PMID-sentid	Pub_year	Sent_text	compound_name	comp_offset	prot_official_name	organism	prot_offset
15528319-0	2005	Metabolism of nicotine and cotinine by human cytochrome P450 2A13.	Cotinine	27-35	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 13	Homo sapiens	45-65
15528319-5	2005	We have further demonstrated that human CYP2A13 is indeed an efficient enzyme in catalyzing C-oxidation of nicotine to form cotinine, with the apparent K(m) and V(max) values of 20.2 microM and 8.7 pmol/min/pmol, respectively.	Cotinine	124-132	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 13	Homo sapiens	40-47
15528319-6	2005	CYP2A13 also catalyzes the 3"-hydroxylation of cotinine to form trans-3"-hydroxycotinine, with the apparent K(m) and V(max) values of 45.2 microM and 0.7 pmol/min/pmol, respectively.	Cotinine	47-55	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 13	Homo sapiens	0-7
15940289-6	2005	The subjects carrying the CYP2A6*1B allele oxidize nicotine to cotinine faster than subjects with the CYP2A6*1A allele.	Cotinine	63-71	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	26-32
16521948-12	2005	In smoking pregnant women activity of SOD was significantly correlated with concentration of cotinine both in serum (r=0.36; p<0.05) and in urine (r=0.33; p<0.01).	Cotinine	93-101	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	38-41
15364541-10	2004	Because nicotine activation of PXR will enhance metabolism of nicotine to the non-psychoactive cotinine, these results provide one molecular mechanism for the development of tolerance to nicotine.	Cotinine	95-103	nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2	Homo sapiens	31-34
15592323-18	2004	Furthermore, cotinine/nicotine ratios after 1 piece of nicotine gum was chewed, used as an index of in vivo nicotine metabolism, were significantly (P < .05) decreased in heterozygotes of the CYP2A6*17 allele (5.4 +/- 2.7, n = 12) compared with homozygotes of the wild type (11.5 +/- 10.5, n = 37).	Cotinine	13-21	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	195-201
15592323-19	2004	A subject with CYP2A6*17 / CYP2A6*17 revealed the lowest cotinine/nicotine ratio (1.8).	Cotinine	57-65	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	15-21
15592323-19	2004	A subject with CYP2A6*17 / CYP2A6*17 revealed the lowest cotinine/nicotine ratio (1.8).	Cotinine	57-65	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	27-33
15225612-2	2004	CYP2A6 also catalyzes nicotine C-oxidation leading to cotinine formation, a major metabolic pathway of nicotine in humans.	Cotinine	54-62	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	0-6
15265511-1	2004	Generally, 70-80% of absorbed nicotine is mainly metabolized to cotinine by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6.	Cotinine	64-72	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	76-101
15265511-8	2004	In contrast, in two subjects with CYP2A6*4/CYP2A6*4 (group II), trace levels of cotinine, cotinine N-glucuronide, and cotinine 1"-N-oxide were detected.	Cotinine	80-88	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	34-40
15265511-8	2004	In contrast, in two subjects with CYP2A6*4/CYP2A6*4 (group II), trace levels of cotinine, cotinine N-glucuronide, and cotinine 1"-N-oxide were detected.	Cotinine	80-88	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	43-49
15265231-6	2004	RESULTS: The geometric mean of urinary cotinine concentration was 535 ng/mgCr for those who smoked brands with the lowest nicotine (0.1 mg on the package), compared with 1010 ng/mgCr for those who smoked brands with the highest (0.9-2.4 mg, weighted mean of 1.1 mg).	Cotinine	39-47	MN1 proto-oncogene, transcriptional regulator	Homo sapiens	73-77
14570768-9	2003	The glucuronidation of nicotine and cotinine by heterologously expressed UGT1A3, UGT1A4, and UGT1A9 was also determined.	Cotinine	36-44	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A3	Homo sapiens	73-79
15078798-7	2004	Plasma cotinine concentrations correlated with monocyte CD40 expression, platelet CD40L expression, and platelet-monocyte aggregates.	Cotinine	7-15	CD40 molecule	Homo sapiens	56-60
15078798-7	2004	Plasma cotinine concentrations correlated with monocyte CD40 expression, platelet CD40L expression, and platelet-monocyte aggregates.	Cotinine	7-15	CD40 ligand	Homo sapiens	82-87
14713027-11	2003	Caffeine and cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, were generally present in STP effluents and surface waters contaminated by drugs.	Cotinine	13-21	thyroid hormone receptor interactor 10	Homo sapiens	75-78
14570768-14	2003	Cotinine glucuronidation by either UGT1A3 or UGT1A9 was not detected.	Cotinine	0-8	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A3	Homo sapiens	35-41
24627661-4	2003	Pre-ex CER and urinary cotinine concentrations of smokers were significantly higher (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively) compared to that of non-smokers and pre-ex CER concentrations were significantly correlated with cotinine levels in all subjects (p<0.05).	Cotinine	221-229	ceruloplasmin	Homo sapiens	167-170
14570768-14	2003	Cotinine glucuronidation by either UGT1A3 or UGT1A9 was not detected.	Cotinine	0-8	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A9	Homo sapiens	45-51
14570768-15	2003	Both propofol, a UGT1A9 substrate, and imipramine, a UGT1A4 substrate, inhibited the glucuronidation of nicotine and cotinine by human liver microsomes.	Cotinine	117-125	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A9	Homo sapiens	17-23
14570768-15	2003	Both propofol, a UGT1A9 substrate, and imipramine, a UGT1A4 substrate, inhibited the glucuronidation of nicotine and cotinine by human liver microsomes.	Cotinine	117-125	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A4	Homo sapiens	53-59
14577978-3	2003	Nicotine is metabolized extensively by the liver enzyme CYP2A6, primarily to cotinine.	Cotinine	77-85	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	56-62
14577978-4	2003	Cotinine is itself metabolized by CYP2A6 to 3"-hydroxycotinine (3-HC).	Cotinine	0-8	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	34-40
14577978-5	2003	The ratio of metabolite to parent (i.e., 3-HC:cotinine) would be expected to reflect CYP2A6 activity.	Cotinine	46-54	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	85-91
12947436-5	2003	RESULTS: C-reactive protein concentration (dichotomized at the sex-specific 85th percentile) was inversely and significantly associated with concentrations of retinol, retinyl esters, vitamin C, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, and selenium after adjustment for age, sex, race or ethnicity, education, cotinine concentration, body mass index, leisure-time physical activity, and aspirin use.	Cotinine	344-352	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	9-27
12750430-4	2003	We found that CYP2E1 is induced by very low doses of chronic (x 7 days) nicotine with an ED50 value of 0.01 mg/kg s.c.; 0.01 mg/kg in a rat model results in peak cotinine levels (nicotine metabolite) similar to those found in people exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (passive smokers; 2-7 ng/ml).	Cotinine	162-170	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily e, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	14-20
12844137-1	2003	Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6 catalyzes nicotine C-oxidation, leading to cotinine formation, a major metabolic pathway of nicotine in humans.	Cotinine	69-77	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	0-25
12844137-8	2003	In Korean subjects the cotinine/nicotine ratios as an index of nicotine metabolism in the subjects with CYP2A6*9/CYP2A6*9 (4.3 +/- 2.4) were significantly lower than those in the subjects with CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*9 (7.7 +/- 5.6) and CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*1A (10.4 +/- 9.2) (P <.05 and P <.005, respectively).	Cotinine	23-31	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	104-110
12844137-8	2003	In Korean subjects the cotinine/nicotine ratios as an index of nicotine metabolism in the subjects with CYP2A6*9/CYP2A6*9 (4.3 +/- 2.4) were significantly lower than those in the subjects with CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*9 (7.7 +/- 5.6) and CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*1A (10.4 +/- 9.2) (P <.05 and P <.005, respectively).	Cotinine	23-31	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	113-119
12844137-8	2003	In Korean subjects the cotinine/nicotine ratios as an index of nicotine metabolism in the subjects with CYP2A6*9/CYP2A6*9 (4.3 +/- 2.4) were significantly lower than those in the subjects with CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*9 (7.7 +/- 5.6) and CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*1A (10.4 +/- 9.2) (P <.05 and P <.005, respectively).	Cotinine	23-31	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	113-119
12844137-8	2003	In Korean subjects the cotinine/nicotine ratios as an index of nicotine metabolism in the subjects with CYP2A6*9/CYP2A6*9 (4.3 +/- 2.4) were significantly lower than those in the subjects with CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*9 (7.7 +/- 5.6) and CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*1A (10.4 +/- 9.2) (P <.05 and P <.005, respectively).	Cotinine	23-31	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	113-119
12844137-8	2003	In Korean subjects the cotinine/nicotine ratios as an index of nicotine metabolism in the subjects with CYP2A6*9/CYP2A6*9 (4.3 +/- 2.4) were significantly lower than those in the subjects with CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*9 (7.7 +/- 5.6) and CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*1A (10.4 +/- 9.2) (P <.05 and P <.005, respectively).	Cotinine	23-31	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	113-119
12844137-8	2003	In Korean subjects the cotinine/nicotine ratios as an index of nicotine metabolism in the subjects with CYP2A6*9/CYP2A6*9 (4.3 +/- 2.4) were significantly lower than those in the subjects with CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*9 (7.7 +/- 5.6) and CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*1A (10.4 +/- 9.2) (P <.05 and P <.005, respectively).	Cotinine	23-31	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	113-119
12167564-9	2002	It would appear that the same, as yet unexamined, UGT catalyzes the N-glucuronidation of both cotinine and nicotine.	Cotinine	94-102	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A complex locus	Homo sapiens	50-53
12787697-7	2003	S-Cotinine did also correlate positively with tPA, r=0.24 (p=0.049).	Cotinine	0-10	plasminogen activator, tissue type	Homo sapiens	46-49
12488541-2	2003	Nicotine is inactivated to cotinine by CYP2A6 in human liver [nicotine C-oxidation (NCO)].	Cotinine	27-35	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	39-45
12433823-10	2002	In conclusion, the involvement of UGT1A1 and UGT1A9 as well as UGT1A4 in nicotine and cotinine N-glucuronidations in human liver microsomes was suggested, although the contributions of each UGT isoform could not be determined conclusively.	Cotinine	86-94	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A1	Homo sapiens	34-40
12433823-10	2002	In conclusion, the involvement of UGT1A1 and UGT1A9 as well as UGT1A4 in nicotine and cotinine N-glucuronidations in human liver microsomes was suggested, although the contributions of each UGT isoform could not be determined conclusively.	Cotinine	86-94	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A4	Homo sapiens	63-69
12433823-10	2002	In conclusion, the involvement of UGT1A1 and UGT1A9 as well as UGT1A4 in nicotine and cotinine N-glucuronidations in human liver microsomes was suggested, although the contributions of each UGT isoform could not be determined conclusively.	Cotinine	86-94	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A complex locus	Homo sapiens	34-37
12406643-5	2002	The resulting interindividual variation in metabolic activity may affect the metabolism of CYP2A6 substrates including nicotine, cotinine (the major metabolite of nicotine), several tobacco-specific procarcinogens, coumarin and many toxins.	Cotinine	129-137	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	91-97
12504349-2	2003	Hepatic cytochrome P4502A6 (CYP2A6) catalyses the major route of nicotine metabolism: C-oxidation to cotinine, followed by hydroxylation to trans-3"-hydroxycotinine.	Cotinine	101-109	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	28-34
12434396-0	2002	Nicotine and cotinine modulate cerebral microvascular permeability and protein expression of ZO-1 through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed on brain endothelial cells.	Cotinine	13-21	tight junction protein 1	Bos taurus	93-97
12434396-6	2002	Nicotine and cotinine exposure also resulted in reduced ZO-1 immunoreactivity (tight junctional protein) that occurred in a time-dependent manner.	Cotinine	13-21	tight junction protein 1	Bos taurus	56-60
12434396-10	2002	These data provide evidence that nicotine and cotinine alter BBB permeability and tight junctional protein expression of ZO-1, thereby altering the BBB response to stroke conditions.	Cotinine	46-54	tight junction protein 1	Bos taurus	121-125
12487152-3	2002	Nicotine is mainly metabolized to cotinine by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6.	Cotinine	34-42	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	46-71
12521404-7	2002	Percentage changes in SHBG and NTx were correlated with changes in plasma cotinine (r = 0.48; p = 0.004 and r = 0.36; p = 0.04, respectively).	Cotinine	74-82	sex hormone binding globulin	Homo sapiens	22-26
12186791-9	2002	Basal TFPI-1 in culture correlated positively with basal NO production (r=0.42, P=0.04) and negatively with serum cotinine level (r=-0.6, P=0.01).	Cotinine	114-122	tissue factor pathway inhibitor	Homo sapiens	6-12
12024803-3	2002	In whole deletion of CYP2A6, urinary excretion amounts of cotinine and trans-3"-hydroxycotinine were significantly smaller than those in the wild-type of CYP2A6*1.	Cotinine	58-66	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	21-27
12024803-4	2002	A lack of CYP2A6 reduces the formation of cotinine and trans-3"-hydroxycotinine, but not entirely reduces the trans-3"-hydroxycotinine formation.	Cotinine	42-50	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	10-16
11839560-0	2002	Nicotine and cotinine up-regulate vascular endothelial growth factor expression in endothelial cells.	Cotinine	13-21	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	34-68
11839560-4	2002	We show here, using an intact porcine common carotid artery perfusion culture model, that nicotine and cotinine, the major product of nicotine metabolism, cause a significant increase in endothelial cell VEGF expression.	Cotinine	103-111	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	204-208
11839560-6	2002	Our results showed significant increases in endothelial cell VEGF mRNA and protein levels because of nicotine and cotinine at concentrations representative of plasma concentrations seen in habitual smokers.	Cotinine	114-122	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	61-65
11719700-10	2001	Double-reciprocal plots indicated that nicotine and ACTE inhibited by a competitive, while cotinine inhibited CYP 2E1 by an uncompetitive mechanism.	Cotinine	91-99	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily E member 1	Homo sapiens	110-117
11805739-3	2002	The genetically polymorphic CYP2A6 enzyme is responsible for the majority of the metabolic inactivation of nicotine to cotinine (12-14).	Cotinine	119-127	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	28-34
11883257-2	2001	In 30 IVF-ET patients (14 smokers and 16 non-smokers) levels of cotinine (C-FF) and 17 beta-estradiol (E2-FF) were quantified in the follicular fluid by means of radioimmunoassay.	Cotinine	64-72	host cell factor C1	Homo sapiens	74-78
11435297-9	2001	Nicotine and cotinine treatment resulted in reduction of CD44 surface expression on lung microvascular endothelial cell line (LEISVO) and bone marrow-derived (STR-12) endothelial cell line.	Cotinine	13-21	CD44 antigen	Mus musculus	57-61
11719700-0	2001	Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 2E1 by nicotine, cotinine, and aqueous cigarette tar extract in vitro.	Cotinine	53-61	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily E member 1	Homo sapiens	20-39
11700257-7	2001	NNAL or NNAL-Gluc was detected in 52 of 54 samples with total cotinine > or =5 ng/ml and in 10 of 20 samples with total cotinine < 5 ng/ml.	Cotinine	62-70	glucosylceramidase beta 3 (gene/pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	13-17
11700257-7	2001	NNAL or NNAL-Gluc was detected in 52 of 54 samples with total cotinine > or =5 ng/ml and in 10 of 20 samples with total cotinine < 5 ng/ml.	Cotinine	123-131	glucosylceramidase beta 3 (gene/pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	13-17
11353760-1	2001	CYP2A6 is the principle enzyme metabolizing nicotine to its inactive metabolite cotinine.	Cotinine	80-88	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	0-6
11401907-8	2001	The number of cigarettes smoked and CYP2A6 polymorphism were significantly associated with the urinary cotinine level.	Cotinine	103-111	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	36-42
11401907-9	2001	Especially, the urinary cotinine levels was drastically lower in CYP2A6-deleted homozygous (CYP2A6*4/*4) subjects than in CYP2A6*1 allele-positive subjects.	Cotinine	24-32	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	65-71
11401907-9	2001	Especially, the urinary cotinine levels was drastically lower in CYP2A6-deleted homozygous (CYP2A6*4/*4) subjects than in CYP2A6*1 allele-positive subjects.	Cotinine	24-32	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	92-98
11401907-9	2001	Especially, the urinary cotinine levels was drastically lower in CYP2A6-deleted homozygous (CYP2A6*4/*4) subjects than in CYP2A6*1 allele-positive subjects.	Cotinine	24-32	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	92-98
11353763-7	2001	Correlation of CYP1B1 protein with plasma cotinine levels was statistically marginal (p = 0.027).	Cotinine	42-50	cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily B member 1	Homo sapiens	15-21
11434509-1	2001	CYP2A6 is a major catalyst of nicotine metabolism to cotinine.	Cotinine	53-61	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	0-6
11434509-8	2001	The homozygotes of the CYP2A6*4 allele (four subjects) were completely deficient in cotinine formation, being consistent with the data among Japanese.	Cotinine	84-92	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	23-29
11434509-10	2001	The subjects who possess the CYP2A6*1B allele appeared to show higher capabilities of cotinine formation.	Cotinine	86-94	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	29-35
11259349-2	2001	In humans, 70 to 80% of nicotine is metabolized to the inactive metabolite cotinine by the enzyme CYP2A6.	Cotinine	75-83	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	98-104
11120631-12	2001	2 and a 24.1% reduction in eNOS expression for nicotine- and cotinine-treated vessels, respectively (P<0.01).	Cotinine	61-69	nitric oxide synthase 3	Homo sapiens	27-31
11332168-6	2001	Plasma cotinine concentration was higher in smoking than in non-smoking mothers, and a negative correlation between plasma cotinine and leptin concentrations was found.	Cotinine	123-131	leptin	Homo sapiens	136-142
11150108-9	2001	MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Risk for the development of cervical SCC by IgG antibodies to 10 different C trachomatis serotypes, adjusted for antibodies to HPV types 16, 18, and 33 and for serum cotinine levels.	Cotinine	188-196	serpin family B member 3	Homo sapiens	59-62
11180041-1	2001	BACKGROUND: Nicotine is mainly metabolized to cotinine by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6.	Cotinine	46-54	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	58-83
11180041-2	2001	Previously, we found that the CYP2A6 gene was deleted homozygously in one subject who was deficient in cotinine formation from nicotine.	Cotinine	103-111	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	30-36
11180041-10	2001	Three subjects genotyped as CYP2A6*4/CYP2A6*4 were completely deficient in cotinine formation.	Cotinine	75-83	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	28-34
11180041-10	2001	Three subjects genotyped as CYP2A6*4/CYP2A6*4 were completely deficient in cotinine formation.	Cotinine	75-83	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	37-43
11180041-11	2001	The heterozygotes of the CYP2A6*4 allele tend to show lower capacities for cotinine formation.	Cotinine	75-83	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	25-31
11180041-12	2001	The subjects with CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*1B appeared to have higher capacities of cotinine formation than subjects with CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*1A, although the difference was not significant.	Cotinine	76-84	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	18-24
11180041-12	2001	The subjects with CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*1B appeared to have higher capacities of cotinine formation than subjects with CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*1A, although the difference was not significant.	Cotinine	76-84	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	28-34
11180041-12	2001	The subjects with CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*1B appeared to have higher capacities of cotinine formation than subjects with CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*1A, although the difference was not significant.	Cotinine	76-84	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	28-34
11180041-12	2001	The subjects with CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*1B appeared to have higher capacities of cotinine formation than subjects with CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*1A, although the difference was not significant.	Cotinine	76-84	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	28-34
11180041-13	2001	The probit plot of the cotinine-nicotine ratio was not linear; this possibly indicated the existence of a novel mutation in the CYP2A6 gene genotyped as CYP2A6*1B/CYP2A6*4.	Cotinine	23-31	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	128-134
11180041-13	2001	The probit plot of the cotinine-nicotine ratio was not linear; this possibly indicated the existence of a novel mutation in the CYP2A6 gene genotyped as CYP2A6*1B/CYP2A6*4.	Cotinine	23-31	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	153-159
11180041-13	2001	The probit plot of the cotinine-nicotine ratio was not linear; this possibly indicated the existence of a novel mutation in the CYP2A6 gene genotyped as CYP2A6*1B/CYP2A6*4.	Cotinine	23-31	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	153-159
11133210-10	2001	When nicotine or cotinine was added to the platelet-rich plasma of non-smokers ex vivo, the platelet-dependent thrombin level increased significantly (P < 0.002).	Cotinine	17-25	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	111-119
11120631-13	2001	Additionally, immunohistochemical staining for eNOS showed less dense staining on nicotine- and cotinine-treated vessels as compared to controls.	Cotinine	96-104	nitric oxide synthase 3	Homo sapiens	47-51
11100974-7	2000	In rat brain, the affinity chromatography and [125I]cotinine receptor essays were used to isolate a 40-kDa protein (p40) with higher affinity for cotinine than alpha-bungarotoxin and nicotine.	Cotinine	52-60	septin 3	Rattus norvegicus	116-119
11130096-0	2000	The influence of cotinine on interleukin 6 expression in smokers with cervical preneoplasia.	Cotinine	17-25	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	29-42
11075866-4	2000	The main outcome measure is the odds ratio (OR) of incidence rates of invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) among those seropositive for HPV16 and/or C. trachomatis and/or with increased levels of cotinine in serum compared to those negative for all the three exposures.	Cotinine	207-215	serpin family B member 3	Homo sapiens	113-116
11075866-9	2000	Each of the three exposures was associated with an increased risk of SCC (OR = 5.4 for HPV16, 3.4 for C. trachomatis and 1.8 for cotinine).	Cotinine	129-137	serpin family B member 3	Homo sapiens	69-72
10999944-1	2000	In humans, 80% of nicotine is metabolized to the inactive metabolite cotinine by the enzyme CYP2A6, which can also activate tobacco smoke procarcinogens (e.g., 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone).	Cotinine	69-77	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	92-98
11082824-5	2000	The aim of this study was to investigate in smokers whether platelet MAO-B activity is related to plasma cotinine concentration, an indirect index of use of smoked tobacco.	Cotinine	105-113	monoamine oxidase B	Homo sapiens	69-74
11082824-8	2000	Platelet MAO-B activity correlated positively with age (r = 0.26, p = 0.01) and inversely with plasma cotinine concentration (r = -0.32, p = 0.002) but not with number of cigarettes smoked or with Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire score.	Cotinine	102-110	monoamine oxidase B	Homo sapiens	9-14
11082824-9	2000	Multiple linear regression analysis showed that 49% of the age-adjusted variance in platelet MAO-B activity (R2 = 0.489, p < 0.0001) was explained by plasma cotinine concentration (p < 0.001) and gender (p = 0.037).	Cotinine	160-168	monoamine oxidase B	Homo sapiens	93-98
11082824-10	2000	It was concluded that platelet MAO-B activity in smokers is inversely associated with plasma cotinine level, an index of smoked tobacco use.	Cotinine	93-101	monoamine oxidase B	Homo sapiens	31-36
10725490-12	2000	There was positive correlation between fetal erythropoietin and cotinine concentrations (r =.41; P =.04), suggesting a dose-response relationship.	Cotinine	64-72	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	45-59
10799646-1	2000	In the rat, nicotine is metabolized to cotinine primarily by hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B1.	Cotinine	39-47	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily b, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	69-94
10781881-3	2000	CYP2A6 is a major contributor to the oxidative metabolism of nicotine and cotinine, and it also contributes, to a larger or smaller extent, to the metabolism of a few pharmaceuticals (e.g. fadrozole), nitrosamines, other carcinogens (e.g. aflatoxin B1) and a number of coumarin-type alkaloids.	Cotinine	74-82	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	0-6
10725490-13	2000	CONCLUSION: Fetuses of smokers had increased erythropoietin concentrations that correlate positively with fetal cotinine levels; which suggests an increased risk of subacute hypoxia related to degree of maternal cigarette consumption.	Cotinine	112-120	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	45-59
10668854-0	2000	Deficient cotinine formation from nicotine is attributed to the whole deletion of the CYP2A6 gene in humans.	Cotinine	10-18	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	86-92
10919741-13	2000	However, HEVal levels were significantly elevated in GSTT1-null individuals when normalized to smoking status or cotinine levels.	Cotinine	113-121	glutathione S-transferase theta 1	Rattus norvegicus	53-58
10656854-4	2000	001), but not between ECOD and aromatase or P1OH and EROD activities; we also found significant correlations between blood cotinine and UGT activities (p < 0.01).	Cotinine	123-131	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A complex locus	Homo sapiens	136-139
10911933-3	2000	Cytochrome P450 drug metabolizing enzymes (CYPs), can activate (e.g. codeine to morphine) or deactivate (e.g. nicotine to cotinine) drugs of abuse.	Cotinine	122-130	cytochrome P450 family 4 subfamily F member 3	Homo sapiens	0-15
10668854-1	2000	Nicotine is mainly metabolized to cotinine by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6.	Cotinine	34-42	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	46-71
10565842-9	1999	We conclude that the metabolism of cotinine is slower in blacks than in whites because of both slower oxidative metabolism of nicotine to cotinine (presumably via cytochrome P-450 2A6) and slower N-glucuronidation.	Cotinine	35-43	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	163-183
9669788-11	1998	However, the total and nonrenal clearances of cotinine were significantly lower, respectively, in blacks (0.56 and 0.47 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1)) than in whites (0.68 vs 0.61 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1); P=.009 for each comparison).	Cotinine	46-54	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	125-131
10448083-6	1999	Cumulated urinary cotinine excretion in the homozygously CYP2A6-deleted individuals was about one-seventh compared to the control group (wild type).	Cotinine	18-26	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	57-63
9873232-3	1999	Therefore, we studied: (a) the influence of nicotine and cotinine on the effects of PGE2 on placental vasculature in perfused human placental cotyledon, and (b) the activation of placental phospholipase A2 (PLA2) by nicotine and cotinine using 1-palmitoyl-2-[1-14C]arachidonyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE, 2.2 nmol) as substrate.	Cotinine	229-237	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	189-205
9873232-6	1999	Nicotine (2 microg/ml) prevented the effect of PGE2; (2) both cotinine (EC50 470-500 fmol/l) and nicotine (EC50 18-32 pmol/l) activated PLA2 in human placental tissues.	Cotinine	62-70	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	136-140
9811234-0	1998	Influence of nicotine and cotinine on retinal phospholipase A2 and its significance to macular function.	Cotinine	26-34	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	46-62
9811234-4	1998	A question may arise as to whether nicotine and its major metabolite cotinine influence PLA2 so that arachidonic acid (AA) and proinflammatory prostaglandins (PG) are produced in the retina.	Cotinine	69-77	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	88-92
9811234-6	1998	PLA2 activity of rat retinal sonicates was assayed using 1-palmitoyl-2[1-14C]arachidonyl-Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE, 2.2 nmol) as a substrate in Tris buffer (10 mM, pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C with and without nicotine or cotinine in the assay medium.	Cotinine	220-228	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
9811234-9	1998	(3) Cotinine also activated PLA2 (EC50 300 nM).	Cotinine	4-12	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	28-32
9811234-10	1998	(4) Only high concentrations of nicotine (> 1.0 microM) and cotinine (> 25 microM) exhibit inhibition of PLA2.	Cotinine	63-71	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	111-115
9811234-13	1998	Oxidative stress (reduced levels of antioxidants), vascular insufficiency, as well as activation of PLA2 by nicotine and cotinine may contribute for retinal degeneration in smokers during aging.	Cotinine	121-129	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	100-104
9744534-8	1998	Smoking (self-reported maternal and infant plasma cotinine) was significantly associated with CYP1A1 mRNA levels (P < 0.01), but not with PAH-DNA adduct levels.	Cotinine	50-58	cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens	94-100
9669788-11	1998	However, the total and nonrenal clearances of cotinine were significantly lower, respectively, in blacks (0.56 and 0.47 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1)) than in whites (0.68 vs 0.61 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1); P=.009 for each comparison).	Cotinine	46-54	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	177-183
8976346-12	1996	Stromelysin-1 was up-regulated by nicotine and cotinine at 12 and 18 hours (1.5-fold to 7.0-fold).	Cotinine	47-55	matrix metallopeptidase 3	Homo sapiens	0-13
9443850-8	1998	The major metabolic pathways of nicotine, i.e. cotinine formation catalyzed by CYP and nicotine-1"-N-oxide formation catalyzed by flavin-containing monooxygenase, were investigated in these rat liver microsomes.	Cotinine	47-55	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily g, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	79-82
9316878-7	1997	CYP2A6 appears to be the major P450 involved in human nicotine metabolism to cotinine.	Cotinine	77-85	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	0-6
9316878-8	1997	Coumarin, a specific and selective CYP2A6 substrate, competitively inhibited cotinine formation by 85 +/- 11% (mean +/- S.D.)	Cotinine	77-85	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	35-41
9316878-10	1997	The K(i) value for this inhibition ranged from 1 to 5 microM, and a CYP2A6 monoclonal antibody inhibited cotinine formation by >75%.	Cotinine	105-113	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	68-74
9316878-11	1997	Immunochemically determined CYP2A6 correlated significantly with nicotine-to-cotinine V(max) values (r = .90, n = 30, P < .001) and to inhibition of nicotine metabolism by coumarin (r = .94, n = 30, P < .001).	Cotinine	77-85	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	28-34
8976346-0	1996	Nicotine and cotinine stimulate secretion of basic fibroblast growth factor and affect expression of matrix metalloproteinases in cultured human smooth muscle cells.	Cotinine	13-21	fibroblast growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	45-75
8976346-9	1996	RESULTS: Both nicotine and cotinine stimulated the production and secretion of bFGF in a dose-dependent manner.	Cotinine	27-35	fibroblast growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	79-83
8976346-14	1996	CONCLUSION: Nicotine and cotinine enhanced the production of bFGF, a major mitogen for smooth muscle cells, and up-regulated the expression of several matrix metalloproteinases that are critical in cell migration.	Cotinine	25-33	fibroblast growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	61-65
8937855-2	1996	In this study, human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform involved in cotinine formation was identified.	Cotinine	63-71	cytochrome P450 family 4 subfamily F member 3	Homo sapiens	21-36
8937855-2	1996	In this study, human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform involved in cotinine formation was identified.	Cotinine	63-71	cytochrome P450 family 4 subfamily F member 3	Homo sapiens	38-41
8937855-3	1996	The formation of cotinine in 16 human liver microsomes was determined with a 50 microM nicotine concentration and with a cytosol preparation as a source of aldehyde oxidase.	Cotinine	17-25	aldehyde oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	156-172
8937855-4	1996	Cotinine formation in human liver microsomes significantly correlated with immunochemically determined CYP2A6 levels (r = 0.663, p < 0.05), coumarin 7-hydroxylase activities (r = 0.831, p < 0.01), and cotinine 3"-hydroxylase activities (r = 0.735, p < 0.01) that are responsible for CYP2A6.	Cotinine	0-8	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	103-109
8937855-4	1996	Cotinine formation in human liver microsomes significantly correlated with immunochemically determined CYP2A6 levels (r = 0.663, p < 0.05), coumarin 7-hydroxylase activities (r = 0.831, p < 0.01), and cotinine 3"-hydroxylase activities (r = 0.735, p < 0.01) that are responsible for CYP2A6.	Cotinine	0-8	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	143-165
8937855-4	1996	Cotinine formation in human liver microsomes significantly correlated with immunochemically determined CYP2A6 levels (r = 0.663, p < 0.05), coumarin 7-hydroxylase activities (r = 0.831, p < 0.01), and cotinine 3"-hydroxylase activities (r = 0.735, p < 0.01) that are responsible for CYP2A6.	Cotinine	0-8	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	292-298
8937855-6	1996	When the capability of microsomes of B-lymphoblastoid cells expressing human CYPs to perform biotransformation of nicotine to cotinine was determined, cDNA-expressed CYP2A6 exhibited the highest cotinine formation.	Cotinine	126-134	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	166-172
8937855-6	1996	When the capability of microsomes of B-lymphoblastoid cells expressing human CYPs to perform biotransformation of nicotine to cotinine was determined, cDNA-expressed CYP2A6 exhibited the highest cotinine formation.	Cotinine	195-203	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	166-172
8937855-8	1996	The large interindividual variabilities in cotinine formation and immunochemically determined CYP2A6 levels were observed in human liver microsomes, suggesting genetic polymorphism of CYP2A6.	Cotinine	43-51	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	184-190
8627511-0	1996	Characterization of CYP2A6 involved in 3"-hydroxylation of cotinine in human liver microsomes.	Cotinine	59-67	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	20-26
8790020-3	1996	The degree of insulin sensitivity correlated negatively to the extent of nicotine use measured as plasma cotinine levels.	Cotinine	105-113	insulin	Homo sapiens	14-21
8627511-9	1996	In conclusion, cotinine 3"-hydroxylation appears to be catalyzed solely by CYP2A6 in humans.	Cotinine	15-23	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	75-81
8627511-10	1996	Cotinine is a candidate for a new substrate for CYP2A6 in humans.	Cotinine	0-8	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	48-54
8017787-0	1994	Activation of PAF-acetylhydrolase by nicotine and cotinine and their possible involvement in arterial thrombosis.	Cotinine	50-58	phospholipase A2 group VII	Homo sapiens	14-33
7646564-3	1995	For simplicity of analysis, the (S)-nicotine delta 1",5"-iminium ion formed was converted to (S)-cotinine in the presence of exogenously added aldehyde oxidase.	Cotinine	93-105	aldehyde oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	143-159
7646564-5	1995	Although (S)-cotinine was observed to inhibit pig FMO1 (Ki = 675 microM), partially purified cDNA-expressed adult human liver FMO3 was not inhibited by (S)-cotinine.	Cotinine	9-21	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 1	Sus scrofa	50-54
7646564-11	1995	The rate of (S)-cotinine formation at low (10 microM) concentration correlated well with immunoreactivity for cytochrome P450 2A6 (r = 0.89).	Cotinine	12-24	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	110-129
8743158-7	1995	Plasma cotinine concentrations correlated significantly (P < 0.001) with both declared smoking rate (r = 0.67, N = 37) and placental EROD activity (r = 0.63, N = 36), but not with QR activity, whether measured as total QR activity or specifically as either DT-diaphorase or carbonyl reductase.	Cotinine	7-15	NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	260-273
7695067-7	1994	A higher urinary cotinine/creatinine ratio was associated with higher total IgE level.	Cotinine	17-25	immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon	Homo sapiens	76-79
8082306-3	1994	The prawn-specific IgE antibody response was significantly associated with atopy (IgE antibody response to common allergens) and with a history of cigarette smoking, confirmed by level of serum cotinine, a major nicotine metabolite.	Cotinine	194-202	immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon	Homo sapiens	19-22
8156919-11	1994	When tested with [3H]corticosterone and [3H]progesterone as exogenous substrates, 1-10 microM cotinine caused a significant dose-dependent inhibition of ACTH- and ANG-II-stimulated aldosterone synthesis.	Cotinine	94-102	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	163-169
8193474-0	1994	Nicotine and cotinine levels in pericardial fluid in victims of SIDS.	Cotinine	13-21	iduronate 2-sulfatase	Homo sapiens	64-68
8482322-0	1993	Nicotine and its major metabolite cotinine have different effects on aldosterone and prolactin serum levels in the normal male rat.	Cotinine	34-42	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	85-94
8482322-9	1993	Cotinine dose-dependently reduced serum prolactin levels at 5 min followed by a dose-dependent increase at 10 min after which a dose-dependent reduction was again found after 30 min post treatment.	Cotinine	0-8	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	40-49
8482322-10	1993	In conclusion, acute nicotine and cotinine treatment produced opposite effects on aldosterone and prolactin serum levels.	Cotinine	34-42	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	98-107
8482322-13	1993	Since cotinine induced marked changes in serum prolactin levels while leaving LH levels unchanged, it seems plausible that cotinine affects neuroendocrine regulation via mechanisms not primarily related to circulatory effects.	Cotinine	6-14	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	47-56
8482322-13	1993	Since cotinine induced marked changes in serum prolactin levels while leaving LH levels unchanged, it seems plausible that cotinine affects neuroendocrine regulation via mechanisms not primarily related to circulatory effects.	Cotinine	123-131	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	47-56
1446003-2	1992	The principal product is the 5"-carbon atom oxidation product, nicotine delta 1",5"-iminium ion, which is efficiently converted to the gamma-lactam derivative cotinine in the presence of aldehyde oxidase.	Cotinine	159-167	aldehyde oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	187-203
1281137-3	1992	Significantly higher levels of maternal serum AFP were found in 101 women who had more than 1.0 microgram cotinine/mg urinary creatinine compared with 180 women whose urinary cotinine levels were below this level [(mean +/- SD) 1.23 +/- 0.64 and 1.06 +/- 0.54 respectively; 95 per cent CI of difference of means 0.01-0.31; P < 0.05].	Cotinine	106-114	alpha fetoprotein	Homo sapiens	46-49
1281137-3	1992	Significantly higher levels of maternal serum AFP were found in 101 women who had more than 1.0 microgram cotinine/mg urinary creatinine compared with 180 women whose urinary cotinine levels were below this level [(mean +/- SD) 1.23 +/- 0.64 and 1.06 +/- 0.54 respectively; 95 per cent CI of difference of means 0.01-0.31; P < 0.05].	Cotinine	175-183	alpha fetoprotein	Homo sapiens	46-49
8458908-2	1993	The products of beta-glucuronidase cleavage found in human urine were mainly trans-3"-hydroxycotinine, cotinine, and a small amount of nicotine.	Cotinine	93-101	glucuronidase beta	Homo sapiens	16-34
1716979-12	1991	CONCLUSION: A cotinine-assisted smoking intervention programme managed from a central location as an adjunct to a maternal serum AFP screening service can, with the cooperation of physicians responsible for antenatal care, lead to a significant and cost-effective reduction in the number of low birthweight babies.	Cotinine	14-22	alpha fetoprotein	Homo sapiens	129-132
1643259-1	1992	Recent studies in our laboratories have confirmed that a major unidentified metabolite of nicotine in smokers" urine was susceptible to enzymatic degradation by beta-glucuronidase to afford (S)-(-)-cotinine.	Cotinine	190-206	glucuronidase beta	Homo sapiens	161-179
1643259-8	1992	The synthetic (S)-(-)-cotinine N-glucuronide was susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis by beta-glucuronidase to afford (S)-(-)-cotinine.	Cotinine	14-30	glucuronidase beta	Homo sapiens	88-106
1643259-11	1992	The concentrated fraction was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis by beta-glucuronidase to afford (S)-(-)-cotinine.	Cotinine	96-112	glucuronidase beta	Homo sapiens	67-85
1680658-8	1991	Our results support the notion that nicotine metabolism to cotinine by P-450 enzymes is highly species dependent.	Cotinine	59-67	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily B member 6	Homo sapiens	71-76
34557761-8	2021	In keeping with targeting MD2, both nicotine and cotinine inhibited LPS-induced production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and blocked microglial activation.	Cotinine	49-57	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	111-138
1979632-2	1990	Using 100 microliters sample volume the lower limit of detection for both nicotine and cotinine was 100 pg mL-1, allowing the method to be used for the measurement of these compounds in both smokers and non-smokers.	Cotinine	87-95	L1 cell adhesion molecule	Mus musculus	107-111
34851334-5	2021	After adjusting for demographic data, health factors and serum cotinine, the ratio of HbGA to HbAA (HbGA/HbAA) significantly increased the risk of COPD (P for trend = 0.022).	Cotinine	63-71	hemoglobin subunit gamma 1	Homo sapiens	86-90
34771561-8	2021	CCL17/TARC, sgp130, haptoglobin, B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with current smoking and correlated with increasing cotinine concentrations (Ptrend < 0.05).	Cotinine	204-212	C-C motif chemokine ligand 17	Homo sapiens	0-5
34771561-8	2021	CCL17/TARC, sgp130, haptoglobin, B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with current smoking and correlated with increasing cotinine concentrations (Ptrend < 0.05).	Cotinine	204-212	C-C motif chemokine ligand 17	Homo sapiens	6-10
34771561-8	2021	CCL17/TARC, sgp130, haptoglobin, B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with current smoking and correlated with increasing cotinine concentrations (Ptrend < 0.05).	Cotinine	204-212	haptoglobin	Homo sapiens	20-31
34771561-8	2021	CCL17/TARC, sgp130, haptoglobin, B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with current smoking and correlated with increasing cotinine concentrations (Ptrend < 0.05).	Cotinine	204-212	TNF superfamily member 13b	Homo sapiens	33-57
34771561-8	2021	CCL17/TARC, sgp130, haptoglobin, B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with current smoking and correlated with increasing cotinine concentrations (Ptrend < 0.05).	Cotinine	204-212	TNF superfamily member 13b	Homo sapiens	59-63
34771561-8	2021	CCL17/TARC, sgp130, haptoglobin, B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with current smoking and correlated with increasing cotinine concentrations (Ptrend < 0.05).	Cotinine	204-212	C-C motif chemokine ligand 2	Homo sapiens	69-103
34771561-8	2021	CCL17/TARC, sgp130, haptoglobin, B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with current smoking and correlated with increasing cotinine concentrations (Ptrend < 0.05).	Cotinine	204-212	C-C motif chemokine ligand 2	Homo sapiens	105-109
34419235-4	2021	RESULTS: During 2011-2018, the percentage of people with a serum cotinine range of 0.05-10 ng/mL remained stable (25.3% to 24.6%) across most sociodemographic subgroups but declined significantly among adult Mexican Americans aged >=20 years (23.9% to 14.1%).	Cotinine	65-73	thrombopoietin	Mus musculus	94-96
34419235-6	2021	CONCLUSIONS: Expanding the serum cotinine range to 0.015-10 ng/mL more than doubles the estimated proportion of U.S. nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke.	Cotinine	33-41	thrombopoietin	Mus musculus	63-65
34557761-0	2021	Nicotine and its metabolite cotinine target MD2 and inhibit TLR4 signaling.	Cotinine	28-36	lymphocyte antigen 96	Mus musculus	44-47
34557761-0	2021	Nicotine and its metabolite cotinine target MD2 and inhibit TLR4 signaling.	Cotinine	28-36	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	60-64
34557761-4	2021	Considering the psychoactive substances morphine, cocaine, and methamphetamine act as xenobiotic-associated molecular patterns and can be specifically sensed by the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), here we sought to delineate whether nicotine and/or its metabolite cotinine may be recognized by the innate immune system via myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2), an accessory protein of TLR4 that is responsible for ligand recognition.	Cotinine	284-292	lymphocyte antigen 96	Mus musculus	343-376
1981733-2	1990	The ability of the major nicotine metabolite, cotinine, to interact with rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 and the immunomodulatory effects of anti-cotinine antibodies were studied.	Cotinine	46-54	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily g, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	94-110
34916543-8	2021	BL concentrations of cotinine were significantly associated with basal ET-1 (r = 0.449, p = 0.013) and the change in cotinine at 12M following smoking cessation was significantly associated with the change in plasma ET-1 at 12M (r = 0.457, p = 0.011).	Cotinine	21-29	endothelin 1	Homo sapiens	71-75
34916543-8	2021	BL concentrations of cotinine were significantly associated with basal ET-1 (r = 0.449, p = 0.013) and the change in cotinine at 12M following smoking cessation was significantly associated with the change in plasma ET-1 at 12M (r = 0.457, p = 0.011).	Cotinine	21-29	endothelin 1	Homo sapiens	216-220
34916543-10	2021	The reduction in serum cotinine was associated with the decrease in circulating ET-1.	Cotinine	23-31	endothelin 1	Homo sapiens	80-84
34293588-13	2021	TGF-beta1 levels correlated positively with cotinine levels in the smoking group.	Cotinine	44-52	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	0-9
34162791-7	2021	Cotinine decreased from T-1 to T-2 in heavy smokers and increased from T-2 to T-3 among both light and heavy smokers.	Cotinine	0-8	solute carrier family 25 member 5	Homo sapiens	71-81
34557761-4	2021	Considering the psychoactive substances morphine, cocaine, and methamphetamine act as xenobiotic-associated molecular patterns and can be specifically sensed by the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), here we sought to delineate whether nicotine and/or its metabolite cotinine may be recognized by the innate immune system via myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2), an accessory protein of TLR4 that is responsible for ligand recognition.	Cotinine	284-292	lymphocyte antigen 96	Mus musculus	378-381
34557761-4	2021	Considering the psychoactive substances morphine, cocaine, and methamphetamine act as xenobiotic-associated molecular patterns and can be specifically sensed by the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), here we sought to delineate whether nicotine and/or its metabolite cotinine may be recognized by the innate immune system via myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2), an accessory protein of TLR4 that is responsible for ligand recognition.	Cotinine	284-292	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	408-412
34557761-5	2021	MD2-intrinsic fluorescence titrations, surface plasmon resonance, and competitive displacement binding assays with curcumin (MD2 probe) demonstrated that both nicotine and cotinine targeted the lipopolysaccharide (LPS; TLR4 agonist) binding pocket of MD2 with similar affinities.	Cotinine	172-180	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	219-223
34557761-5	2021	MD2-intrinsic fluorescence titrations, surface plasmon resonance, and competitive displacement binding assays with curcumin (MD2 probe) demonstrated that both nicotine and cotinine targeted the lipopolysaccharide (LPS; TLR4 agonist) binding pocket of MD2 with similar affinities.	Cotinine	172-180	lymphocyte antigen 96	Mus musculus	251-254
34557761-8	2021	In keeping with targeting MD2, both nicotine and cotinine inhibited LPS-induced production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and blocked microglial activation.	Cotinine	49-57	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	140-149
34557761-10	2021	These data indicate that TLR4 inhibition by nicotine and cotinine at the concentrations tested in BV-2 cells is independent of classic neuronal nAChRs and validate that MD2 is a direct target of nicotine and cotinine in the inhibition of innate immunity.	Cotinine	57-65	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	25-29
34557761-10	2021	These data indicate that TLR4 inhibition by nicotine and cotinine at the concentrations tested in BV-2 cells is independent of classic neuronal nAChRs and validate that MD2 is a direct target of nicotine and cotinine in the inhibition of innate immunity.	Cotinine	57-65	lymphocyte antigen 96	Mus musculus	169-172
34557761-10	2021	These data indicate that TLR4 inhibition by nicotine and cotinine at the concentrations tested in BV-2 cells is independent of classic neuronal nAChRs and validate that MD2 is a direct target of nicotine and cotinine in the inhibition of innate immunity.	Cotinine	208-216	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	25-29
34557761-10	2021	These data indicate that TLR4 inhibition by nicotine and cotinine at the concentrations tested in BV-2 cells is independent of classic neuronal nAChRs and validate that MD2 is a direct target of nicotine and cotinine in the inhibition of innate immunity.	Cotinine	208-216	lymphocyte antigen 96	Mus musculus	169-172
35197312-0	2022	CYP2C19 plays a major role in the hepatic N-oxidation of cotinine.	Cotinine	57-65	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 19	Homo sapiens	0-7
35476275-9	2022	Similarly, sons exposed to maternal cotinine levels of  > 10 ng/mL had lower sperm concentration and total sperm count.	Cotinine	36-44	thrombopoietin	Mus musculus	64-66
35392565-9	2022	Cotinine was the least potent nAChR compound, only being able to activate alpha4beta2 and alpha6/3beta2beta3 subtypes at high doses and no detectable activities against alpha3beta4 and alpha7 subtypes at the concentrations tested.	Cotinine	0-8	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	30-35
35392565-9	2022	Cotinine was the least potent nAChR compound, only being able to activate alpha4beta2 and alpha6/3beta2beta3 subtypes at high doses and no detectable activities against alpha3beta4 and alpha7 subtypes at the concentrations tested.	Cotinine	0-8	immunoglobulin kappa variable 3D-25 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	90-108
35197312-1	2022	The major mode of metabolism of nicotine is via the formation of cotinine by the enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6.	Cotinine	65-73	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	88-113
35197312-2	2022	Cotinine undergoes further CYP2A6-mediated metabolism by hydroxylation to 3-hydroxycotinine and norcotinine but can also form cotinine-N-glucuronide and cotinine-N-oxide (COX).	Cotinine	0-8	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	27-33
35197312-11	2022	These results demonstrate that genetic variants in CYP2C19 are associated with decreased COX formation, potentially affecting the relative levels of cotinine in the plasma or urine of smokers and ultimately affecting recommended smoking cessation therapies.	Cotinine	149-157	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 19	Homo sapiens	51-58
2501891-1	1989	The effects of nicotine and its major metabolite, cotinine, were evaluated on the secretion of plasminogen activator (PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells.	Cotinine	50-58	serpin family E member 1	Bos taurus	159-162
35115918-0	2021	Intermediate Effects of Body Mass Index and C-Reactive Protein on the Serum Cotinine- Leukocyte Telomere Length Association.	Cotinine	76-84	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	44-62
35115918-3	2021	In the combined sample, after adjusting for age, race, sex, physical activity, and alcohol use, the total effect of serum cotinine on LTL was significant (standardized regression coefficient, beta = -0.049, p = 0.001) without BMI and CRP included in the model.	Cotinine	122-130	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	234-237
35115918-4	2021	With inclusion of BMI but without CRP in the model, the direct effect of cotinine on LTL in its absolute value increased to beta = -0.053 (p < 0.001), and the suppression effect of BMI was estimated at 8.8%.	Cotinine	73-81	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	34-37
35115918-5	2021	With inclusion of CRP but without BMI in the model, the direct effect of cotinine on LTL in its absolute value decreased to beta = -0.040 (p = 0.008), and the mediation effect of CRP was estimated at 16.9%.	Cotinine	73-81	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	18-21
35115918-6	2021	With inclusion of both BMI and CRP in the model, BMI and CRP still had significant suppression and mediation effects, respectively, on the cotinine-LTL association.	Cotinine	139-147	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	31-34
35115918-6	2021	With inclusion of both BMI and CRP in the model, BMI and CRP still had significant suppression and mediation effects, respectively, on the cotinine-LTL association.	Cotinine	139-147	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	57-60
6823211-2	1983	Induction decreased to 26-37% after 4 days of cotinine (40 mg/kg bid).	Cotinine	46-54	BH3 interacting domain death agonist	Rattus norvegicus	65-68
2606936-3	1989	Nicotine and its metabolite cotinine are strong inhibitors of the aromatase.	Cotinine	28-36	cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens	66-75
3120736-3	1987	Antibody against NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase inhibited the formation of cotinine but not nicotine-1"-oxide.	Cotinine	77-85	NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase	Cavia porcellus	17-49
3806608-1	1987	Mammals metabolize the tobacco alkaloid (S)-nicotine primarily to the lactam (S)-cotinine by a pathway involving an initial cytochrome P-450 catalyzed two-electron oxidation at the prochiral 5"-carbon atom.	Cotinine	77-89	cytochrome P450 family 4 subfamily F member 3	Homo sapiens	124-140
3830243-1	1987	Cotinine, the main metabolite of nicotine, was administered intravenously to healthy male non-smoking volunteers in doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg, and orally in doses of 10 and 20 mg. Intravenous administration was characterized by a dose-independent half-life of 12.2 h, mean residence time of 15.9 h, total clearance of 3.64 l h-1 and a volume of distribution of 56.5 l. Renal clearance was 0.46 l h-1 and approximately 12.0% of the dose was excreted unchanged in the urine.	Cotinine	0-8	H1.5 linker histone, cluster member	Homo sapiens	324-327
3830243-1	1987	Cotinine, the main metabolite of nicotine, was administered intravenously to healthy male non-smoking volunteers in doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg, and orally in doses of 10 and 20 mg. Intravenous administration was characterized by a dose-independent half-life of 12.2 h, mean residence time of 15.9 h, total clearance of 3.64 l h-1 and a volume of distribution of 56.5 l. Renal clearance was 0.46 l h-1 and approximately 12.0% of the dose was excreted unchanged in the urine.	Cotinine	0-8	H1.5 linker histone, cluster member	Homo sapiens	395-398
3465543-6	1986	Increases in total leukocytes, neutrophils, C9 and alpha 1-PI were significantly associated with present and cumulative cigarette consumption, blood levels of smoke constituents/metabolites (i.e., carboxyhemoglobin, nicotine and cotinine) and impaired pulmonary function (i.e., FEV1 and FVC).	Cotinine	229-237	serpin family A member 1	Homo sapiens	51-61
34034407-13	2021	After adjusting age, sex and BMI z-score, the levels of serum complement C3 and C4 decreased by 1.31% and 3.57% respectively for every 10% increase in serum BPDE-albumin adducts among children in the urinary cotinine detection group (P<0.05).	Cotinine	208-216	complement C3	Homo sapiens	62-75
697825-0	1978	Conjugate of nicotine and cotinine to bovine serum albumin.	Cotinine	26-34	albumin	Homo sapiens	45-58
31809667-1	2021	Objective: We previously reported that children exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS) that carried variants in the NAT1 gene had over two-fold higher hair cotinine levels.	Cotinine	151-159	N-acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	111-115
31809667-6	2021	There was a significant interaction between NAT1 rs13253389 and rs4921581 with smoke exposure (p = 0.02, p = 0.01) and hair cotinine level (p = 0.048, p = 0.042).	Cotinine	124-132	N-acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	44-48
31809667-9	2021	To our knowledge, this is the first report of a gene-environment interaction between NAT1 variants, smoke exposure, cotinine levels, and pediatric asthma.	Cotinine	116-124	N-acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	85-89
33043409-7	2021	Unadjusted and model-adjusted linear regressions revealed cotinine significantly and inversely associated with PR interval and PR segment, but not P duration.	Cotinine	58-66	transmembrane protein 37	Homo sapiens	111-113
33043409-7	2021	Unadjusted and model-adjusted linear regressions revealed cotinine significantly and inversely associated with PR interval and PR segment, but not P duration.	Cotinine	58-66	transmembrane protein 37	Homo sapiens	127-129
33043409-10	2021	Dopamine mediated the relationship between cotinine and PR interval, as well as the relationship between cotinine and PR segment.	Cotinine	43-51	transmembrane protein 37	Homo sapiens	56-58
33043409-10	2021	Dopamine mediated the relationship between cotinine and PR interval, as well as the relationship between cotinine and PR segment.	Cotinine	105-113	transmembrane protein 37	Homo sapiens	118-120
30815984-1	2020	The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR; 3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) is an index of CYP2A6 activity.	Cotinine	45-53	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	79-85
32488890-0	2021	Brief Report: Relationship Between Cotinine Levels and Peripheral Endogenous Concentrations of Oxytocin, beta-Endorphin, and Orexin in Individuals With Both Alcohol and Nicotine Use Disorders.	Cotinine	35-43	oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	95-103
32488890-0	2021	Brief Report: Relationship Between Cotinine Levels and Peripheral Endogenous Concentrations of Oxytocin, beta-Endorphin, and Orexin in Individuals With Both Alcohol and Nicotine Use Disorders.	Cotinine	35-43	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	105-119
32488890-0	2021	Brief Report: Relationship Between Cotinine Levels and Peripheral Endogenous Concentrations of Oxytocin, beta-Endorphin, and Orexin in Individuals With Both Alcohol and Nicotine Use Disorders.	Cotinine	35-43	hypocretin neuropeptide precursor	Homo sapiens	125-131
33427001-7	2021	In the whole analyzed population, there was a significant positive correlation between cotinine-IL1 and cotinine-CRP.	Cotinine	87-95	interleukin 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	96-99
33427001-7	2021	In the whole analyzed population, there was a significant positive correlation between cotinine-IL1 and cotinine-CRP.	Cotinine	104-112	interleukin 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	96-99
32852363-0	2020	INCREASED COTININE CONCENTRATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED EXPRESSION OF CATHELICIDIN (LL-37) AND NOD-2 in ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES OF PLWH WHO SMOKE.	Cotinine	10-18	cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide	Homo sapiens	90-95
32852363-0	2020	INCREASED COTININE CONCENTRATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED EXPRESSION OF CATHELICIDIN (LL-37) AND NOD-2 in ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES OF PLWH WHO SMOKE.	Cotinine	10-18	nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2	Homo sapiens	101-106
32852363-4	2020	Salivary cotinine concentrations were inversely related to expression of the immune cell receptor NOD-2 and the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37.	Cotinine	9-17	nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2	Homo sapiens	98-103
32852363-4	2020	Salivary cotinine concentrations were inversely related to expression of the immune cell receptor NOD-2 and the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37.	Cotinine	9-17	cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide	Homo sapiens	147-152
32852363-5	2020	The negative correlation between salivary cotinine and LL-37 was particularly strong.	Cotinine	42-50	cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide	Homo sapiens	55-60
32573327-9	2020	PSE-induced cotinine levels in neonates correlated with Cyp2a5 mRNA expression and promoter methylation at CpG-7 and CpG+45.	Cotinine	12-20	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily a, polypeptide 5	Mus musculus	56-62
32711374-8	2020	Moreover, the levels of pro-cytokines were positively correlated with caspase-1 and serum cotinine, corroborating the secretion of cytokines in a caspase-1-dependent manner.	Cotinine	90-98	caspase 1	Homo sapiens	146-155
32635165-6	2020	In multivariate analysis performed on the whole group of mothers, the highest impact of serum cotinine and IGFBP-2 levels were indicated for adiponectin and cotinine and the number of cigarettes/day for HMW adiponectin concentration.	Cotinine	94-102	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Homo sapiens	141-152
32635165-6	2020	In multivariate analysis performed on the whole group of mothers, the highest impact of serum cotinine and IGFBP-2 levels were indicated for adiponectin and cotinine and the number of cigarettes/day for HMW adiponectin concentration.	Cotinine	94-102	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Homo sapiens	207-218
32635165-6	2020	In multivariate analysis performed on the whole group of mothers, the highest impact of serum cotinine and IGFBP-2 levels were indicated for adiponectin and cotinine and the number of cigarettes/day for HMW adiponectin concentration.	Cotinine	157-165	insulin like growth factor binding protein 2	Homo sapiens	107-114
32441737-0	2020	Cotinine inhibits TLR4/NF-kappaB signaling pathway and improves deep vein thrombosis in rats.	Cotinine	0-8	toll-like receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	18-22
32441737-1	2020	BACKGROUND: This study was designed to explore the regulatory mechanisms and influences of cotinine on deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in rats via the toll-like receptors / nuclear factor kappa binding (TLR-4/NF-kappaB) pathway.	Cotinine	91-99	toll-like receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	146-203
32441737-6	2020	CONCLUSION: Cotinine can aggravate thrombus and inflammation in rats with DVT, and the mechanism may be associated with the activation of the TLR-4/NF-kappaB inflammatory signaling pathway.	Cotinine	12-20	toll-like receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	142-147
32278609-8	2020	The following risk factors increased with increasing GDF-15 quartiles: age, black ethnicity, central systolic BP, 24-h diastolic BP, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, lipids, cotinine, smoking and alcohol use (all p trend <= 0.013).	Cotinine	171-179	growth differentiation factor 15	Homo sapiens	53-59
32214070-0	2020	Cotinine aggravates inflammatory response in thromboangiitis obliterans through TLR-4/MyD88/NF-kappaB inflammatory signaling pathway.	Cotinine	0-8	toll like receptor 4	Homo sapiens	80-85
32214070-0	2020	Cotinine aggravates inflammatory response in thromboangiitis obliterans through TLR-4/MyD88/NF-kappaB inflammatory signaling pathway.	Cotinine	0-8	MYD88 innate immune signal transduction adaptor	Homo sapiens	86-91
32214070-0	2020	Cotinine aggravates inflammatory response in thromboangiitis obliterans through TLR-4/MyD88/NF-kappaB inflammatory signaling pathway.	Cotinine	0-8	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	92-101
32384770-6	2020	A cotinine-conjugated anti-HER2 aptamer (cot-HER2apt) was specifically bound to HER2-positive NCI-N87 cells, and underwent receptor-mediated endocytosis.	Cotinine	2-10	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	27-31
32384770-6	2020	A cotinine-conjugated anti-HER2 aptamer (cot-HER2apt) was specifically bound to HER2-positive NCI-N87 cells, and underwent receptor-mediated endocytosis.	Cotinine	2-10	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	45-49
32384770-6	2020	A cotinine-conjugated anti-HER2 aptamer (cot-HER2apt) was specifically bound to HER2-positive NCI-N87 cells, and underwent receptor-mediated endocytosis.	Cotinine	2-10	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	45-49
32300297-6	2020	In addition, cotinine increased BMP2 expression and prevented the loss of GFAP + astrocytes in a form independent on the alpha7nAChRs but dependent on the alpha4beta2 nAChRs.	Cotinine	13-21	bone morphogenetic protein 2	Mus musculus	32-36
32300297-6	2020	In addition, cotinine increased BMP2 expression and prevented the loss of GFAP + astrocytes in a form independent on the alpha7nAChRs but dependent on the alpha4beta2 nAChRs.	Cotinine	13-21	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Mus musculus	74-78
31866132-3	2020	The developed methodology was applied to monitor urine samples from 86 volunteers having different smoking habits, where nicotine and cotinine were quantified in the range from 23.6 to 2612.6 mug L-1.	Cotinine	134-142	immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-16	Homo sapiens	196-199
31805342-5	2020	Multivariate models indicated that CYP1A2 activity, detected as urinary 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine, was significantly correlated with cotinine concentration and for those currently working as firefighters, dioxin body burden (beta = 0.54, p = 0.041).	Cotinine	133-141	cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 2	Homo sapiens	35-41
32488890-5	2021	RESULTS: We found significant positive correlations for cotinine and oxytocin (P = .002), beta-endorphin (P = .008), and orexin (P < .001), but not for either GGT or self-reported smoking or alcohol drinking.	Cotinine	56-64	oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	69-77
32488890-6	2021	CONCLUSION AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: These preliminary results suggest a relationship between cotinine and oxytocin, beta-endorphin, and orexin, which opens up new potential hypotheses on the potential role of these endocrine pathways in tobacco smokers.	Cotinine	97-105	oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	110-118
32488890-6	2021	CONCLUSION AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: These preliminary results suggest a relationship between cotinine and oxytocin, beta-endorphin, and orexin, which opens up new potential hypotheses on the potential role of these endocrine pathways in tobacco smokers.	Cotinine	97-105	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	120-134
32488890-6	2021	CONCLUSION AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: These preliminary results suggest a relationship between cotinine and oxytocin, beta-endorphin, and orexin, which opens up new potential hypotheses on the potential role of these endocrine pathways in tobacco smokers.	Cotinine	97-105	hypocretin neuropeptide precursor	Homo sapiens	140-146
33375250-2	2020	One susceptibility gene to nicotine dependence is Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6, an enzyme responsible for the conversion of nicotine to cotinine in the liver.	Cotinine	133-141	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	50-75
33342421-0	2021	Possible therapeutic interventions in COVID-19 induced ARDS by cotinine as an ACE-2 promoter and AT-1R blocker.	Cotinine	63-71	angiotensin converting enzyme 2	Homo sapiens	78-83
32818583-8	2020	Also, chronic cotinine injection increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC), SOD and GSH-px activity, PSD-95, GAP-43, SYN, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neural growth factor levels and decreased malondialdehyde, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta in the hippocampus of aged mice.	Cotinine	14-22	discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4	Mus musculus	102-108
32818583-8	2020	Also, chronic cotinine injection increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC), SOD and GSH-px activity, PSD-95, GAP-43, SYN, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neural growth factor levels and decreased malondialdehyde, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta in the hippocampus of aged mice.	Cotinine	14-22	growth associated protein 43	Mus musculus	110-116
32818583-8	2020	Also, chronic cotinine injection increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC), SOD and GSH-px activity, PSD-95, GAP-43, SYN, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neural growth factor levels and decreased malondialdehyde, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta in the hippocampus of aged mice.	Cotinine	14-22	joined toes	Mus musculus	118-121
32818583-8	2020	Also, chronic cotinine injection increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC), SOD and GSH-px activity, PSD-95, GAP-43, SYN, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neural growth factor levels and decreased malondialdehyde, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta in the hippocampus of aged mice.	Cotinine	14-22	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	123-156
32818583-8	2020	Also, chronic cotinine injection increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC), SOD and GSH-px activity, PSD-95, GAP-43, SYN, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neural growth factor levels and decreased malondialdehyde, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta in the hippocampus of aged mice.	Cotinine	14-22	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	221-230
32818583-8	2020	Also, chronic cotinine injection increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC), SOD and GSH-px activity, PSD-95, GAP-43, SYN, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neural growth factor levels and decreased malondialdehyde, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta in the hippocampus of aged mice.	Cotinine	14-22	interleukin 1 alpha	Mus musculus	236-244
32547713-9	2020	METHODS: We studied human adrenocortical zona glomerulosa H295R cells and found that nicotine and cotinine upregulate betaarrestin1 mRNA and protein levels, thereby enhancing AngII-dependent aldosterone synthesis and secretion.	Cotinine	98-106	arrestin beta 1	Homo sapiens	118-131
32547713-9	2020	METHODS: We studied human adrenocortical zona glomerulosa H295R cells and found that nicotine and cotinine upregulate betaarrestin1 mRNA and protein levels, thereby enhancing AngII-dependent aldosterone synthesis and secretion.	Cotinine	98-106	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	175-180
31678612-5	2020	By Western blot, cotinine induced phosphorylation of Stat3 and expression of cyclin D1 in UMUC3 cells.	Cotinine	17-25	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Homo sapiens	53-58
31678612-5	2020	By Western blot, cotinine induced phosphorylation of Stat3 and expression of cyclin D1 in UMUC3 cells.	Cotinine	17-25	cyclin D1	Homo sapiens	77-86
31678612-6	2020	The cell proliferation induced by cotinine was blocked by inhibitors of nicotinic receptors (10 nM SR16584 or 10 microM methyllycaconitine citrate) and Stat3 (100 nM stattic).	Cotinine	34-42	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Homo sapiens	152-157
31855151-6	2020	We found negative correlations between cotinine, GPx activity and vitamin C levels, and a positive correlation between cotinine and GST activity.	Cotinine	119-127	glutathione S-transferase kappa 1	Homo sapiens	132-135
31215267-6	2019	The incidences of low birth weight, low Apgar scores and RDS were positively correlated with higher levels of cotinine in AF and FCB.	Cotinine	110-118	peripherin 2	Homo sapiens	57-60
32468745-10	2020	However, SP-A levels were directly correlated with cotinine levels (r= 0.503, p=0.001).	Cotinine	51-59	surfactant protein A1	Homo sapiens	9-13
32468745-13	2020	Plasma cotinine levels (an indication of the tobacco use) were positively correlated with plasma SP-A levels in study subjects.	Cotinine	7-15	surfactant protein A1	Homo sapiens	97-101
31766400-8	2019	Independent of diagnosis, there was a significant curvilinear association between cotinine and IL-1beta (p = 0.002) reflecting no association for cotinine levels <5 ng/mL and a positive association for >5 ng/mL.	Cotinine	82-90	interleukin 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	95-103
31112706-3	2019	Urinary excretion of BaP and cotinine (a metabolite of nicotine) increased in a time-dependent manner increased after supplementation with APS (BaP, 2.23-fold; cotinine, 2.64-fold), propolis (BaP, 1.30-fold; cotinine, 2.08-fold), and the mixture (BaP, 2.33-fold; cotinine, 2.28-fold) compared with smoker control.	Cotinine	29-37	BAR/IMD domain containing adaptor protein 2	Homo sapiens	144-150
31112706-3	2019	Urinary excretion of BaP and cotinine (a metabolite of nicotine) increased in a time-dependent manner increased after supplementation with APS (BaP, 2.23-fold; cotinine, 2.64-fold), propolis (BaP, 1.30-fold; cotinine, 2.08-fold), and the mixture (BaP, 2.33-fold; cotinine, 2.28-fold) compared with smoker control.	Cotinine	29-37	BRCA1 associated protein 1	Homo sapiens	192-198
31112706-3	2019	Urinary excretion of BaP and cotinine (a metabolite of nicotine) increased in a time-dependent manner increased after supplementation with APS (BaP, 2.23-fold; cotinine, 2.64-fold), propolis (BaP, 1.30-fold; cotinine, 2.08-fold), and the mixture (BaP, 2.33-fold; cotinine, 2.28-fold) compared with smoker control.	Cotinine	29-37	BAR/IMD domain containing adaptor protein 2	Homo sapiens	247-253
31195607-3	2019	Negative correlations between cotinine and the number of cigarettes smoked per day with hepcidin serum level (r = -0.33, p = 0.033, r = -0.32, p = 0.041, respectively) and EPO (r = 0.47, p = 0.002; r = 0.46, p = 0.003, respectively) were found.	Cotinine	30-38	hepcidin antimicrobial peptide	Homo sapiens	88-96
31207874-6	2019	Cotinine content converted from nicotine in HepG2 cells for 120 min was 0.22 and 0.25 mug/mg protein in 50 mug/mL of SGV and SGK, respectively, which were 2.86 and 3.57 times higher than the no-treatment control.	Cotinine	0-8	serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1	Homo sapiens	125-128
30894196-6	2019	RESULTS: MDI scores were inversely associated with cotinine [beta = - 2.73; 95% confidence interval (CI): - 5.32 to - 0.15] in children whose mothers had early pregnancy urinary cotinine levels &gt;1.90 ng/ml.	Cotinine	51-59	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 2	Homo sapiens	61-71
30876690-0	2019	Suppressed hepatocyte proliferation via a ROS-HNE-P21 pathway is associated with nicotine- and cotinine-enhanced alcoholic fatty liver in mice.	Cotinine	95-103	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (P21)	Mus musculus	50-53
30876690-1	2019	CYP2A5 is a major enzyme responsible for nicotine and cotinine metabolism in mice.	Cotinine	54-62	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily a, polypeptide 5	Mus musculus	0-6
30876690-7	2019	Plin2 encodes adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP), a lipid droplet-associated protein, which was confirmed to be increased by nicotine and cotinine in WT mice but not in KO mice.	Cotinine	150-158	predicted gene 12551	Mus musculus	0-5
30876690-7	2019	Plin2 encodes adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP), a lipid droplet-associated protein, which was confirmed to be increased by nicotine and cotinine in WT mice but not in KO mice.	Cotinine	150-158	perilipin 2	Mus musculus	14-53
30876690-7	2019	Plin2 encodes adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP), a lipid droplet-associated protein, which was confirmed to be increased by nicotine and cotinine in WT mice but not in KO mice.	Cotinine	150-158	perilipin 2	Mus musculus	55-59
30876690-7	2019	Plin2 encodes adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP), a lipid droplet-associated protein, which was confirmed to be increased by nicotine and cotinine in WT mice but not in KO mice.	Cotinine	150-158	perilipin 1	Mus musculus	64-96
30876690-11	2019	These results suggest that inhibition of liver proliferation via a ROS-HNE-P21 pathway is involved in nicotine- and cotinine-enhanced alcoholic fatty liver.	Cotinine	116-124	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (P21)	Mus musculus	75-78
30894196-6	2019	RESULTS: MDI scores were inversely associated with cotinine [beta = - 2.73; 95% confidence interval (CI): - 5.32 to - 0.15] in children whose mothers had early pregnancy urinary cotinine levels &gt;1.90 ng/ml.	Cotinine	178-186	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 2	Homo sapiens	61-71
30260034-6	2019	Continuous exposure to the mixture of 0.15 muM nicotine and 2 muM cotinine retarded pterygium cell proliferation by 16.04% (P = 0.009) and hindered their migration by 11.93% ( P = 0.039), without affecting cell apoptosis.	Cotinine	66-74	latexin	Homo sapiens	62-65
30260034-7	2019	SNAIL and alpha-smooth muscle actin protein expression was significantly downregulated in pterygium cells treated with 0.15 muM nicotine-2 muM cotinine mixture by 1.33- ( P = 0.036) and 1.31-fold ( P = 0.001), respectively.	Cotinine	143-151	snail family transcriptional repressor 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
30260034-7	2019	SNAIL and alpha-smooth muscle actin protein expression was significantly downregulated in pterygium cells treated with 0.15 muM nicotine-2 muM cotinine mixture by 1.33- ( P = 0.036) and 1.31-fold ( P = 0.001), respectively.	Cotinine	143-151	latexin	Homo sapiens	124-127
30260034-7	2019	SNAIL and alpha-smooth muscle actin protein expression was significantly downregulated in pterygium cells treated with 0.15 muM nicotine-2 muM cotinine mixture by 1.33- ( P = 0.036) and 1.31-fold ( P = 0.001), respectively.	Cotinine	143-151	latexin	Homo sapiens	139-142
30260034-8	2019	Besides, the 0.15 muM nicotine-2 muM cotinine mixture also reduced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-9 expressions in pterygium cells by 1.56- ( P = 0.043) and 1.27-fold ( P = 0.012), respectively.	Cotinine	37-45	latexin	Homo sapiens	18-21
30260034-8	2019	Besides, the 0.15 muM nicotine-2 muM cotinine mixture also reduced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-9 expressions in pterygium cells by 1.56- ( P = 0.043) and 1.27-fold ( P = 0.012), respectively.	Cotinine	37-45	latexin	Homo sapiens	33-36
30260034-8	2019	Besides, the 0.15 muM nicotine-2 muM cotinine mixture also reduced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-9 expressions in pterygium cells by 1.56- ( P = 0.043) and 1.27-fold ( P = 0.012), respectively.	Cotinine	37-45	matrix metallopeptidase 1	Homo sapiens	67-99
30260034-8	2019	Besides, the 0.15 muM nicotine-2 muM cotinine mixture also reduced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-9 expressions in pterygium cells by 1.56- ( P = 0.043) and 1.27-fold ( P = 0.012), respectively.	Cotinine	37-45	matrix metallopeptidase 9	Homo sapiens	104-109
30644728-3	2019	In this study, we developed an ultrasensitive and low-artifact method using liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionization-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry to quantitate Acr-dGuo adducts in normal lung tissue DNA obtained at surgery from lung cancer patients who never smoked and from those who continued smoking until surgery, as confirmed by urinary total cotinine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol.	Cotinine	369-377	acrosin	Homo sapiens	181-184
30292795-0	2019	Bispecific anti-mPDGFRbeta x cotinine scFv-Ckappa-scFv fusion protein and cotinine-duocarmycin can form antibody-drug conjugate-like complexes that exert cytotoxicity against mPDGFRbeta expressing cells.	Cotinine	29-37	platelet derived growth factor receptor, beta polypeptide	Mus musculus	16-26
30600870-4	2019	The bispecific peptide containing a cotinine tag was synthesized by linking a peptide specific to fibronectin extra domain B (EDB) and a peptide able to bind and inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), yielding cot-biPEPEDB-VEGF .	Cotinine	36-44	fibronectin 1	Homo sapiens	110-124
30600870-4	2019	The bispecific peptide containing a cotinine tag was synthesized by linking a peptide specific to fibronectin extra domain B (EDB) and a peptide able to bind and inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), yielding cot-biPEPEDB-VEGF .	Cotinine	36-44	fibronectin 1	Homo sapiens	126-129
30600870-4	2019	The bispecific peptide containing a cotinine tag was synthesized by linking a peptide specific to fibronectin extra domain B (EDB) and a peptide able to bind and inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), yielding cot-biPEPEDB-VEGF .	Cotinine	36-44	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	170-204
30600870-4	2019	The bispecific peptide containing a cotinine tag was synthesized by linking a peptide specific to fibronectin extra domain B (EDB) and a peptide able to bind and inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), yielding cot-biPEPEDB-VEGF .	Cotinine	36-44	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	206-210
30600870-4	2019	The bispecific peptide containing a cotinine tag was synthesized by linking a peptide specific to fibronectin extra domain B (EDB) and a peptide able to bind and inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), yielding cot-biPEPEDB-VEGF .	Cotinine	36-44	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	235-239
30292795-0	2019	Bispecific anti-mPDGFRbeta x cotinine scFv-Ckappa-scFv fusion protein and cotinine-duocarmycin can form antibody-drug conjugate-like complexes that exert cytotoxicity against mPDGFRbeta expressing cells.	Cotinine	29-37	immunglobulin heavy chain variable region	Homo sapiens	50-54
30292795-0	2019	Bispecific anti-mPDGFRbeta x cotinine scFv-Ckappa-scFv fusion protein and cotinine-duocarmycin can form antibody-drug conjugate-like complexes that exert cytotoxicity against mPDGFRbeta expressing cells.	Cotinine	29-37	immunglobulin heavy chain variable region	Homo sapiens	38-42
30292795-0	2019	Bispecific anti-mPDGFRbeta x cotinine scFv-Ckappa-scFv fusion protein and cotinine-duocarmycin can form antibody-drug conjugate-like complexes that exert cytotoxicity against mPDGFRbeta expressing cells.	Cotinine	29-37	platelet derived growth factor receptor, beta polypeptide	Mus musculus	175-185
30292795-0	2019	Bispecific anti-mPDGFRbeta x cotinine scFv-Ckappa-scFv fusion protein and cotinine-duocarmycin can form antibody-drug conjugate-like complexes that exert cytotoxicity against mPDGFRbeta expressing cells.	Cotinine	74-82	platelet derived growth factor receptor, beta polypeptide	Mus musculus	16-26
30292795-0	2019	Bispecific anti-mPDGFRbeta x cotinine scFv-Ckappa-scFv fusion protein and cotinine-duocarmycin can form antibody-drug conjugate-like complexes that exert cytotoxicity against mPDGFRbeta expressing cells.	Cotinine	74-82	platelet derived growth factor receptor, beta polypeptide	Mus musculus	175-185
30222954-7	2018	Nitrotyrosine and malondialdehyde (MDA), markers of oxidative/nitrosative stress, were induced by alcohol and were further increased by nicotine and cotinine in cyp2a5+/+ mice but not in the cyp2a5-/- mice.	Cotinine	149-157	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily a, polypeptide 5	Mus musculus	161-167
30292795-2	2019	In this study, we observed that a bispecific anti-murine platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (mPDGFRbeta) x cotinine single-chain variable fragment (scFv)-kappa constant region (Ckappa)-scFv fusion protein and cotinine-duocarmycin can form an ADC-like complex to induce cytotoxicity against mPDGFRbeta expressing cells.	Cotinine	117-125	platelet derived growth factor receptor, beta polypeptide	Mus musculus	103-113
30292795-2	2019	In this study, we observed that a bispecific anti-murine platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (mPDGFRbeta) x cotinine single-chain variable fragment (scFv)-kappa constant region (Ckappa)-scFv fusion protein and cotinine-duocarmycin can form an ADC-like complex to induce cytotoxicity against mPDGFRbeta expressing cells.	Cotinine	117-125	immunglobulin heavy chain variable region	Homo sapiens	158-162
30292795-2	2019	In this study, we observed that a bispecific anti-murine platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (mPDGFRbeta) x cotinine single-chain variable fragment (scFv)-kappa constant region (Ckappa)-scFv fusion protein and cotinine-duocarmycin can form an ADC-like complex to induce cytotoxicity against mPDGFRbeta expressing cells.	Cotinine	117-125	immunglobulin heavy chain variable region	Homo sapiens	195-199
30292795-2	2019	In this study, we observed that a bispecific anti-murine platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (mPDGFRbeta) x cotinine single-chain variable fragment (scFv)-kappa constant region (Ckappa)-scFv fusion protein and cotinine-duocarmycin can form an ADC-like complex to induce cytotoxicity against mPDGFRbeta expressing cells.	Cotinine	117-125	platelet derived growth factor receptor, beta polypeptide	Mus musculus	300-310
30292795-2	2019	In this study, we observed that a bispecific anti-murine platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (mPDGFRbeta) x cotinine single-chain variable fragment (scFv)-kappa constant region (Ckappa)-scFv fusion protein and cotinine-duocarmycin can form an ADC-like complex to induce cytotoxicity against mPDGFRbeta expressing cells.	Cotinine	219-227	platelet derived growth factor receptor, beta polypeptide	Mus musculus	103-113
30292795-2	2019	In this study, we observed that a bispecific anti-murine platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (mPDGFRbeta) x cotinine single-chain variable fragment (scFv)-kappa constant region (Ckappa)-scFv fusion protein and cotinine-duocarmycin can form an ADC-like complex to induce cytotoxicity against mPDGFRbeta expressing cells.	Cotinine	219-227	immunglobulin heavy chain variable region	Homo sapiens	158-162
30292795-2	2019	In this study, we observed that a bispecific anti-murine platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (mPDGFRbeta) x cotinine single-chain variable fragment (scFv)-kappa constant region (Ckappa)-scFv fusion protein and cotinine-duocarmycin can form an ADC-like complex to induce cytotoxicity against mPDGFRbeta expressing cells.	Cotinine	219-227	immunglobulin heavy chain variable region	Homo sapiens	195-199
30292795-3	2019	Multiple anti-mPDGFRbeta antibody candidates can be produced in this bispecific scFv-Ckappa-scFv fusion protein format and tested for their ability to deliver cotinine-conjugated cytotoxic drugs, thus providing an improved approach for antibody selection in ADC development.	Cotinine	159-167	platelet derived growth factor receptor, beta polypeptide	Mus musculus	14-24
30533170-0	2018	Nicotine and Cotinine Inhibit Catalase and Glutathione Reductase Activity Contributing to the Impaired Osteogenesis of SCP-1 Cells Exposed to Cigarette Smoke.	Cotinine	13-21	glutathione-disulfide reductase	Homo sapiens	43-64
30533170-0	2018	Nicotine and Cotinine Inhibit Catalase and Glutathione Reductase Activity Contributing to the Impaired Osteogenesis of SCP-1 Cells Exposed to Cigarette Smoke.	Cotinine	13-21	synaptonemal complex protein 1	Homo sapiens	119-124
30521347-5	2019	The anticancer drug SN38 was linked to a cotinine-labeled aptide specific to extra domain B of fibronectin (cot-APTEDB), yielding the model PDC, cot-APTEDB-SN38.	Cotinine	41-49	fibronectin 1	Homo sapiens	95-106
30521347-6	2019	The cotinine-labeled PDC showed specific binding to and cytotoxicity toward an EDB-overexpressing human glioblastoma cell line (U87MG) and also formed a hybrid complex (HC) with Abcot in situ, designated HC[cot-APTEDB-SN38/Abcot].	Cotinine	4-12	fibronectin 1	Homo sapiens	79-82
30611298-4	2019	As cotinine levels are influenced not only by nicotine intake but also by CYP2A6-mediated nicotine metabolism rate, we performed secondary analyses adjusting for genetic risk score of nicotine metabolism rate and identified five additional novel associations.	Cotinine	3-11	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	74-80
30533170-8	2018	Although, not actively producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) nicotine and cotinine inhibit catalase and glutathione reductase activity, contributing to an accumulation of ROS by cigarette smoke exposure.	Cotinine	76-84	glutathione-disulfide reductase	Homo sapiens	106-127
30222954-6	2018	Cotinine, a major metabolite of nicotine, also enhanced alcoholic fatty liver, which was also observed in cyp2a5+/+ mice but not in the cyp2a5-/- mice.	Cotinine	0-8	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily a, polypeptide 5	Mus musculus	106-112
30222954-7	2018	Nitrotyrosine and malondialdehyde (MDA), markers of oxidative/nitrosative stress, were induced by alcohol and were further increased by nicotine and cotinine in cyp2a5+/+ mice but not in the cyp2a5-/- mice.	Cotinine	149-157	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily a, polypeptide 5	Mus musculus	191-197
30222954-8	2018	Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during microsomal metabolism of nicotine and cotinine was increased in microsomes from cyp2a5+/+ mice but not in microsomes from cyp2a5-/- mice.	Cotinine	86-94	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily a, polypeptide 5	Mus musculus	128-134
29795377-0	2018	An anti-EGFR x cotinine bispecific antibody complexed with cotinine-conjugated duocarmycin inhibits growth of EGFR-positive cancer cells with KRAS mutations.	Cotinine	15-23	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	8-12
29982605-10	2018	Exposure to tobacco smoke, as assessed by questionnaires and serum cotinine, was associated with lower TSH and higher FT3 and TT3.	Cotinine	67-75	protein HEADING DATE 3A-like	Nicotiana tabacum	118-121
29843053-8	2018	Cotinine levels were significantly higher among cigarette- (P &lt; 0.001) and waterpipe-smokers (P &lt; 0.001) and E-cig users (P &lt; 0.001) than never-smokers.	Cotinine	0-8	fibronectin 1	Homo sapiens	48-51
29795377-5	2018	We prepared an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) x cotinine bispecific antibody and mixed it with an equimolar amount of cotinine-conjugated duocarmycin to form the ADC.	Cotinine	62-70	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	15-52
29795377-5	2018	We prepared an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) x cotinine bispecific antibody and mixed it with an equimolar amount of cotinine-conjugated duocarmycin to form the ADC.	Cotinine	62-70	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	54-58
30104163-4	2018	The minor G-allele of rs2236709, mapping TTC12, was associated with self-reported smoking (p = 5.0 x 10-4) and higher plasma cotinine levels (p = 7.0 x 10-5).	Cotinine	125-133	tetratricopeptide repeat domain 12	Homo sapiens	41-46
30062776-10	2018	Nicotine/cotinine exposure also decreased neuronal GLUT1 and up-regulated alpha7 nAChR expression and decreased glycolysis.	Cotinine	9-17	solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	51-56
30062776-10	2018	Nicotine/cotinine exposure also decreased neuronal GLUT1 and up-regulated alpha7 nAChR expression and decreased glycolysis.	Cotinine	9-17	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	74-86
29449441-4	2018	A multivariate analysis showed that Nox2 activity was significantly associated with serum isoprostanes and cotinine levels; flow-mediated dilation was associated with isoprostanes and carotid intima-media thickness.In children exposed to passive smoking, Nox2-derived oxidative stress is upregulated and inversely associated with impaired artery dilation.	Cotinine	107-115	cytochrome b-245 beta chain	Homo sapiens	36-40
29795377-0	2018	An anti-EGFR x cotinine bispecific antibody complexed with cotinine-conjugated duocarmycin inhibits growth of EGFR-positive cancer cells with KRAS mutations.	Cotinine	15-23	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	110-114
29795377-0	2018	An anti-EGFR x cotinine bispecific antibody complexed with cotinine-conjugated duocarmycin inhibits growth of EGFR-positive cancer cells with KRAS mutations.	Cotinine	15-23	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	142-146
29795377-0	2018	An anti-EGFR x cotinine bispecific antibody complexed with cotinine-conjugated duocarmycin inhibits growth of EGFR-positive cancer cells with KRAS mutations.	Cotinine	59-67	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	8-12
29795377-0	2018	An anti-EGFR x cotinine bispecific antibody complexed with cotinine-conjugated duocarmycin inhibits growth of EGFR-positive cancer cells with KRAS mutations.	Cotinine	59-67	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	110-114
29795377-0	2018	An anti-EGFR x cotinine bispecific antibody complexed with cotinine-conjugated duocarmycin inhibits growth of EGFR-positive cancer cells with KRAS mutations.	Cotinine	59-67	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	142-146
29502563-10	2018	In sensitivity analyses, we observed a dose-dependent inverse association of smoking exposure reflected by 24-hour urinary cotinine excretion levels with EPO levels.	Cotinine	123-131	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	154-157
29631575-7	2018	RESULTS: For cotinine levels, SNPs near UGT2B10 gene achieved genome-wide significance (i.e. P &lt; 5 x 10- 8) with top SNP rs10023464, P = 1.27 x 10- 11.	Cotinine	13-21	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B10	Homo sapiens	40-47
29207240-0	2018	C(5) Site-Selective Functionalization of (S)-Cotinine.	Cotinine	41-53	complement C5	Homo sapiens	0-4
29158210-8	2018	The UGT2B10 phenotype ratio (nicotine glucuronide/nicotine) was higher at early and late pregnancy compared with postpartum (P = 0.07 and P &lt; 0.05, respectively) and correlated with a second UGT2B10 phenotype ratio (cotinine glucuronide/cotinine) (all P &lt; 0.001), suggesting UGT2B10 activity is induced during pregnancy.	Cotinine	219-227	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B10	Homo sapiens	4-11
29158210-7	2018	The CYP2A6 phenotype ratio (total 3"-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) was significantly higher at early and late pregnancy compared with postpartum (all P &lt; 0.05) and correlated with nicotine C-oxidation (all P &lt; 0.001), suggesting CYP2A6 activity is induced during pregnancy.	Cotinine	44-52	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	4-10
29207240-1	2018	(S)-(-)-Cotinine 2 undergoes direct and site-selective iridium-catalyzed borylation to provide boronate ester 3 and bromide 4 which offer flexible entry to a range of C(5)-substituted cotinine variants.	Cotinine	0-16	complement C5	Homo sapiens	167-171
28940460-10	2018	Using plasma cotinine only, the adjusted HR (95% CI) was 1.40 (1.12-1.75) for participants with cotinine &gt;=85 nmol L-1 compared to those with cotinine &lt;85 nmol L-1 .	Cotinine	13-21	immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-16	Homo sapiens	118-121
28940460-11	2018	However, the risk increased with elevated plasma cotinine levels until 1199 nmol L-1 (HR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.16-2.05 at the third group vs. the reference group) and plateaued at higher levels.	Cotinine	49-57	immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-16	Homo sapiens	81-84
28940460-10	2018	Using plasma cotinine only, the adjusted HR (95% CI) was 1.40 (1.12-1.75) for participants with cotinine &gt;=85 nmol L-1 compared to those with cotinine &lt;85 nmol L-1 .	Cotinine	13-21	immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-16	Homo sapiens	166-169
28940460-10	2018	Using plasma cotinine only, the adjusted HR (95% CI) was 1.40 (1.12-1.75) for participants with cotinine &gt;=85 nmol L-1 compared to those with cotinine &lt;85 nmol L-1 .	Cotinine	96-104	immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-16	Homo sapiens	118-121
28940460-10	2018	Using plasma cotinine only, the adjusted HR (95% CI) was 1.40 (1.12-1.75) for participants with cotinine &gt;=85 nmol L-1 compared to those with cotinine &lt;85 nmol L-1 .	Cotinine	96-104	immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-16	Homo sapiens	166-169
28940460-10	2018	Using plasma cotinine only, the adjusted HR (95% CI) was 1.40 (1.12-1.75) for participants with cotinine &gt;=85 nmol L-1 compared to those with cotinine &lt;85 nmol L-1 .	Cotinine	96-104	immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-16	Homo sapiens	118-121
28940460-10	2018	Using plasma cotinine only, the adjusted HR (95% CI) was 1.40 (1.12-1.75) for participants with cotinine &gt;=85 nmol L-1 compared to those with cotinine &lt;85 nmol L-1 .	Cotinine	96-104	immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-16	Homo sapiens	166-169
28600524-9	2017	In addition, cotinine and nicotine-cotinine mixture suppressed VEGF and IL-8 expression and upregulated TIMP-2 expression.	Cotinine	13-21	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	63-67
29925709-10	2018	Peri-implant sites with plaque accumulation, PD, CBL, and whole salivary cotinine levels were higher in CS and WS than in NS, but did not differ between CS and WS.	Cotinine	73-81	perilipin 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
28242873-2	2017	In our attempt to delineate genetic modulators of smoking persistence, we have earlier shown that a locus within an ~250 kb haplotype block spanning the 5" untranslated region region of insulin-degrading enzyme is associated with serum cotinine levels; the study"s measure of smoking quantity.	Cotinine	236-244	insulin degrading enzyme	Homo sapiens	186-210
28625590-0	2017	Intranasal cotinine improves memory, and reduces depressive-like behavior, and GFAP+ cells loss induced by restraint stress in mice.	Cotinine	11-19	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Mus musculus	79-83
28625590-5	2017	Intranasal cotinine prevented these stress-derived symptoms and the morphological abnormalities GFAP+ cells in both of these brain regions which are critical to resilience to stress.	Cotinine	11-19	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Mus musculus	96-100
28536070-2	2017	Cotinine, the main metabolite of nicotine, reduced working memory deficits, synaptic loss, and amyloid beta peptide aggregation into oligomers and plaques as well as inhibited the cerebral Tau kinase, glycogen synthase 3beta (GSK3beta) in the transgenic (Tg)6799 (5XFAD) mice.	Cotinine	0-8	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Mus musculus	226-234
28536070-5	2017	Cotinine significantly improved visual recognition memory performance increased CREB phosphorylation and reduced cortical Tau phosphorylation.	Cotinine	0-8	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Mus musculus	80-84
28582281-8	2017	Unadjusted analysis showed higher cotinine levels were associated with lower SBP, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride.	Cotinine	34-42	selenium binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	77-80
28600524-9	2017	In addition, cotinine and nicotine-cotinine mixture suppressed VEGF and IL-8 expression and upregulated TIMP-2 expression.	Cotinine	13-21	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	72-76
28600524-9	2017	In addition, cotinine and nicotine-cotinine mixture suppressed VEGF and IL-8 expression and upregulated TIMP-2 expression.	Cotinine	13-21	TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 2	Homo sapiens	104-110
28600524-9	2017	In addition, cotinine and nicotine-cotinine mixture suppressed VEGF and IL-8 expression and upregulated TIMP-2 expression.	Cotinine	35-43	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	63-67
28600524-9	2017	In addition, cotinine and nicotine-cotinine mixture suppressed VEGF and IL-8 expression and upregulated TIMP-2 expression.	Cotinine	35-43	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	72-76
28600524-9	2017	In addition, cotinine and nicotine-cotinine mixture suppressed VEGF and IL-8 expression and upregulated TIMP-2 expression.	Cotinine	35-43	TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 2	Homo sapiens	104-110
28472995-8	2017	The adjusted urinary cotinine level was significantly different between the COMT rs4680 wild-type group and COMT rs4680 variant group [92.46 ng/muL vs. 118.24 ng/muL (median value), P = 0.041] and between the COMT rs4680 wild-type/COMT rs165599 variant group and COMT rs4680 variant/COMT rs165599 variant group (97.10 ng/muL vs. 122.18 ng/muL, P = 0.022).	Cotinine	21-29	catechol-O-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	76-80
28566717-5	2017	Decreased urinary excretion of cotinine despite comparable plasma levels was observed in Hhip +/- heterozygotes; a strong gene-by-smoking association was also observed.	Cotinine	31-39	Hedgehog-interacting protein	Mus musculus	89-93
28542511-5	2017	We prospectively evaluated the association of urinary biomarkers of nicotine uptake (total nicotine equivalents [TNE]) and CYP2A6 activity (ratio of urinary total trans-3"-hydroxycotinine to cotinine) with lung cancer risk among 2,309 Multiethnic Cohort Study participants who were current smokers at time of urine collection; 92 cases were diagnosed during a mean follow-up of 9.5 years.	Cotinine	179-187	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	123-129
28472995-8	2017	The adjusted urinary cotinine level was significantly different between the COMT rs4680 wild-type group and COMT rs4680 variant group [92.46 ng/muL vs. 118.24 ng/muL (median value), P = 0.041] and between the COMT rs4680 wild-type/COMT rs165599 variant group and COMT rs4680 variant/COMT rs165599 variant group (97.10 ng/muL vs. 122.18 ng/muL, P = 0.022).	Cotinine	21-29	catechol-O-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	108-112
28472995-8	2017	The adjusted urinary cotinine level was significantly different between the COMT rs4680 wild-type group and COMT rs4680 variant group [92.46 ng/muL vs. 118.24 ng/muL (median value), P = 0.041] and between the COMT rs4680 wild-type/COMT rs165599 variant group and COMT rs4680 variant/COMT rs165599 variant group (97.10 ng/muL vs. 122.18 ng/muL, P = 0.022).	Cotinine	21-29	catechol-O-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	108-112
28472995-8	2017	The adjusted urinary cotinine level was significantly different between the COMT rs4680 wild-type group and COMT rs4680 variant group [92.46 ng/muL vs. 118.24 ng/muL (median value), P = 0.041] and between the COMT rs4680 wild-type/COMT rs165599 variant group and COMT rs4680 variant/COMT rs165599 variant group (97.10 ng/muL vs. 122.18 ng/muL, P = 0.022).	Cotinine	21-29	catechol-O-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	108-112
28472995-8	2017	The adjusted urinary cotinine level was significantly different between the COMT rs4680 wild-type group and COMT rs4680 variant group [92.46 ng/muL vs. 118.24 ng/muL (median value), P = 0.041] and between the COMT rs4680 wild-type/COMT rs165599 variant group and COMT rs4680 variant/COMT rs165599 variant group (97.10 ng/muL vs. 122.18 ng/muL, P = 0.022).	Cotinine	21-29	catechol-O-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	108-112
28472995-8	2017	The adjusted urinary cotinine level was significantly different between the COMT rs4680 wild-type group and COMT rs4680 variant group [92.46 ng/muL vs. 118.24 ng/muL (median value), P = 0.041] and between the COMT rs4680 wild-type/COMT rs165599 variant group and COMT rs4680 variant/COMT rs165599 variant group (97.10 ng/muL vs. 122.18 ng/muL, P = 0.022).	Cotinine	21-29	catechol-O-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	108-112
27983781-3	2017	Here, we describe the generation of a mutant single-chain Fv fragment (scFv) that was used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine urinary cotinine levels in passive smokers.	Cotinine	160-168	immunglobulin heavy chain variable region	Homo sapiens	71-75
27359323-6	2017	UGT supersomes catalyzed glucuronidation of 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), trifluoperazine (TFP), and cotinine was used as the probe reaction to evaluate the inhibition of vitamin A toward UGT isoforms, and 100 muM of vitamin A significantly inhibited the activity of all the tested UGT isoforms.	Cotinine	101-109	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A complex locus	Homo sapiens	0-3
27775852-2	2017	We tested if acute cotinine treatment is capable of improving cognition in the mouse model of Fragile X syndrome, Fmr1-/- knockout mice, and if this is related to inhibition by cotinine treatment of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta), which is abnormally active in Fmr1-/- mice.	Cotinine	19-27	fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1	Mus musculus	114-118
27775852-2	2017	We tested if acute cotinine treatment is capable of improving cognition in the mouse model of Fragile X syndrome, Fmr1-/- knockout mice, and if this is related to inhibition by cotinine treatment of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta), which is abnormally active in Fmr1-/- mice.	Cotinine	177-185	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Mus musculus	199-229
27775852-3	2017	Acute cotinine treatment increased the inhibitory serine-phosphorylation of GSK3beta and the activating phosphorylation of AKT, which can mediate serine-phosphorylation of GSK3beta, in both wild-type and Fmr1-/- mouse hippocampus.	Cotinine	6-14	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Mus musculus	76-84
27775852-3	2017	Acute cotinine treatment increased the inhibitory serine-phosphorylation of GSK3beta and the activating phosphorylation of AKT, which can mediate serine-phosphorylation of GSK3beta, in both wild-type and Fmr1-/- mouse hippocampus.	Cotinine	6-14	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	123-126
27775852-3	2017	Acute cotinine treatment increased the inhibitory serine-phosphorylation of GSK3beta and the activating phosphorylation of AKT, which can mediate serine-phosphorylation of GSK3beta, in both wild-type and Fmr1-/- mouse hippocampus.	Cotinine	6-14	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Mus musculus	172-180
27775852-3	2017	Acute cotinine treatment increased the inhibitory serine-phosphorylation of GSK3beta and the activating phosphorylation of AKT, which can mediate serine-phosphorylation of GSK3beta, in both wild-type and Fmr1-/- mouse hippocampus.	Cotinine	6-14	fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1	Mus musculus	204-208
27775852-4	2017	Acute cotinine treatment improved cognitive functions of Fmr1-/- mice in coordinate and categorical spatial processing, novel object recognition, and temporal ordering.	Cotinine	6-14	fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1	Mus musculus	57-61
27775852-6	2017	These results indicate that acute cotinine treatment effectively repairs impairments of these four cognitive tasks in Fmr1-/- mice, and suggest that this cognition-enhancing effect of cotinine is linked to its induction of inhibitory serine-phosphorylation of GSK3.	Cotinine	34-42	fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1	Mus musculus	118-122
27775852-6	2017	These results indicate that acute cotinine treatment effectively repairs impairments of these four cognitive tasks in Fmr1-/- mice, and suggest that this cognition-enhancing effect of cotinine is linked to its induction of inhibitory serine-phosphorylation of GSK3.	Cotinine	34-42	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Mus musculus	260-264
27775852-6	2017	These results indicate that acute cotinine treatment effectively repairs impairments of these four cognitive tasks in Fmr1-/- mice, and suggest that this cognition-enhancing effect of cotinine is linked to its induction of inhibitory serine-phosphorylation of GSK3.	Cotinine	184-192	fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1	Mus musculus	118-122
27775852-6	2017	These results indicate that acute cotinine treatment effectively repairs impairments of these four cognitive tasks in Fmr1-/- mice, and suggest that this cognition-enhancing effect of cotinine is linked to its induction of inhibitory serine-phosphorylation of GSK3.	Cotinine	184-192	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Mus musculus	260-264
27775852-7	2017	Taken together, these results show that nicotinic receptor agonists can act as cognitive enhancers in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome and highlight the potential role of inhibiting GSK3beta in mediating the beneficial effects of cotinine on memory.	Cotinine	233-241	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Mus musculus	185-193
28002977-4	2017	Log transformed levels of mtDNA coding for MT-CO1 and MT-CO2 were significantly higher among infants of active smokers with higher serum level of cotinine (p &lt; 0.05) and inversely associated with gestational age (p = 0.08; p = 0.02).	Cotinine	146-154	mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I	Homo sapiens	43-49
28002977-4	2017	Log transformed levels of mtDNA coding for MT-CO1 and MT-CO2 were significantly higher among infants of active smokers with higher serum level of cotinine (p &lt; 0.05) and inversely associated with gestational age (p = 0.08; p = 0.02).	Cotinine	146-154	mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II	Homo sapiens	54-60
28002977-5	2017	Structural equation modeling results confirmed a positive association between cotinine and MT-CO1 and2 (p &lt; 0.01) and inverse associations with gestational age (p = 0.02) and IGF-1 (p &lt; 0.01).	Cotinine	78-86	mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I	Homo sapiens	91-97
28002977-6	2017	We identified a dose-dependent increase in the level of MT-CO1 and MT-CO2 associated to increased cord serum cotinine and decreased gestational age.	Cotinine	109-117	mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I	Homo sapiens	56-62
28002977-6	2017	We identified a dose-dependent increase in the level of MT-CO1 and MT-CO2 associated to increased cord serum cotinine and decreased gestational age.	Cotinine	109-117	mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II	Homo sapiens	67-73
27983781-4	2017	A "wild-type" scFv (scFv-wt) with a Ka value of 2.7 x 107 M-1 (at 4  C) was prepared by linking the VH and VL domains in a mouse anti-cotinine antibody.	Cotinine	134-142	immunglobulin heavy chain variable region	Homo sapiens	14-18
27983781-7	2017	One of these mutants (scFv#m1-54) with five amino acid substitutions showed more than a 40-fold enhanced Ka (1.2 x 109 M-1 at 4  C) and, thus, was used to monitor human urinary cotinine.	Cotinine	177-185	immunglobulin heavy chain variable region	Homo sapiens	22-26
27983781-8	2017	A limited amount of soluble scFv was reacted with urine specimens (or cotinine standards) at 4  C for 120 min in microwells on which cotinine residues had been immobilized.	Cotinine	70-78	immunglobulin heavy chain variable region	Homo sapiens	28-32
27983781-8	2017	A limited amount of soluble scFv was reacted with urine specimens (or cotinine standards) at 4  C for 120 min in microwells on which cotinine residues had been immobilized.	Cotinine	133-141	immunglobulin heavy chain variable region	Homo sapiens	28-32
27287302-7	2017	However, both counts, of eotaxin-1 and eosinophils, were related to the cotinine/creatinine ratio.	Cotinine	72-80	C-C motif chemokine ligand 11	Homo sapiens	25-34
27815364-5	2017	CYP2A6 enzyme activity was determined through measurement of cotinine formation from nicotine and 7-hydroxycoumarin formation from coumarin.	Cotinine	61-69	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	0-6
28356047-0	2017	Is VEGF a Key Target of Cotinine and Other Potential Therapies Against Alzheimer Disease?	Cotinine	24-32	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	3-9
28356047-5	2017	CONCLUSION: In this review, evidence linking VEGF deficit with the development of AD as well as the potential role of VEGF signaling as a therapeutic target for cotinine and other interventions in neurodegenerative conditions are discussed.	Cotinine	161-169	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	118-122
26833182-5	2016	This variant is in high linkage disequilibrium with a known functional variant in the UGT2B10 gene which is associated with reduced nicotine and cotinine glucuronidation activity, but intriguingly is not associated with nicotine intake.	Cotinine	145-153	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B10	Homo sapiens	86-93
27992538-0	2016	Racial Disparity in the Associations of Cotinine with Insulin Secretion: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2012.	Cotinine	40-48	insulin	Homo sapiens	54-61
27992538-2	2016	This study aimed to test the associations between cotinine and measures of insulin resistance or insulin secretion.	Cotinine	50-58	insulin	Homo sapiens	75-82
27887572-7	2016	Six of these 15 genes (GFI1, MYO1G, CYP1A1, RUNX1, LCTL, and AHRR) contained individual CpGs that were differentially methylated with regards to cotinine levels (p &lt; 1.06 x 10-7).	Cotinine	145-153	growth factor independent 1 transcriptional repressor	Homo sapiens	23-27
27887572-7	2016	Six of these 15 genes (GFI1, MYO1G, CYP1A1, RUNX1, LCTL, and AHRR) contained individual CpGs that were differentially methylated with regards to cotinine levels (p &lt; 1.06 x 10-7).	Cotinine	145-153	myosin IG	Homo sapiens	29-34
27887572-7	2016	Six of these 15 genes (GFI1, MYO1G, CYP1A1, RUNX1, LCTL, and AHRR) contained individual CpGs that were differentially methylated with regards to cotinine levels (p &lt; 1.06 x 10-7).	Cotinine	145-153	cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens	36-42
27887572-7	2016	Six of these 15 genes (GFI1, MYO1G, CYP1A1, RUNX1, LCTL, and AHRR) contained individual CpGs that were differentially methylated with regards to cotinine levels (p &lt; 1.06 x 10-7).	Cotinine	145-153	RUNX family transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens	44-49
27887572-7	2016	Six of these 15 genes (GFI1, MYO1G, CYP1A1, RUNX1, LCTL, and AHRR) contained individual CpGs that were differentially methylated with regards to cotinine levels (p &lt; 1.06 x 10-7).	Cotinine	145-153	lactase like	Homo sapiens	51-55
27887572-7	2016	Six of these 15 genes (GFI1, MYO1G, CYP1A1, RUNX1, LCTL, and AHRR) contained individual CpGs that were differentially methylated with regards to cotinine levels (p &lt; 1.06 x 10-7).	Cotinine	145-153	aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor	Homo sapiens	61-65
27887572-8	2016	Nine of the 15 genes (FCRLA, MIR641, SLC25A24, TRAK1, C1orf180, ITLN2, GLIS1, LRFN1, and MIR451) were associated with cotinine at the gene-level (q &lt; 0.25) but had no genome-wide significant individual CpGs (p &gt; 1.06 x 10-7).	Cotinine	118-126	Fc receptor like A	Homo sapiens	22-27
27887572-8	2016	Nine of the 15 genes (FCRLA, MIR641, SLC25A24, TRAK1, C1orf180, ITLN2, GLIS1, LRFN1, and MIR451) were associated with cotinine at the gene-level (q &lt; 0.25) but had no genome-wide significant individual CpGs (p &gt; 1.06 x 10-7).	Cotinine	118-126	microRNA 641	Homo sapiens	29-35
27887572-8	2016	Nine of the 15 genes (FCRLA, MIR641, SLC25A24, TRAK1, C1orf180, ITLN2, GLIS1, LRFN1, and MIR451) were associated with cotinine at the gene-level (q &lt; 0.25) but had no genome-wide significant individual CpGs (p &gt; 1.06 x 10-7).	Cotinine	118-126	solute carrier family 25 member 24	Homo sapiens	37-45
27887572-8	2016	Nine of the 15 genes (FCRLA, MIR641, SLC25A24, TRAK1, C1orf180, ITLN2, GLIS1, LRFN1, and MIR451) were associated with cotinine at the gene-level (q &lt; 0.25) but had no genome-wide significant individual CpGs (p &gt; 1.06 x 10-7).	Cotinine	118-126	trafficking kinesin protein 1	Homo sapiens	47-52
27887572-8	2016	Nine of the 15 genes (FCRLA, MIR641, SLC25A24, TRAK1, C1orf180, ITLN2, GLIS1, LRFN1, and MIR451) were associated with cotinine at the gene-level (q &lt; 0.25) but had no genome-wide significant individual CpGs (p &gt; 1.06 x 10-7).	Cotinine	118-126	long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1555	Homo sapiens	54-62
27887572-8	2016	Nine of the 15 genes (FCRLA, MIR641, SLC25A24, TRAK1, C1orf180, ITLN2, GLIS1, LRFN1, and MIR451) were associated with cotinine at the gene-level (q &lt; 0.25) but had no genome-wide significant individual CpGs (p &gt; 1.06 x 10-7).	Cotinine	118-126	intelectin 2	Homo sapiens	64-69
27887572-8	2016	Nine of the 15 genes (FCRLA, MIR641, SLC25A24, TRAK1, C1orf180, ITLN2, GLIS1, LRFN1, and MIR451) were associated with cotinine at the gene-level (q &lt; 0.25) but had no genome-wide significant individual CpGs (p &gt; 1.06 x 10-7).	Cotinine	118-126	GLIS family zinc finger 1	Homo sapiens	71-76
27887572-8	2016	Nine of the 15 genes (FCRLA, MIR641, SLC25A24, TRAK1, C1orf180, ITLN2, GLIS1, LRFN1, and MIR451) were associated with cotinine at the gene-level (q &lt; 0.25) but had no genome-wide significant individual CpGs (p &gt; 1.06 x 10-7).	Cotinine	118-126	leucine rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing 1	Homo sapiens	78-83
27887572-8	2016	Nine of the 15 genes (FCRLA, MIR641, SLC25A24, TRAK1, C1orf180, ITLN2, GLIS1, LRFN1, and MIR451) were associated with cotinine at the gene-level (q &lt; 0.25) but had no genome-wide significant individual CpGs (p &gt; 1.06 x 10-7).	Cotinine	118-126	microRNA 451a	Homo sapiens	89-95
26818358-2	2016	However, no study has evaluated the relationship between CYP2A6 genetic variants and the CYP2A6 activity ratio (total 3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) and their influence on smoking intensity [total nicotine equivalents (TNE)], across five racial/ethnic groups found to have disparate rates of lung cancer.	Cotinine	127-135	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	89-95
27488534-2	2016	We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of CYP2A6 activity, as measured by the urinary ratio of trans-3"-hydroxycotinine and its glucuronide conjugate over cotinine (total 3HCOT/COT), among 2,239 smokers in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) study.	Cotinine	124-132	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	55-61
26364593-6	2016	IL-1beta had a positive correlation with nicotine (r = 0.351) and the cotinine (r = 0.376), nicotine (r = 0.492) and hydroxycotinine (r = 0.358), and hydroxycotinine (r = 0.413) levels at 2 wk and 4 and 6 mo follow-up, respectively.	Cotinine	70-78	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	0-8
26364593-7	2016	CONCLUSIONS: This 1-year prospective smoking cessation study without nonsurgical periodontal therapy shows IL-1beta in gingival crevicular fluid could have a positive relationship with the nicotine and cotinine levels in saliva.	Cotinine	202-210	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	107-115
26669329-0	2016	Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B10: Validation of Cotinine as a Selective Probe Substrate, Inhibition by UGT Enzyme-Selective Inhibitors and Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Drugs, and Structural Determinants of Enzyme Inhibition.	Cotinine	60-68	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A complex locus	Homo sapiens	35-38
26669329-3	2016	Initial studies demonstrated that cotinine is a highly selective substrate of human liver microsomal UGT2B10.	Cotinine	34-42	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B10	Homo sapiens	101-108
26833182-6	2016	Additionally, we observed association between multiple variants within the 15q25.1 region and cotinine levels, all located within the CHRNA5-A3-B4 gene cluster or adjacent genes, consistent with previous much larger GWAS using self-report measures of smoking quantity.	Cotinine	94-102	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 5 subunit	Homo sapiens	134-140
26269589-3	2015	The effect of cotinine, the primary metabolite of nicotine, on nAChR trafficking and assembly has not been extensively investigated.	Cotinine	14-22	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	63-68
26416225-9	2016	This study demonstrates that elevated serum cotinine levels are significantly associated with IgE sensitization to cockroaches, grass pollen, and certain foods, with potential dose-dependent relationships.	Cotinine	44-52	immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon	Homo sapiens	94-97
26269589-7	2015	We also used single molecule fluorescence studies to show that cotinine and nicotine both alter the assembly of alpha4beta2 receptors to favor the high sensitivity (alpha4)2(beta2)3 stoichiometry.	Cotinine	63-71	immunoglobulin binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	112-118
26269589-7	2015	We also used single molecule fluorescence studies to show that cotinine and nicotine both alter the assembly of alpha4beta2 receptors to favor the high sensitivity (alpha4)2(beta2)3 stoichiometry.	Cotinine	63-71	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 2	Homo sapiens	118-123
26014804-1	2015	BACKGROUND: The highly genetically variable enzyme CYP2A6 metabolizes nicotine to cotinine (COT) and COT to trans-3"-hydroxycotinine (3HC).	Cotinine	92-95	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	51-57
25581751-3	2015	The present in vitro study assessed the effects of nicotine and cotinine (long-acting metabolite of nicotine) on the attachment and viability of human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells to tooth root surfaces.	Cotinine	64-72	hepatocyte growth factor	Homo sapiens	172-175
25581751-11	2015	High concentrations of nicotine and cotinine have adverse effects on the cell adhesion and proliferation of HGF cells.	Cotinine	36-44	hepatocyte growth factor	Homo sapiens	108-111
26014804-1	2015	BACKGROUND: The highly genetically variable enzyme CYP2A6 metabolizes nicotine to cotinine (COT) and COT to trans-3"-hydroxycotinine (3HC).	Cotinine	82-90	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	51-57
26132489-1	2015	The Nicotine Metabolite Ratio (NMR, ratio of trans-3"-hydroxycotinine and cotinine), has previously been associated with CYP2A6 activity, response to smoking cessation treatments, and cigarette consumption.	Cotinine	61-69	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	121-127
25785370-3	2015	Here, we describe a targeting nanomaterial platform utilizing carbon nanotubes functionalized with a cotinine-modified dextran polymer and a bispecific anti-HER2 x cotinine tandem antibody.	Cotinine	164-172	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	157-161
26770776-8	2015	The effect of two cigarette constituents, nicotine and cotinine, on DNA methyltransferase 1 expression was also examined.	Cotinine	55-63	DNA methyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	68-91
25679525-13	2015	These findings document that, L-menthol, through TRPM8, is a strong suppressor of respiratory irritation responses, even during highly noxious exposures to cigarette smoke or smoke irritants, and increases blood cotinine.	Cotinine	212-220	transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 8	Mus musculus	49-54
25156213-0	2015	N-acetyltransferase 1 polymorphism increases cotinine levels in Caucasian children exposed to secondhand smoke: the CCAAPS birth cohort.	Cotinine	45-53	N-acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	0-21
25156213-5	2015	SHS-exposed children carrying the NAT1 minor allele had twofold higher hair cotinine (0.18 ng mg(-1) for heterozygotes and 0.17 ng mg(-1) for homozygotes) compared with major allele homozygotes (0.09 ng mg(-1), P=0.0009), even after adjustment for SHS dose.	Cotinine	76-84	N-acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	34-38
25156213-6	2015	These findings support that NAT1 has a role in the metabolic pathway of nicotine/cotinine and/or their metabolites.	Cotinine	81-89	N-acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
25574925-9	2015	A statistically significant absolute reduction was observed in non-smoking participants" exposure to SHS based on urinary cotinine levels in both Arm 1 (71%, 95%CI 61-79) and Arm 2 (76%, 95%CI 67-83) between baseline and follow-up at 2 months.	Cotinine	122-130	ADRM1 26S proteasome ubiquitin receptor	Homo sapiens	146-151
25574925-9	2015	A statistically significant absolute reduction was observed in non-smoking participants" exposure to SHS based on urinary cotinine levels in both Arm 1 (71%, 95%CI 61-79) and Arm 2 (76%, 95%CI 67-83) between baseline and follow-up at 2 months.	Cotinine	122-130	Jupiter microtubule associated homolog 1	Homo sapiens	175-180
25220663-7	2014	A significant amount of the conversion of nicotine to cotinine was observed in EESC pretreatment by CYP2A6 induction in HepG2 cells.	Cotinine	54-62	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	100-106
25314662-0	2014	Cotinine reduces depressive-like behavior and hippocampal vascular endothelial growth factor downregulation after forced swim stress in mice.	Cotinine	0-8	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Mus musculus	58-92
25314662-5	2014	In addition, cotinine enhanced the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the hippocampus of mice subjected to repetitive FS stress.	Cotinine	13-21	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Mus musculus	53-87
25314662-5	2014	In addition, cotinine enhanced the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the hippocampus of mice subjected to repetitive FS stress.	Cotinine	13-21	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Mus musculus	89-93
25314662-6	2014	Altogether, the results suggest that cotinine may be an effective antidepressant positively influencing mood through a mechanism involving the preservation of brain homeostasis and the expression of critical growth factors such as VEGF.	Cotinine	37-45	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Mus musculus	231-235
25454789-5	2014	Uni- and multivariate regression models were used to examine the relationships between the concentration of cotinine and C-reactive protein (CRP), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and fibrinogen concentrations, as well as total:HDL cholesterol ratios.	Cotinine	108-116	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	121-139
25454789-5	2014	Uni- and multivariate regression models were used to examine the relationships between the concentration of cotinine and C-reactive protein (CRP), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and fibrinogen concentrations, as well as total:HDL cholesterol ratios.	Cotinine	108-116	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	141-144
24283398-6	2014	Of the inflammatory mediators/acute phase proteins, only IL-1ss levels were positively associated (p &lt; 0.001) with the pack years and cotinine levels.	Cotinine	137-145	interleukin 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	57-61
25544037-0	2015	Gelsolin is a potential cellular target for cotinine to regulate the migration and apoptosis of A549 and T24 cancer cells.	Cotinine	44-52	gelsolin	Homo sapiens	0-8
25544037-1	2015	In the present work, we have investigated the effect of cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine on the A549 and T24 cell lines in the context of structural and quantitative changes of F-actin, gelsolin and vimentin.	Cotinine	56-64	gelsolin	Homo sapiens	196-204
25544037-1	2015	In the present work, we have investigated the effect of cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine on the A549 and T24 cell lines in the context of structural and quantitative changes of F-actin, gelsolin and vimentin.	Cotinine	56-64	vimentin	Homo sapiens	209-217
25544037-8	2015	We have also found that in A549 cells, but not in T24 cell line, cotinine acted stimulating on the vimentin filament network.	Cotinine	65-73	vimentin	Homo sapiens	99-107
25544037-9	2015	Furthermore, the increase in the fluorescence intensity of gelsolin upon the addition of cotinine to the T24 cells was found to be correlated with the lack of apoptosis induction as well as the increase of migration potential of these cells.	Cotinine	89-97	gelsolin	Homo sapiens	59-67
25544037-10	2015	On the other hand, the cotinine-induced decrease in the fluorescence intensity of gelsolin was associated with the increase in the percentages of apoptotic A549 cells and the decreased migratory ability of these cells.	Cotinine	23-31	gelsolin	Homo sapiens	82-90
25544037-11	2015	Based on the obtained results, we propose that the gelsolin is an important cellular target for cotinine, through which this compound influences on the basic processes involved in neoplastic transformation and metastasis, such as migration and apoptosis.	Cotinine	96-104	gelsolin	Homo sapiens	51-59
25293881-11	2015	CONCLUSIONS: Genetic variation in UGT2B10 contributes significantly to nicotine and cotinine glucuronidation but not to nicotine dose.	Cotinine	84-92	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B10	Homo sapiens	34-41
26166610-7	2015	Cotinine stimulates signaling pathways downstream of alpha7nAChR including the protein kinase B (Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) pathway and the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs).	Cotinine	0-8	protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta	Homo sapiens	79-95
26166610-7	2015	Cotinine stimulates signaling pathways downstream of alpha7nAChR including the protein kinase B (Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) pathway and the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs).	Cotinine	0-8	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	97-100
26166610-7	2015	Cotinine stimulates signaling pathways downstream of alpha7nAChR including the protein kinase B (Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) pathway and the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs).	Cotinine	0-8	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Homo sapiens	102-132
26166610-7	2015	Cotinine stimulates signaling pathways downstream of alpha7nAChR including the protein kinase B (Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) pathway and the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs).	Cotinine	0-8	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Homo sapiens	134-142
25454789-7	2014	CRP and total:HDL cholesterol increased, and HDL cholesterol decreased, with increasing cotinine concentration across nonsmokers and smokers (all p &lt; .001).	Cotinine	88-96	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	0-3
25019959-5	2014	RESULTS: Self-reported SHS exposure significantly underestimated the actual SHS exposure as determined by cotinine verification (kappa coefficient: 0.1066).	Cotinine	106-114	polyglutamine binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	23-26
24859605-1	2014	Metabolism of nicotine to inactive cotinine by hepatic enzyme CYP2A6 is the principal pathway by which active nicotine is removed from circulation.	Cotinine	35-43	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	62-68
25100990-2	2014	We have previously reported that cotinine, a natural product obtained from tobacco leaves, prevented memory loss and diminished amyloid-beta (Abeta) plaque pathology in transgenic 6799 mice (Tg6799 mice) when treated prior to the development of the pathology.	Cotinine	33-41	histocompatibility 2, class II antigen A, beta 1	Mus musculus	142-147
24137042-7	2014	In relation to the objectives of the study, we concluded that (a) IFN-gamma at biologically relevant concentrations significantly enhanced pro-inflammatory responses; (b) CSE, nicotine and cotinine dysregulated the inflammatory response and that the effects of CSE were different from those of the individual components, nicotine and cotinine; (c) when both IFN-gamma and CSE were present, IFN-gamma masked the effect of CSE.	Cotinine	189-197	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	66-75
24137042-7	2014	In relation to the objectives of the study, we concluded that (a) IFN-gamma at biologically relevant concentrations significantly enhanced pro-inflammatory responses; (b) CSE, nicotine and cotinine dysregulated the inflammatory response and that the effects of CSE were different from those of the individual components, nicotine and cotinine; (c) when both IFN-gamma and CSE were present, IFN-gamma masked the effect of CSE.	Cotinine	189-197	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	358-367
24137042-7	2014	In relation to the objectives of the study, we concluded that (a) IFN-gamma at biologically relevant concentrations significantly enhanced pro-inflammatory responses; (b) CSE, nicotine and cotinine dysregulated the inflammatory response and that the effects of CSE were different from those of the individual components, nicotine and cotinine; (c) when both IFN-gamma and CSE were present, IFN-gamma masked the effect of CSE.	Cotinine	189-197	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	358-367
24137042-7	2014	In relation to the objectives of the study, we concluded that (a) IFN-gamma at biologically relevant concentrations significantly enhanced pro-inflammatory responses; (b) CSE, nicotine and cotinine dysregulated the inflammatory response and that the effects of CSE were different from those of the individual components, nicotine and cotinine; (c) when both IFN-gamma and CSE were present, IFN-gamma masked the effect of CSE.	Cotinine	334-342	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	66-75
25221795-3	2014	Therefore, we hypothesized that nicotine or a nicotine metabolite such as cotinine might contribute to the inhibition of NNK-induced DNA strand breaks by interfering with CYP enzymes.	Cotinine	74-82	peptidylprolyl isomerase G	Homo sapiens	171-174
25100990-6	2014	By contrast, prolonged daily cotinine treatment to Tg6799 mice, withheld until after a mid-level progression of AD-like pathology, reduced Abeta levels/plaques and depressive-like behavior.	Cotinine	29-37	histocompatibility 2, class II antigen A, beta 1	Mus musculus	139-144
25100990-8	2014	The beneficial effects of cotinine were accompanied by an increase in the expression of the active form of protein kinase B and the postsynaptic density protein 95 in the hippocampi and frontal cortices of Tg6799 mice.	Cotinine	26-34	discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4	Mus musculus	132-163
23978443-7	2014	RESULTS: Both maternal and cord blood miR-223 expressions were positively correlated with maternal urine cotinine levels.	Cotinine	105-113	microRNA 223	Homo sapiens	38-45
24713149-7	2014	These antidepressant and nootropic effects of cotinine were associated with an increase in the synaptophysin expression, a commonly used marker of synaptic density, in the hippocampus as well as the prefrontal and entorhinal cortices of restrained mice.	Cotinine	46-54	synaptophysin	Mus musculus	95-108
24713149-8	2014	The beneficial effects of cotinine in preventing various consequences of chronic stress were underscored by the inhibition of the glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.	Cotinine	26-34	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Mus musculus	130-161
25075717-3	2014	Therefore, we hypothesized that nicotine or a nicotine metabolite such as cotinine might contribute to the inhibition of NNK-induced DNA strand breaks by interfering with CYP enzymes.	Cotinine	74-82	peptidylprolyl isomerase G	Homo sapiens	171-174
24163286-0	2014	Influence of CYP2A6*4 genotypes on maternal serum cotinine among Chinese nonsmoking pregnant women.	Cotinine	50-58	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	13-19
24163286-2	2014	This study investigated the influence of CYP2A6*4 genotypes on serum cotinine among nonsmoking pregnant women.	Cotinine	69-77	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	41-47
24163286-7	2014	RESULTS: Among women who self-reported non-SHS exposure (n = 317), the median serum cotinine levels were 2.83ng/ml for those with CYP2A6*1/*1 genotype, 1.39ng/ml for CYP2A6*1/*4, and 0.77ng/ml for CYP2A6*4/*4, respectively.	Cotinine	84-92	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	130-136
24163286-7	2014	RESULTS: Among women who self-reported non-SHS exposure (n = 317), the median serum cotinine levels were 2.83ng/ml for those with CYP2A6*1/*1 genotype, 1.39ng/ml for CYP2A6*1/*4, and 0.77ng/ml for CYP2A6*4/*4, respectively.	Cotinine	84-92	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	166-172
24163286-7	2014	RESULTS: Among women who self-reported non-SHS exposure (n = 317), the median serum cotinine levels were 2.83ng/ml for those with CYP2A6*1/*1 genotype, 1.39ng/ml for CYP2A6*1/*4, and 0.77ng/ml for CYP2A6*4/*4, respectively.	Cotinine	84-92	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	166-172
24163286-8	2014	Among women who self-reported SHS exposure (n = 228), the median cotinine levels were 3.32ng/ml for those with CYP2A6*1/*1 genotype, 2.38ng/ml for CYP2A6*1/*4, and 1.56ng/ml for CYP2A6*4/*4, respectively.	Cotinine	65-73	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	111-117
24163286-8	2014	Among women who self-reported SHS exposure (n = 228), the median cotinine levels were 3.32ng/ml for those with CYP2A6*1/*1 genotype, 2.38ng/ml for CYP2A6*1/*4, and 1.56ng/ml for CYP2A6*4/*4, respectively.	Cotinine	65-73	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	147-153
24163286-8	2014	Among women who self-reported SHS exposure (n = 228), the median cotinine levels were 3.32ng/ml for those with CYP2A6*1/*1 genotype, 2.38ng/ml for CYP2A6*1/*4, and 1.56ng/ml for CYP2A6*4/*4, respectively.	Cotinine	65-73	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	147-153
24163286-9	2014	Strikingly, self-reported SHS-exposed women with CYP2A6*1/*4 or CYP2A6*4/*4 genotype had significantly lower (rather than higher) median cotinine levels than self-reported non-SHS-exposed women with CYP2A6*1/*1 genotype (p = .012).	Cotinine	137-145	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	49-55
24163286-9	2014	Strikingly, self-reported SHS-exposed women with CYP2A6*1/*4 or CYP2A6*4/*4 genotype had significantly lower (rather than higher) median cotinine levels than self-reported non-SHS-exposed women with CYP2A6*1/*1 genotype (p = .012).	Cotinine	137-145	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	64-70
24163286-9	2014	Strikingly, self-reported SHS-exposed women with CYP2A6*1/*4 or CYP2A6*4/*4 genotype had significantly lower (rather than higher) median cotinine levels than self-reported non-SHS-exposed women with CYP2A6*1/*1 genotype (p = .012).	Cotinine	137-145	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	64-70
24163286-10	2014	CONCLUSIONS: CYP2A6*4 genotype is associated with lower serum cotinine among Chinese nonsmoking pregnant women.	Cotinine	62-70	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	13-19
24163286-11	2014	Measuring CYP2A6*4 genotype may help to improve the validity of SHS exposure measurement by serum cotinine in pregnant women and possibly also in other nonpregnant populations.	Cotinine	98-106	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	10-16
24548420-8	2014	In a multivariate linear regression analysis, cotinine concentrations had a weak inverse association with IL-4 and IL-6 (p=0.028 and p=0.06) which was not statistically significant when adjusted for multiple comparisons (modified Bonferroni, p&gt;0.016).	Cotinine	46-54	interleukin 4	Homo sapiens	106-110
24548420-8	2014	In a multivariate linear regression analysis, cotinine concentrations had a weak inverse association with IL-4 and IL-6 (p=0.028 and p=0.06) which was not statistically significant when adjusted for multiple comparisons (modified Bonferroni, p&gt;0.016).	Cotinine	46-54	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	115-119
24548420-10	2014	CONCLUSIONS: Among highly SHS exposed adolescents, cotinine levels had weak inverse association with IL-4 and IL-6, which did not achieve statistical significance.	Cotinine	51-59	interleukin 4	Homo sapiens	101-105
24548420-10	2014	CONCLUSIONS: Among highly SHS exposed adolescents, cotinine levels had weak inverse association with IL-4 and IL-6, which did not achieve statistical significance.	Cotinine	51-59	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	110-114
24292501-0	2014	Bispecific Her2 x cotinine antibody in combination with cotinine-(histidine)2-iodine for the pre-targeting of Her2-positive breast cancer xenografts.	Cotinine	18-26	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Mus musculus	11-15
24292501-3	2014	METHODS: We developed and prepared a tandem, single-chain, variable fragment Fc fusion protein [tandem single-chain variable fragment (scFv) Fc fusion protein] that is reactive to both human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) and cotinine.	Cotinine	237-245	immunglobulin heavy chain variable region	Homo sapiens	135-139
24292501-3	2014	METHODS: We developed and prepared a tandem, single-chain, variable fragment Fc fusion protein [tandem single-chain variable fragment (scFv) Fc fusion protein] that is reactive to both human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) and cotinine.	Cotinine	237-245	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	227-231
24374321-10	2014	These data suggest that cotinine modulates the conditioning amplitude in the sensory inhibition paradigm through the alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor and possibly also through the alpha7 nicotinic receptor, as well.	Cotinine	24-32	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	178-203
24292501-7	2014	RESULTS: ELISA and RIA results showed that tandem scFv Fc fusion protein successfully bound to both Her2 and cotinine.	Cotinine	109-117	immunglobulin heavy chain variable region	Homo sapiens	50-54
23674838-1	2013	INTRODUCTION: The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), the ratio of trans-3"-hydroxycotinine (3-HC) to cotinine, has been used as a biomarker of the rate of CYP2A6-mediated nicotine metabolism.	Cotinine	80-88	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	153-159
25135154-4	2014	The variances of the concentrations of cotinine, DEET and the prescription drugs carbamazepine, erythromycin and sulfamethoxazole were best explained by PC1, while the variances of the concentrations of the agricultural pesticides atrazine, metolachlor and acetochlor were best explained by PC2.	Cotinine	39-47	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1	Homo sapiens	153-156
23674840-7	2013	CONCLUSIONS: Urinary cotinine levels found among MUL are high enough to indicate a significant exposure to nicotine originating from the mulling process.	Cotinine	21-29	tripartite motif containing 37	Homo sapiens	49-52
23692359-7	2013	In 290 Alaska Native tobacco users the "G" allele of rs578776, which tagged a 30 kb haplotype in CHRNA5-A3-B4, was prevalent (16%) and associated significantly with nicotine intake (20% higher plasma cotinine, P &lt; 0.001, 16% higher TNE, P = 0.076), while rs16969968 was not associated with nicotine intake.	Cotinine	200-208	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 5 subunit	Homo sapiens	97-103
24120260-7	2013	Additionally, methylation status at the AHRR residue interrogated by cg05575921 was highly correlated with serum cotinine levels (adjusted R2 = 0.42, P &lt; 0.0001).	Cotinine	113-121	aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor	Homo sapiens	40-44
24075761-12	2013	Regression analyses yielded significant increase in average CIMT (mm) in weekly smokers (0.025, 95% CI 0.006; 0.045), per cigarette/day (0.003, 95% CI 0.001; 0.005) and serum cotinine level (0.008/100 mug/l, 95% CI 0.002; 0.015), which remained consistent after adjusting for parental confounders.	Cotinine	175-183	CIMT	Homo sapiens	60-64
23530019-7	2013	In humans, cytochrome P450 2A6 metabolizes nicotine to cotinine, and CYP2A-like activity and protein have been reported in some birds.	Cotinine	55-63	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	11-30
23714690-0	2013	CYP2A6 genotype but not age determines cotinine half-life in infants and children.	Cotinine	39-47	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	0-6
23714690-1	2013	The formation of cotinine, the main proximate metabolite and a biomarker of nicotine exposure, is mediated primarily by cytochrome P450 (CYP)2A6.	Cotinine	17-25	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	137-144
23936477-1	2013	BACKGROUND: CYP2A6 metabolizes nicotine to its primary metabolite cotinine and also mediates the metabolism of cotinine to trans-3"-hydroxycotinine (3HC).	Cotinine	66-74	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	12-18
23936477-1	2013	BACKGROUND: CYP2A6 metabolizes nicotine to its primary metabolite cotinine and also mediates the metabolism of cotinine to trans-3"-hydroxycotinine (3HC).	Cotinine	111-119	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	12-18
23936477-2	2013	The ratio of 3HC to cotinine (the "nicotine metabolite ratio", NMR) is an in vivo marker for the rate of CYP2A6 mediated nicotine metabolism, and total nicotine clearance, and has been associated with differences in numerous smoking behaviors.	Cotinine	20-28	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	105-111
23602986-7	2013	Cotinine also increased the phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 in a similar fashion as nicotine.	Cotinine	0-8	mitogen activated protein kinase 3	Rattus norvegicus	47-54
23371292-0	2013	The ability of plasma cotinine to predict nicotine and carcinogen exposure is altered by differences in CYP2A6: the influence of genetics, race, and sex.	Cotinine	22-30	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	104-110
23512588-15	2013	Similarly, vacuolization within myelin layers was noted in the cotinine groups, which was detected through reduced CNP expression.	Cotinine	63-71	2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3' phosphodiesterase	Rattus norvegicus	115-118
23512588-16	2013	CONCLUSION: Cotinine, a main metabolite of nicotine, has harmful effects on SCI via GFAP and CNP expression.	Cotinine	12-20	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Rattus norvegicus	84-88
23512588-16	2013	CONCLUSION: Cotinine, a main metabolite of nicotine, has harmful effects on SCI via GFAP and CNP expression.	Cotinine	12-20	2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3' phosphodiesterase	Rattus norvegicus	93-96
23371292-3	2013	METHODS: Cotinine levels are determined by the amount of cotinine formation and the rate of cotinine removal, which are both mediated by the enzyme CYP2A6.	Cotinine	9-17	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	148-154
23371292-3	2013	METHODS: Cotinine levels are determined by the amount of cotinine formation and the rate of cotinine removal, which are both mediated by the enzyme CYP2A6.	Cotinine	57-65	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	148-154
23371292-3	2013	METHODS: Cotinine levels are determined by the amount of cotinine formation and the rate of cotinine removal, which are both mediated by the enzyme CYP2A6.	Cotinine	92-100	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	148-154
23371292-4	2013	Because CYP2A6 activity differs by sex (estrogen induces CYP2A6) and genotype, their effect on cotinine formation and removal was measured in nonsmoking Caucasians (Study 1, n = 181) infused with labeled nicotine and cotinine.	Cotinine	95-103	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	8-14
23371292-6	2013	RESULTS: Study 1: Reduced CYP2A6 activity altered cotinine formation less than cotinine removal resulting in ratios of formation to removal of 1.31 and 1.12 in CYP2A6 reduced and normal metabolizers (P = 0.01), or 1.39 and 1.12 in males and females (P = 0.001), suggesting an overestimation of tobacco exposure in slower metabolizers.	Cotinine	50-58	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	26-32
23371292-7	2013	Study 2: Cotinine again overestimated tobacco and carcinogen exposure by 25% or more in CYP2A6 reduced metabolizers ( 2-fold between some genotypes) and in males.	Cotinine	9-17	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	88-94
23371292-8	2013	CONCLUSIONS: In people with slower relative to faster CYP2A6 activity, cotinine accumulates resulting in substantial differences in cotinine levels for a given tobacco exposure.	Cotinine	71-79	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	54-60
23371292-8	2013	CONCLUSIONS: In people with slower relative to faster CYP2A6 activity, cotinine accumulates resulting in substantial differences in cotinine levels for a given tobacco exposure.	Cotinine	132-140	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	54-60
23371292-9	2013	IMPACT: Cotinine levels may be misleading when comparing those with differing CYP2A6 genotypes within a race, between races with differing frequencies of CYP2A6 gene variants (i.e., African-Americans have higher frequencies of reduced function variants contributing to their higher cotinine levels), or between the sexes.	Cotinine	8-16	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	78-84
23371292-9	2013	IMPACT: Cotinine levels may be misleading when comparing those with differing CYP2A6 genotypes within a race, between races with differing frequencies of CYP2A6 gene variants (i.e., African-Americans have higher frequencies of reduced function variants contributing to their higher cotinine levels), or between the sexes.	Cotinine	8-16	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	154-160
23211429-3	2013	METHODS: A genetic model of CYP2A6 function is used as a covariate to reveal functional polymorphism in FMO3 that indirectly influences the ratio of deuterated nicotine metabolized to cotinine following oral administration.	Cotinine	184-192	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	28-34
23223006-0	2013	OPRM1 genetic polymorphisms are associated with the plasma nicotine metabolite cotinine concentration in methadone maintenance patients: a cross sectional study.	Cotinine	79-87	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
23223006-3	2013	In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that the genetic polymorphisms in the OPRM1 are associated with the methadone treatment responses and the severity of cigarette smoking directly measured by the plasma concentration of cotinine in a Taiwanese MMT cohort.	Cotinine	232-240	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	85-90
23223006-9	2013	The G allele carriers of SNP rs1799971 (A118G) on exon 1 of OPRM1 gene had a lower plasma cotinine concentration than the A allele carriers (GLM, P = 0.029).	Cotinine	90-98	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	60-65
23223006-10	2013	OPRM1 genetic polymorphisms are associated with the plasma concentration of cotinine in a Taiwanese MMT cohort.	Cotinine	76-84	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
22855882-8	2013	Further, the association between cotinine and FTND was much stronger among the CIG than among the CCS group (regression coefficient of 0.0031 vs. 0.00099, p &lt; 0.0001).	Cotinine	33-41	fibronectin 1	Homo sapiens	79-82
23354850-5	2013	This under-reporting meant that serum PAPP-A and free-hCGbeta MoMs were greater reduced in smokers classified by cotinine levels (17.2% and 9.7%) than in those classified by self-reporting (14.6% and 2.8%).	Cotinine	113-121	pappalysin 1	Homo sapiens	38-44
23209192-9	2013	CYP1A1 mRNA in fetal lung and liver tissue and CYP1B1 mRNA in fetal lung tissue were significantly induced when cotinine was detected in placenta.	Cotinine	112-120	cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens	0-6
23209192-9	2013	CYP1A1 mRNA in fetal lung and liver tissue and CYP1B1 mRNA in fetal lung tissue were significantly induced when cotinine was detected in placenta.	Cotinine	112-120	cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily B member 1	Homo sapiens	47-53
23211429-3	2013	METHODS: A genetic model of CYP2A6 function is used as a covariate to reveal functional polymorphism in FMO3 that indirectly influences the ratio of deuterated nicotine metabolized to cotinine following oral administration.	Cotinine	184-192	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 3	Homo sapiens	104-108
23211429-5	2013	RESULTS: FMO3 haplotype, based on all common coding variants in Europeans, significantly predicts nicotine metabolism and accounts for ~2% of variance in the apparent percent of nicotine metabolized to cotinine.	Cotinine	202-210	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 3	Homo sapiens	9-13
23211429-8	2013	Functional classes of FMO3 haplotypes, as determined by their influence on nicotine metabolism to cotinine, are also significantly associated with cigarettes per day in nicotine-dependent European Americans (n=1025, P=0.04), and significantly interact (P=0.016) with CYP2A6 genotype to predict cigarettes per day.	Cotinine	98-106	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 3	Homo sapiens	22-26
23211429-8	2013	Functional classes of FMO3 haplotypes, as determined by their influence on nicotine metabolism to cotinine, are also significantly associated with cigarettes per day in nicotine-dependent European Americans (n=1025, P=0.04), and significantly interact (P=0.016) with CYP2A6 genotype to predict cigarettes per day.	Cotinine	98-106	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	267-273
23827987-8	2013	In 21 patients (26.6%) who declared to be nonsmokers, cotinine levels (mean, 6.30 +-22.5 ng/ml) significantly correlated with ADMA, TM, and PAI-1 (all P &lt;0.001).	Cotinine	54-62	serpin family E member 1	Homo sapiens	140-145
23685424-14	2013	The level of urine cotinine correlated positively with CAS and TSHR-Ab in the smoking group (r=0.41; p&lt;0.05) at baseline and during follow-up (2 months: r=0.46; p&lt;0.001, 6 months: r=0.47, p&lt;0.005; 12 months: r=0.46; p&lt;0.005).	Cotinine	19-27	BCAR1 scaffold protein, Cas family member	Homo sapiens	55-58
23685424-14	2013	The level of urine cotinine correlated positively with CAS and TSHR-Ab in the smoking group (r=0.41; p&lt;0.05) at baseline and during follow-up (2 months: r=0.46; p&lt;0.001, 6 months: r=0.47, p&lt;0.005; 12 months: r=0.46; p&lt;0.005).	Cotinine	19-27	thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Homo sapiens	63-67
23027621-1	2013	Nicotine, the psychoactive ingredient in tobacco, is metabolically inactivated by CYP2A6 to cotinine.	Cotinine	92-100	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	82-88
23827987-9	2013	A multivariate regression analysis showed that cotinine was an independent predictor of ADMA, TM, and PAI-1 in the whole patient group.	Cotinine	47-55	serpin family E member 1	Homo sapiens	102-107
22498344-10	2012	Nicotine metabolism and ROS formation by CYP2A6 were further confirmed by using tryptamine, a selective inhibitor of CYP2A6, which significantly lowered the levels of cotinine and NNK and inhibited ROS formation.	Cotinine	167-175	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	41-47
22938167-6	2012	The 3-hydroxycotinine-to-cotinine ratio, a marker of cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) metabolic activity, was significantly higher in BPD versus CON and versus SCZ (0.68 versus 0.49 versus 0.54; p =0.002).	Cotinine	13-21	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	53-72
22938167-6	2012	The 3-hydroxycotinine-to-cotinine ratio, a marker of cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) metabolic activity, was significantly higher in BPD versus CON and versus SCZ (0.68 versus 0.49 versus 0.54; p =0.002).	Cotinine	13-21	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	74-80
23176969-2	2012	We have previously shown that cotinine exposure induces convergence and amplification of the GSK3beta-dependent PI3 kinase and cholinergic anti-inflammatory systems.	Cotinine	30-38	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Homo sapiens	93-101
23176969-5	2012	Indeed, in monocytic cells, cotinine suppresses the cytokine production that is normally resultant upon agonist-specific engagement of all of the major surface exposed TLRs (TLR 2/1; 2/6; 4 and 5), although the degree of suppression varies by TLR.	Cotinine	28-36	toll like receptor 2	Homo sapiens	174-195
22498344-10	2012	Nicotine metabolism and ROS formation by CYP2A6 were further confirmed by using tryptamine, a selective inhibitor of CYP2A6, which significantly lowered the levels of cotinine and NNK and inhibited ROS formation.	Cotinine	167-175	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	117-123
22323568-8	2012	Active smoking (i.e. self-reported or cotinine &gt;50 ng mL(-1)) was related to a 134 g decrease in birth weight and a relative risk of 1.8 for small for gestational age and fetal growth restriction.	Cotinine	38-46	L1 cell adhesion molecule	Mus musculus	57-63
22323568-12	2012	SHS (i.e. cotinine 20-50 ng mL(-1)) decreased birth weight by 32 g among those without maternal asthma, but these differences were not statistically significant (95% CI -88.76-24.76).	Cotinine	10-18	L1 cell adhesion molecule	Mus musculus	28-34
22530628-5	2012	Cotinine has been shown to be neuroprotective, to improve memory in primates as well as to prevent memory loss, and to lower amyloid-beta (Abeta)) burden in AD mice.	Cotinine	0-8	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	139-144
22552800-1	2012	BACKGROUND: The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR or 3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) has been used to phenotype CYP2A6-mediated nicotine metabolism.	Cotinine	59-67	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	105-111
22530628-6	2012	In AD, cotinine"s positive effect on memory is associated with the inhibition of Abeta aggregation, the stimulation of pro-survival factors such as Akt, and the inhibition of pro-apoptotic factors such as glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3beta).	Cotinine	7-15	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	148-151
22530628-6	2012	In AD, cotinine"s positive effect on memory is associated with the inhibition of Abeta aggregation, the stimulation of pro-survival factors such as Akt, and the inhibition of pro-apoptotic factors such as glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3beta).	Cotinine	7-15	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Homo sapiens	205-236
22530628-6	2012	In AD, cotinine"s positive effect on memory is associated with the inhibition of Abeta aggregation, the stimulation of pro-survival factors such as Akt, and the inhibition of pro-apoptotic factors such as glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3beta).	Cotinine	7-15	glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha	Homo sapiens	238-246
21942788-9	2012	In addition, higher salivary cotinine levels (&gt;=8 ng/mL) were negatively associated with salivary LL-37 levels.	Cotinine	29-37	cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide	Homo sapiens	101-106
21942788-11	2012	The negative correlations between salivary LL-37 and cotinine levels also suggest that smoking or long-term exposure to environmental tobacco smoke can lead to lower LL-37 levels in the oral cavity and increased risk of periodontitis.	Cotinine	53-61	cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide	Homo sapiens	43-48
21942788-11	2012	The negative correlations between salivary LL-37 and cotinine levels also suggest that smoking or long-term exposure to environmental tobacco smoke can lead to lower LL-37 levels in the oral cavity and increased risk of periodontitis.	Cotinine	53-61	cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide	Homo sapiens	166-171
22569203-6	2012	Nicotine metabolism [as measured by the plasma and urinary ratio of metabolites trans-3"-hydroxycotinine to cotinine (3HC/COT)] was significantly associated with CYP2A6 (P&lt;0.001), but not CYP2B6 genotype (P=0.95) when controlling for known covariates.	Cotinine	96-104	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	162-168
22382327-1	2012	Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) catalyzes important metabolic reactions of many xenobiotic compounds, including coumarin, nicotine, cotinine, and clinical drugs.	Cotinine	129-137	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	0-19
22137886-7	2012	Also, changes induced by cotinine on the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 were assessed after extinction in the hippocampus.	Cotinine	25-33	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Mus musculus	55-101
22137886-10	2012	Cotinine-treated mice showed higher levels of the active forms of ERK1/2 than vehicle-treated mice after FC.	Cotinine	0-8	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Mus musculus	66-72
22218454-3	2012	OBJECTIVES: We tested substituted heteroaromatic compounds designed to selectively inhibit hCYP 2A6 in a model system to (a) examine selective hCYP 2A6 inhibitors to decrease cotinine formation in vivo in rats administered with nicotine and (b) examine their efficacy to decrease nicotine self-administration in rats.	Cotinine	175-183	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	143-151
21955800-2	2012	We attempted to confirm the relationship of the polymorphism of the CHRNA5 gene and nicotine-dependence strength measured by the Fagerstrom test with the serum cotinine level in lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and healthy individuals.	Cotinine	160-168	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 5 subunit	Homo sapiens	68-74
22382327-1	2012	Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) catalyzes important metabolic reactions of many xenobiotic compounds, including coumarin, nicotine, cotinine, and clinical drugs.	Cotinine	129-137	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	21-27
21964962-11	2011	Structural equation modeling indicated that CYP2A6 moderation of smoking quantity risk on T2DM was mediated by the effects on serum cotinine, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and insulin secretion.	Cotinine	132-140	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	44-50
21321389-3	2011	We studied the effect of cotinine on amyloid-beta (Abeta) aggregation as well as addressed its impact on working and reference memories.	Cotinine	25-33	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	51-56
22028322-4	2011	ORs (95% confidence intervals) for lung cancer in the second, third, fourth, and fifth quintiles of PheT were 1.70 (1.00-2.88), 1.07 (0.62-1.84), 1.48 (0.86-2.53), and 2.34 (1.33-4.11), respectively, relative to the lowest quartile (P(trend) = 0.023) after adjustment for self-reported smoking intensity and duration and urinary total NNAL and total cotinine.	Cotinine	350-358	sperm associated antigen 9	Homo sapiens	100-104
21862624-7	2011	RESULTS: Two variants in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes CHRNA5 and CHRNA3 on 15q25, rs16969968 and rs578776, were associated with cotinine (P = 0.001 and 0.03, respectively) in current smokers and with lung cancer risk (P &lt; 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively).	Cotinine	150-158	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 5 subunit	Homo sapiens	76-82
21862624-7	2011	RESULTS: Two variants in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes CHRNA5 and CHRNA3 on 15q25, rs16969968 and rs578776, were associated with cotinine (P = 0.001 and 0.03, respectively) in current smokers and with lung cancer risk (P &lt; 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively).	Cotinine	150-158	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 3 subunit	Homo sapiens	87-93
21454915-0	2011	Effect of mint drink on metabolism of nicotine as measured by nicotine to cotinine ratio in urine of Jordanian smoking volunteers.	Cotinine	74-82	spen family transcriptional repressor	Homo sapiens	10-14
21454915-2	2011	The purpose of this research was to evaluate mint drink effect on nicotine metabolism as judged by nicotine/cotinine ratio in urine of Jordanian smokers.	Cotinine	108-116	spen family transcriptional repressor	Homo sapiens	45-49
21454915-9	2011	RESULTS: All participants showed a consistent pattern of higher nicotine/cotinine ratios during mint drink compared with off-menthol periods, although to a variable extent.	Cotinine	73-81	spen family transcriptional repressor	Homo sapiens	96-100
21454915-10	2011	Mean nicotine/cotinine ratio during mint drink for all participants (1.327 +- 0.707) was higher than that during off-menthol (0.993 +- 0.547).	Cotinine	14-22	spen family transcriptional repressor	Homo sapiens	36-40
21454915-13	2011	CONCLUSION: Mint drink increased nicotine/cotinine ratio in urine, suggesting a reduction in conversion of nicotine to cotinine.	Cotinine	42-50	spen family transcriptional repressor	Homo sapiens	12-16
20920950-9	2011	We observed significant associations between urine cotinine and NLF IL-6 responses (negative correlation) or virus RNA in NLF cells (positive correlation) for all subjects combined.	Cotinine	51-59	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	68-72
21571691-9	2011	The likelihood of providing a sample containing an undetectable level of cotinine increased significantly after legislation among children from high [relative risk ratio (RRR) = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.04-2.00] and medium SES households (RRR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.20-2.30), while exposure among children from lower SES households remained unchanged.	Cotinine	73-81	dishevelled binding antagonist of beta catenin 3	Homo sapiens	231-238
21454915-13	2011	CONCLUSION: Mint drink increased nicotine/cotinine ratio in urine, suggesting a reduction in conversion of nicotine to cotinine.	Cotinine	119-127	spen family transcriptional repressor	Homo sapiens	12-16
21498873-10	2011	CONCLUSIONS: These results provide further evidence that the gamma-delta nAChR subunit gene region is associated with cotinine levels but not with the number of CPD, illustrating the usefulness of biomarkers in genetic analyses.	Cotinine	118-126	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	73-78
21597399-1	2011	OBJECTIVE: To study the association between cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) genotype and metabolism of nicotine to cotinine, identify functional polymorphisms, and develop a predictive genetic model of nicotine metabolism.	Cotinine	112-120	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	44-63
21597399-1	2011	OBJECTIVE: To study the association between cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) genotype and metabolism of nicotine to cotinine, identify functional polymorphisms, and develop a predictive genetic model of nicotine metabolism.	Cotinine	112-120	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	65-71
21597399-8	2011	CONCLUSION: Among European-Americans, seven polymorphisms in the CYP2A6 gene explain the majority of variability in the metabolism of nicotine to cotinine after oral administration.	Cotinine	146-154	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	65-71
21321389-4	2011	Cotinine reduced Abeta deposition, improved working and reference memories, and inhibited Abeta oligomerization in the brains of transgenic (Tg) 6799 AD mice.	Cotinine	0-8	amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein	Mus musculus	17-22
21321389-4	2011	Cotinine reduced Abeta deposition, improved working and reference memories, and inhibited Abeta oligomerization in the brains of transgenic (Tg) 6799 AD mice.	Cotinine	0-8	amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein	Mus musculus	90-95
21321389-6	2011	Cotinine stimulated Akt signaling, including the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta), which promotes neuronal survival and the synaptic plasticity processes underlying learning and memory in the hippocampus and cortex of wild type and Tg6799 AD mice.	Cotinine	0-8	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	20-23
21321389-6	2011	Cotinine stimulated Akt signaling, including the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta), which promotes neuronal survival and the synaptic plasticity processes underlying learning and memory in the hippocampus and cortex of wild type and Tg6799 AD mice.	Cotinine	0-8	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Mus musculus	63-93
21321389-6	2011	Cotinine stimulated Akt signaling, including the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta), which promotes neuronal survival and the synaptic plasticity processes underlying learning and memory in the hippocampus and cortex of wild type and Tg6799 AD mice.	Cotinine	0-8	glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha	Mus musculus	95-103
21919071-6	2011	However, individual variability of CYP2A6 allele,in which nicotine is catalyzed to cotinine, affects the level of urinary cotinine.	Cotinine	83-91	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	35-41
21919071-6	2011	However, individual variability of CYP2A6 allele,in which nicotine is catalyzed to cotinine, affects the level of urinary cotinine.	Cotinine	122-130	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	35-41
20713426-7	2010	Urinary cotinine/creatinine ratio increased with the number of cigarettes smoked (C0: 11 +- 7 ng/mg; C10: 961 +- 539 ng/mg; C20: 1821 +- 312 ng/mg), with levels in the C10 and C20 groups in keeping with values published in infants exposed to ETS.	Cotinine	8-16	homeobox C10	Homo sapiens	101-104
20876810-6	2010	These data suggest that UGTs 2B10 and 2B17 play important roles in the glucuronidation of nicotine, cotinine, and 3HC and suggest that the UGT2B10 codon 67 SNP and the UGT2B17 gene deletion significantly reduce overall glucuronidation rates of nicotine and its major metabolites in smokers.	Cotinine	100-108	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B10	Homo sapiens	24-42
20384470-10	2011	Universal urinary cotinine screening of pregnant women could aid in appropriately counseling women about second-hand exposure as well as monitoring women at high risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes.	Cotinine	18-26	activation induced cytidine deaminase	Homo sapiens	61-64
20864676-0	2010	Cotinine exposure increases Fallopian tube PROKR1 expression via nicotinic AChRalpha-7: a potential mechanism explaining the link between smoking and tubal ectopic pregnancy.	Cotinine	0-8	prokineticin receptor 1	Homo sapiens	43-49
20864676-13	2010	Cotinine treatment of FT explants and OE-E6/E7 cells increased PROKR1 expression (P&lt;0.05), which was negated by cotreatment with nAChRalpha-7 antagonist.	Cotinine	0-8	prokineticin receptor 1	Homo sapiens	63-69
20719908-3	2010	The ratio of 3HC to cotinine was calculated as a marker of CYP2A6 metabolic activity.	Cotinine	20-28	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	59-65
20107825-6	2010	Cotinine levels correlated with natural killer (NK) cell counts (CD3-/CD56(+): r = -0.383, P = 0.003) while the FCI was related to B cell numbers (CD19(+): r = 0.390, P = 0.003).	Cotinine	0-8	neural cell adhesion molecule 1	Homo sapiens	70-74
20713426-7	2010	Urinary cotinine/creatinine ratio increased with the number of cigarettes smoked (C0: 11 +- 7 ng/mg; C10: 961 +- 539 ng/mg; C20: 1821 +- 312 ng/mg), with levels in the C10 and C20 groups in keeping with values published in infants exposed to ETS.	Cotinine	8-16	homeobox C10	Homo sapiens	168-171
20674822-9	2010	In children with a cotinine level less than 0.1 ng/mL, the risk of AD increased for those carrying 2 GSTP1 Ile-105 alleles (OR, 6.63; 95% CI, 1.46-30.18).	Cotinine	19-27	glutathione S-transferase pi 1	Homo sapiens	101-106
20406335-5	2010	RESULTS: The inattentive, hyperactive, and total scores of the teacher-rated K-ARS were positively associated with blood lead level, and the results of the continuous performance test (CPT), Stroop Color-Word Test, and Children"s Color Trails Test were inversely associated with urinary cotinine level when controlled for age, gender, father"s educational level, maternal IQ, child"s IQ, residential area, birth weight, and cotinine (for lead) or lead (for cotinine).	Cotinine	287-295	lysyl-tRNA synthetase 1	Homo sapiens	77-82
20406335-5	2010	RESULTS: The inattentive, hyperactive, and total scores of the teacher-rated K-ARS were positively associated with blood lead level, and the results of the continuous performance test (CPT), Stroop Color-Word Test, and Children"s Color Trails Test were inversely associated with urinary cotinine level when controlled for age, gender, father"s educational level, maternal IQ, child"s IQ, residential area, birth weight, and cotinine (for lead) or lead (for cotinine).	Cotinine	424-432	lysyl-tRNA synthetase 1	Homo sapiens	77-82
20406335-5	2010	RESULTS: The inattentive, hyperactive, and total scores of the teacher-rated K-ARS were positively associated with blood lead level, and the results of the continuous performance test (CPT), Stroop Color-Word Test, and Children"s Color Trails Test were inversely associated with urinary cotinine level when controlled for age, gender, father"s educational level, maternal IQ, child"s IQ, residential area, birth weight, and cotinine (for lead) or lead (for cotinine).	Cotinine	424-432	lysyl-tRNA synthetase 1	Homo sapiens	77-82
20060142-6	2010	After adjustment for age, sex, race or ethnicity, educational status, concentration of cotinine, alcohol intake, physical activity, waist circumference, and body mass index using multiple linear regression analysis, the log-transformed concentrations of insulin were significantly and positively associated with time spent watching television (P = &lt; .001).	Cotinine	87-95	insulin	Homo sapiens	254-261
20674822-10	2010	In children a with cotinine level of 0.1 ng/mL or greater, the GSTM1 null genotype was significantly related to AD (OR, 5.21; 95% CI, 1.32-20.58).	Cotinine	19-27	glutathione S-transferase mu 1	Homo sapiens	63-68
20438369-7	2010	The results indicated that cumulative urinary cotinine excretion in CYP2A6*4 genotype was about one-eighth compared with the control group (wild type).	Cotinine	46-54	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	68-74
20438369-8	2010	Cotinine formation from nicotine has individual and ethnic variability that correlated with the level of CYP2A6 expression.	Cotinine	0-8	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	105-111
20438369-9	2010	Moreover, urinary cotinine level was drastically lower in CYP2A6*4 subjects than in CYP2A6*1 subjects.	Cotinine	18-26	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	58-64
20438369-9	2010	Moreover, urinary cotinine level was drastically lower in CYP2A6*4 subjects than in CYP2A6*1 subjects.	Cotinine	18-26	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	84-90
19628476-0	2009	Association of serum cotinine level with a cluster of three nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes (CHRNA3/CHRNA5/CHRNB4) on chromosome 15.	Cotinine	21-29	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 3 subunit	Homo sapiens	100-106
20578506-8	2010	Cotinine stimulated HMGB1 secretion in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and HMGB1 levels were suppressed by GTE in murine macrophage cell lines.	Cotinine	0-8	high mobility group box 1	Mus musculus	20-25
20006331-8	2010	Serum cotinine concentrations correlated with TPO concentrations, platelet-monocyte aggregates and P-selectin expression.	Cotinine	6-14	thrombopoietin	Homo sapiens	46-49
20006331-8	2010	Serum cotinine concentrations correlated with TPO concentrations, platelet-monocyte aggregates and P-selectin expression.	Cotinine	6-14	selectin P	Homo sapiens	99-109
19700161-7	2010	Among non-smokers, serum cotinine levels were independently positively associated with CRP, fibrinogen, factor VIII, VWF and t-PA and inversely associated with albumin, after adjustment for age, gender, social and behavioural factors.	Cotinine	25-33	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	87-90
19700161-7	2010	Among non-smokers, serum cotinine levels were independently positively associated with CRP, fibrinogen, factor VIII, VWF and t-PA and inversely associated with albumin, after adjustment for age, gender, social and behavioural factors.	Cotinine	25-33	fibrinogen beta chain	Homo sapiens	92-102
19700161-7	2010	Among non-smokers, serum cotinine levels were independently positively associated with CRP, fibrinogen, factor VIII, VWF and t-PA and inversely associated with albumin, after adjustment for age, gender, social and behavioural factors.	Cotinine	25-33	plasminogen activator, tissue type	Homo sapiens	125-129
19700161-8	2010	The differences in CRP, fibrinogen and albumin between cotinine &lt; or =0.05 and &gt;0.7 ng/ml were one-third to one half the size of differences between cotinine &lt; or =0.05 ng/ml and current smokers, but were of similar magnitude for VWF and t-PA.	Cotinine	55-63	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	19-22
19700161-8	2010	The differences in CRP, fibrinogen and albumin between cotinine &lt; or =0.05 and &gt;0.7 ng/ml were one-third to one half the size of differences between cotinine &lt; or =0.05 ng/ml and current smokers, but were of similar magnitude for VWF and t-PA.	Cotinine	55-63	plasminogen activator, tissue type	Homo sapiens	247-251
19700161-8	2010	The differences in CRP, fibrinogen and albumin between cotinine &lt; or =0.05 and &gt;0.7 ng/ml were one-third to one half the size of differences between cotinine &lt; or =0.05 ng/ml and current smokers, but were of similar magnitude for VWF and t-PA.	Cotinine	155-163	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	19-22
19923441-0	2010	Role of CYP2A5 in the clearance of nicotine and cotinine: insights from studies on a Cyp2a5-null mouse model.	Cotinine	48-56	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily a, polypeptide 5	Mus musculus	8-14
19923441-2	2010	Heterologously expressed CYP2A5 is active in the metabolism of both endogenous substrates, such as testosterone, and xenobiotic compounds, such as nicotine and cotinine.	Cotinine	160-168	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily a, polypeptide 5	Mus musculus	25-31
19923441-6	2010	The results indicated that the Cyp2a5-null mouse has lower hepatic nicotine 5"-hydroxylation activity in vitro, and slower systemic clearance of both nicotine and cotinine in vivo.	Cotinine	163-171	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily a, polypeptide 5	Mus musculus	31-37
19923441-8	2010	Further pharmacokinetics analysis confirmed that the brain levels of nicotine and cotinine are also influenced by the Cyp2a5 deletion.	Cotinine	82-90	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily a, polypeptide 5	Mus musculus	118-124
19786624-8	2010	In smokers with a UGT2B10 Tyr67 allele, glucuronide conjugation of nicotine and cotinine was decreased by 20% compared with smokers without this allele.	Cotinine	80-88	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B10	Homo sapiens	18-25
20120937-1	2009	OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between cord blood cotinine levels and some markers of perinatal hypoxia such as cord blood erythropoietin levels, parameters of umbilical arterial blood gas analysis and Apgar scores.	Cotinine	60-68	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	133-147
19615672-5	2009	Plasma MAOA dependent metabolites of norepinephrine: dihydroxyphenylglycol; dopamine: homovanillic and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; and serotonin: 5-hydroxy-indol acetic acid were measured at the end of the second trimester, at delivery, and in arterial cord blood along with plasma cotinine.	Cotinine	282-290	monoamine oxidase A	Homo sapiens	7-11
19628476-0	2009	Association of serum cotinine level with a cluster of three nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes (CHRNA3/CHRNA5/CHRNB4) on chromosome 15.	Cotinine	21-29	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 5 subunit	Homo sapiens	107-113
19628476-0	2009	Association of serum cotinine level with a cluster of three nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes (CHRNA3/CHRNA5/CHRNB4) on chromosome 15.	Cotinine	21-29	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	114-120
19628476-8	2009	Variation at CHRNA5/CHRNA3/CHRNB4 cluster influences nicotine level, measured as cotinine, more strongly than smoking quantity, measured by CPD, and appears thus to be involved in regulation of nicotine levels among smokers.	Cotinine	81-89	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 5 subunit	Homo sapiens	13-19
19628476-8	2009	Variation at CHRNA5/CHRNA3/CHRNB4 cluster influences nicotine level, measured as cotinine, more strongly than smoking quantity, measured by CPD, and appears thus to be involved in regulation of nicotine levels among smokers.	Cotinine	81-89	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 3 subunit	Homo sapiens	20-26
19628476-8	2009	Variation at CHRNA5/CHRNA3/CHRNB4 cluster influences nicotine level, measured as cotinine, more strongly than smoking quantity, measured by CPD, and appears thus to be involved in regulation of nicotine levels among smokers.	Cotinine	81-89	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	27-33
19803778-6	2009	These findings suggest that genetic variation in UGT isoenzymes that act in additive and interactive ways is an important determinant of individual variability in nicotine and cotinine metabolism via glucuronidation pathways.	Cotinine	176-184	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A complex locus	Homo sapiens	49-52
19672401-7	2009	Cotinine levels indicated that all samples came from non-smokers and that CRP levels were higher in African Americans than in Caucasians and higher in females than in males.	Cotinine	0-8	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	74-77
19482438-3	2009	Cotinine levels were higher in carriers of the CC genotype of CHRNA4 rs1044396 (371 ng/ml) than in those with the CT or TT genotypes (275 ng/ml, p=0.049), a difference of 0.53 standard deviation units.	Cotinine	0-8	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	62-68
19647861-6	2009	Total IgE levels varied with age, sex, race/ethnicity, serum cotinine level, body size, and socioeconomic status.	Cotinine	61-69	immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon	Homo sapiens	6-9
21784013-5	2009	Expression of receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), an immunoglobulin super family that triggers the intracellular signal cascade reaction leading to inflammation and its ligand S100A6 (calgranulin) in bronchial epithelial cells and lung tissues of rats, were found to be positive correlated with cotinine levels, indicating that RAGE and S100A6 may be attributable to inflammation and oxidative damage caused by cigarette smoke.	Cotinine	311-319	advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor	Rattus norvegicus	14-57
21784013-5	2009	Expression of receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), an immunoglobulin super family that triggers the intracellular signal cascade reaction leading to inflammation and its ligand S100A6 (calgranulin) in bronchial epithelial cells and lung tissues of rats, were found to be positive correlated with cotinine levels, indicating that RAGE and S100A6 may be attributable to inflammation and oxidative damage caused by cigarette smoke.	Cotinine	311-319	advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor	Rattus norvegicus	59-63
21784013-5	2009	Expression of receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), an immunoglobulin super family that triggers the intracellular signal cascade reaction leading to inflammation and its ligand S100A6 (calgranulin) in bronchial epithelial cells and lung tissues of rats, were found to be positive correlated with cotinine levels, indicating that RAGE and S100A6 may be attributable to inflammation and oxidative damage caused by cigarette smoke.	Cotinine	311-319	S100 calcium binding protein A6	Rattus norvegicus	192-198
21784013-5	2009	Expression of receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), an immunoglobulin super family that triggers the intracellular signal cascade reaction leading to inflammation and its ligand S100A6 (calgranulin) in bronchial epithelial cells and lung tissues of rats, were found to be positive correlated with cotinine levels, indicating that RAGE and S100A6 may be attributable to inflammation and oxidative damage caused by cigarette smoke.	Cotinine	311-319	advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor	Rattus norvegicus	344-348
21784013-5	2009	Expression of receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), an immunoglobulin super family that triggers the intracellular signal cascade reaction leading to inflammation and its ligand S100A6 (calgranulin) in bronchial epithelial cells and lung tissues of rats, were found to be positive correlated with cotinine levels, indicating that RAGE and S100A6 may be attributable to inflammation and oxidative damage caused by cigarette smoke.	Cotinine	311-319	S100 calcium binding protein A6	Rattus norvegicus	353-359
18691177-7	2009	In smokers, seminal cotinine was significantly and negatively correlated with both seminal IGF-I and sperm motility, while seminal IGF-I was positively correlated with the percentage of motile spermatozoa.	Cotinine	20-28	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	91-96
19264972-8	2009	Regression analyses revealed inverse associations of FEV(1) and FEV(1)/FVC ratio with IL-5 (P &lt; 0.05) in men and with IL-5 (P = 0.01), IL-6 (P &lt; 0.001), IFN-gamma (P = 0.034) and serum cotinine (P &lt; 0.001) in women.	Cotinine	191-199	interleukin 5	Homo sapiens	86-90
19082523-5	2009	In 20 smoking-matched people (n = 10 schizophrenia, n = 10 controls), we found significantly lower CHRFAM7A in cotinine and self-reported smokers versus nonsmokers (p &lt;or= 0.001-0.03) and an inverse correlation of cotinine with CHRFAM7A (p &lt;or= 0.04) in regression models.	Cotinine	111-119	CHRNA7 (exons 5-10) and FAM7A (exons A-E) fusion	Homo sapiens	99-107
19082523-5	2009	In 20 smoking-matched people (n = 10 schizophrenia, n = 10 controls), we found significantly lower CHRFAM7A in cotinine and self-reported smokers versus nonsmokers (p &lt;or= 0.001-0.03) and an inverse correlation of cotinine with CHRFAM7A (p &lt;or= 0.04) in regression models.	Cotinine	111-119	CHRNA7 (exons 5-10) and FAM7A (exons A-E) fusion	Homo sapiens	231-239
19082523-5	2009	In 20 smoking-matched people (n = 10 schizophrenia, n = 10 controls), we found significantly lower CHRFAM7A in cotinine and self-reported smokers versus nonsmokers (p &lt;or= 0.001-0.03) and an inverse correlation of cotinine with CHRFAM7A (p &lt;or= 0.04) in regression models.	Cotinine	217-225	CHRNA7 (exons 5-10) and FAM7A (exons A-E) fusion	Homo sapiens	99-107
19082523-7	2009	Smoking-related CRP elevations only occurred in cotinine-based comparisons (p &lt;or= 0.03), and not when smoking was self-reported.	Cotinine	48-56	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	16-19
19029401-5	2008	We assessed CYP2A6 activity by nicotine metabolite ratio (total trans-3-hydroxycotinine/total cotinine) and caffeine metabolite ratio (1,7-dimethyl uric acid/1,7-dimethylxanthine) in 12 h urine.	Cotinine	79-87	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	12-18
19396697-4	2009	The objective of the present study was to investigate the interaction between a variation in the 5-HTTLPR and family environment in relation to smoking habits, nicotine dependence, and nicotine and cotinine levels in hair samples.	Cotinine	198-206	solute carrier family 6 member 4	Homo sapiens	97-105
19396697-6	2009	The 5-HTTLPR gene interacted with a poor family environment to predict smoking habits, as well as nicotine and cotinine levels.	Cotinine	111-119	solute carrier family 6 member 4	Homo sapiens	4-12
18779312-2	2008	A number of compounds, including nicotine, cotinine, and aflatoxin B(1), are metabolites of the 94% identical CYP2A13 and CYP2A6 enzymes but at different rates.	Cotinine	43-51	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 13	Homo sapiens	110-117
18779312-2	2008	A number of compounds, including nicotine, cotinine, and aflatoxin B(1), are metabolites of the 94% identical CYP2A13 and CYP2A6 enzymes but at different rates.	Cotinine	43-51	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	122-128
18727653-11	2008	OPG concentration correlated positively with probing depth, clinical attachment level and bleeding on probing (all p&lt;0.005) and negatively with pack-year, and cotinine level (p&lt;0.05).	Cotinine	162-170	TNF receptor superfamily member 11b	Homo sapiens	0-3
18559554-1	2008	BACKGROUND: The ratio of two nicotine metabolites, cotinine and trans-3"-hydroxycotinine (3-HC), has been validated as a method of phenotyping the activity of the liver enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6 and, thus, the rate of nicotine metabolism.	Cotinine	51-59	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	176-201
18577398-0	2008	CYP1A1 Ile462Val and GSTT1 modify the effect of cord blood cotinine on neurodevelopment at 2 years of age.	Cotinine	59-67	cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens	0-6
18577398-0	2008	CYP1A1 Ile462Val and GSTT1 modify the effect of cord blood cotinine on neurodevelopment at 2 years of age.	Cotinine	59-67	glutathione S-transferase theta 1	Homo sapiens	21-26
18577398-12	2008	It can be concluded that CYP1A1 Ile462Val and GSTT1 metabolic genes can modify the effect of cord blood cotinine on early child neurodevelopment especially for language and fine motor development.	Cotinine	104-112	cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens	25-31
18577398-12	2008	It can be concluded that CYP1A1 Ile462Val and GSTT1 metabolic genes can modify the effect of cord blood cotinine on early child neurodevelopment especially for language and fine motor development.	Cotinine	104-112	glutathione S-transferase theta 1	Homo sapiens	46-51
17979512-3	2007	Cytochrome P450 (CYP)2A6 is the human hepatic enzyme that mediates most of nicotine"s metabolic inactivation to cotinine.	Cotinine	112-120	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	0-24
18360915-1	2008	Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) is a human enzyme best known for metabolizing tobacco-related compounds, such as nicotine, cotinine (COT), and nitrosamine procarcinogens.	Cotinine	120-128	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	0-19
18360915-1	2008	Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) is a human enzyme best known for metabolizing tobacco-related compounds, such as nicotine, cotinine (COT), and nitrosamine procarcinogens.	Cotinine	120-128	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	21-27
18360915-1	2008	Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) is a human enzyme best known for metabolizing tobacco-related compounds, such as nicotine, cotinine (COT), and nitrosamine procarcinogens.	Cotinine	130-133	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	0-19
18360915-1	2008	Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) is a human enzyme best known for metabolizing tobacco-related compounds, such as nicotine, cotinine (COT), and nitrosamine procarcinogens.	Cotinine	130-133	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	21-27
18216723-8	2008	The trans-3"-hydroxycotinine to cotinine ratio, a phenotypic measure of CYP2A6 activity in vivo, was lower in CYP2A6*1/*23 and CYP2A6*23/*23 individuals (mean adjusted ratio of 0.60, n=5) compared with CYP2A6*1/*1 individuals (mean adjusted ratio of 1.21, n=150) (P&lt;0.04).	Cotinine	20-28	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	72-78
18216723-8	2008	The trans-3"-hydroxycotinine to cotinine ratio, a phenotypic measure of CYP2A6 activity in vivo, was lower in CYP2A6*1/*23 and CYP2A6*23/*23 individuals (mean adjusted ratio of 0.60, n=5) compared with CYP2A6*1/*1 individuals (mean adjusted ratio of 1.21, n=150) (P&lt;0.04).	Cotinine	20-28	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	110-116
18216723-8	2008	The trans-3"-hydroxycotinine to cotinine ratio, a phenotypic measure of CYP2A6 activity in vivo, was lower in CYP2A6*1/*23 and CYP2A6*23/*23 individuals (mean adjusted ratio of 0.60, n=5) compared with CYP2A6*1/*1 individuals (mean adjusted ratio of 1.21, n=150) (P&lt;0.04).	Cotinine	20-28	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	110-116
18216723-8	2008	The trans-3"-hydroxycotinine to cotinine ratio, a phenotypic measure of CYP2A6 activity in vivo, was lower in CYP2A6*1/*23 and CYP2A6*23/*23 individuals (mean adjusted ratio of 0.60, n=5) compared with CYP2A6*1/*1 individuals (mean adjusted ratio of 1.21, n=150) (P&lt;0.04).	Cotinine	20-28	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	110-116
18098062-5	2008	In mouse liver microsomes anti-CYP2A5 antibody and known chemical inhibitors of the CYP2A5 enzyme blocked cotinine formation by 85-100%, depending on the pre-treatment of the mice.	Cotinine	106-114	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily a, polypeptide 5	Mus musculus	31-37
18098062-5	2008	In mouse liver microsomes anti-CYP2A5 antibody and known chemical inhibitors of the CYP2A5 enzyme blocked cotinine formation by 85-100%, depending on the pre-treatment of the mice.	Cotinine	106-114	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily a, polypeptide 5	Mus musculus	84-90
18041664-3	2007	The absorbed nicotine is rapidly and extensively metabolized to inactive cotinine by CYP2A6 in human livers, which has a major impact on nicotine clearance.	Cotinine	73-81	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	85-91
17909004-0	2007	Glucuronidation of nicotine and cotinine by UGT2B10: loss of function by the UGT2B10 Codon 67 (Asp&gt;Tyr) polymorphism.	Cotinine	32-40	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B10	Homo sapiens	44-51
17909004-3	2007	In the present study, microsomes of UGT2B10-overexpressing HEK293 cells exhibited high N-glucuronidation activity against both nicotine and cotinine with apparent KM"s that were 37- and 3-fold lower than that observed for microsomes of UGT1A4-overexpressing cells against nicotine and cotinine, respectively.	Cotinine	140-148	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B10	Homo sapiens	36-43
17909004-3	2007	In the present study, microsomes of UGT2B10-overexpressing HEK293 cells exhibited high N-glucuronidation activity against both nicotine and cotinine with apparent KM"s that were 37- and 3-fold lower than that observed for microsomes of UGT1A4-overexpressing cells against nicotine and cotinine, respectively.	Cotinine	140-148	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A4	Homo sapiens	236-242
17909004-3	2007	In the present study, microsomes of UGT2B10-overexpressing HEK293 cells exhibited high N-glucuronidation activity against both nicotine and cotinine with apparent KM"s that were 37- and 3-fold lower than that observed for microsomes of UGT1A4-overexpressing cells against nicotine and cotinine, respectively.	Cotinine	285-293	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B10	Homo sapiens	36-43
17909004-4	2007	The KM of microsomes from wild-type (WT) UGT2B10-overexpressing cells for nicotine and cotinine was similar to that observed for human liver microsomes (HLM) against both substrates.	Cotinine	87-95	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B10	Homo sapiens	41-48
17909004-7	2007	These data suggest that UGT2B10 is the major hepatic enzyme involved in nicotine/cotinine glucuronidation and that the UGT2B10*2 variant significantly reduces nicotine- and cotinine-N-glucuronidation formation and plays an important role in nicotine metabolism and elimination.	Cotinine	81-89	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B10	Homo sapiens	24-31
17909004-7	2007	These data suggest that UGT2B10 is the major hepatic enzyme involved in nicotine/cotinine glucuronidation and that the UGT2B10*2 variant significantly reduces nicotine- and cotinine-N-glucuronidation formation and plays an important role in nicotine metabolism and elimination.	Cotinine	81-89	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B10	Homo sapiens	119-126
17909004-7	2007	These data suggest that UGT2B10 is the major hepatic enzyme involved in nicotine/cotinine glucuronidation and that the UGT2B10*2 variant significantly reduces nicotine- and cotinine-N-glucuronidation formation and plays an important role in nicotine metabolism and elimination.	Cotinine	173-181	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B10	Homo sapiens	24-31
17909004-7	2007	These data suggest that UGT2B10 is the major hepatic enzyme involved in nicotine/cotinine glucuronidation and that the UGT2B10*2 variant significantly reduces nicotine- and cotinine-N-glucuronidation formation and plays an important role in nicotine metabolism and elimination.	Cotinine	173-181	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B10	Homo sapiens	119-126
17576790-4	2007	UGT2B10 was also more active than UGT1A4 in N-glucuronidation of cotinine (oxidative nicotine metabolite), whereas UGT2B7 exhibited only low nicotine glucuronidation activity and was essentially inactive toward cotinine.	Cotinine	65-73	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B10	Homo sapiens	0-7
17576790-4	2007	UGT2B10 was also more active than UGT1A4 in N-glucuronidation of cotinine (oxidative nicotine metabolite), whereas UGT2B7 exhibited only low nicotine glucuronidation activity and was essentially inactive toward cotinine.	Cotinine	65-73	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A4	Homo sapiens	34-40
17576790-4	2007	UGT2B10 was also more active than UGT1A4 in N-glucuronidation of cotinine (oxidative nicotine metabolite), whereas UGT2B7 exhibited only low nicotine glucuronidation activity and was essentially inactive toward cotinine.	Cotinine	211-219	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B10	Homo sapiens	0-7
17576790-7	2007	These findings for UGT2B10 (but not for UGT1A4 and UGT2B7) were mirrored by human tissue activities because nicotine and cotinine glucuronidation rates in intestine microsomes were less than 0.1% that of human liver microsomes.	Cotinine	121-129	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B10	Homo sapiens	19-26
17267622-4	2007	The plasma cotinine/nicotine ratio in subjects possessing the novel CYP2A6 gene duplication with the CYP2A6*1 allele (10.8 +/- 7.0, n = 4) was 1.4-fold higher than that in homozygotes of the wild type (8.0 +/- 5.0, n = 87), although the difference was not statistically significant.	Cotinine	11-19	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	101-107
16977438-0	2007	Relationships between cotinine, lower respiratory tract infection, and eosinophil cationic protein in children.	Cotinine	22-30	ribonuclease A family member 3	Homo sapiens	71-98
17237153-1	2007	Human CYP2A6 catalyzes the metabolism of nicotine, cotinine, and coumarin as well as some pharmaceutical drugs.	Cotinine	51-59	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	6-12
17237153-4	2007	We found that coumarin 7-hydroxylation and cotinine 3"-hydroxylation by recombinant CYP2A6 expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells were competitively inhibited by tryptamine (both K(i) = 0.2 microM), serotonin (K(i) = 252 microM and 167 microM), dopamine (K(i) = 49 microM and 22 microM), and histamine (K(i) = 428 microM and 359 microM).	Cotinine	43-51	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	84-90
17408702-11	2007	Among all subjects p53 plasma levels were positively correlated with p21(WAF1) levels, exposure to B[a]P, c-PAHs and levels of total DNA adducts; for p21(WAF1) levels we observed the positive correlation with cotinine, c-PAHs exposure, total and B[a]P-like DNA adduct levels.	Cotinine	209-217	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	19-22
17408702-11	2007	Among all subjects p53 plasma levels were positively correlated with p21(WAF1) levels, exposure to B[a]P, c-PAHs and levels of total DNA adducts; for p21(WAF1) levels we observed the positive correlation with cotinine, c-PAHs exposure, total and B[a]P-like DNA adduct levels.	Cotinine	209-217	cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A	Homo sapiens	150-153
17408702-11	2007	Among all subjects p53 plasma levels were positively correlated with p21(WAF1) levels, exposure to B[a]P, c-PAHs and levels of total DNA adducts; for p21(WAF1) levels we observed the positive correlation with cotinine, c-PAHs exposure, total and B[a]P-like DNA adduct levels.	Cotinine	209-217	cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A	Homo sapiens	154-158
17454704-12	2007	This study showed that hormonal contraception in adolescent girls may accelerate cotinine metabolism, an effect likely related to induction of cytochrome P450 2A6 and independent of ethnicity and cigarette consumption.	Cotinine	81-89	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	143-162
17267622-4	2007	The plasma cotinine/nicotine ratio in subjects possessing the novel CYP2A6 gene duplication with the CYP2A6*1 allele (10.8 +/- 7.0, n = 4) was 1.4-fold higher than that in homozygotes of the wild type (8.0 +/- 5.0, n = 87), although the difference was not statistically significant.	Cotinine	11-19	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	68-74
17365762-2	2007	The association between serum cotinine and serum CRP was analyzed using multiple linear regression, with adjustment for other study variables.	Cotinine	30-38	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	49-52
17158199-9	2007	Inhibitory antibody studies demonstrated that the metabolism of both nicotine and cotinine was mediated by CYP2A5.	Cotinine	82-90	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily a, polypeptide 5	Mus musculus	107-113
17158199-10	2007	Genetic differences in Cyp2a5 potentially contributed to similar nicotine but different cotinine metabolism, which may confound the interpretation of nicotine pharmacological studies and studies using cotinine as a biomarker.	Cotinine	88-96	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily a, polypeptide 5	Mus musculus	23-29
17158199-10	2007	Genetic differences in Cyp2a5 potentially contributed to similar nicotine but different cotinine metabolism, which may confound the interpretation of nicotine pharmacological studies and studies using cotinine as a biomarker.	Cotinine	201-209	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily a, polypeptide 5	Mus musculus	23-29
17296856-4	2007	Compared with subjects with no detectable cotinine, those with detectable but low-level cotinine (range, 0.05 to 0.215 ng/mL) had significantly higher levels of both fibrinogen (adjusted mean difference, 8.9 mg/dL; 95% CI, 0.9 to 17.0; P=0.03) and homocysteine (0.8 micromol/L; 95% CI, 0.4 to 1.1; P&lt;0.001) but not C-reactive protein or white blood cell count.	Cotinine	88-96	fibrinogen beta chain	Homo sapiens	166-176
17296856-4	2007	Compared with subjects with no detectable cotinine, those with detectable but low-level cotinine (range, 0.05 to 0.215 ng/mL) had significantly higher levels of both fibrinogen (adjusted mean difference, 8.9 mg/dL; 95% CI, 0.9 to 17.0; P=0.03) and homocysteine (0.8 micromol/L; 95% CI, 0.4 to 1.1; P&lt;0.001) but not C-reactive protein or white blood cell count.	Cotinine	88-96	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	318-336
17178771-1	2007	Human cytochrome CYP2A13 shows overlapping substrate specificity with CYP2A6, catalyzing the metabolism of coumarin, nicotine, cotinine, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone.	Cotinine	127-135	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 13	Homo sapiens	17-24
17178771-1	2007	Human cytochrome CYP2A13 shows overlapping substrate specificity with CYP2A6, catalyzing the metabolism of coumarin, nicotine, cotinine, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone.	Cotinine	127-135	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	70-76
17365762-4	2007	Multiple regression analysis indicated that a change in serum cotinine of 0.5 ng/ml was associated with a 0.96 mg/dl change in CRP (95% CI=0.93-1.00), even after adjustment for age, white blood cell count, and body mass index percentile.	Cotinine	62-70	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	127-130
17365762-5	2007	We found a significant association between secondhand smoke exposure, assessed by serum cotinine, and elevated serum CRP among nonsmoking youth.	Cotinine	88-96	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	117-120
17220563-7	2006	Subjects having CYP2A6*1A/*1B were found to have a higher rate of 7-OHC excretion, as well as a higher cotinine/nicotine ratio in the plasma compared with those of the other genotypes.	Cotinine	103-111	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	16-22
17220563-8	2006	In contrast, subjects with CYP2A6*4/*7 and CYP2A6*7/*7 almost lacked any cotinine formation, whereas urinary 7-OHC was still detectable.	Cotinine	73-81	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	27-33
17220563-8	2006	In contrast, subjects with CYP2A6*4/*7 and CYP2A6*7/*7 almost lacked any cotinine formation, whereas urinary 7-OHC was still detectable.	Cotinine	73-81	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	43-49
17182930-7	2006	S-cotinine and PAI-1 also correlated positively with tPA, rho = 0.24 (P = 0.04), and 0.33 (P = 0.005).	Cotinine	0-10	plasminogen activator, tissue type	Homo sapiens	53-56
17035386-1	2006	CYP2A6 inactivates nicotine to cotinine and cotinine to 3-hydroxycotinine.	Cotinine	31-39	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	0-6
17112802-6	2006	RESULTS: On the basis of the fractional clearance of nicotine to cotinine and on the plasma ratio of 3"-hydroxycotinine to cotinine, both shown to be indicators of CYP2A6 enzymatic activity, subjects were classified into 3 groups.	Cotinine	111-119	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	164-170
16636685-1	2006	Human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6 metabolizes nicotine to cotinine.	Cotinine	56-64	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	6-31
17035386-1	2006	CYP2A6 inactivates nicotine to cotinine and cotinine to 3-hydroxycotinine.	Cotinine	44-52	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	0-6
17035386-5	2006	3-Hydroxycotinine/cotinine is reported to be a good marker of CYP2A6 activity, and we found that the 3-hydroxycotinine/(cotinine + nicotine) ratio was most correlated with CYP2A6 genotype (r = 0.38, P &lt; 0.001).	Cotinine	9-17	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	62-68
17035386-5	2006	3-Hydroxycotinine/cotinine is reported to be a good marker of CYP2A6 activity, and we found that the 3-hydroxycotinine/(cotinine + nicotine) ratio was most correlated with CYP2A6 genotype (r = 0.38, P &lt; 0.001).	Cotinine	9-17	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	172-178
17035386-5	2006	3-Hydroxycotinine/cotinine is reported to be a good marker of CYP2A6 activity, and we found that the 3-hydroxycotinine/(cotinine + nicotine) ratio was most correlated with CYP2A6 genotype (r = 0.38, P &lt; 0.001).	Cotinine	18-26	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	62-68
17035386-8	2006	Here, we found that plasma nicotine levels were inversely correlated with CYP2A6 activity (3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine, r = -0.41, P &lt; 0.001) among those without CYP2A6 variants, suggesting a reduction in metabolism with higher nicotine levels.	Cotinine	100-108	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	74-80
17035386-9	2006	Together, these findings (a) confirm the use of plasma cotinine and CO as indicators of Caucasians" smoking levels, and that this is not limited by CYP2A6 genetic variation; (b) indicate that 3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine and 3-hydroxycotinine/(cotinine + nicotine) are moderately good indicators of the CYP2A6 genotype; and (c) support that nicotine exposure may reduce its own metabolism.	Cotinine	201-209	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	301-307
17035386-9	2006	Together, these findings (a) confirm the use of plasma cotinine and CO as indicators of Caucasians" smoking levels, and that this is not limited by CYP2A6 genetic variation; (b) indicate that 3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine and 3-hydroxycotinine/(cotinine + nicotine) are moderately good indicators of the CYP2A6 genotype; and (c) support that nicotine exposure may reduce its own metabolism.	Cotinine	201-209	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	301-307
16907915-7	2006	IDO activity was lower in smokers in this population-based sample compared with non-smokers when active smoking was classified according to serum cotinine concentration or history of smoking habits.	Cotinine	146-154	indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
16889628-11	2006	IL-1beta, albumin and AST were independently associated with cotinine level.	Cotinine	61-69	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	0-8
16889628-11	2006	IL-1beta, albumin and AST were independently associated with cotinine level.	Cotinine	61-69	albumin	Homo sapiens	10-17
16889628-11	2006	IL-1beta, albumin and AST were independently associated with cotinine level.	Cotinine	61-69	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	22-25
16907915-8	2006	Moreover, serum IDO activity correlated inversely with serum cotinine concentration.	Cotinine	61-69	indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	16-19
16536909-7	2006	Moreover, we suggest that CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 are key players in the metabolism to cotinine of nicotine in rat LMECs using the respective enzyme inhibitors (tranylcypromine and troleandomycine).	Cotinine	82-90	cytochrome P450, subfamily 2, polypeptide 11	Rattus norvegicus	26-33
16952495-1	2006	Human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6 metabolizes nicotine to cotinine and is a possible modulator of nicotine addiction.	Cotinine	56-64	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	6-31
16756671-6	2006	RESULTS: The highest level of SHS exposure, as measured by urine cotinine, was cross-sectionally associated with poorer COPD severity (mean score increment 4.7 pts; 95% CI 0.6 to 8.9) and dyspnea (1.0 pts; 95% CI 0.4 to 1.7) after controlling for covariates.	Cotinine	65-73	COPD	Homo sapiens	120-124
16756671-7	2006	In longitudinal analysis, the highest level of baseline cotinine was associated with worse COPD severity (4.7 points; 95% CI -0.1 to 9.4; p = 0.054), disease-specific QOL (2.9 pts; -0.16 to 5.9; p = 0.063), and dyspnea (0.9 pts; 95% CI 0.2 to 1.6 pts; p &lt; 0.05), although the confidence intervals did not always exclude the no effect level.	Cotinine	56-64	COPD	Homo sapiens	91-95
16402128-2	2006	Caucasian smokers with CYP2A6 slow vs normal metabolism had lower metabolic activity, indicated by the 3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine ratio (0.23+/-0.17 vs 0.45+/-0.22, P&lt;0.01, respectively).	Cotinine	112-120	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	23-29
16765148-1	2006	BACKGROUND: Nicotine is metabolized to cotinine, and cotinine is metabolized to 3"-hydroxycotinine (3-HC) by the liver enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6.	Cotinine	53-61	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	126-151
16536909-7	2006	Moreover, we suggest that CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 are key players in the metabolism to cotinine of nicotine in rat LMECs using the respective enzyme inhibitors (tranylcypromine and troleandomycine).	Cotinine	82-90	cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily a, polypeptide 2	Rattus norvegicus	38-44
16402086-1	2006	CYP2A6 is the main enzyme that catalyzes nicotine into cotinine.	Cotinine	55-63	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	0-6
16507929-9	2006	A human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) culture model was utilized to evaluate the effect of cotinine on endothelial cell production of ICAM-1.	Cotinine	101-109	intercellular adhesion molecule 1	Homo sapiens	144-150
16507929-12	2006	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells production of ICAM-1 increased with heavy concentrations of cotinine exposure (P &lt; .01).	Cotinine	99-107	intercellular adhesion molecule 1	Homo sapiens	53-59
16420579-5	2006	Nicotine- and cotinine-induced TF expression was mediated by the activation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), as demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and by the suppression of TF expression by the NF-kappaB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithio carbamate ammonium.	Cotinine	14-22	Relish	Drosophila melanogaster	105-127
16450214-4	2006	RESULTS: Membrane-bound PKCalpha, PKCbetaI, and PKCepsilon levels were increased after 6 h hypoxia/aglycemia, and this was attenuated by 24-h nicotine/cotinine exposure.	Cotinine	151-159	protein kinase C alpha	Homo sapiens	24-32
16450214-4	2006	RESULTS: Membrane-bound PKCalpha, PKCbetaI, and PKCepsilon levels were increased after 6 h hypoxia/aglycemia, and this was attenuated by 24-h nicotine/cotinine exposure.	Cotinine	151-159	protein kinase C epsilon	Homo sapiens	48-58
16385415-6	2006	A range of linearity for cotinine between 0.05 and 5 microg mL-1 was obtained by loading 1 mL blank urine samples spiked with cotinine at different concentrations in acetate buffer of pH 9.0, and by using double basic washing and acidic elution.	Cotinine	25-33	L1 cell adhesion molecule	Mus musculus	60-64
16385415-6	2006	A range of linearity for cotinine between 0.05 and 5 microg mL-1 was obtained by loading 1 mL blank urine samples spiked with cotinine at different concentrations in acetate buffer of pH 9.0, and by using double basic washing and acidic elution.	Cotinine	126-134	L1 cell adhesion molecule	Mus musculus	60-64
16450214-5	2006	Interestingly, membrane-bound PKCgamma protein level was decreased after 6 h hypoxia/aglycemia and increased by 24-h nicotine/cotinine exposure.	Cotinine	126-134	protein kinase C gamma	Homo sapiens	30-38
16420579-5	2006	Nicotine- and cotinine-induced TF expression was mediated by the activation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), as demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and by the suppression of TF expression by the NF-kappaB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithio carbamate ammonium.	Cotinine	14-22	Relish	Drosophila melanogaster	129-138
16420579-5	2006	Nicotine- and cotinine-induced TF expression was mediated by the activation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), as demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and by the suppression of TF expression by the NF-kappaB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithio carbamate ammonium.	Cotinine	14-22	Relish	Drosophila melanogaster	244-253
16372023-2	2005	METHODS: The procedure involved (a) genotyping 85 Maori participants for cytochrome P-450 2A6 (CYP2A6) gene variants, which are associated with reduced nicotine metabolic rate (ie CYP2A6*9 and *4); and (b) measuring salivary cotinine (COT) and trans-3"-hydroxycotinine (3-HC) as biomarkers of nicotine intake and metabolic rate in 12 female smokers from the Hawke"s Bay Region (6 Maori and 6 European).	Cotinine	225-233	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	95-101
16600093-2	2006	METHODS: The conjugated trans-3"-hydroxycotinine (THOC) and COT were hydrolyzed in human urine with beta-glucuronidase.	Cotinine	60-63	glucuronidase beta	Homo sapiens	100-118
15998359-1	2005	CYP2A6 in man catalyzes the oxidation of nicotine-forming cotinine and 7-hydroxylation of coumarin, which is used as test substrate for CYP2A6 in man.	Cotinine	58-66	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	0-6
16359169-0	2005	Identification of N-(hydroxymethyl) norcotinine as a major product of cytochrome P450 2A6, but not cytochrome P450 2A13-catalyzed cotinine metabolism.	Cotinine	39-47	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	70-89
16272956-2	2005	Mutations in CYP2A6 slow metabolism of nicotine to cotinine.	Cotinine	51-59	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	13-19
15998359-1	2005	CYP2A6 in man catalyzes the oxidation of nicotine-forming cotinine and 7-hydroxylation of coumarin, which is used as test substrate for CYP2A6 in man.	Cotinine	58-66	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	136-142
15998359-11	2005	The specificity of pig CYP2A was investigated and it was found that the formation of cotinine correlated with the immunochemical level of CYP2A as did the coumarin hydroxylation.	Cotinine	85-93	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 19	Sus scrofa	23-28
15998359-11	2005	The specificity of pig CYP2A was investigated and it was found that the formation of cotinine correlated with the immunochemical level of CYP2A as did the coumarin hydroxylation.	Cotinine	85-93	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 19	Sus scrofa	138-143
15998359-12	2005	Anti-human CYP2A inhibitory antibody inhibited coumarin 7-hydroxylation by about 90% and formation of cotinine by 44--60% and 85--100% at substrate concentrations of 500 microM and 50 microM respectively, showing that coumarin and nicotine (50 microM) are very specific substrates for CYP2A in pigs, whereas the CYP2A only is responsible for about 50% of the cotinine formation at a 500 microM nicotine incubation concentration.	Cotinine	102-110	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 19	Sus scrofa	11-16
15998359-12	2005	Anti-human CYP2A inhibitory antibody inhibited coumarin 7-hydroxylation by about 90% and formation of cotinine by 44--60% and 85--100% at substrate concentrations of 500 microM and 50 microM respectively, showing that coumarin and nicotine (50 microM) are very specific substrates for CYP2A in pigs, whereas the CYP2A only is responsible for about 50% of the cotinine formation at a 500 microM nicotine incubation concentration.	Cotinine	359-367	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 19	Sus scrofa	11-16
16141602-3	2005	A major pathway of nicotine metabolism is C-oxidation to cotinine, which is catalyzed by CYP2A6 in human livers.	Cotinine	57-65	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	89-95
15860657-2	2005	The nicotine Delta(5"(1"))-iminium ion product of this reaction is further metabolized to cotinine by aldehyde oxidase.	Cotinine	90-98	aldehyde oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	102-118
15860657-3	2005	Previous investigators have reported kinetic parameters for cotinine formation using human liver cytosol as a source of aldehyde oxidase.	Cotinine	60-68	aldehyde oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	120-136
16141602-10	2005	There are substantial data suggesting that the large interindividual differences in cotinine formation are associated with genetic polymorphisms of the CYP2A6 gene.	Cotinine	84-92	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	152-158
16141602-4	2005	Cotinine is subsequently metabolized to trans-3"-hydroxycotinine by CYP2A6.	Cotinine	0-8	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily A member 6	Homo sapiens	68-74
16141602-5	2005	Nicotine and cotinine are glucuronidated to N-glucuronides mainly by UGT1A4 and partly by UGT1A9.	Cotinine	13-21	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A4	Homo sapiens	69-75
16141602-5	2005	Nicotine and cotinine are glucuronidated to N-glucuronides mainly by UGT1A4 and partly by UGT1A9.	Cotinine	13-21	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A9	Homo sapiens	90-96
15935803-7	2005	Further regression analysis of S-PMA production rate on GSTT1 genotype with adjustment of sex, age, benzene exposure, and cotinine levels indicated that the genotype of GSTT1 plays a critical role in determining the inter-individual variations of S-PMA formation from benzene exposure.	Cotinine	122-130	glutathione S-transferase theta 1	Homo sapiens	56-61
16191663-3	2005	To ascertain this question, we examined the effects of nicotine and its major oxidative metabolite, cotinine, on ATPase activity using P-gp containing membranes, in which nicotine and cotinine-stimulated inorganic Pi was used as a marker of the binding affinity of nicotine and cotinine to P-gp.	Cotinine	100-108	dynein axonemal heavy chain 8	Homo sapiens	113-119
16191663-3	2005	To ascertain this question, we examined the effects of nicotine and its major oxidative metabolite, cotinine, on ATPase activity using P-gp containing membranes, in which nicotine and cotinine-stimulated inorganic Pi was used as a marker of the binding affinity of nicotine and cotinine to P-gp.	Cotinine	184-192	dynein axonemal heavy chain 8	Homo sapiens	113-119
16191663-3	2005	To ascertain this question, we examined the effects of nicotine and its major oxidative metabolite, cotinine, on ATPase activity using P-gp containing membranes, in which nicotine and cotinine-stimulated inorganic Pi was used as a marker of the binding affinity of nicotine and cotinine to P-gp.	Cotinine	184-192	ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1	Homo sapiens	290-294
16191663-3	2005	To ascertain this question, we examined the effects of nicotine and its major oxidative metabolite, cotinine, on ATPase activity using P-gp containing membranes, in which nicotine and cotinine-stimulated inorganic Pi was used as a marker of the binding affinity of nicotine and cotinine to P-gp.	Cotinine	184-192	dynein axonemal heavy chain 8	Homo sapiens	113-119
16191663-3	2005	To ascertain this question, we examined the effects of nicotine and its major oxidative metabolite, cotinine, on ATPase activity using P-gp containing membranes, in which nicotine and cotinine-stimulated inorganic Pi was used as a marker of the binding affinity of nicotine and cotinine to P-gp.	Cotinine	184-192	ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1	Homo sapiens	290-294
16191663-4	2005	At concentrations ranging from 5 to 1000 microm, both nicotine and cotinine produced modest stimulative effects on ATPase activity in the P-gp containing membrane.	Cotinine	67-75	dynein axonemal heavy chain 8	Homo sapiens	115-121
16191663-4	2005	At concentrations ranging from 5 to 1000 microm, both nicotine and cotinine produced modest stimulative effects on ATPase activity in the P-gp containing membrane.	Cotinine	67-75	ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1	Homo sapiens	138-142
15950753-6	2005	The recombinant protein also displays other functional similarities with mammalian DING proteins, in that, like the human version, it acts as a mitogen for cultured human cells, and can bind cotinine, known to be a binding ligand for a rat neuronal DING protein.	Cotinine	191-199	ring finger protein 2	Homo sapiens	83-87
15950753-6	2005	The recombinant protein also displays other functional similarities with mammalian DING proteins, in that, like the human version, it acts as a mitogen for cultured human cells, and can bind cotinine, known to be a binding ligand for a rat neuronal DING protein.	Cotinine	191-199	ring finger protein 2	Homo sapiens	249-253
15935803-7	2005	Further regression analysis of S-PMA production rate on GSTT1 genotype with adjustment of sex, age, benzene exposure, and cotinine levels indicated that the genotype of GSTT1 plays a critical role in determining the inter-individual variations of S-PMA formation from benzene exposure.	Cotinine	122-130	glutathione S-transferase theta 1	Homo sapiens	169-174