as small molecules in molecular docking study of spike protein of SARS-CoV2 with its human receptor ACE2 molecule.	Flavonoids	51-60	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	157-162
33077836-5	2020	In this paper five phytochemicals, which belong to flavonoid and anthraquinone subclass, have been selected as small molecules in molecular docking study of spike protein of SARS-CoV2 with its human receptor ACE2 molecule.	Anthraquinones	65-78	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	157-162
33083806-3	2020	We report here cryo-EM structures of a full-length S trimer carrying G614, which adopts three distinct prefusion conformations differing primarily by the position of one receptor-binding domain (RBD).	Estramustine	19-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	51-52
33077836-8	2020	Among them, the phytochemical hesperidin can bind with ACE2 protein and bound structure of ACE2 protein and spike protein of SARS-CoV2 noncompetitively.	Hesperidin	30-40	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	108-113
33077836-12	2020	This result indicates that due to presence of hesperidin, the bound structure of ACE2 and spike protein fragment becomes unstable.	Hesperidin	46-56	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	90-95
33077899-0	2020	Rapid production of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) and spike specific monoclonal antibody CR3022 in Nicotiana benthamiana.	cr3022	100-106	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	65-70
33080900-0	2020	In silico Investigation on the Inhibiting Role of Nicotine/Caffeine by Blocking the S Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Versus ACE2 Receptor.	Nicotine	50-58	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	84-85
33080900-0	2020	In silico Investigation on the Inhibiting Role of Nicotine/Caffeine by Blocking the S Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Versus ACE2 Receptor.	Caffeine	59-67	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	84-85
33080900-2	2020	The simulations reveal the efficient blocking of ACE2 by caffeine and nicotine in the exposure to the spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).	Caffeine	57-65	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	102-107
33080900-2	2020	The simulations reveal the efficient blocking of ACE2 by caffeine and nicotine in the exposure to the spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).	Caffeine	57-65	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	109-110
33080900-2	2020	The simulations reveal the efficient blocking of ACE2 by caffeine and nicotine in the exposure to the spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).	Nicotine	70-78	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	102-107
33080900-2	2020	The simulations reveal the efficient blocking of ACE2 by caffeine and nicotine in the exposure to the spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).	Nicotine	70-78	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	109-110
33080900-3	2020	We have selected the two most important active sites of ACE2-S protein, i.e., 6LZG and 6VW1, which are critically responsible in the interaction of S protein to the receptor and thus, we investigated their interaction with nicotine and caffeine through MD simulations.	Nicotine	223-231	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	61-62
33080900-3	2020	We have selected the two most important active sites of ACE2-S protein, i.e., 6LZG and 6VW1, which are critically responsible in the interaction of S protein to the receptor and thus, we investigated their interaction with nicotine and caffeine through MD simulations.	Caffeine	236-244	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	61-62
33080900-5	2020	Our results reveal that caffeine or nicotine in a specific molar ratio to 6LZG shows a very strong interaction and indicate that caffeine is more efficient in the interaction with 6LZG and further blocking of this site against S protein binding.	Caffeine	24-32	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	227-228
33080900-5	2020	Our results reveal that caffeine or nicotine in a specific molar ratio to 6LZG shows a very strong interaction and indicate that caffeine is more efficient in the interaction with 6LZG and further blocking of this site against S protein binding.	Nicotine	36-44	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	227-228
33080900-5	2020	Our results reveal that caffeine or nicotine in a specific molar ratio to 6LZG shows a very strong interaction and indicate that caffeine is more efficient in the interaction with 6LZG and further blocking of this site against S protein binding.	Caffeine	129-137	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	227-228
33080900-6	2020	Further, we investigated the interaction of ACE2 receptor- S protein with nicotine or caffeine when mixed with candidate or approved antiviral drugs for SARS-CoV-2 therapy.	Nicotine	74-82	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	59-60
33173592-4	2020	Taking into account the mechanisms of hydrophobic interaction, hydration shell, surface tension, and the shielding effect of water molecules, this study reveals a hydrophobic-interaction-based mechanism by means of which SARS-CoV-2 S and ACE2 bind together in an aqueous environment.	Water	125-130	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	221-222
33030105-0	2022	Molecular dynamics analysis predicts ritonavir and naloxegol strongly block the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-hACE2 binding.	Ritonavir	37-46	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	91-96
32817270-5	2020	We propose that the hinges allow S to scan the host cell surface, shielded from antibodies by an extensive glycan coat.	Polysaccharides	107-113	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	33-34
33162891-6	2020	We found 25 such arginine residues, including 2 in the spike protein and 10 in the nucleoprotein.	Arginine	17-25	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	55-60
33030105-0	2022	Molecular dynamics analysis predicts ritonavir and naloxegol strongly block the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-hACE2 binding.	naloxegol	51-60	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	91-96
32841605-4	2020	Our results highlight roles for glycans in sterically masking polypeptide epitopes and directly modulating Spike-ACE2 interactions.	Polysaccharides	32-39	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	107-112
33024075-0	2020	Salvianolic acid C potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection by blocking the formation of six-helix bundle core of spike protein.	salvianolic acid C	0-18	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	112-117
32960159-8	2022	The binding energy which largely arises from van der Waals interactions is calculated (ACE2=-50.21 +- 6.3, Mpro=-89.50 +- 6.32 and spike=-23.06 +- 4.39) through molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area also confirm the affinity of procyanidin towards the critical receptors.	procyanidin	241-252	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	131-136
32562764-3	2020	Furthermore, it is emphasized that the viral spike protein is prevented from binding gangliosides, which are composed of a glycosphingolipid with one or more sialic acids, in the presence of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine.	Gangliosides	85-97	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	45-50
32562764-3	2020	Furthermore, it is emphasized that the viral spike protein is prevented from binding gangliosides, which are composed of a glycosphingolipid with one or more sialic acids, in the presence of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine.	Glycosphingolipids	123-140	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	45-50
32562764-3	2020	Furthermore, it is emphasized that the viral spike protein is prevented from binding gangliosides, which are composed of a glycosphingolipid with one or more sialic acids, in the presence of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine.	Sialic Acids	158-170	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	45-50
32562764-3	2020	Furthermore, it is emphasized that the viral spike protein is prevented from binding gangliosides, which are composed of a glycosphingolipid with one or more sialic acids, in the presence of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine.	Chloroquine	191-202	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	45-50
32562764-3	2020	Furthermore, it is emphasized that the viral spike protein is prevented from binding gangliosides, which are composed of a glycosphingolipid with one or more sialic acids, in the presence of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine.	Hydroxychloroquine	206-224	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	45-50
32485251-5	2020	The highest protein yield was obtained under the following conditions: cells were induced with 50 ng/mL SppIP at 37  C for 6-10 h. The recombinant spike (S) protein was stable under normal conditions and at 50  C, pH = 1.5, or a high salt concentration.	Salts	234-238	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	147-152
32772313-2	2020	Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the reported anthraquinone derivatives as immune booster molecules in COVID-19 infection and evaluate their binding affinity with three reported targets of novel coronavirus i.e. 3C-like protease, papain-like protease, and spike protein.	Anthraquinones	59-72	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	269-274
32772313-6	2020	Finally, the docking was performed using autodock4 to identify the binding efficacy of anthraquinone derivatives with 3C-like protease, papain-like protease, and spike protein.	Anthraquinones	87-100	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	162-167
32772313-9	2020	Similarly, docking study revealed torososide B to possess the highest binding affinity with papain-like protease and 3C-like protease and 1,3,6-trihydroxy-2-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone-3-O-(6"-O-acetyl)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1   2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside with spike protein.	torososide B	34-46	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	258-263
32757981-5	2020	Importantly, the docking analysis revealed that doxycycline (DOX) showed the most effective binding to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, whereas halofantrine and mefloquine bound effectively with the main protease among the antimalarial drugs evaluated in the present study.	Doxycycline	48-59	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	107-112
32757981-5	2020	Importantly, the docking analysis revealed that doxycycline (DOX) showed the most effective binding to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, whereas halofantrine and mefloquine bound effectively with the main protease among the antimalarial drugs evaluated in the present study.	Doxycycline	61-64	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	107-112
32737467-5	2020	Here we have designed mutations in S that allow the production of thermostable, disulfide-bonded S-protein trimers that are trapped in the closed, prefusion state.	Disulfides	80-89	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	35-36
32737467-6	2020	Structures of the disulfide-stabilized and non-disulfide-stabilized proteins reveal distinct closed and locked conformations of the S trimer.	Disulfides	18-27	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	0-1
32737467-6	2020	Structures of the disulfide-stabilized and non-disulfide-stabilized proteins reveal distinct closed and locked conformations of the S trimer.	Disulfides	47-56	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	0-1
32995772-3	2020	The furin cleavage product of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein takes advantage of the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) binding site on NRP-1 which accommodates a polybasic stretch ending in a C-terminal arginine.	Arginine	208-216	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	41-46
32833435-0	2020	Computational Alanine Scanning and Structural Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein/Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Complex.	Alanine	14-21	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	73-78
32995773-3	2021	We then identified the heptad repeat 2 (HR2) stalk as a major cause of spike metastability, designed an HR2-deleted glycine-capped spike (S2GDeltaHR2), and displayed S2GDeltaHR2 on three SApNPs with high yield, purity, and antigenicity.	Glycine	116-123	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	71-76
33193695-9	2020	In addition, for the first time, our results suggested several antiviral drugs, such as FK506, with molecular binding energies of -11.06 and -10.1 kcal/mol with ACE2 and the spike protein, respectively, could be potentially used to prevent SARS-CoV-2 and remains to further validation.	Tacrolimus	88-93	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	174-179
32703906-5	2020	A cryo-electron microscopy structure of HexaPro at a resolution of 3.2 angstroms confirmed that it retains the prefusion spike conformation.	hexapro	40-47	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	121-126
32938700-3	2020	In this approach based on the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), we present natively folded viral Spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD)-containing antigens via avidin-biotin interactions.	avidin-biotin	182-195	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	114-119
32995773-3	2021	We then identified the heptad repeat 2 (HR2) stalk as a major cause of spike metastability, designed an HR2-deleted glycine-capped spike (S2GDeltaHR2), and displayed S2GDeltaHR2 on three SApNPs with high yield, purity, and antigenicity.	Glycine	116-123	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	131-136
32995775-0	2020	Ambroxol Hydrochloride Inhibits the Interaction between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spike Protein"s Receptor Binding Domain and Recombinant Human ACE2.	Ambroxol hydrochloride	0-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	104-109
32995773-5	2021	S2GDeltaHR2 elicited two-fold-higher NAb titers than the proline-capped spike (S2P), while S2GDeltaHR2 SApNPs derived from multilayered E2p and I3-01v9 60-mers elicited up to 10-fold higher NAb titers.	Proline	57-64	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	72-77
32995775-4	2020	Herein, we discovered that Ambroxol hydrochloride (AMB), and its progenitor, Bromhexine hydrochloride (BHH), both clinically approved drugs are potent effective modulators of the key interaction between the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human ACE2.	Ambroxol hydrochloride	27-49	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	251-256
33082935-6	2020	Finally, a key domain in the spike protein of SARS-CoV2 has been shown to bind N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), a process that may be essential to cell entry by the virus.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	79-102	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	29-34
32995775-4	2020	Herein, we discovered that Ambroxol hydrochloride (AMB), and its progenitor, Bromhexine hydrochloride (BHH), both clinically approved drugs are potent effective modulators of the key interaction between the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human ACE2.	amb	51-54	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	251-256
32995775-4	2020	Herein, we discovered that Ambroxol hydrochloride (AMB), and its progenitor, Bromhexine hydrochloride (BHH), both clinically approved drugs are potent effective modulators of the key interaction between the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human ACE2.	Bromhexine	77-101	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	251-256
32995775-4	2020	Herein, we discovered that Ambroxol hydrochloride (AMB), and its progenitor, Bromhexine hydrochloride (BHH), both clinically approved drugs are potent effective modulators of the key interaction between the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human ACE2.	Bromhexine	103-106	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	251-256
32944295-0	2020	Impact of glycan cloud on the B-cell epitope prediction of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein.	Polysaccharides	10-16	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	70-75
32944295-3	2020	We model the trimeric Spike protein, including flexible loops and all N-glycosylation sites, in order to elucidate accessible epitopes for antibody-based diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccine development.	Nitrogen	70-71	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	22-27
32944295-7	2020	We identify 28 B-cell epitopes in the Spike structure and group them as non-affected by the glycan cloud versus those which are strongly masked by the glycan cloud, resulting in a list of favourable epitopes as targets for vaccine development, antibody-based therapy and diagnostics.	Polysaccharides	92-98	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	38-43
32944295-7	2020	We identify 28 B-cell epitopes in the Spike structure and group them as non-affected by the glycan cloud versus those which are strongly masked by the glycan cloud, resulting in a list of favourable epitopes as targets for vaccine development, antibody-based therapy and diagnostics.	Polysaccharides	151-157	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	38-43
32672061-3	2020	In this review, we summarize peptide and peptide-based therapeutics that target one main entry pathway of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which involves the host angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor and viral spike (S) protein interaction.	Peptides	29-36	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	250-255
32672061-3	2020	In this review, we summarize peptide and peptide-based therapeutics that target one main entry pathway of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which involves the host angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor and viral spike (S) protein interaction.	Peptides	29-36	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	155-156
32672061-3	2020	In this review, we summarize peptide and peptide-based therapeutics that target one main entry pathway of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which involves the host angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor and viral spike (S) protein interaction.	Peptides	41-48	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	250-255
32672061-3	2020	In this review, we summarize peptide and peptide-based therapeutics that target one main entry pathway of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which involves the host angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor and viral spike (S) protein interaction.	Peptides	41-48	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	155-156
32929138-0	2020	Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein glycan shield reveals implications for immune recognition.	Polysaccharides	41-47	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	27-32
32753553-2	2020	By using deep mutagenesis, mutations in ACE2 that increase S binding are found across the interaction surface, in the asparagine 90-glycosylation motif and at buried sites.	Asparagine	118-128	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	59-60
33082935-6	2020	Finally, a key domain in the spike protein of SARS-CoV2 has been shown to bind N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), a process that may be essential to cell entry by the virus.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	104-110	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	29-34
32579907-0	2020	Paromomycin: A potential dual targeted drug effectively inhibits both spike (S1) and main protease of COVID-19.	Paromomycin	0-11	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	70-75
32871846-5	2020	RESULTS: Ivermectin docked in the region of leucine 91 of the spike and histidine 378 of the ACE2 receptor.	Leucine	44-51	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	62-67
32579907-5	2020	RESULTS: This study identified a single drug - paromomycin - with activity against two targets of SARS-CoV-2, i.e., spike protein (S1) and protease domain.	Paromomycin	47-58	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	116-121
32579907-8	2020	CONCLUSIONS: This study found that paromomycin may be an effective dual targeting drug against coronavirus, as it binds not only to the protease domain of the virion, but also to the spike domain, with high stability.	Paromomycin	35-46	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	183-188
33824130-12	2020	We have checked Thymoquinone as ligand for various targets of 2019-nCoV (receptor binding domain of spike, RNA polymerase, protease, Nsp9 RNA binding protein, nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, endoribonuclease) by protein-ligand docking server SwissDoc.	thymoquinone	16-28	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	100-105
32335456-3	2020	The pathogenic infectivity of the virus requires the S1 subunit of the spike (S) protein to bind the host cell receptor, angiontensin converting enzyme (ACE2).	angiontensin	121-133	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	53-54
32828084-5	2020	Here, we performed all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations starting from closed and open states of the S protein trimer in the presence of explicit water and ions.	Water	153-158	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	108-109
32904601-0	2021	Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Newly Emerging Coronavirus HCoV-19 Spike Protein and Human ACE2 Reveals Camouflaging Glycans and Unique Post-Translational Modifications.	Polysaccharides	115-122	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	65-70
32838660-6	2022	Tegobuvir, a non-nucleoside inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus, also exhibited maximum stability along with the highest binding energy (-8.1 Kcal/mol) at the active site of the spike proteins.	tegobuvir	0-9	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	177-182
32807895-9	2020	Our data showed that Simeprevir and Lumacaftor bind the receptor-binding domain of the Spike protein with high affinity and prevent ACE2 interaction.	Simeprevir	21-31	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	87-92
32825063-0	2020	The Sialoside-Binding Pocket of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein Structurally Resembles MERS-CoV.	sialoside	4-13	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	43-48
32825063-7	2020	These key differences with SARS-CoV and similarity with MERS-CoV suggest an evolutionary adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein reciprocal interaction with host surface sialosides to infect host cells with wide tissue tropism.	sialosides	174-184	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	114-119
32807895-9	2020	Our data showed that Simeprevir and Lumacaftor bind the receptor-binding domain of the Spike protein with high affinity and prevent ACE2 interaction.	lumacaftor	36-46	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	87-92
32818210-0	2020	Elovanoid-N32 or RvD6-isomer decrease ACE2 and binding of S protein RBD after injury or INFgamma in the eye.	Elovanoid N32	0-13	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	58-59
32762417-1	2021	Recent studies have pointed the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme-II (ACE2) in mediating the entry of SARS-CoV-2 to the host cell by binding to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of viral spike protein, and successive priming by cellular proteases initiates the infection.	angiotensin-converting enzyme-ii	40-72	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	191-196
32746720-7	2021	Based on the asymmetry in both the dynamics behavior and the accumulated alpha carbon (Calpha) importance, we further suggested a relation among chains in the trimer spike protein, which leads to a deeper understanding on protein motions of the S1 subunit.	Carbon	79-85	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	166-171
32793901-2	2020	Here, we performed cryo-EM and site-specific glycan analysis of one of the leading subunit vaccine candidates from Novavax based on a full-length spike protein formulated in polysorbate 80 (PS 80) detergent.	Polysorbates	174-188	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	146-151
32741259-3	2020	SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 employ the host cellular serine protease TMPRSS2 for spike (S) protein priming for viral entry into host cells.	Serine	49-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	77-82
32741259-3	2020	SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 employ the host cellular serine protease TMPRSS2 for spike (S) protein priming for viral entry into host cells.	Serine	49-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	0-1
32862840-6	2020	Due to this mimicry, ATM interacts with the ganglioside-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Gangliosides	44-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	85-90
32374903-2	2020	The major mutation detected to date in the SARS-CoV-2 viral envelope spike protein, which is responsible for virus attachment to the host and is also the main target for host antibodies, is a mutation of an aspartate (D) at position 614 found frequently in Chinese strains to a glycine (G).	Aspartic Acid	207-216	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	69-74
32374903-2	2020	The major mutation detected to date in the SARS-CoV-2 viral envelope spike protein, which is responsible for virus attachment to the host and is also the main target for host antibodies, is a mutation of an aspartate (D) at position 614 found frequently in Chinese strains to a glycine (G).	Glycine	278-285	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	69-74
32405156-6	2020	Due to this mimicry, ATM interacts with the ganglioside-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Gangliosides	44-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	85-90
32593613-2	2020	In silico modelling has identified several natural products including quercetin as potential highly effective disruptors of the initial infection process involving binding to the interface between the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) Viral Spike Protein and the epithelial cell Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) protein.	Quercetin	70-79	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	229-234
32638018-7	2020	Inversely, the most important S protein cleavage protease TMPRSS2 (transmembrane protease serine protease-2) in the heart exhibits an extremely lower expression than that in the lung (adjusted P < 0.0001), which may restrict entry of SARS-CoV-2 into cardiac cells.	Serine	90-96	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	30-31
32729392-4	2021	Molecular docking on 40 derivatives of standard drugs (Remdesivir, Lopinavir and Theophylline) led to the identification of R10, R2 and L9 as potential inhibitors of 3CLpro, PLpro and Spike protein, respectively.	remdesivir	55-65	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	184-189
32736596-14	2020	Bemcentinib could potentially reduce viral infection and blocks SARS-CoV-2 spike protein; MEDI3506 is a clinic-ready anti-IL-33 monoclonal antibody with the potential to treat respiratory failure caused by COVID; acalabrutinib is a BTK inhibitor which is anti-viral and anti-inflammatory; zilucoplan is a complement C5 inhibitor which may block the severe inflammatory response in COVID-19 and; nebulised heparin has been shown to bind with the spike protein.	bemcentinib	0-11	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	75-80
32736596-14	2020	Bemcentinib could potentially reduce viral infection and blocks SARS-CoV-2 spike protein; MEDI3506 is a clinic-ready anti-IL-33 monoclonal antibody with the potential to treat respiratory failure caused by COVID; acalabrutinib is a BTK inhibitor which is anti-viral and anti-inflammatory; zilucoplan is a complement C5 inhibitor which may block the severe inflammatory response in COVID-19 and; nebulised heparin has been shown to bind with the spike protein.	bemcentinib	0-11	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	445-450
32729392-4	2021	Molecular docking on 40 derivatives of standard drugs (Remdesivir, Lopinavir and Theophylline) led to the identification of R10, R2 and L9 as potential inhibitors of 3CLpro, PLpro and Spike protein, respectively.	Lopinavir	67-76	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	184-189
32729392-4	2021	Molecular docking on 40 derivatives of standard drugs (Remdesivir, Lopinavir and Theophylline) led to the identification of R10, R2 and L9 as potential inhibitors of 3CLpro, PLpro and Spike protein, respectively.	Theophylline	81-93	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	184-189
32696720-0	2021	Antimalarial-agent artemisinin and derivatives portray more potent binding to Lys353 and Lys31-binding hotspots of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein than hydroxychloroquine: potential repurposing of artenimol for COVID-19.	artemisinin	19-30	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	126-131
32793181-8	2020	The result shows rilapladib is the only quinoline that can interrupt the Spike-RBD-ACE2 complex.	rilapladib	17-27	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	73-78
32793181-8	2020	The result shows rilapladib is the only quinoline that can interrupt the Spike-RBD-ACE2 complex.	quinoline	40-49	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	73-78
32696720-0	2021	Antimalarial-agent artemisinin and derivatives portray more potent binding to Lys353 and Lys31-binding hotspots of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein than hydroxychloroquine: potential repurposing of artenimol for COVID-19.	artenimol	190-199	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	126-131
32696720-2	2021	In this paper, we demonstrate how hydroxychloroquine can act as a good inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein receptor-binding-domain using molecular docking studies.	Hydroxychloroquine	34-52	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	95-100
32696720-3	2021	We also unveil how hydroxychloroquine can interfere in the prevention of Lys353 in hACE2 from interacting with the corresponding binding hotspot present on the Spike protein.	Hydroxychloroquine	19-37	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	160-165
32696720-5	2021	Artesunate, artemisinin and artenimol, showed two mode of interactions with Lys353 and Lys31 binding hotspots of the Spike protein.	Artesunate	0-10	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	117-122
32696720-5	2021	Artesunate, artemisinin and artenimol, showed two mode of interactions with Lys353 and Lys31 binding hotspots of the Spike protein.	artemisinin	12-23	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	117-122
32743575-2	2020	recently suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein may interact with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs).	Acetylcholine	85-98	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	28-29
32696720-5	2021	Artesunate, artemisinin and artenimol, showed two mode of interactions with Lys353 and Lys31 binding hotspots of the Spike protein.	artenimol	28-37	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	117-122
32698689-6	2021	We performed molecular docking studies using 10 potential naturally occurring compounds (flavonoids/non-flavonoids) against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and compared their affinity with an FDA approved repurposed drug hydroxychloroquine (HCQ).	Flavonoids	89-99	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	139-144
32698689-6	2021	We performed molecular docking studies using 10 potential naturally occurring compounds (flavonoids/non-flavonoids) against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and compared their affinity with an FDA approved repurposed drug hydroxychloroquine (HCQ).	Flavonoids	104-114	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	139-144
32404529-6	2020	Some ACE2 proteins even tolerate the loss or acquisition of N-glycosylation sites located near the S interface.	Nitrogen	60-61	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	0-1
32366695-0	2020	Site-specific glycan analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike.	Polysaccharides	14-20	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-53
32366695-5	2020	This analysis enables mapping of the glycan-processing states across the trimeric viral spike.	Polysaccharides	37-43	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	88-93
32699853-1	2020	We show that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with cell surface heparan sulfate and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through its Receptor Binding Domain.	Heparitin Sulfate	66-81	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	24-29
32699853-5	2020	Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, treatment with heparin lyases, and purified lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and infection by spike protein-pseudotyped virus and SARS-CoV-2 virus.	Heparitin Sulfate	100-115	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	170-175
32699853-3	2020	In vitro, binding of ACE2 and heparin to spike protein ectodomains occurs independently and a ternary complex can be generated using heparin as a template.	Heparin	30-37	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	41-46
32699853-3	2020	In vitro, binding of ACE2 and heparin to spike protein ectodomains occurs independently and a ternary complex can be generated using heparin as a template.	Heparin	133-140	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	41-46
32699853-4	2020	Contrary to studies with purified components, spike protein binding to heparan sulfate and ACE2 on cells occurs codependently.	Heparitin Sulfate	71-86	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	46-51
32699853-5	2020	Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, treatment with heparin lyases, and purified lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and infection by spike protein-pseudotyped virus and SARS-CoV-2 virus.	Heparin	15-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	131-136
32699853-5	2020	Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, treatment with heparin lyases, and purified lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and infection by spike protein-pseudotyped virus and SARS-CoV-2 virus.	Heparin	15-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	170-175
32699853-5	2020	Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, treatment with heparin lyases, and purified lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and infection by spike protein-pseudotyped virus and SARS-CoV-2 virus.	Heparin	42-49	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	131-136
32699853-5	2020	Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, treatment with heparin lyases, and purified lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and infection by spike protein-pseudotyped virus and SARS-CoV-2 virus.	Heparin	42-49	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	170-175
32699853-5	2020	Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, treatment with heparin lyases, and purified lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and infection by spike protein-pseudotyped virus and SARS-CoV-2 virus.	Heparin	42-49	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	131-136
32699853-5	2020	Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, treatment with heparin lyases, and purified lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and infection by spike protein-pseudotyped virus and SARS-CoV-2 virus.	Heparin	42-49	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	170-175
32699853-5	2020	Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, treatment with heparin lyases, and purified lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and infection by spike protein-pseudotyped virus and SARS-CoV-2 virus.	Heparitin Sulfate	100-115	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	131-136
32605194-4	2020	Our analyses speculate that the efficient replication and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 might be due to the high-density basic amino acid residues, preferably positioned in close proximity at both the furin-like cleavage sites (S1/S2 and S2") within the spike protein.	Amino Acids, Basic	118-134	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	251-256
32589459-1	2020	PURPOSE: The spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 interact with ACE2 or basigin/CD147 receptors, regulating human-to-human transmissions of COVID-19 together with serine protease TMPRSS2.	Serine	155-161	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	13-18
32637953-4	2020	Here we demonstrate binding to the SARS-CoV-2 S protein by a category of Fab-dimerized glycan-reactive (FDG) HIV-1-induced broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs).	Polysaccharides	87-93	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	35-36
32656452-5	2020	The receptor-binding domain of the viral spike proteins and ACE2 have several cysteine residues.	Cysteine	78-86	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	41-46
32656452-6	2020	In this study, the role of thiol-disulfide balance on the interactions between SARS-CoV/CoV-2 spike proteins and ACE2 was investigated using molecular dynamics simulations.	Sulfhydryl Compounds	27-32	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	94-99
32656452-6	2020	In this study, the role of thiol-disulfide balance on the interactions between SARS-CoV/CoV-2 spike proteins and ACE2 was investigated using molecular dynamics simulations.	Disulfides	33-42	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	94-99
32656452-7	2020	The study revealed that the binding affinity was significantly impaired when all of the disulfide bonds of both ACE2 and SARS-CoV/CoV-2 spike proteins were reduced to thiol groups.	Disulfides	88-97	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	136-141
32656452-7	2020	The study revealed that the binding affinity was significantly impaired when all of the disulfide bonds of both ACE2 and SARS-CoV/CoV-2 spike proteins were reduced to thiol groups.	Sulfhydryl Compounds	167-172	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	136-141
32587973-2	2020	We therefore compared the functional properties of the S proteins with aspartic acid (S D614 ) and glycine (S G614 ) at residue 614.	Aspartic Acid	71-84	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	55-56
32587973-2	2020	We therefore compared the functional properties of the S proteins with aspartic acid (S D614 ) and glycine (S G614 ) at residue 614.	d614	88-92	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	55-56
32587973-2	2020	We therefore compared the functional properties of the S proteins with aspartic acid (S D614 ) and glycine (S G614 ) at residue 614.	Glycine	99-106	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	55-56
32587973-2	2020	We therefore compared the functional properties of the S proteins with aspartic acid (S D614 ) and glycine (S G614 ) at residue 614.	g614	110-114	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	55-56
32532094-3	2020	Here we established a quantitative fusion assay dependent on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) S protein, angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and TMPRSS2, and found that nafamostat mesylate potently inhibited the fusion while camostat mesylate was about 10-fold less active.	nafamostat	202-221	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	110-111
32545268-4	2020	Our in silico studies show that these flavonoid-based molecules can bind with high affinity to the spike protein, helicase, and protease sites on the ACE2 receptor used by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 to infect cells and cause COVID-19.	Flavonoids	38-47	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	99-104
32532094-6	2020	Together, our study shows that nafamostat mesylate potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 S protein-mediated fusion in a cell fusion assay system and also inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro in a cell-type-dependent manner.	nafamostat	31-50	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	69-70
32167180-6	2020	Although overall variation in open-reading frame (ORF) regions is low, 13 variation sites in 1a, 1b, S, 3a, M, 8, and N regions were identified, among which positions nt28144 in ORF 8 and nt8782 in ORF 1a showed mutation rate of 30.53% (29/95) and 29.47% (28/95), respectively.	nt28144	167-174	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	101-102
32654533-5	2020	Different strategies to form mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of hydrophobic (CH3) and negatively charged (COOH) groups are discussed to be used for the specific and strong interactions with spike protein.	Carbonic Acid	113-117	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	197-202
32475223-3	2021	The present work is an effort for a computational target to block the residual binding protein (RBP) on spike proteins (S), Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor proteins by probiotics namely Plantaricin BN, Plantaricin JLA-9, Plantaricin W, Plantaricin D along with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp).	plantaricin	202-213	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	104-109
32475223-3	2021	The present work is an effort for a computational target to block the residual binding protein (RBP) on spike proteins (S), Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor proteins by probiotics namely Plantaricin BN, Plantaricin JLA-9, Plantaricin W, Plantaricin D along with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp).	plantaricin	218-229	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	104-109
32475223-3	2021	The present work is an effort for a computational target to block the residual binding protein (RBP) on spike proteins (S), Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor proteins by probiotics namely Plantaricin BN, Plantaricin JLA-9, Plantaricin W, Plantaricin D along with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp).	plantaricin	218-229	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	104-109
32475223-3	2021	The present work is an effort for a computational target to block the residual binding protein (RBP) on spike proteins (S), Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor proteins by probiotics namely Plantaricin BN, Plantaricin JLA-9, Plantaricin W, Plantaricin D along with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp).	Plantaricin D	252-265	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	104-109
32475223-7	2021	Molecular dynamics studies further strengthen stability of the complexes of plantaricin w and SARS-CoV-2 RdRp enzyme, RBD of spike protein, and human ACE2 receptor.	Plantaricin W	76-89	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	125-130
32201080-6	2020	We identified that N82 in ACE2 showed a closer contact with SARS-CoV-2 S protein than M82 in human ACE2.	N82	19-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	60-61
32955901-7	2020	RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The similarity between hemagglutinin and spike proteins were reported due to the fact that inhibition properties of Arbidol and its 39 analogues were examined in detail against hemagglutinin esterase and spike glycoproteins.	umifenovir	140-147	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	65-70
32245784-2	2020	We therefore determined the crystal structure of CR3022, a neutralizing antibody previously isolated from a convalescent SARS patient, in complex with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein at 3.1-angstrom resolution.	cr3022	49-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	203-208
32245784-2	2020	We therefore determined the crystal structure of CR3022, a neutralizing antibody previously isolated from a convalescent SARS patient, in complex with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein at 3.1-angstrom resolution.	cr3022	49-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	121-122
32225175-4	2020	Here we determined the crystal structure of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 (engineered to facilitate crystallization) in complex with ACE2.	ace2	172-176	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	85-90
32362314-2	2020	The viral spike protein mediates SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells and harbors a S1/S2 cleavage site containing multiple arginine residues (multibasic) not found in closely related animal coronaviruses.	Arginine	120-128	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	10-15
32404436-4	2020	Expression of two mucosa-specific serine proteases, TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4, facilitated SARS-CoV-2 spike fusogenic activity and promoted virus entry into host cells.	Serine	34-40	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	96-101
32293168-5	2020	The sensor was produced by coating graphene sheets of the FET with a specific antibody against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Graphite	35-43	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	106-111
32293168-7	2020	Our FET device could detect the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein at concentrations of 1 fg/mL in phosphate-buffered saline and 100 fg/mL clinical transport medium.	Phosphate-Buffered Saline	89-114	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	43-48
32955901-7	2020	RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The similarity between hemagglutinin and spike proteins were reported due to the fact that inhibition properties of Arbidol and its 39 analogues were examined in detail against hemagglutinin esterase and spike glycoproteins.	umifenovir	140-147	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	228-233
32955901-9	2020	The interaction mechanism was clarified between arbidol and spike proteins.	umifenovir	48-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	60-65
32955901-10	2020	Phenylalanine, tyrosine, glycine, lysine, and aspartic acid were found to be the headliner amino acids in the interactions between Arbidol and binding domains of spike glycoproteins in the SARS-CoV2 (Tab.	Phenylalanine	0-13	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	162-167
32955901-10	2020	Phenylalanine, tyrosine, glycine, lysine, and aspartic acid were found to be the headliner amino acids in the interactions between Arbidol and binding domains of spike glycoproteins in the SARS-CoV2 (Tab.	Tyrosine	15-23	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	162-167
32955901-10	2020	Phenylalanine, tyrosine, glycine, lysine, and aspartic acid were found to be the headliner amino acids in the interactions between Arbidol and binding domains of spike glycoproteins in the SARS-CoV2 (Tab.	Glycine	25-32	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	162-167
32955901-10	2020	Phenylalanine, tyrosine, glycine, lysine, and aspartic acid were found to be the headliner amino acids in the interactions between Arbidol and binding domains of spike glycoproteins in the SARS-CoV2 (Tab.	Lysine	34-40	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	162-167
32955901-10	2020	Phenylalanine, tyrosine, glycine, lysine, and aspartic acid were found to be the headliner amino acids in the interactions between Arbidol and binding domains of spike glycoproteins in the SARS-CoV2 (Tab.	Aspartic Acid	46-59	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	162-167
32955901-10	2020	Phenylalanine, tyrosine, glycine, lysine, and aspartic acid were found to be the headliner amino acids in the interactions between Arbidol and binding domains of spike glycoproteins in the SARS-CoV2 (Tab.	umifenovir	131-138	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	162-167
33250972-5	2020	High-resolution protein structures of S-proteins and ACE2 receptors highlighted the probability that two of these disulfide bonds are potentially redox-active, facilitating the primal interaction between the receptor and the spike protein.	Disulfides	114-123	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	225-230
33800932-6	2021	Spike and envelope protein disulfide bonds were reduced by Acetylcysteine.	Acetylcysteine	59-73	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	0-5
33823179-6	2021	The spike and ACE2 proteins are highly glycosylated with sialic acid modifications that direct viral-host interactions and infection.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	57-68	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	4-9
33972944-9	2021	This demonstrates that TTSP-mediated proteolytic maturation of spike is critical for SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo and suggests that N-0385 provides a novel effective early treatment option against COVID-19 and emerging SARS-CoV-2 VOCs.	Ms-QFR-Kbt	132-138	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	63-68
33787218-3	2021	The furin cleavage product of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein takes advantage of the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) binding site on NRP-1 which accommodates a polybasic stretch ending in a C-terminal arginine.	Arginine	208-216	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	41-46
33804129-4	2021	We found that the highest binding interactions were found with the spike protein (6VYB), with the highest overall binding being observed with Mn-bound Methisazone at -8.3 kcal/mol, followed by Zn and Ca at -8.0 kcal/mol, and Fe and Mg at -7.9 kcal/mol.	Methisazone	151-162	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	67-72
33804129-4	2021	We found that the highest binding interactions were found with the spike protein (6VYB), with the highest overall binding being observed with Mn-bound Methisazone at -8.3 kcal/mol, followed by Zn and Ca at -8.0 kcal/mol, and Fe and Mg at -7.9 kcal/mol.	Zinc	193-195	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	67-72
33804129-4	2021	We found that the highest binding interactions were found with the spike protein (6VYB), with the highest overall binding being observed with Mn-bound Methisazone at -8.3 kcal/mol, followed by Zn and Ca at -8.0 kcal/mol, and Fe and Mg at -7.9 kcal/mol.	Iron	225-227	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	67-72
33804129-4	2021	We found that the highest binding interactions were found with the spike protein (6VYB), with the highest overall binding being observed with Mn-bound Methisazone at -8.3 kcal/mol, followed by Zn and Ca at -8.0 kcal/mol, and Fe and Mg at -7.9 kcal/mol.	Magnesium	232-234	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	67-72
33778258-11	2021	We used microscale thermophoresis to test the binding of these molecules to the spike protein, and tilorone and pyronaridine bind to the spike receptor binding domain protein with K d values of 339 and 647 nM, respectively.	Tilorone	99-107	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	137-142
33778258-11	2021	We used microscale thermophoresis to test the binding of these molecules to the spike protein, and tilorone and pyronaridine bind to the spike receptor binding domain protein with K d values of 339 and 647 nM, respectively.	pyronaridine	112-124	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	137-142
33770657-6	2021	IFA and microneutralisation values correlated best with assays targeting antibodies to spike protein with values >80 AU/mL on the Diasorin assay associated with neutralising antibody.	diasorin	130-138	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	87-92
33822421-0	2021	Silibinin as potential tool against SARS-Cov-2: In silico spike receptor-binding domain and main protease molecular docking analysis, and in vitro endothelial protective effects.	Silybin	0-9	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	58-63
33822421-5	2021	Computational analysis revealed that silibinin forms a stable complex with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein RBD, has good negative binding affinity with Mpro, and interacts with many residues on the active site of Mpro, thus supporting its potentiality in inhibiting viral entry and replication.	Silybin	37-46	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	86-91
33800932-7	2021	In in vitro whole virus culture of both wild-type and spike mutants, SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated a concentration-dependent inactivation from BromAc treatment but not from single agents.	bromac	137-143	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	54-59
33236007-4	2020	We present several novel scientific discoveries, including the elucidation of the spike"s full glycan shield, the role of spike glycans in modulating the infectivity of the virus, and the characterization of the flexible interactions between the spike and the human ACE2 receptor.	Polysaccharides	95-101	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	82-87
33822495-0	2021	Chaga Medicinal Mushroom Inonotus obliquus (Agaricomycetes) Terpenoids May Interfere with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Recognition of the Host Cell: A Molecular Docking Study.	Terpenes	60-70	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	101-106
33822495-5	2021	The in silico study elucidates the ability of most of the terpenoid components to interact with the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein with excellent affinity.	Terpenes	58-67	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	138-143
33822495-6	2021	Additionally, we found that both betulinic acid and inonotusane C could bind and stably interact with the spike protein near the host cell recognition site of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2.	betulinic acid	33-47	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	106-111
33822495-6	2021	Additionally, we found that both betulinic acid and inonotusane C could bind and stably interact with the spike protein near the host cell recognition site of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2.	Inonotusane C	52-65	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	106-111
33236008-4	2020	Here we show that this RBD conjugated to each of two carrier proteins elicited more potent neutralizing responses in immunized rodents than did a similarly conjugated proline-stabilized S-protein ectodomain.	Proline	167-174	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	186-187
34909068-7	2022	Three phytochemicals, 28-demethyl-beta-amyrone, 24-Noroleana-3,12-diene, and stigmasterol, displayed binding free energy values of - 8.3, -7.5, and - 8.1 Kcal/mol, respectively, in complexes with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.	28-demethyl-beta-amyrone	22-46	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	200-205
34920080-10	2022	Quercetin, an HO-1 inducer, reduced syncytia formation and spike protein expression.	Quercetin	0-9	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	59-64
34866797-0	2022	Molecularly imprinted polymer based electrochemical sensor for quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Polymers	22-29	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	100-105
34866797-3	2022	We report the fabrication of an electrochemical sensor based on a molecularly imprinted polymer synthetic receptor for the quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein subunit S1 (ncovS1), by harnessing the covalent interaction between 1,2-diols of the highly glycosylated protein and the boronic acid group of 3-aminophenylboronic acid (APBA).	1,2-diols	242-251	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	160-165
34866797-3	2022	We report the fabrication of an electrochemical sensor based on a molecularly imprinted polymer synthetic receptor for the quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein subunit S1 (ncovS1), by harnessing the covalent interaction between 1,2-diols of the highly glycosylated protein and the boronic acid group of 3-aminophenylboronic acid (APBA).	Boronic Acids	295-307	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	160-165
34866797-3	2022	We report the fabrication of an electrochemical sensor based on a molecularly imprinted polymer synthetic receptor for the quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein subunit S1 (ncovS1), by harnessing the covalent interaction between 1,2-diols of the highly glycosylated protein and the boronic acid group of 3-aminophenylboronic acid (APBA).	3-aminobenzeneboronic acid	317-342	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	160-165
34866797-3	2022	We report the fabrication of an electrochemical sensor based on a molecularly imprinted polymer synthetic receptor for the quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein subunit S1 (ncovS1), by harnessing the covalent interaction between 1,2-diols of the highly glycosylated protein and the boronic acid group of 3-aminophenylboronic acid (APBA).	3-aminobenzeneboronic acid	344-348	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	160-165
34715586-0	2022	Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNT-FET)-based biosensor for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) surface spike protein S1.	Carbon	0-6	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	119-124
34808196-0	2022	A reduced graphene oxide-Fe3O4 composite functionalized with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide for efficient adsorption of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirus and human enteric viruses.	graphene oxide	10-24	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	131-136
34808196-0	2022	A reduced graphene oxide-Fe3O4 composite functionalized with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide for efficient adsorption of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirus and human enteric viruses.	ferryl iron	25-30	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	131-136
34808196-0	2022	A reduced graphene oxide-Fe3O4 composite functionalized with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide for efficient adsorption of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirus and human enteric viruses.	Cetrimonium	61-91	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	131-136
34808196-2	2022	In this study, reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-Fe3O4 nanoparticles were decorated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to adsorb severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike pseudovirus and three human enteric viruses (HuNoV, HRV, and HAdV).	graphene oxide	23-37	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	193-198
34808196-2	2022	In this study, reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-Fe3O4 nanoparticles were decorated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to adsorb severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike pseudovirus and three human enteric viruses (HuNoV, HRV, and HAdV).	rgo	39-42	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	193-198
34808196-2	2022	In this study, reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-Fe3O4 nanoparticles were decorated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to adsorb severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike pseudovirus and three human enteric viruses (HuNoV, HRV, and HAdV).	ferryl iron	44-49	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	193-198
34808196-2	2022	In this study, reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-Fe3O4 nanoparticles were decorated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to adsorb severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike pseudovirus and three human enteric viruses (HuNoV, HRV, and HAdV).	Cetrimonium	84-114	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	193-198
34808196-2	2022	In this study, reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-Fe3O4 nanoparticles were decorated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to adsorb severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike pseudovirus and three human enteric viruses (HuNoV, HRV, and HAdV).	Cetrimonium	116-120	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	193-198
34808196-5	2022	CTAB-functionalized rGO-Fe3O4 exhibited exceptionally high adsorption of HuNoV, HRV, HAdV and SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirus, with maximum adsorption capacities of 3.55 x 107, 7.01 x 107, 2.21 x 107 and 6.92 x 106 genome copies mg-1, respectively.	Cetrimonium	0-4	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	105-110
34808196-5	2022	CTAB-functionalized rGO-Fe3O4 exhibited exceptionally high adsorption of HuNoV, HRV, HAdV and SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirus, with maximum adsorption capacities of 3.55 x 107, 7.01 x 107, 2.21 x 107 and 6.92 x 106 genome copies mg-1, respectively.	ferryl iron	24-29	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	105-110
34909068-7	2022	Three phytochemicals, 28-demethyl-beta-amyrone, 24-Noroleana-3,12-diene, and stigmasterol, displayed binding free energy values of - 8.3, -7.5, and - 8.1 Kcal/mol, respectively, in complexes with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.	24-Noroleana-3,12-diene	48-71	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	200-205
34909068-7	2022	Three phytochemicals, 28-demethyl-beta-amyrone, 24-Noroleana-3,12-diene, and stigmasterol, displayed binding free energy values of - 8.3, -7.5, and - 8.1 Kcal/mol, respectively, in complexes with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.	Stigmasterol	77-89	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	200-205
34717971-3	2022	The latest expression-enhanced version of the spike incorporates six proline substitutions to stabilize the prefusion conformation (termed SARS-CoV-2 S HexaPro).	Proline	69-76	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	46-51
34955621-7	2022	The increase in the number of interface residues, interface area and intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonds, salt bridges and non-bonded contacts corroborated with the increase in the binding affinity of the spike mutants to ACE2.	Hydrogen	99-107	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	214-219
34955621-8	2022	Further, 75 ns all-atom molecular dynamics simulation investigations show variations in the geometric properties such as root mean square deviation (RMSD), radius of gyration (Rg), total solvent accessible surface area (SASA) and number of hydrogen bonds (NHBs) in the mutant spike:ACE2 complexes with respect to the native spike:ACE2 complex.	Hydrogen	240-248	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	276-281
34961798-0	2022	Magnet-assisted electrochemical immunosensor based on surface-clean Pd-Au nanosheets for sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	pd-au	68-73	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	123-128
34780781-0	2022	Disulfide bonds play a critical role in the structure and function of the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike antigen.	Disulfides	0-9	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	116-121
34780781-2	2022	The Spike proteins of coronaviruses, responsible for cell receptor binding and viral internalization, possess multiple and frequently conserved disulfide bonds raising the question about their role in these proteins.	Disulfides	144-153	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	4-9
34780781-3	2022	Here, we present a detailed structural and functional investigation of the disulfide bonds of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor-binding domain (RBD).	Disulfides	75-84	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	109-114
34877480-3	2022	SPIKES identified 20 informative physicochemical properties of the spike protein, including information measures for alpha helix and relative mutability, and amino acid and dipeptide compositions, which have shown compositional difference at the amino acid sequence level between human and diverse animal coronaviruses.	Dipeptides	173-182	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	67-72
34780781-5	2022	This flexibility is particularly prominent for the disulfide bond-containing surface loop (residues 456-490) that participates in the formation of the interaction surface with the Spike cell receptor ACE2.	Disulfides	51-60	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	180-185
34780781-7	2022	Our research demonstrates the mechanism by which the disulfide bonds contribute to the molecular structure of the RBD of the Spike protein, allowing the RBD to execute its viral function.	Disulfides	53-62	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	125-130
34883069-0	2022	SARS-Cov-2 Spike binding to ACE2 is stronger and longer ranged due to glycan interaction.	Polysaccharides	70-76	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	11-16
34928574-3	2022	We provide a comprehensive in silico outlook into the infection initiation wherein the virus first recognizes the sialosides on the cell via its S1A domain of the spike protein as it surfs over the cell surface.	sialosides	114-124	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	163-168
34928574-4	2022	This facilitates the subsequent interaction with the cellular glycosaminoglycans through the S1B domain of the spike protein as it binds to the ACE2 receptor.	Glycosaminoglycans	62-80	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	111-116
34352502-0	2022	Synthesis of gold nanoparticles@reduced porous graphene-modified ITO electrode for spectroelectrochemical detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Graphite	47-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	130-135
34742404-4	2022	Further, we show that homogeneous polysaccharide 37502 from the 375 may bind to 3CLpro well and disturb spike protein binding to ACE2 receptor.	Polysaccharides	34-48	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	104-109
34741650-0	2022	Electrochemical biosensing platform based on hydrogen bonding for detection of the SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody.	Hydrogen	45-53	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	94-99
34741650-3	2022	In our study, we developed an electrochemical biosensing platform based on gold clusters, mercaptoethanol, the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen and bovine serum albumin-modified glassy carbon electrode able to detect the SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody.	Carbon	238-244	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	285-290
34850606-3	2022	A total of 24 compounds resembling cepharanthine were extracted from the KNApSAcK database and their binding affinities to target proteins, including the spike protein and main protease of SARS-CoV-2, NPC1 and TPC2 in humans, were predicted via molecular docking simulations.	cepharanthine	35-48	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	154-159
34561887-5	2022	The viral particle incorporates the S protein, which has already undergone S1/S2 cleavage by furin, and then undergoes further cleavage at the S2" site, mediated by the type II transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2, after binding to the receptor ACE2 to facilitate membrane fusion at the plasma membrane.	Serine	191-197	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	36-37
34826419-2	2022	Its infection depends on the binding of spike protein to the host cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), type II transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2) and neuropilin-1 (NRP1).	Serine	142-148	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	40-45
34924897-0	2022	In-Silico Design of a Novel Tridecapeptide Targeting Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern.	tridecapeptide	28-42	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	53-58
34528721-7	2022	Fatty acid synthase inhibitor C75 and zinc finger DHHC domain-containing palmitoyltransferase (ZDHHC) inhibitor 2-BP reduced the palmitoylation of S.	2-bp	112-116	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	147-148
34961524-3	2021	However, the palmitoylated cysteine residues of S protein, the effects of ZDHHC5 or GOLGA7 knockout on S protein"s subcellular localization, palmitoylation, pseudovirus entry and the enzyme for depalmitoylation of S protein are not clear.	Cysteine	27-35	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-49
34635231-5	2022	Using plasmon absorbance spectra, the nanoprobes detect 16 nM and higher concentrations of spike protein in phosphate-buffered saline.	Phosphate-Buffered Saline	108-133	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	91-96
34754101-2	2022	Here, we reveal that the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein on SARS-CoV-2 recognizes oligosaccharides containing sialic acid (Sia), with preference for monosialylated gangliosides.	Oligosaccharides	105-121	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	62-67
34754101-2	2022	Here, we reveal that the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein on SARS-CoV-2 recognizes oligosaccharides containing sialic acid (Sia), with preference for monosialylated gangliosides.	Oligosaccharides	105-121	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	69-70
34754101-2	2022	Here, we reveal that the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein on SARS-CoV-2 recognizes oligosaccharides containing sialic acid (Sia), with preference for monosialylated gangliosides.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	133-144	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	62-67
34754101-2	2022	Here, we reveal that the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein on SARS-CoV-2 recognizes oligosaccharides containing sialic acid (Sia), with preference for monosialylated gangliosides.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	133-144	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	69-70
34754101-2	2022	Here, we reveal that the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein on SARS-CoV-2 recognizes oligosaccharides containing sialic acid (Sia), with preference for monosialylated gangliosides.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	146-149	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	62-67
34754101-2	2022	Here, we reveal that the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein on SARS-CoV-2 recognizes oligosaccharides containing sialic acid (Sia), with preference for monosialylated gangliosides.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	146-149	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	69-70
34754101-2	2022	Here, we reveal that the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein on SARS-CoV-2 recognizes oligosaccharides containing sialic acid (Sia), with preference for monosialylated gangliosides.	Gangliosides	187-199	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	62-67
34754101-2	2022	Here, we reveal that the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein on SARS-CoV-2 recognizes oligosaccharides containing sialic acid (Sia), with preference for monosialylated gangliosides.	Gangliosides	187-199	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	69-70
34898207-0	2021	Modeling the Structure-Activity Relationship of Arbidol Derivatives and Other SARS-CoV-2 Fusion Inhibitors Targeting the S2 Segment of the Spike Protein.	umifenovir	48-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	139-144
34438146-8	2021	The action mechanism of hesperidin relies on its binding to the key entry or spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.	Hesperidin	24-34	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	77-82
34714566-3	2021	Based on previous results, we have selected more than 100 structurally diverse metal complexes for a profiling as inhibitors of two relevant SARS-CoV-2 replication mechanisms, namely the interaction of the spike protein with the ACE2 receptor and the papain-like protease PL pro .	Metals	79-84	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	206-211
34714566-5	2021	Among the mononuclear metal complexes, only a small number of active inhibitors of the spike/ACE2 interaction was identified, with titanocene dichloride as the only strong inhibitor.	titanocene dichloride	131-152	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	87-92
34878296-5	2021	We observe general improvements in sequencing depth and quality, and improved resolution of the SNP causing the D950N variation in the spike protein.	d950n	112-117	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	135-140
34960255-1	2021	We observe that a residue R of the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 that has mutated in one or more of the current variants of concern or interest, or under monitoring, rarely participates in a backbone hydrogen bond if R lies in the S1 subunit and usually participates in one if R lies in the S2 subunit.	Hydrogen	203-211	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	35-40
34987509-7	2021	We developed an intranasal COVID-19 subunit vaccine, based on a recombinant, six-proline-stabilized, D614G spike protein (mC-Spike) of SARS-CoV-2 linked via the LPS-binding peptide sequence mCramp (mC) to outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Neisseria meningitidis.	Proline	81-88	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	107-112
34929169-4	2022	Biochemical experiments corroborated the simulation results, showing that heparin inhibits the furin-mediated cleavage of spike by binding to the S1/S2 site.	Heparin	74-81	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	122-127
34929169-6	2022	In simulations of the closed spike homotrimer, heparin binds the RBD and the N-terminal domain of two adjacent spike subunits and hinders opening.	Heparin	47-54	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	29-34
34929169-6	2022	In simulations of the closed spike homotrimer, heparin binds the RBD and the N-terminal domain of two adjacent spike subunits and hinders opening.	Heparin	47-54	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	111-116
34929169-7	2022	In simulations of open spike conformations, heparin induces stabilization of the hinge region and a change in RBD motion.	Heparin	44-51	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	23-28
34929169-8	2022	Taken together, our results indicate that heparin can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection by three mechanisms: by allosterically hindering binding to the host cell receptor, by directly competing with binding to host heparan sulfate proteoglycan co-receptors, and by preventing spike cleavage by furin.	Heparin	42-49	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	271-276
34975483-4	2021	A sub-therapeutic concentration (80 nM) of fluvoxamine rapidly upregulated fluid-phase endocytosis, resulting in enhanced accumulation of the spike-ACE2 complex in enlarged early endosomes.	Fluvoxamine	43-54	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	142-147
34914115-7	2022	In comparison to the Delta variant, both the entire spike protein and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in Omicron include a high proportion of hydrophobic amino acids such as leucine and phenylalanine.	Leucine	176-183	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	52-57
34975483-0	2021	Low-Dose Fluvoxamine Modulates Endocytic Trafficking of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein: A Potential Mechanism for Anti-COVID-19 Protection by Antidepressants.	Fluvoxamine	9-20	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	67-72
34975483-3	2021	Here, I investigated the effect of an antidepressant drug fluvoxamine on membrane trafficking of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its cell host receptor ACE2 in HEK293T cells.	Fluvoxamine	58-69	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	112-117
34265672-0	2021	Porous Au@Pt nanoparticles with superior peroxidase-like activity for colorimetric detection of spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.	Gold	7-9	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	96-101
34265672-2	2021	Here we report the colorimetric detection of spike (S1) protein of SARS-CoV-2 based on excellent peroxidase-like activity of Au@Pt nanoparticles, with merits of rapidness, easy operation, and high sensitivity.	Gold	125-127	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	45-50
34265672-2	2021	Here we report the colorimetric detection of spike (S1) protein of SARS-CoV-2 based on excellent peroxidase-like activity of Au@Pt nanoparticles, with merits of rapidness, easy operation, and high sensitivity.	Platinum	128-130	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	45-50
34743814-0	2021	SARS-CoV-2 spike protein causes blood coagulation and thrombosis by competitive binding to heparan sulfate.	Heparitin Sulfate	91-106	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	11-16
34743814-3	2021	Heparan sulfate (HS)/heparin, a key factor in coagulation process, was found to bind SARS-CoV-2 S protein with high affinity.	Heparitin Sulfate	0-15	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	96-97
34743814-3	2021	Heparan sulfate (HS)/heparin, a key factor in coagulation process, was found to bind SARS-CoV-2 S protein with high affinity.	Heparitin Sulfate	17-19	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	96-97
34743814-3	2021	Heparan sulfate (HS)/heparin, a key factor in coagulation process, was found to bind SARS-CoV-2 S protein with high affinity.	Heparin	21-28	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	96-97
34914115-7	2022	In comparison to the Delta variant, both the entire spike protein and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in Omicron include a high proportion of hydrophobic amino acids such as leucine and phenylalanine.	Phenylalanine	188-201	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	52-57
34960779-5	2021	In silico data show that the Q675H mutation gives rise to a hydrogen-bonds network in the spike polar region.	Hydrogen	60-68	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	90-95
34960779-6	2021	This results in an optimized directionality of arginine residues involved in interaction of spike with the furin binding pocket, thus improving proteolytic exposure of the viral protein.	Arginine	47-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	92-97
34925274-5	2021	Here, we present the results for binding of two such AIE probes, phosphonic acid derivative of tetraphenyl ethylene (TPE-P) and sulfonic acid derivative of tetraphenyl ethylene (TPE-S), to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein based on in silico docking studies.	phosphonic acid	65-80	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	200-205
34902435-9	2022	OM-85 also strongly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein binding to, SARS-CoV-2 S protein-pseudotyped lentivirus entry into, and SARS-CoV-2 infection of epithelial cells.	om-85	0-5	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	75-76
34876606-0	2021	N-glycosylation profiles of the SARS-CoV-2 spike D614G mutant and its ancestral protein characterized by advanced mass spectrometry.	Nitrogen	0-1	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	43-48
34876606-4	2021	In this report, we used mass spectrometry techniques to characterize and compare the N-glycosylation of the wild type (S-614D) or variant (S-614G) SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins prepared under identical conditions.	Nitrogen	85-86	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	158-163
34966787-0	2021	Computational Insights Into the Effects of the R190K and N121Q Mutations on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Complex With Biliverdin.	Biliverdine	110-120	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	91-96
34966787-9	2021	This work would be useful in understanding the dynamics binding biliverdin to the SARS-CoV-2 spike.	Biliverdine	64-74	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	93-98
34934478-0	2021	The fatty acid site is coupled to functional motifs in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and modulates spike allosteric behaviour.	Fatty Acids	4-14	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	70-75
34934478-0	2021	The fatty acid site is coupled to functional motifs in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and modulates spike allosteric behaviour.	Fatty Acids	4-14	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	98-103
34934478-2	2021	Recently, a fatty acid binding site was identified in the spike (Toelzer et al.	Fatty Acids	12-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	58-63
34934478-4	2021	The presence of linoleic acid at this site modulates binding of the spike to the human ACE2 receptor, stabilizing a locked conformation of the protein.	Linoleic Acid	16-29	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	68-73
34934478-5	2021	Here, dynamical-nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations reveal that this fatty acid site is coupled to functionally relevant regions of the spike, some of them far from the fatty acid binding pocket.	Fatty Acids	79-89	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	146-151
34934478-5	2021	Here, dynamical-nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations reveal that this fatty acid site is coupled to functionally relevant regions of the spike, some of them far from the fatty acid binding pocket.	Fatty Acids	179-189	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	146-151
34934478-6	2021	Removal of a ligand from the fatty acid binding site significantly affects the dynamics of distant, functionally important regions of the spike, including the receptor-binding motif, furin cleavage site and fusion-peptide-adjacent regions.	Fatty Acids	29-39	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	138-143
34934478-9	2021	These communication networks significantly involve positions that are prone to mutation, indicating that observed genetic variation in the spike may alter its response to linoleate binding and associated allosteric communication.	Linoleic Acid	171-180	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	139-144
34896453-5	2022	Through screening by molecular docking, Oleanolic acid, Tryptanthrin, Chrysophanol and Rhein were found to have better spike protein and ACE2 inhibitory activity, which could block the invasion and recognition of SARS-CoV-2 at the same time, should be investigated as antiviral candidates.	Oleanolic Acid	40-54	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	119-124
34896453-5	2022	Through screening by molecular docking, Oleanolic acid, Tryptanthrin, Chrysophanol and Rhein were found to have better spike protein and ACE2 inhibitory activity, which could block the invasion and recognition of SARS-CoV-2 at the same time, should be investigated as antiviral candidates.	tryptanthrine	56-68	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	119-124
34896453-5	2022	Through screening by molecular docking, Oleanolic acid, Tryptanthrin, Chrysophanol and Rhein were found to have better spike protein and ACE2 inhibitory activity, which could block the invasion and recognition of SARS-CoV-2 at the same time, should be investigated as antiviral candidates.	chrysophanic acid	70-82	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	119-124
34925274-5	2021	Here, we present the results for binding of two such AIE probes, phosphonic acid derivative of tetraphenyl ethylene (TPE-P) and sulfonic acid derivative of tetraphenyl ethylene (TPE-S), to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein based on in silico docking studies.	tetraphenylethylene	95-115	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	200-205
34925274-5	2021	Here, we present the results for binding of two such AIE probes, phosphonic acid derivative of tetraphenyl ethylene (TPE-P) and sulfonic acid derivative of tetraphenyl ethylene (TPE-S), to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein based on in silico docking studies.	tpe-p	117-122	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	200-205
34925381-0	2021	Glycan Masking of Epitopes in the NTD and RBD of the Spike Protein Elicits Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants.	Polysaccharides	0-6	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	53-58
34925274-5	2021	Here, we present the results for binding of two such AIE probes, phosphonic acid derivative of tetraphenyl ethylene (TPE-P) and sulfonic acid derivative of tetraphenyl ethylene (TPE-S), to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein based on in silico docking studies.	Sulfonic Acids	128-141	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	200-205
34925274-5	2021	Here, we present the results for binding of two such AIE probes, phosphonic acid derivative of tetraphenyl ethylene (TPE-P) and sulfonic acid derivative of tetraphenyl ethylene (TPE-S), to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein based on in silico docking studies.	tetraphenylethylene	156-176	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	200-205
34925274-5	2021	Here, we present the results for binding of two such AIE probes, phosphonic acid derivative of tetraphenyl ethylene (TPE-P) and sulfonic acid derivative of tetraphenyl ethylene (TPE-S), to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein based on in silico docking studies.	tpe-s	178-183	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	200-205
34508827-3	2021	In this study, several structural biology tools, such as SuperPose, were utilized to study spike protein structures" thermodynamics, superimposition, and the spike protein disulphide bonds.	disulphide	172-182	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	158-163
34155551-0	2021	Simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enabled by dual-functionalized Ti-IMAC material.	Glycopeptides	61-74	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	89-94
34155551-8	2021	In addition, we reported on the identification of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation, which substantially expands the current knowledge of the spike protein"s glycosylation landscape and enables future investigation into the influence of M6P glycosylation of the spike protein on its cell entry.	mannose-6-phosphate	50-69	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	148-153
34155551-8	2021	In addition, we reported on the identification of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation, which substantially expands the current knowledge of the spike protein"s glycosylation landscape and enables future investigation into the influence of M6P glycosylation of the spike protein on its cell entry.	mannose-6-phosphate	71-74	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	148-153
34461258-0	2021	SARS-CoV-2 spike promotes inflammation and apoptosis through autophagy by ROS-suppressed PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling.	Reactive Oxygen Species	74-77	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	11-16
34611521-3	2021	Recombinant human ACE2 (rhACE2) functionalized onto the surface of cytomimetic particles binds the receptor binding domain (RBD) of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with high affinity and demonstrated a stoichiometric advantage over the use of soluble rhACE2.	rhace2	24-30	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	155-160
34839261-9	2021	FINDINGS: The receptor binding domain and three distinct SARS-CoV-2 surface N-glycosylation sites among 57,311 spike proteins retrieved from the NCBI-Virus-database are highly evolutionarily conserved (99.67%) and are involved in ACE2 interaction.	Nitrogen	76-77	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	111-116
34278967-2	2021	S protein is heavily glycosylated and the glycosylation sites are relatively conserved, thus glycans on S protein surface could be a target for development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 strategies against variants.	Polysaccharides	93-100	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	0-1
34741187-4	2021	CO2 is a potent inhibitor of cellular proinflammatory responses caused by H2O2 or the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.	Carbon Dioxide	0-3	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	123-128
34890039-6	2021	Bioinformatic docking studies showed that alpha-cyclodextrin and hydroxytyrosol, alone or in combination, interact with the viral spike protein and its host cell receptor ACE2, thereby potentially influencing the endocytosis process.	alpha-cyclodextrin	42-60	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	130-135
34890039-6	2021	Bioinformatic docking studies showed that alpha-cyclodextrin and hydroxytyrosol, alone or in combination, interact with the viral spike protein and its host cell receptor ACE2, thereby potentially influencing the endocytosis process.	3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol	65-79	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	130-135
34599743-5	2021	Our results show that SARS- COV2 spike protein increases the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and ROS production, increases apoptosis and increases the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in microglial cells.	Reactive Oxygen Species	102-105	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	33-38
34410575-4	2021	The results show that after the EF-hand domain of S protein bound to calcium ions, S2 protein had CaMKII protein activities.	Calcium	69-76	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	50-51
34599743-5	2021	Our results show that SARS- COV2 spike protein increases the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and ROS production, increases apoptosis and increases the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in microglial cells.	Oxygen	156-162	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	33-38
34506921-2	2021	Recent evidence suggests that along with angiotensin converting enzyme 2, certain cell surface sialic acids (Sia) may function as receptors for binding SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Sialic Acids	95-107	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	163-168
34607208-6	2021	Quercetin derivatives (CMP-4, CMP-5, CMP-6 and CMP-7) were found highly stable in the active domain of NRP1, ACE2 and Spike protein.	Quercetin	0-9	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	118-123
34697842-0	2021	Garcinia kola and garcinoic acid suppress SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein S1-induced hyper-inflammation in human PBMCs through inhibition of NF-kappaB activation.	garcinoic acid	18-32	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	53-58
34485782-0	2021	Structural Behavior of Monomer of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein during Initial Stage of Adsorption on Graphene.	Graphite	97-105	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	45-50
34366696-0	2021	An unexpected biomaterial against SARS-CoV-2: Bio-polyphosphate blocks binding of the viral spike to the cell receptor.	Polyphosphates	50-63	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	92-97
34643000-0	2021	Cannabidiol inhibits SARS-Cov-2 spike (S) protein-induced cytotoxicity and inflammation through a PPARgamma-dependent TLR4/NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling suppression in Caco-2 cell line.	Cannabidiol	0-11	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	39-40
34697842-3	2021	Results of ELISA experiments revealed that Garcinia kola extract (6.25, 12.5, and 25 mug/ml) and garcinoic acid (1.25, 2.5, and 5 muM) significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1-induced secretion of TNFalpha, IL-6, IL-1beta, and IL-8 in PBMCs.	garcinoic acid	97-111	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	168-173
34697842-4	2021	In-cell western assays showed that pre-treatment with Garcinia kola extract and garcinoic acid reduced expressions of both phospho-p65 and phospho-IkappaBalpha proteins, as well as NF-kappaB DNA binding capacity and NF-kappaB-driven luciferase expression following stimulation of PBMCs with spike protein S1.	garcinoic acid	80-94	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	291-296
34957346-3	2021	The current study encompasses the fabrication of a SERS sensor to study the SARS-CoV-2 S1 (RBD) spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus family.	sers	51-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	96-101
34957346-10	2021	These SiNWs/AgNPs SERS-based sensors were able to detect the spike protein at a concentration down to 9.3 x 10-12 M. Strong and dominant peaks at 1280, 1404, 1495, 1541 and 1609 cm-1 were spotted at a fraction of a minute.	sers	18-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	61-66
34819560-4	2021	The possible scenarios of lysine aminoacid residues on surface transformed by glycation were considered: (1) on ACE2 receptor; (2) on Spike protein; (3) on both ACE2 receptor and Spike protein.	lysine aminoacid	26-42	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	134-139
34517659-2	2021	Here we demonstrated the label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by employing a SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody-conjugated phase-shifted long-period fiber grating (PS-LPFG) inscribed with a CO2 laser.	Carbon Dioxide	193-196	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	60-65
34517659-2	2021	Here we demonstrated the label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by employing a SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody-conjugated phase-shifted long-period fiber grating (PS-LPFG) inscribed with a CO2 laser.	Carbon Dioxide	193-196	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	100-105
34517659-4	2021	To detect SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies were immobilized on the fiber surface of the fabricated PS-LPFG functionalized through chemical modification.	ps-lpfg	120-127	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	21-26
34517659-4	2021	To detect SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies were immobilized on the fiber surface of the fabricated PS-LPFG functionalized through chemical modification.	ps-lpfg	120-127	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	47-52
34940684-7	2021	RS inhibition of the interaction of heparin, a highly sulfated HS, with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (from wild type and different mutant variants) was studied using surface plasmon resonance (SPR).	Heparin	36-43	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	87-92
34819560-4	2021	The possible scenarios of lysine aminoacid residues on surface transformed by glycation were considered: (1) on ACE2 receptor; (2) on Spike protein; (3) on both ACE2 receptor and Spike protein.	lysine aminoacid	26-42	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	179-184
34835298-10	2021	LIAISON  SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG (DiaSorin S.p.A, Saluggia, Italy) may be useful in the assessment of the humoral response to the Comirnaty vaccine.	diasorin	35-43	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	44-45
34869209-1	2021	The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is heavily glycosylated, having 22 predicted N-glycosylation sites per monomer.	Nitrogen	74-75	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	15-20
34869209-3	2021	Recent studies show that spike protein glycans play critical roles in viral entry and infection.	Polysaccharides	39-46	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	25-30
34869209-10	2021	Comparison of the whole cell-derived WA1 and D614G spike proteins revealed that N-glycosites local to the mutation site appeared to be more readily detected, hinting that these sites are more exposed to glycosylation machinery.	Nitrogen	80-81	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	51-56
34869209-16	2021	SARS-CoV-2 spike glycans are associated with host ACE2 receptor interaction efficiency.	Polysaccharides	17-24	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	11-16
34661088-0	2021	The effect of N-glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on the virus interaction with the host cell ACE2 receptor.	Nitrogen	14-15	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	44-49
34834039-0	2021	Ultrasensitive Detection of COVID-19 Causative Virus (SARS-CoV-2) Spike Protein Using Laser Induced Graphene Field-Effect Transistor.	Graphite	100-108	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	66-71
34868052-5	2021	We generated a humanized monoclonal antibody, MG1141A, against the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein through traditional mouse immunization.	mg1141a	46-53	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	98-103
34834039-6	2021	After immobilizing specific antibodies in the channel, the FET can detect the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in 15 min at a concentration of 1 pg/mL in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 1 ng/mL in human serum.	Phosphate-Buffered Saline	146-171	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	89-94
34834039-6	2021	After immobilizing specific antibodies in the channel, the FET can detect the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in 15 min at a concentration of 1 pg/mL in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 1 ng/mL in human serum.	pbs	173-176	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	89-94
34779418-7	2021	Basigin (CD147) ligands cyclophilin A and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein triggered ROS production in T cells in vitro.	Reactive Oxygen Species	81-84	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	57-62
34157514-4	2021	Here we demonstrate that the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein interferes with the function of lipoproteins, and that this is dependent on cholesterol.	Cholesterol	134-145	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	40-45
34782703-0	2021	Interaction of Spike protein and lipid membrane of SARS-CoV-2 with Ursodeoxycholic acid, an in-silico analysis.	Ursodeoxycholic Acid	67-87	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	15-20
34157514-4	2021	Here we demonstrate that the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein interferes with the function of lipoproteins, and that this is dependent on cholesterol.	Cholesterol	134-145	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	47-48
34157514-6	2021	Additionally, the S protein removes lipids and cholesterol from model membranes.	Cholesterol	47-58	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	18-19
34783057-7	2022	Surprisingly, we discovered that this mutation reduces the immunogenicity of the spike protein; also, displacement of Asn with Tyr reduces protein compactness and significantly increases the stability of the spike protein and its affinity to ACE2.	Asparagine	118-121	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	81-86
34783057-7	2022	Surprisingly, we discovered that this mutation reduces the immunogenicity of the spike protein; also, displacement of Asn with Tyr reduces protein compactness and significantly increases the stability of the spike protein and its affinity to ACE2.	Asparagine	118-121	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	208-213
34783057-7	2022	Surprisingly, we discovered that this mutation reduces the immunogenicity of the spike protein; also, displacement of Asn with Tyr reduces protein compactness and significantly increases the stability of the spike protein and its affinity to ACE2.	Tyrosine	127-130	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	81-86
34783057-7	2022	Surprisingly, we discovered that this mutation reduces the immunogenicity of the spike protein; also, displacement of Asn with Tyr reduces protein compactness and significantly increases the stability of the spike protein and its affinity to ACE2.	Tyrosine	127-130	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	208-213
34761442-5	2022	We observed that Tyr residues containing contacts are highly preferred and energetically favorable at the interface of spike protein-antibody complexes.	Tyrosine	17-20	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	119-124
34658235-6	2021	Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the atovaquone antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 is partially dependent on the expression of TMPRSS2 and that the drug can disrupt the interaction of the spike protein with the viral receptor, ACE2.	Atovaquone	41-51	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	195-200
34658235-7	2021	Additionally, spike-mediated membrane fusion was also reduced in the presence of atovaquone.	Atovaquone	81-91	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	14-19
34773067-6	2021	As hypothesized, we also found that ouabain, digitoxin and digoxin blocked penetration by SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped virus into human lung cells, and infectivity by native SARS-CoV-2.	Ouabain	36-43	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	101-106
34773067-6	2021	As hypothesized, we also found that ouabain, digitoxin and digoxin blocked penetration by SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped virus into human lung cells, and infectivity by native SARS-CoV-2.	Digitoxin	45-54	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	101-106
34773067-6	2021	As hypothesized, we also found that ouabain, digitoxin and digoxin blocked penetration by SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped virus into human lung cells, and infectivity by native SARS-CoV-2.	Digoxin	59-66	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	101-106
34858397-8	2021	Finally, pre-treatment of monocytes with metformin strongly suppressed spike protein-mediated cytokine production and metabolic reprogramming.	Metformin	41-50	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	71-76
34858397-10	2021	In summary, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces a pro-inflammatory immunometabolic response in monocytes that can be suppressed by metformin, and metformin likewise suppresses inflammatory responses to live SARS-CoV-2.	Metformin	132-141	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	27-32
34698489-5	2021	Our nanosensor constructs consist of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-phospholipid heteropolymers adsorbed onto near-infrared (nIR) fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) that recognize the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 using unique three-dimensional (3D) nanosensor interfaces.	Polyethylene Glycols	37-58	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	198-224
34698489-5	2021	Our nanosensor constructs consist of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-phospholipid heteropolymers adsorbed onto near-infrared (nIR) fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) that recognize the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 using unique three-dimensional (3D) nanosensor interfaces.	Polyethylene Glycols	37-58	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	226-227
34698489-5	2021	Our nanosensor constructs consist of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-phospholipid heteropolymers adsorbed onto near-infrared (nIR) fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) that recognize the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 using unique three-dimensional (3D) nanosensor interfaces.	Polyethylene Glycols	60-63	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	198-224
34698489-5	2021	Our nanosensor constructs consist of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-phospholipid heteropolymers adsorbed onto near-infrared (nIR) fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) that recognize the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 using unique three-dimensional (3D) nanosensor interfaces.	Polyethylene Glycols	60-63	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	226-227
34835015-0	2021	SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1-Mediated Endothelial Injury and Pro-Inflammatory State Is Amplified by Dihydrotestosterone and Prevented by Mineralocorticoid Antagonism.	Dihydrotestosterone	99-118	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	11-16
34698489-5	2021	Our nanosensor constructs consist of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-phospholipid heteropolymers adsorbed onto near-infrared (nIR) fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) that recognize the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 using unique three-dimensional (3D) nanosensor interfaces.	phospholipid heteropolymers	65-92	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	198-224
34698489-5	2021	Our nanosensor constructs consist of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-phospholipid heteropolymers adsorbed onto near-infrared (nIR) fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) that recognize the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 using unique three-dimensional (3D) nanosensor interfaces.	phospholipid heteropolymers	65-92	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	226-227
34698489-5	2021	Our nanosensor constructs consist of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-phospholipid heteropolymers adsorbed onto near-infrared (nIR) fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) that recognize the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 using unique three-dimensional (3D) nanosensor interfaces.	Carbon	153-159	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	198-224
34698489-5	2021	Our nanosensor constructs consist of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-phospholipid heteropolymers adsorbed onto near-infrared (nIR) fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) that recognize the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 using unique three-dimensional (3D) nanosensor interfaces.	Carbon	153-159	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	226-227
34831271-10	2021	Remarkably, Gal-3"s carbohydrate recognition domain bears structural similarity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus spike protein necessary for cell entry.	Carbohydrates	20-32	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	104-109
34741071-8	2021	The effect of diosmectite on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation and CXCL10 secretion induced by the spike protein RBD and heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed by Western blot and ELISA, respectively.	Smectite	14-25	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	111-116
34835015-5	2021	Exposure of endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro to DHT exacerbated spike protein S1-mediated endothelial injury transcripts for the cell adhesion molecules E-selectin, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 and anti-fibrinolytic PAI-1 (p < 0.05), and increased THP-1 monocyte adhesion to ECs (p = 0.032).	Dihydrotestosterone	48-51	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	64-69
34655899-5	2021	In addition, NDQF and ASGCGDC exhibited an effective binding affinity for amino acid residues Tyr453 and Gln493 of the spike RBD.	ndqf	13-17	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	119-124
34726701-9	2021	The effect of RTX and Methotrexate was additive in terms of seroconversion rates (23% vs 50% in patients receiving RTX in monotherapy, p= 0.12) and SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody levels (3.80 AU/ml, 95% confidence interval, CI 3.80-7.50 AU/ml vs 75 AU/ml, 95% CI 3.8-353 AU/ml in patients receiving RTX in monotherapy p= 0.025).	resiniferatoxin	14-17	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	159-164
34726701-9	2021	The effect of RTX and Methotrexate was additive in terms of seroconversion rates (23% vs 50% in patients receiving RTX in monotherapy, p= 0.12) and SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody levels (3.80 AU/ml, 95% confidence interval, CI 3.80-7.50 AU/ml vs 75 AU/ml, 95% CI 3.8-353 AU/ml in patients receiving RTX in monotherapy p= 0.025).	Methotrexate	22-34	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	159-164
34655899-5	2021	In addition, NDQF and ASGCGDC exhibited an effective binding affinity for amino acid residues Tyr453 and Gln493 of the spike RBD.	asgcgdc	22-29	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	119-124
34547822-3	2021	Spike protein-expressing cells bound to hACE2 in the absence or presence of blocking antibodies were quantified by measuring the optical density of cell-associated crystal violet in a spectrophotometer.	Gentian Violet	164-178	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	0-5
34389403-4	2021	We previously found that inhibition of integrin alpha5beta1 by the clinically validated small peptide ATN-161 inhibits these spike protein interactions and cell infection in vitro.	acetyl-prolyl-histidyl-seryl-cysteinyl-asparaginamide	102-109	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	125-130
34746476-11	2021	Echoside A and echoside B showed higher docking score than remdesivir as COVID-19 drug on four target proteins, i.e., spike protein (-7.9 kcal/mol and -7.8 kcal/mol), RBD-ACE2 (-7.5 kcal/mol and -8.2 kcal/mol), 3CLpro (-8.4 kcal/mol and -9.4 kcal/mol) and RdRp (-7.3 kcal/mol and -8.0 kcal/mol).	remdesivir	59-69	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	118-123
34660869-7	2021	The Snibe spike assay was significantly more sensitive than the Abbott IgG assay at 0-6 days POS (35.2% vs 3.6%, mean difference 29.6%, 95% CI 17.5 to 41.8, p < 0.0001).	snibe	4-9	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	10-15
34381282-0	2021	An electrochemical immunosensor using SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-nickel hydroxide nanoparticles bio-conjugate modified SPCE for ultrasensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.	nickel hydroxide	63-79	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	49-54
34381282-3	2021	In this sense, with a layer of nickel hydroxide nanoparticles (Ni(OH)2 NPs), the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) surface was directly electrodeposited to ensure better loading of spike protein on the surface of SPCE.	nickel hydroxide	31-47	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	186-191
34381282-3	2021	In this sense, with a layer of nickel hydroxide nanoparticles (Ni(OH)2 NPs), the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) surface was directly electrodeposited to ensure better loading of spike protein on the surface of SPCE.	nickel hydroxide	63-70	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	186-191
34381282-3	2021	In this sense, with a layer of nickel hydroxide nanoparticles (Ni(OH)2 NPs), the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) surface was directly electrodeposited to ensure better loading of spike protein on the surface of SPCE.	Carbon	96-102	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	186-191
34558135-2	2021	The interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, both of which contain several cysteine residues, is impacted by the disulfide-thiol balance in the host cell.	Cysteine	139-147	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	39-44
34558135-2	2021	The interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, both of which contain several cysteine residues, is impacted by the disulfide-thiol balance in the host cell.	Disulfides	177-186	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	39-44
34558135-2	2021	The interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, both of which contain several cysteine residues, is impacted by the disulfide-thiol balance in the host cell.	Sulfhydryl Compounds	187-192	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	39-44
34611365-3	2021	We recently developed a prefusion-stabilized spike variant, termed HexaPro for six stabilizing proline substitutions, that can be expressed with a yield of >30 mg/L in ExpiCHO cells.	hexapro	67-74	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	45-50
34611365-3	2021	We recently developed a prefusion-stabilized spike variant, termed HexaPro for six stabilizing proline substitutions, that can be expressed with a yield of >30 mg/L in ExpiCHO cells.	Proline	95-102	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	45-50
34611365-5	2021	Although we focus on HexaPro, this protocol has been used to purify over a hundred different spike variants in our laboratories.	hexapro	21-28	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	93-98
34652144-8	2021	The identified ligand was employed for the synthesis of multivalent glycopolymers that were able to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein binding to DC-SIGN-expressing cells, as well as DC-SIGN-mediated trans-infection of ACE2+ cells by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-expressing viruses, in nanomolar concentrations.	glycopolymers	68-81	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	119-124
34494876-11	2021	Finally, we found that hACE2 N-glycosylation is required for an efficient viral entry of SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 S pseudotyped viruses, which may be the result of low cell surface expression of the deglycosylated ACE2 receptor.	Nitrogen	29-30	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	109-110
34718875-0	2021	Phospholipids dock SARS-CoV-2 spike protein via hydrophobic interactions: a minimal in-silico study of lecithin nasal spray therapy.	Phospholipids	0-13	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	30-35
34718875-0	2021	Phospholipids dock SARS-CoV-2 spike protein via hydrophobic interactions: a minimal in-silico study of lecithin nasal spray therapy.	Lecithins	103-111	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	30-35
34718875-4	2021	We employ all-atoms molecular dynamics simulations to study the interaction between the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the phospholipid lecithin (POPC), in water.	Water	185-190	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	130-135
34494876-14	2021	In addition, we found that the removal of N-glycans of ACE2 impaired its ability to support an efficient transduction of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 S pseudotyped viruses.	n-glycans	42-51	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	145-146
34652144-8	2021	The identified ligand was employed for the synthesis of multivalent glycopolymers that were able to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein binding to DC-SIGN-expressing cells, as well as DC-SIGN-mediated trans-infection of ACE2+ cells by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-expressing viruses, in nanomolar concentrations.	glycopolymers	68-81	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	248-253
34612290-5	2021	The simulations show that the spike tries to maximize the contacts with stratum corneum lipids, particularly ceramides, with substantial hydrogen bonding.	Ceramides	109-118	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	30-35
34612290-5	2021	The simulations show that the spike tries to maximize the contacts with stratum corneum lipids, particularly ceramides, with substantial hydrogen bonding.	Hydrogen	137-145	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	30-35
34835340-0	2021	Ultrasensitive Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins Using the Thio-NAD Cycling Reaction: A Preliminary Study before Clinical Trials.	thio	64-68	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	39-44
34829773-9	2021	Consequently, the infection by a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein pseudo-typed lentivirus was reduced in cells pretreated with OM-85.	om-85	119-124	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	44-49
34599882-3	2021	Particularly striking is the rapid acylation of spike on 10 cytosolic cysteines within the ER and Golgi.	Cysteine	70-79	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-53
34835340-0	2021	Ultrasensitive Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins Using the Thio-NAD Cycling Reaction: A Preliminary Study before Clinical Trials.	NAD	69-72	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	39-44
34835340-2	2021	We applied an ultrasensitive method by combining a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the thio-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (thio-NAD) cycling reaction to quantify spike S1 proteins.	thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide	110-148	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	189-194
34835340-2	2021	We applied an ultrasensitive method by combining a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the thio-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (thio-NAD) cycling reaction to quantify spike S1 proteins.	thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide	150-158	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	189-194
34634204-3	2021	Herein, we develop a prototype flow-through device (related, but distinct to LFDs), utilizing N-acetyl neuraminic acid-functionalized, polymer-coated, gold nanoparticles as the detection/capture unit for SARS-COV-2, by targeting the sialic acid-binding site of the spike protein.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	94-118	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	265-270
34634204-3	2021	Herein, we develop a prototype flow-through device (related, but distinct to LFDs), utilizing N-acetyl neuraminic acid-functionalized, polymer-coated, gold nanoparticles as the detection/capture unit for SARS-COV-2, by targeting the sialic acid-binding site of the spike protein.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	233-244	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	265-270
34609882-4	2021	Here, we propose a methodology for investigating the adhesion of the SARS CoV-2 spike glycoprotein on common inorganic surfaces such as aluminum, copper, iron, silica, and ceria oxides as well as metallic gold.	Aluminum	136-144	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	80-85
34678509-5	2022	Our integrated in silico and in vitro results confirmed the dual potential effect of the Montelukast both on the main protease enzyme inhibition and virus entry into the host cell (Spike/ACE2).	montelukast	89-100	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	181-186
34609882-4	2021	Here, we propose a methodology for investigating the adhesion of the SARS CoV-2 spike glycoprotein on common inorganic surfaces such as aluminum, copper, iron, silica, and ceria oxides as well as metallic gold.	Copper	146-152	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	80-85
34609882-4	2021	Here, we propose a methodology for investigating the adhesion of the SARS CoV-2 spike glycoprotein on common inorganic surfaces such as aluminum, copper, iron, silica, and ceria oxides as well as metallic gold.	Iron	154-158	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	80-85
34609882-4	2021	Here, we propose a methodology for investigating the adhesion of the SARS CoV-2 spike glycoprotein on common inorganic surfaces such as aluminum, copper, iron, silica, and ceria oxides as well as metallic gold.	Silicon Dioxide	160-166	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	80-85
34609882-4	2021	Here, we propose a methodology for investigating the adhesion of the SARS CoV-2 spike glycoprotein on common inorganic surfaces such as aluminum, copper, iron, silica, and ceria oxides as well as metallic gold.	ceria oxides	172-184	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	80-85
34538993-6	2021	Upon testing the binding score with SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein it was revealed that 4c exhibited the highest score (-7.22 kcal/mol) compared to the reference antibacterial drug Ceftazidime (-6.36 kcal/mol).	Ceftazidime	175-186	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	47-52
34134070-0	2021	Ultrasensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in untreated saliva using SERS-based biosensor.	sers	79-83	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	39-44
34134070-4	2021	The detection was performed by an immunoreaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody modified SERS-immune substrate, spike antigen protein and Raman reporter-labeled immuno-Ag nanoparticles.	sers	96-100	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	72-77
34134070-5	2021	This SERS-based biosensor was able to detect the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein at concentrations of 0.77 fg mL-1 in phosphate-buffered saline and 6.07 fg mL-1 in untreated saliva.	sers	5-9	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	60-65
34134070-5	2021	This SERS-based biosensor was able to detect the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein at concentrations of 0.77 fg mL-1 in phosphate-buffered saline and 6.07 fg mL-1 in untreated saliva.	Phosphate-Buffered Saline	111-136	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	60-65
34529436-5	2021	Comparison of the glycan conformations between S-only and S-antibody systems reveals the roles of glycans in S-antibody binding.	Polysaccharides	18-24	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	47-48
34529436-5	2021	Comparison of the glycan conformations between S-only and S-antibody systems reveals the roles of glycans in S-antibody binding.	Polysaccharides	18-24	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	58-59
34529436-5	2021	Comparison of the glycan conformations between S-only and S-antibody systems reveals the roles of glycans in S-antibody binding.	Polysaccharides	18-24	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	109-110
34529436-5	2021	Comparison of the glycan conformations between S-only and S-antibody systems reveals the roles of glycans in S-antibody binding.	Polysaccharides	98-105	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	47-48
34529436-5	2021	Comparison of the glycan conformations between S-only and S-antibody systems reveals the roles of glycans in S-antibody binding.	Polysaccharides	98-105	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	58-59
34529436-5	2021	Comparison of the glycan conformations between S-only and S-antibody systems reveals the roles of glycans in S-antibody binding.	Polysaccharides	98-105	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	109-110
34481181-8	2021	MATERIALS AND METHODS: A hypothetical mutated spike protein was constructed by incorporating twelve different mutations from twelve geographical locations simultaneously into the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and docked with ACE2 and seven phytochemicals namely allicin, capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, gingerol, piperine and zingeberene.	allicin	262-269	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	46-51
34570497-0	2021	Curious Binding Energy Increase between the Receptor-Binding Domain of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Adsorbed on a Silane Monolayer from Molecular Dynamics Simulations.	Silanes	150-156	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	86-91
34570497-7	2021	Indeed, silane monolayers, combining silane molecules with short alkyl chains and positively charged head groups and silane molecules without charged head groups, could adsorb the ACE2 while maintaining its bioactivity (orientation compatible with the spike protein trapping, low conformational changes) and increasing its interactions with the spike protein receptor-binding domain (number of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions) to lead to an increase by 20% both in the binding free energy and in the enzyme /receptor-binding domain rupture force.	Silanes	37-43	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	345-350
34691016-9	2021	The optimal serum dilution for the qualitative IgA anti-S ELISA was at 1:128 yielding a 98.9% specificity, 76.5% sensitivity, 78.3% PPV, and 98.8% NPV at the same seroprevalence.	DOP protocol	132-135	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	56-57
34631362-7	2021	Captopril, moexipril, benazepril, fosinopril, losartan, remdesivir, Sigma ACEI, NAA, and NAM interacted and docked at the interface of ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein complex.	Captopril	0-9	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	155-160
34631362-7	2021	Captopril, moexipril, benazepril, fosinopril, losartan, remdesivir, Sigma ACEI, NAA, and NAM interacted and docked at the interface of ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein complex.	moexipril	11-20	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	155-160
34631362-7	2021	Captopril, moexipril, benazepril, fosinopril, losartan, remdesivir, Sigma ACEI, NAA, and NAM interacted and docked at the interface of ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein complex.	benazepril	22-32	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	155-160
34631362-7	2021	Captopril, moexipril, benazepril, fosinopril, losartan, remdesivir, Sigma ACEI, NAA, and NAM interacted and docked at the interface of ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein complex.	Fosinopril	34-44	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	155-160
34631362-7	2021	Captopril, moexipril, benazepril, fosinopril, losartan, remdesivir, Sigma ACEI, NAA, and NAM interacted and docked at the interface of ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein complex.	Losartan	46-54	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	155-160
34631362-7	2021	Captopril, moexipril, benazepril, fosinopril, losartan, remdesivir, Sigma ACEI, NAA, and NAM interacted and docked at the interface of ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein complex.	remdesivir	56-66	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	155-160
34631362-7	2021	Captopril, moexipril, benazepril, fosinopril, losartan, remdesivir, Sigma ACEI, NAA, and NAM interacted and docked at the interface of ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein complex.	1-naphthaleneacetic acid	80-83	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	155-160
34481181-8	2021	MATERIALS AND METHODS: A hypothetical mutated spike protein was constructed by incorporating twelve different mutations from twelve geographical locations simultaneously into the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and docked with ACE2 and seven phytochemicals namely allicin, capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, gingerol, piperine and zingeberene.	Capsaicin	271-280	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	46-51
34481181-8	2021	MATERIALS AND METHODS: A hypothetical mutated spike protein was constructed by incorporating twelve different mutations from twelve geographical locations simultaneously into the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and docked with ACE2 and seven phytochemicals namely allicin, capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, gingerol, piperine and zingeberene.	cinnamaldehyde	282-296	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	46-51
34481181-8	2021	MATERIALS AND METHODS: A hypothetical mutated spike protein was constructed by incorporating twelve different mutations from twelve geographical locations simultaneously into the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and docked with ACE2 and seven phytochemicals namely allicin, capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, gingerol, piperine and zingeberene.	Curcumin	298-306	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	46-51
34481181-8	2021	MATERIALS AND METHODS: A hypothetical mutated spike protein was constructed by incorporating twelve different mutations from twelve geographical locations simultaneously into the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and docked with ACE2 and seven phytochemicals namely allicin, capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, gingerol, piperine and zingeberene.	gingerol	308-316	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	46-51
34481181-8	2021	MATERIALS AND METHODS: A hypothetical mutated spike protein was constructed by incorporating twelve different mutations from twelve geographical locations simultaneously into the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and docked with ACE2 and seven phytochemicals namely allicin, capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, gingerol, piperine and zingeberene.	piperine	318-326	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	46-51
34481181-8	2021	MATERIALS AND METHODS: A hypothetical mutated spike protein was constructed by incorporating twelve different mutations from twelve geographical locations simultaneously into the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and docked with ACE2 and seven phytochemicals namely allicin, capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, gingerol, piperine and zingeberene.	zingeberene	331-342	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	46-51
34481181-10	2021	RESULT: The docking results showed that curcumin and piperine were most potent to bind ACE2, mutated spike, and mutated spike-ACE2 complex, thereby restricting viral entry.	Curcumin	40-48	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	101-106
34481181-10	2021	RESULT: The docking results showed that curcumin and piperine were most potent to bind ACE2, mutated spike, and mutated spike-ACE2 complex, thereby restricting viral entry.	Curcumin	40-48	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	120-125
34481181-10	2021	RESULT: The docking results showed that curcumin and piperine were most potent to bind ACE2, mutated spike, and mutated spike-ACE2 complex, thereby restricting viral entry.	piperine	53-61	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	101-106
34481181-10	2021	RESULT: The docking results showed that curcumin and piperine were most potent to bind ACE2, mutated spike, and mutated spike-ACE2 complex, thereby restricting viral entry.	piperine	53-61	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	120-125
34481181-13	2021	CONCLUSION: This result provides a significant insight about the phytochemicals" role, namely curcumin and piperine, as the potential therapeutic entities against mutated spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.	Curcumin	94-102	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	171-176
34481181-13	2021	CONCLUSION: This result provides a significant insight about the phytochemicals" role, namely curcumin and piperine, as the potential therapeutic entities against mutated spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.	piperine	107-115	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	171-176
34722943-4	2021	SARS-CoV-2 S protein binds to neuropilin-1 (NRP1) by virtue of a CendR motif which terminates with either an arginine or lysine.	Arginine	109-117	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	11-12
34722943-4	2021	SARS-CoV-2 S protein binds to neuropilin-1 (NRP1) by virtue of a CendR motif which terminates with either an arginine or lysine.	Lysine	121-127	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	11-12
34428449-4	2021	The Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, has the most cysteine-rich cytoplasmic tail among known human pathogens in the closely-related family of beta-coronaviruses; however, it is unclear which of the cytoplasmic cysteines are S-acylated or the impact of this modification on viral infectivity.	Cysteine	239-248	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	4-9
34428449-5	2021	Here we identify specific cysteine clusters in the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 that are targets of S-acylation.	Cysteine	26-34	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	51-56
34461095-2	2021	Here, we demonstrate that the prefusion-stabilized two-proline "S2P" spike -widely employed for laboratory work and clinical studies- unfolds when stored at 4  C, physiological pH, as observed by electron microscopy (EM) and differential scanning calorimetry, but that its trimeric, native-like conformation can be reacquired by low pH treatment.	Proline	55-62	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	69-74
34537241-6	2021	The dissociation constant (KD) values obtained by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the wild type SARS-CoV-2 spike (S)-protein receptor binding domain (RBD) and N501Y mutant RBD in interactions with the heparin-immobilized sensor chip were 94 and 1.8 x 103 nM, respectively.	Heparin	204-211	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	110-115
34499924-4	2021	Here we studied asparagine deamidation of the spike protein, a spontaneous event that leads to the appearance of aspartic and isoaspartic residues, which affect both the protein backbone and its charge.	Asparagine	16-26	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	46-51
34393265-4	2021	Here, we performed a theoretical investigation of the same by studying the binding of the molecules with SARS-COV-2 Spike protein, the complex formed by Spike and ACE2 human receptor and a human serine protease TMPRSS2 which aids in cleavage of the Spike protein to initiate the viral activation in the body.	Serine	195-201	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	116-121
34393265-11	2021	We also observed that a Fluoride based compound: 3-(3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)quinoline helps the inhibitor to bind with both Spike-ACE2 and TMPRSS2 with equal probability.	3-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]quinoline	49-87	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	126-131
34393265-4	2021	Here, we performed a theoretical investigation of the same by studying the binding of the molecules with SARS-COV-2 Spike protein, the complex formed by Spike and ACE2 human receptor and a human serine protease TMPRSS2 which aids in cleavage of the Spike protein to initiate the viral activation in the body.	Serine	195-201	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	249-254
34393265-8	2021	We tested the stability of the docked complexes by running Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations where we observed the stability of the quinoline analogues with the Spike-ACE2 and TMPRSS2 nevertheless the quinolines were not stable with the Spike protein alone.	quinoline	134-143	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	163-168
34375000-2	2021	The 22 N-glycan sites of Spike remain highly conserved among SARS-CoV-2 variants, opening an avenue for robust therapeutic intervention.	n-glycan	7-15	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	25-30
34393265-11	2021	We also observed that a Fluoride based compound: 3-(3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)quinoline helps the inhibitor to bind with both Spike-ACE2 and TMPRSS2 with equal probability.	Fluorides	24-32	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	126-131
34375000-3	2021	Here we used a comprehensive library of mammalian carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) to probe critical sugar residues on the full-length trimeric Spike and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2.	Carbohydrates	50-62	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	151-156
34375000-3	2021	Here we used a comprehensive library of mammalian carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) to probe critical sugar residues on the full-length trimeric Spike and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2.	Sugars	108-113	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	151-156
34630436-0	2021	alpha-Hemolysin-Aided Oligomerization of the Spike Protein RBD Resulted in Improved Immunogenicity and Neutralization Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants.	alpha-hemolysin	0-15	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	45-50
34375000-6	2021	3D modelling showed that both lectins can bind to a glycan within the RBD-ACE2 interface and thus interferes with Spike binding to cell surfaces.	Polysaccharides	52-58	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	114-119
34759999-4	2021	On the other hand, among 14 detected mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 S protein that provide advantages to virus for transmission and evasion form treatment, the D614G mutation (substitution of aspartic acid (D) with glycine (G) in codon 614 was particular which could provide the facilitation of the transmission of the virus and virulence.	Aspartic Acid	189-202	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	65-66
34759999-4	2021	On the other hand, among 14 detected mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 S protein that provide advantages to virus for transmission and evasion form treatment, the D614G mutation (substitution of aspartic acid (D) with glycine (G) in codon 614 was particular which could provide the facilitation of the transmission of the virus and virulence.	Glycine	212-219	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	65-66
34585460-9	2022	The 50% effective concentration (EC50 ) of artemisinin against SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudovirus was found greater than 50 muM (EC45 ) in HEK293T cell line whereas the cell viability was 94% of the control (P < 0.01).	artemisinin	43-54	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	74-79
34387990-6	2021	From the compounds predicted with a Bayesian machine learning model, lumefantrine, an antimalarial was selected for testing and showed limited antiviral activity in cell-based assays while demonstrating binding (Kd 259 nM) to the spike protein using microscale thermophoresis.	Lumefantrine	69-81	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	230-235
34631661-7	2021	We identified 21 and 19 out of the 22 predicted N-glycosites of the SARS-CoV-2 S proteins produced in CHO and HEK, respectively.	Nitrogen	48-49	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	79-80
34631661-10	2021	The N74 site represents the most abundant glycosite on both spike proteins.	glycosite	42-51	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	60-65
34631661-11	2021	The relatively higher amount of high-mannose abundant sites (N17, N234, N343, N616, N709, N717, N801, and N1134) on HEK-Spike suggests that glycan-shielding may differ among the two constructs.	Mannose	37-44	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	120-125
34631661-11	2021	The relatively higher amount of high-mannose abundant sites (N17, N234, N343, N616, N709, N717, N801, and N1134) on HEK-Spike suggests that glycan-shielding may differ among the two constructs.	Polysaccharides	140-146	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	120-125
34413500-0	2021	A glycan gate controls opening of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Polysaccharides	2-8	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	49-54
34413500-1	2021	SARS-CoV-2 infection is controlled by the opening of the spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD), which transitions from a glycan-shielded "down" to an exposed "up" state to bind the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor and infect cells.	Polysaccharides	127-133	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	57-62
34512795-3	2021	As a proof of concept, polydopamine nanoparticles were synthesized via a simple in situ polymerization in which the nanoparticles were conjugated with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 subunit and the TLR7/8 agonist R848.	polydopamine	23-35	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	166-171
34581961-3	2021	To circumvent these obstacles, we constructed a self-biomineralized adenovirus vectored COVID-19 vaccine (Sad23L-nCoV-S-CaP) by generating a calcium phosphate mineral exterior (CaP) based on Sad23L vector carrying the full-length gene of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) under physiological condition.	calcium phosphate	141-158	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	249-254
34416331-0	2021	Assessment of adjuvantation strategy of lipid squalene nanoparticles for enhancing the immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 spike subunit protein against COVID-19.	lipid squalene	40-54	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	118-123
34478270-1	2021	This research reveals the promising functionalization of graphene oxide (GrO)-glazed double-interdigitated capacitive (DIDC) biosensing platform to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S1) proteins with enhanced selectivity and rapid response.	graphene oxide	57-71	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	214-219
34478270-1	2021	This research reveals the promising functionalization of graphene oxide (GrO)-glazed double-interdigitated capacitive (DIDC) biosensing platform to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S1) proteins with enhanced selectivity and rapid response.	graphene oxide	73-76	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	214-219
34631661-0	2021	A Linkage-specific Sialic Acid Labeling Strategy Reveals Different Site-specific Glycosylation Patterns in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Produced in CHO and HEK Cell Substrates.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	19-30	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	118-123
34420786-5	2021	The spike ECD was formulated with Advax-SM adjuvant and first tested for immunogenicity in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice.	advax-sm adjuvant	34-51	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	4-9
34735575-1	2022	Extensive glycosylation of the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus not only shields the major part of it from host immune responses, but glycans at specific sites also act on its conformation dynamics and contribute to efficient host receptor binding, and hence infectivity.	Polysaccharides	172-179	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	31-36
34735575-4	2022	Despite maintaining an overall similar structural conformation, our mass spectrometry-based site-specific glycosylation analyses of similarly produced spike proteins with and without the D614G and Alpha variant mutations reveal a significant shift in the processing state of N-glycans on one specific NTD site.	n-glycans	275-284	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	151-156
34420786-6	2021	Covax-19 vaccine induced high spike protein binding antibody levels that neutralised the original lineage B.1.319 virus from which the vaccine spike protein was derived, as well as the variant B.1.1.7 lineage virus.	covax-19 vaccine	0-16	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	30-35
34420786-6	2021	Covax-19 vaccine induced high spike protein binding antibody levels that neutralised the original lineage B.1.319 virus from which the vaccine spike protein was derived, as well as the variant B.1.1.7 lineage virus.	covax-19 vaccine	0-16	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	143-148
34420786-7	2021	Covax-19 vaccine also induced a high frequency of spike-specific CD4 + and CD8 + memory T-cells with a dominant Th1 phenotype associated with the ability to kill spike-labelled target cells in vivo.	covax-19 vaccine	0-16	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	50-55
34420786-7	2021	Covax-19 vaccine also induced a high frequency of spike-specific CD4 + and CD8 + memory T-cells with a dominant Th1 phenotype associated with the ability to kill spike-labelled target cells in vivo.	covax-19 vaccine	0-16	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	162-167
34420786-8	2021	Ferrets immunised with Covax-19 vaccine intramuscularly twice 2 weeks apart made spike receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG and were protected against an intranasal challenge with SARS-CoV-2 virus given two weeks after the last immunisation.	covax	23-28	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	81-86
34552110-5	2021	Specifically, Tyr and Asn have higher occurrence rates on the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) and in the overall sequence of spike proteins of Betacoronavirus, whereas His and Arg have lower occurrence rates.	Tyrosine	14-17	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	123-128
34554412-3	2021	Interestingly, antibody family members competing with XG014 binding show reduced levels of cross-reactivity and induce antibody-dependent SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein-mediated cell-cell fusion, suggesting a unique mode of recognition by XG014.	xg014	54-59	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	149-154
34554412-3	2021	Interestingly, antibody family members competing with XG014 binding show reduced levels of cross-reactivity and induce antibody-dependent SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein-mediated cell-cell fusion, suggesting a unique mode of recognition by XG014.	xg014	54-59	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	156-157
34554412-3	2021	Interestingly, antibody family members competing with XG014 binding show reduced levels of cross-reactivity and induce antibody-dependent SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein-mediated cell-cell fusion, suggesting a unique mode of recognition by XG014.	xg014	237-242	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	149-154
34554412-3	2021	Interestingly, antibody family members competing with XG014 binding show reduced levels of cross-reactivity and induce antibody-dependent SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein-mediated cell-cell fusion, suggesting a unique mode of recognition by XG014.	xg014	237-242	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	156-157
34552110-5	2021	Specifically, Tyr and Asn have higher occurrence rates on the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) and in the overall sequence of spike proteins of Betacoronavirus, whereas His and Arg have lower occurrence rates.	Asparagine	22-25	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	123-128
34578240-0	2021	Evaluation of Inhibitory Activity In Silico of In-House Thiomorpholine Compounds between the ACE2 Receptor and S1 Subunit of SARS-CoV-2 Spike.	thiamorpholine	56-70	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	136-141
34510337-6	2022	At the same time, vorapaxar, ticagrelor, and cilostazol are the best binders of the spike protein.	vorapaxar	18-27	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	84-89
34529322-5	2022	In addition, following 3 compounds were identified as inhibitors for Spike/ACE2: Denopamine, bometolol, and rotigaptide.	denopamine	81-91	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	69-74
34529322-5	2022	In addition, following 3 compounds were identified as inhibitors for Spike/ACE2: Denopamine, bometolol, and rotigaptide.	bometolol	93-102	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	69-74
34529322-5	2022	In addition, following 3 compounds were identified as inhibitors for Spike/ACE2: Denopamine, bometolol, and rotigaptide.	rotigaptide	108-119	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	69-74
34529322-7	2022	While the concentration-dependent inhibition of the ritonavir, rotigaptide, and cefotiam was observed for the main protease; denopamine was effective at the inhibition of Spike/ACE2 binding.	denopamine	125-135	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	171-176
34572394-3	2021	Recent studies have highlighted the similarity between Galectin-3"s carbohydrate recognition domain and the so-called "galectin fold" present on the N-terminal domain of the S1 sub-unit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Carbohydrates	68-80	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	204-209
34572394-4	2021	Sialic acids binding to the N-terminal domain of the Spike protein are known to be crucial for viral entry into humans, and the role of Galectin-3 as a mediator of lung fibrosis has long been the object of study since its levels have been found to be abnormally high in alveolar macrophages following lung injury.	Sialic Acids	0-12	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	53-58
34510337-6	2022	At the same time, vorapaxar, ticagrelor, and cilostazol are the best binders of the spike protein.	Ticagrelor	29-39	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	84-89
34510337-6	2022	At the same time, vorapaxar, ticagrelor, and cilostazol are the best binders of the spike protein.	Cilostazol	45-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	84-89
34505191-3	2021	In the presence of gamma Fe2O3 nanoparticles, the color change of H2O2 included 3,3",5,5"-tetramethylbenzidine was monitored at the wavelength of 654 nm when spike protein interacted with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor.	gamma fe2o3	19-30	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	158-163
34518836-6	2021	Molecular dynamics simulations were performed using NAMD to investigate the hydrogen bonds between S proteins and hACE2.	Hydrogen	76-84	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	99-100
34518836-7	2021	From the MD simulations it was found that SARS-CoV-2 has four pairsof essential hydrogenbonds (high occupancy, >80%), while SARS-CoV has three pairs, which indicates the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has relatively more robust binding strategy than SARS-CoVS protein.Four key residues forming essential hydrogen bonds from SARS-CoV-2 are identified, which are potential drug targets for COVID-19 treatments.	Hydrogen	294-302	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	181-182
34505191-3	2021	In the presence of gamma Fe2O3 nanoparticles, the color change of H2O2 included 3,3",5,5"-tetramethylbenzidine was monitored at the wavelength of 654 nm when spike protein interacted with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor.	Hydrogen Peroxide	66-70	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	158-163
34505191-3	2021	In the presence of gamma Fe2O3 nanoparticles, the color change of H2O2 included 3,3",5,5"-tetramethylbenzidine was monitored at the wavelength of 654 nm when spike protein interacted with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor.	3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine	80-110	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	158-163
34495817-7	2021	Interestingly, molecular dynamics and MM-PBSA results showed that E484K and spike triple mutant complexes were more stable than the N501Y one.	poly(tetramethylene succinate-co-tetramethylene adipate)	41-45	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	76-81
34111397-6	2021	In target-centered in silico studies, leflunomide showed favorable binding to active site of MPro and spike: ACE2 interface.	Leflunomide	38-49	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	102-107
34375967-0	2021	A nanotechnological approach in the current therapy of COVID-19: model drug oseltamivir-phosphate loaded PLGA nanoparticles targeted with spike protein binder peptide of SARS-CoV-2.	Oseltamivir	76-87	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	138-143
34375967-0	2021	A nanotechnological approach in the current therapy of COVID-19: model drug oseltamivir-phosphate loaded PLGA nanoparticles targeted with spike protein binder peptide of SARS-CoV-2.	Phosphates	88-97	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	138-143
34486935-5	2021	Following computational approaches, we identified fangchinoline and versicolactone C as the compounds to exhibit strong binding to the target proteins and causing structural deformation of three structural proteins (N, S and M).	fangchinoline	50-63	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	219-220
34486935-5	2021	Following computational approaches, we identified fangchinoline and versicolactone C as the compounds to exhibit strong binding to the target proteins and causing structural deformation of three structural proteins (N, S and M).	versicolactone	68-82	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	219-220
34111397-7	2021	In artificial-intelligence/machine-learning based studies, leflunomide was among the top 50 ligands targeting spike: ACE2 interaction.	Leflunomide	59-70	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	110-115
34574194-5	2021	Some of these compounds (e.g., curcumin, gallic acid or quercetin) already showed capacity to limit the infection of viruses by inhibiting entry into the cell through its binding to protein Spike, regulating the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, disrupting the replication in cells by inhibition of viral proteases, and/or suppressing and modulating the host"s immune response.	Curcumin	31-39	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	190-195
34476766-5	2022	Additionally, the possible interaction of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, including graphene, bismuthene, phosphorene, p-doped graphene, and functionalized p-doped graphene, with spike protein is investigated.	-doped	161-167	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	183-188
34476766-5	2022	Additionally, the possible interaction of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, including graphene, bismuthene, phosphorene, p-doped graphene, and functionalized p-doped graphene, with spike protein is investigated.	Graphite	168-176	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	183-188
34476766-6	2022	The functionalized p-doped graphene nanomaterials were found to interfere with spike protein better than the other tested nanomaterials.	p-doped graphene	19-35	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	79-84
34574194-5	2021	Some of these compounds (e.g., curcumin, gallic acid or quercetin) already showed capacity to limit the infection of viruses by inhibiting entry into the cell through its binding to protein Spike, regulating the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, disrupting the replication in cells by inhibition of viral proteases, and/or suppressing and modulating the host"s immune response.	Gallic Acid	41-52	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	190-195
34327998-8	2021	Comparisons of GADS for N-glycosylated sites on several proteins, especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, demonstrate the potential reproducibility of GADS and their utility for comparing site-specific distributions.	Nitrogen	24-25	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	92-97
34574194-5	2021	Some of these compounds (e.g., curcumin, gallic acid or quercetin) already showed capacity to limit the infection of viruses by inhibiting entry into the cell through its binding to protein Spike, regulating the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, disrupting the replication in cells by inhibition of viral proteases, and/or suppressing and modulating the host"s immune response.	Quercetin	56-65	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	190-195
34539415-4	2021	Molecular docking analysis revealed strong binding affinities and interactions between the phytocannabinoids and codon mRNAs for ORF1ab, Surface glycoprotein, Envelope protein and Nucleocapsid phosphoprotein from SARS-CoV-2 whole genome which may be due to chemico-biological interactions as a result of nucleophilic/electrophilic attacks between viral nucleotides and cannabinoids.	phytocannabinoids	91-108	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	137-157
34539415-4	2021	Molecular docking analysis revealed strong binding affinities and interactions between the phytocannabinoids and codon mRNAs for ORF1ab, Surface glycoprotein, Envelope protein and Nucleocapsid phosphoprotein from SARS-CoV-2 whole genome which may be due to chemico-biological interactions as a result of nucleophilic/electrophilic attacks between viral nucleotides and cannabinoids.	Cannabinoids	369-381	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	137-157
34107055-9	2021	Nevertheless, the potentiated inflammatory response and the diminished oxidative phosphorylation modulated by Spike protein and/or LPS/IFNgamma stimulation in MPhis or RA FLS; were reversed by Tofacitinib.	tofacitinib	193-204	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	110-115
34564408-0	2021	Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome Expression and Pro-Inflammatory Response Activated by SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in Cultured Murine Alveolar Macrophages.	palmidrol	16-37	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	131-136
34333227-9	2021	The adsorption of SWCNTs on the B domain surface led to a significant change in solvent-accessible surface, internal hydrogen bonds, and finally in the tertiary structure, which could provide a reasonable method to impede the interaction between the angiotensin-converting enzyme II and SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein.	Hydrogen	117-125	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	298-303
34107055-0	2021	Tofacitinib therapy intercepts macrophage metabolic reprogramming instigated by SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein.	tofacitinib	0-11	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	91-96
34388463-6	2021	Based on the safety profile, tamibarotene was selected as a safe and effective drug candidate for developing therapy against the triple mutant viral spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.	tamibarotene	29-41	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	149-154
34324175-5	2021	METHODS: An in silico approach was employed to design a 13-amino acid peptide inhibitor (13AApi) against the RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	13-amino acid peptide	56-77	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	131-136
34324175-5	2021	METHODS: An in silico approach was employed to design a 13-amino acid peptide inhibitor (13AApi) against the RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	13aapi	89-95	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	131-136
34324175-7	2021	The stability of 13AApi and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein complex was determined by molecular dynamics simulation using the GROMACS program while the physicochemical and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) properties of 13AApi were determined using the ExPASy tool and pkCSM server.	13aapi	17-23	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	43-48
34107055-10	2021	In conclusion, Tofacitinib suppresses MPhi inflammation and immunometabolism triggered by Spike protein and may provide a promising strategy for COVID-19 patients.	tofacitinib	15-26	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	90-95
34312610-6	2021	Last, in silico studies suggest that saffron"s astragalin and crocin could have inhibitory actions on SARS-CoV-2 protease and spike protein, respectively.	astragalin	47-57	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	126-131
34390895-6	2021	We hypothesize that the intermittent use of the oxygen ionizer generating negative oxygen ion clusters (O2-(H2O)n) and sodium bicarbonate nebulizer (generating HCO3-); when connected to ventilator inlet or oxygen concentrator will neutralize the spike protein of the virus in respiratory tract and lungs and change the lung environment to neutral/alkaline condition respectively facilitating improved oxygen pressure in blood.	Oxygen	48-54	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	246-251
34375459-0	2021	A glycosaminoglycan microarray identifies the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to chondroitin sulfate E.	Glycosaminoglycans	2-19	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	68-73
34375459-0	2021	A glycosaminoglycan microarray identifies the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to chondroitin sulfate E.	chondroitin sulfate e	85-106	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	68-73
34449057-2	2021	Interestingly, identified mutations mainly occur in the spike (S) protein which interacts with the ACE2 receptor and is cleaved via serine protease TMPRSS2.	Serine	132-138	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	56-61
34312610-6	2021	Last, in silico studies suggest that saffron"s astragalin and crocin could have inhibitory actions on SARS-CoV-2 protease and spike protein, respectively.	crocin	62-68	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	126-131
34463219-0	2021	Myxobacterial depsipeptide chondramides interrupt SARS-CoV-2 entry by targeting its broad, cell tropic spike protein.	Depsipeptides	14-26	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	103-108
34463614-7	2021	Interestingly, the Spike protein possesses many post-translational modifications, in the form of branched glycans that flank the surface of the assembly.	Polysaccharides	106-113	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	19-24
34463614-10	2021	These simulations indicate that the steric composition of the glycans can induce a pause during the Spike protein conformational change.	Polysaccharides	62-69	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	100-105
34463219-0	2021	Myxobacterial depsipeptide chondramides interrupt SARS-CoV-2 entry by targeting its broad, cell tropic spike protein.	chondramides	27-39	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	103-108
34463219-4	2021	Among them, chondramide C3 (1) exhibited a binding energy which remained relatively constant when docked against most of the spike variants.	chondramide c3	12-26	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	125-130
34803449-0	2021	Determination of the interaction between the receptor binding domain of 2019-nCoV spike protein, TMPRSS2, cathepsin B and cathepsin L, and glycosidic and aglycon forms of some flavonols.	Flavonols	176-185	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	82-87
34461999-0	2021	Epigallocatechin gallate from green tea effectively blocks infection of SARS-CoV-2 and new variants by inhibiting spike binding to ACE2 receptor.	epigallocatechin gallate	0-24	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	114-119
34803452-5	2021	The binding energy values of these polyphenols to the SARS-CoV-2 spike and ACE-2 protein were calculated separately with a molecular docking study using the AutoDock 4.2.6 program.	Polyphenols	35-46	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	65-70
34351742-0	2021	Aromatic Cadinane Sesquiterpenoids from the Fruiting Bodies of Phellinus pini Block SARS-CoV-2 Spike-ACE2 Interaction.	aromatic cadinane	0-17	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	95-100
34351742-0	2021	Aromatic Cadinane Sesquiterpenoids from the Fruiting Bodies of Phellinus pini Block SARS-CoV-2 Spike-ACE2 Interaction.	Sesquiterpenes	18-34	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	95-100
34351742-4	2021	All of the aromatic cadinane sesquiterpenoids inhibited the SARS-CoV-2 spike-ACE2 interaction, with IC50 values ranging from 64.5 to 99.1 muM.	cadinane	20-28	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	71-76
34351742-4	2021	All of the aromatic cadinane sesquiterpenoids inhibited the SARS-CoV-2 spike-ACE2 interaction, with IC50 values ranging from 64.5 to 99.1 muM.	Sesquiterpenes	29-45	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	71-76
34522180-5	2021	Previous studies have shown that the fusion protein of the virus interacts with cholesterol, and the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 also requires cholesterol to enter the host cells.	Cholesterol	143-154	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	101-106
34449792-4	2021	METHODS: Groups of 5 mice were injected intramuscularly with two doses of alum-adjuvanted HKU1 spike followed by SARS-CoV-2 spike; or the reciprocal regimen of SARS-Cov-2 spike followed by HKU1 spike.	aluminum sulfate	74-78	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	95-100
34431451-3	2021	The ligand seselin showed the best interaction with receptors, spike protein S2, COVID-19 main protease and free enzyme of the SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) main protease with a binding energy of -6.3 kcal/mol, -6.9 kcal/mol and -6.7 kcal/mol, respectively.	seselin	11-18	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	63-68
34445741-8	2021	Six short sequences in the RBD and 11 in the NTD of the spike were identified by microarray of peptides to interact with Hb and tree motifs in the N protein by in silico analysis to bind with heme.	Heme	192-196	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	56-61
34522180-6	2021	Cholesterol in blood interacts with the spike protein to promote the entry of spike cells, wherein the scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) plays an important role.	Cholesterol	0-11	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	40-45
34522180-6	2021	Cholesterol in blood interacts with the spike protein to promote the entry of spike cells, wherein the scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) plays an important role.	Cholesterol	0-11	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	78-83
34439061-11	2021	Glycyrrhizin and its metabolite 18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid have shown a strong binding affinity for MPro, helicase, RdRp, spike, and E-channel proteins, while a flavonoid Baicalin also strongly binds against PLpro and RdRp.	Glycyrrhizic Acid	0-12	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	123-128
34452053-1	2021	The Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) of the Spike (S) protein from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has glycosylation sites which can limit the production of reliable antigens expressed in prokaryotic platforms, due to glycan-mediated evasion of the host immune response.	Polysaccharides	244-250	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	41-46
34439061-11	2021	Glycyrrhizin and its metabolite 18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid have shown a strong binding affinity for MPro, helicase, RdRp, spike, and E-channel proteins, while a flavonoid Baicalin also strongly binds against PLpro and RdRp.	18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid	32-59	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	123-128
34452053-1	2021	The Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) of the Spike (S) protein from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has glycosylation sites which can limit the production of reliable antigens expressed in prokaryotic platforms, due to glycan-mediated evasion of the host immune response.	Polysaccharides	244-250	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-49
34426807-8	2021	Our results demonstrate that commercially available chromatography resins are suitable for cGMP manufacturing of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein constructs.	Cyclic GMP	91-95	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	124-129
34396938-3	2021	Thus, the goal is to investigate the dynamic nature of HCQ derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 main protease and spike proteins.	Hydroxychloroquine	55-58	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	108-113
34451066-1	2021	We show that an SnO2-based water-gate thin film transistor (WGTFT) biosensor responds to a waterborne analyte, the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, by a parallel potentiometric and capacitive mechanism.	Tin(IV) oxide	16-20	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	115-120
34451066-1	2021	We show that an SnO2-based water-gate thin film transistor (WGTFT) biosensor responds to a waterborne analyte, the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, by a parallel potentiometric and capacitive mechanism.	Water	27-32	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	115-120
34451066-1	2021	We show that an SnO2-based water-gate thin film transistor (WGTFT) biosensor responds to a waterborne analyte, the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, by a parallel potentiometric and capacitive mechanism.	waterborne	91-101	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	115-120
34485255-4	2021	Here, we expressed the transmembrane-deleted human beta-1,2 N-acetlyglucosamintransferases I and II (MGAT1DeltaTM and MGAT2DeltaTM) and the beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalTDeltaTM) in E. coli to in-vitro remodel the N-glycans of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein derived from insect cells.	n-glycans	220-229	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	258-263
34396938-5	2021	Molecular Dynamic simulations integrated with MM-PBSA calculations have identified In silico potential inhibitors ZINC05135012 and ZINC59378113 against the main protease with -185.171 +- 16.388, -130.759 +- 15.741 kJ/mol respectively, ZINC16638693 and ZINC59378113 against spike protein -141.425 +- 22.447, -129.149 +- 11.449 kJ/mol.	zinc59378113	252-264	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	273-278
34458164-4	2021	Further, MS 3, 7-Hydroxyaloin B, 10-Hydroxyaloin A, showed -9.57, -7.07, -8.57 kcal/mole docking score against Spike, RdRP, and Mpro targets respectively.	3, 7-hydroxyaloin b	12-31	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	111-116
34458164-3	2021	Result of molecular docking showed that Isoquercetin potentially binds with the active site/protein binding site of the Spike, RdRP, and Mpro targets with a docking score of -8.22, -6.86, and -9.73 kcal/mole, respectively.	isoquercitrin	40-52	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	120-125
34458164-4	2021	Further, MS 3, 7-Hydroxyaloin B, 10-Hydroxyaloin A, showed -9.57, -7.07, -8.57 kcal/mole docking score against Spike, RdRP, and Mpro targets respectively.	10-Hydroxyaloin A	33-50	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	111-116
34279930-3	2021	alpha-Galactosylceramide (alphaGC) is a classical iNKT cell agonist which causes the rapid production of Th1- and Th2-associated cytokines; we, therefore, expect that the Th1- or Th2-skewing analogues of alphaGC can better enhance the immunogenicity of the receptor-binding domain in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 fused with the Fc region of human IgG (RBD-Fc).	alpha-galactosylceramide	0-24	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	288-293
34328324-2	2021	However, the molecular structures and glycan heterogeneity of the new O-glycans found on the S protein regional-binding domain (S-RBD) remain cryptic because of the challenges in intact glycoform analysis by conventional bottom-up glycoproteomic approaches.	Polysaccharides	38-44	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	128-129
34328324-2	2021	However, the molecular structures and glycan heterogeneity of the new O-glycans found on the S protein regional-binding domain (S-RBD) remain cryptic because of the challenges in intact glycoform analysis by conventional bottom-up glycoproteomic approaches.	o-glycans	70-79	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	128-129
34328324-4	2021	Native top-down TIMS-MS/MS separates the protein conformers of the S-RBD to reveal their gas-phase structural heterogeneity, and top-down FTICR-MS/MS provides in-depth glycoform analysis for unambiguous identification of the glycan structures and their glycosites.	tims	16-20	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	67-68
34328324-6	2021	These findings demonstrate that this hybrid top-down MS approach can provide a high-resolution proteoform-resolved mapping of diverse O-glycoforms of the S glycoprotein, which lays a strong molecular foundation to uncover the functional roles of their O-glycans.	o-glycans	252-261	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	154-155
34106748-0	2021	N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) retinamide suppresses SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated cell-cell fusion by a dihydroceramide Delta4-desaturase 1-independent mechanism.	Fenretinide	0-30	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	53-58
34106748-2	2021	We assessed several inhibitors of the enzymes pertaining to sphingolipid metabolism, against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S)-mediated cell-cell fusion and viral infection.	Sphingolipids	60-72	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	104-109
34445310-0	2021	Geraniin Inhibits the Entry of SARS-CoV-2 by Blocking the Interaction between Spike Protein RBD and Human ACE2 Receptor.	Geraniin	0-8	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	78-83
34160250-4	2021	Introduction of BRD4 inhibitor AZD5153 to senescent epithelial cells reversed this effect and reduced SASP related inflammatory molecule release in TMNK-1 or EAhy926 as representative human endothelial cell line, when exposed to cell culture medium (CM) derived from A549 cells expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, also exhibited a senescence phenotype with enhanced p16, p21, SA-beta-galactosidase expression, and triggered SASP pathways.	AZD5153	31-38	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	300-305
34160250-6	2021	We also observed an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A549 spike transfected and endothelial cells exposed to spike transfected CM.	Reactive Oxygen Species	32-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	70-75
34160250-6	2021	We also observed an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A549 spike transfected and endothelial cells exposed to spike transfected CM.	Reactive Oxygen Species	32-55	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	121-126
34160250-6	2021	We also observed an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A549 spike transfected and endothelial cells exposed to spike transfected CM.	Reactive Oxygen Species	57-60	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	70-75
34160250-6	2021	We also observed an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A549 spike transfected and endothelial cells exposed to spike transfected CM.	Reactive Oxygen Species	57-60	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	121-126
34445310-7	2021	Geraniin was found to effectively block the binding between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and hACE2 receptor in competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, suggesting that geraniin might inhibit the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into human epithelial cells.	Geraniin	0-8	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	75-80
34445310-7	2021	Geraniin was found to effectively block the binding between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and hACE2 receptor in competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, suggesting that geraniin might inhibit the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into human epithelial cells.	Geraniin	174-182	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	75-80
34541296-8	2021	The molecular docking studies revealed that the iron-porphyrin complex (1) and antimalarial drug, ferroquine (2) could be the potential inhibitors of Main protease (Mpro) and spike proteins respectively of SARS-CoV-2 virus.	iron-porphyrin complex	48-70	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	175-180
34541296-8	2021	The molecular docking studies revealed that the iron-porphyrin complex (1) and antimalarial drug, ferroquine (2) could be the potential inhibitors of Main protease (Mpro) and spike proteins respectively of SARS-CoV-2 virus.	ferroquine	98-108	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	175-180
34421587-4	2021	Fenofibric acid also destabilized the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike protein and inhibited RBD binding to ACE2 in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and whole cell-binding assays.	fenofibric acid	0-15	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	81-86
34541296-10	2021	Similarly ferroquine exhibitred binding energy of -7.43 kcal/mol against spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.	ferroquine	10-20	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	73-78
34395179-3	2021	Our multi-approach study, based on the combination of structural experimental data and quantum-chemical DFT calculations, led to identify a sequestration site for sodium, potassium and chloride ions within the central cavity of both the SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins.	Sodium	163-169	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	263-268
34395179-3	2021	Our multi-approach study, based on the combination of structural experimental data and quantum-chemical DFT calculations, led to identify a sequestration site for sodium, potassium and chloride ions within the central cavity of both the SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins.	Potassium	171-180	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	263-268
34422908-0	2021	Corrigendum: Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Novel Indole Derivatives and Their in silico Screening on Spike Glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2.	indole	55-61	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	107-112
34395179-3	2021	Our multi-approach study, based on the combination of structural experimental data and quantum-chemical DFT calculations, led to identify a sequestration site for sodium, potassium and chloride ions within the central cavity of both the SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins.	Chlorides	185-193	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	263-268
34345007-0	2021	Identification, mapping and relative quantitation of SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycopeptides by Mass-Retention Time Fingerprinting.	Glycopeptides	70-83	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	64-69
34351542-5	2021	Two pentacyclic terpenoids (24-methylene cycloartenol and isoiguesteri) interacted with the hACE2 binding hotspots for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, while the abietane diterpenes were found accommodated within the S1-specificity pocket, interacting strongly with the active site residues TMPRSS2.	pentacyclic	4-15	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	134-139
34351542-5	2021	Two pentacyclic terpenoids (24-methylene cycloartenol and isoiguesteri) interacted with the hACE2 binding hotspots for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, while the abietane diterpenes were found accommodated within the S1-specificity pocket, interacting strongly with the active site residues TMPRSS2.	Terpenes	16-26	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	134-139
34351542-5	2021	Two pentacyclic terpenoids (24-methylene cycloartenol and isoiguesteri) interacted with the hACE2 binding hotspots for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, while the abietane diterpenes were found accommodated within the S1-specificity pocket, interacting strongly with the active site residues TMPRSS2.	24-methylenecycloartenol	28-53	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	134-139
34351542-5	2021	Two pentacyclic terpenoids (24-methylene cycloartenol and isoiguesteri) interacted with the hACE2 binding hotspots for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, while the abietane diterpenes were found accommodated within the S1-specificity pocket, interacting strongly with the active site residues TMPRSS2.	isoiguesteri	58-70	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	134-139
34351542-6	2021	3-benzoylhosloppone and cucurbitacin interacted with the RBD and S2 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein respectively.	3-benzoylhosloppone	0-19	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	90-95
34351542-6	2021	3-benzoylhosloppone and cucurbitacin interacted with the RBD and S2 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein respectively.	Cucurbitacins	24-36	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	90-95
34284575-0	2021	Comprehensive O-Glycosylation Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Biomimetic Trp-Arg Materials.	Tryptophan	87-90	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	57-62
34284575-0	2021	Comprehensive O-Glycosylation Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Biomimetic Trp-Arg Materials.	Arginine	91-94	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	57-62
34345007-1	2021	We describe an analytical method for the identification, mapping and relative quantitation of glycopeptides from SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein.	Glycopeptides	94-107	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	124-129
34345007-6	2021	In combination with MSMS and pseudo MS3, we have constructed a detailed mass-retention time database for Spike glycopeptides.	Glycopeptides	111-124	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	105-110
34345007-7	2021	This database allows any accurate mass LC-MS laboratory to reliably identify and quantify Spike glycopeptides from a single overnight elastase digest in less than 90 minutes.	Glycopeptides	96-109	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	90-95
34089757-6	2021	However, other patterns increase the electropositive surface of the spike, with determinant effects on the kinetics of virus adhesion to lipid raft gangliosides.	Gangliosides	148-160	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	68-73
34188005-9	2021	Results also revealed that spike protein binding to the ACE2 inhibited by MLN-4760 restored the enzymatic active conformation of the ACE2 from closed/inactive to open/active conformation by removing MLN-4760 binding from the ligand-binding pocket of ACE2.	2-(1-carboxy-2-(3-(3,5-dichlorobenzyl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl)ethylamino)-4-methylpentanoic acid	199-207	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	27-32
34514086-5	2021	Importantly, a hexavalent VHH-72 nanobody retains binding to spike proteins from multiple highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants (B.1.1.7 and B.1.351) and potently neutralizes them.	vhh	26-29	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	61-66
34147855-9	2021	METHOD: In this study, we performed molecular docking of different catechins with the wild and mutant variants of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.	Catechin	67-76	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	118-123
34147855-11	2021	RESULTS: The in-silico studies show that the catechins form favourable interactions with the spike protein and can potentially impair its function.	Catechin	45-54	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	93-98
34188005-8	2021	RESULTS: Our result showed that inhibition of ACE2 by MLN-4760 increased the affinity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding to ACE2.	2-(1-carboxy-2-(3-(3,5-dichlorobenzyl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl)ethylamino)-4-methylpentanoic acid	54-62	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	104-109
34188005-9	2021	Results also revealed that spike protein binding to the ACE2 inhibited by MLN-4760 restored the enzymatic active conformation of the ACE2 from closed/inactive to open/active conformation by removing MLN-4760 binding from the ligand-binding pocket of ACE2.	2-(1-carboxy-2-(3-(3,5-dichlorobenzyl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl)ethylamino)-4-methylpentanoic acid	74-82	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	27-32
34163035-6	2021	Although the precise changes in A.23.1 differ from those reported in the first three SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), the A.23.1 spike-protein-coding region has changes similar to VOCs including a change at position 613, a change in the furin cleavage site that extends the basic amino acid motif and multiple changes in the immunogenic N-terminal domain.	Amino Acids, Basic	280-296	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	135-140
34340267-12	2021	Conclusion: VITROS  and CL-900i  serological assays, which detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, could serve as reliable assays to predict neutralization activity after infection or vaccination.	cl-900i	24-31	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	96-101
34111482-0	2021	A potential antiviral activity of Esculentoside A against binding interactions of SARS-COV-2 spike protein and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).	esculentoside A	34-49	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	93-98
34182569-4	2021	Circulating IgG- and IgA-secreting PBs targeting the S protein peaked one week after the second immunization then declined, becoming undetectable three weeks later.	pbs	35-38	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	53-54
34182569-5	2021	These PB responses preceded maximal levels of serum anti-S binding and neutralizing antibodies to an early circulating SARS-CoV-2 strain as well as emerging variants, especially in individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, who produced the most robust serologic responses.	pladienolide B	6-8	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	57-58
34393787-9	2021	Many studies have shown that the presence of a metal ion in the structure can significantly affect the affinity of the compound to key structural elements of the SARS CoV-2, such as Mpro protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and spike protein.	Metals	47-52	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	237-242
34336361-2	2021	Recent studies have shown that transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), a protease known for similar role in previous coronavirus infections, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), is responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, enabling host cell fusion of the virus.	Serine	45-51	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	293-298
34341770-4	2021	The hydrocarbon/water interfaces are functionalized with a secondary antibody of IgG protein and SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD), to produce two different Janus emulsions.	Hydrocarbons	4-15	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	108-113
34341770-4	2021	The hydrocarbon/water interfaces are functionalized with a secondary antibody of IgG protein and SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD), to produce two different Janus emulsions.	Water	16-21	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	108-113
34359701-4	2021	After the first vaccination, a positive SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody titer (SP-AbT) was detected in 23% of assessable patients.	sp-abt	81-87	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	51-56
34368076-0	2021	Identification of Potential Binding Sites of Sialic Acids on the RBD Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein.	Sialic Acids	45-57	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	90-95
34337036-8	2021	Then, by determining the activity of ACE2, we reveal that the interaction with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 leads to structural changes that at least partially displace the interaction of the said enzyme with HCQ.	Hydroxychloroquine	212-215	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	83-88
34289657-8	2022	Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins directly block complement factor H from binding to heparin, which may lead to complement dysregulation on the cell surface.	Heparin	87-94	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	21-26
34368076-4	2021	SARS-CoV-2 shares similar sequences of the spike protein with the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which can invade host cells by binding to either DPP4 or sialic acids.	Sialic Acids	180-192	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	43-48
34368076-7	2021	To address this question, we took N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), a type of predominant sialic acid found in human cells, as the molecular probe to computationally search the surface of the spike protein to locate the potential binding sites of Neu5Ac.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	34-57	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	192-197
34291736-3	2021	Here, we report that the C-type lectin receptor L-SIGN interacted in a Ca2+-dependent manner with high-mannose-type N-glycans on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Mannose	103-110	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	144-149
34291736-3	2021	Here, we report that the C-type lectin receptor L-SIGN interacted in a Ca2+-dependent manner with high-mannose-type N-glycans on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	n-glycans	116-125	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	144-149
34368076-7	2021	To address this question, we took N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), a type of predominant sialic acid found in human cells, as the molecular probe to computationally search the surface of the spike protein to locate the potential binding sites of Neu5Ac.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	59-65	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	192-197
34368076-7	2021	To address this question, we took N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), a type of predominant sialic acid found in human cells, as the molecular probe to computationally search the surface of the spike protein to locate the potential binding sites of Neu5Ac.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	90-101	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	192-197
34368076-7	2021	To address this question, we took N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), a type of predominant sialic acid found in human cells, as the molecular probe to computationally search the surface of the spike protein to locate the potential binding sites of Neu5Ac.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	247-253	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	192-197
34368076-9	2021	This study shows that sialic acids can moderately interact with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 by binding between the two RBDs of the spike protein, indicating it could be a potential secondary or auxiliary receptor of SARS-CoV-2.	Sialic Acids	22-34	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	68-73
34368076-9	2021	This study shows that sialic acids can moderately interact with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 by binding between the two RBDs of the spike protein, indicating it could be a potential secondary or auxiliary receptor of SARS-CoV-2.	Sialic Acids	22-34	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	135-140
34290262-3	2021	In this study, the extramembrane domain of SARS-CoV-2 Spike (sSpike) was injected on model membranes formed by supported lipid bilayers in presence and absence of the soluble part of receptor ACE2 (sACE2), and the structural features were studied at sub-nanometer level by neutron reflection.	Lipid Bilayers	121-135	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	54-59
34193524-3	2021	COVI-VAC was developed by recoding a segment of the viral spike protein with synonymous suboptimal codon pairs (codon-pair deoptimization), thereby introducing 283 silent (point) mutations.	-vac	4-8	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	58-63
34356205-9	2021	The advancements in sensing platforms have amplified the detection levels and provided real-time results for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein detection with limits as low as 1 fg/mL in the Graphene Field Effect Transistor (FET) sensor.	Graphite	181-189	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	120-125
34306988-3	2021	Our in silico approach suggested that unique phytocompounds such as emodin, thymol and carvacrol, and artemisinin could physically bind SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins (6VXX and 6VYB), SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 South Africa variant of Spike glycoprotein (7NXA), and even with ACE2 and prevent the SARS-CoV-2 binding to the host ACE2, TMPRSS2 and neutrapilin-1 receptors.	Thymol	76-82	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	147-152
34306988-3	2021	Our in silico approach suggested that unique phytocompounds such as emodin, thymol and carvacrol, and artemisinin could physically bind SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins (6VXX and 6VYB), SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 South Africa variant of Spike glycoprotein (7NXA), and even with ACE2 and prevent the SARS-CoV-2 binding to the host ACE2, TMPRSS2 and neutrapilin-1 receptors.	carvacrol	87-96	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	147-152
34306988-3	2021	Our in silico approach suggested that unique phytocompounds such as emodin, thymol and carvacrol, and artemisinin could physically bind SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins (6VXX and 6VYB), SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 South Africa variant of Spike glycoprotein (7NXA), and even with ACE2 and prevent the SARS-CoV-2 binding to the host ACE2, TMPRSS2 and neutrapilin-1 receptors.	artemisinin	102-113	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	147-152
34306988-4	2021	Since Chloroquine has been looked as potential therapy against COVID-19, we also compared the binding of chloroquine and artemisinin for its interaction with spike proteins (6VXX, 6VYB) and its variant 7NXA, respectively.	Chloroquine	105-116	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	158-163
34306988-4	2021	Since Chloroquine has been looked as potential therapy against COVID-19, we also compared the binding of chloroquine and artemisinin for its interaction with spike proteins (6VXX, 6VYB) and its variant 7NXA, respectively.	artemisinin	121-132	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	158-163
34356644-3	2021	The causes of such events may be related to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interactions with different C-type lectin receptors, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and the CD147 receptor, or to different soluble splice variants of the spike protein, adenovirus vector interactions with the CD46 receptor or platelet factor 4 antibodies.	Heparitin Sulfate	122-137	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	55-60
34189538-0	2021	T-cell mediated immunity after AZD1222 vaccination: A polyfunctional spike-specific Th1 response with a diverse TCR repertoire.	azd1222	31-38	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	69-74
34189538-3	2021	Total spike-specific CD4+ T cell helper type 1 (Th1) and CD8+ T-cell responses were significantly increased in AZD1222-vaccinated adults of all ages following two doses of AZD1222.	azd1222	111-118	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	6-11
34189538-3	2021	Total spike-specific CD4+ T cell helper type 1 (Th1) and CD8+ T-cell responses were significantly increased in AZD1222-vaccinated adults of all ages following two doses of AZD1222.	azd1222	172-179	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	6-11
34189538-6	2021	T-cell receptor (TCR) beta sequences from vaccinated participants mapped against TCR sequences known to react to SARS-CoV-2 revealed substantial breadth and depth across the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for the AZD1222-induced CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses.	azd1222	207-214	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	185-190
34189538-8	2021	One Sentence Summary: Polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses are elicited against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein following vaccination with AZD1222.	azd1222	145-152	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	104-109
34236361-2	2021	We describe here a facile chemoenzymatic synthesis of core-fucosylated N-glycopeptides derived from the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and their binding with glycan-dependent neutralizing antibody S309 and human lectin CLEC4G.	n-glycopeptides	71-86	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	115-120
34238357-0	2021	A bivalent protein targeting glycans and HR1 domain in spike protein potently inhibited infection of SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses.	Polysaccharides	29-36	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	55-60
34229582-4	2021	Of these, three drugs showed significant therapeutic potential that warrant further investigation: SN35563, a ketamine ester analogue, was found to bind strongly to the ACE2 receptor but weakly within the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD); in contrast, arbidol and hydroxychloroquine bound preferentially with the spike RBD rather than ACE2.	sn35563	99-106	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	205-210
34229582-5	2021	A fourth drug, remdesivir, bound approximately equally to both the ACE2 and viral spike RBD, thus potentially increasing risk of viral infection by bringing the spike protein into closer proximity to the ACE2 receptor.	remdesivir	15-25	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	161-166
34356672-0	2021	Interference of Polydatin/Resveratrol in the ACE2:Spike Recognition during COVID-19 Infection.	polydatin	16-25	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	50-55
34356672-0	2021	Interference of Polydatin/Resveratrol in the ACE2:Spike Recognition during COVID-19 Infection.	Resveratrol	26-37	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	50-55
34213308-2	2021	The abundance of N-linked glycans across the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is a potential source of heterogeneity among the many different vaccine candidates under investigation.	n-linked glycans	17-33	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	56-61
34213308-5	2021	Molecular dynamics simulations of a fully glycosylated spike support a model of steric restrictions that shape enzymatic processing of the glycans.	Polysaccharides	139-146	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	55-60
34257311-3	2021	Reprogrammed Cas13b effectors targeting accessible regions of Spike and Nucleocapsid transcripts achieved >98% silencing efficiency in virus-free models.	cas13b	13-19	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	62-67
34252168-5	2021	Endosomal acidification inhibitors like BafilomycinA1 and NH4Cl, which inhibit the CG pathway, reduce the uptake of RBD and impede Spike-pseudoviral infection in both AGS and AGS-ACE2 cells.	bafilomycin A1	40-53	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	131-136
34252168-5	2021	Endosomal acidification inhibitors like BafilomycinA1 and NH4Cl, which inhibit the CG pathway, reduce the uptake of RBD and impede Spike-pseudoviral infection in both AGS and AGS-ACE2 cells.	Ammonium Chloride	58-63	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	131-136
34252168-6	2021	The inhibition by BafilomycinA1 was found to be distinct from Chloroquine which neither affects RBD uptake nor alters endosomal pH, yet attenuates Spike-pseudovirus entry.	bafilomycin A1	18-31	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	147-152
34268505-4	2021	Studying the effect of temperature on the receptor-Spike interaction, we observed a significant and stepwise increase in RBD-ACE2 affinity at low temperatures, resulting in slower dissociation kinetics.	rbd	121-124	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	51-56
34243689-8	2021	Affinity of phytoconstituents towards SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-human ACE2 complex decreased as isomeldenin > tinosporaside > EGCG whereas in case of unbound ACE2, the strength of binding followed the order isomeldenin > tinosporaside > ellagic acid.	ISOMELDENIN	95-106	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	49-54
34243689-8	2021	Affinity of phytoconstituents towards SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-human ACE2 complex decreased as isomeldenin > tinosporaside > EGCG whereas in case of unbound ACE2, the strength of binding followed the order isomeldenin > tinosporaside > ellagic acid.	Tinosporaside	109-122	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	49-54
34243689-8	2021	Affinity of phytoconstituents towards SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-human ACE2 complex decreased as isomeldenin > tinosporaside > EGCG whereas in case of unbound ACE2, the strength of binding followed the order isomeldenin > tinosporaside > ellagic acid.	epigallocatechin gallate	125-129	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	49-54
34243689-8	2021	Affinity of phytoconstituents towards SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-human ACE2 complex decreased as isomeldenin > tinosporaside > EGCG whereas in case of unbound ACE2, the strength of binding followed the order isomeldenin > tinosporaside > ellagic acid.	ISOMELDENIN	206-217	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	49-54
34243689-8	2021	Affinity of phytoconstituents towards SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-human ACE2 complex decreased as isomeldenin > tinosporaside > EGCG whereas in case of unbound ACE2, the strength of binding followed the order isomeldenin > tinosporaside > ellagic acid.	Tinosporaside	220-233	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	49-54
34243689-8	2021	Affinity of phytoconstituents towards SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-human ACE2 complex decreased as isomeldenin > tinosporaside > EGCG whereas in case of unbound ACE2, the strength of binding followed the order isomeldenin > tinosporaside > ellagic acid.	Ellagic Acid	236-248	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	49-54
34243689-11	2021	SAR analysis revealed that isomeldenin, tinosporaside, EGCG and ellagic acid bind to viral spike glycoproteins via H-bond, Pi-Pi, Pi-sigma and Pi-alkyl type interactions.	ISOMELDENIN	27-38	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	91-96
34243689-11	2021	SAR analysis revealed that isomeldenin, tinosporaside, EGCG and ellagic acid bind to viral spike glycoproteins via H-bond, Pi-Pi, Pi-sigma and Pi-alkyl type interactions.	Tinosporaside	40-53	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	91-96
34243689-11	2021	SAR analysis revealed that isomeldenin, tinosporaside, EGCG and ellagic acid bind to viral spike glycoproteins via H-bond, Pi-Pi, Pi-sigma and Pi-alkyl type interactions.	epigallocatechin gallate	55-59	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	91-96
34243689-11	2021	SAR analysis revealed that isomeldenin, tinosporaside, EGCG and ellagic acid bind to viral spike glycoproteins via H-bond, Pi-Pi, Pi-sigma and Pi-alkyl type interactions.	Ellagic Acid	64-76	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	91-96
34243689-12	2021	Molecular dynamics simulation of isomeldenin and EGCG with SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins exhibited low deviations throughout the 100 ns simulation indicating good stability and compactness of the protein-ligand complexes.	ISOMELDENIN	33-44	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	83-88
34225565-14	2021	HighlightsPlants" natural active compounds may aid in the development of COVID-19 therapeutics.MD simulation study revealed stable binding of withanolide D and withaferin A with spike proteinWithanolide D and withaferin A could be effective against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.Discovery of druggable agents that have less or lack of binding affinity with ACE2 to avoid the organs associated with comorbidities.According to ADMET selected phytochemicals may be used as druggable compounds.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.	withaferin A	160-172	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	178-183
34166617-5	2021	Alpha variant B.1.1.7 spike mediates faster kinetics of cell-cell fusion than wild-type Wuhan-1 D614G, dependent on DeltaH69/V70.	deltah69	116-124	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	22-27
34541574-2	2021	Here, we evaluate nafamostat mesylate, a potent broad-spectrum serine protease inhibitor that blocks host protease activation of the viral spike protein.	nafamostat	18-37	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	139-144
34541574-2	2021	Here, we evaluate nafamostat mesylate, a potent broad-spectrum serine protease inhibitor that blocks host protease activation of the viral spike protein.	Serine	63-69	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	139-144
34132301-3	2021	However, the underlying mechanism of how the spike receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 cooperates with human ACE2 (hACE2), cat ACE2 (cACE2) and dog ACE2 (dACE2) and the variation in binding remains largely unsolved.	cace2	141-146	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	45-50
34132301-6	2021	Furthermore, alanine scanning analysis results validated some key residues of the spike RBD interact with ACE2 and provided clues to the variation of amino acid that could influence the transmissibility or immune responses of SARS-CoV-2.	Alanine	13-20	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	82-87
34168168-4	2021	Spike protein exhibited the highest binding to human (h)ACE2 of all the species tested, forming the highest number of hydrogen bonds with hACE2.	Hydrogen	118-126	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	0-5
34127709-0	2021	Glycan reactive anti-HIV-1 antibodies bind the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein but do not block viral entry.	Polysaccharides	0-6	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	58-63
34230894-0	2021	Discovery of Cyclic Peptide Ligands to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Using mRNA Display.	Peptides, Cyclic	13-27	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	54-59
34235261-2	2021	Microarray binding experiments, using an extensive heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharide library, showed that the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike of SARS-CoV-2 can bind HS in a length- and sequence-dependent manner.	Heparitin Sulfate	51-66	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	150-155
34235261-2	2021	Microarray binding experiments, using an extensive heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharide library, showed that the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike of SARS-CoV-2 can bind HS in a length- and sequence-dependent manner.	Heparitin Sulfate	68-70	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	150-155
34235261-2	2021	Microarray binding experiments, using an extensive heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharide library, showed that the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike of SARS-CoV-2 can bind HS in a length- and sequence-dependent manner.	Oligosaccharides	72-87	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	150-155
34235261-4	2021	Surface plasmon resonance showed the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds with a much higher affinity to heparin (K D = 55 nM) compared to the RBD (K D = 1 muM) alone.	Heparin	99-106	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-53
34161337-4	2021	A unique K403R spike protein substitution encodes an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif, introducing a potential role for RGD-binding host integrins.	arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid	53-64	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	15-20
34161337-4	2021	A unique K403R spike protein substitution encodes an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif, introducing a potential role for RGD-binding host integrins.	arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid	66-69	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	15-20
34138966-5	2021	Here, we provide experimental evidence that, among 56 tested polyphenols, including plant extracts, brazilin, theaflavin-3,3"-digallate, and curcumin displayed the highest binding with the receptor-binding domain of spike protein, inhibiting viral attachment to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, and thus cellular entry of pseudo-typed SARS-CoV-2 virions.	Polyphenols	61-72	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	216-221
34138966-5	2021	Here, we provide experimental evidence that, among 56 tested polyphenols, including plant extracts, brazilin, theaflavin-3,3"-digallate, and curcumin displayed the highest binding with the receptor-binding domain of spike protein, inhibiting viral attachment to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, and thus cellular entry of pseudo-typed SARS-CoV-2 virions.	theaflavin-3,3'-digallate	110-135	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	216-221
34138966-5	2021	Here, we provide experimental evidence that, among 56 tested polyphenols, including plant extracts, brazilin, theaflavin-3,3"-digallate, and curcumin displayed the highest binding with the receptor-binding domain of spike protein, inhibiting viral attachment to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, and thus cellular entry of pseudo-typed SARS-CoV-2 virions.	Curcumin	141-149	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	216-221
34138966-5	2021	Here, we provide experimental evidence that, among 56 tested polyphenols, including plant extracts, brazilin, theaflavin-3,3"-digallate, and curcumin displayed the highest binding with the receptor-binding domain of spike protein, inhibiting viral attachment to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, and thus cellular entry of pseudo-typed SARS-CoV-2 virions.	brazilin	100-108	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	216-221
34133162-0	2021	Interactive Interface for Graph-Based Analyses of Dynamic H-Bond Networks: Application to Spike Protein S. Dynamic hydrogen-bond networks are key determinants of protein conformational dynamics.	Hydrogen	115-123	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	90-95
34133162-6	2021	The receptor binding domain of the spike protein hosts only a handful of persistent hydrogen-bond clusters, suggesting structural plasticity.	Hydrogen	84-92	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	35-40
34128653-0	2021	COVID-19 Spike Protein Induced Phononic Modification in Antibody-Coupled Graphene for Viral Detection Application.	Graphite	73-81	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	9-14
34128653-2	2021	Here, we report on the modification of the dopant density and the phononic energy of antibody-coupled graphene when it interfaces with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Graphite	102-110	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	146-151
34128653-3	2021	This graphene chemeo-phononic system was able to detect SARS-CoV-2 spike protein at the limit of detection of ~3.75 and ~1 fg/mL in artificial saliva and phosphate-buffered saline, respectively.	Graphite	5-13	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	67-72
34128653-3	2021	This graphene chemeo-phononic system was able to detect SARS-CoV-2 spike protein at the limit of detection of ~3.75 and ~1 fg/mL in artificial saliva and phosphate-buffered saline, respectively.	Phosphate-Buffered Saline	154-179	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	67-72
34127709-2	2021	A common feature amongst enveloped viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 is the propensity for displaying host-derived glycans on entry spike proteins.	Polysaccharides	118-125	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	135-140
34127709-4	2021	From a panel of nine anti-HIV-1 gp120 reactive antibodies, we selected two (PGT126 and PGT128) that displayed high levels of cross-reactivity with the SARS-CoV-2 spike.	pgt126	76-82	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	162-167
34127709-4	2021	From a panel of nine anti-HIV-1 gp120 reactive antibodies, we selected two (PGT126 and PGT128) that displayed high levels of cross-reactivity with the SARS-CoV-2 spike.	pgt128	87-93	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	162-167
34127709-6	2021	Nevertheless, ELISA and other immunoreactivity experiments demonstrate these antibodies are capable of binding the SARS-CoV-2 spike in a glycan-dependent manner.	Polysaccharides	137-143	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	126-131
34208136-2	2021	SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs through the interaction of the viral protein Spike with the angiotensin II receptor (ACE 2), leading to an increase of angiotensin II and activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase2 (NOX2), resulting in the release of both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory molecules.	NAD	180-213	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	73-78
34179075-0	2021	Heparan Sulfate Facilitates Spike Protein-Mediated SARS-CoV-2 Host Cell Invasion and Contributes to Increased Infection of SARS-CoV-2 G614 Mutant and in Lung Cancer.	Heparitin Sulfate	0-15	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	28-33
34179075-2	2021	Cellular heparan sulfate (HS) has been found to bind SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SV2-S) and co-operate with cell surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to mediate SARS-CoV-2 infection of host cells.	Heparitin Sulfate	9-24	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	64-69
34208136-2	2021	SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs through the interaction of the viral protein Spike with the angiotensin II receptor (ACE 2), leading to an increase of angiotensin II and activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase2 (NOX2), resulting in the release of both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory molecules.	Reactive Oxygen Species	274-297	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	73-78
34208136-2	2021	SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs through the interaction of the viral protein Spike with the angiotensin II receptor (ACE 2), leading to an increase of angiotensin II and activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase2 (NOX2), resulting in the release of both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory molecules.	Reactive Oxygen Species	299-302	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	73-78
34112764-0	2021	Correction To: Ceftazidime is a potential drug to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro by blocking spike protein-ACE2 interaction.	Ceftazidime	15-26	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	100-105
34179095-4	2021	Our results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 uses a dual strategy: in addition to the known interaction with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the viral spike protein can also interact with sialic-acid receptors of the cells in the upper airways.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	181-192	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	144-149
34127969-3	2021	Serine proteases (SPs) including furin and TMPRSS2 cleave SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, facilitating viral entry.	Serine	0-6	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	69-74
34200372-0	2021	ACE2-Independent Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Human Epithelial Cells Is Inhibited by Unfractionated Heparin.	Heparin	116-123	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	43-48
34200372-7	2021	As the spike protein has previously been shown to bind heparin, a soluble glycosaminoglycan, we tested the effects of various heparins on ACE2-independent spike protein interaction with cells.	Heparin	55-62	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	7-12
34200372-8	2021	Unfractionated heparin inhibited spike protein interaction with an IC50 value of <0.05 U/mL, whereas two low-molecular-weight heparins were less effective.	Heparin	15-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	33-38
34200372-8	2021	Unfractionated heparin inhibited spike protein interaction with an IC50 value of <0.05 U/mL, whereas two low-molecular-weight heparins were less effective.	Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight	105-134	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	33-38
34200372-9	2021	A mutant form of the spike protein, lacking the arginine-rich putative furin cleavage site, interacted only weakly with cells and had a lower affinity for unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin than the wild-type spike protein.	Arginine	48-56	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	21-26
34200372-9	2021	A mutant form of the spike protein, lacking the arginine-rich putative furin cleavage site, interacted only weakly with cells and had a lower affinity for unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin than the wild-type spike protein.	Heparin	195-202	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	21-26
34200372-11	2021	The glycosaminoglycans heparan sulphate and dermatan sulphate, but not chondroitin sulphate, also inhibited the binding of spike protein, indicating that it might bind to one or both of these glycosaminoglycans on the surface of target cells.	Glycosaminoglycans	4-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	123-128
34200372-11	2021	The glycosaminoglycans heparan sulphate and dermatan sulphate, but not chondroitin sulphate, also inhibited the binding of spike protein, indicating that it might bind to one or both of these glycosaminoglycans on the surface of target cells.	Heparitin Sulfate	23-39	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	123-128
34200372-11	2021	The glycosaminoglycans heparan sulphate and dermatan sulphate, but not chondroitin sulphate, also inhibited the binding of spike protein, indicating that it might bind to one or both of these glycosaminoglycans on the surface of target cells.	Dermatan Sulfate	44-61	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	123-128
34200372-11	2021	The glycosaminoglycans heparan sulphate and dermatan sulphate, but not chondroitin sulphate, also inhibited the binding of spike protein, indicating that it might bind to one or both of these glycosaminoglycans on the surface of target cells.	Glycosaminoglycans	192-210	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	123-128
34230907-6	2021	Hydrogen-bond analyses reveal key residues of RBD for strong hydrogen-bond interactions between RBDs and antibodies, which help in the rational design of vaccine and drug molecules targeting the S protein of SARS-CoV-2.	Hydrogen	0-8	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	195-196
34004056-0	2021	Disruption of disulfides within RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein prevents fusion and represents a target for viral entry inhibition by registered drugs.	Disulfides	14-24	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	50-55
34071484-11	2021	Our results showed that TPU-Ag was more effective than PVA-Ag as HIV-1 antiviral nanohybrid as well as in deactivating spike proteins of SARS-Cov-2.	tpu	24-27	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	119-124
34158856-6	2021	Glutathione S-transferase pulldown, surface plasmon resonance, and immunofluorescence were performed to evaluate the transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) interaction with SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD at 39.5  C. Using an RNA sequencing-based approach, cytokine gene expression induced by SARS-CoV-2 S transfection at 39.5  C and 37.5  C in primary alveolar macrophages was measured.	Glutathione	0-11	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	194-195
34095308-8	2021	After analyzing stability and reactivity, 5 phytochemicals, i.e., SilybinC, Isopomiferin, Lycopene, SilydianinB, and Silydianin are identified as novel and potent candidates for the inhibition of HR1 domain in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	silybinc	66-74	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	221-226
34095308-8	2021	After analyzing stability and reactivity, 5 phytochemicals, i.e., SilybinC, Isopomiferin, Lycopene, SilydianinB, and Silydianin are identified as novel and potent candidates for the inhibition of HR1 domain in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	isopomiferin	76-88	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	221-226
34095308-8	2021	After analyzing stability and reactivity, 5 phytochemicals, i.e., SilybinC, Isopomiferin, Lycopene, SilydianinB, and Silydianin are identified as novel and potent candidates for the inhibition of HR1 domain in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Lycopene	90-98	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	221-226
34095308-8	2021	After analyzing stability and reactivity, 5 phytochemicals, i.e., SilybinC, Isopomiferin, Lycopene, SilydianinB, and Silydianin are identified as novel and potent candidates for the inhibition of HR1 domain in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	silydianinb	100-111	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	221-226
34095308-8	2021	After analyzing stability and reactivity, 5 phytochemicals, i.e., SilybinC, Isopomiferin, Lycopene, SilydianinB, and Silydianin are identified as novel and potent candidates for the inhibition of HR1 domain in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	silydianin	117-127	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	221-226
34060425-4	2021	By combining functional dynamics analysis and ensemble-based alanine scanning of the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins we found that the D614G mutation can improve stability of the spike protein in both closed and open forms, but shifting thermodynamic preferences towards the open mutant form.	Alanine	61-68	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	96-101
34060425-4	2021	By combining functional dynamics analysis and ensemble-based alanine scanning of the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins we found that the D614G mutation can improve stability of the spike protein in both closed and open forms, but shifting thermodynamic preferences towards the open mutant form.	Alanine	61-68	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	173-178
34066016-0	2021	Mice Immunized with the Vaccine Candidate HexaPro Spike Produce Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.	hexapro	42-49	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	50-55
34066016-4	2021	Recently, a new version of prefusion spike trimers, named HexaPro, has been shown to possess two RBD in the "up" conformation, due to its physical property, as opposed to just one exposed RBD found in S-2P.	hexapro	58-65	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	37-42
34066016-6	2021	Here, we report that the spike protein HexaPro offers a promising candidate for the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.	hexapro	39-46	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	25-30
34064516-7	2021	Pretreatment of cells with exogenous sphingosine also prevents the viral spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) from interacting with host cell receptors and inhibits the propagation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in macrophages.	Sphingosine	37-48	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	73-78
34230907-6	2021	Hydrogen-bond analyses reveal key residues of RBD for strong hydrogen-bond interactions between RBDs and antibodies, which help in the rational design of vaccine and drug molecules targeting the S protein of SARS-CoV-2.	Hydrogen	61-69	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	195-196
34230706-0	2021	Frontispiz: Molecular Simulations suggest Vitamins, Retinoids and Steroids as Ligands of the Free Fatty Acid Pocket of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein.	Retinoids	52-61	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	134-139
34159141-8	2021	Justicidin D had binding affinities of -8.7, -8.1, and -7.6 kcal mol-1 on RdRp, 3CLpro, and spike, respectively.	justicidins	0-12	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	92-97
34159141-9	2021	10-methoxycamptothecin had binding affinities of -8.5 and -8.2 kcal mol-1 on RdRp and spike, respectively.	10-methoxycamptothecin	0-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	86-91
34159141-10	2021	Inoxanthone had binding affinities of -8.3 and -8.1 kcal mol-1 on RdRp and spike, respectively, while binding affinities of caribine were -9.0 and -7.5 mol-1 on 3CLpro and spike, respectively.	blancoxanthone	0-11	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	75-80
34230706-0	2021	Frontispiz: Molecular Simulations suggest Vitamins, Retinoids and Steroids as Ligands of the Free Fatty Acid Pocket of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein.	Steroids	66-74	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	134-139
34159141-10	2021	Inoxanthone had binding affinities of -8.3 and -8.1 kcal mol-1 on RdRp and spike, respectively, while binding affinities of caribine were -9.0 and -7.5 mol-1 on 3CLpro and spike, respectively.	Caribine	124-132	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	172-177
34230706-0	2021	Frontispiz: Molecular Simulations suggest Vitamins, Retinoids and Steroids as Ligands of the Free Fatty Acid Pocket of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein.	Fatty Acids, Nonesterified	93-108	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	134-139
34130467-8	2021	Upon comparison of all the processed drugs ganciclovir and zanamivir displayed significant binding energy with HB interactions with both, spike (-9.2 and -9 kcal/mol respectively) and the main protease (-9 kcal/mol).	Ganciclovir	43-54	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	138-143
34381960-6	2021	Importantly, the aggregated gold nanoparticles form "hot spots" to provide very strong SERS signal enhancement from anti-spike antibody and 4-aminothiophenol attached gold nanoparticles via light-matter interactions.	sers	87-91	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	121-126
34234394-4	2021	Our phylogeny analysis of 1947 sequences of S proteins indicated there is a change in amino acid (aa) from aspartate (Group-A) to glycine (Group-B) at position 614, near the receptor- binding domain (RBD; aa positions 331-524).	Aspartic Acid	107-116	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	44-45
34234394-4	2021	Our phylogeny analysis of 1947 sequences of S proteins indicated there is a change in amino acid (aa) from aspartate (Group-A) to glycine (Group-B) at position 614, near the receptor- binding domain (RBD; aa positions 331-524).	Glycine	130-137	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	44-45
34130467-8	2021	Upon comparison of all the processed drugs ganciclovir and zanamivir displayed significant binding energy with HB interactions with both, spike (-9.2 and -9 kcal/mol respectively) and the main protease (-9 kcal/mol).	Zanamivir	59-68	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	138-143
34130467-9	2021	Ribavirin and tenofovir showed significant binding energy above -8 kcal/mol with seven HB interactions with the main protease and also spike protein.	Ribavirin	0-9	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	135-140
34130467-9	2021	Ribavirin and tenofovir showed significant binding energy above -8 kcal/mol with seven HB interactions with the main protease and also spike protein.	Tenofovir	14-23	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	135-140
35487151-0	2022	Inhibitory mechanism of Ambroxol and Bromhexine Hydrochlorides as potent blockers of molecular interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human angiotensin-converting Enzyme-2.	Bromhexine	37-62	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	126-131
34490059-5	2021	The calculated pH effects in pre-fusion spike trimers are modulated mainly by aspartic acid residues, rather than the more familiar histidine role at mild acidic pH.	Aspartic Acid	78-91	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	40-45
34490059-5	2021	The calculated pH effects in pre-fusion spike trimers are modulated mainly by aspartic acid residues, rather than the more familiar histidine role at mild acidic pH.	Histidine	132-141	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	40-45
34490059-7	2021	According to this model, their replacement (perhaps with asparagine) would remove the pH-dependent destabilisation of locked spike trimer conformations, and increase their recovery at neutral pH.	Asparagine	57-67	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	125-130
34490059-8	2021	This would provide an alternative or supplement to the insertion of disulphide linkages for stabilising spike protein trimers, with potential relevance for vaccine design.	disulphide	68-78	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	104-109
34548854-5	2021	In this work, the ACET effect on the SARS-CoV-2 S protein binding reaction kinetics and on the detection time of the biosensor was analyzed.	1-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-3-(2-carboxy-5-phenylthiophene-3-ylmethyl)-5-methylpyrimidine-2,4-dione	18-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-49
35635976-2	2022	Here, we report a label free electrochemical Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide (FTO) Immunosensor coupled with gold nanorods (GNRs) as an electron carrier for ultrasensitive detection of the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS CoV-2 Spike protein.	Fluorine	45-53	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	226-231
35635976-2	2022	Here, we report a label free electrochemical Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide (FTO) Immunosensor coupled with gold nanorods (GNRs) as an electron carrier for ultrasensitive detection of the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS CoV-2 Spike protein.	stannic oxide	60-69	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	226-231
35635976-2	2022	Here, we report a label free electrochemical Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide (FTO) Immunosensor coupled with gold nanorods (GNRs) as an electron carrier for ultrasensitive detection of the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS CoV-2 Spike protein.	L 685458	71-74	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	226-231
35474581-3	2022	Here, we showed that the T-cell responses of individuals who underwent booster vaccination with CoronaVac were largely protective against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike protein.	coronavac	96-105	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	161-166
34870160-7	2021	3,5,8-Trimethoxy-6,7,4,5-bis(methylenedioxy)flavone, a Poly-Methoxyflavone, produced a highest docking score of -8.7 kcal/mol with respect to both the spike protein targets.	3,5,8-trimethoxy-6,7,4,5-bis(methylenedioxy)flavone	0-51	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	151-156
34870160-7	2021	3,5,8-Trimethoxy-6,7,4,5-bis(methylenedioxy)flavone, a Poly-Methoxyflavone, produced a highest docking score of -8.7 kcal/mol with respect to both the spike protein targets.	poly-methoxyflavone	55-74	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	151-156
34870160-8	2021	Poly-Methoxyflavones and Poly-Ethoxyflavones exhibited good binding affinity for the target spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, and can be potential anti-viral drug candidates against the existing Delta variant of the SARS-CoV-2.	poly-methoxyflavones	0-20	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	92-97
34870160-8	2021	Poly-Methoxyflavones and Poly-Ethoxyflavones exhibited good binding affinity for the target spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, and can be potential anti-viral drug candidates against the existing Delta variant of the SARS-CoV-2.	poly-ethoxyflavones	25-44	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	92-97
35487151-0	2022	Inhibitory mechanism of Ambroxol and Bromhexine Hydrochlorides as potent blockers of molecular interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human angiotensin-converting Enzyme-2.	Ambroxol	24-32	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	126-131
35259661-5	2022	The present study focused on curcumin derivatives with reliable ADME profile and high molecular binding potency to different SARS-CoV-2 target enzymes (3CLPro, PLpro, NSP7/8/12, NSP7/8/12 +RNA, NSP15, NSP16, Spike, Spike+ACE).	Curcumin	29-37	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	208-213
35578668-5	2022	The spike protein receptor binding domain were docked with 25 identified compounds and 2,4-Ditertbutyl-phenol (-6.3kcal/mol) shows highest docking score, its interactions enhances the increase in binding and helps to identify the biological activity.	2,4-di-tert-butylphenol	87-109	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	4-9
35511584-2	2022	One such evolution occurs in Beta, Gamma, and Omicron variants at three amino acid positions K417, E484, and N501 in the receptor binding domain of the spike protein.	beta, gamma,	29-41	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	152-157
35334309-0	2022	Interactions between glucosides of the tip of the S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and dry and wet surfaces of CuO and Cu-A model for the surfaces of coinage metals.	Glucosides	21-31	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	75-80
35334309-3	2022	Here is reported a study of the interactions between glucoside monomers of the tip of the S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with dry and wet surfaces of CuO and Cu, performed with dispersion corrected density functional theory-DFT.	Glucosides	53-62	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	115-120
35436443-0	2022	35B5 antibody potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 Omicron by disrupting the N-glycan switch via a conserved spike epitope.	n-glycan	72-80	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	104-109
35593886-0	2022	Remote Floating-Gate Field-Effect Transistor with 2-Dimensional Reduced Graphene Oxide Sensing Layer for Reliable Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins.	graphene oxide	72-86	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	138-143
35259661-5	2022	The present study focused on curcumin derivatives with reliable ADME profile and high molecular binding potency to different SARS-CoV-2 target enzymes (3CLPro, PLpro, NSP7/8/12, NSP7/8/12 +RNA, NSP15, NSP16, Spike, Spike+ACE).	Curcumin	29-37	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	215-220
35579205-4	2022	All seven peptides in isolation formed aggregates during incubation at 37  C. Three 20-amino acid long synthetic spike peptides (sequence 192-211, 601-620, 1166-1185) fulfilled three amyloid fibril criteria: nucleation dependent polymerization kinetics by ThT, Congo red positivity, and ultrastructural fibrillar morphology.	Peptides	119-127	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	113-118
35462168-6	2022	Moreover, comparison between SARS-CoV-2 IgG Spike titre at T1 and T2 revealed a faster decline of the humoral response in patients undergoing dimethyl fumarate-, interferon-beta 1a- and glatiramer acetate-therapies, while those receiving teriflunomide and natalizumab showed higher persistence compared to healthy controls.	teriflunomide	238-251	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	44-49
35239006-6	2022	Median anti-spike titre was lower in anti-CD20 antibodies and fingolimod-treated pwMS compared to those receiving other DMTs, and it correlated with anti-CD20 treatment duration (R - 0.93, p < 0.0001) and with age at vaccination in pwMS not receiving depletive treatments (R - 0.25, p = 0.028).	Fingolimod Hydrochloride	62-72	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	12-17
35189393-8	2022	We highlight how glycol-nanotechnology could aid in improving diagnostic methods for the detection of disease biomarkers with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence imaging (FLI), enhance therapeutics such as anti-adhesive treatment of cancer and vaccines against pneumonia, and advance analysis such as the rapid detection of pharmaceutical heparin contaminant and recombinant SARS-COV-2 spike protein.	Glycols	17-23	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	400-405
35231586-0	2022	Addition of arginine hydrochloride and proline to the culture medium enhances recombinant protein expression in Brevibacillus choshinensis: The case of RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its antibody.	Arginine	12-34	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	170-175
35231586-0	2022	Addition of arginine hydrochloride and proline to the culture medium enhances recombinant protein expression in Brevibacillus choshinensis: The case of RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its antibody.	Proline	39-46	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	170-175
35617963-5	2022	The tetravalent nAb binds to the spike protein trimer at least 100-fold more tightly than bivalent IgGs (apparent KD < 1 pM) and neutralizes a broad array of SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses, chimeric viruses, and authentic viral variants with high potency.	nab	16-19	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	33-38
35614039-7	2022	Mechanistic studies here reported confirm the significant affinity of raloxifene for the Spike protein, as predicted by in silico studies, and show that the drug treatment does not directly affect Spike/ACE2 interaction or viral internalization in infected cell lines.	Raloxifene Hydrochloride	70-80	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	89-94
35614039-8	2022	Interestingly, raloxifene can counteract Spike-mediated ADAM17 activation in human pulmonary cells, thus providing new insights on its mechanism of action.	Raloxifene Hydrochloride	15-25	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	41-46
35579205-4	2022	All seven peptides in isolation formed aggregates during incubation at 37  C. Three 20-amino acid long synthetic spike peptides (sequence 192-211, 601-620, 1166-1185) fulfilled three amyloid fibril criteria: nucleation dependent polymerization kinetics by ThT, Congo red positivity, and ultrastructural fibrillar morphology.	tetrahydrothiophene	256-259	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	113-118
35579205-4	2022	All seven peptides in isolation formed aggregates during incubation at 37  C. Three 20-amino acid long synthetic spike peptides (sequence 192-211, 601-620, 1166-1185) fulfilled three amyloid fibril criteria: nucleation dependent polymerization kinetics by ThT, Congo red positivity, and ultrastructural fibrillar morphology.	Congo Red	261-270	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	113-118
35609088-4	2022	To facilitate the isolation of neutralizing antibodies and the monitoring of vaccine effectiveness against these variants, we designed and produced biotin-labeled molecular probes of variant SARS-CoV-2 spikes and their subdomains, using a structure-based construct design that incorporated an N-terminal purification tag, a specific amino acid sequence for protease cleavage, the variant spike-based region of interest, and a C-terminal sequence targeted by biotin ligase.	Biotin	148-154	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	388-393
35412328-4	2022	In the cryo-electron microscopy structure, TRI2 formed a tripod on top of the spike protein which engaged all three receptor binding domains (RBDs) simultaneously as in the design model.	tri2	43-47	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	78-83
35624648-3	2022	Here we report the feasibility of using a simple, low-cost silicon field-effect transistor functionalised with aptamers and designed to attach to the spike protein of SARS-CoV2.	Silicon	59-66	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	150-155
35538925-1	2022	The biofunctionalization of graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) through vinylsulfonated-polyethyleneimine nanoscaffold is presented for enhanced biosensing of severe acute respiratory-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein and human ferritin, two targets of great importance for the rapid diagnostic and monitoring of individuals with COVID-19.	Graphite	28-36	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	225-230
35538925-1	2022	The biofunctionalization of graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) through vinylsulfonated-polyethyleneimine nanoscaffold is presented for enhanced biosensing of severe acute respiratory-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein and human ferritin, two targets of great importance for the rapid diagnostic and monitoring of individuals with COVID-19.	vinylsulfonated-polyethyleneimine	78-111	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	225-230
35525598-2	2022	By immobilizing histidine (His)-tagged SARS-CoV-2 spike (S1) protein onto tris-nitrilotriacetic acid (tris-NTA) sensor and using the early association phase for mass-transfer-controlled concentration determination, we developed a rapid and regenerable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method for quantifying anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody.	Histidine	16-25	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	50-55
35525598-2	2022	By immobilizing histidine (His)-tagged SARS-CoV-2 spike (S1) protein onto tris-nitrilotriacetic acid (tris-NTA) sensor and using the early association phase for mass-transfer-controlled concentration determination, we developed a rapid and regenerable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method for quantifying anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody.	Histidine	27-30	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	50-55
35525598-2	2022	By immobilizing histidine (His)-tagged SARS-CoV-2 spike (S1) protein onto tris-nitrilotriacetic acid (tris-NTA) sensor and using the early association phase for mass-transfer-controlled concentration determination, we developed a rapid and regenerable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method for quantifying anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody.	tris-nitrilotriacetic acid	74-100	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	50-55
35525598-2	2022	By immobilizing histidine (His)-tagged SARS-CoV-2 spike (S1) protein onto tris-nitrilotriacetic acid (tris-NTA) sensor and using the early association phase for mass-transfer-controlled concentration determination, we developed a rapid and regenerable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method for quantifying anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody.	Tris-NTA	102-110	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	50-55
35434540-0	2022	Synthetic Carbohydrate Binding Agents neutralize SARS-CoV-2 by inhibiting binding of the spike protein to ACE2.	Carbohydrates	10-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	89-94
35434540-4	2022	We report here that a family of mannose-binding synthetic carbohydrate binding agents (CBAs) inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection, showing broad neutralizing activity vs. several variants of the spike protein.	Carbohydrates	58-70	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	187-192
35588018-8	2022	This metabolic adaptation promoted by IRAK4i in Spike protein-activated MThetas was shown to be in part through constraining PFKBF3, HIF1alpha, cMYC, LDHA, lactate expression, and reversal of citrate and succinate buildup.	Lactic Acid	156-163	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-53
35588018-8	2022	This metabolic adaptation promoted by IRAK4i in Spike protein-activated MThetas was shown to be in part through constraining PFKBF3, HIF1alpha, cMYC, LDHA, lactate expression, and reversal of citrate and succinate buildup.	Citric Acid	192-199	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-53
35588018-8	2022	This metabolic adaptation promoted by IRAK4i in Spike protein-activated MThetas was shown to be in part through constraining PFKBF3, HIF1alpha, cMYC, LDHA, lactate expression, and reversal of citrate and succinate buildup.	Succinic Acid	204-213	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-53
35602928-5	2022	This reveals multiple membrane binding sites in the closed spike head that together prefer convex membranes and are modulated by pH, fatty acids and post-translational modifications including glycosylation.	Fatty Acids	133-144	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	59-64
35631447-1	2022	We have previously identified methylene blue, a tricyclic phenothiazine dye approved for clinical use for the treatment of methemoglobinemia and for other medical applications as a small-molecule inhibitor of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) between the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and ACE2, the first critical step of the attachment and entry of this coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic.	Methylene Blue	30-44	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	259-264
35631447-2	2022	Here, we show that methylene blue concentration dependently inhibits this PPI for the spike protein of the original strain as well as for those of variants of concern such as the D614G mutant and delta (B.1.617.2) with IC50 in the low micromolar range (1-5 muM).	Methylene Blue	19-33	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	86-91
35631447-4	2022	This nonspecificity notwithstanding, methylene blue inhibited the entry of pseudoviruses bearing the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 in hACE2-expressing host cells, both for the original strain and the delta variant.	Methylene Blue	37-51	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	101-106
35579965-7	2022	Compared to wild type Spike, these nAbs were less effective against the Delta and Mu Spike variants.	nabs	35-39	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	22-27
35579965-7	2022	Compared to wild type Spike, these nAbs were less effective against the Delta and Mu Spike variants.	nabs	35-39	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	85-90
35503561-5	2022	Specifically, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-induced MC degranulation resulted in alveolar-capillary injury, while pretreatment of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells with antihistamines prevented adhesion junction disruption; predictably, the combination of antiviral drug remdesivir with the antihistamine loratadine, a histamine receptor 1 (HR1) antagonist, dampened viral replication and inflammation, thereby greatly reducing lung injury.	remdesivir	274-284	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	25-30
35503561-5	2022	Specifically, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-induced MC degranulation resulted in alveolar-capillary injury, while pretreatment of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells with antihistamines prevented adhesion junction disruption; predictably, the combination of antiviral drug remdesivir with the antihistamine loratadine, a histamine receptor 1 (HR1) antagonist, dampened viral replication and inflammation, thereby greatly reducing lung injury.	Loratadine	308-318	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	25-30
35503561-5	2022	Specifically, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-induced MC degranulation resulted in alveolar-capillary injury, while pretreatment of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells with antihistamines prevented adhesion junction disruption; predictably, the combination of antiviral drug remdesivir with the antihistamine loratadine, a histamine receptor 1 (HR1) antagonist, dampened viral replication and inflammation, thereby greatly reducing lung injury.	Histamine	322-331	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	25-30
35578172-0	2022	Molecular docking analysis reveals the functional inhibitory effect of Genistein and Quercetin on TMPRSS2: SARS-COV-2 cell entry facilitator spike protein.	Genistein	71-80	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	141-146
35578172-0	2022	Molecular docking analysis reveals the functional inhibitory effect of Genistein and Quercetin on TMPRSS2: SARS-COV-2 cell entry facilitator spike protein.	Quercetin	85-94	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	141-146
35578172-10	2022	CONCLUSION: The compounds, Quercetin and Genistein, can inhibit the TMPRSS2 guided priming of the spike protein.	Quercetin	27-36	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	98-103
35578172-10	2022	CONCLUSION: The compounds, Quercetin and Genistein, can inhibit the TMPRSS2 guided priming of the spike protein.	Genistein	41-50	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	98-103
35578055-5	2022	The study identified bentiamine, folic acid, benfotiamine, and vitamin B12 against the RBD of S protein and bentiamine, folic acid, fursultiamine, and riboflavin to 3CLpro.	bentiamine	21-31	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	94-95
35575289-7	2022	Mutations at the spike residue P681 in several strains, such P681R in the Delta strain, resulted in the disruption of a proline-directed kinase phosphorylation motif at the S1/S2 site, which may lessen the impact of phosphorylation for these variants.	Proline	120-127	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	17-22
35316221-2	2022	We report phase 1/2 trial results of UB-612, a multitope subunit vaccine containing S1-RBD-sFc protein and rationally-designed promiscuous peptides representing Sarbecovirus conserved Th and CTL epitopes on the nucleocapsid (N), membrane (M) and spike (S2) proteins.	BM	37-39	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	246-251
35578055-5	2022	The study identified bentiamine, folic acid, benfotiamine, and vitamin B12 against the RBD of S protein and bentiamine, folic acid, fursultiamine, and riboflavin to 3CLpro.	Folic Acid	33-43	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	94-95
35578055-5	2022	The study identified bentiamine, folic acid, benfotiamine, and vitamin B12 against the RBD of S protein and bentiamine, folic acid, fursultiamine, and riboflavin to 3CLpro.	benphothiamine	45-57	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	94-95
35578055-5	2022	The study identified bentiamine, folic acid, benfotiamine, and vitamin B12 against the RBD of S protein and bentiamine, folic acid, fursultiamine, and riboflavin to 3CLpro.	Vitamin B 12	63-74	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	94-95
35578055-6	2022	The strong and stable binding of these safe and cheap vitamins at the important residues (R403, K417, Y449, Y453, N501, and Y505) in the S-protein-ACE2 interface and 3CLpro binding site residues especially active site residues (His 41 and Cys 145), indicating that they could be valuable repurpose drugs for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host and replication.	Histidine	228-231	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	137-138
35578055-6	2022	The strong and stable binding of these safe and cheap vitamins at the important residues (R403, K417, Y449, Y453, N501, and Y505) in the S-protein-ACE2 interface and 3CLpro binding site residues especially active site residues (His 41 and Cys 145), indicating that they could be valuable repurpose drugs for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host and replication.	Cysteine	239-242	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	137-138
35548881-9	2022	In addition, abiraterone acetate significantly decreased the production of N protein and S protein in the SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero E6 cells.	Abiraterone Acetate	13-32	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	89-90
35545850-5	2022	In this study, we performed an in silico screening of common food-derived carotenoids against druggable target proteins of SARS-CoV-2 including main protease, helicase, replication complex, spike protein and its mutants for the recent variants of concern, and ADP-ribose phosphatase.	Carotenoids	74-85	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	190-195
35562647-10	2022	Lectibodies can lead to neutralization and clearance of viruses and cells infected by viruses by binding to glycans located on the envelope surface (e.g., the heavily glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike protein).	Polysaccharides	108-115	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	191-196
35477296-0	2022	Structure and Orientation of the SARS-Coronavirus-2 Spike Protein at Air-Water Interfaces.	Water	73-78	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	52-57
35477296-4	2022	We here report on the secondary structure and orientation of the S1 segment of the spike protein, which is often used as a model protein for in vitro studies of SARS-CoV-2, at the air-water interface using surface-sensitive vibrational sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy.	Water	184-189	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	83-88
35477296-6	2022	The SFG experiments show that the S1 segment of the spike protein remains folded at the air-water interface and predominantly binds in its monomeric state, while the combination of small-angle X-ray scattering and two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy measurements indicate that it forms hexamers with the same secondary structure in aqueous solution.	Water	92-97	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	52-57
35549299-2	2022	Here, we profiled spike (S)-specific B cell responses following Omicron/BA.1 infection in mRNA-vaccinated donors.	Barium	72-74	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	18-23
35549299-2	2022	Here, we profiled spike (S)-specific B cell responses following Omicron/BA.1 infection in mRNA-vaccinated donors.	Barium	72-74	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	25-26
35596971-0	2022	Computational studies evidenced the potential of steroidal lactone to disrupt surface interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and hACE2.	Lactones	59-66	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	112-117
35549865-9	2022	Of interest, restoration of NO by L-arginine may attenuate SARS-CoV-2 infection through different mechanisms, including reduction binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2, inhibition of transmembrane protease serine type 2 (TMPRSS2) a critical for activation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and cellular entry, inhibition proliferation and replication of SARS-CoV-2, and prevention of SARS-CoV-2-induced coagulopathy.	Arginine	34-44	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	262-267
35545850-12	2022	Molecular docking experiments against main protease, helicase, replication complex, spike protein and its mutants for the recent variants of concern, and ADP-ribose phosphatase resulted in a few carotenoids with multitarget inhibitory effects.	Carotenoids	195-206	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	84-89
35545850-13	2022	Particularly, crocin as one of the main components of saffron exhibited strong binding affinities to the multiple drug targets including main protease, helicase, replication complex, mutant spike protein of lineage B.1.351, and ADP-ribose phosphatase.	crocin	14-20	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	190-195
35526097-3	2022	Mechanistically, Bifonazole binds ACE2 around residue K353, which consequently prevents association with RBD, thereby impacting entry and replication of Spike-pseudotyped viruses as well as native SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern (VOC).	bifonazole	17-27	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	153-158
35538835-9	2022	RESULTS: Based on the results of molecular docking simulations compound from Betel leaf, 24-Propylcholesterol, showed high binding affinity values for spike glycoprotein RBD and non-structural protein 15 (NSP15), namely -7.5 and -7.8 kcal/mol.	24-propylcholesterol	89-109	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	151-156
35526097-3	2022	Mechanistically, Bifonazole binds ACE2 around residue K353, which consequently prevents association with RBD, thereby impacting entry and replication of Spike-pseudotyped viruses as well as native SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern (VOC).	Fluoroglycofen	54-58	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	153-158
35526097-4	2022	Intranasal administration of Bifonazole reduces lethality in K18-ACE2 mice challenged with VSV-Spike by 40%, with a similar benefit after live SARS-CoV-2 challenge.	bifonazole	29-39	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	95-100
35446532-3	2022	Here, we report the development of an electrochemical sensing platform based on single-walled carbon nanotube screen-printed electrodes (SWCNT-SPEs) functionalized with a redox-tagged DNA aptamer that specifically binds to the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 subunit.	Carbon	94-100	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	269-274
35547841-4	2022	With examples of zwitterionic dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline, cholesterol, and anionic sodium dodecyl sulphate, we show that surfactants form micellar aggregates that selectively adhere to the specific regions of S1 domain of the Spike protein that are responsible for binding with ACE2 receptors and virus transmission into the cells.	Cholesterol	64-75	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	232-237
35547841-4	2022	With examples of zwitterionic dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline, cholesterol, and anionic sodium dodecyl sulphate, we show that surfactants form micellar aggregates that selectively adhere to the specific regions of S1 domain of the Spike protein that are responsible for binding with ACE2 receptors and virus transmission into the cells.	Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate	89-112	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	232-237
35547841-1	2022	COVID-19 is transmitted by inhaling SARS-CoV-2 virions, which are enveloped by a lipid bilayer decorated by a "crown" of Spike protein protrusions.	Lipid Bilayers	81-94	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	121-126
35344983-4	2022	Attractive pharmacological targets to impede viral entry include type-II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs), such as TMPRSS2, whose essential role in the virus lifecycle is to cleave the viral spike protein to expose the fusion peptide for cell entry5,6.	Serine	87-93	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	197-202
35547841-4	2022	With examples of zwitterionic dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline, cholesterol, and anionic sodium dodecyl sulphate, we show that surfactants form micellar aggregates that selectively adhere to the specific regions of S1 domain of the Spike protein that are responsible for binding with ACE2 receptors and virus transmission into the cells.	1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine	30-62	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	232-237
35332581-4	2022	Herein, we rationally developed a nanoparticle vaccine, termed SCTV01B, by using the capsular polysaccharide of S. pneumoniae serotype 14 (PPS14) as the backbone to conjugate with the recombinant receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Polysaccharides	94-108	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	244-249
35104687-1	2022	BACKGROUND: The human protein transmembrane protease serine type 2 (TMPRSS2) plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection, as it is required to activate the virus" spike protein, facilitating entry into target cells.	Serine	53-59	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	160-165
35171373-4	2022	The LIAISON  SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS-IgG assay (DiaSorin-S.p.A.) was employed for the detection of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (cutoff for positive IgG antibodies: 33.8 BAU/mL).	diasorin	45-53	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	125-130
35273357-3	2022	The histone H3 or H4 selectively binds to subunit 2 of the spike (S) protein, as shown by a biochemical binding assay, surface plasmon resonance and binding energy calculation as well as the construction of a mutant S protein by replacing four acidic amino acids.	Amino Acids, Acidic	244-262	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	216-217
35273357-4	2022	Sialic acid on the host cell surface is the key molecule to which histones bridge subunit 2 of the S protein.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	0-11	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	99-100
35534727-8	2022	Mechanistically, 1,5-AG directly binds the S2 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, thereby interrupting spike-mediated virus-host membrane fusion.	1,5-anhydroglucitol	17-23	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	72-77
35534727-8	2022	Mechanistically, 1,5-AG directly binds the S2 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, thereby interrupting spike-mediated virus-host membrane fusion.	1,5-anhydroglucitol	17-23	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	108-113
35344983-8	2022	This demonstrates that TTSP-mediated proteolytic maturation of spike is critical for SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo and suggests that N-0385 provides a novel effective early treatment option against COVID-19 and emerging SARS-CoV-2 VOCs.	Ms-QFR-Kbt	132-138	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	63-68
35487958-3	2022	Limiting phosphate and iron in growth media induced expression of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from the P. tricornutum HASP1 promoter in the wild-type strain and in a histidine auxotrophic strain that alleviates the requirement for antibiotic selection of expression plasmids.	Phosphates	9-18	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	118-123
35487958-3	2022	Limiting phosphate and iron in growth media induced expression of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from the P. tricornutum HASP1 promoter in the wild-type strain and in a histidine auxotrophic strain that alleviates the requirement for antibiotic selection of expression plasmids.	Iron	23-27	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	118-123
35487958-3	2022	Limiting phosphate and iron in growth media induced expression of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from the P. tricornutum HASP1 promoter in the wild-type strain and in a histidine auxotrophic strain that alleviates the requirement for antibiotic selection of expression plasmids.	Histidine	204-213	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	118-123
35229634-4	2022	Two independent cell-to-cell membrane fusion assays showed that the antiviral effect of cobicistat is exerted through inhibition of spike protein-mediated membrane fusion.	Cobicistat	88-98	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	132-137
35563292-0	2022	Low-Dose SARS-CoV-2 S-Trimer with an Emulsion Adjuvant Induced Th1-Biased Protective Immunity.	2-(beta-D-glucosyl)benzothiazole	63-66	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	20-21
35563292-8	2022	In addition, the SWE adjuvant demonstrated a dose-sparing effect; thus, a lower dose of S-Trimer as an antigen (0.5 mug) can induce comparable antisera and provide complete protection from viral infection.	swe adjuvant	17-29	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	88-89
35572116-3	2022	In this study, it was found exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from halophilic archaeon Haloarcula hispanica ATCC33960 can bind to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 with the binding constant KD of 2.23 nM, block the binding of spike protein to Vero E6 and bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells, and inhibit pseudovirus infection.	exopolysaccharides	28-46	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	126-131
35572116-3	2022	In this study, it was found exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from halophilic archaeon Haloarcula hispanica ATCC33960 can bind to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 with the binding constant KD of 2.23 nM, block the binding of spike protein to Vero E6 and bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells, and inhibit pseudovirus infection.	exopolysaccharides	28-46	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	216-221
35572116-3	2022	In this study, it was found exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from halophilic archaeon Haloarcula hispanica ATCC33960 can bind to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 with the binding constant KD of 2.23 nM, block the binding of spike protein to Vero E6 and bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells, and inhibit pseudovirus infection.	epss	48-52	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	126-131
35572116-3	2022	In this study, it was found exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from halophilic archaeon Haloarcula hispanica ATCC33960 can bind to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 with the binding constant KD of 2.23 nM, block the binding of spike protein to Vero E6 and bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells, and inhibit pseudovirus infection.	epss	48-52	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	216-221
35547850-2	2022	We have characterized structural, functional and antigenic properties of the full-length BA.2 spike (S) protein and compared replication of the authentic virus in cell culture and animal model with previously prevalent variants.	Barium	89-91	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	101-102
35572668-5	2022	The treatment with teicoplanin suppressed the proteolytic activity of CTSL on spike and prevented the cellular infection of different pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 viruses.	Teicoplanin	19-30	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	78-83
35508082-0	2022	Curcumin inhibits spike protein of new SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC) Omicron, an in silico study.	Curcumin	0-8	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	18-23
35508082-4	2022	METHODS: The three-dimensional structure of the Spike RBD domain of Omicron variant was constructed by incorporating 15 amino acid substitutions to the Native Spike (S) structure and structural changes were compared that of the Native S. Seven phytochemicals namely Allicin, Capsaicin, Cinnamaldehyde, Curcumin, Gingerol, Piperine, and Zingeberene were docked with Omicron S protein and Omicron S-hACE2 complex.	allicin	266-273	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-53
35508082-4	2022	METHODS: The three-dimensional structure of the Spike RBD domain of Omicron variant was constructed by incorporating 15 amino acid substitutions to the Native Spike (S) structure and structural changes were compared that of the Native S. Seven phytochemicals namely Allicin, Capsaicin, Cinnamaldehyde, Curcumin, Gingerol, Piperine, and Zingeberene were docked with Omicron S protein and Omicron S-hACE2 complex.	allicin	266-273	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	159-164
35508082-4	2022	METHODS: The three-dimensional structure of the Spike RBD domain of Omicron variant was constructed by incorporating 15 amino acid substitutions to the Native Spike (S) structure and structural changes were compared that of the Native S. Seven phytochemicals namely Allicin, Capsaicin, Cinnamaldehyde, Curcumin, Gingerol, Piperine, and Zingeberene were docked with Omicron S protein and Omicron S-hACE2 complex.	Capsaicin	275-284	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-53
35508082-4	2022	METHODS: The three-dimensional structure of the Spike RBD domain of Omicron variant was constructed by incorporating 15 amino acid substitutions to the Native Spike (S) structure and structural changes were compared that of the Native S. Seven phytochemicals namely Allicin, Capsaicin, Cinnamaldehyde, Curcumin, Gingerol, Piperine, and Zingeberene were docked with Omicron S protein and Omicron S-hACE2 complex.	Capsaicin	275-284	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	159-164
35508082-4	2022	METHODS: The three-dimensional structure of the Spike RBD domain of Omicron variant was constructed by incorporating 15 amino acid substitutions to the Native Spike (S) structure and structural changes were compared that of the Native S. Seven phytochemicals namely Allicin, Capsaicin, Cinnamaldehyde, Curcumin, Gingerol, Piperine, and Zingeberene were docked with Omicron S protein and Omicron S-hACE2 complex.	cinnamaldehyde	286-300	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-53
35508082-4	2022	METHODS: The three-dimensional structure of the Spike RBD domain of Omicron variant was constructed by incorporating 15 amino acid substitutions to the Native Spike (S) structure and structural changes were compared that of the Native S. Seven phytochemicals namely Allicin, Capsaicin, Cinnamaldehyde, Curcumin, Gingerol, Piperine, and Zingeberene were docked with Omicron S protein and Omicron S-hACE2 complex.	cinnamaldehyde	286-300	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	159-164
35508082-4	2022	METHODS: The three-dimensional structure of the Spike RBD domain of Omicron variant was constructed by incorporating 15 amino acid substitutions to the Native Spike (S) structure and structural changes were compared that of the Native S. Seven phytochemicals namely Allicin, Capsaicin, Cinnamaldehyde, Curcumin, Gingerol, Piperine, and Zingeberene were docked with Omicron S protein and Omicron S-hACE2 complex.	Curcumin	302-310	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-53
35508082-4	2022	METHODS: The three-dimensional structure of the Spike RBD domain of Omicron variant was constructed by incorporating 15 amino acid substitutions to the Native Spike (S) structure and structural changes were compared that of the Native S. Seven phytochemicals namely Allicin, Capsaicin, Cinnamaldehyde, Curcumin, Gingerol, Piperine, and Zingeberene were docked with Omicron S protein and Omicron S-hACE2 complex.	Curcumin	302-310	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	159-164
35508082-4	2022	METHODS: The three-dimensional structure of the Spike RBD domain of Omicron variant was constructed by incorporating 15 amino acid substitutions to the Native Spike (S) structure and structural changes were compared that of the Native S. Seven phytochemicals namely Allicin, Capsaicin, Cinnamaldehyde, Curcumin, Gingerol, Piperine, and Zingeberene were docked with Omicron S protein and Omicron S-hACE2 complex.	gingerol	312-320	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-53
35508082-4	2022	METHODS: The three-dimensional structure of the Spike RBD domain of Omicron variant was constructed by incorporating 15 amino acid substitutions to the Native Spike (S) structure and structural changes were compared that of the Native S. Seven phytochemicals namely Allicin, Capsaicin, Cinnamaldehyde, Curcumin, Gingerol, Piperine, and Zingeberene were docked with Omicron S protein and Omicron S-hACE2 complex.	gingerol	312-320	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	159-164
35508082-4	2022	METHODS: The three-dimensional structure of the Spike RBD domain of Omicron variant was constructed by incorporating 15 amino acid substitutions to the Native Spike (S) structure and structural changes were compared that of the Native S. Seven phytochemicals namely Allicin, Capsaicin, Cinnamaldehyde, Curcumin, Gingerol, Piperine, and Zingeberene were docked with Omicron S protein and Omicron S-hACE2 complex.	piperine	322-330	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-53
35508082-4	2022	METHODS: The three-dimensional structure of the Spike RBD domain of Omicron variant was constructed by incorporating 15 amino acid substitutions to the Native Spike (S) structure and structural changes were compared that of the Native S. Seven phytochemicals namely Allicin, Capsaicin, Cinnamaldehyde, Curcumin, Gingerol, Piperine, and Zingeberene were docked with Omicron S protein and Omicron S-hACE2 complex.	piperine	322-330	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	159-164
35508082-4	2022	METHODS: The three-dimensional structure of the Spike RBD domain of Omicron variant was constructed by incorporating 15 amino acid substitutions to the Native Spike (S) structure and structural changes were compared that of the Native S. Seven phytochemicals namely Allicin, Capsaicin, Cinnamaldehyde, Curcumin, Gingerol, Piperine, and Zingeberene were docked with Omicron S protein and Omicron S-hACE2 complex.	zingeberene	336-347	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-53
35508082-4	2022	METHODS: The three-dimensional structure of the Spike RBD domain of Omicron variant was constructed by incorporating 15 amino acid substitutions to the Native Spike (S) structure and structural changes were compared that of the Native S. Seven phytochemicals namely Allicin, Capsaicin, Cinnamaldehyde, Curcumin, Gingerol, Piperine, and Zingeberene were docked with Omicron S protein and Omicron S-hACE2 complex.	zingeberene	336-347	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	159-164
35191576-0	2022	The SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein Directly Binds Exogeneous Sialic Acids:  A NMR View.	Sialic Acids	60-72	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	15-20
35191576-1	2022	The interaction of the SARS CoV2 spike glycoprotein with two sialic acid-containing trisaccharides (a2,3 and a2,6 sialyl N-Acetyllactosamine) has been demonstrated by NMR.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	61-72	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	33-38
35191576-1	2022	The interaction of the SARS CoV2 spike glycoprotein with two sialic acid-containing trisaccharides (a2,3 and a2,6 sialyl N-Acetyllactosamine) has been demonstrated by NMR.	Trisaccharides	84-98	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	33-38
35191576-1	2022	The interaction of the SARS CoV2 spike glycoprotein with two sialic acid-containing trisaccharides (a2,3 and a2,6 sialyl N-Acetyllactosamine) has been demonstrated by NMR.	N-acetyllactosamine	121-140	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	33-38
35191576-2	2022	The NMR-based distinction between the signals of those sialic acids in the glycans covalently attached to the spike protein and those belonging to the exogenous a2,3 and a2,6 sialyl N-Acetyllactosamine ligands has been achieved by synthesizing uniformly 13C-labelled trisaccharides at the sialic acid and galactose moieties.	Sialic Acids	55-67	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	110-115
35467486-12	2022	Among those, 7-desacetoxy-6,7-dehydrogedunin was found to inhibit both spike (7NEG) and Mpro (7MGS and 6LU7) proteins, and Columbin was found to inhibit selected spike targets (7NEG and 7NX7).	7-Desacetoxy-6,7-dehydrogedunin	13-44	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	71-76
35191576-2	2022	The NMR-based distinction between the signals of those sialic acids in the glycans covalently attached to the spike protein and those belonging to the exogenous a2,3 and a2,6 sialyl N-Acetyllactosamine ligands has been achieved by synthesizing uniformly 13C-labelled trisaccharides at the sialic acid and galactose moieties.	Polysaccharides	75-82	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	110-115
35191576-2	2022	The NMR-based distinction between the signals of those sialic acids in the glycans covalently attached to the spike protein and those belonging to the exogenous a2,3 and a2,6 sialyl N-Acetyllactosamine ligands has been achieved by synthesizing uniformly 13C-labelled trisaccharides at the sialic acid and galactose moieties.	13c-labelled trisaccharides	254-281	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	110-115
35191576-2	2022	The NMR-based distinction between the signals of those sialic acids in the glycans covalently attached to the spike protein and those belonging to the exogenous a2,3 and a2,6 sialyl N-Acetyllactosamine ligands has been achieved by synthesizing uniformly 13C-labelled trisaccharides at the sialic acid and galactose moieties.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	289-300	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	110-115
35191576-2	2022	The NMR-based distinction between the signals of those sialic acids in the glycans covalently attached to the spike protein and those belonging to the exogenous a2,3 and a2,6 sialyl N-Acetyllactosamine ligands has been achieved by synthesizing uniformly 13C-labelled trisaccharides at the sialic acid and galactose moieties.	Galactose	305-314	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	110-115
35191576-4	2022	Additional experiments with the spike protein in the presence of a specific antibody for the N-terminal domain and with the isolated receptor binding and N-terminal domains of the spike protein unambiguously show that the sialic acid binding site is located at the N-terminal domain.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	222-233	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	32-37
35191576-4	2022	Additional experiments with the spike protein in the presence of a specific antibody for the N-terminal domain and with the isolated receptor binding and N-terminal domains of the spike protein unambiguously show that the sialic acid binding site is located at the N-terminal domain.	N-Acetylneuraminic Acid	222-233	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	180-185
35548336-0	2022	Histamine Potentiates SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Entry Into Endothelial Cells.	Histamine	0-9	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	33-38
35548336-8	2022	Investigating the effects of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 Receptor-Binding Domain (Spike) on ACE2 expression in cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells, we found that the presence of histamine potentiated spike-mediated ACE2 internalization into endothelial cells.	Histamine	203-212	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	52-57
35548336-8	2022	Investigating the effects of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 Receptor-Binding Domain (Spike) on ACE2 expression in cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells, we found that the presence of histamine potentiated spike-mediated ACE2 internalization into endothelial cells.	Histamine	203-212	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	94-99
35548336-10	2022	Together, these results indicate that histamine and histamine receptor signaling is likely essential for spike protein to induce ACE2 internalization in endothelial cells and cause endothelial dysfunction and that this effect can be blocked by the H2R blocker, famotidine.	Histamine	38-47	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	105-110
35548336-10	2022	Together, these results indicate that histamine and histamine receptor signaling is likely essential for spike protein to induce ACE2 internalization in endothelial cells and cause endothelial dysfunction and that this effect can be blocked by the H2R blocker, famotidine.	Histamine	52-61	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	105-110
35548336-10	2022	Together, these results indicate that histamine and histamine receptor signaling is likely essential for spike protein to induce ACE2 internalization in endothelial cells and cause endothelial dysfunction and that this effect can be blocked by the H2R blocker, famotidine.	Famotidine	261-271	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	105-110
35468133-7	2022	Moreover, berbamine hydrochloride and other bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloids could potently inhibit S-mediated cell-cell fusion.	berbamine	10-33	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	100-101
35468133-7	2022	Moreover, berbamine hydrochloride and other bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloids could potently inhibit S-mediated cell-cell fusion.	bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloids	44-76	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	100-101
35475171-0	2022	Distinct Core Glycan and O-Glycoform Utilization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Spike Protein RBD Revealed by Top-Down Mass Spectrometry.	Polysaccharides	14-20	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	79-84
35460453-3	2022	The aim of the study is to develop and examine an oral vaccine against COVID-19 with recombinant Lactococcus lactis IL1403, a strain of lactic acid bacteria, expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) S1 subunit as an immunizing antigen.	Lactic Acid	136-147	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	180-185
35631327-2	2022	Binding of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein (SARS-CoV-2 S protein) to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), along with proteolytic digestion of the S protein by furin and transmembrane protease serine subtype 2 (TMPRSS2), provokes internalization of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cell.	Serine	229-235	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	63-68
35397208-3	2022	Here, we reconstituted an in vitro pseudovirus-liposome fusion reaction and report that SARS-CoV-2 wild-type spike is a dynamic Ca2+ sensor, and D614G mutation enhances dynamic calcium sensitivity of spike protein for facilitating membrane fusion.	Calcium	177-184	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	109-114
35397208-3	2022	Here, we reconstituted an in vitro pseudovirus-liposome fusion reaction and report that SARS-CoV-2 wild-type spike is a dynamic Ca2+ sensor, and D614G mutation enhances dynamic calcium sensitivity of spike protein for facilitating membrane fusion.	Calcium	177-184	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	200-205
35397208-4	2022	This dynamic calcium sensitivity for fusion is found to be higher in Alpha and Beta variants and highest in Delta spike variant.	Calcium	13-20	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	114-119
35632633-7	2022	Both extracellular and intracellular inhibitors of integrin alphaVbeta3 prevented these effects, similarly to the RGD-cyclic peptide compound Cilengitide, which suggests that the spike protein-through its RGD motif-binds to alphaVbeta3 and elicits vascular leakage events.	Peptides, Cyclic	118-132	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	179-184
35380569-2	2022	We tested C2 triazole-modified mono- and pseudo-di-mannosides as inhibitors of DC/L-SIGN binding to a model mannosylated protein (Man-BSA) and to SARS-CoV2 spike, finding that they inhibit the interaction of both lectins with the spike glycoprotein in a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) assay and are more potent than mannose by up to 36-fold (DC-SIGN) and 10-fold (L-SIGN).	c2 triazole	10-21	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	156-161
35380569-2	2022	We tested C2 triazole-modified mono- and pseudo-di-mannosides as inhibitors of DC/L-SIGN binding to a model mannosylated protein (Man-BSA) and to SARS-CoV2 spike, finding that they inhibit the interaction of both lectins with the spike glycoprotein in a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) assay and are more potent than mannose by up to 36-fold (DC-SIGN) and 10-fold (L-SIGN).	mono- and pseudo-di-mannosides	31-61	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	156-161
35450821-4	2022	We demonstrate that induction of such dual-antigen-targeted cell-mediated immune response might provide better protection against variants displaying highly mutated Spike proteins, as infectious viral loads of both Wuhan-like and beta variants were decreased after challenge of ZIP1642 vaccinated hamsters.	zip1642	278-285	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	165-170
35181310-4	2022	Effect of 2-DG on virus multiplication was evaluated by RT-PCR (N and RdRp genes) analysis, protein expression analysis of Nucleocapsid (N) and Spike (S) proteins and visual indication of cytopathy effect (CPE), The mass spectrometry analysis was performed to examine the 2-DG induced change in glycosylation status of receptor binding domain (RBD) in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Deoxyglucose	10-14	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	144-149
35086028-0	2022	Detection and discrimination of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-derived peptides using THz metamaterials.	thz	80-83	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	43-48
35495643-0	2022	Assessing the Mobility of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Spike Protein Glycans by Structural and Computational Methods.	Polysaccharides	88-95	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	74-79
35495643-3	2022	Like to many other viral fusion proteins, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein utilizes a glycan shield to thwart the host immune response.	Polysaccharides	82-88	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	57-62
35181310-4	2022	Effect of 2-DG on virus multiplication was evaluated by RT-PCR (N and RdRp genes) analysis, protein expression analysis of Nucleocapsid (N) and Spike (S) proteins and visual indication of cytopathy effect (CPE), The mass spectrometry analysis was performed to examine the 2-DG induced change in glycosylation status of receptor binding domain (RBD) in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.	Deoxyglucose	10-14	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	363-368
35181310-8	2022	SIGNIFICANCE: The mechanistic study revealed that the inhibition of SARS-COV-2 multiplication is attributed to 2-DG induced glycolysis inhibition and possibly un-glycosylation of the spike protein, also.	Deoxyglucose	111-115	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	183-188
35422113-5	2022	Fluvastatin also showed the highest affinity for the SpikeDelta and a fair docking score for other spike variants.	Fluvastatin	0-11	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	99-104
35440680-0	2022	Mitoxantrone modulates a heparan sulfate-spike complex to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection.	Mitoxantrone	0-12	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	41-46
35440680-0	2022	Mitoxantrone modulates a heparan sulfate-spike complex to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection.	Heparitin Sulfate	25-40	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	41-46
35440680-2	2022	In addition to protein receptors, the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein also interacts with heparan sulfate, a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) attached to certain membrane proteins on the cell surface.	Heparitin Sulfate	87-102	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	49-54
35440680-2	2022	In addition to protein receptors, the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein also interacts with heparan sulfate, a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) attached to certain membrane proteins on the cell surface.	Heparitin Sulfate	87-102	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	56-57
35440680-2	2022	In addition to protein receptors, the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein also interacts with heparan sulfate, a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) attached to certain membrane proteins on the cell surface.	Glycosaminoglycans	125-142	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	49-54
35440680-2	2022	In addition to protein receptors, the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein also interacts with heparan sulfate, a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) attached to certain membrane proteins on the cell surface.	Glycosaminoglycans	125-142	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	56-57
35440680-2	2022	In addition to protein receptors, the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein also interacts with heparan sulfate, a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) attached to certain membrane proteins on the cell surface.	Glycosaminoglycans	144-147	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	49-54
35440680-2	2022	In addition to protein receptors, the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein also interacts with heparan sulfate, a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) attached to certain membrane proteins on the cell surface.	Glycosaminoglycans	144-147	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	56-57
35440680-4	2022	Here, we show that Mitoxantrone, an FDA-approved topoisomerase inhibitor, targets a heparan sulfate-spike complex to compromise the fusogenic function of spike in viral entry.	Mitoxantrone	19-31	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	100-105
35440680-4	2022	Here, we show that Mitoxantrone, an FDA-approved topoisomerase inhibitor, targets a heparan sulfate-spike complex to compromise the fusogenic function of spike in viral entry.	Mitoxantrone	19-31	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	154-159
35440680-4	2022	Here, we show that Mitoxantrone, an FDA-approved topoisomerase inhibitor, targets a heparan sulfate-spike complex to compromise the fusogenic function of spike in viral entry.	Heparitin Sulfate	84-99	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	100-105
35440680-4	2022	Here, we show that Mitoxantrone, an FDA-approved topoisomerase inhibitor, targets a heparan sulfate-spike complex to compromise the fusogenic function of spike in viral entry.	Heparitin Sulfate	84-99	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	154-159
35422113-7	2022	Thus our study shows that of all the statins, fluvastatin can bind to multiple target proteins of SARS-CoV-2, including the spike-mutant proteins.	Fluvastatin	46-57	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	124-129
35422456-3	2022	To investigate its inactivation mechanism, the denaturation of spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 was examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).	Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate	108-131	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	63-68
35422456-3	2022	To investigate its inactivation mechanism, the denaturation of spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 was examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).	polyacrylamide	132-146	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	63-68
35422456-3	2022	To investigate its inactivation mechanism, the denaturation of spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 was examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).	Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate	168-171	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	63-68
35422456-5	2022	As a result, both spike proteins and RNAs in the SARS-CoV-2 virus were damaged by the CuxO/TiO2 photocatalyst even under dark condition and were further damaged under white fluorescent bulb illumination.	titanium dioxide	91-95	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	18-23
35411346-3	2022	We recently developed a probe based on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody CR3022 to study SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in vivo.	cr3022	74-80	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	59-64
35493482-0	2022	SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Expression In Vitro and Hematologic Effects in Mice Vaccinated With AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19).	azd1222	93-100	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	11-16
35458513-3	2022	Accordingly, point mutations that result in an increase in electropositively charged residues, e.g., arginine and lysine, especially in the RBD of spike proteins in the SARS-CoV-2 variants, could contribute to their spreading capacity by favoring their recognition by the electronegatively charged ACE2 receptors.	Arginine	101-109	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	147-152
35458513-3	2022	Accordingly, point mutations that result in an increase in electropositively charged residues, e.g., arginine and lysine, especially in the RBD of spike proteins in the SARS-CoV-2 variants, could contribute to their spreading capacity by favoring their recognition by the electronegatively charged ACE2 receptors.	Lysine	114-120	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	147-152
35464483-2	2022	In this study, using the S1 segment of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 virus as an antigen and aluminum as an adjuvant, the risk of ADE of infection with T helper 2 (Th2)-oriented immune serum from mice (N=6) and humans (N=5) was examined in immune cell lines, which show different expression patterns of Fc receptors.	Aluminum	124-132	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	54-59
35397679-5	2022	In the present study, synthetic peptide-based ELISA assays were performed to identify linear B-cell epitopes into the spike protein that contribute to elicitation of antibody response in COMIRNATY-vaccinated individuals.	Peptides	32-39	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	118-123
35455942-8	2022	Moreover, by generating a recombinant reporter virus that expresses the spike protein of the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2, we demonstrate that BAY598 exhibits similar antiviral activity against this variant of concern.	BAY-598	142-148	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	72-77
35230146-0	2022	Vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein lacking glycan shields elicits enhanced protective responses in animal models.	Polysaccharides	50-56	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	28-33
35393481-6	2022	Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age > 53 years, rituximab use, mycophenolate mofetil use, and KT vintage < 7 years were negatively associated with the rate of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S IgG >= 15 U/mL in KT recipients.	Mycophenolic Acid	85-106	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	197-198
35391601-0	2022	Impairment of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein maturation and fusion activity by nitazoxanide: an effect independent of spike variants emergence.	nitazoxanide	78-90	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	25-30
35391601-4	2022	Here, we demonstrate that nitazoxanide, an antiprotozoal agent with recognized broad-spectrum antiviral activity, interferes with SARS-CoV-2 spike maturation, hampering its terminal glycosylation at an endoglycosidase H-sensitive stage.	nitazoxanide	26-38	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	141-146
35391601-6	2022	Nitazoxanide, being equally effective against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-spike and different emerging variants, including the Delta variant of concern, may represent a useful tool in the fight against COVID-19 infections.	nitazoxanide	0-12	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	77-82
35409412-8	2022	These data implied that Etravirine and Dolutegravir may serve as general spike inhibitors against dominant viral variants of SARS-CoV-2.	etravirine	24-34	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	73-78
35409412-8	2022	These data implied that Etravirine and Dolutegravir may serve as general spike inhibitors against dominant viral variants of SARS-CoV-2.	dolutegravir	39-51	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	73-78
35385545-0	2022	D-dimer and CoV-2 spike-immune complexes contribute to the production of PGE2 and proinflammatory cytokines in monocytes.	Dinoprostone	73-77	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	18-23
35385545-4	2022	The DD-induced PGE2 and inflammatory cytokines were enhanced significantly by co-treatment with immune complexes (IC) of SARS CoV2 recombinant S protein or of pseudovirus containing SARS CoV-2 S protein (PVCoV2) coated with spike-specific chimeric monoclonal antibody (MAb) containing mouse variable and human Fc regions.	Dinoprostone	15-19	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	224-229
35230146-2	2022	As the key immunogen, the viral surface spike (S) protein is frequently mutated, and conserved epitopes are shielded by glycans.	Polysaccharides	120-127	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	40-45
35385545-8	2022	PGE2 and IL-6/IL-8 cytokines produced in monocytes activated with plasma-containing IC, correlated well with the levels of spike binding antibodies and not with neutralizing antibody titers.	Dinoprostone	0-4	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	123-128
35230146-2	2022	As the key immunogen, the viral surface spike (S) protein is frequently mutated, and conserved epitopes are shielded by glycans.	Polysaccharides	120-127	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	47-48
35388061-8	2022	We utilized a system to quantify in real-time cell-cell membrane fusion mediated by the SARS-CoV-2 surface protein, Spike, and its receptor, hACE2, to demonstrate that imatinib inhibits this process in an Abl1 and Abl2 independent manner.	Imatinib Mesylate	168-176	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	116-121
35388061-9	2022	Furthermore, cellular thermal shift assay revealed a direct imatinib-Spike interaction that affects Spike susceptibility to trypsin digest.	Imatinib Mesylate	60-68	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	69-74
35296418-2	2022	Here, we reported two mouse monoclonal antibodies 7 Eb-4G and 1Ba-3H that specifically recognized the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein without exhibiting cross-reactivity with the S proteins of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.	Tritium	66-68	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	153-154
35388061-9	2022	Furthermore, cellular thermal shift assay revealed a direct imatinib-Spike interaction that affects Spike susceptibility to trypsin digest.	Imatinib Mesylate	60-68	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	100-105
35388061-10	2022	Collectively, our data suggest that imatinib inhibits Spike mediated viral entry by an off-target mechanism.	Imatinib Mesylate	36-44	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	54-59
35176694-7	2022	Furthermore, the increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes were accompanied by increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which suggests a redox imbalance induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein peptides.	Superoxides	39-49	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	271-276
35353868-10	2022	These improved VHH-72 mutants are predicted to establish novel interactions with the S antigen.	vhh	15-18	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	85-86
35123676-10	2022	Geometric mean anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody concentrations were significantly lower in patients treated with infliximab (156 8 U/mL (geometric SD 5 7); p<0 0001), infliximab plus thiopurine (111 1 U/mL (5 7); p<0 0001), or tofacitinib (429 5 U/mL (3 1); p=0 0012) compared with controls (1578 3 U/mL (3 7)).	2-mercaptopyrazine	189-199	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	31-36
35123676-10	2022	Geometric mean anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody concentrations were significantly lower in patients treated with infliximab (156 8 U/mL (geometric SD 5 7); p<0 0001), infliximab plus thiopurine (111 1 U/mL (5 7); p<0 0001), or tofacitinib (429 5 U/mL (3 1); p=0 0012) compared with controls (1578 3 U/mL (3 7)).	tofacitinib	233-244	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	31-36
35194375-2	2022	Several studies have indicated that heparin and its derivatives interact to SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD and inhibits the binding of ACE2 which blocks the viral invasion.	Heparin	36-43	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	87-88
35351926-7	2022	Three drugs-amprenavir, levomefolic acid, and calcipotriol-were predicted to bind to 3 different sites on the spike protein, domperidone to the Mac1 domain of the non-structural protein (Nsp) 3, avanafil to Nsp15, and nintedanib to the nucleocapsid protein involved in packaging the viral RNA.	calcipotriene	46-58	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	110-115
35351926-7	2022	Three drugs-amprenavir, levomefolic acid, and calcipotriol-were predicted to bind to 3 different sites on the spike protein, domperidone to the Mac1 domain of the non-structural protein (Nsp) 3, avanafil to Nsp15, and nintedanib to the nucleocapsid protein involved in packaging the viral RNA.	amprenavir	12-22	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	110-115
35401674-0	2022	Anti-Fungal Drug Anidulafungin Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Induced Syncytia Formation by Targeting ACE2-Spike Protein Interaction.	Anidulafungin	17-30	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	51-56
35351926-7	2022	Three drugs-amprenavir, levomefolic acid, and calcipotriol-were predicted to bind to 3 different sites on the spike protein, domperidone to the Mac1 domain of the non-structural protein (Nsp) 3, avanafil to Nsp15, and nintedanib to the nucleocapsid protein involved in packaging the viral RNA.	5-methyltetrahydrofolate	24-40	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	110-115
35448260-6	2022	The IPCF surface was functionalized with an anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody for immunoassay.	ipcf	4-8	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	60-65
35448260-7	2022	We evaluated the specificity and sensitivity of the IPCF sensor for quantitative detection of the spike protein in artificial saliva using simple reflectometry with a spectrometer-equipped optical setup.	ipcf	52-56	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	98-103
35401674-0	2022	Anti-Fungal Drug Anidulafungin Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Induced Syncytia Formation by Targeting ACE2-Spike Protein Interaction.	Anidulafungin	17-30	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	102-107
35424902-3	2022	Complete deactivation of spike protein binding to the human ACE2 protein was observed within an exposure time of 5 minutes which is correlated to the higher concentration of hydrogen peroxide formation due to the interaction with the reactive oxygen species present in the plasma.	Hydrogen Peroxide	174-191	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	25-30
35338216-1	2022	The cell surface serine protease Transmembrane Protease 2 (TMPRSS2) is required to cleave the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 for viral entry into cells.	Serine	17-23	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	94-99
35424902-3	2022	Complete deactivation of spike protein binding to the human ACE2 protein was observed within an exposure time of 5 minutes which is correlated to the higher concentration of hydrogen peroxide formation due to the interaction with the reactive oxygen species present in the plasma.	Oxygen	243-249	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	25-30
35575357-0	2022	Plasmonic Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Polymer-Stabilized Glycosylated Gold Nanorods.	Polymers	53-60	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	34-39
35262081-2	2022	We recently developed a probe based on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody CR3022 to study SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in vivo .	cr3022	74-80	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	59-64
35262081-4	2022	Using PET/CT imaging of macaques at different times post-SARS-CoV-2 inoculation, we demonstrate that the 64 Cu-labelled CR3022-F(aba$ )2 probe targeting the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 can be used to study the dynamics of infection within the respiratory tract and uncover novel sites of infection.	Copper	108-110	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	157-162
35045269-4	2022	By analyzing the conservation and structure of S protein, we find that intra-chain contacts formed by the conserved tyrosine (Y) residue 756 (Y756) with three alpha helices contribute to the spike"s conformational stability.	Tyrosine	116-124	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	47-48
35045269-4	2022	By analyzing the conservation and structure of S protein, we find that intra-chain contacts formed by the conserved tyrosine (Y) residue 756 (Y756) with three alpha helices contribute to the spike"s conformational stability.	Tyrosine	116-124	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	191-196
35045269-6	2022	Also, the L753 mutation linked to the Y756 hydrogen bond prevents the S protein from being cleaved.	Hydrogen	43-51	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	70-71
35437514-4	2022	Nanobody-mediated capture of SARS-CoV-2-Spike (S1) on agarose beads served as the trap for soluble recombinant ACE2-GFPSpark, inhibited by neutralizing antibody.	Sepharose	54-61	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	40-45
35401543-1	2022	Cannabidiol (CBD) can prevent the inflammatory response of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in Caco-2-cells.	Cannabidiol	0-11	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	70-75
35401543-1	2022	Cannabidiol (CBD) can prevent the inflammatory response of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in Caco-2-cells.	Cannabidiol	13-16	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	70-75
35294338-6	2022	A drug-repurposing screen identified a subset of protease inhibitors that promiscuously inhibited spike cleavage by both transmembrane serine proteases and coagulation factors.	Serine	135-141	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	98-103
35294338-7	2022	The mechanism of the protease inhibitors nafamostat and camostat may extend beyond inhibition of TMPRSS2 to coagulation-induced spike cleavage.	nafamostat	41-51	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	128-133
35020256-3	2022	We propose based on a chemical rational that the elevated occurrence of positively charged amino acids in certain domains of the spike protein (Delta: +4; Omicron: +5 vs. wild type) increases binding to cellular polyanionic receptors, such as heparan sulfate due to multivalent charge-charge interactions.	Heparitin Sulfate	243-258	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	129-134
35601978-1	2022	We developed an electrochemical biosensing platform using gold-clusters, cysteamine, the spike protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen and bovine serum albumin on a glassy carbon electrode able to determine the SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody.	Cysteamine	73-83	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	89-94
35601978-1	2022	We developed an electrochemical biosensing platform using gold-clusters, cysteamine, the spike protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen and bovine serum albumin on a glassy carbon electrode able to determine the SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody.	Cysteamine	73-83	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	266-271
35601978-1	2022	We developed an electrochemical biosensing platform using gold-clusters, cysteamine, the spike protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen and bovine serum albumin on a glassy carbon electrode able to determine the SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody.	Carbon	216-222	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	89-94
35601978-1	2022	We developed an electrochemical biosensing platform using gold-clusters, cysteamine, the spike protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen and bovine serum albumin on a glassy carbon electrode able to determine the SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody.	Carbon	216-222	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	266-271
35076282-3	2022	Here, we describe AZD7442, a combination of two mAbs, AZD8895 (tixagevimab) and AZD1061 (cilgavimab), that simultaneously bind to distinct, nonoverlapping epitopes on the spike protein receptor binding domain to neutralize SARS-CoV-2.	azd1061	80-87	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	171-176
35292666-8	2022	Our results demonstrate that commercially available chromatography resins are suitable for cGMP manufacturing of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein constructs.	Cyclic GMP	91-95	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	124-129
35336173-2	2022	Among the variants of interest and concern of SARS-CoV-2, the current Omicron (B.1.1.529) and stealth Omicron (BA.2) raised serious concerns due to rapid rates of infection caused by numerous mutations in the spike protein, which could escape from the antibody-mediated neutralization and increase the risk of reinfections.	Barium	111-113	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	209-214
35076282-3	2022	Here, we describe AZD7442, a combination of two mAbs, AZD8895 (tixagevimab) and AZD1061 (cilgavimab), that simultaneously bind to distinct, nonoverlapping epitopes on the spike protein receptor binding domain to neutralize SARS-CoV-2.	azd7442	18-25	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	171-176
35269476-7	2022	In particular, the importance of considering secondary co-receptors for Spike, such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans is discussed.	Heparitin Sulfate	87-102	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	72-77
35076282-3	2022	Here, we describe AZD7442, a combination of two mAbs, AZD8895 (tixagevimab) and AZD1061 (cilgavimab), that simultaneously bind to distinct, nonoverlapping epitopes on the spike protein receptor binding domain to neutralize SARS-CoV-2.	azd8895	54-61	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	171-176
35321335-4	2022	The computational analysis, considering the case in which all the lysine residues in the system are subjected to non-enzymatic glycation, confirmed that lysine glycation causes a general loss of interactivity between wild-type (WT)-Spike-RBD and ACE2.	Lysine	66-72	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	232-237
35321335-4	2022	The computational analysis, considering the case in which all the lysine residues in the system are subjected to non-enzymatic glycation, confirmed that lysine glycation causes a general loss of interactivity between wild-type (WT)-Spike-RBD and ACE2.	Lysine	153-159	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	232-237
35170548-1	2022	Transmembrane serine proteinase 2 (TMPRSS2), which is an essential serine protease for priming spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, was found in low expression in many cancer tissue including lung cancer.	Serine	14-20	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	95-100
35335139-6	2022	From the results obtained, it was evident that Lupeol exhibited a remarkable binding affinity towards the wild-type Spike protein (-8.54 kcal/mol), while Betulin showed significant binding interactions with the mutated Spike protein (-8.83 kcal/mol), respectively.	lupeol	47-53	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	116-121
35335139-6	2022	From the results obtained, it was evident that Lupeol exhibited a remarkable binding affinity towards the wild-type Spike protein (-8.54 kcal/mol), while Betulin showed significant binding interactions with the mutated Spike protein (-8.83 kcal/mol), respectively.	betulin	154-161	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	116-121
35335139-6	2022	From the results obtained, it was evident that Lupeol exhibited a remarkable binding affinity towards the wild-type Spike protein (-8.54 kcal/mol), while Betulin showed significant binding interactions with the mutated Spike protein (-8.83 kcal/mol), respectively.	betulin	154-161	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	219-224
35335139-10	2022	Our study suggests that Lupeol and Betulin could be considered as potential ligands for SARS-CoV-2 spike antagonists.	lupeol	24-30	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	99-104
35335139-10	2022	Our study suggests that Lupeol and Betulin could be considered as potential ligands for SARS-CoV-2 spike antagonists.	betulin	35-42	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	99-104
35253618-4	2022	Among the algal compounds screened in this study, three (Laminarin, Astaxanthin and 4"-chlorostypotriol triacetate) exhibited the lowest docking energy and best interaction with SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins (Main protease, RdRp, Nsp15, and spike protein).	laminaran	57-66	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	237-242
35253618-4	2022	Among the algal compounds screened in this study, three (Laminarin, Astaxanthin and 4"-chlorostypotriol triacetate) exhibited the lowest docking energy and best interaction with SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins (Main protease, RdRp, Nsp15, and spike protein).	astaxanthine	68-79	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	237-242
35253618-4	2022	Among the algal compounds screened in this study, three (Laminarin, Astaxanthin and 4"-chlorostypotriol triacetate) exhibited the lowest docking energy and best interaction with SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins (Main protease, RdRp, Nsp15, and spike protein).	4'-Chlorostypotriol triacetate	84-114	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	237-242
35600063-2	2022	Here, we show how the key factors governing cysteine reactivity in proteins derived from combined quantum mechanical/continuum calculations led to a novel multi-targeting strategy against SARS-CoV-2, in contrast to developing potent drugs/vaccines against a single viral target such as the spike protein.	Cysteine	44-52	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	290-295
35336938-1	2022	The spike proteins of enveloped viruses are transmembrane glycoproteins that typically undergo post-translational attachment of palmitate on cysteine residues on the cytoplasmic facing tail of the protein.	Palmitates	128-137	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	4-9
35336938-1	2022	The spike proteins of enveloped viruses are transmembrane glycoproteins that typically undergo post-translational attachment of palmitate on cysteine residues on the cytoplasmic facing tail of the protein.	Cysteine	141-149	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	4-9
35336938-3	2022	Here, we report that palmitoylation of the first five cysteine residues of the C-terminal cysteine-rich domain of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein are indispensable for infection, and palmitoylation-deficient spike mutants are defective in membrane fusion.	Cysteine	54-62	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	201-206
35336938-3	2022	Here, we report that palmitoylation of the first five cysteine residues of the C-terminal cysteine-rich domain of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein are indispensable for infection, and palmitoylation-deficient spike mutants are defective in membrane fusion.	Cysteine	90-98	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	201-206
35323418-3	2022	The sensor is composed of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) functionalized with monoclonal antibodies that bind to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.	Carbon	40-46	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	125-130
35382132-8	2022	Conclusion: EGCG can be a potential inhibitor drug which can bind with ACE-2 receptor thus inhibiting the interaction of mainly Mpro protein and spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2.	epigallocatechin gallate	12-16	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	145-150
35475273-8	2022	Conclusion: EGCG can be a potential inhibitor drug which can bind with ACE-2 receptor thus inhibiting the interaction of mainly Mpro protein and spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2.	epigallocatechin gallate	12-16	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	145-150
35228013-3	2022	METHODS: In this study we describe the generation and preclinical assessment of a ChAdOx1-vectored vaccine (AZD2816) which expresses the spike protein of the Beta VoC (B.1.351).	azd2816	108-115	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	137-142
35228013-5	2022	When AZD2816 is used as a booster dose in animals primed with a vaccine encoding the original spike protein (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/ (AZD1222)), an increase in binding and neutralising antibodies against Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1) and Delta (B.1.617.2) is observed following each additional dose.	azd2816	5-12	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	94-99
35228013-5	2022	When AZD2816 is used as a booster dose in animals primed with a vaccine encoding the original spike protein (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/ (AZD1222)), an increase in binding and neutralising antibodies against Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1) and Delta (B.1.617.2) is observed following each additional dose.	azd1222	127-134	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	94-99
35095175-3	2022	Since these four amino acids yield strong and stable copper complexes, subsequent to a steric hindrance, this complexation will disturb the furin-like protease cleavage at the spike protein site as it has been recently shown in vitro with copper gluconate.	Copper	53-59	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	176-181
35095175-3	2022	Since these four amino acids yield strong and stable copper complexes, subsequent to a steric hindrance, this complexation will disturb the furin-like protease cleavage at the spike protein site as it has been recently shown in vitro with copper gluconate.	Gluconates	239-255	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	176-181
35295301-13	2022	The docking results suggest that the key residues K353 and G496 may affect the binding energies and dynamics between the inferred anti-SARS-CoV-2 chemical agents and the junction of the spike protein-ACE2 interface.	Fluoroglycofen	50-54	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	186-191
35295301-13	2022	The docking results suggest that the key residues K353 and G496 may affect the binding energies and dynamics between the inferred anti-SARS-CoV-2 chemical agents and the junction of the spike protein-ACE2 interface.	g496	59-63	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	186-191
35269785-3	2022	Previously, we showed that the phenolic compounds corilagin and 1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (TGG) inhibit the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 target receptor on the cell membrane of the host organism.	corilagin	50-59	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	152-157
35269785-3	2022	Previously, we showed that the phenolic compounds corilagin and 1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (TGG) inhibit the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 target receptor on the cell membrane of the host organism.	Glucose	91-98	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	152-157
35269785-3	2022	Previously, we showed that the phenolic compounds corilagin and 1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (TGG) inhibit the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 target receptor on the cell membrane of the host organism.	1,3,6-tri-O-galloylglucose	100-103	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	152-157
35197485-2	2022	We developed a recombinant spike protein vaccine (called NARUVAX-C19) and characterized its ability when formulated with a nanoemulsion adjuvant to induce anti-spike antibody and T-cell responses and provide protection including against viral transmission in rodent.	naruvax-c19	57-68	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	27-32
35157798-6	2022	Calcium drives the N-terminal of the Spike fusion domain to fully cross the host plasma membrane.	Calcium	0-7	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	37-42
35220919-8	2022	Molecular docking calculations showed that the Si192H16 and Si192H16@O2H-OH nanotubes bind favorably on the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with binding energy of -11.83 (Ki = 2.13 nM) and -11.13 (Ki = 6.99 nM) kcal/mol, respectively.	o2h-oh	69-75	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	150-155
35233566-5	2022	Two emerging mutations may be of particular concern: the N1192S mutation in spike protein locates in an extremely highly conserved region of all human coronaviruses that is integral to the viral fusion process, and the F694Y mutation in the RNA polymerase may induce conformational changes that could impact Remdesivir binding.	remdesivir	308-318	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	76-81
35171046-0	2022	High-Titer Neutralizing Antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Induced by Alhydroxyquim-II-Adjuvanted Trimeric Spike Antigens.	alhydroxyquim-ii	83-99	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	120-125
35171046-0	2022	High-Titer Neutralizing Antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Induced by Alhydroxyquim-II-Adjuvanted Trimeric Spike Antigens.	adjuvanted	100-110	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	120-125
35171046-6	2022	Boosting long-term CoVac-II-immunized mice with adjuvanted spike protein from the Beta variant markedly increased levels of NAb titers against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants; notably, high titers against the Delta variant were observed.	covac-ii	19-27	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	59-64
35171046-7	2022	These data strongly support the clinical assessment of Alhydroxiquim-II-adjuvanted spike proteins to protect against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.	alhydroxiquim-ii	55-71	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	83-88
35197485-2	2022	We developed a recombinant spike protein vaccine (called NARUVAX-C19) and characterized its ability when formulated with a nanoemulsion adjuvant to induce anti-spike antibody and T-cell responses and provide protection including against viral transmission in rodent.	naruvax-c19	57-68	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	160-165
35214759-5	2022	The study further shows the formation of dynamically interchangeable and persistent networks of salt-bridges at the Spike-Furin interface in SARS-CoV-2 involving the three arginines (R682, R683, R685) of the FLCSSpike with several anionic residues (E230, E236, D259, D264, D306) coming from Furin, strategically distributed around its catalytic triad.	Arginine	172-181	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	116-121
35252734-0	2022	Blocking SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant (B.1.617.2) Spike Protein Receptor-Binding Domain Binding with the ACE2 Receptor of the Host Cell and Inhibiting Virus Infections Using Human Host Defense Peptide-Conjugated Graphene Quantum Dots.	Graphite	208-216	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	46-51
35252734-3	2022	Herein, we report for the first time that human host defense neutrophil alpha-defensin HNP1 and human cathelicidin LL-37 peptide-conjugated graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have the capability to prevent the delta variant virus entry into the host cells via blocking SARS-CoV-2 delta variant (B.1.617.2) spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) binding with host cells" angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).	Peptides	121-128	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	300-305
35252734-3	2022	Herein, we report for the first time that human host defense neutrophil alpha-defensin HNP1 and human cathelicidin LL-37 peptide-conjugated graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have the capability to prevent the delta variant virus entry into the host cells via blocking SARS-CoV-2 delta variant (B.1.617.2) spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) binding with host cells" angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).	Graphite	140-148	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	300-305
35112841-0	2022	Nanocurcumin Potently Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Induced Cytokine Storm by Deactivation of MAPK/NF-kappaB Signaling in Epithelial Cells.	nanocurcumin	0-12	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	42-47
35112841-4	2022	Herein, we report that CUR-encapsulated polysaccharide nanoparticles (CUR-PS-NPs) potently inhibit the release of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors associated with damage of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (CoV2-SP)-stimulated liver Huh7.5 and lung A549 epithelial cells.	Polysaccharides	40-54	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	193-198
35214780-0	2022	Higher SARS-CoV-2 Spike Binding Antibody Levels and Neutralization Capacity 6 Months after Heterologous Vaccination with AZD1222 and BNT162b2.	azd1222	121-128	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	18-23
35214780-6	2022	In contrast, the heterologous prime-boost regimen using AZD1222 and BNT162b2 yielded the highest anti-spike IgG levels, which were 3-4.5 times more than the levels resulting from homologous AZD1222 and BNT162b2 vaccination, respectively.	azd1222	56-63	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	102-107
35214780-6	2022	In contrast, the heterologous prime-boost regimen using AZD1222 and BNT162b2 yielded the highest anti-spike IgG levels, which were 3-4.5 times more than the levels resulting from homologous AZD1222 and BNT162b2 vaccination, respectively.	azd1222	190-197	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	102-107
35215371-5	2022	In the current study, a small library of sulfated glycans and highly negatively charged compounds, including pentosan polysulfate (PPS), mucopolysaccharide polysulfate (MPS), sulfated lactobionic acid, sulodexide, and defibrotide, was assembled and evaluated for binding to the S-proteins and inhibition of viral infectivity in vitro.	Polysaccharides	50-57	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	278-279
35215371-9	2022	Both PPS and MPS showed stronger inhibition than heparin on the S-protein RBD or spike pseudotyped lentiviral particles binding to immobilized heparin.	Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester	5-8	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	81-86
35215371-9	2022	Both PPS and MPS showed stronger inhibition than heparin on the S-protein RBD or spike pseudotyped lentiviral particles binding to immobilized heparin.	Heparin	49-56	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	81-86
35215371-9	2022	Both PPS and MPS showed stronger inhibition than heparin on the S-protein RBD or spike pseudotyped lentiviral particles binding to immobilized heparin.	Heparin	143-150	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	81-86
35216301-3	2022	The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 was conjugated to polyglucin:spermidine and mixed with DNA vaccine (pVAXrbd), which led to the formation of particles of combined coronavirus vaccine (CCV-RBD) that contain the DNA vaccine inside and RBD protein on the surface.	Spermidine	98-108	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	41-46
35169906-4	2022	Capture antibodies from spike (S) protein were covalently immobilized on carboxylic groups of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of mercaptoacetic acid (MAA) attached to the gold nanoparticles.	carboxylic	73-83	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	31-32
35216194-1	2022	SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits a polyclonal neutralizing antibody (nAb) response that primarily targets the spike protein, but it is still unclear which nAbs are immunodominant and what distinguishes them from subdominant nAbs.	nabs	220-224	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	106-111
35169906-4	2022	Capture antibodies from spike (S) protein were covalently immobilized on carboxylic groups of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of mercaptoacetic acid (MAA) attached to the gold nanoparticles.	2-mercaptoacetate	129-148	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	31-32
35169906-4	2022	Capture antibodies from spike (S) protein were covalently immobilized on carboxylic groups of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of mercaptoacetic acid (MAA) attached to the gold nanoparticles.	2-mercaptoacetate	150-153	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	31-32
35060381-0	2022	Structural Insights into the Cofactor Role of Heparin/Heparan Sulfate in Binding between the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Host Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme II.	Heparin	46-53	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	104-109
35060381-0	2022	Structural Insights into the Cofactor Role of Heparin/Heparan Sulfate in Binding between the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Host Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme II.	Heparitin Sulfate	54-69	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	104-109
35164559-1	2022	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) extensively N-glycosylates its spike proteins, which are necessary for host cell invasion and the target of both vaccines and immunotherapies.	Nitrogen	73-74	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	92-97
35164559-2	2022	These N-glycans are predicted to modulate spike binding to the host receptor by stabilizing its open conformation and host immunity evasion.	n-glycans	6-15	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	42-47
35164559-9	2022	Spike proteins are heavily modified with several N-glycans, which are predicted to modulate their function.	n-glycans	49-58	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	0-5
35216194-3	2022	To shed light on this issue, we gathered 83 structures of nAbs in complex with spike protein domains.	nabs	58-62	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	79-84
35060381-1	2022	The viral entry process of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) requires heparin and heparan sulfates from the cell surface, functioning as a cofactor for human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for recognizing the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein on the surface of the virion.	Heparin	107-114	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	291-296
35060381-1	2022	The viral entry process of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) requires heparin and heparan sulfates from the cell surface, functioning as a cofactor for human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for recognizing the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein on the surface of the virion.	Heparitin Sulfate	119-135	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	291-296
35216194-4	2022	We analyzed in silico the ability of these nAbs to bind the full spike protein trimer in open and closed conformations, and predicted the change in binding affinity of the most frequently observed spike protein variants in the circulating strains.	nabs	43-47	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	65-70
35216194-6	2022	By comparing these fractions with those measured from plasma of infected patients, we showed that the class of nAbs that most contributes to the immune response is able to bind the spike protein in its closed conformation.	nabs	111-115	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	181-186
35216194-7	2022	Although this class of nAbs only partially inhibits the spike protein binding to the host"s angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), it has been suggested to lock the closed pre-fusion spike protein conformation and therefore prevent its transition to an open state.	nabs	23-27	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	56-61
35216194-7	2022	Although this class of nAbs only partially inhibits the spike protein binding to the host"s angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), it has been suggested to lock the closed pre-fusion spike protein conformation and therefore prevent its transition to an open state.	nabs	23-27	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	184-189
35167916-11	2022	The most promising candidates among the currently used drugs were zafirlukast and simeprevir with an average binding affinity of -22 kcal/mol for spike proteins originating from various lineages.	zafirlukast	66-77	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	146-151
35167916-11	2022	The most promising candidates among the currently used drugs were zafirlukast and simeprevir with an average binding affinity of -22 kcal/mol for spike proteins originating from various lineages.	Simeprevir	82-92	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	146-151
35215943-4	2022	Our study identified four hits, including angeloylgomisin O, schisandrin B, procyanidin, and oleanonic acid, as effective SARS-CoV-2 S pv entry inhibitors in the micromolar range.	Angeloylgomisin O	42-59	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	133-134
35169535-1	2022	The heparin polysaccharide nanoparticles block the interaction between heparan sulfate/S protein and inhibit the infection of both wild-type SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and the mutated strains through pulmonary delivery.Image 1.	Heparin	4-11	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	87-88
35169535-1	2022	The heparin polysaccharide nanoparticles block the interaction between heparan sulfate/S protein and inhibit the infection of both wild-type SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and the mutated strains through pulmonary delivery.Image 1.	Heparitin Sulfate	71-86	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	87-88
35215943-4	2022	Our study identified four hits, including angeloylgomisin O, schisandrin B, procyanidin, and oleanonic acid, as effective SARS-CoV-2 S pv entry inhibitors in the micromolar range.	schizandrin B	61-74	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	133-134
35215943-4	2022	Our study identified four hits, including angeloylgomisin O, schisandrin B, procyanidin, and oleanonic acid, as effective SARS-CoV-2 S pv entry inhibitors in the micromolar range.	procyanidin	76-87	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	133-134
35215943-4	2022	Our study identified four hits, including angeloylgomisin O, schisandrin B, procyanidin, and oleanonic acid, as effective SARS-CoV-2 S pv entry inhibitors in the micromolar range.	oleanonic acid	93-107	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	133-134
35215921-0	2022	Carbohydrate Ligands for COVID-19 Spike Proteins.	Carbohydrates	0-12	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	34-39
35215921-7	2022	Additionally, 6-sulfo N-acetyllactosamine was found to inhibit the binding of the spike protein S1 subunit with blood group A RBCs and reduce the interaction between the spike protein S1 subunit and ACE2.	6-sulfo-LacNac	14-41	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	82-87
35215921-7	2022	Additionally, 6-sulfo N-acetyllactosamine was found to inhibit the binding of the spike protein S1 subunit with blood group A RBCs and reduce the interaction between the spike protein S1 subunit and ACE2.	6-sulfo-LacNac	14-41	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	170-175
35178379-2	2021	The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is heavily glycosylated and host-derived glycan modifications contribute to the formation of specific immunogenic epitopes, enhance the virus-cell interaction or affect virus transmission.	Polysaccharides	70-76	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	15-20
35215911-5	2022	According to confocal microscopy data, the distribution of the labeled transferrin and receptor-binding domain (RBD) of Spike protein is significantly affected by the 18h pretreatment with 100 microM ferristatin II in culture medium.	ferristatin II	200-214	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	120-125
35083577-5	2022	Spike structural predictions indicated a 1.3-time higher transmissibility index than for the globally spread B.1.1.7 variant but also an affinity loss for gangliosides that might have slowed dissemination.	Gangliosides	155-167	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	0-5
35043638-7	2022	An aptamer, raised to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, was immobilized on a low-cost gold-coated polyester substrate adapted from the blood glucose testing industry.	Glucose	137-144	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	37-42
35102342-4	2022	MBL bound trimeric spike protein, including that of variants of concern (VoC), in a glycan-dependent manner and inhibited SARS-CoV-2 in three in vitro models.	Polysaccharides	84-90	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	19-24
35163624-0	2022	A Multi-Disulfide Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Expressed in E. coli Using a SEP-Tag Produces Antisera Interacting with the Mammalian Cell Expressed Spike (S1) Protein.	Disulfides	8-17	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	66-71
35163624-0	2022	A Multi-Disulfide Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Expressed in E. coli Using a SEP-Tag Produces Antisera Interacting with the Mammalian Cell Expressed Spike (S1) Protein.	Disulfides	8-17	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	181-186
35173705-5	2021	The CoronaVac administration induces total and neutralizing anti-spike antibodies in all vaccinated volunteers at 28 and 90 dpi.	coronavac	4-13	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	65-70
35123263-0	2022	The function of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is impaired by disulfide-bond disruption with mutation at cysteine-488 and by thiol-reactive N-acetyl-cysteine and glutathione.	Disulfides	56-65	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	27-32
35123263-5	2022	Consistently, in vitro binding of RBD and ACE2, spike-mediated cell-cell fusion, and pseudotyped viral infection of VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells were inhibited by the thiol-reactive compounds N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and a reduced form of glutathione (GSH).	Sulfhydryl Compounds	159-164	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-53
35123263-5	2022	Consistently, in vitro binding of RBD and ACE2, spike-mediated cell-cell fusion, and pseudotyped viral infection of VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells were inhibited by the thiol-reactive compounds N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and a reduced form of glutathione (GSH).	Acetylcysteine	184-200	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	48-53
35123263-0	2022	The function of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is impaired by disulfide-bond disruption with mutation at cysteine-488 and by thiol-reactive N-acetyl-cysteine and glutathione.	Cysteine	99-107	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	27-32
35123263-7	2022	Taken together, these data indicate that Cys-488 in spike RBD is required for SARS-CoV-2 spike functions and infectivity, and could be a target of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics.	Cysteine	41-44	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	52-57
35123263-0	2022	The function of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is impaired by disulfide-bond disruption with mutation at cysteine-488 and by thiol-reactive N-acetyl-cysteine and glutathione.	Sulfhydryl Compounds	119-124	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	27-32
35123263-7	2022	Taken together, these data indicate that Cys-488 in spike RBD is required for SARS-CoV-2 spike functions and infectivity, and could be a target of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics.	Cysteine	41-44	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	89-94
35123263-0	2022	The function of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is impaired by disulfide-bond disruption with mutation at cysteine-488 and by thiol-reactive N-acetyl-cysteine and glutathione.	Acetylcysteine	134-151	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	27-32
35123263-0	2022	The function of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is impaired by disulfide-bond disruption with mutation at cysteine-488 and by thiol-reactive N-acetyl-cysteine and glutathione.	Glutathione	156-167	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	27-32
35164065-3	2022	Analysis of the three-dimensional reference interaction site model (3DRISM) of SDFT indicates that water mediated interactions in the form of additional water bridges strongly increases the binding between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and hACE2 compared to SARS-CoV-1-hACE2 complex.	Water	99-104	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	217-222
35007072-3	2022	Cannabinoid acids from hemp (Cannabis sativa) were found to be allosteric as well as orthosteric ligands with micromolar affinity for the spike protein.	cannabinoid acids	0-17	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	138-143
35007072-4	2022	In follow-up virus neutralization assays, cannabigerolic acid and cannabidiolic acid prevented infection of human epithelial cells by a pseudovirus expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and prevented entry of live SARS-CoV-2 into cells.	cannabigerolic acid	42-61	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	174-179
35007072-4	2022	In follow-up virus neutralization assays, cannabigerolic acid and cannabidiolic acid prevented infection of human epithelial cells by a pseudovirus expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and prevented entry of live SARS-CoV-2 into cells.	cannabidiolic acid	66-84	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	174-179
35184404-0	2022	Zinc and vitamin C intake increases spike and neutralising antibody production following SARS-CoV-2 infection.	Ascorbic Acid	9-18	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	36-41
35215277-3	2022	In a spike NRP1 binding assay, two of these compounds displayed a stronger inhibition of spike protein binding to NRP1 than the known NRP1 antagonist EG00229, for which the inhibition of the CendR peptide binding to NRP1 was also experimentally confirmed.	5 alpha-ergostane-3 beta,5,6 beta,7 beta-tetrol	150-157	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	5-10
35215277-3	2022	In a spike NRP1 binding assay, two of these compounds displayed a stronger inhibition of spike protein binding to NRP1 than the known NRP1 antagonist EG00229, for which the inhibition of the CendR peptide binding to NRP1 was also experimentally confirmed.	5 alpha-ergostane-3 beta,5,6 beta,7 beta-tetrol	150-157	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	89-94
35340277-7	2022	Our suggested elucidated pathological sequence is: a) spike protein subunit S1 docking with sialylated membrane glycoproteins/receptors (ACE2, CD147), and S2 subunit fusion with the lipid layer; b) cell membrane morpho-functional changes due to the consequent electro-chemical variations and viroporin action, which induce an altered ion channel function and intracellular cation accumulation; c) additional intracellular iron concentration due to a deregulated hepcidin-ferroportin axis, with higher hepcidin levels.	Iron	422-426	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	54-59
35164065-3	2022	Analysis of the three-dimensional reference interaction site model (3DRISM) of SDFT indicates that water mediated interactions in the form of additional water bridges strongly increases the binding between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and hACE2 compared to SARS-CoV-1-hACE2 complex.	Water	153-158	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	217-222
35039570-3	2022	The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of temperature, fatty acids, ions, and protein concentration on the binding behavior and rates of association and dissociation between the S protein and RBD of SARS-CoV-2 and the hydrophobic aminopropylsilane (APS) biosensors using biolayer interferometry (BLI) validated with molecular dynamics simulation.	Fatty Acids	73-84	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	196-197
35042529-5	2022	Both vaccines induced spike protein-specific effector T cells which were dominated by type 1 helper T cell responses following AZD1222 vaccination.	azd1222	127-134	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	22-27
35215765-7	2022	A nanoluciferase reporter clone with deletion of spike (S), envelope (E), and membrane (M) proteins exhibited high levels of transient replication, was inhibited by remdesivir, and therefore could function as an efficient non-infectious subgenomic replicon system.	remdesivir	165-175	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	49-54
35215765-7	2022	A nanoluciferase reporter clone with deletion of spike (S), envelope (E), and membrane (M) proteins exhibited high levels of transient replication, was inhibited by remdesivir, and therefore could function as an efficient non-infectious subgenomic replicon system.	remdesivir	165-175	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	56-57
35039570-3	2022	The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of temperature, fatty acids, ions, and protein concentration on the binding behavior and rates of association and dissociation between the S protein and RBD of SARS-CoV-2 and the hydrophobic aminopropylsilane (APS) biosensors using biolayer interferometry (BLI) validated with molecular dynamics simulation.	aminopropylsilane	248-265	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	196-197
35039570-3	2022	The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of temperature, fatty acids, ions, and protein concentration on the binding behavior and rates of association and dissociation between the S protein and RBD of SARS-CoV-2 and the hydrophobic aminopropylsilane (APS) biosensors using biolayer interferometry (BLI) validated with molecular dynamics simulation.	aminopropylsilane	267-270	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	196-197
35039570-4	2022	Our results suggest three conditions-high ionic concentration, presence of hydrophobic fatty acids, and low temperature-favor the attachment of S protein and RBD to hydrophobic surfaces.	Fatty Acids	87-98	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	144-145
35000060-5	2022	Molecular docking of HCQ under physiological condition with spike protein, 3C-like protease (3CLpro), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV2 showed - 8.52 kcal/mole binding score with RdRp, while the other two proteins showed relatively weaker binding affinity.	Hydroxychloroquine	21-24	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	60-65
35054983-6	2022	Compared to the wild-type spike, the Delta one shows a higher affinity towards heparan sulfate proteoglycans than towards ACE2.	Heparitin Sulfate	79-94	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	26-31
35054983-7	2022	In addition to attachment to the polyanionic heparan sulfate chains, the Delta spike"s molecular interactions with syndecan-4 also involve syndecan-4"s cell-binding domain that mediates cell-to-cell adhesion.	Heparitin Sulfate	45-60	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	79-84
35054856-6	2022	The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has a sequence similar to neurotoxins, capable of binding nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR).	Acetylcholine	97-110	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	15-20
35095889-0	2021	Optimization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Expression in the Silkworm and Induction of Efficient Protective Immunity by Inoculation With Alum Adjuvants.	alum adjuvants	135-149	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	27-32
35432786-6	2022	Additionally, semi-stable docking of bisartans at the arginine-rich furin-cleavage site of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (residues 681-686) required for virus entry into host cells, suggest bisartans may inhibit furin action thereby retarding viral entry into host cells.	bisartans	37-46	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	106-111
35432786-6	2022	Additionally, semi-stable docking of bisartans at the arginine-rich furin-cleavage site of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (residues 681-686) required for virus entry into host cells, suggest bisartans may inhibit furin action thereby retarding viral entry into host cells.	Arginine	54-62	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	106-111
35432786-4	2022	In silico docking and molecular dynamics studies revealed bisartans exhibited higher binding affinities for the ACE2/spike protein complex (PDB 6LZG) compared to all other known sartans.	bisartans	58-67	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	117-122
35432786-6	2022	Additionally, semi-stable docking of bisartans at the arginine-rich furin-cleavage site of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (residues 681-686) required for virus entry into host cells, suggest bisartans may inhibit furin action thereby retarding viral entry into host cells.	bisartans	189-198	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	106-111
35281252-1	2022	The aim of the present study was to test the binding affinity of methylxanthines (caffeine/theine, methylxanthine, theobromine, theophylline and xanthine) to three potential target proteins namely Spike protein (6LZG), main protease (6LU7) and nucleocapsid protein N-terminal RNA binding domain (6M3M) of SARS-CoV-2.	Caffeine	91-97	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	197-202
35281252-1	2022	The aim of the present study was to test the binding affinity of methylxanthines (caffeine/theine, methylxanthine, theobromine, theophylline and xanthine) to three potential target proteins namely Spike protein (6LZG), main protease (6LU7) and nucleocapsid protein N-terminal RNA binding domain (6M3M) of SARS-CoV-2.	methylxanthine	65-80	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	197-202
35128036-2	2022	Because the androgen-responsive serine protease TMPRSS2 is involved in cleaving the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein allowing the virus to enter the cell, therefore, direct TMPRSS2 inhibition will inhibit virus activation and disease progression which make it an important target for drug discovery.	Serine	32-38	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	95-100
35281252-1	2022	The aim of the present study was to test the binding affinity of methylxanthines (caffeine/theine, methylxanthine, theobromine, theophylline and xanthine) to three potential target proteins namely Spike protein (6LZG), main protease (6LU7) and nucleocapsid protein N-terminal RNA binding domain (6M3M) of SARS-CoV-2.	Theophylline	128-140	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	197-202
35281252-1	2022	The aim of the present study was to test the binding affinity of methylxanthines (caffeine/theine, methylxanthine, theobromine, theophylline and xanthine) to three potential target proteins namely Spike protein (6LZG), main protease (6LU7) and nucleocapsid protein N-terminal RNA binding domain (6M3M) of SARS-CoV-2.	Xanthine	145-153	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	197-202
35475214-6	2022	The computational analysis demonstrated that vitamin B12 resulted in depicting suitable significant binding with furin, RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), Main proteases (Mpro), ORF3a and ORF7a and Vitamin D3 with spike protein and vitamin B9 with non structural protein 3 (NSP3).	Vitamin B 12	45-56	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	216-221
35475214-6	2022	The computational analysis demonstrated that vitamin B12 resulted in depicting suitable significant binding with furin, RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), Main proteases (Mpro), ORF3a and ORF7a and Vitamin D3 with spike protein and vitamin B9 with non structural protein 3 (NSP3).	Cholecalciferol	200-210	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	216-221
35126879-4	2022	The chitosan-mediated nanovaccine enabled a strong spike-specific antibody immune response and augmented local mucosal immunity in bronchoalveolar lavage and lungs, which might be capable of protecting the host from infection without systemic toxicity.	nanovaccine	22-33	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	51-56
35158452-5	2022	RESULTS: HCs (n = 30) and MS patients treated with cladribine (n = 32) had 100% positive serology response against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein following the second vaccine dose (mean S1/S2-IgG and RBD-IgG:284.5 +- 104.9, 13,041+-9411 AU/mL and 226.3 +- 121.4, 10,554+-11,405 AU/mL respectively).	Cladribine	51-61	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	130-135
35371413-6	2022	As proof-of-principle studies, we demonstrate the detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in both phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer and universal transport medium (UTM) (limit of detection (LoD): 100 fg/mL).	Phosphate-Buffered Saline	96-121	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	74-79
35371413-6	2022	As proof-of-principle studies, we demonstrate the detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in both phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer and universal transport medium (UTM) (limit of detection (LoD): 100 fg/mL).	pbs	123-126	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	74-79
35371413-8	2022	Our spike protein IgG antibody tests exhibit excellent detection limits in both PBS and human whole blood ((LoD): 1 pg/mL).	pbs	80-83	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	4-9
35262828-0	2022	In silico discovery of 3 novel quercetin derivatives against papain-like protease, spike protein, and 3C-like protease of SARS-CoV-2.	Quercetin	31-40	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	83-88
35262828-2	2022	The current study was therefore conducted to examine the noted novel derivatives of quercetin present in plant sources as an immune modulator and as an antiviral molecule in the COVID-19 disease and also to study their affinity of binding with potential three targets reported for coronavirus, i.e., papain-like protease, spike protein receptor-binding domain, and 3C-like protease.	Quercetin	84-93	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	322-327
35262828-6	2022	Docking was performed finally using PyRx having AutoDock Vina to identify the efficacy of binding between quercetin derivatives with papain-like protease, spike protein receptor-binding domain, and 3C-like protease.	Quercetin	106-115	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	155-160
35262828-12	2022	Standard antiviral drug remdesivir on docking showed a binding affinity of - 5.8 kcal/mol with PLpro, - 6.4 kcal/mol with 3CLpro, and - 8.6 kcal/mol with spike protein receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2, the discovered hit molecules quercetin 3-O-arabinoside 7-O-rhamnoside showed binding affinity of - 8.2 kcal/mol with PLpro, whereas quercetin 3-(rhamnosyl-(1- > 2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside) and quercetin-3-neohesperidoside-7-rhamnoside was predicted to have a binding affinity of - 8.5 kcal/mol and - 8.8 kcal/mol with spike protein receptor-binding domain and 3CLpro respectively CONCLUSION: Docking study revealed quercetin 3-O-arabinoside 7-O-rhamnoside to possess the highest binding affinity with papain-like protease, quercetin 3-(rhamnosyl-(1- > 2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside) with spike protein receptor-binding domain, and quercetin-3-neohesperidoside-7-rhamnoside with 3C-like protease and all the protein-ligand complexes were found to be stable after performing the normal mode analysis of the complexes in internal coordinates.	remdesivir	24-34	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	154-159
35262828-12	2022	Standard antiviral drug remdesivir on docking showed a binding affinity of - 5.8 kcal/mol with PLpro, - 6.4 kcal/mol with 3CLpro, and - 8.6 kcal/mol with spike protein receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2, the discovered hit molecules quercetin 3-O-arabinoside 7-O-rhamnoside showed binding affinity of - 8.2 kcal/mol with PLpro, whereas quercetin 3-(rhamnosyl-(1- > 2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside) and quercetin-3-neohesperidoside-7-rhamnoside was predicted to have a binding affinity of - 8.5 kcal/mol and - 8.8 kcal/mol with spike protein receptor-binding domain and 3CLpro respectively CONCLUSION: Docking study revealed quercetin 3-O-arabinoside 7-O-rhamnoside to possess the highest binding affinity with papain-like protease, quercetin 3-(rhamnosyl-(1- > 2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside) with spike protein receptor-binding domain, and quercetin-3-neohesperidoside-7-rhamnoside with 3C-like protease and all the protein-ligand complexes were found to be stable after performing the normal mode analysis of the complexes in internal coordinates.	remdesivir	24-34	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	527-532
35262828-12	2022	Standard antiviral drug remdesivir on docking showed a binding affinity of - 5.8 kcal/mol with PLpro, - 6.4 kcal/mol with 3CLpro, and - 8.6 kcal/mol with spike protein receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2, the discovered hit molecules quercetin 3-O-arabinoside 7-O-rhamnoside showed binding affinity of - 8.2 kcal/mol with PLpro, whereas quercetin 3-(rhamnosyl-(1- > 2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside) and quercetin-3-neohesperidoside-7-rhamnoside was predicted to have a binding affinity of - 8.5 kcal/mol and - 8.8 kcal/mol with spike protein receptor-binding domain and 3CLpro respectively CONCLUSION: Docking study revealed quercetin 3-O-arabinoside 7-O-rhamnoside to possess the highest binding affinity with papain-like protease, quercetin 3-(rhamnosyl-(1- > 2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside) with spike protein receptor-binding domain, and quercetin-3-neohesperidoside-7-rhamnoside with 3C-like protease and all the protein-ligand complexes were found to be stable after performing the normal mode analysis of the complexes in internal coordinates.	remdesivir	24-34	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	796-801