PMID-sentid	Pub_year	Sent_text	compound_name	comp_offset	prot_official_name	organism	prot_offset
9101010-4	1997	Studies using phenformin with insulin were also included due to its similarities to metformin.	Phenformin	14-24	insulin	Homo sapiens	30-37
12419322-7	2002	Similarly, phenformin and buformin (30 and 100mg/kg) elevated plasma intact GLP-1 levels in F344/DuCrj rats.	Phenformin	11-21	glucagon	Rattus norvegicus	76-81
12130709-4	2002	Buformin and phenformin, two other biguanides, were also transported by rOct1 with a higher affinity than metformin: their K(m) values were 49 and 16 microM, respectively.	Phenformin	13-23	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	72-77
12009768-5	2002	Immunoblot analyses showed that levels of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) subunits NR1 and NR2A were significantly decreased in neurons exposed to phenformin, whereas levels of the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 were unchanged.	Phenformin	147-157	glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 1	Homo sapiens	83-86
12009768-5	2002	Immunoblot analyses showed that levels of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) subunits NR1 and NR2A were significantly decreased in neurons exposed to phenformin, whereas levels of the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 were unchanged.	Phenformin	147-157	glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A	Homo sapiens	91-95
12009768-5	2002	Immunoblot analyses showed that levels of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) subunits NR1 and NR2A were significantly decreased in neurons exposed to phenformin, whereas levels of the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 were unchanged.	Phenformin	147-157	glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 1	Homo sapiens	203-208
12906931-6	2003	Binding of the phenformin-metal complex within the active site of human cathepsin B was modeled with computational docking.	Phenformin	15-25	cathepsin B	Homo sapiens	72-83
14511394-10	2003	Fourth, the AMPK-activating drugs AICA riboside and phenformin do not activate AMPK in HeLa cells (which lack LKB1), but activation can be restored by stably expressing wild-type, but not catalytically inactive, LKB1.	Phenformin	52-62	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	12-16
14511394-10	2003	Fourth, the AMPK-activating drugs AICA riboside and phenformin do not activate AMPK in HeLa cells (which lack LKB1), but activation can be restored by stably expressing wild-type, but not catalytically inactive, LKB1.	Phenformin	52-62	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	110-114
14511394-10	2003	Fourth, the AMPK-activating drugs AICA riboside and phenformin do not activate AMPK in HeLa cells (which lack LKB1), but activation can be restored by stably expressing wild-type, but not catalytically inactive, LKB1.	Phenformin	52-62	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	212-216
34794446-0	2021	Selectively down-regulated PD-L1 by albumin-phenformin nanoparticles mediated mitochondrial dysfunction to stimulate tumor-specific immunological response for enhanced mild-temperature photothermal efficacy.	Phenformin	44-54	CD274 molecule	Homo sapiens	27-32
33811729-5	2021	However, glucose and glutamine consumption as well as lactate and glutamate production were lower in KRAS-expressing cells cultured in media without added EGF, and these changes correlated with reduced sensitivity to GLUT1 inhibitor and phenformin treatment.	Phenformin	237-247	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	101-105
33762304-6	2021	We found that MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma is hypersensitive to the combination of an inhibitor of the lactate transporter MCT1, AZD3965, and complex I of the mitochondrion, phenformin.	Phenformin	174-184	v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral related oncogene, neuroblastoma derived	Mus musculus	14-18
33762304-6	2021	We found that MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma is hypersensitive to the combination of an inhibitor of the lactate transporter MCT1, AZD3965, and complex I of the mitochondrion, phenformin.	Phenformin	174-184	modifier of curly tail 1	Mus musculus	123-127
33762304-8	2021	Low MCT4 combines with high expression of the MCT2 and MCT1 chaperone CD147 in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma, altogether conferring sensitivity to the AZD3965 and phenformin combination.	Phenformin	162-172	solute carrier family 16 (monocarboxylic acid transporters), member 3	Mus musculus	4-8
33762304-8	2021	Low MCT4 combines with high expression of the MCT2 and MCT1 chaperone CD147 in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma, altogether conferring sensitivity to the AZD3965 and phenformin combination.	Phenformin	162-172	solute carrier family 16 (monocarboxylic acid transporters), member 7	Mus musculus	46-50
33762304-8	2021	Low MCT4 combines with high expression of the MCT2 and MCT1 chaperone CD147 in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma, altogether conferring sensitivity to the AZD3965 and phenformin combination.	Phenformin	162-172	basigin	Mus musculus	70-75
33762304-8	2021	Low MCT4 combines with high expression of the MCT2 and MCT1 chaperone CD147 in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma, altogether conferring sensitivity to the AZD3965 and phenformin combination.	Phenformin	162-172	v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral related oncogene, neuroblastoma derived	Mus musculus	79-83
1814681-2	1991	Three bisguanidine compounds (those of pentamidine, streptidine and phenformin) were compared for their in vitro inhibitory capacity on diamine oxidase activity (EC 1.4.3.6), the first enzyme of putrescine degradation.	Phenformin	68-78	amine oxidase copper containing 1	Homo sapiens	136-151
2165405-0	1990	Studies on induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase, ferrochelatase, cytochrome P-450 and cyclic AMP by phenformin.	Phenformin	111-121	5'-aminolevulinate synthase 1	Rattus norvegicus	24-58
2165405-0	1990	Studies on induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase, ferrochelatase, cytochrome P-450 and cyclic AMP by phenformin.	Phenformin	111-121	ferrochelatase	Rattus norvegicus	60-74
2165405-0	1990	Studies on induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase, ferrochelatase, cytochrome P-450 and cyclic AMP by phenformin.	Phenformin	111-121	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily g, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	76-92
2165405-2	1990	The present work demonstrates that phenformin exerted an inducing effect on delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALA-S) and ferrochelatase activities and on cytochrome P-450 content in isolated hepatocytes from rats with experimental diabetes.	Phenformin	35-45	5'-aminolevulinate synthase 1	Rattus norvegicus	76-110
2165405-2	1990	The present work demonstrates that phenformin exerted an inducing effect on delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALA-S) and ferrochelatase activities and on cytochrome P-450 content in isolated hepatocytes from rats with experimental diabetes.	Phenformin	35-45	5'-aminolevulinate synthase 1	Rattus norvegicus	112-117
2165405-2	1990	The present work demonstrates that phenformin exerted an inducing effect on delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALA-S) and ferrochelatase activities and on cytochrome P-450 content in isolated hepatocytes from rats with experimental diabetes.	Phenformin	35-45	ferrochelatase	Rattus norvegicus	123-137
2165405-2	1990	The present work demonstrates that phenformin exerted an inducing effect on delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALA-S) and ferrochelatase activities and on cytochrome P-450 content in isolated hepatocytes from rats with experimental diabetes.	Phenformin	35-45	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily g, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	156-172
2165405-6	1990	When phenformin was added to isolated rat hepatocytes of normal rats, induction of ALA-S and ferrochelatase activities and cytochrome P-450 content was observed only in the presence of added dibutyryl cAMP.	Phenformin	5-15	5'-aminolevulinate synthase 1	Rattus norvegicus	83-88
2165405-6	1990	When phenformin was added to isolated rat hepatocytes of normal rats, induction of ALA-S and ferrochelatase activities and cytochrome P-450 content was observed only in the presence of added dibutyryl cAMP.	Phenformin	5-15	ferrochelatase	Rattus norvegicus	93-107
2165405-6	1990	When phenformin was added to isolated rat hepatocytes of normal rats, induction of ALA-S and ferrochelatase activities and cytochrome P-450 content was observed only in the presence of added dibutyryl cAMP.	Phenformin	5-15	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily g, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	123-139
34794446-0	2021	Selectively down-regulated PD-L1 by albumin-phenformin nanoparticles mediated mitochondrial dysfunction to stimulate tumor-specific immunological response for enhanced mild-temperature photothermal efficacy.	Phenformin	44-54	albumin	Homo sapiens	36-43
34794446-3	2021	RESULTS: In this study, we described a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) responsive manganese dioxide mineralized albumin nanocomposite loading with mitochondria function inhibitor phenformin (PM) and near-infrared photothermal dye indocyanine green (ICG) by modified two-step biomineralization method.	Phenformin	172-182	albumin	Homo sapiens	105-112
34794446-3	2021	RESULTS: In this study, we described a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) responsive manganese dioxide mineralized albumin nanocomposite loading with mitochondria function inhibitor phenformin (PM) and near-infrared photothermal dye indocyanine green (ICG) by modified two-step biomineralization method.	Phenformin	184-186	albumin	Homo sapiens	105-112
34083537-0	2021	STAT1 potentiates oxidative stress revealing a targetable vulnerability that increases phenformin efficacy in breast cancer.	Phenformin	87-97	signal transducer and activator of transcription 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
34367462-8	2021	Cell proliferation and tumor growth were strongly inhibited by biguanide phenformin via targeting of mitochondrial OXPHOS complex 1 in EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC cells.	Phenformin	73-83	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	135-139
34367462-10	2021	Recovery of glycolysis by hexokinase 2 overexpression in erlotinib-resistant H292 (H292 ER) cells significantly reduced the anticancer effects of phenformin.	Phenformin	146-156	hexokinase 2	Homo sapiens	26-38
34367462-11	2021	Conclusion: Long-term treatment with EGFR-TKIs causes reactivation of mitochondrial metabolism, resulting in vulnerability to OXPHOS inhibitor such as phenformin.	Phenformin	151-161	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	37-41
34377232-0	2021	Phenformin synergistically sensitizes liver cancer cells to sorafenib by downregulating CRAF/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways.	Phenformin	0-10	Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase	Homo sapiens	88-92
34377232-0	2021	Phenformin synergistically sensitizes liver cancer cells to sorafenib by downregulating CRAF/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways.	Phenformin	0-10	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	93-96
34377232-0	2021	Phenformin synergistically sensitizes liver cancer cells to sorafenib by downregulating CRAF/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways.	Phenformin	0-10	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	106-109
34377232-0	2021	Phenformin synergistically sensitizes liver cancer cells to sorafenib by downregulating CRAF/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways.	Phenformin	0-10	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	110-114
34377232-7	2021	Phenformin further bolstered the ability of sorafenib to inhibit the CRAF/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways.	Phenformin	0-10	Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase	Homo sapiens	69-73
34377232-7	2021	Phenformin further bolstered the ability of sorafenib to inhibit the CRAF/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways.	Phenformin	0-10	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	74-77
34377232-7	2021	Phenformin further bolstered the ability of sorafenib to inhibit the CRAF/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways.	Phenformin	0-10	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	87-90
34377232-7	2021	Phenformin further bolstered the ability of sorafenib to inhibit the CRAF/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways.	Phenformin	0-10	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	91-95
34377232-9	2021	Sorafenib and phenformin can synergistically suppress CRAF/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation in HCC cells, and may thus represent a promising approach to treating this deadly cancer.	Phenformin	14-24	Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase	Homo sapiens	54-58
34377232-9	2021	Sorafenib and phenformin can synergistically suppress CRAF/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation in HCC cells, and may thus represent a promising approach to treating this deadly cancer.	Phenformin	14-24	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	59-62
34377232-9	2021	Sorafenib and phenformin can synergistically suppress CRAF/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation in HCC cells, and may thus represent a promising approach to treating this deadly cancer.	Phenformin	14-24	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	72-75
34377232-9	2021	Sorafenib and phenformin can synergistically suppress CRAF/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation in HCC cells, and may thus represent a promising approach to treating this deadly cancer.	Phenformin	14-24	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	76-80
34161263-10	2021	Finally, we found that dual MCT1/4 inhibition also sensitized LCLs to killing by the electron transport chain complex I inhibitors phenformin and metformin.	Phenformin	131-141	solute carrier family 16 member 14	Homo sapiens	28-34
34083537-6	2021	Moreover, genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of NQO1 using beta-lapachone (an NQO1 bioactivatable drug) increases oxidative stress to selectively sensitize breast cancer models, including patient derived xenografts of HER2+ and triple negative disease, to the tumoricidal effects of phenformin.	Phenformin	295-305	NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	60-64
34083537-6	2021	Moreover, genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of NQO1 using beta-lapachone (an NQO1 bioactivatable drug) increases oxidative stress to selectively sensitize breast cancer models, including patient derived xenografts of HER2+ and triple negative disease, to the tumoricidal effects of phenformin.	Phenformin	295-305	NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	90-94
34083537-6	2021	Moreover, genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of NQO1 using beta-lapachone (an NQO1 bioactivatable drug) increases oxidative stress to selectively sensitize breast cancer models, including patient derived xenografts of HER2+ and triple negative disease, to the tumoricidal effects of phenformin.	Phenformin	295-305	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	230-234
34083537-4	2021	We now demonstrate that inflammatory mediators, including IFNgamma and polyIC, potentiate the cytotoxicity of phenformin by inducing a parallel increase in oxidative stress through STAT1-dependent mechanisms.	Phenformin	110-120	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	58-66
34083537-4	2021	We now demonstrate that inflammatory mediators, including IFNgamma and polyIC, potentiate the cytotoxicity of phenformin by inducing a parallel increase in oxidative stress through STAT1-dependent mechanisms.	Phenformin	110-120	signal transducer and activator of transcription 1	Homo sapiens	181-186
35421884-6	2022	Also, the competency of the phenformin drug in restoring the albumin levels in chronic hyperinsulinemic and hypercholesterolemic in vitro models has been established through the visualization approach.	Phenformin	28-38	albumin	Homo sapiens	61-68
35015172-0	2022	Phenformin increases early hematopoietic progenitors in the Jak2V617F murine model.	Phenformin	0-10	Janus kinase 2	Mus musculus	60-64
35015172-5	2022	RESULTS: In vitro phenformin treatment reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis in SET2 JAK2V67F cells.	Phenformin	18-28	Janus kinase 2	Homo sapiens	94-98
35015172-6	2022	Long-term treatment with 40 mg/kg phenformin in Jak2V617F knockin mice increased the frequency of LSK, myeloid progenitors (MP), and multipotent progenitors (MPP) in the bone marrow.	Phenformin	34-44	Janus kinase 2	Mus musculus	48-52
35015172-6	2022	Long-term treatment with 40 mg/kg phenformin in Jak2V617F knockin mice increased the frequency of LSK, myeloid progenitors (MP), and multipotent progenitors (MPP) in the bone marrow.	Phenformin	34-44	lymphocyte protein tyrosine kinase	Mus musculus	98-101
35015172-9	2022	CONCLUSIONS: Phenformin increased the percentages of LSK, MP, and MPP populations, but did not reduce disease burden in Jak2V617F-knockin mice.	Phenformin	13-23	lymphocyte protein tyrosine kinase	Mus musculus	53-56
6345751-3	1983	The antidiabetic action of phenformin and other related biguanides can be explained in terms of competition between these molecules and insulin to coordinate cationic oligoelements together with their ability to form hydrogen bonds between the biguanide moiety and insulin itself.	Phenformin	27-37	insulin	Homo sapiens	136-143
3829580-7	1987	Plasma phenformin concentrations correlated with lactate (r = 0.49; P less than 0.05) and HbA1 (r = 0.50; P less than 0.05) but not with drug dosage, parameters of diabetes control, creatinine, creatinine clearance, pyruvate, and clinical parameters.	Phenformin	7-17	hemoglobin subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	90-94
2883630-0	1986	[Effect of phenformin on the plasma somatostatin level in healthy persons].	Phenformin	11-21	somatostatin	Homo sapiens	36-48
6327744-0	1984	The effect of phenformin and other adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-lowering agents on insulin binding to IM-9 human cultured lymphocytes.	Phenformin	14-24	insulin	Homo sapiens	83-90
6327744-2	1984	After a 24-hr preincubation, phenformin induced a twofold increase in specific 125I-insulin binding, and removal of phenformin was followed 6 hr later by a return in binding to control levels.	Phenformin	29-39	insulin	Homo sapiens	84-91
6327744-3	1984	This effect of phenformin on insulin binding was not a consequence of either inhibition of cell growth, changes in cellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) levels, or changes in guanosine triphosphate (GTP) content.	Phenformin	15-25	insulin	Homo sapiens	29-36
6327744-5	1984	The phenformin-induced increase in insulin binding to IM-9 cells was related to a time- and dose-dependent decrease in ATP levels.	Phenformin	4-14	insulin	Homo sapiens	35-42
6327744-7	1984	These studies indicated, therefore, that phenformin enhances insulin binding to receptors on IM-9 cells and that this effect on insulin receptors may be related to alterations in metabolic functions that are reflected by a lowering of ATP levels.	Phenformin	41-51	insulin	Homo sapiens	61-68
6327744-7	1984	These studies indicated, therefore, that phenformin enhances insulin binding to receptors on IM-9 cells and that this effect on insulin receptors may be related to alterations in metabolic functions that are reflected by a lowering of ATP levels.	Phenformin	41-51	insulin	Homo sapiens	128-135
2798990-2	1989	After a pre-study period, each patient was allocated to a 6-month treatment with phenformin (50 mg bid) or metformin (850 mg bid) in random sequence.	Phenformin	81-91	BH3 interacting domain death agonist	Homo sapiens	99-102
6734405-3	1984	In contrast the two biguanides tested, phenformin and metformin, increased insulin binding in all cell types by 44 to 101%.	Phenformin	39-49	insulin	Homo sapiens	75-82
6345751-3	1983	The antidiabetic action of phenformin and other related biguanides can be explained in terms of competition between these molecules and insulin to coordinate cationic oligoelements together with their ability to form hydrogen bonds between the biguanide moiety and insulin itself.	Phenformin	27-37	insulin	Homo sapiens	265-272
6987125-0	1980	Phenformin increases insulin binding to human cultured breast cancer cells.	Phenformin	0-10	insulin	Homo sapiens	21-28
6290837-0	1982	Phenformin has opposite effects on insulin and growth hormone binding to IM-9 lymphocytes.	Phenformin	0-10	insulin	Homo sapiens	35-42
6290837-1	1982	We studied simultaneously the effect of various concentrations of phenformin on insulin and growth hormone binding to IM-9 lymphocytes, a cell type known to have receptors for both these hormones.	Phenformin	66-76	insulin	Homo sapiens	80-87
6290837-2	1982	After 24 hr preincubation with phenformin at 2 x 10(-5) M, insulin binding to IM-9 cells was increased by 80.4 +/- 10.5% over control (mean +/- SE of 10 experiments).	Phenformin	31-41	insulin	Homo sapiens	59-66
6290837-4	1982	This effect of phenformin was dose-dependent for both HGH and insulin binding over the concentration range 1.5 x 10(-6) M to 5 x 10(-5) M, and was already detectable 3 hr after phenformin addition.	Phenformin	15-25	insulin	Homo sapiens	62-69
6290837-4	1982	This effect of phenformin was dose-dependent for both HGH and insulin binding over the concentration range 1.5 x 10(-6) M to 5 x 10(-5) M, and was already detectable 3 hr after phenformin addition.	Phenformin	177-187	insulin	Homo sapiens	62-69
6290837-5	1982	These data indicate that phenformin has an opposite effect on insulin and growth hormone binding to IM-9 cells.	Phenformin	25-35	insulin	Homo sapiens	62-69
6290837-6	1982	Several possible mechanisms might be suggested for the decrease of HGH binding sites induced by phenformin: the simultaneous opposite effect on HGH and insulin receptors raises the possibility that some metabolic event triggered by the drug is able to induce opposite changes in the binding of these two hormones with different biological activities.	Phenformin	96-106	insulin	Homo sapiens	152-159
7020721-0	1981	[Serum prolactin in obese subjects with glucose intolerance before and after treatment with phenformin].	Phenformin	92-102	prolactin	Homo sapiens	7-16
7382828-0	1980	The mechanism of the acute hypoglycemic action of phenformin (DBI).	Phenformin	50-60	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	62-65
7033271-2	1982	After a 24-h preincubation with maximal stimulatory concentrations of phenformin, specific [125I] insulin binding to its receptors in the four different cell lines were increased over control by 67.2 +/ 17.0%, 101.3 +/- 11.5%, 65.1 +/- 8.0%, and 44.0 +/- 12.1%, respectively (mean +/- SE).	Phenformin	70-80	insulin	Homo sapiens	98-105
7033271-3	1982	Phenformin was effective in IM-9 cells that were down-regulated by unlabeled insulin, and the effect of phenformin on insulin binding was not affected by inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide.	Phenformin	0-10	insulin	Homo sapiens	77-84
7033271-3	1982	Phenformin was effective in IM-9 cells that were down-regulated by unlabeled insulin, and the effect of phenformin on insulin binding was not affected by inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide.	Phenformin	104-114	insulin	Homo sapiens	118-125
7033271-5	1982	Scatchard plots indicated that phenformin increased the insulin receptor"s affinity rather than the number of insulin-binding sites on IM-9 cells.	Phenformin	31-41	insulin receptor	Homo sapiens	56-72
7033271-5	1982	Scatchard plots indicated that phenformin increased the insulin receptor"s affinity rather than the number of insulin-binding sites on IM-9 cells.	Phenformin	31-41	insulin	Homo sapiens	56-63
7020090-10	1981	Insulin therapy has been found to be quite useful in the treatment of phenformin-associated lactic acidosis and is recommended in this setting.	Phenformin	70-80	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
7024393-0	1981	Phenformin stimulation of insulin binding to human cultured lymphocytes.	Phenformin	0-10	insulin	Homo sapiens	26-33
7024393-1	1981	The effects of the oral hypoglycemic agent, phenformin, were studied on the binding of 125I-insulin to its receptors in IM-9 human cultured lymphocytes.	Phenformin	44-54	insulin	Homo sapiens	92-99
7024393-2	1981	Three h after the addition of 5 microgram/ml of phenformin to these cells there was detectable stimulation of 125I-insulin binding; maximal effects were seen after 18 h. A detectable effect of phenformin was seen at 1 microgram/ml and maximal effects were seen at 5 microgram/ml.	Phenformin	48-58	insulin	Homo sapiens	115-122
7024393-2	1981	Three h after the addition of 5 microgram/ml of phenformin to these cells there was detectable stimulation of 125I-insulin binding; maximal effects were seen after 18 h. A detectable effect of phenformin was seen at 1 microgram/ml and maximal effects were seen at 5 microgram/ml.	Phenformin	193-203	insulin	Homo sapiens	115-122
7024393-3	1981	These studies demonstrate therefore than phenformin increases the binding of 125I-insulin to human cultured lymphocytes, and raise the possibility that phenformin could act in vivo to regulate insulin receptors.	Phenformin	41-51	insulin	Homo sapiens	82-89
7024393-3	1981	These studies demonstrate therefore than phenformin increases the binding of 125I-insulin to human cultured lymphocytes, and raise the possibility that phenformin could act in vivo to regulate insulin receptors.	Phenformin	152-162	insulin	Homo sapiens	82-89
7024393-3	1981	These studies demonstrate therefore than phenformin increases the binding of 125I-insulin to human cultured lymphocytes, and raise the possibility that phenformin could act in vivo to regulate insulin receptors.	Phenformin	152-162	insulin	Homo sapiens	193-200
6987125-1	1980	The effect of the hypoglycemic biguanide, phenformin, on the binding of insulin to MCF-7 cells, an in vitro line derived from a human breast cancer, has been investigated.	Phenformin	42-52	insulin	Homo sapiens	72-79
6987125-2	1980	Cells incubated for 24 h in the presence of 1.0 micrograms/ml of phenformin bound 62.2 +/- 8.1% (mean +/- SE) more 125I-insulin than did controls.	Phenformin	65-75	insulin	Homo sapiens	120-127
6987125-5	1980	This demonstration of increased receptor number in response to phenformin exposure provides support for the hypothesis that one action of phenformin is to enhance tissue sensitivity to insulin.	Phenformin	63-73	insulin	Homo sapiens	185-192
6987125-5	1980	This demonstration of increased receptor number in response to phenformin exposure provides support for the hypothesis that one action of phenformin is to enhance tissue sensitivity to insulin.	Phenformin	138-148	insulin	Homo sapiens	185-192
27398-4	1978	Exogenous or endogenous insulin combined with sodium dichloracetate reduced the hyperlactatemia and hyperpyruvicemia as well as the changes in blood pH provoked by phenformin, more strongly than did sodium dichloroacetate alone.	Phenformin	164-174	insulin	Canis lupus familiaris	24-31
368813-0	1979	Insulin-lowering effect of phenformin not mediated by inhibition of gastric inhibitory polypeptide.	Phenformin	27-37	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
7454606-2	1980	In rats receiving daily oral doses of tolbutamide (100 mg/kg) or phenformin (50 mg/kg) for the last 7 days of DPH treatment, the blood glucose level did not differ from those in the control group; in rats receiving the low doses of DHP, the reduction in hepatic glycogen content was prevented by either hypoglycemic drug; in rats receiving the high dose of DPH in combination with the hypoglycemics the glycogen reduction was smaller than in rats receiving DPH alone.	Phenformin	65-75	dihydropyrimidinase	Rattus norvegicus	232-235
20198-1	1977	In the normal anesthetized dog the combination of insulin, whether of exogenous or endogenous origin, with sodium dichloroacetate provoke a rapid and important reduction of the hyperlactatemia and hyperpyruvicemia induced by the intraduodenal injection of high doses of phenformin.	Phenformin	270-280	insulin	Canis lupus familiaris	50-57
921092-4	1977	Taken together with results from animal studies, these data suggest that insulin is the treatment of choice for phenformin-associated lactic acidosis.	Phenformin	112-122	insulin	Homo sapiens	73-80
908474-3	1977	Phenformin was found to decrease postprandial hyperglycaemia significantly when compared with control values, and its addition to insulin further decreased the postprandial glucose rise below that found with insulin alone (p less than 0.005).	Phenformin	0-10	insulin	Homo sapiens	208-215
145295-4	1977	On the other hand, epididymal fat pads of rats pretreated with phenformin display a lower response to insulin than that of non treated rats.	Phenformin	63-73	insulin	Canis lupus familiaris	102-109
145295-5	1977	The hypoglycemic effect of the same dose of insulin is less important in the normal dog after chronic pretreatment with phenformin.	Phenformin	120-130	insulin	Canis lupus familiaris	44-51
1181670-12	1975	During oral glucose loading phenformin caused a significant fall in blood glucose levels, accompanied by an increased insulin response in one patient.	Phenformin	28-38	insulin	Homo sapiens	118-125
1149944-2	1975	Phenformin has shown the characteristic properties of an antifibrinopathic agent in that it prolongs thrombin time and enhances fibrinolysis.	Phenformin	0-10	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	101-109
1138241-0	1975	[Effect of phenformin on plasma levels of insulin, growth hormone, and pancreatic as well as intestinal glucagon in diabetics].	Phenformin	11-21	insulin	Homo sapiens	42-49
168107-6	1975	After treatment with phenformin, the fasting plasma gut GLI was higher than the control value in eleven of thirteen patients.	Phenformin	21-31	GLI family zinc finger 1	Homo sapiens	56-59
168107-9	1975	The hypothesis is advanced that the phenformin-induced increase in gut GLI secretion may bring about competition of the latter with pancreatic glucagon for receptors in liver cell membranes, reducing the effect of glucagon on the liver, and thus contributing to a decrease in glycaemia.	Phenformin	36-46	GLI family zinc finger 1	Homo sapiens	71-74
1179037-1	1975	Phenformin and metformin have a stimulating effect on lipolysis as determined by the action of mouse pancreas lipase on the dilauric (dido-decanoic) acid ester of fluorescein.	Phenformin	0-10	lipase, endothelial	Mus musculus	110-116
804684-0	1975	[Daily curves of blood sugar and serum insulin after treatment with various combinations of glibenclamide and phenformin].	Phenformin	110-120	insulin	Homo sapiens	39-46
1149944-6	1975	The metabolic, haematological and clinical benefits of phenformin and its limitations in maturity onset diabetes and atherosclerosis may be explained by the effects of the drug upon the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction.	Phenformin	55-65	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	186-194
1120543-0	1975	Insulin therapy in phenformin-associated lactic acidosis; a case report, biochemical considerations and review of the literature.	Phenformin	19-29	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
1120543-1	1975	A patient with phenformin-associated lactic acidosis was treated with insulin and showed marked improvement coincident with the expected onset of action of the insulin administered.	Phenformin	15-25	insulin	Homo sapiens	70-77
1120543-1	1975	A patient with phenformin-associated lactic acidosis was treated with insulin and showed marked improvement coincident with the expected onset of action of the insulin administered.	Phenformin	15-25	insulin	Homo sapiens	160-167
5134293-0	1971	Effect of phenformin and chlorpropamide on renin activity in the rat.	Phenformin	10-20	renin	Rattus norvegicus	43-48
4196521-0	1973	[Exogenous and endogenous insulin inhibit hyperlactacidemia induced in dogs by administration of phenformin].	Phenformin	97-107	insulin	Canis lupus familiaris	26-33
4570364-0	1972	Increased levels of plasma insulin and eleven hydroxycorticosteroid induced by sucrose, and their reduction by phenformin.	Phenformin	111-121	insulin	Homo sapiens	27-34
4995366-0	1971	[Experimental demonstration of the simulating action of biguanides (phenformin, metformin) on insulin secretion].	Phenformin	68-78	insulin	Homo sapiens	94-101
4213806-0	1973	[Effects of the association of phenformin and glibenclamide on insulin secretion in anesthetized dogs].	Phenformin	31-41	insulin	Canis lupus familiaris	63-70
6005291-0	1966	[Study on the effect of phenethylbiguanide on responses to insulin, tolbutamide and glucose in diabetes mellitus].	Phenformin	24-42	insulin	Homo sapiens	59-66
4914612-3	1970	Eleven patients while on phenformin noticed hypoglycaemic effects and reduced their insulin on average by almost 20% without resultant rise in blood sugar levels.	Phenformin	25-35	insulin	Homo sapiens	84-91
5377002-0	1969	[Association of phenformin with insulin therapy in treatment of diabetes in children and adolescents].	Phenformin	16-26	insulin	Homo sapiens	32-39
5249668-0	1968	Phenformin (DBI) in medical practice.	Phenformin	0-10	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	12-15
5329863-0	1966	Combination oral antidiabetic therapy with acetohexamide (Dymelor) and phenformin (DBI).	Phenformin	71-81	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	83-86
5848851-0	1965	Role of phenformin (DBI) as an adjuvant in oral antidiabetic therapy.	Phenformin	8-18	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	20-23
5941678-0	1966	[Effect of phenylethylbiguanide on the response to insulin, tolbutamide and glucose administration in patients with diabetes mellitus].	Phenformin	11-31	insulin	Homo sapiens	51-58
5241474-0	1968	Effects of phenformin on insulin reserve and release.	Phenformin	11-21	insulin	Homo sapiens	25-32
14226330-0	1964	PHENFORMIN (DBI) IN TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS.	Phenformin	0-10	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	12-15
13950627-0	1963	Reduction by phenformin of excessive insulin levels after glucose loading in obese and diabetic subjects.	Phenformin	13-23	insulin	Homo sapiens	37-44
14100285-0	1963	METABOLIC EFFECTS OF PHENETHYLBIGUANIDE (DBI) ON THE ISOLATED PERFUSED RAT HEART.	Phenformin	21-39	diazepam binding inhibitor	Rattus norvegicus	41-44
14475248-0	1962	On the use of phenformin to reduce high insulin requirements in diabetes mellitus.	Phenformin	14-24	insulin	Homo sapiens	40-47
14027367-0	1963	[Phenylethylbiguanide (DBI) and the treatment of diabetes].	Phenformin	1-21	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	23-26
14465774-0	1962	[Treatment of diabetes in the adult with phenformin (DBI).	Phenformin	41-51	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	53-56
13873641-0	1962	Long-term experience with DBI (phenformin).	Phenformin	31-41	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	26-29
13899656-0	1962	The influence of phenformin (DBI) on "prediabetes".	Phenformin	17-27	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	29-32
14465775-0	1962	[Treatment of diabetes in the adult with phenformin (DBI).	Phenformin	41-51	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	53-56
13964514-0	1962	[Phenylethylbiguanide (DBI) in diabetes treated with insulin].	Phenformin	1-21	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	23-26
13964514-0	1962	[Phenylethylbiguanide (DBI) in diabetes treated with insulin].	Phenformin	1-21	insulin	Homo sapiens	53-60
5829577-0	1965	[Clinical experiments with DBI in the treatment of diabetes (DBI or instantaneous-retard phenyl-ethyl-biguanide).	Phenformin	89-111	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	27-30
13886610-0	1961	Placebo-controlled study with phenformin (DBI) in diabetic children.	Phenformin	30-40	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	42-45
13694968-0	1961	[Experience with phenformin (DBI) in diabetes mellitus].	Phenformin	17-27	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	29-32
13864262-0	1961	[Effect of phenethylbiguanide (DBI) on the fasting blood sugar and the glucide assimilation coefficient of of the normal rat during chronic treatment].	Phenformin	11-29	diazepam binding inhibitor	Rattus norvegicus	31-34
13796679-0	1960	Clinical evaluation of phenformin (DBI) in office practice.	Phenformin	23-33	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	35-38
13711596-0	1961	Clinical investigation of phenethylbiguanide (DBI).	Phenformin	26-44	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	46-49
13817095-0	1960	Phenformin (DBI) therapy in diabetes mellitus.	Phenformin	0-10	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	12-15
13710919-0	1960	[Action of phenformin (phenylethylbiguanide or DBI) on organo-aciduria in diabetics (Preliminary note)].	Phenformin	11-21	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	47-50
13673689-0	1959	Phenformin (DBI) in the management of diabetes mellitus.	Phenformin	0-10	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	12-15
13663711-0	1959	Metabolic and endocrine studies with phenethyldiguanide (DBI).	Phenformin	37-55	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	57-60
13667116-0	1959	THE HYPOGLYCEMIC action of phenethylbiguanide (DBI).	Phenformin	27-45	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	47-50
13796166-0	1960	DBI (phenformin) in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.	Phenformin	5-15	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	0-3
14420839-0	1960	Symposium on "a new oral hypoglycemic agent, phenformin (DBI)": general summary.	Phenformin	45-55	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	57-60
13653865-0	1959	[A new medicamentous therapeutic for diabetes: oral administration of phenethyl diguanide (DBI)].	Phenformin	70-89	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	91-94
13638834-1	1959	Phenethylbiguanide (DBI) was given to 70 unselected but not obese diabetic patients who were receiving restricted diabetic diets.	Phenformin	0-18	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	20-23
13614944-0	1958	[Toxicity of phenethyldiguanide (DBI)].	Phenformin	13-31	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	33-36
13856280-0	1959	Use of phenethyl diguanide (DBI) for treatment of diabetes mellitus.	Phenformin	7-26	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	28-31
13652024-0	1959	Clinical experience with DBI (phenformin) in the management of diabetes.	Phenformin	30-40	diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein	Homo sapiens	25-28
33865459-15	2021	Additionally, the expressions of PCK1 and ABAT were raised in HepG2 cells pre-treated with metformin and phenformin.	Phenformin	105-115	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1	Homo sapiens	33-37
33865459-15	2021	Additionally, the expressions of PCK1 and ABAT were raised in HepG2 cells pre-treated with metformin and phenformin.	Phenformin	105-115	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase	Homo sapiens	42-46
33058782-4	2021	Using a liver-specific partial and acute deletion of Crif1, a critical mitoribosomal component for protein synthesis, we found that mice were protected against sepsis, an observation that was phenocopied by the transient inhibition of complex I of the ETC by phenformin.	Phenformin	259-269	growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, gamma interacting protein 1	Mus musculus	53-58
33918472-2	2021	"The Combination of Loss of ALDH1L1 Function and Phenformin Treatment Decreases Tumor Growth in KRAS-Driven Lung Cancer" Cancers 2020, 12, 1382.	Phenformin	49-59	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	96-100
33537098-10	2021	Conclusion: Inhibitions of ALDH7A1 and oxidative phosphorylation using gossypol and phenformin resulted in a regression of tumor formation in xenograft mice model and KPC mice model.	Phenformin	84-94	aldehyde dehydrogenase family 7, member A1	Mus musculus	27-34
33752282-8	2021	The cell growth and Bcl-2 expression level suppressed under hypoxia were reversed with a decrease of the induced Hif-1alpha and Cav-1 levels after AMPK activation with metformin (1 mM) or phenformin (0.1 microM).	Phenformin	188-198	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	20-25
33752282-8	2021	The cell growth and Bcl-2 expression level suppressed under hypoxia were reversed with a decrease of the induced Hif-1alpha and Cav-1 levels after AMPK activation with metformin (1 mM) or phenformin (0.1 microM).	Phenformin	188-198	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	113-123
32512502-6	2020	In support of this, FOXA1 amplification was correlated with increased sensitivity to the complex I inhibitor phenformin.	Phenformin	109-119	forkhead box A1	Homo sapiens	20-25
32619504-2	2021	We have reported the anti-tumor activities of phenformin to enhance the efficacy of BRAF-MEK-ERK pathway inhibition and to inhibit myeloid-derived suppressor cells in various melanoma models.	Phenformin	46-56	Braf transforming gene	Mus musculus	84-88
32619504-2	2021	We have reported the anti-tumor activities of phenformin to enhance the efficacy of BRAF-MEK-ERK pathway inhibition and to inhibit myeloid-derived suppressor cells in various melanoma models.	Phenformin	46-56	midkine	Mus musculus	89-92
32619504-2	2021	We have reported the anti-tumor activities of phenformin to enhance the efficacy of BRAF-MEK-ERK pathway inhibition and to inhibit myeloid-derived suppressor cells in various melanoma models.	Phenformin	46-56	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Mus musculus	93-96
32619504-5	2021	Mechanistically, phenformin induces the nuclear translocation of NFATc1 in keratinocytes in an AMPK-dependent manner.	Phenformin	17-27	nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin dependent 1	Mus musculus	65-71
32383028-0	2020	Phenformin inhibits proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma cells via AMPK-mTOR and HIF-1A pathways.	Phenformin	0-10	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	94-98
32383028-0	2020	Phenformin inhibits proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma cells via AMPK-mTOR and HIF-1A pathways.	Phenformin	0-10	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	99-103
32383028-0	2020	Phenformin inhibits proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma cells via AMPK-mTOR and HIF-1A pathways.	Phenformin	0-10	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	108-114
32383028-1	2020	Phenformin (Phen), a potent activator of AMPK, is effective against some resistant cancers.	Phenformin	0-10	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	41-45
32383028-1	2020	Phenformin (Phen), a potent activator of AMPK, is effective against some resistant cancers.	Phenformin	0-4	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	41-45
32597315-7	2021	Phenformin, quercetin, and ritonavir all demonstrated prospective binding affinities for COVID-19 PLpro over 50 ns MD simulations, with binding energy values of -56.6, -40.9, and -37.6 kcal/mol, respectively.	Phenformin	0-10	ORF1a polyprotein;ORF1ab polyprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	98-103
31288625-6	2019	Genetic studies of the role of AMPK in mouse cancer suggest that, before disease arises, AMPK acts as a tumour suppressor that protects against cancer, with this protection being further enhanced by AMPK activators such as the biguanide phenformin.	Phenformin	237-247	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	31-35
32478334-4	2020	Using both classic (phenformin) and newly developed (IM156) biguanides, we demonstrate that elevated miR-17~92 expression in Myc + lymphoma cells promotes increased apoptosis to biguanide treatment in vitro and in vivo.	Phenformin	20-30	miR-17-92a-1 cluster host gene	Homo sapiens	101-110
32398698-7	2020	Conversely, the combination of methotrexate with the AMPK activator, phenformin, potentiates its anti-proliferative activity in cancer cells.	Phenformin	69-79	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	53-57
32373541-8	2020	More importantly, HDFs pretreated with cyclosporine A or phenformin to induce ATF3 expression inhibited melanoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo.	Phenformin	57-67	activating transcription factor 3	Homo sapiens	78-82
31278880-9	2019	Therefore, metformin and phenformin may represent a novel strategy for the treatment of chemoresistant rectal cancer by targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and transforming growth factor-beta/Smad signaling.	Phenformin	25-35	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Homo sapiens	130-180
30783947-1	2019	We recently characterized the cytotoxic action of a novel phenformin derivative, 2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethylbiguanide (2-Cl-Phen), on HT-29 cells under a serum- and glucose-deprived condition and found that 2-Cl-Phen attenuated ATF4 and GRP78, typical downstream targets of the unfolded protein response (UPR), together with c-Myc protein expression in a transcriptional and posttranscriptional manner.	Phenformin	58-68	activating transcription factor 4	Homo sapiens	224-228
30783947-1	2019	We recently characterized the cytotoxic action of a novel phenformin derivative, 2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethylbiguanide (2-Cl-Phen), on HT-29 cells under a serum- and glucose-deprived condition and found that 2-Cl-Phen attenuated ATF4 and GRP78, typical downstream targets of the unfolded protein response (UPR), together with c-Myc protein expression in a transcriptional and posttranscriptional manner.	Phenformin	58-68	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Homo sapiens	233-238
30783947-1	2019	We recently characterized the cytotoxic action of a novel phenformin derivative, 2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethylbiguanide (2-Cl-Phen), on HT-29 cells under a serum- and glucose-deprived condition and found that 2-Cl-Phen attenuated ATF4 and GRP78, typical downstream targets of the unfolded protein response (UPR), together with c-Myc protein expression in a transcriptional and posttranscriptional manner.	Phenformin	58-68	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	321-326
32481524-0	2020	The Combination of Loss of ALDH1L1 Function and Phenformin Treatment Decreases Tumor Growth in KRAS-Driven Lung Cancer.	Phenformin	48-58	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	95-99
32481524-5	2020	By contrast, the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation inhibition using phenformin in Aldh1l1-/-; KrasLA2 mice dramatically decreased the number of tumor nodules and tumor area by up to 50%.	Phenformin	74-84	aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member L1	Mus musculus	88-95
32224876-11	2020	The beneficial effects of phenformin are probably due to inhibition of the STAT3 pathway and mitochondrial complex I.	Phenformin	26-36	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Mus musculus	75-80
32049007-3	2020	Phenformin inhibits mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (mGPD), a component of the glycerophosphate shuttle, and causes elevations of intracellular NADH content.	Phenformin	0-10	atypical chemokine receptor 1 (Duffy blood group)	Mus musculus	66-70
32049007-4	2020	Inhibition of mGPD mimics phenformin action and promotes an association between corepressor CtBP2 and Gli1, thereby inhibiting Hh transcriptional output and tumor growth.	Phenformin	26-36	atypical chemokine receptor 1 (Duffy blood group)	Mus musculus	14-18
32049007-5	2020	Because ablation of CtBP2 abrogates the therapeutic effect of phenformin in mice, these data illustrate a biguanide-mediated redox/corepressor interplay, which may represent a relevant target for tumor therapy.	Phenformin	62-72	C-terminal binding protein 2	Mus musculus	20-25
31713449-5	2019	Pre-treatment with phenformin increased hatching rate, spontaneous movement, heart beat, and larval motor activity, decreased mortality and malformation rate, increased SOD, CAT, and AChE activities, and reduced MDA compared to irradiation-only embryos.	Phenformin	19-29	superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial	Danio rerio	169-172
31713449-5	2019	Pre-treatment with phenformin increased hatching rate, spontaneous movement, heart beat, and larval motor activity, decreased mortality and malformation rate, increased SOD, CAT, and AChE activities, and reduced MDA compared to irradiation-only embryos.	Phenformin	19-29	catalase	Danio rerio	174-177
31713449-5	2019	Pre-treatment with phenformin increased hatching rate, spontaneous movement, heart beat, and larval motor activity, decreased mortality and malformation rate, increased SOD, CAT, and AChE activities, and reduced MDA compared to irradiation-only embryos.	Phenformin	19-29	acetylcholinesterase	Danio rerio	183-187
31713449-6	2019	The mRNA expression levels of anti-apoptotic sod2, bdnf, ache, and bcl-2 were enhanced while mRNA expression of p53 and pro-apoptotic bax were reduced in the phenformin pre-treatment group.	Phenformin	158-168	superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial	Danio rerio	45-49
31713449-6	2019	The mRNA expression levels of anti-apoptotic sod2, bdnf, ache, and bcl-2 were enhanced while mRNA expression of p53 and pro-apoptotic bax were reduced in the phenformin pre-treatment group.	Phenformin	158-168	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Danio rerio	51-55
31713449-6	2019	The mRNA expression levels of anti-apoptotic sod2, bdnf, ache, and bcl-2 were enhanced while mRNA expression of p53 and pro-apoptotic bax were reduced in the phenformin pre-treatment group.	Phenformin	158-168	BCL2 apoptosis regulator a	Danio rerio	67-72
31713449-6	2019	The mRNA expression levels of anti-apoptotic sod2, bdnf, ache, and bcl-2 were enhanced while mRNA expression of p53 and pro-apoptotic bax were reduced in the phenformin pre-treatment group.	Phenformin	158-168	tumor protein p53	Danio rerio	112-115
31713449-6	2019	The mRNA expression levels of anti-apoptotic sod2, bdnf, ache, and bcl-2 were enhanced while mRNA expression of p53 and pro-apoptotic bax were reduced in the phenformin pre-treatment group.	Phenformin	158-168	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator a	Danio rerio	134-137
31713449-7	2019	Further, p53, Bax, and gamma-H2AX (a biomarker of DNA damage) were downregulated while Bcl-2 and BDNF were upregulated by phenformin pre-treatment.	Phenformin	122-132	BCL2 apoptosis regulator a	Danio rerio	87-92
31713449-7	2019	Further, p53, Bax, and gamma-H2AX (a biomarker of DNA damage) were downregulated while Bcl-2 and BDNF were upregulated by phenformin pre-treatment.	Phenformin	122-132	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Danio rerio	97-101
31705020-6	2019	Therefore, blockade of ALDH3A1 together with mitochondrial complex I using gossypol and phenformin led to significant therapeutic effects in a preclinical gastric cancer model.	Phenformin	88-98	aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A1	Homo sapiens	23-30
31741708-3	2019	Normal human thyrocytes in primary cultures (NHT) and thyroid cancer cell lines, TPC-1 and 8505C (RET/PTC and BRAFV600E mutated, respectively) were treated with increasing concentrations of phenformin at different times.	Phenformin	190-200	two pore segment channel 1	Homo sapiens	81-86
31741708-6	2019	Phenformin reduced cell-viability in TPC-1 and 8505C and their ability to form colonies.	Phenformin	0-10	two pore segment channel 1	Homo sapiens	37-42
31741708-7	2019	In NHT cells, phenformin affected cell-viability only at the maximal dose but interestingly it inhibited CXCL8 secretion at all the concentrations not affecting cell-viability.	Phenformin	14-24	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	105-110
31741708-9	2019	Thus, phenformin exerts anti-cancer effects on both cancer cells (cell death induction) and surrounding normal cells (inhibition of CXCL8 secretion).	Phenformin	6-16	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	132-137
31649535-0	2019	Dual Inhibition of Pirarubicin-Induced AKT and ERK Activations by Phenformin Sensitively Suppresses Bladder Cancer Growth.	Phenformin	66-76	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	39-42
31649535-0	2019	Dual Inhibition of Pirarubicin-Induced AKT and ERK Activations by Phenformin Sensitively Suppresses Bladder Cancer Growth.	Phenformin	66-76	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	47-50
31649535-6	2019	On the other hand, we revealed that phenformin efficiently inhibited both Akt and Erk1/2 phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner.	Phenformin	36-46	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	74-77
31649535-6	2019	On the other hand, we revealed that phenformin efficiently inhibited both Akt and Erk1/2 phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner.	Phenformin	36-46	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Homo sapiens	82-88
31288625-6	2019	Genetic studies of the role of AMPK in mouse cancer suggest that, before disease arises, AMPK acts as a tumour suppressor that protects against cancer, with this protection being further enhanced by AMPK activators such as the biguanide phenformin.	Phenformin	237-247	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	89-93
31288625-6	2019	Genetic studies of the role of AMPK in mouse cancer suggest that, before disease arises, AMPK acts as a tumour suppressor that protects against cancer, with this protection being further enhanced by AMPK activators such as the biguanide phenformin.	Phenformin	237-247	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	89-93
31262874-3	2019	Phenformin-induced apoptotic FaDu cell death and its associated cellular signaling pathways were investigated by hematoxylin and eosin staining, 4",6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, caspase-3 activity assay, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, and western blotting.	Phenformin	0-10	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	185-194
31262874-5	2019	Furthermore, treatment with phenformin increased caspase-3 activity and apoptotic populations via the caspase cascade through cleavage of capspase-8, -9, and -3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in FaDu cells.	Phenformin	28-38	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	49-58
31262874-5	2019	Furthermore, treatment with phenformin increased caspase-3 activity and apoptotic populations via the caspase cascade through cleavage of capspase-8, -9, and -3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in FaDu cells.	Phenformin	28-38	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	165-192
31262874-6	2019	Moreover, phosphorylation levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases, nuclear factor-kappaB, and AKT were down-regulated in FaDu cells by phenformin.	Phenformin	139-149	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	98-101
30459716-7	2018	Enzymatic assays confirmed that the net biochemical effect of metformin and other biguanides such as a phenformin was to improve the catalytic efficiency of SIRT1 operating in conditions of low NAD+ in vitro.	Phenformin	103-113	sirtuin 1	Homo sapiens	157-162
30995468-0	2019	Phenformin, But Not Metformin, Delays Development of T Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma via Cell-Autonomous AMPK Activation.	Phenformin	0-10	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	118-122
30995468-2	2019	AMPK is activated by biguanides, such as metformin and phenformin, and metformin use in diabetics has been associated with reduced cancer risk.	Phenformin	55-65	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
30995468-5	2019	Oral administration of phenformin, but not metformin, delayed onset and growth of lymphomas, but only when T cells expressed AMPK-alpha1.	Phenformin	23-33	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	125-136
29991651-0	2018	IKK promotes cytokine-induced and cancer-associated AMPK activity and attenuates phenformin-induced cell death in LKB1-deficient cells.	Phenformin	81-91	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	114-118
30483391-0	2018	Combination of metformin and phenformin synergistically inhibits proliferation and hTERT expression in human breast cancer cells.	Phenformin	29-39	telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens	83-88
30483391-9	2018	Real-time PCR results revealed that hTERT expression was significantly reduced in both breast cancer cell lines treated with MET+PHE than the single treatments.	Phenformin	129-132	telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens	36-41
29691292-0	2018	Phenformin-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction Sensitizes Hepatocellular Carcinoma for Dual Inhibition of mTOR.	Phenformin	0-10	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	104-108
30483391-10	2018	In comparison between two types of breast cancer cells, it was detected that MET+PHE could further decline hTERT expression in MDA-MB-231cells than in T47D cells (P<0.001).	Phenformin	81-84	telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens	107-112
30157433-3	2018	We show that phenformin or genetic defects in complex I suppressed autophagy induced by mTOR inhibitors, whereas autophagy was enhanced by strategies that increased mitochondrial metabolism.	Phenformin	13-23	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	88-92
29691292-8	2018	However, more strikingly, pretreatment with phenformin sensitized tumors to dual inhibition of mTOR, leading to a dramatic improvement in survival.Conclusions: Treatment of HCC cells in vitro with the biguanide phenformin causes a metabolic shift to glycolysis, mitochondrial dysfunction and fragmentation, and dramatically sensitizes orthotopic liver tumors to dual inhibition of mTOR.	Phenformin	44-54	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	95-99
29691292-8	2018	However, more strikingly, pretreatment with phenformin sensitized tumors to dual inhibition of mTOR, leading to a dramatic improvement in survival.Conclusions: Treatment of HCC cells in vitro with the biguanide phenformin causes a metabolic shift to glycolysis, mitochondrial dysfunction and fragmentation, and dramatically sensitizes orthotopic liver tumors to dual inhibition of mTOR.	Phenformin	44-54	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	381-385
29691292-8	2018	However, more strikingly, pretreatment with phenformin sensitized tumors to dual inhibition of mTOR, leading to a dramatic improvement in survival.Conclusions: Treatment of HCC cells in vitro with the biguanide phenformin causes a metabolic shift to glycolysis, mitochondrial dysfunction and fragmentation, and dramatically sensitizes orthotopic liver tumors to dual inhibition of mTOR.	Phenformin	211-221	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	95-99
29691292-8	2018	However, more strikingly, pretreatment with phenformin sensitized tumors to dual inhibition of mTOR, leading to a dramatic improvement in survival.Conclusions: Treatment of HCC cells in vitro with the biguanide phenformin causes a metabolic shift to glycolysis, mitochondrial dysfunction and fragmentation, and dramatically sensitizes orthotopic liver tumors to dual inhibition of mTOR.	Phenformin	211-221	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	381-385
29991651-7	2018	Accordingly, in LKB1-deficient cells, IKK inhibition reduced AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation in response to the mitochondrial inhibitor phenformin.	Phenformin	132-142	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	16-20
29991651-7	2018	Accordingly, in LKB1-deficient cells, IKK inhibition reduced AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation in response to the mitochondrial inhibitor phenformin.	Phenformin	132-142	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	61-65
29294080-5	2018	Methods: For inhibition of ALDH and OxPhos, the corresponding inhibitors, gossypol and phenformin were used.	Phenformin	87-97	aldehyde dehydrogenase family 3, subfamily A1	Mus musculus	27-31
30053908-0	2018	Phenformin alone or combined with gefitinib inhibits bladder cancer via AMPK and EGFR pathways.	Phenformin	0-10	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	72-76
30053908-0	2018	Phenformin alone or combined with gefitinib inhibits bladder cancer via AMPK and EGFR pathways.	Phenformin	0-10	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	81-85
30053908-6	2018	The potential involvement of AMPK and EGFR pathways in the effects of phenformin and gefitinib was explored using Western blotting.	Phenformin	70-80	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	29-33
30053908-6	2018	The potential involvement of AMPK and EGFR pathways in the effects of phenformin and gefitinib was explored using Western blotting.	Phenformin	70-80	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	38-42
28433543-5	2017	Co-treatment of phenformin enhances the effect of anti-PD-1 antibody therapy on inhibiting tumor growth in the BRAF V600E/PTEN-null melanoma mouse model.	Phenformin	16-26	phosphatase and tensin homolog	Mus musculus	122-126
29436644-6	2018	Phenformin partly activated the liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/5" AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway to exert its biological effects on CCA cell lines, as demonstrated by knockdown of LKB1, which reversed these effects.	Phenformin	0-10	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	32-47
29436644-6	2018	Phenformin partly activated the liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/5" AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway to exert its biological effects on CCA cell lines, as demonstrated by knockdown of LKB1, which reversed these effects.	Phenformin	0-10	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	49-53
29436644-6	2018	Phenformin partly activated the liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/5" AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway to exert its biological effects on CCA cell lines, as demonstrated by knockdown of LKB1, which reversed these effects.	Phenformin	0-10	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	188-192
29589999-11	2018	The IL-1beta-induced hyaluronan production and mRNA expression of IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were also significantly suppressed after metformin or phenformin co-treatment.	Phenformin	182-192	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	4-12
29589999-11	2018	The IL-1beta-induced hyaluronan production and mRNA expression of IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were also significantly suppressed after metformin or phenformin co-treatment.	Phenformin	182-192	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	66-70
29589999-11	2018	The IL-1beta-induced hyaluronan production and mRNA expression of IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were also significantly suppressed after metformin or phenformin co-treatment.	Phenformin	182-192	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Homo sapiens	72-127
29480485-5	2018	Two different compounds, AICAr and the biguanide phenformin, were used to promote AMPK activation.	Phenformin	49-59	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	82-86
29245964-7	2017	In three OC cell lines, phenformin significantly inhibited cellular proliferation, induced cell cycle G1 arrest and apoptosis, caused cellular stress, inhibited adhesion and invasion, and activation of AMPK and inhibition of the mTOR pathway.	Phenformin	24-34	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	229-233
29245964-9	2017	Lastly, phenformin inhibited tumor growth in an orthotopic mouse model of serous OC, coincident with decreased Ki-67 staining and phosphorylated-S6 expression and increased expression of caspase 3 and phosphorylated-AMPK.	Phenformin	8-18	caspase 3	Mus musculus	187-196
28766937-3	2017	Motivated by the growing recognition that anti-diabetic biguanides may act directly upon the gut microbiome, we have determined structures of the complexes formed between the anti-diabetic biguanides (phenformin, buformin, and metformin) and Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (ecDHFR) based on nuclear magnetic resonance, crystallographic, and molecular modeling studies.	Phenformin	201-211	dihydrofolate reductase	Escherichia coli	284-290
28766937-5	2017	The biguanides competitively inhibit the activity of ecDHFR, with the phenformin inhibition constant being 100-fold lower than that of metformin.	Phenformin	70-80	dihydrofolate reductase	Escherichia coli	53-59
29576625-8	2018	Metformin and phenformin decreased mTOR activity in chondrosarcoma cells, and metformin decreased LC3B-II levels, which is counteracted by chloroquine.	Phenformin	14-24	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	35-39
29447230-8	2018	We also found that a predisposition to mitochondrial dysfunction, caused by a genetic mutation or pharmacological suppression of the electron transport chain by biguanides such as metformin and phenformin, promoted propofol-induced caspase activation and cell death induced by clinical relevant concentrations of propofol in not more than 25 muM.	Phenformin	194-204	latexin	Homo sapiens	342-345
30205369-7	2018	RESULTS: Metformin/phenformin inhibited basal, but not GHRH/ghrelin-stimulated GH/ACTH/ FSH-secretion and GH/POMC-expression, without altering secretion or expression of other pituitary hormones (PRL/LH/TSH), FSH-expression or cell viability in both primate models.	Phenformin	19-29	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	109-113
28938614-0	2017	Phenformin enhances the therapeutic effect of selumetinib in KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer irrespective of LKB1 status.	Phenformin	0-10	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	61-65
32263357-4	2016	PEDG nanoparticles could encapsulate the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) by facile electrostatic absorption with a loading efficiency of approximately 200 mug of OVA per 1 mg of the polymer.	Phenformin	0-4	serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade B, member 1, pseudogene	Mus musculus	55-64
28938614-7	2017	In contrast, the loss of LKB1 sensitized cells to phenformin.	Phenformin	50-60	serine/threonine kinase 11	Mus musculus	25-29
28938614-11	2017	Irrespective of LKB1 status, phenformin may enhance the anti-tumor effect of selumetinib in KRAS-mutant NSCLC.	Phenformin	29-39	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	92-96
28947975-0	2017	Phenformin inhibits growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells through targeting the IGF1R pathway.	Phenformin	0-10	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	68-73
28947975-0	2017	Phenformin inhibits growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells through targeting the IGF1R pathway.	Phenformin	0-10	insulin like growth factor 1 receptor	Homo sapiens	131-136
28143781-0	2017	Phenformin Enhances the Efficacy of ERK Inhibition in NF1-Mutant Melanoma.	Phenformin	0-10	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	36-39
28143781-0	2017	Phenformin Enhances the Efficacy of ERK Inhibition in NF1-Mutant Melanoma.	Phenformin	0-10	neurofibromin 1	Homo sapiens	54-57
28143781-10	2017	Importantly, phenformin suppressed this KDM5B-positive population, which reduced the emergence of SCH772984-resistant clones in long-term cultures.	Phenformin	13-23	lysine demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens	40-45
28770024-4	2017	The aim of this study was to assess in vitro the effects of metformin, phenformin, and metformin sulfenamide prodrugs on the activity of human AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and establish the type of inhibition.	Phenformin	71-81	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	143-147
27765910-4	2016	Moreover, phenformin and 2-deoxyglucose suppressed cell growth and simultaneously destabilized mutant p53.	Phenformin	10-20	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	102-105
27765910-6	2016	Interestingly, phenformin and 2-deoxyglucose also reduced tumor growth in syngeneic mice harboring the p53 mutation.	Phenformin	15-25	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	103-106
27564915-1	2016	Ion transfer voltammetry is used to estimate the acid dissociation constants Ka1 and Ka2 of the mono- and diprotonated forms of the biguanide drugs metformin (MF), phenformin (PF), and 1-phenylbiguanide (PB) in an aqueous solution.	Phenformin	176-178	glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 4	Homo sapiens	77-80
28947975-5	2017	We report that phenformin (25-75 muM) decreased cell proliferation and impaired cell cycle progression in SKBR3 and 78617 breast cancer cells.	Phenformin	15-25	latexin	Homo sapiens	33-36
28947975-6	2017	Reduced tumor size after phenformin treatment (30 mg/kg/day) was demonstrated in an MMTV-ErbB2 transgenic mouse syngeneic tumor model.	Phenformin	25-35	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Mus musculus	89-94
28947975-7	2017	Phenformin also blocked epithelial-mesenchymal transition, decreased the invasive phenotype, and suppressed receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, including insulin receptor substrate 1 and IGF1R, in ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells and mouse mammary tumor-derived tissues.	Phenformin	0-10	insulin-like growth factor I receptor	Mus musculus	187-192
28947975-7	2017	Phenformin also blocked epithelial-mesenchymal transition, decreased the invasive phenotype, and suppressed receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, including insulin receptor substrate 1 and IGF1R, in ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells and mouse mammary tumor-derived tissues.	Phenformin	0-10	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Mus musculus	197-202
28947975-8	2017	Moreover, phenformin suppressed IGF1-stimulated proliferation, receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in vitro.	Phenformin	10-20	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	32-36
28947975-9	2017	Together, our study implicates phenformin-mediated IGF1/IGF1R regulation as a potential anti-cancer mechanism and supports the development of phenformin and other biguanides as breast cancer therapeutics.	Phenformin	31-41	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	51-55
28947975-9	2017	Together, our study implicates phenformin-mediated IGF1/IGF1R regulation as a potential anti-cancer mechanism and supports the development of phenformin and other biguanides as breast cancer therapeutics.	Phenformin	31-41	insulin like growth factor 1 receptor	Homo sapiens	56-61
28284717-7	2017	Small molecular compounds, including lysyl oxidase inhibitors and reactive oxygen species-inducing reagents such as phenformin, significantly accelerate the transition from lung ADC to SCC and thus confer lung tumors with drug resistance.	Phenformin	116-126	serpin family B member 3	Homo sapiens	185-188
32263357-4	2016	PEDG nanoparticles could encapsulate the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) by facile electrostatic absorption with a loading efficiency of approximately 200 mug of OVA per 1 mg of the polymer.	Phenformin	0-4	serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade B, member 1, pseudogene	Mus musculus	66-69
32263357-6	2016	PEDG nanoparticles could stimulate the maturation of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and enhance antigen uptake and presentation by 4 fold compared to free OVA.	Phenformin	0-4	serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade B, member 1, pseudogene	Mus musculus	166-169
32263357-8	2016	OVA-loaded PEDG nanoparticles efficiently induced a superior antigen cross-presentation effect in vitro and in vivo compared to free OVA vaccination.	Phenformin	11-15	serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade B, member 1, pseudogene	Mus musculus	0-3
32263357-8	2016	OVA-loaded PEDG nanoparticles efficiently induced a superior antigen cross-presentation effect in vitro and in vivo compared to free OVA vaccination.	Phenformin	11-15	serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade B, member 1, pseudogene	Mus musculus	133-136
27486821-4	2016	Silencing of let-7 abrogated phenformin effects on the self-renewal of GSCs via a pathway associated with inhibition of H19 and HMGA2 expression.	Phenformin	29-39	high mobility group AT-hook 2	Mus musculus	128-133
27062501-9	2016	Inhibition of complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain using phenformin activated AMPK and inhibited Kv currents in pulmonary arterial myocytes, consistent with previously reported effects of mitochondrial inhibitors.	Phenformin	76-86	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	97-101
27350110-2	2016	The purpose of this study was to clarify the transport activities of two major OCTN1 variants, L503F and I306T, for gabapentin and three biguanide drugs, metformin, buformin and phenformin.	Phenformin	178-188	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	79-84
26917230-2	2016	Previous work has shown that mutational inactivation of the STK11 pathway may serve as a predictive biomarker for cancer treatments, including phenformin and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition.	Phenformin	143-153	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	60-65
27283492-3	2016	We also report that, like other FAO inhibitors, both agents and the related biguanide, Phenformin, increase sensitivity to apoptosis induction by the bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-737 supporting the notion that electron transport antagonizes activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in leukemia cells.	Phenformin	87-97	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	150-155
27392906-11	2016	Taken together, our novel phenformin derivative 2-Cl-Phen has the unique characteristic of diminishing tumor adaptive responses, especially the expression of ATF6-related genes, as well as that of c-Myc protein, in a transcriptional and posttranscriptional manner under a serum- and glucose-deprived condition.	Phenformin	26-36	activating transcription factor 6	Homo sapiens	158-162
27392906-11	2016	Taken together, our novel phenformin derivative 2-Cl-Phen has the unique characteristic of diminishing tumor adaptive responses, especially the expression of ATF6-related genes, as well as that of c-Myc protein, in a transcriptional and posttranscriptional manner under a serum- and glucose-deprived condition.	Phenformin	26-36	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	197-202
26692480-10	2016	Finally, activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by treated with phenformin, an AMPK agonist, can mimic the inhibitory effect of Nrf2 knockdown in U251 cells.	Phenformin	95-105	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	23-71
26768367-8	2016	At last, phenformin, another mitochondrial complex1 inhibitor, was used to testify that the increased HIF-1a was not due to off target effects of MPP(+).	Phenformin	9-19	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	102-108
27069123-7	2016	The increased acidification of the culture medium and glucose uptake caused by phenformin was blocked by combined treatment with PFKFB3 or LDHA inhibitors.	Phenformin	79-89	6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3	Homo sapiens	129-135
27069123-7	2016	The increased acidification of the culture medium and glucose uptake caused by phenformin was blocked by combined treatment with PFKFB3 or LDHA inhibitors.	Phenformin	79-89	lactate dehydrogenase A	Homo sapiens	139-143
26797108-0	2016	Blockade of P-Glycoprotein Decreased the Disposition of Phenformin and Increased Plasma Lactate Level.	Phenformin	56-66	ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B (MDR/TAP), member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	12-26
26797108-1	2016	This study aimed to investigate the in vivo relevance of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in the pharmacokinetics and adverse effect of phenformin.	Phenformin	125-135	ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B (MDR/TAP), member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	57-71
26797108-1	2016	This study aimed to investigate the in vivo relevance of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in the pharmacokinetics and adverse effect of phenformin.	Phenformin	125-135	ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B (MDR/TAP), member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	73-77
26797108-2	2016	To investigate the involvement of P-gp in the transport of phenformin, a bi-directional transport of phenformin was carried out in LLC-PK1 cells overexpressing P-gp, LLC-PK1-Pgp.	Phenformin	59-69	ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B (MDR/TAP), member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	34-38
26797108-3	2016	Basal to apical transport of phenformin was 3.9-fold greater than apical to basal transport and became saturated with increasing phenformin concentration (2-75 muM) in LLC-PK1-Pgp, suggesting the involvement of P-gp in phenformin transport.	Phenformin	29-39	pyruvate kinase L/R	Rattus norvegicus	172-175
26797108-3	2016	Basal to apical transport of phenformin was 3.9-fold greater than apical to basal transport and became saturated with increasing phenformin concentration (2-75 muM) in LLC-PK1-Pgp, suggesting the involvement of P-gp in phenformin transport.	Phenformin	29-39	phosphoglycolate phosphatase	Rattus norvegicus	176-179
26797108-3	2016	Basal to apical transport of phenformin was 3.9-fold greater than apical to basal transport and became saturated with increasing phenformin concentration (2-75 muM) in LLC-PK1-Pgp, suggesting the involvement of P-gp in phenformin transport.	Phenformin	29-39	ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B (MDR/TAP), member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	211-215
26797108-3	2016	Basal to apical transport of phenformin was 3.9-fold greater than apical to basal transport and became saturated with increasing phenformin concentration (2-75 muM) in LLC-PK1-Pgp, suggesting the involvement of P-gp in phenformin transport.	Phenformin	129-139	pyruvate kinase L/R	Rattus norvegicus	172-175
26797108-3	2016	Basal to apical transport of phenformin was 3.9-fold greater than apical to basal transport and became saturated with increasing phenformin concentration (2-75 muM) in LLC-PK1-Pgp, suggesting the involvement of P-gp in phenformin transport.	Phenformin	129-139	phosphoglycolate phosphatase	Rattus norvegicus	176-179
26797108-3	2016	Basal to apical transport of phenformin was 3.9-fold greater than apical to basal transport and became saturated with increasing phenformin concentration (2-75 muM) in LLC-PK1-Pgp, suggesting the involvement of P-gp in phenformin transport.	Phenformin	129-139	pyruvate kinase L/R	Rattus norvegicus	172-175
26797108-3	2016	Basal to apical transport of phenformin was 3.9-fold greater than apical to basal transport and became saturated with increasing phenformin concentration (2-75 muM) in LLC-PK1-Pgp, suggesting the involvement of P-gp in phenformin transport.	Phenformin	129-139	phosphoglycolate phosphatase	Rattus norvegicus	176-179
26797108-5	2016	Thus, P-gp contributed more to phenformin transport than passive diffusion.	Phenformin	31-41	ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B (MDR/TAP), member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	6-10
26797108-9	2016	These results suggested that P-gp blockade by verapamil may decrease the phenformin disposition and increase plasma phenformin concentrations.	Phenformin	73-83	ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B (MDR/TAP), member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	29-33
26797108-9	2016	These results suggested that P-gp blockade by verapamil may decrease the phenformin disposition and increase plasma phenformin concentrations.	Phenformin	116-126	ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B (MDR/TAP), member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	29-33
26797108-10	2016	P-gp inhibition by verapamil treatment also increased plasma lactate concentration, which is a crucial adverse event of phenformin.	Phenformin	120-130	ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B (MDR/TAP), member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
26797108-11	2016	In conclusion, P-gp may play an important role in phenformin transport process and, therefore, contribute to the modulation of pharmacokinetics of phenformin and onset of plasma lactate level.	Phenformin	50-60	ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B (MDR/TAP), member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	15-19
26797108-11	2016	In conclusion, P-gp may play an important role in phenformin transport process and, therefore, contribute to the modulation of pharmacokinetics of phenformin and onset of plasma lactate level.	Phenformin	147-157	ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B (MDR/TAP), member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	15-19
26692480-10	2016	Finally, activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by treated with phenformin, an AMPK agonist, can mimic the inhibitory effect of Nrf2 knockdown in U251 cells.	Phenformin	95-105	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	73-77
26692480-10	2016	Finally, activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by treated with phenformin, an AMPK agonist, can mimic the inhibitory effect of Nrf2 knockdown in U251 cells.	Phenformin	95-105	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	110-114
26692480-10	2016	Finally, activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by treated with phenformin, an AMPK agonist, can mimic the inhibitory effect of Nrf2 knockdown in U251 cells.	Phenformin	95-105	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	159-163
26528626-7	2015	Furthermore, metformin as well as other drugs including phenformin, chloroquine, verapamil, famotidine, and amprolium inhibited hTHTR-2 mediated uptake of both thiamine and metformin.	Phenformin	56-66	solute carrier family 19 member 3	Homo sapiens	128-135
26215100-8	2015	In addition to the expected activation of AhR by TCDD and DLC, AhR was activated by AP20189 and phenformin.	Phenformin	96-106	aryl-hydrocarbon receptor	Mus musculus	63-66
26407807-7	2015	Activation of AMPK, using two pharmacologically distinct compounds, AICAR or phenformin, significantly suppressed LPS- or IL-1beta-induced gene expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, the chemokines IL-8 and MCP-1, and COX-2 and subsequent prostaglandin release from adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.	Phenformin	77-87	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	14-18
26407807-7	2015	Activation of AMPK, using two pharmacologically distinct compounds, AICAR or phenformin, significantly suppressed LPS- or IL-1beta-induced gene expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, the chemokines IL-8 and MCP-1, and COX-2 and subsequent prostaglandin release from adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.	Phenformin	77-87	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	122-130
26407807-7	2015	Activation of AMPK, using two pharmacologically distinct compounds, AICAR or phenformin, significantly suppressed LPS- or IL-1beta-induced gene expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, the chemokines IL-8 and MCP-1, and COX-2 and subsequent prostaglandin release from adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.	Phenformin	77-87	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	198-202
26407807-7	2015	Activation of AMPK, using two pharmacologically distinct compounds, AICAR or phenformin, significantly suppressed LPS- or IL-1beta-induced gene expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, the chemokines IL-8 and MCP-1, and COX-2 and subsequent prostaglandin release from adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.	Phenformin	77-87	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	219-223
26407807-7	2015	Activation of AMPK, using two pharmacologically distinct compounds, AICAR or phenformin, significantly suppressed LPS- or IL-1beta-induced gene expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, the chemokines IL-8 and MCP-1, and COX-2 and subsequent prostaglandin release from adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.	Phenformin	77-87	C-C motif chemokine ligand 2	Homo sapiens	228-233
26407807-7	2015	Activation of AMPK, using two pharmacologically distinct compounds, AICAR or phenformin, significantly suppressed LPS- or IL-1beta-induced gene expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, the chemokines IL-8 and MCP-1, and COX-2 and subsequent prostaglandin release from adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.	Phenformin	77-87	mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II	Homo sapiens	239-244
26424816-9	2015	Finally, TGF-beta induction of EMT was inhibited by phenformin and enhanced by knockdown of LKB1 expression with shRNA.	Phenformin	52-62	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	9-17
26574479-1	2015	Inactivation of the LKB1 tumor suppressor is a frequent event in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) leading to the activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and sensitivity to the metabolic stress inducer phenformin.	Phenformin	204-214	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	20-24
26574479-2	2015	In this study, we explored the combinatorial use of phenformin with the mTOR catalytic kinase inhibitor MLN0128 as a treatment strategy for NSCLC bearing comutations in the LKB1 and KRAS genes.	Phenformin	52-62	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	173-177
26574479-4	2015	We demonstrate that phenformin in combination with MLN0128 induced a significant therapeutic response in KRAS/LKB1-mutant human cell lines and genetically engineered mouse models of NSCLC that develop both adenocarcinomas and SCCs.	Phenformin	20-30	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	105-109
26574479-4	2015	We demonstrate that phenformin in combination with MLN0128 induced a significant therapeutic response in KRAS/LKB1-mutant human cell lines and genetically engineered mouse models of NSCLC that develop both adenocarcinomas and SCCs.	Phenformin	20-30	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	110-114
26574479-5	2015	Specifically, we found that KRAS/LKB1-mutant lung adenocarcinomas responded strongly to phenformin + MLN0128 treatment, but the response of SCCs to single or combined treatment with MLN0128 was more attenuated due to acquired resistance to mTOR inhibition through modulation of the AKT-GSK signaling axis.	Phenformin	88-98	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	28-32
26574479-5	2015	Specifically, we found that KRAS/LKB1-mutant lung adenocarcinomas responded strongly to phenformin + MLN0128 treatment, but the response of SCCs to single or combined treatment with MLN0128 was more attenuated due to acquired resistance to mTOR inhibition through modulation of the AKT-GSK signaling axis.	Phenformin	88-98	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	33-37
26807315-0	2015	Targeting oncogenic KRAS in non-small cell lung cancer cells by phenformin inhibits growth and angiogenesis.	Phenformin	64-74	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	20-24
26807315-7	2015	In cancer cells harboring oncogenic KRAS, phenformin switches off the ERK pathway and inhibit the expression of pro-angiogenic molecules.	Phenformin	42-52	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	36-40
26807315-7	2015	In cancer cells harboring oncogenic KRAS, phenformin switches off the ERK pathway and inhibit the expression of pro-angiogenic molecules.	Phenformin	42-52	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	70-73
26807315-8	2015	In tumor xenografts harboring the KRAS mutation, phenformin extensively modifies the tumor growth causing abrogation of angiogenesis.	Phenformin	49-59	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	34-38
26276392-6	2015	AMPK activators, e.g. phenformin and aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-beta-d-ribofuranoside inhibited IL-4-evoked activation of STAT3 while leaving activation of STAT6 and induction of typical IL-4-responsive genes intact.	Phenformin	22-32	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
26276392-6	2015	AMPK activators, e.g. phenformin and aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-beta-d-ribofuranoside inhibited IL-4-evoked activation of STAT3 while leaving activation of STAT6 and induction of typical IL-4-responsive genes intact.	Phenformin	22-32	interleukin 4	Homo sapiens	100-104
26276392-6	2015	AMPK activators, e.g. phenformin and aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-beta-d-ribofuranoside inhibited IL-4-evoked activation of STAT3 while leaving activation of STAT6 and induction of typical IL-4-responsive genes intact.	Phenformin	22-32	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Homo sapiens	126-131
26276392-6	2015	AMPK activators, e.g. phenformin and aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-beta-d-ribofuranoside inhibited IL-4-evoked activation of STAT3 while leaving activation of STAT6 and induction of typical IL-4-responsive genes intact.	Phenformin	22-32	signal transducer and activator of transcription 6	Homo sapiens	160-165
26276392-6	2015	AMPK activators, e.g. phenformin and aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-beta-d-ribofuranoside inhibited IL-4-evoked activation of STAT3 while leaving activation of STAT6 and induction of typical IL-4-responsive genes intact.	Phenformin	22-32	interleukin 4	Homo sapiens	191-195
26276392-7	2015	In addition, phenformin prevented IL-4-induced association of STAT6 and Lys-9 acetylation of histone H3 at the ALOX15 promoter.	Phenformin	13-23	interleukin 4	Homo sapiens	34-38
26276392-7	2015	In addition, phenformin prevented IL-4-induced association of STAT6 and Lys-9 acetylation of histone H3 at the ALOX15 promoter.	Phenformin	13-23	signal transducer and activator of transcription 6	Homo sapiens	62-67
26276392-7	2015	In addition, phenformin prevented IL-4-induced association of STAT6 and Lys-9 acetylation of histone H3 at the ALOX15 promoter.	Phenformin	13-23	arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase	Homo sapiens	111-117
26225749-3	2015	Data from the present study demonstrated that p53 knockdown or mutation has a negative effect on metformin or phenformin-induced growth inhibition, senescence and apoptosis in breast cancer cells.	Phenformin	110-120	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	46-49
26225749-5	2015	Treatment of MCF-7 cells with metformin or phenformin induced increase in p53 protein levels and the transcription of its downstream target genes, Bax and p21, in a dose-dependent manner.	Phenformin	43-53	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	74-77
26225749-5	2015	Treatment of MCF-7 cells with metformin or phenformin induced increase in p53 protein levels and the transcription of its downstream target genes, Bax and p21, in a dose-dependent manner.	Phenformin	43-53	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	147-150
26114294-0	2015	Phenformin Induces Cell Cycle Change, Apoptosis, and Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition and Regulates the AMPK/mTOR/p70s6k and MAPK/ERK Pathways in Breast Cancer Cells.	Phenformin	0-10	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	110-114
26225749-5	2015	Treatment of MCF-7 cells with metformin or phenformin induced increase in p53 protein levels and the transcription of its downstream target genes, Bax and p21, in a dose-dependent manner.	Phenformin	43-53	H3 histone pseudogene 16	Homo sapiens	155-158
26225749-7	2015	The present study showed that p53 is required for metformin or phenformin-induced growth inhibition, senescence and apoptosis in breast cancer cells.	Phenformin	63-73	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	30-33
25892279-1	2015	OBJECTIVE: To locate the organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) in the cochlea of three different species and to modulate the ototoxicity of cisplatin in the guinea pig by pretreatment with phenformin, having a known affinity for OCT2.	Phenformin	187-197	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	55-59
25892279-1	2015	OBJECTIVE: To locate the organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) in the cochlea of three different species and to modulate the ototoxicity of cisplatin in the guinea pig by pretreatment with phenformin, having a known affinity for OCT2.	Phenformin	187-197	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	227-231
26162096-2	2015	Phenformin, a biguanide family member, by its anti-inflammatory properties presents potential for promoting beneficial effects upon vascular cells, however its impact upon the IL-1beta-induced sPLA2 gene expression has not been deeply investigated so far.	Phenformin	0-10	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	176-184
26162096-2	2015	Phenformin, a biguanide family member, by its anti-inflammatory properties presents potential for promoting beneficial effects upon vascular cells, however its impact upon the IL-1beta-induced sPLA2 gene expression has not been deeply investigated so far.	Phenformin	0-10	phospholipase A2 group IIA	Homo sapiens	193-198
26162096-3	2015	The present study was designed to determine the relationship between phenformin coupling AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) function and the molecular mechanism by which the sPLA2 IIA expression was modulated in VSMCs.	Phenformin	69-79	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	89-117
26162096-3	2015	The present study was designed to determine the relationship between phenformin coupling AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) function and the molecular mechanism by which the sPLA2 IIA expression was modulated in VSMCs.	Phenformin	69-79	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	119-123
26162096-3	2015	The present study was designed to determine the relationship between phenformin coupling AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) function and the molecular mechanism by which the sPLA2 IIA expression was modulated in VSMCs.	Phenformin	69-79	phospholipase A2 group IIA	Homo sapiens	175-180
26162096-5	2015	Our study reveals that phenformin elicited a dose-dependent inhibition of the sPLA2 IIA expression and transient overexpression experiments of constitutively active AMPK demonstrate clearly that AMPK signaling is involved in the transcriptional inhibition of sPLA2-IIA gene expression.	Phenformin	23-33	phospholipase A2 group IIA	Homo sapiens	78-83
26162096-5	2015	Our study reveals that phenformin elicited a dose-dependent inhibition of the sPLA2 IIA expression and transient overexpression experiments of constitutively active AMPK demonstrate clearly that AMPK signaling is involved in the transcriptional inhibition of sPLA2-IIA gene expression.	Phenformin	23-33	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	165-169
26162096-5	2015	Our study reveals that phenformin elicited a dose-dependent inhibition of the sPLA2 IIA expression and transient overexpression experiments of constitutively active AMPK demonstrate clearly that AMPK signaling is involved in the transcriptional inhibition of sPLA2-IIA gene expression.	Phenformin	23-33	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	195-199
26162096-5	2015	Our study reveals that phenformin elicited a dose-dependent inhibition of the sPLA2 IIA expression and transient overexpression experiments of constitutively active AMPK demonstrate clearly that AMPK signaling is involved in the transcriptional inhibition of sPLA2-IIA gene expression.	Phenformin	23-33	phospholipase A2 group IIA	Homo sapiens	259-264
26162096-6	2015	Furthermore, although the expression of the transcriptional repressor B-cell lymphoma-6 protein (BCL-6) was markedly enhanced by phenformin and AICAR, the repression of sPLA2 gene occurs through a mechanism independent of BCL-6 DNA binding site.	Phenformin	129-139	BCL6 transcription repressor	Homo sapiens	97-102
26162096-9	2015	Our findings provide insights on a new anti-inflammatory pathway linking phenformin, AMPK and molecular control of sPLA2 IIA gene expression in VSMCs.	Phenformin	73-83	phospholipase A2 group IIA	Homo sapiens	115-120
26114294-0	2015	Phenformin Induces Cell Cycle Change, Apoptosis, and Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition and Regulates the AMPK/mTOR/p70s6k and MAPK/ERK Pathways in Breast Cancer Cells.	Phenformin	0-10	ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1	Homo sapiens	115-121
26114294-0	2015	Phenformin Induces Cell Cycle Change, Apoptosis, and Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition and Regulates the AMPK/mTOR/p70s6k and MAPK/ERK Pathways in Breast Cancer Cells.	Phenformin	0-10	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	131-134
26114294-6	2015	Phenformin induced cell cycle change and apoptosis in breast cancer cells via the AMPK/mTOR/p70s6k and MAPK/ERK pathways.	Phenformin	0-10	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	87-91
26114294-6	2015	Phenformin induced cell cycle change and apoptosis in breast cancer cells via the AMPK/mTOR/p70s6k and MAPK/ERK pathways.	Phenformin	0-10	ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1	Homo sapiens	92-98
26114294-6	2015	Phenformin induced cell cycle change and apoptosis in breast cancer cells via the AMPK/mTOR/p70s6k and MAPK/ERK pathways.	Phenformin	0-10	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	108-111
25894929-8	2015	Both wild-type and BSG-null cells were extremely sensitive to the mitochondria inhibitor metformin/phenformin in normoxia.	Phenformin	99-109	basigin	Mus musculus	19-22
25980580-6	2015	The mitochondrial biguanide poisons, metformin and phenformin, further impaired the intrinsic weakness of IDH1-mutant cells to use certain carbon-energy sources.	Phenformin	51-61	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	106-110
25659498-11	2015	AMPK activators AICAR, phenformin and A769662 significantly decreased IL-6 and IL-8 stimulated by LPS, flagellin and poly(I:C).	Phenformin	23-33	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
25659498-11	2015	AMPK activators AICAR, phenformin and A769662 significantly decreased IL-6 and IL-8 stimulated by LPS, flagellin and poly(I:C).	Phenformin	23-33	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	70-74
25659498-11	2015	AMPK activators AICAR, phenformin and A769662 significantly decreased IL-6 and IL-8 stimulated by LPS, flagellin and poly(I:C).	Phenformin	23-33	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	79-83
25315694-4	2014	Here we show that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation by AICAR (5-amino-1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide) or phenformin induced the ubiquitination of FSP27 and promoted its degradation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.	Phenformin	134-144	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	18-46
25312480-8	2015	However, Phenformin activated eIF2alpha in both cell lines.	Phenformin	9-19	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A	Homo sapiens	30-39
25403912-0	2015	Genetic disruption of lactate/H+ symporters (MCTs) and their subunit CD147/BASIGIN sensitizes glycolytic tumor cells to phenformin.	Phenformin	120-130	basigin (Ok blood group)	Homo sapiens	69-74
25403912-0	2015	Genetic disruption of lactate/H+ symporters (MCTs) and their subunit CD147/BASIGIN sensitizes glycolytic tumor cells to phenformin.	Phenformin	120-130	basigin (Ok blood group)	Homo sapiens	75-82
25403912-7	2015	Third, we showed that in contrast with parental cells, BSG-null cells became highly sensitive to phenformin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I.	Phenformin	97-107	basigin (Ok blood group)	Homo sapiens	55-58
25403912-9	2015	Finally, xenograft analysis confirmed the deleterious tumor growth effect of MCT1/MCT4 ablation, an action enhanced by phenformin treatment.	Phenformin	119-129	solute carrier family 16 member 1	Homo sapiens	77-81
25403912-9	2015	Finally, xenograft analysis confirmed the deleterious tumor growth effect of MCT1/MCT4 ablation, an action enhanced by phenformin treatment.	Phenformin	119-129	solute carrier family 16 member 3	Homo sapiens	82-86
25315694-4	2014	Here we show that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation by AICAR (5-amino-1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide) or phenformin induced the ubiquitination of FSP27 and promoted its degradation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.	Phenformin	134-144	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	48-52
25315694-4	2014	Here we show that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation by AICAR (5-amino-1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide) or phenformin induced the ubiquitination of FSP27 and promoted its degradation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.	Phenformin	134-144	cell death inducing DFFA like effector c	Homo sapiens	175-180
24307270-1	2014	A computational study has suggested that phenformin, an oral hypoglycaemic drug, may bind to the active sites of the monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B enzymes.	Phenformin	41-51	monoamine oxidase A	Homo sapiens	117-148
25128166-4	2014	In cultured adult rat cardiomyocytes incubated with 21 mM glucose (HG), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation by A769662 or phenformin nearly suppressed ROS production.	Phenformin	133-143	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Rattus norvegicus	102-106
24307270-4	2014	Using recombinant human MAO-A and MAO-B, this study finds that phenformin acts as a moderately potent MAO-A selective inhibitor with an IC50 value of 41 microM.	Phenformin	63-73	monoamine oxidase A	Homo sapiens	24-29
24307270-4	2014	Using recombinant human MAO-A and MAO-B, this study finds that phenformin acts as a moderately potent MAO-A selective inhibitor with an IC50 value of 41 microM.	Phenformin	63-73	monoamine oxidase B	Homo sapiens	34-39
24307270-4	2014	Using recombinant human MAO-A and MAO-B, this study finds that phenformin acts as a moderately potent MAO-A selective inhibitor with an IC50 value of 41 microM.	Phenformin	63-73	monoamine oxidase A	Homo sapiens	102-107
24307270-8	2014	Phenformin also exhibited a competitive mode of MAO-A inhibition with an estimated Ki value of 65 microM.	Phenformin	0-10	monoamine oxidase A	Homo sapiens	48-53
25002509-3	2014	Here, we use LC/MS/MS metabolomics (>200 metabolites) to assess metabolic changes induced by metformin and phenformin in an Src-inducible model of cellular transformation and in mammosphere-derived breast CSCs.	Phenformin	110-120	SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	127-130
25679014-3	2014	This unique, pro-survival function of LKB1 has led to the discovery of reagents, such as phenformin, that specifically exploit the vulnerability of LKB1-null cells in their defect in sensing energetic stress.	Phenformin	89-99	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	38-42
25679014-3	2014	This unique, pro-survival function of LKB1 has led to the discovery of reagents, such as phenformin, that specifically exploit the vulnerability of LKB1-null cells in their defect in sensing energetic stress.	Phenformin	89-99	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	148-152
24961373-7	2014	Metformin and the biguanide analog, phenformin, competitively inhibited OCT1-mediated thiamine uptake.	Phenformin	36-46	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	72-76
25024815-1	2014	AIM: To determine if other molecules reported to modulate AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) activity would have effects resembling those of metformin and phenformin on colon cancer cell proliferation and metabolism.	Phenformin	156-166	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	58-86
25024815-1	2014	AIM: To determine if other molecules reported to modulate AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) activity would have effects resembling those of metformin and phenformin on colon cancer cell proliferation and metabolism.	Phenformin	156-166	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	88-92
25024815-5	2014	RESULTS: Investigations with several molecules that have been reported to be associated with AMPK activation (A-769662, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-b-D-ribofuranoside, EGCG, KU-55933, quercetin, resveratrol and salicylates) or AMPK inhibition (compound C) failed to reveal increased medium acidification and increased glucose uptake in colon cancer cells as previously established with metformin and phenformin.	Phenformin	405-415	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	93-97
24145418-0	2013	Phenformin enhances the therapeutic benefit of BRAF(V600E) inhibition in melanoma.	Phenformin	0-10	Braf transforming gene	Mus musculus	47-52
24748590-8	2014	However, when combined with classical AMPK activators, such as metformin, phenformin, oligomycin, or hypoxia, which impact AMPK heterotrimers more broadly via elevation of cellular AMP levels, A-769662 induced more profound AMPK phosphorylation and subsequent glucose uptake stimulation.	Phenformin	74-84	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	38-42
24748590-8	2014	However, when combined with classical AMPK activators, such as metformin, phenformin, oligomycin, or hypoxia, which impact AMPK heterotrimers more broadly via elevation of cellular AMP levels, A-769662 induced more profound AMPK phosphorylation and subsequent glucose uptake stimulation.	Phenformin	74-84	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	123-127
24748590-8	2014	However, when combined with classical AMPK activators, such as metformin, phenformin, oligomycin, or hypoxia, which impact AMPK heterotrimers more broadly via elevation of cellular AMP levels, A-769662 induced more profound AMPK phosphorylation and subsequent glucose uptake stimulation.	Phenformin	74-84	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	123-127
24498249-1	2014	AIMS: Phenformin, resveratrol and AICAR stimulate the energy sensor 5"-AMP activated kinase (AMPK) and inhibit the first step of ribosome biogenesis, de novo RNA synthesis in nucleoli.	Phenformin	6-16	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	68-91
24498249-1	2014	AIMS: Phenformin, resveratrol and AICAR stimulate the energy sensor 5"-AMP activated kinase (AMPK) and inhibit the first step of ribosome biogenesis, de novo RNA synthesis in nucleoli.	Phenformin	6-16	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	93-97
24498249-11	2014	(iii) Phenformin and resveratrol also increased significantly the total concentration of B23 and nucleolin.	Phenformin	6-16	nucleophosmin 1	Homo sapiens	89-92
24498249-11	2014	(iii) Phenformin and resveratrol also increased significantly the total concentration of B23 and nucleolin.	Phenformin	6-16	nucleolin	Homo sapiens	97-106
24702155-3	2014	Three separate AMPK activators (AICAR, Phenformin and A-769662) inhibited NKCC1 flux in a variety of nucleated cells.	Phenformin	39-49	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	15-19
24702155-3	2014	Three separate AMPK activators (AICAR, Phenformin and A-769662) inhibited NKCC1 flux in a variety of nucleated cells.	Phenformin	39-49	solute carrier family 12 member 2	Homo sapiens	74-79
24145418-4	2013	Cotreatment of BRAF-mutated melanoma cell lines with phenformin and PLX4720 resulted in synergistic inhibition of cell viability, compared with the effects of the single agent alone.	Phenformin	53-63	Braf transforming gene	Mus musculus	15-19
24145418-6	2013	Biochemical analyses showed that phenformin and PLX4720 exerted cooperative effects on inhibiting mTOR signaling and inducing apoptosis.	Phenformin	33-43	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Mus musculus	98-102
24145418-8	2013	Finally, in contrast to their use as single agents, the combination of phenformin and PLX4720 induced tumor regression in both nude mice bearing melanoma xenografts and in a genetically engineered BRAF(V600E)/PTEN(null)-driven mouse model of melanoma.	Phenformin	71-81	Braf transforming gene	Mus musculus	197-201
24145418-8	2013	Finally, in contrast to their use as single agents, the combination of phenformin and PLX4720 induced tumor regression in both nude mice bearing melanoma xenografts and in a genetically engineered BRAF(V600E)/PTEN(null)-driven mouse model of melanoma.	Phenformin	71-81	phosphatase and tensin homolog	Mus musculus	209-213
23716168-11	2013	Pharmacological activation of AMPK with AICAR or with phenformin inhibited hERG currents in Xenopus oocytes, an effect abrogated by AMPK inhibitor compound C. (gammaR70Q)AMPK enhanced the Nedd4-2-dependent downregulation of hERG currents.	Phenformin	54-64	NEDD4 like E3 ubiquitin protein ligase S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	188-195
23716168-11	2013	Pharmacological activation of AMPK with AICAR or with phenformin inhibited hERG currents in Xenopus oocytes, an effect abrogated by AMPK inhibitor compound C. (gammaR70Q)AMPK enhanced the Nedd4-2-dependent downregulation of hERG currents.	Phenformin	54-64	protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 2 catalytic subunit S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	30-34
20801214-6	2011	Using antibodies raised to individual Ppm phosphatases that facilitated the assessment of their activities, phenformin stimulation of cells was found to decrease the Mg(2+)/Mn(2+)-dependent [corrected] protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity of Ppm1E and Ppm1F, but not that attributable to other PPM family members, including Ppm1A/PP2Calpha.	Phenformin	108-118	protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1E	Homo sapiens	251-256
23716168-11	2013	Pharmacological activation of AMPK with AICAR or with phenformin inhibited hERG currents in Xenopus oocytes, an effect abrogated by AMPK inhibitor compound C. (gammaR70Q)AMPK enhanced the Nedd4-2-dependent downregulation of hERG currents.	Phenformin	54-64	ETS transcription factor ERG	Homo sapiens	75-79
23582785-8	2013	The Km values for metformin and phenformin were 235 and 37.4 muM, with CL(int) (V(max)/K(m)) values of 71.9x10-3 muL/min per oocyte and 209x10-3 muL/min per oocyte, respectively.	Phenformin	32-42	latexin	Homo sapiens	61-64
23582785-10	2013	The results suggest that plasma concentration of phenformin in subjects carrying hOCT2 variant may be higher compared to reference subjects, as reported in metformin.	Phenformin	49-59	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	81-86
23221006-0	2013	Role of organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 in uptake of phenformin and inhibitory effect on complex I respiration in mitochondria.	Phenformin	60-70	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	8-46
23221006-6	2013	Similar characteristics were also observed for uptake of TEA; however, uptake of phenformin into mitochondria of organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 (OCTN1) knockout mice was lower than that in wild-type mice, whereas uptake of TEA was comparable between the two strains, suggesting the involvement of distinct transport mechanisms for these two cations in mitochondria.	Phenformin	81-91	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	113-151
23221006-6	2013	Similar characteristics were also observed for uptake of TEA; however, uptake of phenformin into mitochondria of organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 (OCTN1) knockout mice was lower than that in wild-type mice, whereas uptake of TEA was comparable between the two strains, suggesting the involvement of distinct transport mechanisms for these two cations in mitochondria.	Phenformin	81-91	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	153-158
23221006-8	2013	Lactic acidosis provoked by iv infusion of phenformin was weaker in octn1(-/-) mice than that in wild-type mice.	Phenformin	43-53	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	68-73
23221006-9	2013	These observations suggest that uptake of phenformin into liver mitochondria is at least partly mediated by OCTN1 and functionally relevant to its inhibition potential of complex I respiration.	Phenformin	42-52	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	108-113
23352126-0	2013	LKB1 inactivation dictates therapeutic response of non-small cell lung cancer to the metabolism drug phenformin.	Phenformin	101-111	serine/threonine kinase 11	Mus musculus	0-4
23352126-4	2013	Therapeutic trials in Kras-dependent mouse models of NSCLC revealed that tumors with Kras and Lkb1 mutations, but not those with Kras and p53 mutations, showed selective response to phenformin as a single agent, resulting in prolonged survival.	Phenformin	182-192	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	22-26
23352126-4	2013	Therapeutic trials in Kras-dependent mouse models of NSCLC revealed that tumors with Kras and Lkb1 mutations, but not those with Kras and p53 mutations, showed selective response to phenformin as a single agent, resulting in prolonged survival.	Phenformin	182-192	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	85-89
23352126-4	2013	Therapeutic trials in Kras-dependent mouse models of NSCLC revealed that tumors with Kras and Lkb1 mutations, but not those with Kras and p53 mutations, showed selective response to phenformin as a single agent, resulting in prolonged survival.	Phenformin	182-192	serine/threonine kinase 11	Mus musculus	94-98
23352126-4	2013	Therapeutic trials in Kras-dependent mouse models of NSCLC revealed that tumors with Kras and Lkb1 mutations, but not those with Kras and p53 mutations, showed selective response to phenformin as a single agent, resulting in prolonged survival.	Phenformin	182-192	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	85-89
22588166-5	2012	AICAR and phenformin promoted phosphorylation and enzymatic activity of AMPK, as well as phosphorylation of the AMPK downstream target acetyl-CoA carboxylase.	Phenformin	10-20	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	72-76
22588166-5	2012	AICAR and phenformin promoted phosphorylation and enzymatic activity of AMPK, as well as phosphorylation of the AMPK downstream target acetyl-CoA carboxylase.	Phenformin	10-20	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	112-116
22740885-4	2012	Activation of AMPK by 5-aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) and phenformin elicited clear anti-proliferative effects in all breast cancer cell lines, but with differences in sensitivity.	Phenformin	78-88	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	14-18
21312243-8	2011	We show that adipocytes from LKB1 hypomorphic mice display a 40% decrease in basal AMPK activity and a decrease of AMPK activity in the presence of the AMPK activator phenformin.	Phenformin	167-177	serine/threonine kinase 11	Mus musculus	29-33
21312243-10	2011	The inhibition of CaMKK isoforms, particularly CaMKKbeta, by the inhibitor STO-609 or by siRNAs, blocked Ca(2+) -, but not phenformin-, AICAR-, or forskolin-induced activation of AMPK, indicating that CaMKK activated AMPK in response to Ca(2+) .	Phenformin	123-133	calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 1, alpha	Mus musculus	18-23
21312243-10	2011	The inhibition of CaMKK isoforms, particularly CaMKKbeta, by the inhibitor STO-609 or by siRNAs, blocked Ca(2+) -, but not phenformin-, AICAR-, or forskolin-induced activation of AMPK, indicating that CaMKK activated AMPK in response to Ca(2+) .	Phenformin	123-133	calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2, beta	Mus musculus	47-56
21312243-10	2011	The inhibition of CaMKK isoforms, particularly CaMKKbeta, by the inhibitor STO-609 or by siRNAs, blocked Ca(2+) -, but not phenformin-, AICAR-, or forskolin-induced activation of AMPK, indicating that CaMKK activated AMPK in response to Ca(2+) .	Phenformin	123-133	calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 1, alpha	Mus musculus	47-52
21312243-11	2011	Collectively, we show that LKB1 is required to maintain normal AMPK-signaling in non-stimulated adipocytes and in the presence of phenformin.	Phenformin	130-140	serine/threonine kinase 11	Mus musculus	27-31
23693034-0	2013	Graphene and CdS nanocomposite: a facile interface for construction of DNA-based electrochemical biosensor and its application to the determination of phenformin.	Phenformin	151-161	CDP-diacylglycerol synthase 1	Homo sapiens	13-16
23693034-5	2013	Due to the interaction of DNA with phenformin, the voltammetric current of guanine or adenine on the DNA/GR-CdS electrode was decreased when phenformin was present in the electrolytic solution.	Phenformin	35-45	CDP-diacylglycerol synthase 1	Homo sapiens	108-111
23693034-5	2013	Due to the interaction of DNA with phenformin, the voltammetric current of guanine or adenine on the DNA/GR-CdS electrode was decreased when phenformin was present in the electrolytic solution.	Phenformin	141-151	CDP-diacylglycerol synthase 1	Homo sapiens	108-111
23693034-6	2013	Under optimized conditions, the signal of guanine on DNA/GR-CdS electrode decreased linearly with increasing the concentration of phenformin in the range of 1.0x10(-6)molL(-1) to 1.0x10(-3)molL(-1).	Phenformin	130-140	CDP-diacylglycerol synthase 1	Homo sapiens	60-63
23548904-0	2013	Phenformin activates the unfolded protein response in an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent manner.	Phenformin	0-10	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	57-85
23548904-0	2013	Phenformin activates the unfolded protein response in an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent manner.	Phenformin	0-10	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	87-91
23548904-2	2013	RESULTS: Phenformin treatment activates the IRE1alpha and PERK pathways in an AMPK-dependent manner.	Phenformin	9-19	endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1	Homo sapiens	44-53
23548904-2	2013	RESULTS: Phenformin treatment activates the IRE1alpha and PERK pathways in an AMPK-dependent manner.	Phenformin	9-19	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3	Homo sapiens	58-62
23548904-2	2013	RESULTS: Phenformin treatment activates the IRE1alpha and PERK pathways in an AMPK-dependent manner.	Phenformin	9-19	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	78-82
23548904-3	2013	CONCLUSION: AMPK is required for phenformin-mediated IRE1alpha and PERK activation.	Phenformin	33-43	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	12-16
23548904-3	2013	CONCLUSION: AMPK is required for phenformin-mediated IRE1alpha and PERK activation.	Phenformin	33-43	endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1	Homo sapiens	53-62
23548904-3	2013	CONCLUSION: AMPK is required for phenformin-mediated IRE1alpha and PERK activation.	Phenformin	33-43	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3	Homo sapiens	67-71
23548904-7	2013	Using a method that we recently optimized to directly measure UPR sensor activation, we screened the effect of various metabolic drugs on UPR activation and show that the anti-diabetic drug phenformin activates UPR sensors IRE1alpha and pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) in both an ER-dependent and ER-independent manner.	Phenformin	190-200	endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1	Homo sapiens	223-232
23548904-7	2013	Using a method that we recently optimized to directly measure UPR sensor activation, we screened the effect of various metabolic drugs on UPR activation and show that the anti-diabetic drug phenformin activates UPR sensors IRE1alpha and pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) in both an ER-dependent and ER-independent manner.	Phenformin	190-200	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3	Homo sapiens	237-276
23548904-7	2013	Using a method that we recently optimized to directly measure UPR sensor activation, we screened the effect of various metabolic drugs on UPR activation and show that the anti-diabetic drug phenformin activates UPR sensors IRE1alpha and pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) in both an ER-dependent and ER-independent manner.	Phenformin	190-200	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3	Homo sapiens	278-282
23548904-8	2013	Mechanistically, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation is required but not sufficient to initiate phenformin-mediated IRE1alpha and PERK activation, suggesting the involvement of additional factor(s).	Phenformin	107-117	endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1	Homo sapiens	127-136
23548904-8	2013	Mechanistically, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation is required but not sufficient to initiate phenformin-mediated IRE1alpha and PERK activation, suggesting the involvement of additional factor(s).	Phenformin	107-117	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3	Homo sapiens	141-145
23548904-9	2013	Interestingly, activation of the IRE1alpha (but not PERK) pathway is partially responsible for the cytotoxic effect of phenformin.	Phenformin	119-129	endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1	Homo sapiens	33-42
23475884-0	2013	LKB1 mutation sensitizes NSCLC cells to phenformin.	Phenformin	40-50	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	0-4
23475884-1	2013	Phenformin, a metformin analogue, selectively induces apoptosis in LKB1-mutant NSCLC models.	Phenformin	0-10	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	67-71
21918180-8	2011	Thus, phenformin and resveratrol caused a strong activation of AMPK in the cytoplasm, whereas the effect was less pronounced in nuclei.	Phenformin	6-16	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	63-67
21690395-5	2011	This ULK1/2-independent autophagy was not the simple result of bioenergetic compromise and failed to be induced by AMP-activated protein kinase activators such as 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside and phenformin.	Phenformin	207-217	unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1	Homo sapiens	5-9
20965713-5	2011	A comparison of four AMPK activators (metformin, phenformin, TNF-alpha and t10c12 CLA) found a correlation between AMPK activity and triglyceride reduction.	Phenformin	49-59	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	21-25
20965713-5	2011	A comparison of four AMPK activators (metformin, phenformin, TNF-alpha and t10c12 CLA) found a correlation between AMPK activity and triglyceride reduction.	Phenformin	49-59	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	115-119
20801214-6	2011	Using antibodies raised to individual Ppm phosphatases that facilitated the assessment of their activities, phenformin stimulation of cells was found to decrease the Mg(2+)/Mn(2+)-dependent [corrected] protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity of Ppm1E and Ppm1F, but not that attributable to other PPM family members, including Ppm1A/PP2Calpha.	Phenformin	108-118	protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1F	Homo sapiens	261-266
20801214-6	2011	Using antibodies raised to individual Ppm phosphatases that facilitated the assessment of their activities, phenformin stimulation of cells was found to decrease the Mg(2+)/Mn(2+)-dependent [corrected] protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity of Ppm1E and Ppm1F, but not that attributable to other PPM family members, including Ppm1A/PP2Calpha.	Phenformin	108-118	protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1A	Homo sapiens	333-338
20801214-6	2011	Using antibodies raised to individual Ppm phosphatases that facilitated the assessment of their activities, phenformin stimulation of cells was found to decrease the Mg(2+)/Mn(2+)-dependent [corrected] protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity of Ppm1E and Ppm1F, but not that attributable to other PPM family members, including Ppm1A/PP2Calpha.	Phenformin	108-118	protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1A	Homo sapiens	339-348
20664053-4	2010	However, AMPK activation with phenformin or A-769662 failed to induce apoptosis in CLL cells and AICAR also potently induced apoptosis in B lymphocytes from Ampkalpha1(-/-) mice, demonstrating an AMPK-independent mechanism of cell death.	Phenformin	30-40	protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 1 catalytic subunit	Mus musculus	9-13
17603555-13	2007	Additional pharmacological effects evoked by AICAR and phenformin on I(ouabain), with potential secondary effects on apical Na+ conductance, ENaC activity and monolayer resistance, have important consequences for their use as pharmacological activators of AMPK in cell systems where Na+K+ATPase is an important component.	Phenformin	55-65	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	256-260
20188727-3	2010	Phenformin but not metformin inhibits a number of variants of K(ATP) including the cloned equivalents of currents present in vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle (Kir6.1/SUR2B and Kir6.2/SUR2B) and pancreatic beta-cells (Kir6.2/SUR1).	Phenformin	0-10	potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 8	Homo sapiens	166-172
20188727-3	2010	Phenformin but not metformin inhibits a number of variants of K(ATP) including the cloned equivalents of currents present in vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle (Kir6.1/SUR2B and Kir6.2/SUR2B) and pancreatic beta-cells (Kir6.2/SUR1).	Phenformin	0-10	potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 11	Homo sapiens	183-189
20188727-3	2010	Phenformin but not metformin inhibits a number of variants of K(ATP) including the cloned equivalents of currents present in vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle (Kir6.1/SUR2B and Kir6.2/SUR2B) and pancreatic beta-cells (Kir6.2/SUR1).	Phenformin	0-10	potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 11	Homo sapiens	224-230
20188727-3	2010	Phenformin but not metformin inhibits a number of variants of K(ATP) including the cloned equivalents of currents present in vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle (Kir6.1/SUR2B and Kir6.2/SUR2B) and pancreatic beta-cells (Kir6.2/SUR1).	Phenformin	0-10	ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 8	Homo sapiens	231-235
20188727-7	2010	Additionally, phenformin inhibited the current elicited through the Kir6.2DeltaC26 (functional without SUR) channel with an IC50 of 1.78 mM.	Phenformin	14-24	ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 8	Homo sapiens	103-106
20188727-8	2010	Phenformin reduced the open probability of Kir6.1/SUR2B channels by approximately 90% in inside-out patches.	Phenformin	0-10	potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 8	Homo sapiens	43-49
19768675-0	2009	A comparison of uptake of metformin and phenformin mediated by hOCT1 in human hepatocytes.	Phenformin	40-50	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens	63-68
18752001-5	2009	Using AMPKalpha1(-/-) mice and wild-type littermates, we demonstrate that phenformin, an activator of AMPK, strongly inhibits cAMP-activated Cl(-) secretion in mouse airways and colon, when examined in ex vivo in Ussing chamber recordings.	Phenformin	74-84	protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 1 catalytic subunit	Mus musculus	6-16
18752001-7	2009	Phenformin inhibited CFTR Cl(-) conductance in basolaterally permeabilized colonic epithelium from AMPKalpha1(+/+) but not AMPKalpha1(-/-) mice.	Phenformin	0-10	cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator	Mus musculus	21-25
18752001-7	2009	Phenformin inhibited CFTR Cl(-) conductance in basolaterally permeabilized colonic epithelium from AMPKalpha1(+/+) but not AMPKalpha1(-/-) mice.	Phenformin	0-10	protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 1 catalytic subunit	Mus musculus	99-109
17995453-8	2008	In rat L6 myotubes, endogenous TBC1D1 is strongly phosphorylated on Ser237 and binds to 14-3-3s in response to the AMPK activators AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-b-D-ribofuranoside), phenformin and A-769662, whereas insulin promotes phosphorylation of Thr596 but not 14-3-3 binding.	Phenformin	192-202	TBC1 domain family member 1	Rattus norvegicus	31-37
17603555-1	2007	BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated by metformin, phenformin, and the AMP mimetic, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR).	Phenformin	87-97	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	54-58
17603555-7	2007	KEY RESULTS: Phenformin, AICAR and metformin increased AMPK (alpha1) activity and decreased I(amiloride).	Phenformin	13-23	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	55-67
20444419-3	2010	It is thought that agents that increase the cellular AMP/ATP ratio, such as the antidiabetic biguanides metformin and phenformin, inhibit mTORC1 through AMPK activation of TSC1/2-dependent or -independent mechanisms.	Phenformin	118-128	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	138-144
20444419-3	2010	It is thought that agents that increase the cellular AMP/ATP ratio, such as the antidiabetic biguanides metformin and phenformin, inhibit mTORC1 through AMPK activation of TSC1/2-dependent or -independent mechanisms.	Phenformin	118-128	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	153-157
20444419-3	2010	It is thought that agents that increase the cellular AMP/ATP ratio, such as the antidiabetic biguanides metformin and phenformin, inhibit mTORC1 through AMPK activation of TSC1/2-dependent or -independent mechanisms.	Phenformin	118-128	TSC complex subunit 1	Homo sapiens	172-176
20334581-8	2010	According to confocal microscopy and Western Blotting, AICAR (1 mM), phenformin (1 mM) and A-769662 (10 microM) enhanced the SGLT1 protein abundance in the cell membrane of Caco2 cells suggesting that AMPK activity may increase membrane translocation of SGLT1.	Phenformin	69-79	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	125-130
20334581-8	2010	According to confocal microscopy and Western Blotting, AICAR (1 mM), phenformin (1 mM) and A-769662 (10 microM) enhanced the SGLT1 protein abundance in the cell membrane of Caco2 cells suggesting that AMPK activity may increase membrane translocation of SGLT1.	Phenformin	69-79	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	201-205
20334581-8	2010	According to confocal microscopy and Western Blotting, AICAR (1 mM), phenformin (1 mM) and A-769662 (10 microM) enhanced the SGLT1 protein abundance in the cell membrane of Caco2 cells suggesting that AMPK activity may increase membrane translocation of SGLT1.	Phenformin	69-79	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	254-259
18387000-5	2008	In contrast, activating the AMPK pathway by administration of metformin, phenformin or A-769662 to PTEN(+/-) mice significantly delayed tumour onset.	Phenformin	73-83	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
17135357-4	2007	We report that when S122 on NDPK-A is phosphorylated by AMPK alpha1 in vivo, (i.e., stimulation of AMPK using either metformin or phenformin) initiating the substrate channeling mechanism, the catalytic subunit of CK2 (CK2alpha) is expelled from the complex and translocates to bind NDPK-B, a closely related but independent isoform of NDPK.	Phenformin	130-140	NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	28-34
17287212-4	2007	Forced activation of AMPK by AICAR, phenformin, or oligomycin significantly blocked phosphorylation of p70S6K, a downstream target of mTOR, in response to the combination of glucose and amino acids.	Phenformin	36-46	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	21-25
17287212-4	2007	Forced activation of AMPK by AICAR, phenformin, or oligomycin significantly blocked phosphorylation of p70S6K, a downstream target of mTOR, in response to the combination of glucose and amino acids.	Phenformin	36-46	ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1	Homo sapiens	103-109
17287212-4	2007	Forced activation of AMPK by AICAR, phenformin, or oligomycin significantly blocked phosphorylation of p70S6K, a downstream target of mTOR, in response to the combination of glucose and amino acids.	Phenformin	36-46	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	134-138
17331859-4	2007	Only one BG, phenformin, caused a concentration-related inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis under basal conditions and in the presence of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), caused by an inhibition of proteoglycan core protein synthesis secondary to a reduction in total protein synthesis.	Phenformin	13-23	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	139-171
17331859-4	2007	Only one BG, phenformin, caused a concentration-related inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis under basal conditions and in the presence of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), caused by an inhibition of proteoglycan core protein synthesis secondary to a reduction in total protein synthesis.	Phenformin	13-23	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	173-182
17614008-4	2007	The K(i) values for phenformin inhibition of [(3)H]-MPP and [(14)C]-TEA uptake by hOCT1-3/rOct1-3 were lower than that for metformin.	Phenformin	20-30	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens	82-87
17614008-4	2007	The K(i) values for phenformin inhibition of [(3)H]-MPP and [(14)C]-TEA uptake by hOCT1-3/rOct1-3 were lower than that for metformin.	Phenformin	20-30	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	90-95
17135357-4	2007	We report that when S122 on NDPK-A is phosphorylated by AMPK alpha1 in vivo, (i.e., stimulation of AMPK using either metformin or phenformin) initiating the substrate channeling mechanism, the catalytic subunit of CK2 (CK2alpha) is expelled from the complex and translocates to bind NDPK-B, a closely related but independent isoform of NDPK.	Phenformin	130-140	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	56-67
17135357-4	2007	We report that when S122 on NDPK-A is phosphorylated by AMPK alpha1 in vivo, (i.e., stimulation of AMPK using either metformin or phenformin) initiating the substrate channeling mechanism, the catalytic subunit of CK2 (CK2alpha) is expelled from the complex and translocates to bind NDPK-B, a closely related but independent isoform of NDPK.	Phenformin	130-140	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	56-60
17135357-4	2007	We report that when S122 on NDPK-A is phosphorylated by AMPK alpha1 in vivo, (i.e., stimulation of AMPK using either metformin or phenformin) initiating the substrate channeling mechanism, the catalytic subunit of CK2 (CK2alpha) is expelled from the complex and translocates to bind NDPK-B, a closely related but independent isoform of NDPK.	Phenformin	130-140	casein kinase 2 alpha 2	Homo sapiens	219-227
17135357-4	2007	We report that when S122 on NDPK-A is phosphorylated by AMPK alpha1 in vivo, (i.e., stimulation of AMPK using either metformin or phenformin) initiating the substrate channeling mechanism, the catalytic subunit of CK2 (CK2alpha) is expelled from the complex and translocates to bind NDPK-B, a closely related but independent isoform of NDPK.	Phenformin	130-140	NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2	Homo sapiens	283-289
17083919-6	2006	These results may explain the difference in AMPK activation mechanisms between AMP and phenformin, and also indicate that AMPK phosphorylation by LKB1 is involved in AMP-stimulated AMPK activation.	Phenformin	87-97	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	44-48
17083919-6	2006	These results may explain the difference in AMPK activation mechanisms between AMP and phenformin, and also indicate that AMPK phosphorylation by LKB1 is involved in AMP-stimulated AMPK activation.	Phenformin	87-97	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	122-126
17083919-6	2006	These results may explain the difference in AMPK activation mechanisms between AMP and phenformin, and also indicate that AMPK phosphorylation by LKB1 is involved in AMP-stimulated AMPK activation.	Phenformin	87-97	serine/threonine kinase 11	Rattus norvegicus	146-150
17083919-6	2006	These results may explain the difference in AMPK activation mechanisms between AMP and phenformin, and also indicate that AMPK phosphorylation by LKB1 is involved in AMP-stimulated AMPK activation.	Phenformin	87-97	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	122-126
16771775-8	2006	When GST-TPS5 was expressed in human HEK293 cells, Thr49 was phosphorylated in response to 2-deoxyglucose or phenformin, stimuli that activate the AMPK via the upstream kinase LKB1.	Phenformin	109-119	trehalose phosphatase/synthase 5	Arabidopsis thaliana	9-13
16638825-6	2006	Basal, 5-aminoimidazole-AICAR- and phenformin-stimulated AMPKalpha2 isoform-specific activities were decreased only in MUTgamma3 mice.	Phenformin	35-45	protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 2 catalytic subunit	Mus musculus	57-67
16771775-8	2006	When GST-TPS5 was expressed in human HEK293 cells, Thr49 was phosphorylated in response to 2-deoxyglucose or phenformin, stimuli that activate the AMPK via the upstream kinase LKB1.	Phenformin	109-119	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	147-151
16620785-7	2006	The mechanism for Akt dephosphorylation caused by phenformin, but not AICAR, was due to inhibition of growth factor-induced signaling that leads to Akt phosphorylation.	Phenformin	50-60	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	18-21
16620785-7	2006	The mechanism for Akt dephosphorylation caused by phenformin, but not AICAR, was due to inhibition of growth factor-induced signaling that leads to Akt phosphorylation.	Phenformin	50-60	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	148-151
16620785-9	2006	These findings show that Akt dephosphorylation often occurs concomitantly with AMPK activation when cells are treated with phenformin or AICAR, indicating that these drugs do not only affect AMPK but also cause a coordinated inverse regulation of AMPK and Akt.	Phenformin	123-133	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	25-28
16620785-9	2006	These findings show that Akt dephosphorylation often occurs concomitantly with AMPK activation when cells are treated with phenformin or AICAR, indicating that these drugs do not only affect AMPK but also cause a coordinated inverse regulation of AMPK and Akt.	Phenformin	123-133	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	256-259
15889149-8	2005	These studies establish the importance of LKB1 in regulating AMPK activity and cellular energy levels in response to contraction and phenformin.	Phenformin	133-143	serine/threonine kinase 11	Mus musculus	42-46
15919715-6	2005	The biguanide phenformin has been shown to independently decrease ion transport processes, influence cellular metabolism and activate AMPK.	Phenformin	14-24	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	134-138
15919715-9	2005	Phenformin and AICAR increased AMPK activity in H441 cells in a dose-dependent fashion, stimulating the kinase maximally at 5-10 mm (P = 0.001, n = 3) and 2 mm (P < 0.005, n = 3), respectively.	Phenformin	0-10	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	31-35
15919715-15	2005	Taken together, these results show that phenformin and AICAR suppress amiloride-sensitive Na+ transport across H441 cells via a pathway that includes activation of AMPK and inhibition of both apical Na+ entry through ENaC and basolateral Na+ extrusion via the Na+,K+-ATPase.	Phenformin	40-50	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	164-168
15889149-4	2005	In LKB1-lacking muscle, the basal activity of the AMPKalpha2 isoform was greatly reduced and was not increased by the AMP-mimetic agent, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR), by the antidiabetic drug phenformin, or by muscle contraction.	Phenformin	211-221	protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 2 catalytic subunit	Mus musculus	50-60
16405649-4	2006	Using micropore chemotaxis assays to assess migratory responses of the monocyte-like cell line U937, it was found that the AMPK activators AICAR and phenformin rapidly reduced random migration (chemokinesis) as well as chemotaxis due to stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)1alpha.	Phenformin	149-159	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	123-127
15919715-0	2005	Phenformin and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) activation of AMP-activated protein kinase inhibits transepithelial Na+ transport across H441 lung cells.	Phenformin	0-10	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	92-120
15889149-8	2005	These studies establish the importance of LKB1 in regulating AMPK activity and cellular energy levels in response to contraction and phenformin.	Phenformin	133-143	protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 2 catalytic subunit	Mus musculus	61-65
15783073-7	2005	The order of the potencies of unlabeled biguanides to inhibit [14C]metformin transport by hOCT2 was phenformin > buformin > metformin.	Phenformin	100-110	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	90-95
15068958-0	2004	Activity of LKB1 and AMPK-related kinases in skeletal muscle: effects of contraction, phenformin, and AICAR.	Phenformin	86-96	serine/threonine kinase 11	Rattus norvegicus	12-16
15068958-2	2004	We recently found that, in cultured cells, the LKB1 tumor suppressor protein kinase activates AMPK in response to the metformin analog phenformin and the AMP mimetic drug 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR).	Phenformin	135-145	serine/threonine kinase 11	Rattus norvegicus	47-51
15068958-2	2004	We recently found that, in cultured cells, the LKB1 tumor suppressor protein kinase activates AMPK in response to the metformin analog phenformin and the AMP mimetic drug 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR).	Phenformin	135-145	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Rattus norvegicus	94-98
15068958-7	2004	Treatment of isolated skeletal muscle with phenformin or AICAR stimulated the phosphorylation and activation of AMPKalpha1 and AMPKalpha2 without altering LKB1 activity.	Phenformin	43-53	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Rattus norvegicus	112-122
15068958-9	2004	The results of this study suggest that muscle contraction, phenformin, or AICAR activates AMPK by a mechanism that does not involve direct activation of LKB1.	Phenformin	59-69	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Rattus norvegicus	90-94
15068958-10	2004	They also suggest that the effects of excercise, phenformin, and AICAR on metabolic processes in muscle may be mediated through activation of AMPK rather than activation of LKB1 or the AMPK-related kinases.	Phenformin	49-59	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Rattus norvegicus	142-146
15044053-3	2004	Plasma GLP-2 levels were significantly increased by 1.4- to 1.6-fold in fasted F344 rats 1 h after oral meformin (300 mg/kg), phenformin (30 and 100 mg/kg) and buformin (100 mg/kg) treatment.	Phenformin	126-136	mast cell protease 10	Rattus norvegicus	7-12
14623034-6	2003	In addition, a short-time incubation of SH-SY5Y cells with phenformin induced enhanced and transient expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 suggesting that phenformin causes inhibition of cell cycle progression prior to induction of apoptosis.	Phenformin	59-69	H3 histone pseudogene 16	Homo sapiens	140-143
14623034-6	2003	In addition, a short-time incubation of SH-SY5Y cells with phenformin induced enhanced and transient expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 suggesting that phenformin causes inhibition of cell cycle progression prior to induction of apoptosis.	Phenformin	160-170	H3 histone pseudogene 16	Homo sapiens	140-143