PMID-sentid	Pub_year	Sent_text	compound_name	comp_offset	prot_official_name	organism	prot_offset
27292784-1	2016	Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is a metabolic enzyme that converts isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-100	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-24
27292784-1	2016	Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is a metabolic enzyme that converts isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-100	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	26-29
27292784-1	2016	Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is a metabolic enzyme that converts isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	102-110	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-24
27292784-1	2016	Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is a metabolic enzyme that converts isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	102-110	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	26-29
26188014-3	2016	IDH enzymes normally catalyze the decarboxylation of isocitrate to generate alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), but recurrent mutations at Arg(132) of IDH1 and Arg(172) of IDH2 confer a neomorphic enzyme activity that catalyzes reduction of alphaKG into the putative oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutate (D2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	76-95	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	146-150
26188014-3	2016	IDH enzymes normally catalyze the decarboxylation of isocitrate to generate alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), but recurrent mutations at Arg(132) of IDH1 and Arg(172) of IDH2 confer a neomorphic enzyme activity that catalyzes reduction of alphaKG into the putative oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutate (D2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	76-95	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	167-171
26960449-4	2016	While IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), IDH1 and IDH2 mutations convert alpha-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-100	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	6-10
26960449-4	2016	While IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), IDH1 and IDH2 mutations convert alpha-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-100	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	15-19
26960449-4	2016	While IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), IDH1 and IDH2 mutations convert alpha-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-100	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	122-126
26960449-4	2016	While IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), IDH1 and IDH2 mutations convert alpha-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	102-110	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	6-10
26960449-4	2016	While IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), IDH1 and IDH2 mutations convert alpha-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	102-110	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	15-19
26960449-4	2016	While IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), IDH1 and IDH2 mutations convert alpha-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	102-110	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	122-126
26960449-4	2016	While IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), IDH1 and IDH2 mutations convert alpha-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	145-153	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	6-10
26960449-4	2016	While IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), IDH1 and IDH2 mutations convert alpha-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	145-153	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	15-19
26960449-4	2016	While IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), IDH1 and IDH2 mutations convert alpha-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	145-153	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	113-117
26960449-4	2016	While IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), IDH1 and IDH2 mutations convert alpha-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	145-153	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	122-126
26686626-2	2015	The benefit of this regimen, known as PCV, was recently linked to IDH mutation that occurs frequently in glioma and produces D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG), a competitive inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	183-202	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	66-69
26686626-2	2015	The benefit of this regimen, known as PCV, was recently linked to IDH mutation that occurs frequently in glioma and produces D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG), a competitive inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	204-212	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	66-69
26508549-3	2015	We have observed that alpha-mangostin competitively inhibits the binding of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to IDH1-R132H.	Ketoglutaric Acids	76-95	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	110-115
26508549-3	2015	We have observed that alpha-mangostin competitively inhibits the binding of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to IDH1-R132H.	Ketoglutaric Acids	97-105	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	110-115
26221781-3	2015	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) catalyze the reversible reaction between glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate, which is the initial step for glutamate to enter TCA cycle metabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	122-141	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-23
26221781-3	2015	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) catalyze the reversible reaction between glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate, which is the initial step for glutamate to enter TCA cycle metabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	122-141	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	25-28
26003568-2	2015	Since then, nine mammalian homologs, all members of the superfamily of alpha-ketoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenases, have been identified (designated ALKBH1-8 and FTO).	Ketoglutaric Acids	71-90	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	159-167
26003568-2	2015	Since then, nine mammalian homologs, all members of the superfamily of alpha-ketoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenases, have been identified (designated ALKBH1-8 and FTO).	Ketoglutaric Acids	71-90	FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	172-175
26589116-6	2015	IDH2-mediated conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate leads to the generation of NADPH, which is critical to buffering the H2O2 produced by the respiratory chain.	Ketoglutaric Acids	42-61	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	0-4
26452058-0	2015	ACLY and ACC1 Regulate Hypoxia-Induced Apoptosis by Modulating ETV4 via alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	72-91	ATP citrate lyase	Homo sapiens	0-4
26363012-1	2015	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is mutated in various types of human cancer to IDH1(R132H), a structural alteration that leads to catalysis of alpha-ketoglutarate to the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	145-164	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-26
26363012-1	2015	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is mutated in various types of human cancer to IDH1(R132H), a structural alteration that leads to catalysis of alpha-ketoglutarate to the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	145-164	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
26363012-1	2015	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is mutated in various types of human cancer to IDH1(R132H), a structural alteration that leads to catalysis of alpha-ketoglutarate to the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	145-164	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	81-85
26713111-1	2015	Prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD2) enzyme, a Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) dependent oxygenase, mediates key physiological responses to hypoxia by modulating the levels of hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1alpha).	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-70	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	0-27
26713111-1	2015	Prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD2) enzyme, a Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) dependent oxygenase, mediates key physiological responses to hypoxia by modulating the levels of hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1alpha).	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-70	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	29-33
26713111-1	2015	Prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD2) enzyme, a Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) dependent oxygenase, mediates key physiological responses to hypoxia by modulating the levels of hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1alpha).	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-70	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	175-207
26713111-1	2015	Prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD2) enzyme, a Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) dependent oxygenase, mediates key physiological responses to hypoxia by modulating the levels of hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1alpha).	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-70	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	209-218
26241911-2	2015	GDH catalyzes the reversible deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate while reducing NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. As the generated NADPH can be used in bio-synthetic pathways, we studied here the expression of hGDH1 and hGDH2 in human steroidogenic tissues using specific antibodies.	Ketoglutaric Acids	57-76	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
25882048-1	2015	Isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (Idh1) is an important metabolic enzyme that produces NADPH by converting isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-134	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	0-26
25882048-1	2015	Isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (Idh1) is an important metabolic enzyme that produces NADPH by converting isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-134	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	28-32
25882048-1	2015	Isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (Idh1) is an important metabolic enzyme that produces NADPH by converting isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-134	2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase 1, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	81-86
26381180-2	2015	Although IDH1 catalyzes the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in cytosol, mutated IDH1 proteins possess the ability to change alpha-KG into the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	69-88	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	9-13
26381180-2	2015	Although IDH1 catalyzes the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in cytosol, mutated IDH1 proteins possess the ability to change alpha-KG into the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	69-88	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	120-124
26381180-2	2015	Although IDH1 catalyzes the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in cytosol, mutated IDH1 proteins possess the ability to change alpha-KG into the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-98	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	9-13
26381180-2	2015	Although IDH1 catalyzes the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in cytosol, mutated IDH1 proteins possess the ability to change alpha-KG into the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-98	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	120-124
26381180-2	2015	Although IDH1 catalyzes the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in cytosol, mutated IDH1 proteins possess the ability to change alpha-KG into the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	164-172	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	120-124
26528183-4	2015	These protumoral activities of lactate depend on lactate uptake, a process primarily facilitated by the inward, passive lactate-proton symporter monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1); the conversion of lactate and NAD(+) to pyruvate, NADH and H(+) by lactate dehydrogenase-1 (LDH-1); and a competition between pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate that inhibits prolylhydroxylases (PHDs).	Ketoglutaric Acids	322-341	solute carrier family 16 member 1	Homo sapiens	145-174
26528183-4	2015	These protumoral activities of lactate depend on lactate uptake, a process primarily facilitated by the inward, passive lactate-proton symporter monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1); the conversion of lactate and NAD(+) to pyruvate, NADH and H(+) by lactate dehydrogenase-1 (LDH-1); and a competition between pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate that inhibits prolylhydroxylases (PHDs).	Ketoglutaric Acids	322-341	solute carrier family 16 member 1	Homo sapiens	176-180
26449894-7	2015	GC-MS results also demonstrated a significant overflow of several organic acids (pyruvate, 2-ketoglutarate and propanoate) and sugars (xylitol, mannose and fructose) in the mTNFalpha-producing strain.	Ketoglutaric Acids	91-106	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	173-182
26452058-0	2015	ACLY and ACC1 Regulate Hypoxia-Induced Apoptosis by Modulating ETV4 via alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	72-91	acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha	Homo sapiens	9-13
26452058-0	2015	ACLY and ACC1 Regulate Hypoxia-Induced Apoptosis by Modulating ETV4 via alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	72-91	ETS variant transcription factor 4	Homo sapiens	63-67
26452058-6	2015	Metabolomic analysis found that while alpha-ketoglutarate levels decrease under hypoxia in control cells, alpha-ketoglutarate is paradoxically increased under hypoxia when ACC1 or ACLY are depleted.	Ketoglutaric Acids	106-125	acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha	Homo sapiens	172-176
26452058-6	2015	Metabolomic analysis found that while alpha-ketoglutarate levels decrease under hypoxia in control cells, alpha-ketoglutarate is paradoxically increased under hypoxia when ACC1 or ACLY are depleted.	Ketoglutaric Acids	106-125	ATP citrate lyase	Homo sapiens	180-184
26452058-7	2015	Supplementation with alpha-ketoglutarate rescued the hypoxia-induced apoptosis and recapitulated the decreased expression and activity of ETV4, likely via an epigenetic mechanism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	21-40	ETS variant transcription factor 4	Homo sapiens	138-142
26452058-8	2015	Therefore, ACC1 and ACLY regulate the levels of ETV4 under hypoxia via increased alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-100	acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha	Homo sapiens	11-15
26452058-8	2015	Therefore, ACC1 and ACLY regulate the levels of ETV4 under hypoxia via increased alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-100	ATP citrate lyase	Homo sapiens	20-24
26452058-8	2015	Therefore, ACC1 and ACLY regulate the levels of ETV4 under hypoxia via increased alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-100	ETS variant transcription factor 4	Homo sapiens	48-52
26420908-5	2015	We found that alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), the glutamine-derived metabolite that enters into the mitochondrial citric acid cycle, acted as a metabolic regulator of CD4(+) T cell differentiation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	14-33	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	166-169
26147657-1	2015	In recent years, frequent isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/IDH2) gene mutations were found in a variety of tumors, which specifically alter arginine residues of catalytic active site in IDH1/IDH2 and confer new enzymatic function of directly catalyzing alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to R-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	255-274	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	56-60
26147657-1	2015	In recent years, frequent isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/IDH2) gene mutations were found in a variety of tumors, which specifically alter arginine residues of catalytic active site in IDH1/IDH2 and confer new enzymatic function of directly catalyzing alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to R-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	255-274	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	61-65
26147657-1	2015	In recent years, frequent isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/IDH2) gene mutations were found in a variety of tumors, which specifically alter arginine residues of catalytic active site in IDH1/IDH2 and confer new enzymatic function of directly catalyzing alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to R-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	255-274	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	188-192
26147657-1	2015	In recent years, frequent isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/IDH2) gene mutations were found in a variety of tumors, which specifically alter arginine residues of catalytic active site in IDH1/IDH2 and confer new enzymatic function of directly catalyzing alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to R-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	255-274	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	193-197
26369930-6	2015	Further, the model confirms that addition of alpha-ketoglutarate can reverse PHD inhibition by succinate and hypoxia in SDH-deficient cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	45-64	serine dehydratase	Homo sapiens	120-123
26280302-2	2015	With losing the activity of wild-type IDH1, the R132H and R132C mutant proteins can reduce alpha-ketoglutaric acid (alpha-KG) to d-2-hydroxyglutaric acid (D2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	91-114	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	38-42
26280302-2	2015	With losing the activity of wild-type IDH1, the R132H and R132C mutant proteins can reduce alpha-ketoglutaric acid (alpha-KG) to d-2-hydroxyglutaric acid (D2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	116-124	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	38-42
25531325-3	2015	We found that the aberrant expression of wild-type isocitrate dehydrogenase 3alpha (IDH3alpha), a subunit of the IDH3 heterotetramer, decreased alpha-ketoglutarate levels and increased the stability and transactivation activity of HIF-1alpha in cancer cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	144-163	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) 3 catalytic subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	84-93
26190651-4	2015	We show that, like alpha-KG, both (R)-2HG and (S)-2HG bind and inhibit ATP synthase and inhibit mTOR signaling.	Ketoglutaric Acids	19-27	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	96-100
26187851-6	2015	Inhibition of TRPC6 enhanced the levels of alpha-ketoglutarate and promoted hydroxylation of HIF-1alpha to suppress HIF-1alpha accumulation without affecting its transcription or translation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	43-62	transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily C member 6	Homo sapiens	14-19
26187851-7	2015	Dimethyloxalylglycine N-(methoxyoxoacetyl)-glycine methyl ester (DMOG), an analog of alpha-ketoglutarate, reversed the inhibition of HIF-1alpha accumulation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	85-104	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	133-143
25758935-5	2015	GPT2 is the gene encoding ALT2 which is responsible for the reversible transamination of alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-115	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
25758935-5	2015	GPT2 is the gene encoding ALT2 which is responsible for the reversible transamination of alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-115	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	26-30
26203119-3	2015	We analyze the kinetic properties of both A. thaliana mMDH isoforms, and show that they produce l-2-hydroxyglutarate (l-2HG) from 2-ketoglutarate (2-KG) at low rates in side reactions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	130-145	malate dehydrogenase 2, NAD (mitochondrial)	Mus musculus	54-58
26188089-1	2015	Variations in the human fat mass and obesity-associated gene, which encodes FTO, an 2-oxoglutarate-dependent nucleic acid demethylase, are associated with increased risk of obesity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	84-98	FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	76-79
25909344-9	2015	Incubation with an alpha-ketoglutarate analogue partially recovered TBT-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, supporting the involvement of NAD-IDH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	19-38	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	141-144
26322056-3	2015	The GABA shunt bypasses two steps (the oxidation of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinate) of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle via reactions catalyzed by three enzymes: glutamate decarboxylase, GABA transaminase, and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	52-71	glutamate decarboxylase	Solanum lycopersicum	166-189
26322056-3	2015	The GABA shunt bypasses two steps (the oxidation of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinate) of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle via reactions catalyzed by three enzymes: glutamate decarboxylase, GABA transaminase, and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	52-71	succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase	Solanum lycopersicum	214-249
26190261-6	2015	ERK2 activation during metabolic stress contributes to changes in TCA cycle and amino acid metabolism, and cell death, which is suppressed by glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate supplementation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	156-175	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
26007236-1	2015	Mitochondrial NADPH-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, IDH2, and cytosolic IDH1, catalyze reductive carboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	118-132	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	56-60
26007236-1	2015	Mitochondrial NADPH-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, IDH2, and cytosolic IDH1, catalyze reductive carboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	118-132	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	76-80
26114434-0	2015	Pseudomonas aeruginosa MifS-MifR Two-Component System Is Specific for alpha-Ketoglutarate Utilization.	Ketoglutaric Acids	70-89	DNA-binding response regulator MifR	Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1	28-32
26178471-0	2015	D2HGDH regulates alpha-ketoglutarate levels and dioxygenase function by modulating IDH2.	Ketoglutaric Acids	17-36	D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-6
26178471-0	2015	D2HGDH regulates alpha-ketoglutarate levels and dioxygenase function by modulating IDH2.	Ketoglutaric Acids	17-36	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	83-87
26178471-2	2015	In cancer, mutant IDH1/2 reduces alpha-KG to D2-hydroxyglutarate (D2-HG) disrupting alpha-KG-dependent dioxygenases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	33-41	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	18-22
26178471-6	2015	D2-HG is a low-abundance metabolite, but we show that it can meaningfully elevate alpha-KG levels by positively modulating mitochondrial IDH activity and inducing IDH2 expression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	82-90	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	163-167
25751089-5	2015	The process of recognition of m(6)A via FTO using diazirine photocrosslinking was controlled by the alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) cosubstrate and the Fe(II) cofactor, which are involved in m(6)A oxidative demethylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	100-119	FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	40-43
25774549-4	2015	However, rat islets exhibited a more pronounced glucose-provoked increase of glutamate, glycerol-3-phosphate, succinate, and lactate levels, whereas INS-1 832/13 cells showed a higher glucose-elicited increase in glucose-6-phosphate, alanine, isocitrate, and alpha-ketoglutarate levels.	Ketoglutaric Acids	259-278	insulin 1	Rattus norvegicus	149-154
25997831-1	2015	The Jumonji domain-containing protein 6 (Jmjd6) is a member of the superfamily of non-haem iron(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenases; it plays an important developmental role in higher animals.	Ketoglutaric Acids	104-118	jumonji domain containing 6, arginine demethylase and lysine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	4-39
25997831-1	2015	The Jumonji domain-containing protein 6 (Jmjd6) is a member of the superfamily of non-haem iron(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenases; it plays an important developmental role in higher animals.	Ketoglutaric Acids	104-118	jumonji domain containing 6, arginine demethylase and lysine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	41-46
26590767-1	2015	Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	73-92	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-24
26590767-1	2015	Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	73-92	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	26-29
25797536-5	2015	Esculetin inhibition of HPH and consequent induction of HIF-1alpha were attenuated by escalating dose of either ascorbate or 2-ketoglutarate, the required factors of the enzyme.	Ketoglutaric Acids	125-140	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	56-66
25745028-9	2015	We conclude that although the recombinant Fd-GOGAT enzyme has two forms of glutamate synthesis, the first by glutaminase (ammonia release by glutamine amidotransferase) and the second by glutamate synthase (coupling of the ammonia and exogenously applied 2-oxoglutarate), the first works without NADPH, while the second is strictly dependent on NADPH availability.	Ketoglutaric Acids	255-269	ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase, chloroplastic	Zea mays	187-205
26627093-4	2015	FTO is an FE (II) and 2-oxoglutarate dependent DNA/RNA methylase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	22-36	FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	0-3
25795706-2	2015	The mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes convert alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), which dysregulates a set of alpha-KG-dependent dioxygenases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	58-77	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	11-35
25795706-2	2015	The mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes convert alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), which dysregulates a set of alpha-KG-dependent dioxygenases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	58-77	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	37-40
25795706-2	2015	The mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes convert alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), which dysregulates a set of alpha-KG-dependent dioxygenases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	79-87	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	11-35
25795706-2	2015	The mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes convert alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), which dysregulates a set of alpha-KG-dependent dioxygenases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	79-87	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	37-40
25857330-1	2015	PHD2 is a 2-oxoglutarate, non-heme Fe(2+)-dependent oxygenase that senses O2 levels in human cells by hydroxylating two prolyl residues in the oxygen-dependent degradation domain (ODD) of HIF1alpha.	Ketoglutaric Acids	10-24	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
25857330-1	2015	PHD2 is a 2-oxoglutarate, non-heme Fe(2+)-dependent oxygenase that senses O2 levels in human cells by hydroxylating two prolyl residues in the oxygen-dependent degradation domain (ODD) of HIF1alpha.	Ketoglutaric Acids	10-24	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	188-197
25893600-7	2015	Coordinate regulation of a multigene alpha-KG synthesis and transport pathway resulted in alpha-KG secretion into pro-urine, as the alpha-KG-activated GPCR (Oxgr1) increased on the PP-IC apical surface, allowing paracrine delivery of alpha-KG to stimulate salt transport.	Ketoglutaric Acids	37-45	oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) receptor 1	Mus musculus	157-162
26018518-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to yield alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) with production of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	106-125	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	12-36
26018518-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to yield alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) with production of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	106-125	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	38-41
26018518-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to yield alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) with production of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	127-135	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	12-36
26018518-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to yield alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) with production of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	127-135	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	38-41
26018518-2	2015	Dysfunctional IDH leads to reduced production of alpha-KG and NADH and increased production of 2-hydroxyglutarate, an oncometabolite.	Ketoglutaric Acids	49-57	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	14-17
25862748-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1/2 enzymes can convert alpha-ketoglutarate into 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	74-93	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	19-53
25753205-2	2015	Although IDH2 catalyzes the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in mitochondria, mutated IDH2 proteins possess the ability to change alpha-KG into the oncometabolite R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	69-88	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	9-13
25753205-2	2015	Although IDH2 catalyzes the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in mitochondria, mutated IDH2 proteins possess the ability to change alpha-KG into the oncometabolite R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	69-88	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	125-129
25753205-2	2015	Although IDH2 catalyzes the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in mitochondria, mutated IDH2 proteins possess the ability to change alpha-KG into the oncometabolite R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-98	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	9-13
25753205-2	2015	Although IDH2 catalyzes the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in mitochondria, mutated IDH2 proteins possess the ability to change alpha-KG into the oncometabolite R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-98	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	125-129
25753205-2	2015	Although IDH2 catalyzes the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in mitochondria, mutated IDH2 proteins possess the ability to change alpha-KG into the oncometabolite R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	169-177	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	125-129
25648147-3	2015	FOXOs promote IDH1 expression and thereby maintain the cytosolic levels of alpha-ketoglutarate and NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	75-94	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	14-18
25798620-5	2015	Expression of GLS following mTOR inhibitor treatment promoted GBM survival in an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent (alphaKG-dependent) manner.	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-100	glutaminase	Mus musculus	14-17
25798620-5	2015	Expression of GLS following mTOR inhibitor treatment promoted GBM survival in an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent (alphaKG-dependent) manner.	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-100	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Mus musculus	28-32
25786174-5	2015	In M1 macrophages, we identified a metabolic break at Idh, the enzyme that converts isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, providing mechanistic explanation for TCA cycle fragmentation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	98-117	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	54-57
25732824-6	2015	Downregulation of IDH3alpha decreases the effective level of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) by reducing the ratio of alpha-KG to fumarate and succinate, resulting in PHD2 inhibition and HIF-1alpha protein stabilization.	Ketoglutaric Acids	61-80	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) 3 catalytic subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	18-27
25732824-6	2015	Downregulation of IDH3alpha decreases the effective level of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) by reducing the ratio of alpha-KG to fumarate and succinate, resulting in PHD2 inhibition and HIF-1alpha protein stabilization.	Ketoglutaric Acids	61-80	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	166-170
25732824-6	2015	Downregulation of IDH3alpha decreases the effective level of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) by reducing the ratio of alpha-KG to fumarate and succinate, resulting in PHD2 inhibition and HIF-1alpha protein stabilization.	Ketoglutaric Acids	61-80	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	186-196
25732824-6	2015	Downregulation of IDH3alpha decreases the effective level of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) by reducing the ratio of alpha-KG to fumarate and succinate, resulting in PHD2 inhibition and HIF-1alpha protein stabilization.	Ketoglutaric Acids	82-90	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) 3 catalytic subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	18-27
25732824-6	2015	Downregulation of IDH3alpha decreases the effective level of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) by reducing the ratio of alpha-KG to fumarate and succinate, resulting in PHD2 inhibition and HIF-1alpha protein stabilization.	Ketoglutaric Acids	82-90	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	166-170
25732824-6	2015	Downregulation of IDH3alpha decreases the effective level of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) by reducing the ratio of alpha-KG to fumarate and succinate, resulting in PHD2 inhibition and HIF-1alpha protein stabilization.	Ketoglutaric Acids	82-90	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	186-196
25732824-6	2015	Downregulation of IDH3alpha decreases the effective level of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) by reducing the ratio of alpha-KG to fumarate and succinate, resulting in PHD2 inhibition and HIF-1alpha protein stabilization.	Ketoglutaric Acids	117-125	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) 3 catalytic subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	18-27
25664849-5	2015	In prostate cancer cells, SRC-2 stimulated reductive carboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate to generate citrate via retrograde TCA cycling, promoting lipogenesis and reprogramming of glutamine metabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	70-89	nuclear receptor coactivator 2	Homo sapiens	26-31
25853107-5	2015	RESULTS: We have found that IDH1, but not IDH1-R132H, can catalyze the conversion of isocitrate into alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-120	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
25853107-6	2015	In addition, we have observed that IDH1-R132H was more efficient than IDH1 in converting alpha-KG into (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-97	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	35-39
25853107-6	2015	In addition, we have observed that IDH1-R132H was more efficient than IDH1 in converting alpha-KG into (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-97	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	70-74
25706986-2	2015	IDH1 is the enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate while mutant IDH1 catalyzes the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate into 2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-100	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
25706986-2	2015	IDH1 is the enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate while mutant IDH1 catalyzes the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate into 2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-100	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	114-118
25706986-2	2015	IDH1 is the enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate while mutant IDH1 catalyzes the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate into 2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	147-166	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
25706986-2	2015	IDH1 is the enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate while mutant IDH1 catalyzes the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate into 2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	147-166	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	114-118
25406093-3	2015	Here we show that, in addition to catalyzing oxidation of 3-phosphoglycerate, PHGDH catalyzes NADH-dependent reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) to the oncometabolite d-2-hydroxyglutarate (d-2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	122-141	phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	78-83
25670081-3	2015	GDH1 is important for redox homeostasis in cancer cells by controlling the intracellular levels of its product alpha-ketoglutarate and subsequent metabolite fumarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	111-130	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
25480007-4	2015	Exogenously supplied sugar, sucrose (Suc) and organic acid, 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) led to an increase in the total and actual activity of NR.	Ketoglutaric Acids	60-74	nitrate reductase 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	137-139
25471051-1	2015	Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) have been found in the vast majority of low grade and progressive infiltrating gliomas and are characterized by the production of 2-hydroxyglutarate from alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	201-220	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	13-39
25471051-1	2015	Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) have been found in the vast majority of low grade and progressive infiltrating gliomas and are characterized by the production of 2-hydroxyglutarate from alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	201-220	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	41-45
25483211-6	2015	RAME inhibition of HPH and induction of HIF-1alpha were diminished by elevated doses of the required factors of HPH, 2-ketoglutarate and ascorbate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	117-132	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	19-22
25483211-6	2015	RAME inhibition of HPH and induction of HIF-1alpha were diminished by elevated doses of the required factors of HPH, 2-ketoglutarate and ascorbate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	117-132	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	40-50
25630260-9	2015	Application of a combination of 1 mm cysteine and 1 mm alpha-ketoglutarate to promote sulphide synthesis via the cysteine aminotransferase/mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase (CAT/MST) pathway caused an increase in HPV similar to that observed for cysteine.	Ketoglutaric Acids	55-74	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	176-183
25391653-1	2015	Cancer-associated point mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) confer a neomorphic enzymatic activity: the reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate to d-2-hydroxyglutaric acid, which is proposed to act as an oncogenic metabolite by inducing hypermethylation of histones and DNA.	Ketoglutaric Acids	143-162	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	37-63
25391653-1	2015	Cancer-associated point mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) confer a neomorphic enzymatic activity: the reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate to d-2-hydroxyglutaric acid, which is proposed to act as an oncogenic metabolite by inducing hypermethylation of histones and DNA.	Ketoglutaric Acids	143-162	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	71-75
25391653-1	2015	Cancer-associated point mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) confer a neomorphic enzymatic activity: the reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate to d-2-hydroxyglutaric acid, which is proposed to act as an oncogenic metabolite by inducing hypermethylation of histones and DNA.	Ketoglutaric Acids	143-162	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	80-84
25993236-7	2015	The normal IDH protein continues to produce alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) whereas the mutant IDH protein converts KG to the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	44-63	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	11-14
25993236-7	2015	The normal IDH protein continues to produce alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) whereas the mutant IDH protein converts KG to the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	44-63	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	94-97
25324168-3	2015	IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in the cytosol and mitochondria, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
25324168-3	2015	IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in the cytosol and mitochondria, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	9-13
25324168-3	2015	IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in the cytosol and mitochondria, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-97	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
25324168-3	2015	IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in the cytosol and mitochondria, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-97	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	9-13
25324168-4	2015	In contrast, mutated IDH1/2 proteins possess a neomorphic enzymatic function that changes alpha-KG into the oncometabolite, R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate, resulting in genomic hypermethylation, histone methylation, genetic instability, and malignant transformation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-98	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	21-27
25827878-4	2015	The LSD1/KDM1 family of amine oxidases require flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) for reaction, while the larger Jumonji C (JmjC) family of hydroxylases utilize Fe(II) and alpha-ketoglutarate as cofactors to demethylate histones.	Ketoglutaric Acids	171-190	lysine demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens	4-8
25480007-4	2015	Exogenously supplied sugar, sucrose (Suc) and organic acid, 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) led to an increase in the total and actual activity of NR.	Ketoglutaric Acids	76-80	nitrate reductase 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	137-139
25480007-6	2015	The stimulatory effect of Suc and 2-OG on nitrate reduction was less pronounced in hxk1 mutant roots with T-DNA insertion in the AtHXK1 gene encoding hexokinase1 (HXK1) and characterized by reduced hexokinase activity and root level of G6P and F6P.	Ketoglutaric Acids	34-38	hexokinase 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	83-87
25480007-6	2015	The stimulatory effect of Suc and 2-OG on nitrate reduction was less pronounced in hxk1 mutant roots with T-DNA insertion in the AtHXK1 gene encoding hexokinase1 (HXK1) and characterized by reduced hexokinase activity and root level of G6P and F6P.	Ketoglutaric Acids	34-38	hexokinase 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	129-135
25480007-6	2015	The stimulatory effect of Suc and 2-OG on nitrate reduction was less pronounced in hxk1 mutant roots with T-DNA insertion in the AtHXK1 gene encoding hexokinase1 (HXK1) and characterized by reduced hexokinase activity and root level of G6P and F6P.	Ketoglutaric Acids	34-38	hexokinase 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	150-161
25480007-6	2015	The stimulatory effect of Suc and 2-OG on nitrate reduction was less pronounced in hxk1 mutant roots with T-DNA insertion in the AtHXK1 gene encoding hexokinase1 (HXK1) and characterized by reduced hexokinase activity and root level of G6P and F6P.	Ketoglutaric Acids	34-38	hexokinase 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	131-135
25370915-5	2015	Restriction of alpha-ketoglutarate toward succinyl-CoA resulted in increased prolyl hydroxylase 2 and glutamine synthetase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	15-34	glutamate-ammonia ligase	Homo sapiens	102-122
25608811-1	2015	TET (ten-eleven translocation) protein family includes three members TET1, TET2 and TET3, which belong to alpha-ketoglutaric acid ( alpha-KG )- and Fe(2+)-dependent dioxygenase superfamily, and have the capacity to convert 5-methylcytosine (5 mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5 hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5 fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5 caC).	Ketoglutaric Acids	106-129	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1	Mus musculus	69-73
25608811-1	2015	TET (ten-eleven translocation) protein family includes three members TET1, TET2 and TET3, which belong to alpha-ketoglutaric acid ( alpha-KG )- and Fe(2+)-dependent dioxygenase superfamily, and have the capacity to convert 5-methylcytosine (5 mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5 hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5 fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5 caC).	Ketoglutaric Acids	106-129	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Mus musculus	75-79
25608811-1	2015	TET (ten-eleven translocation) protein family includes three members TET1, TET2 and TET3, which belong to alpha-ketoglutaric acid ( alpha-KG )- and Fe(2+)-dependent dioxygenase superfamily, and have the capacity to convert 5-methylcytosine (5 mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5 hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5 fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5 caC).	Ketoglutaric Acids	106-129	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 3	Mus musculus	84-88
25608811-1	2015	TET (ten-eleven translocation) protein family includes three members TET1, TET2 and TET3, which belong to alpha-ketoglutaric acid ( alpha-KG )- and Fe(2+)-dependent dioxygenase superfamily, and have the capacity to convert 5-methylcytosine (5 mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5 hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5 fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5 caC).	Ketoglutaric Acids	132-140	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1	Mus musculus	69-73
25608811-1	2015	TET (ten-eleven translocation) protein family includes three members TET1, TET2 and TET3, which belong to alpha-ketoglutaric acid ( alpha-KG )- and Fe(2+)-dependent dioxygenase superfamily, and have the capacity to convert 5-methylcytosine (5 mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5 hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5 fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5 caC).	Ketoglutaric Acids	132-140	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Mus musculus	75-79
25608811-1	2015	TET (ten-eleven translocation) protein family includes three members TET1, TET2 and TET3, which belong to alpha-ketoglutaric acid ( alpha-KG )- and Fe(2+)-dependent dioxygenase superfamily, and have the capacity to convert 5-methylcytosine (5 mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5 hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5 fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5 caC).	Ketoglutaric Acids	132-140	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 3	Mus musculus	84-88
25368324-5	2014	Using mass spectrometry and real time NMR spectroscopy, we show that Bc5273 encodes a C4""-aminotransferase (herein referred to as Pat) that, in the presence of pyridoxal phosphate, transfers the primary amino group of l-Glu to C-4"" of UDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-GlcNAc to form UDP-4-amino-FucNAc and 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	296-310	DegT/DnrJ/EryC1/StrS aminotransferase family protein	Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579	69-75
25368324-7	2014	Bc5272 encodes a carboxylate-amine ligase (herein referred as Pyl) that, in the presence of ATP and Mg(II), adds 2-oxoglutarate to the 4-amino moiety of UDP-4-amino-FucNAc to form UDP-Yelosamine and ADP.	Ketoglutaric Acids	113-127	ATP-grasp domain-containing protein	Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579	0-6
25271760-2	2014	Different from the wild-type (WT) IDH1, the mutant enzymes catalyze the reduction of alpha-ketoglutaric acid to d-2-hydroxyglutaric acid (D2HG), leading to cancer initiation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	85-108	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	34-38
26513478-0	2015	Lithium Interferes with the Urinary Excretion of Phenolsulfonphthalein in Rats: Involvement of a Reduced Content of alpha-Ketoglutarate, the Driving Force for Organic Anion Transporters OAT1 and OAT3, in the Kidney Cortex.	Ketoglutaric Acids	116-135	solute carrier family 22 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	195-199
25502799-2	2014	Mutation of the catalytic Arg132 residue of human IDH1 (HcIDH) eliminates the enzyme"s wild-type isocitrate oxidation activity, but confer the mutant an ability of reducing alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	173-192	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	50-54
25502799-2	2014	Mutation of the catalytic Arg132 residue of human IDH1 (HcIDH) eliminates the enzyme"s wild-type isocitrate oxidation activity, but confer the mutant an ability of reducing alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	194-202	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	50-54
24880135-5	2014	In their wild-type forms, IDH1 and IDH2 convert isocitrate and NADP(+) to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) and NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	74-93	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	26-30
24880135-5	2014	In their wild-type forms, IDH1 and IDH2 convert isocitrate and NADP(+) to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) and NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	74-93	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	35-39
25420025-4	2014	Here, we show that dimethyl-2-ketoglutarate (DKG), a cell membrane-permeable precursor of a key metabolic intermediate, alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), known for its ability to rescue glutamine deficiency, transiently stabilized HIF-1alpha by inhibiting activity of the HIF prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein, PHD2.	Ketoglutaric Acids	120-139	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	229-239
25420025-4	2014	Here, we show that dimethyl-2-ketoglutarate (DKG), a cell membrane-permeable precursor of a key metabolic intermediate, alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), known for its ability to rescue glutamine deficiency, transiently stabilized HIF-1alpha by inhibiting activity of the HIF prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein, PHD2.	Ketoglutaric Acids	120-139	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	320-324
25420025-6	2014	This HIF-1alpha stabilization phenotype is similar to that from treatment of cells with desferrioxamine (DFO), an iron chelator, or dimethyloxalyglycine (DMOG), an established PHD inhibitor, but was not recapitulated with other alpha-KG analogues, such as Octyl-2KG, MPTOM001 and MPTOM002.	Ketoglutaric Acids	228-236	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	5-15
28962325-6	2014	METHODS: Here we show that prohexadione, but not trinexapac, directly inhibits non-heme iron (II), 2-oxoglutarate-dependent histone lysine demethylase such as Jmjd2a.	Ketoglutaric Acids	99-113	lysine demethylase 4A	Homo sapiens	159-165
28962325-10	2014	RESULTS: Molecular modeling studies suggest that prohexadione binds to the 2-oxoglutarate binding site of Jmjd2a demethylase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	75-89	lysine demethylase 4A	Homo sapiens	106-112
25218477-1	2014	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is an evolutionarily conserved enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate with the concomitant reduction of NADP(+) to NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	124-143	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	0-26
25218477-1	2014	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is an evolutionarily conserved enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate with the concomitant reduction of NADP(+) to NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	124-143	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	28-32
25220053-2	2014	Glutamine is catabolyzed to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediate, through two deamination reactions, the first requiring glutaminase (GLS) to generate glutamate and the second occurring via glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) or transaminases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	28-47	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	230-253
25220053-2	2014	Glutamine is catabolyzed to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediate, through two deamination reactions, the first requiring glutaminase (GLS) to generate glutamate and the second occurring via glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) or transaminases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	28-47	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	255-258
25122757-4	2014	Here, we present crystal structures of human ALKBH7 in complex with Mn(II) and alpha-ketoglutarate at 1.35 A or N-oxalylglycine at 2.0 A resolution.	Ketoglutaric Acids	79-98	alkB homolog 7	Homo sapiens	45-51
25157679-0	2014	Mechanism of repair of acrolein- and malondialdehyde-derived exocyclic guanine adducts by the alpha-ketoglutarate/Fe(II) dioxygenase AlkB.	Ketoglutaric Acids	94-113	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	133-137
24876103-4	2014	BCAT1 catalyzes the transamination of branched-chain amino acids while converting alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to glutamate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	82-101	branched chain amino acid transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
25043045-2	2014	Mutant IDH proteins in IHCC and other malignancies acquire an abnormal enzymatic activity allowing them to convert alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), which inhibits the activity of multiple alphaKG-dependent dioxygenases, and results in alterations in cell differentiation, survival, and extracellular matrix maturation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-134	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	7-10
24980596-2	2014	The most frequent mutation, IDH1 R132H, is a gain-of-function mutation resulting in an enzyme-catalyzing conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	119-138	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
24980596-7	2014	An IDH1 heterodimer between wild-type and R132H mutant is capable of catalyzing conversion of alpha-KG to 2-HG and isocitrate to alpha-KG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	94-102	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	3-7
24980596-7	2014	An IDH1 heterodimer between wild-type and R132H mutant is capable of catalyzing conversion of alpha-KG to 2-HG and isocitrate to alpha-KG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	129-137	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	3-7
24980596-11	2014	The enhanced apparent affinity for alpha-KG suggests R132H/WT heterodimeric IDH1 can produce 2-HG more efficiently at normal intracellular levels of alpha-KG (approximately 100 microM).	Ketoglutaric Acids	35-43	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	76-80
25153837-1	2014	ALKBH4, an AlkB homologue in the 2-oxoglutarate and Fe2+ dependent hydroxylase family, has previously been shown to regulate the level of monomethylated lysine-84 in actin and thereby indirectly influences the ability of non-muscular myosin II to bind actin filaments.	Ketoglutaric Acids	33-47	alkB homolog 4, lysine demethylase	Mus musculus	0-6
25153837-1	2014	ALKBH4, an AlkB homologue in the 2-oxoglutarate and Fe2+ dependent hydroxylase family, has previously been shown to regulate the level of monomethylated lysine-84 in actin and thereby indirectly influences the ability of non-muscular myosin II to bind actin filaments.	Ketoglutaric Acids	33-47	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Mus musculus	11-15
24876103-4	2014	BCAT1 catalyzes the transamination of branched-chain amino acids while converting alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to glutamate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	103-111	branched chain amino acid transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
25128496-7	2014	Given that KDM2A was found to also bind the H3K36me3 peptide, we postulate that steric constraints could prevent alpha-ketoglutarate from undergoing an "off-line"-to-"in-line" transition necessary for the demethylation reaction.	Ketoglutaric Acids	113-132	lysine demethylase 2A	Homo sapiens	11-16
27774468-11	2014	Some are close to the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor alpha/2-oxoglutarate or the iron binding sites for PHD2.	Ketoglutaric Acids	67-81	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	112-116
24794562-4	2014	The PA5530 gene, encoding a putative dicarboxylate transporter, was found to be essential for the growth of P. aeruginosa PAO1 on both alpha-KG and glutarate (another C5-dicarboxylate).	Ketoglutaric Acids	135-143	MFS dicarboxylate transporter	Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1	4-10
24606213-0	2014	Stable over-expression of the 2-oxoglutarate carrier enhances neuronal cell resistance to oxidative stress via Bcl-2-dependent mitochondrial GSH transport.	Ketoglutaric Acids	30-44	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	111-116
24710790-5	2014	Alpha-ketoglutarate, a metabolic product of glutamate, was found to be as effective as glutamate in decreasing the S100B and LDH outputs.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	S100 calcium binding protein B	Rattus norvegicus	115-120
24710790-11	2014	All these drug actions support the conclusion that high glutamate, such as alpha-ketoglutarate and other keto acids, protects the slices against OGD- and REO-induced S100B and LDH outputs probably by scavenging ROS in addition to its energy substrate metabolite property.	Ketoglutaric Acids	75-94	S100 calcium binding protein B	Rattus norvegicus	166-171
24914048-1	2014	The Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenase Jmjd6 has been shown to hydroxylate lysine residues in the essential splice factor U2 auxiliary factor 65 kDa subunit (U2AF65) and to act as a modulator of alternative splicing.	Ketoglutaric Acids	15-29	jumonji domain containing 6, arginine demethylase and lysine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	50-55
24914048-1	2014	The Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenase Jmjd6 has been shown to hydroxylate lysine residues in the essential splice factor U2 auxiliary factor 65 kDa subunit (U2AF65) and to act as a modulator of alternative splicing.	Ketoglutaric Acids	15-29	U2 small nuclear RNA auxiliary factor 2	Homo sapiens	133-167
24914048-1	2014	The Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenase Jmjd6 has been shown to hydroxylate lysine residues in the essential splice factor U2 auxiliary factor 65 kDa subunit (U2AF65) and to act as a modulator of alternative splicing.	Ketoglutaric Acids	15-29	U2 small nuclear RNA auxiliary factor 2	Homo sapiens	169-175
24874214-3	2014	alpha-KG is transformed to glutamate (or vice versa) by glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-8	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	56-79
24874214-3	2014	alpha-KG is transformed to glutamate (or vice versa) by glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-8	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	81-84
24874214-4	2014	Al(III) inhibits the normal function of GDH, and it was speculated that the reason for this inhibition is triggered by the Al(III)-assisted tautomerization of alpha-KG from keto to enol.	Ketoglutaric Acids	159-167	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	40-43
24857658-2	2014	In contrast, hypoxia and other impairments of mitochondrial function induce an alternative pathway that produces citrate by reductively carboxylating alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) via NADPH-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	150-169	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	222-225
24898068-5	2014	The IDH mutations are remarkably specific to arginine 132 (R132) in IDH1 and arginine 172 (R172) or arginine 140 (R140) in IDH2; IDH1/2 mutations are known to convert alpha-ketoglutarate to oncometabolite R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	167-186	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	4-7
24898068-5	2014	The IDH mutations are remarkably specific to arginine 132 (R132) in IDH1 and arginine 172 (R172) or arginine 140 (R140) in IDH2; IDH1/2 mutations are known to convert alpha-ketoglutarate to oncometabolite R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	167-186	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	129-133
24549719-2	2014	Mutations of IDH1 and IDH2 lead to simultaneous loss and gain of activities in the production of alpha-ketoglutarate and 2-hydroxyglutarate, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	97-116	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	13-17
24549719-2	2014	Mutations of IDH1 and IDH2 lead to simultaneous loss and gain of activities in the production of alpha-ketoglutarate and 2-hydroxyglutarate, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	97-116	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	22-26
24590270-1	2014	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), which localizes to the cytosol and peroxisomes, catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and in parallel converts NADP(+) to NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	140-159	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
24590270-1	2014	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), which localizes to the cytosol and peroxisomes, catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and in parallel converts NADP(+) to NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	161-169	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
24590270-4	2014	Mutant IDH1 gains novel enzyme activity converting alpha-KG to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) which acts as a competitive inhibitor of alpha-KG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	51-59	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	7-11
24590270-4	2014	Mutant IDH1 gains novel enzyme activity converting alpha-KG to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) which acts as a competitive inhibitor of alpha-KG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	132-140	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	7-11
24590270-12	2014	Intriguingly, in gliomas with IDH1-R132H, glutamine and glutamate levels were significantly reduced which implies replenishment of alpha-KG by glutaminolysis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	131-139	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	30-34
24668804-10	2014	Kinetic analyses combined with microscale thermophoresis and surface plasmon resonance indicate that this reversible inhibitor binds to IDH1 R132H competitively with respect to alpha-ketoglutarate and uncompetitively with respect to NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	177-196	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	136-140
24675140-3	2014	Thus, the cell permeant ester dimethyl alpha-ketoglutarate (DMKG) increased the cytosolic concentration of alpha-ketoglutarate, which was converted into AcCoA through a pathway relying on either of the 2 isocitrate dehydrogenase isoforms (IDH1 or IDH2), as well as on ACLY (ATP citrate lyase).	Ketoglutaric Acids	39-58	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	239-243
24675140-3	2014	Thus, the cell permeant ester dimethyl alpha-ketoglutarate (DMKG) increased the cytosolic concentration of alpha-ketoglutarate, which was converted into AcCoA through a pathway relying on either of the 2 isocitrate dehydrogenase isoforms (IDH1 or IDH2), as well as on ACLY (ATP citrate lyase).	Ketoglutaric Acids	39-58	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	247-251
24675140-3	2014	Thus, the cell permeant ester dimethyl alpha-ketoglutarate (DMKG) increased the cytosolic concentration of alpha-ketoglutarate, which was converted into AcCoA through a pathway relying on either of the 2 isocitrate dehydrogenase isoforms (IDH1 or IDH2), as well as on ACLY (ATP citrate lyase).	Ketoglutaric Acids	39-58	ATP citrate lyase	Homo sapiens	268-272
24675140-3	2014	Thus, the cell permeant ester dimethyl alpha-ketoglutarate (DMKG) increased the cytosolic concentration of alpha-ketoglutarate, which was converted into AcCoA through a pathway relying on either of the 2 isocitrate dehydrogenase isoforms (IDH1 or IDH2), as well as on ACLY (ATP citrate lyase).	Ketoglutaric Acids	39-58	ATP citrate lyase	Homo sapiens	274-291
24626348-6	2014	Importantly, our further analyses identified that HIF-1alpha protein downregulation induced by short-term GS-HCl treatment was blunted by exogenous administration of the citric acid cycle metabolites citrate and 2-oxoglutarate, but not the glycolytic end byproducts pyruvate and lactate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	212-226	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	50-60
24616105-9	2014	Crystallographic and biochemical studies using various analogs of alpha-ketoglutarate revealed that the active site cavity of Alkbh5 is much smaller than that of FTO and preferentially binds small molecule inhibitors.	Ketoglutaric Acids	66-85	alkB homolog 5, RNA demethylase	Homo sapiens	126-132
24495550-2	2014	HIF-1 is downregulated by iron-containing 2-oxoglutarate-dependent enzymes that require ascorbate as a cofactor.	Ketoglutaric Acids	42-56	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	0-5
24489119-1	2014	ALKBH5 is a 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and ferrous iron-dependent nucleic acid oxygenase (NAOX) that catalyzes the demethylation of N(6)-methyladenine in RNA.	Ketoglutaric Acids	12-26	alkB homolog 5, RNA demethylase	Homo sapiens	0-6
24667498-4	2014	We demonstrated that JMJD6 acts as an alpha-ketoglutarate- and Fe(II)-dependent lysyl hydroxylase to catalyze p53 hydroxylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	38-57	jumonji domain containing 6, arginine demethylase and lysine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	21-26
24667498-4	2014	We demonstrated that JMJD6 acts as an alpha-ketoglutarate- and Fe(II)-dependent lysyl hydroxylase to catalyze p53 hydroxylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	38-57	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	110-113
24469454-0	2014	Modulation of ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1), Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) expression, alpha-Ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), and DNA hydroxymethylation levels by interleukin-1beta in primary human chondrocytes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	92-111	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	161-178
24469454-7	2014	IL-1beta and TNF-alpha significantly suppressed the activity and expression of IDHs, which correlated with the reduced alpha-ketoglutarate levels.	Ketoglutaric Acids	119-138	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	0-8
24469454-7	2014	IL-1beta and TNF-alpha significantly suppressed the activity and expression of IDHs, which correlated with the reduced alpha-ketoglutarate levels.	Ketoglutaric Acids	119-138	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	13-22
24486019-4	2014	We reveal that Jumonji domain-containing 4 (Jmjd4), a 2-oxoglutarate- and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase, catalyzes carbon 4 (C4) lysyl hydroxylation of eRF1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	54-68	jumonji domain containing 4	Homo sapiens	15-42
24486019-4	2014	We reveal that Jumonji domain-containing 4 (Jmjd4), a 2-oxoglutarate- and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase, catalyzes carbon 4 (C4) lysyl hydroxylation of eRF1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	54-68	jumonji domain containing 4	Homo sapiens	44-49
24529257-1	2014	BACKGROUND: IDH mutations frequently occur in diffuse gliomas and result in a neo-enzymatic activity that results in reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate to D-2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	130-149	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	12-15
24529257-6	2014	Enzyme kinetics of mutant IDH protein correlated well with D-2-hydroxyglutarate production in cells with R132H exhibiting the highest and R132L the lowest KM for alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	162-181	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	26-29
24531386-2	2014	The IDH1 mutations lead to a loss of its normal enzymatic activity and acquisition of neomorphic activity in production of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), which finally cause alterations of multiple gene expression of tumorigenesis-associated alpha-KG-dependent enzymes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	123-142	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	4-8
24048683-9	2014	In the metabolomics analysis of hepatic NAFLD samples, several changes were opposite to what has been reported in plasma of HCC patients (lysine, phenylalanine, citrulline, creatine, creatinine, glycodeoxycholic acid, inosine, and alpha-ketoglutarate).	Ketoglutaric Acids	231-250	HCC	Homo sapiens	124-127
24329683-8	2014	The BCCP-PII interaction required MgATP and was dissociated by increasing 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	74-88	chloroplastic acetylcoenzyme A carboxylase 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	4-8
24489688-4	2014	In order to validate the system we screened a library of 45 structurally different compounds designed as competitive inhibitors of alpha -ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) cofactor of the enzyme, and found that one of them inhibited Jhd2 activity in vitro and in vivo.	Ketoglutaric Acids	131-151	histone demethylase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	224-228
24489688-4	2014	In order to validate the system we screened a library of 45 structurally different compounds designed as competitive inhibitors of alpha -ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) cofactor of the enzyme, and found that one of them inhibited Jhd2 activity in vitro and in vivo.	Ketoglutaric Acids	153-161	histone demethylase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	224-228
24325601-2	2014	We designed and synthesized hybrid LSD1/JmjC or "pan-KDM" inhibitors 1-6 by coupling the skeleton of tranylcypromine 7, a known LSD1 inhibitor, with 4-carboxy-4"-carbomethoxy-2,2"-bipyridine 8 or 5-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline 9, two 2-oxoglutarate competitive templates developed for JmjC inhibition.	Ketoglutaric Acids	232-246	lysine demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens	35-39
24486019-4	2014	We reveal that Jumonji domain-containing 4 (Jmjd4), a 2-oxoglutarate- and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase, catalyzes carbon 4 (C4) lysyl hydroxylation of eRF1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	54-68	eukaryotic translation termination factor 1	Homo sapiens	149-153
25485496-3	2014	Mutant IDH acts through a novel mechanism of oncogenesis, producing high levels of the metabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate, which interferes with the function of alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent enzymes that regulate diverse cellular processes including histone demethylation and DNA modification.	Ketoglutaric Acids	156-175	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	7-10
24627050-5	2014	The most significant advance about FTO research is the recent discovery of FTO as the first N6-methyl-adenosine (m(6)A) RNA demethylase that catalyzes the m(6)A demethylation in alpha-ketoglutarate - and Fe(2+)-dependent manners.	Ketoglutaric Acids	178-197	FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	35-38
24627050-5	2014	The most significant advance about FTO research is the recent discovery of FTO as the first N6-methyl-adenosine (m(6)A) RNA demethylase that catalyzes the m(6)A demethylation in alpha-ketoglutarate - and Fe(2+)-dependent manners.	Ketoglutaric Acids	178-197	FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	75-78
25482726-2	2014	In this Extra View we comment on our recent work on Sudestada1 (Sud1), a Drosophila 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent dioxygenase that belongs to the Ribosomal Oxygenase (ROX) subfamily.	Ketoglutaric Acids	84-98	sudestada1	Drosophila melanogaster	52-62
25482726-2	2014	In this Extra View we comment on our recent work on Sudestada1 (Sud1), a Drosophila 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent dioxygenase that belongs to the Ribosomal Oxygenase (ROX) subfamily.	Ketoglutaric Acids	84-98	sudestada1	Drosophila melanogaster	64-68
23793099-3	2013	BCAT1 expression was dependent on the concentration of alpha-ketoglutarate substrate in glioma cell lines and could be suppressed by ectopic overexpression of mutant IDH1 in immortalized human astrocytes, providing a link between IDH1 function and BCAT1 expression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	55-74	branched chain amino acid transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
24145018-1	2014	Clostridium difficile produces an NAD-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), which converts l-glutamate into alpha-ketoglutarate through an irreversible reaction.	Ketoglutaric Acids	110-129	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	72-75
23412807-2	2014	Glutamate may function as a respiratory substrate in the oxidative deamination direction of GDH, which also yields alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-134	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	92-95
24122080-1	2014	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a homohexameric enzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of L-glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	126-140	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-23
24122080-1	2014	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a homohexameric enzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of L-glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	126-140	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	25-28
24515454-1	2014	Mammalian glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the reversible inter-conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia, interconnecting carbon skeleton and nitrogen metabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	98-117	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	10-33
24515454-1	2014	Mammalian glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the reversible inter-conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia, interconnecting carbon skeleton and nitrogen metabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	98-117	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	35-38
24192356-2	2013	ALKBH5 is a member of the iron(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent AlkB oxygenase family and has been shown to catalyze the oxidative demethylation of N(6)-methyladenosine in RNA.	Ketoglutaric Acids	40-54	alkB homolog 5, RNA demethylase	Homo sapiens	0-6
23801081-1	2013	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) decarboxylates isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) leading to generation of NADPH, which is required to regenerate reduced glutathione (GSH), the major cellular ROS scavenger.	Ketoglutaric Acids	63-82	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-26
23801081-1	2013	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) decarboxylates isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) leading to generation of NADPH, which is required to regenerate reduced glutathione (GSH), the major cellular ROS scavenger.	Ketoglutaric Acids	63-82	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
23801081-1	2013	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) decarboxylates isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) leading to generation of NADPH, which is required to regenerate reduced glutathione (GSH), the major cellular ROS scavenger.	Ketoglutaric Acids	84-92	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-26
23801081-1	2013	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) decarboxylates isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) leading to generation of NADPH, which is required to regenerate reduced glutathione (GSH), the major cellular ROS scavenger.	Ketoglutaric Acids	84-92	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
23801081-2	2013	Mutation of R132 of IDH1 abrogates generation of alpha-KG and leads to conversion of alpha-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	49-57	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	20-24
23801081-2	2013	Mutation of R132 of IDH1 abrogates generation of alpha-KG and leads to conversion of alpha-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	85-93	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	20-24
23876293-5	2013	Cellular levels of citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, malate and ATP were altered in patterns consistent with blockage at the mitochondrial IDH reactions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	28-47	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	135-138
23787363-0	2013	Iron availability modulates aberrant splicing of ferrochelatase through the iron- and 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase Jmjd6 and U2AF(65.).	Ketoglutaric Acids	86-100	ferrochelatase	Homo sapiens	49-63
23787363-0	2013	Iron availability modulates aberrant splicing of ferrochelatase through the iron- and 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase Jmjd6 and U2AF(65.).	Ketoglutaric Acids	86-100	jumonji domain containing 6, arginine demethylase and lysine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	123-128
24077805-1	2013	Somatic mutations in Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) are frequent in low grade and progressive gliomas and are characterized by the production of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) from alpha-ketoglutarate by the mutant enzyme.	Ketoglutaric Acids	179-198	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	21-47
24077805-1	2013	Somatic mutations in Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) are frequent in low grade and progressive gliomas and are characterized by the production of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) from alpha-ketoglutarate by the mutant enzyme.	Ketoglutaric Acids	179-198	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	49-53
25337549-8	2013	The tumor suppressor SIRT4 inhibits glutamate dehydrogenase, which converts glutamic acid to alpha-ketoglutarate, an intermediate in the TCA cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	93-112	sirtuin 4	Homo sapiens	21-26
23787140-1	2013	HIF prolyl-4-hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) is a non-heme Fe, 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent dioxygenase that regulates the hypoxia inducible transcription factor (HIF) by hydroxylating two conserved prolyl residues in N-terminal oxygen degradation domain (NODD) and C-terminal oxygen degradation domain (CODD) of HIF-1alpha.	Ketoglutaric Acids	52-66	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
23787140-1	2013	HIF prolyl-4-hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) is a non-heme Fe, 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent dioxygenase that regulates the hypoxia inducible transcription factor (HIF) by hydroxylating two conserved prolyl residues in N-terminal oxygen degradation domain (NODD) and C-terminal oxygen degradation domain (CODD) of HIF-1alpha.	Ketoglutaric Acids	52-66	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	304-314
23818625-0	2013	P(II) signal transduction proteins are ATPases whose activity is regulated by 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	78-92	nitrogen regulatory P-II-like protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	0-5
23818625-3	2013	The primary mode of signal perception by P(II) proteins derives from their ability to bind the effector molecules 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and ATP or ADP.	Ketoglutaric Acids	114-128	nitrogen regulatory P-II-like protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	41-46
23818625-5	2013	We have now shown that the Escherichia coli P(II) protein, GlnK, has an ATPase activity that is inhibited by 2-OG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	109-113	nitrogen regulatory P-II-like protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	44-49
23897470-5	2013	Previous studies have shown that mammalian Nit2 (also a putative tumour suppressor) is identical to omega-amidase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-ketoglutaramate (alpha-KGM) and alpha-ketosuccinamate (alpha-KSM) to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and oxaloacetate (OA), respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	233-252	nitrilase family member 2	Homo sapiens	43-47
23897470-5	2013	Previous studies have shown that mammalian Nit2 (also a putative tumour suppressor) is identical to omega-amidase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-ketoglutaramate (alpha-KGM) and alpha-ketosuccinamate (alpha-KSM) to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and oxaloacetate (OA), respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	181-189	nitrilase family member 2	Homo sapiens	43-47
23897470-6	2013	In the present study, crystal structures of wild-type (WT) yNit2 and of WT yNit2 in complex with alpha-KG and with OA were determined.	Ketoglutaric Acids	97-105	putative hydrolase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	59-64
23897470-6	2013	In the present study, crystal structures of wild-type (WT) yNit2 and of WT yNit2 in complex with alpha-KG and with OA were determined.	Ketoglutaric Acids	97-105	putative hydrolase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	75-80
23861960-11	2013	This supports a deeper link between proteins of the p53-family and metabolic pathways, as PRODH modulates the balance of proline and glutamate levels and those of their derivative alpha-keto-glutarate (alpha-KG) under normal and pathological (tumor) conditions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	180-200	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	52-55
23861960-11	2013	This supports a deeper link between proteins of the p53-family and metabolic pathways, as PRODH modulates the balance of proline and glutamate levels and those of their derivative alpha-keto-glutarate (alpha-KG) under normal and pathological (tumor) conditions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	180-200	proline dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	90-95
23861960-11	2013	This supports a deeper link between proteins of the p53-family and metabolic pathways, as PRODH modulates the balance of proline and glutamate levels and those of their derivative alpha-keto-glutarate (alpha-KG) under normal and pathological (tumor) conditions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	202-210	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	52-55
23861960-11	2013	This supports a deeper link between proteins of the p53-family and metabolic pathways, as PRODH modulates the balance of proline and glutamate levels and those of their derivative alpha-keto-glutarate (alpha-KG) under normal and pathological (tumor) conditions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	202-210	proline dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	90-95
23742069-1	2013	Factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (FIH) is an alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)-dependent enzyme which catalyzes hydroxylation of residue Asn803 in the C-terminal transactivation domain (CAD) of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and plays an important role in cellular oxygen sensing and hypoxic response.	Ketoglutaric Acids	55-74	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	200-231
23742069-1	2013	Factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (FIH) is an alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)-dependent enzyme which catalyzes hydroxylation of residue Asn803 in the C-terminal transactivation domain (CAD) of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and plays an important role in cellular oxygen sensing and hypoxic response.	Ketoglutaric Acids	55-74	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	233-243
23731180-1	2013	The human, cytosolic enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) reversibly converts isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	96-115	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	56-60
23847760-2	2013	IDH1/2 mutations prevent oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and modulate the function of IDH (neomorphic activity) thereby facilitating reduction of alpha-KG to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG), a putative oncometabolite.	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-6
23847760-2	2013	IDH1/2 mutations prevent oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and modulate the function of IDH (neomorphic activity) thereby facilitating reduction of alpha-KG to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG), a putative oncometabolite.	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
23847760-2	2013	IDH1/2 mutations prevent oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and modulate the function of IDH (neomorphic activity) thereby facilitating reduction of alpha-KG to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG), a putative oncometabolite.	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-97	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-6
23847760-2	2013	IDH1/2 mutations prevent oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and modulate the function of IDH (neomorphic activity) thereby facilitating reduction of alpha-KG to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG), a putative oncometabolite.	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-97	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
23847760-2	2013	IDH1/2 mutations prevent oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and modulate the function of IDH (neomorphic activity) thereby facilitating reduction of alpha-KG to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG), a putative oncometabolite.	Ketoglutaric Acids	188-196	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-6
23847760-2	2013	IDH1/2 mutations prevent oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and modulate the function of IDH (neomorphic activity) thereby facilitating reduction of alpha-KG to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG), a putative oncometabolite.	Ketoglutaric Acids	188-196	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
23926603-4	2013	report on the function of an exciting new paracrine mediator, the mitochondrial the citric acid(TCA) cycle intermediate alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), which via its OXGR1 receptor plays an unexpected, nontraditional role in the adaptive regulation of renal HCO(3-) secretion and salt reabsorption.	Ketoglutaric Acids	120-139	oxoglutarate receptor 1	Homo sapiens	165-170
23740823-2	2013	The GABA-T from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScGABA-TKG) is an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent enzyme encoded by the UGA1 gene, while higher plant GABA-T is a pyruvate/glyoxylate-dependent enzyme encoded by POP2 in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtGABA-T).	Ketoglutaric Acids	60-79	Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent transferases superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	4-10
23740823-2	2013	The GABA-T from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScGABA-TKG) is an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent enzyme encoded by the UGA1 gene, while higher plant GABA-T is a pyruvate/glyoxylate-dependent enzyme encoded by POP2 in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtGABA-T).	Ketoglutaric Acids	60-79	4-aminobutyrate transaminase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	112-116
23740823-2	2013	The GABA-T from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScGABA-TKG) is an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent enzyme encoded by the UGA1 gene, while higher plant GABA-T is a pyruvate/glyoxylate-dependent enzyme encoded by POP2 in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtGABA-T).	Ketoglutaric Acids	60-79	Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent transferases superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	44-50
23740823-2	2013	The GABA-T from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScGABA-TKG) is an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent enzyme encoded by the UGA1 gene, while higher plant GABA-T is a pyruvate/glyoxylate-dependent enzyme encoded by POP2 in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtGABA-T).	Ketoglutaric Acids	60-79	CCR4-NOT core DEDD family RNase subunit POP2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	202-206
23740823-2	2013	The GABA-T from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScGABA-TKG) is an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent enzyme encoded by the UGA1 gene, while higher plant GABA-T is a pyruvate/glyoxylate-dependent enzyme encoded by POP2 in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtGABA-T).	Ketoglutaric Acids	60-79	Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent transferases superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	232-240
23795241-2	2013	Different from the wild-type enzyme, mutant IDH1 catalyzes the reduction of alpha-ketoglutaric acid to D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid.	Ketoglutaric Acids	76-99	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	44-48
23380539-1	2013	The prolyl 4-hydroxylase domain protein 3 (PHD3) belongs to 2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent dioxygenases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	60-74	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 3	Homo sapiens	4-41
23420347-1	2013	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) uses ammonia to reversibly convert alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate using NADP(H) and NAD(H) as cofactors.	Ketoglutaric Acids	65-84	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-23
23420347-1	2013	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) uses ammonia to reversibly convert alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate using NADP(H) and NAD(H) as cofactors.	Ketoglutaric Acids	65-84	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	25-28
23541771-2	2013	Mutated IDH1 produces the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate rather than alpha-ketoglutarate or isocitrate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	72-91	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	8-12
23750482-1	2013	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) catalyzes the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate in cytosol.	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-108	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-26
23750482-1	2013	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) catalyzes the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate in cytosol.	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-108	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Rattus norvegicus	28-32
23750482-2	2013	IDH1 mutations, which are specific to a single codon in the conserved and functionally important Arginine 132 (R132), result in the ability of the enzyme to catalyze the reduced NADP-dependent reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate to onco-metabolite R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	206-225	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
23782684-3	2013	Although IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate in cytosol and mitochondria, respectively, mutated IDH1/2 proteins can possess the ability to change alpha-ketoglutarate to an oncometabolite R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	77-96	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	9-13
23782684-3	2013	Although IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate in cytosol and mitochondria, respectively, mutated IDH1/2 proteins can possess the ability to change alpha-ketoglutarate to an oncometabolite R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	77-96	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	18-22
23782684-3	2013	Although IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate in cytosol and mitochondria, respectively, mutated IDH1/2 proteins can possess the ability to change alpha-ketoglutarate to an oncometabolite R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	77-96	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	148-154
23782684-3	2013	Although IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate in cytosol and mitochondria, respectively, mutated IDH1/2 proteins can possess the ability to change alpha-ketoglutarate to an oncometabolite R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	198-217	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	9-13
23782684-3	2013	Although IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate in cytosol and mitochondria, respectively, mutated IDH1/2 proteins can possess the ability to change alpha-ketoglutarate to an oncometabolite R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	198-217	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	18-22
23782684-3	2013	Although IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate in cytosol and mitochondria, respectively, mutated IDH1/2 proteins can possess the ability to change alpha-ketoglutarate to an oncometabolite R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	198-217	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	148-154
23547775-2	2013	FTO is a 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent N-methyl nucleic acid demethylase that acts on substrates including 3-methylthymidine, 3-methyluracil, and 6-methyladenine.	Ketoglutaric Acids	9-23	FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	0-3
23504317-2	2013	In addition, reductive carboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate by isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and 2 (IDH2) was recently shown to be a major source of citrate synthesis from glutamine.	Ketoglutaric Acids	40-59	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	91-95
23504317-2	2013	In addition, reductive carboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate by isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and 2 (IDH2) was recently shown to be a major source of citrate synthesis from glutamine.	Ketoglutaric Acids	40-59	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	104-108
23634848-9	2013	Since TET proteins and many lysine demethylases require 2-oxoglutarate as a cofactor, aberrations in cofactor biochemical pathways, including mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), may affect levels of 5hmC and 5mC in certain types of tumors, either directly or indirectly.	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-70	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	155-179
23634848-9	2013	Since TET proteins and many lysine demethylases require 2-oxoglutarate as a cofactor, aberrations in cofactor biochemical pathways, including mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), may affect levels of 5hmC and 5mC in certain types of tumors, either directly or indirectly.	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-70	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	181-184
23589815-3	2013	We report a 30-day-old patient with mutations in the SLC19A3 gene who presented with acute encephalopathy and increased level of lactate in the blood (8.6 mmol/L) and cerebrospinal fluid (7.12 mmol/L), a high excretion of alpha-ketoglutarate in the urine, and increased concentrations of the branched-chain amino acids leucine and isoleucine in the plasma.	Ketoglutaric Acids	222-241	solute carrier family 19 member 3	Homo sapiens	53-60
23630074-2	2013	IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the interconversion of isocitrate and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	61-75	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
23630074-2	2013	IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the interconversion of isocitrate and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	61-75	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	9-13
23535601-5	2013	Whereas most cells use glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD1) to convert glutamine-derived glutamate into alpha-ketoglutarate in the mitochondria to fuel the tricarboxylic acid cycle, PDAC relies on a distinct pathway in which glutamine-derived aspartate is transported into the cytoplasm where it can be converted into oxaloacetate by aspartate transaminase (GOT1).	Ketoglutaric Acids	99-118	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	48-53
23380539-1	2013	The prolyl 4-hydroxylase domain protein 3 (PHD3) belongs to 2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent dioxygenases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	60-74	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 3	Homo sapiens	43-47
23295267-13	2013	We further demonstrated an elevation of GOT and GPT levels, supporting their involvement in reducing blood glutamate by the conversion of glutamate to 2-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	151-166	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Rattus norvegicus	48-51
23254757-1	2013	The ten eleven translocation (Tet) family of proteins includes three members (Tet1-3), all of which have the capacity to convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in a 2-oxoglutarate- and Fe(II)-dependent manner.	Ketoglutaric Acids	178-192	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1	Mus musculus	78-82
23506872-3	2013	While the two SLC13 cotransporters NaS1 (SLC13A1) and NaS2 (SLC13A4) transport anions such sulfate, selenate and thiosulfate, the three other SLC13 members, NaDC1 (SLC13A2), NaCT (SLC13A5) and NaDC3 (SLC13A3), transport di- and tri-carboxylate Krebs cycle intermediates such as succinate, citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	301-320	solute carrier family 13 member 1	Homo sapiens	35-39
23506872-3	2013	While the two SLC13 cotransporters NaS1 (SLC13A1) and NaS2 (SLC13A4) transport anions such sulfate, selenate and thiosulfate, the three other SLC13 members, NaDC1 (SLC13A2), NaCT (SLC13A5) and NaDC3 (SLC13A3), transport di- and tri-carboxylate Krebs cycle intermediates such as succinate, citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	301-320	solute carrier family 13 member 1	Homo sapiens	41-48
23506872-3	2013	While the two SLC13 cotransporters NaS1 (SLC13A1) and NaS2 (SLC13A4) transport anions such sulfate, selenate and thiosulfate, the three other SLC13 members, NaDC1 (SLC13A2), NaCT (SLC13A5) and NaDC3 (SLC13A3), transport di- and tri-carboxylate Krebs cycle intermediates such as succinate, citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	301-320	solute carrier family 13 member 4	Homo sapiens	54-58
23506872-3	2013	While the two SLC13 cotransporters NaS1 (SLC13A1) and NaS2 (SLC13A4) transport anions such sulfate, selenate and thiosulfate, the three other SLC13 members, NaDC1 (SLC13A2), NaCT (SLC13A5) and NaDC3 (SLC13A3), transport di- and tri-carboxylate Krebs cycle intermediates such as succinate, citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	301-320	solute carrier family 13 member 4	Homo sapiens	60-67
22614004-6	2013	Using pharmacologic and molecular approaches that suppress the prolyl-hydroxylase (PHD)-mediated inhibition of HIF1alpha, we show that DCA inhibits HIF1alpha by both a PHD-dependent mechanism (that involves a DCA-induced increase in the production of mitochondria-derived alpha-ketoglutarate) and a PHD-independent mechanism, involving activation of p53 via mitochondrial-derived H(2)O(2), as well as activation of GSK3beta.	Ketoglutaric Acids	272-291	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Rattus norvegicus	111-120
23485467-2	2013	While IDH1 catalyzes the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate in cytosol, mutated IDH1 proteins possess the ability to change alpha-ketoglutarate into onco-metabolite R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	66-85	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	6-10
23485467-2	2013	While IDH1 catalyzes the oxidative carboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate in cytosol, mutated IDH1 proteins possess the ability to change alpha-ketoglutarate into onco-metabolite R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	150-169	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	106-110
24280190-12	2013	Such trigger was mediated by HIF-1alpha, whose stabilization was regulated after recovery of the balance between alpha-ketoglutarate and succinate due to a recuperation of NADH consumption that followed complex I rescue.	Ketoglutaric Acids	113-132	hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit	Mus musculus	29-39
23351038-3	2013	FIH is a non-heme Fe(II), alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)-dependent dioxygenase that inhibits HIF-1alpha by hydroxylating the C-terminal transactivation domain (CTAD) of HIF-1alpha at HIF-Asn(803).	Ketoglutaric Acids	26-45	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	92-102
23351038-3	2013	FIH is a non-heme Fe(II), alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)-dependent dioxygenase that inhibits HIF-1alpha by hydroxylating the C-terminal transactivation domain (CTAD) of HIF-1alpha at HIF-Asn(803).	Ketoglutaric Acids	26-45	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	168-178
23232569-2	2013	Mutant IDH enzyme loses its normal activity to convert isocitrate into alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) and instead acquires the ability to reduce alphaKG to D-2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	71-90	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	7-10
23281078-1	2013	Congenital hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia (HI/HA) syndrome is caused by an activation mutation of glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GDH1), a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the reversible interconversion between glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	224-243	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	98-123
23281078-1	2013	Congenital hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia (HI/HA) syndrome is caused by an activation mutation of glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GDH1), a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the reversible interconversion between glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	224-243	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	125-129
23218481-13	2013	2-Oxoglutarate lowered the gastrin concentration.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-14	gastrin	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
23107437-9	2013	In addition, we examined the levels of alpha-ketoglutarate, a product of IDH1, and WA blocked its reduction upon TPA treatment.	Ketoglutaric Acids	39-58	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	73-77
23453015-6	2013	One significant advance in m(6)A research is the recent discovery of the first two m(6)A RNA demethylases fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene and ALKBH5, which catalyze m(6)A demethylation in an alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG)- and Fe(2+)-dependent manner.	Ketoglutaric Acids	202-221	FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	139-142
23453015-6	2013	One significant advance in m(6)A research is the recent discovery of the first two m(6)A RNA demethylases fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene and ALKBH5, which catalyze m(6)A demethylation in an alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG)- and Fe(2+)-dependent manner.	Ketoglutaric Acids	202-221	alkB homolog 5, RNA demethylase	Homo sapiens	153-159
23453015-6	2013	One significant advance in m(6)A research is the recent discovery of the first two m(6)A RNA demethylases fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene and ALKBH5, which catalyze m(6)A demethylation in an alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG)- and Fe(2+)-dependent manner.	Ketoglutaric Acids	223-231	FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	139-142
23453015-6	2013	One significant advance in m(6)A research is the recent discovery of the first two m(6)A RNA demethylases fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene and ALKBH5, which catalyze m(6)A demethylation in an alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG)- and Fe(2+)-dependent manner.	Ketoglutaric Acids	223-231	alkB homolog 5, RNA demethylase	Homo sapiens	153-159
22391558-2	2013	The TET2 gene is a bona fide tumor suppressor frequently mutated in leukemia, and TET enzyme activity is inhibited in IDH1/2-mutated tumors by the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate, an antagonist of alpha-KG, linking 5mC oxidation to cancer development.	Ketoglutaric Acids	199-207	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Homo sapiens	4-8
22391558-2	2013	The TET2 gene is a bona fide tumor suppressor frequently mutated in leukemia, and TET enzyme activity is inhibited in IDH1/2-mutated tumors by the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate, an antagonist of alpha-KG, linking 5mC oxidation to cancer development.	Ketoglutaric Acids	199-207	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	118-122
23092293-2	2013	KDM4E (histone lysine demethylase 4E) is a representative member of the large Fe(II)/2-oxoglutarate- dependent family of human histone demethylases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	85-99	lysine demethylase 4E	Homo sapiens	0-5
23219879-3	2013	Here, we report the crystal structures of the JMJD2D 2-oxoglutarate H3K9me3 ternary complex and JMJD2D apoenzyme.	Ketoglutaric Acids	53-67	lysine demethylase 4D	Homo sapiens	46-52
24371831-4	2013	In this work, we assessed if alpha-KG accumulation in tellurite-exposed E. coli could also result from increased isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activities, both enzymes involved in alpha-KG synthesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	29-37	glutamate dehydrogenase	Escherichia coli	149-172
24371831-4	2013	In this work, we assessed if alpha-KG accumulation in tellurite-exposed E. coli could also result from increased isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activities, both enzymes involved in alpha-KG synthesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	29-37	glutamate dehydrogenase	Escherichia coli	174-177
23226729-1	2012	IDH2 encodes a mitochondrial metabolic enzyme that converts isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) by reducing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP(+)) to NADPH and participates in the citric acid cycle for energy production.	Ketoglutaric Acids	74-93	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
23653210-3	2013	We show that Fe(II)- and alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) protein oxidize N(6)-methyladenosine to generate N(6)-hydroxymethyladenosine as an intermediate modification, and N(6)-formyladenosine as a further oxidized product.	Ketoglutaric Acids	25-44	FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	88-91
24019001-3	2013	Here we show, in this proof-of-concept study, that [1-(13)C] alpha-ketoglutarate can serve as a metabolic imaging agent for non-invasive, real-time, in vivo monitoring of mutant IDH1 activity, and can inform on IDH1 status.	Ketoglutaric Acids	61-80	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	178-182
24019001-3	2013	Here we show, in this proof-of-concept study, that [1-(13)C] alpha-ketoglutarate can serve as a metabolic imaging agent for non-invasive, real-time, in vivo monitoring of mutant IDH1 activity, and can inform on IDH1 status.	Ketoglutaric Acids	61-80	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	211-215
24019001-5	2013	In lysates and tumours that express wild-type IDH1, only hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] alpha-ketoglutarate can be detected.	Ketoglutaric Acids	82-101	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	46-50
24077277-1	2013	Cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) with an R132H mutation in brain tumors loses its enzymatic activity for catalyzing isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and acquires new activity whereby it converts alpha-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	141-160	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	10-36
24077277-1	2013	Cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) with an R132H mutation in brain tumors loses its enzymatic activity for catalyzing isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and acquires new activity whereby it converts alpha-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	141-160	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	38-42
24077277-1	2013	Cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) with an R132H mutation in brain tumors loses its enzymatic activity for catalyzing isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and acquires new activity whereby it converts alpha-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	162-170	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	10-36
24077277-1	2013	Cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) with an R132H mutation in brain tumors loses its enzymatic activity for catalyzing isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and acquires new activity whereby it converts alpha-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	162-170	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	38-42
24077277-1	2013	Cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) with an R132H mutation in brain tumors loses its enzymatic activity for catalyzing isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and acquires new activity whereby it converts alpha-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	218-226	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	10-36
24077277-1	2013	Cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) with an R132H mutation in brain tumors loses its enzymatic activity for catalyzing isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and acquires new activity whereby it converts alpha-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	218-226	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	38-42
23507484-3	2013	In addition, IDH1/2 mutations confer a gain-of-function, allowing the enzymes to process alpha-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate, which inhibits the TET proteins and ultimately induces the same hypermethylation phenotype.	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-108	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	13-19
23105103-2	2012	In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, glutamate is synthesized from alpha-ketoglutarate by two NADP(+)-dependent glutamate dehydrogenases (NADP-GDH) encoded by GDH1 and GDH3.	Ketoglutaric Acids	69-88	glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) GDH1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	161-165
23117877-5	2012	The assay is based on the conversion of D2HG to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) in the presence of the enzyme (D)-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (HGDH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)).	Ketoglutaric Acids	48-67	D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	108-144
23226729-1	2012	IDH2 encodes a mitochondrial metabolic enzyme that converts isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) by reducing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP(+)) to NADPH and participates in the citric acid cycle for energy production.	Ketoglutaric Acids	95-103	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
22789476-6	2012	Both of the ACS1 and ACL genes could increase the level of acetyl-CoA and enhance the alpha-KG production.	Ketoglutaric Acids	86-94	acetate--CoA ligase 1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	12-16
22772731-2	2012	Loss of catalytic activity leading to a decrease in alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) and gain of novel catalytic activity leading to production of D: -2-hydroxylglutarate (D: -2-HG) are both found in IDH1-mutated glioma cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	52-71	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	197-201
23071358-2	2012	Mutations targeting IDH1 and IDH2 result in simultaneous loss of their normal catalytic activity, the production of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), and gain of a new function, the production of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	116-135	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	20-24
23071358-2	2012	Mutations targeting IDH1 and IDH2 result in simultaneous loss of their normal catalytic activity, the production of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), and gain of a new function, the production of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	116-135	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	29-33
22851697-3	2012	Here, we report high-resolution crystal structures of the human JMJD5 catalytic domain in complex with the substrate 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and the inhibitor N-oxalylglycine (NOG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	117-131	lysine demethylase 8	Homo sapiens	64-69
22851697-3	2012	Here, we report high-resolution crystal structures of the human JMJD5 catalytic domain in complex with the substrate 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and the inhibitor N-oxalylglycine (NOG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	133-137	lysine demethylase 8	Homo sapiens	64-69
22875277-0	2012	alpha-Ketoglutarate-related inhibitors of HIF prolyl hydroxylases are substrates of renal organic anion transporters 1 (OAT1) and 4 (OAT4).	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens	90-118
22875277-0	2012	alpha-Ketoglutarate-related inhibitors of HIF prolyl hydroxylases are substrates of renal organic anion transporters 1 (OAT1) and 4 (OAT4).	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens	120-124
22875277-0	2012	alpha-Ketoglutarate-related inhibitors of HIF prolyl hydroxylases are substrates of renal organic anion transporters 1 (OAT1) and 4 (OAT4).	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	solute carrier family 22 member 11	Homo sapiens	133-137
22875277-1	2012	2-Oxoglutarate or alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) is a substrate of HIF prolyl hydroxylases 1-3 that decrease cellular levels of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) in the presence of oxygen.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-14	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	131-162
22875277-1	2012	2-Oxoglutarate or alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) is a substrate of HIF prolyl hydroxylases 1-3 that decrease cellular levels of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) in the presence of oxygen.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-14	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	164-174
22875277-1	2012	2-Oxoglutarate or alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) is a substrate of HIF prolyl hydroxylases 1-3 that decrease cellular levels of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) in the presence of oxygen.	Ketoglutaric Acids	18-37	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	131-162
22875277-1	2012	2-Oxoglutarate or alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) is a substrate of HIF prolyl hydroxylases 1-3 that decrease cellular levels of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) in the presence of oxygen.	Ketoglutaric Acids	18-37	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	164-174
22658952-1	2012	Mammalian glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a housekeeping mitochondrial enzyme (hGDH1 in the human) that catalyses the reversible inter-conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia, thus interconnecting amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	163-182	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	10-33
22658952-1	2012	Mammalian glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a housekeeping mitochondrial enzyme (hGDH1 in the human) that catalyses the reversible inter-conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia, thus interconnecting amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	163-182	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	35-38
22658952-1	2012	Mammalian glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a housekeeping mitochondrial enzyme (hGDH1 in the human) that catalyses the reversible inter-conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia, thus interconnecting amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	163-182	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	80-85
22747465-2	2012	(Fe(2+) + alphaKG)PHD2 is 6-coordinate, with a 2His/1Asp facial triad occupying three coordination sites, a bidentate alpha-ketoglutarate occupying two sites, and an aquo ligand in the final site.	Ketoglutaric Acids	118-137	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	18-22
22749528-5	2012	We demonstrate that glutamine in combination with leucine activates mammalian TORC1 (mTORC1) by enhancing glutaminolysis and alpha-ketoglutarate production.	Ketoglutaric Acids	125-144	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Homo sapiens	78-83
22749528-5	2012	We demonstrate that glutamine in combination with leucine activates mammalian TORC1 (mTORC1) by enhancing glutaminolysis and alpha-ketoglutarate production.	Ketoglutaric Acids	125-144	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	85-91
22749528-8	2012	Conversely, enhanced glutaminolysis or a cell-permeable alpha-ketoglutarate analog stimulated lysosomal translocation and activation of mTORC1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-75	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	136-142
22749528-10	2012	Thus, mTORC1 senses and is activated by glutamine and leucine via glutaminolysis and alpha-ketoglutarate production upstream of Rag.	Ketoglutaric Acids	85-104	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	6-12
22765904-1	2012	gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX) is a 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase that catalyses the final step of L-carnitine biosynthesis in animals.	Ketoglutaric Acids	44-58	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	0-31
22765904-1	2012	gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX) is a 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase that catalyses the final step of L-carnitine biosynthesis in animals.	Ketoglutaric Acids	44-58	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	33-37
22533343-1	2012	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), a cytosolic enzyme that converts isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, has been shown to be dysregulated during tumorigenesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	82-101	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-26
22533343-1	2012	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), a cytosolic enzyme that converts isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, has been shown to be dysregulated during tumorigenesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	82-101	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
22687491-2	2012	These enzymes are factor inhibiting HIF (FIH) and prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD2), each an alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) dependent, non-heme Fe(II) dioxygenase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	87-106	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	50-70
22687491-2	2012	These enzymes are factor inhibiting HIF (FIH) and prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD2), each an alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) dependent, non-heme Fe(II) dioxygenase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	87-106	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	72-76
22674578-2	2012	hNit2/omega-amidase plays a crucial metabolic role by catalyzing the hydrolysis of alpha-ketoglutaramate (the alpha-keto analog of glutamine) and alpha-ketosuccinamate (the alpha-keto analog of asparagine), yielding alpha-ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	216-235	nitrilase family member 2	Homo sapiens	0-5
22648409-10	2012	The findings suggest that Skp1 hydroxylation by PhyA is a conserved process among protists and that this biochemical pathway may indirectly sense O(2) by detecting the levels of O(2)-regulated metabolites such as alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	213-232	S-phase kinase associated protein 1	Homo sapiens	26-30
22513847-3	2012	The combination of alpha-ketoglutarate+malate (alphaKG/MAL) showed the ability to reduce hypoxia-induced damage to isolated proximal tubules.	Ketoglutaric Acids	19-38	mal, T-cell differentiation protein	Rattus norvegicus	55-58
22514282-2	2012	In vivo analysis has indicated that base J synthesis is initiated by the hydroxylation of thymidine by proteins (JBP1 and JBP2) homologous to the Fe(2+)/2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)-dependent dioxygenase superfamily where hydroxylation is driven by the oxidative decarboxylation of 2-OG, forming succinate and CO(2).	Ketoglutaric Acids	153-167	protein arginine methyltransferase 5	Homo sapiens	113-117
22435707-8	2012	2-OG is a co-substrate of FTO and, as a metabolite in the citric acid cycle, is a marker of intracellular nutritional status.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-4	FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	26-29
22210859-1	2012	The TET family of FE(II) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent enzymes (Tet1/2/3) promote DNA demethylation by converting 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), which they further oxidize into 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine.	Ketoglutaric Acids	29-43	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1	Mus musculus	63-71
22189873-5	2012	An in vitro enzymatic assay monitored by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry indicates that Jmjd6 is unable to remove the methyl group from histone arginine residues but can hydroxylate the histone H4 tail at lysine residues in a 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)- and Fe (II)-dependent manner.	Ketoglutaric Acids	283-297	jumonji domain containing 6, arginine demethylase and lysine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	145-150
22189873-5	2012	An in vitro enzymatic assay monitored by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry indicates that Jmjd6 is unable to remove the methyl group from histone arginine residues but can hydroxylate the histone H4 tail at lysine residues in a 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)- and Fe (II)-dependent manner.	Ketoglutaric Acids	299-303	jumonji domain containing 6, arginine demethylase and lysine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	145-150
22442146-1	2012	Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is a reversible enzyme that catalyzes the NADP(+)-dependent oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate (ICT) to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) and the NADPH/CO(2)-dependent reductive carboxylation of alphaKG to ICT.	Ketoglutaric Acids	140-159	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-24
22442146-1	2012	Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is a reversible enzyme that catalyzes the NADP(+)-dependent oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate (ICT) to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) and the NADPH/CO(2)-dependent reductive carboxylation of alphaKG to ICT.	Ketoglutaric Acids	140-159	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	26-29
22442146-1	2012	Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is a reversible enzyme that catalyzes the NADP(+)-dependent oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate (ICT) to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) and the NADPH/CO(2)-dependent reductive carboxylation of alphaKG to ICT.	Ketoglutaric Acids	140-159	2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1	Homo sapiens	178-183
22443471-0	2012	Changes in protein dynamics of the DNA repair dioxygenase AlkB upon binding of Fe(2+) and 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-104	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	58-62
22443471-1	2012	The Escherichia coli DNA repair enzyme AlkB is a 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent Fe(2+) binding dioxygenase that removes methyl lesions from DNA and RNA.	Ketoglutaric Acids	49-63	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	39-43
22471443-1	2012	The Escherichia coli (E. coli) AlkB protein and its functional human homologues belong to a subfamily of 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenases (2OG oxygenases for simplicity) that enable the repair of cytotoxic methylation damage in nucleic acids and that catalyze t-RNA oxidations.	Ketoglutaric Acids	105-119	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	31-35
22079166-1	2012	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a homohexameric enzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of l-glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	126-140	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-23
22079166-1	2012	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a homohexameric enzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of l-glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	126-140	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	25-28
22397365-1	2012	BACKGROUND: Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) metabolic genes encode cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes that catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	166-185	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	46-50
22397365-1	2012	BACKGROUND: Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) metabolic genes encode cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes that catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	166-185	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	55-59
22105553-3	2012	Mutations of IDH1 and IDH2 led to simultaneous loss and gain of activities in the production of alpha-ketoglutarate and 2-hydroxyglutarate, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	96-115	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	13-17
22105553-3	2012	Mutations of IDH1 and IDH2 led to simultaneous loss and gain of activities in the production of alpha-ketoglutarate and 2-hydroxyglutarate, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	96-115	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	22-26
22105553-6	2012	Here, we show that in response to IDH2 mutations, low levels of alpha-ketoglutarate increased the stabilization of HIF-1alpha which can contribute to tumor growth.	Ketoglutaric Acids	64-83	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	34-38
22105553-6	2012	Here, we show that in response to IDH2 mutations, low levels of alpha-ketoglutarate increased the stabilization of HIF-1alpha which can contribute to tumor growth.	Ketoglutaric Acids	64-83	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	115-125
22019092-6	2012	Several regions of the chicken Fto protein, including the substrate (2-oxoglutarate) binding domains, were found to be identical to mammalian Fto protein.	Ketoglutaric Acids	69-83	FTO, alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Gallus gallus	31-34
22343896-2	2012	Inactivating SDH and FH mutations cause the accumulation of succinate and fumarate, respectively, which can inhibit 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)-dependent enzymes, including the EGLN prolyl 4-hydroxylases that mark the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) transcription factor for polyubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	116-130	succinate dehydrogenase complex iron sulfur subunit B	Homo sapiens	13-16
22343896-2	2012	Inactivating SDH and FH mutations cause the accumulation of succinate and fumarate, respectively, which can inhibit 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)-dependent enzymes, including the EGLN prolyl 4-hydroxylases that mark the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) transcription factor for polyubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	132-136	succinate dehydrogenase complex iron sulfur subunit B	Homo sapiens	13-16
22343901-1	2012	Recurrent mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 have been identified in gliomas, acute myeloid leukaemias (AML) and chondrosarcomas, and share a novel enzymatic property of producing 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) from alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	231-250	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	23-49
22343901-1	2012	Recurrent mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 have been identified in gliomas, acute myeloid leukaemias (AML) and chondrosarcomas, and share a novel enzymatic property of producing 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) from alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	231-250	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	51-55
22343901-1	2012	Recurrent mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 have been identified in gliomas, acute myeloid leukaemias (AML) and chondrosarcomas, and share a novel enzymatic property of producing 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) from alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	231-250	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	61-65
22115789-0	2012	Bcl-2 is a novel interacting partner for the 2-oxoglutarate carrier and a key regulator of mitochondrial glutathione.	Ketoglutaric Acids	45-59	apoptosis regulator Bcl-2	Cricetulus griseus	0-5
22675360-4	2012	Reductive carboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate by IDH2 (in the reverse Krebs cycle direction), which consumes NADPH, may follow glutaminolysis of glutamine to 2-oxoglutarate in cancer cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	27-41	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	45-49
22675360-4	2012	Reductive carboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate by IDH2 (in the reverse Krebs cycle direction), which consumes NADPH, may follow glutaminolysis of glutamine to 2-oxoglutarate in cancer cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	154-168	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	45-49
22675360-8	2012	Arg172 mutants of human IDH2-frequently found with similar mutants of cytosolic IDH1 in grade 2 and 3 gliomas, secondary glioblastomas, and acute myeloid leukemia-catalyze reductive carboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate and reduction to D-2-hydroxyglutarate, which strengthens the neoplastic phenotype by competitive inhibition of histone demethylation and 5-methylcytosine hydroxylation, leading to genome-wide histone and DNA methylation alternations.	Ketoglutaric Acids	199-213	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	24-28
22675360-8	2012	Arg172 mutants of human IDH2-frequently found with similar mutants of cytosolic IDH1 in grade 2 and 3 gliomas, secondary glioblastomas, and acute myeloid leukemia-catalyze reductive carboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate and reduction to D-2-hydroxyglutarate, which strengthens the neoplastic phenotype by competitive inhibition of histone demethylation and 5-methylcytosine hydroxylation, leading to genome-wide histone and DNA methylation alternations.	Ketoglutaric Acids	199-213	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	80-84
22106302-6	2011	Glutamine-derived alpha-ketoglutarate is reductively carboxylated by the NADPH-linked mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH2) to form isocitrate, which can then be isomerized to citrate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	18-37	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	126-130
22038055-1	2012	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the reversible inter-conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia.	Ketoglutaric Acids	88-107	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-23
22038055-1	2012	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the reversible inter-conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia.	Ketoglutaric Acids	88-107	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	25-28
22106302-9	2011	The reductive carboxylation of glutamine is part of the metabolic reprogramming associated with hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1), as constitutive activation of HIF1 recapitulates the preferential reductive metabolism of glutamine-derived alpha-ketoglutarate even in normoxic conditions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	239-258	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	96-122
22106302-9	2011	The reductive carboxylation of glutamine is part of the metabolic reprogramming associated with hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1), as constitutive activation of HIF1 recapitulates the preferential reductive metabolism of glutamine-derived alpha-ketoglutarate even in normoxic conditions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	239-258	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	124-128
22106302-9	2011	The reductive carboxylation of glutamine is part of the metabolic reprogramming associated with hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1), as constitutive activation of HIF1 recapitulates the preferential reductive metabolism of glutamine-derived alpha-ketoglutarate even in normoxic conditions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	239-258	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	161-165
22147457-1	2011	The NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate into alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	121-140	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	55-61
22147457-1	2011	The NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate into alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	142-150	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	55-61
22002076-1	2011	PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Isocitrate dehydrogenases, IDH1 and IDH2, decarboxylate isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and reduce NADP to NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-108	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	46-50
22002076-1	2011	PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Isocitrate dehydrogenases, IDH1 and IDH2, decarboxylate isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and reduce NADP to NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-108	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	55-59
22002076-1	2011	PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Isocitrate dehydrogenases, IDH1 and IDH2, decarboxylate isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and reduce NADP to NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	110-118	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	46-50
22002076-1	2011	PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Isocitrate dehydrogenases, IDH1 and IDH2, decarboxylate isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and reduce NADP to NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	110-118	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	55-59
21734190-3	2011	The intracellular levels of glutamate and glutamine are dependent on activities of numerous enzymatic processes, including 1) cytosolic production of glutamine from glutamate by GS, 2) production of glutamate from glutamine by GLNase that is primarily localized between mitochondrial membranes, and 3) mitochondrial conversion of glutamate to the tricarboxylic cycle intermediate alpha-ketoglutarate in the reactions of oxidative deamination and transamination.	Ketoglutaric Acids	380-399	glutaminase	Rattus norvegicus	227-233
21820830-2	2011	Bidirectional exchange between initially unlabeled glutamate and labeled alpha-ketoglutarate, formed from pyruvate via pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), indicates the rate of energy metabolism in the tricarboxylic acid (V(TCA)) cycle in neurons (V(PDH, n)) and, with additional computation, also in astrocytes (V(PDH, g)), as confirmed using the astrocyte-specific substrate [(13)C]acetate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	73-92	pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Homo sapiens	143-146
21820830-2	2011	Bidirectional exchange between initially unlabeled glutamate and labeled alpha-ketoglutarate, formed from pyruvate via pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), indicates the rate of energy metabolism in the tricarboxylic acid (V(TCA)) cycle in neurons (V(PDH, n)) and, with additional computation, also in astrocytes (V(PDH, g)), as confirmed using the astrocyte-specific substrate [(13)C]acetate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	73-92	pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Homo sapiens	244-247
21820830-2	2011	Bidirectional exchange between initially unlabeled glutamate and labeled alpha-ketoglutarate, formed from pyruvate via pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), indicates the rate of energy metabolism in the tricarboxylic acid (V(TCA)) cycle in neurons (V(PDH, n)) and, with additional computation, also in astrocytes (V(PDH, g)), as confirmed using the astrocyte-specific substrate [(13)C]acetate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	73-92	pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Homo sapiens	244-247
22101433-6	2011	This isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1)-dependent pathway is active in most cell lines under normal culture conditions, but cells grown under hypoxia rely almost exclusively on the reductive carboxylation of glutamine-derived alpha-ketoglutarate for de novo lipogenesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	225-244	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	5-31
22101433-6	2011	This isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1)-dependent pathway is active in most cell lines under normal culture conditions, but cells grown under hypoxia rely almost exclusively on the reductive carboxylation of glutamine-derived alpha-ketoglutarate for de novo lipogenesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	225-244	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	33-37
21865262-6	2011	NaDC3 was best inhibited by succinate (IC(50) 25.5 muM) and less by alpha-ketoglutarate (IC(50) 69.2 muM) and fumarate (IC(50) 95.2 muM).	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	solute carrier family 13 member 3	Homo sapiens	0-5
21865262-6	2011	NaDC3 was best inhibited by succinate (IC(50) 25.5 muM) and less by alpha-ketoglutarate (IC(50) 69.2 muM) and fumarate (IC(50) 95.2 muM).	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	latexin	Homo sapiens	101-104
21865262-6	2011	NaDC3 was best inhibited by succinate (IC(50) 25.5 muM) and less by alpha-ketoglutarate (IC(50) 69.2 muM) and fumarate (IC(50) 95.2 muM).	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	latexin	Homo sapiens	101-104
21865262-8	2011	OAT1 exhibited the highest affinity for glutarate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and adipate (IC(50) between 3.3 and 6.2 muM), followed by pimelate (18.6 muM) and suberate (19.3 muM).	Ketoglutaric Acids	51-70	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens	0-4
21865262-11	2011	The data 1) reveal alpha-ketoglutarate as a common high-affinity substrate of NaDC3, OAT1, and OAT3 and 2) suggest potentially similar molecular structures of the binding sites in OAT1 and OAT3 for dicarboxylates.	Ketoglutaric Acids	19-38	solute carrier family 13 member 3	Homo sapiens	78-83
21865262-11	2011	The data 1) reveal alpha-ketoglutarate as a common high-affinity substrate of NaDC3, OAT1, and OAT3 and 2) suggest potentially similar molecular structures of the binding sites in OAT1 and OAT3 for dicarboxylates.	Ketoglutaric Acids	19-38	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens	85-89
21865262-11	2011	The data 1) reveal alpha-ketoglutarate as a common high-affinity substrate of NaDC3, OAT1, and OAT3 and 2) suggest potentially similar molecular structures of the binding sites in OAT1 and OAT3 for dicarboxylates.	Ketoglutaric Acids	19-38	solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens	95-105
21865262-11	2011	The data 1) reveal alpha-ketoglutarate as a common high-affinity substrate of NaDC3, OAT1, and OAT3 and 2) suggest potentially similar molecular structures of the binding sites in OAT1 and OAT3 for dicarboxylates.	Ketoglutaric Acids	19-38	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens	180-184
21865262-11	2011	The data 1) reveal alpha-ketoglutarate as a common high-affinity substrate of NaDC3, OAT1, and OAT3 and 2) suggest potentially similar molecular structures of the binding sites in OAT1 and OAT3 for dicarboxylates.	Ketoglutaric Acids	19-38	solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens	95-99
21889589-2	2011	Overexpression studies with IDH1(R132H) and IDH2(R172K) mutations demonstrated that the enzymes acquired a new function, converting 2-ketoglutarate (2-KG) to d-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG), in lieu of the normal IDH reaction which reversibly converts isocitrate to 2-KG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	132-147	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
21889589-2	2011	Overexpression studies with IDH1(R132H) and IDH2(R172K) mutations demonstrated that the enzymes acquired a new function, converting 2-ketoglutarate (2-KG) to d-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG), in lieu of the normal IDH reaction which reversibly converts isocitrate to 2-KG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	132-147	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	44-48
21939466-5	2011	Specifically, 2-hydroxyglutarate, the oncometabolite produced by mutant IDH1 and IDH2 proteins, has been shown to function as a competitive inhibitor of various alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG)-dependent dioxygenases, including histone demethylases and members of the ten-eleven-translocation (TET) family of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) hydroxylases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	161-180	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	72-76
21939466-5	2011	Specifically, 2-hydroxyglutarate, the oncometabolite produced by mutant IDH1 and IDH2 proteins, has been shown to function as a competitive inhibitor of various alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG)-dependent dioxygenases, including histone demethylases and members of the ten-eleven-translocation (TET) family of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) hydroxylases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	161-180	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	81-85
21895798-2	2011	Overexpression of Lys20 resulted in eightfold increased Lys, as well as 2-oxoglutarate pools, which were not attained by overexpressing Lys21 or other pathway enzymes (Lys1, Lys9 or Lys12).	Ketoglutaric Acids	72-86	homocitrate synthase LYS20	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	18-23
21900230-1	2011	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes reversible conversion between glutamate and 2-oxoglutarate using NAD(P)(H) as a coenzyme.	Ketoglutaric Acids	84-98	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	25-28
21242068-2	2011	In yeast, NADP-dependent enzymes, encoded by GDH1 and GDH3, are reported to synthesize glutamate from alpha-ketoglutarate, while an NAD-dependent enzyme, encoded by GDH2, catalyzes the reverse.	Ketoglutaric Acids	102-121	glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) GDH1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	45-49
21242068-2	2011	In yeast, NADP-dependent enzymes, encoded by GDH1 and GDH3, are reported to synthesize glutamate from alpha-ketoglutarate, while an NAD-dependent enzyme, encoded by GDH2, catalyzes the reverse.	Ketoglutaric Acids	102-121	glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) GDH3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	54-58
21242068-2	2011	In yeast, NADP-dependent enzymes, encoded by GDH1 and GDH3, are reported to synthesize glutamate from alpha-ketoglutarate, while an NAD-dependent enzyme, encoded by GDH2, catalyzes the reverse.	Ketoglutaric Acids	102-121	glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD(+))	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	165-169
21834755-4	2011	ASNase had a significant antiproliferative effect only in the beta-catenin mutated HepG2 cells, which were partially rescued by the anaplerotic intermediates pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	171-190	asparaginase and isoaspartyl peptidase 1	Homo sapiens	0-6
21690245-1	2011	BACKGROUND: Miscoding mutations of the TET2 gene, which encodes the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent enzyme that catalyses the conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, thus producing DNA demethylation, have been detected in 10-25% of acute myeloid leukaemias lacking IDH1/2 mutations.	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Homo sapiens	39-43
21690245-1	2011	BACKGROUND: Miscoding mutations of the TET2 gene, which encodes the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent enzyme that catalyses the conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, thus producing DNA demethylation, have been detected in 10-25% of acute myeloid leukaemias lacking IDH1/2 mutations.	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	282-288
21647154-6	2011	Accordingly, recombinant IDH2 R140Q/W were unable to carry out the decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), but instead gained the neomorphic activity to reduce alpha-KG to R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarete (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	100-119	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	25-29
21647154-6	2011	Accordingly, recombinant IDH2 R140Q/W were unable to carry out the decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), but instead gained the neomorphic activity to reduce alpha-KG to R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarete (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	121-129	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	25-29
21647154-6	2011	Accordingly, recombinant IDH2 R140Q/W were unable to carry out the decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), but instead gained the neomorphic activity to reduce alpha-KG to R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarete (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	185-193	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	25-29
21885076-3	2011	IDH1 encodes the cytoplasmic NADP dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase1 that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate into alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	134-153	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
21885076-7	2011	IDH1/IDH2 mutation results in a new enzymatic activity transforming alpha-ketoglutarate into 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
21885076-7	2011	IDH1/IDH2 mutation results in a new enzymatic activity transforming alpha-ketoglutarate into 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	5-9
21641335-4	2011	IDH1 and IDH2 mutations lead to simultaneous loss and gain of activities in the production of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), respectively, and result in lowering NADPH levels even further.	Ketoglutaric Acids	94-113	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
22040412-1	2011	BACKGROUND: Site A132Arg mutations potentially impair the affinity of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) for its substrate isocitrate (ICT), consequently reducing the production of alpha-ketoglutarate and leading to tumor growth through the induction of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	180-199	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	70-96
22040412-1	2011	BACKGROUND: Site A132Arg mutations potentially impair the affinity of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) for its substrate isocitrate (ICT), consequently reducing the production of alpha-ketoglutarate and leading to tumor growth through the induction of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	180-199	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	98-102
22040412-1	2011	BACKGROUND: Site A132Arg mutations potentially impair the affinity of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) for its substrate isocitrate (ICT), consequently reducing the production of alpha-ketoglutarate and leading to tumor growth through the induction of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	180-199	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	257-283
22040412-1	2011	BACKGROUND: Site A132Arg mutations potentially impair the affinity of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) for its substrate isocitrate (ICT), consequently reducing the production of alpha-ketoglutarate and leading to tumor growth through the induction of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	180-199	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	285-290
21420458-5	2011	As astrocytes are known to provide neurons with lactate that largely derives from the Krebs cycle via conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate, the selective expression of hGDH2 may facilitate metabolic recycling processes essential for glutamatergic transmission.	Ketoglutaric Acids	129-148	glutamate dehydrogenase 2	Homo sapiens	178-183
21621574-5	2011	This protein interaction facilitates reamination of the alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) product of the GDH1 oxidative deamination reaction.	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-75	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	101-105
21760589-8	2011	We find that PHGDH suppression does not affect intracellular serine levels, but causes a drop in the levels of alpha-ketoglutarate, another output of the pathway and a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	111-130	phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	13-18
21821892-2	2011	JARID1B, a protein containing PHD and JmjC domains, is a histone demethylase specific for H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 which requires Fe(II) and alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) as cofactors to remove the methyl group.	Ketoglutaric Acids	136-155	lysine demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens	0-7
21821892-2	2011	JARID1B, a protein containing PHD and JmjC domains, is a histone demethylase specific for H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 which requires Fe(II) and alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) as cofactors to remove the methyl group.	Ketoglutaric Acids	157-165	lysine demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens	0-7
21641335-4	2011	IDH1 and IDH2 mutations lead to simultaneous loss and gain of activities in the production of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), respectively, and result in lowering NADPH levels even further.	Ketoglutaric Acids	94-113	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	9-13
21641335-4	2011	IDH1 and IDH2 mutations lead to simultaneous loss and gain of activities in the production of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), respectively, and result in lowering NADPH levels even further.	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-123	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
21641335-4	2011	IDH1 and IDH2 mutations lead to simultaneous loss and gain of activities in the production of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), respectively, and result in lowering NADPH levels even further.	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-123	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	9-13
21617369-3	2011	TET, Jumonji-family histone demethylases, and prolyl hydroxylase, a repressor of HIF1alpha under high oxygen conditions, all require alpha ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) as cofactors for their activation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	133-152	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	81-90
21617369-3	2011	TET, Jumonji-family histone demethylases, and prolyl hydroxylase, a repressor of HIF1alpha under high oxygen conditions, all require alpha ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) as cofactors for their activation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	154-162	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	81-90
21338644-7	2011	Flux through glutamic acid decarboxylase was higher with glutamine than with glutamate as substrate whereas fluxes from alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate and through glutamine synthetase, malic enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate carboxylase and citrate synthase were in the same range with both substrates.	Ketoglutaric Acids	120-139	glutamate-ammonia ligase	Rattus norvegicus	165-185
21338644-7	2011	Flux through glutamic acid decarboxylase was higher with glutamine than with glutamate as substrate whereas fluxes from alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate and through glutamine synthetase, malic enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate carboxylase and citrate synthase were in the same range with both substrates.	Ketoglutaric Acids	120-139	pyruvate carboxylase	Rattus norvegicus	225-245
21334188-6	2011	Further modification with the enzyme, GLUD leads to effective amperometric biosensing of alpha-KG through monitoring of the NADH consumption.	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-97	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	38-42
21410436-2	2011	HIF proteins are regulated by three Fe(II)- and alpha-KG (alpha-ketoglutarate)-dependent prolyl hydroxylase enzymes [PHD (prolyl hydroxylase domain) isoenzymes 1-3 or PHD1, PHD2 and PHD3] and one asparaginyl hydroxylase [FIH (factor inhibiting HIF)].	Ketoglutaric Acids	58-77	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 2	Homo sapiens	167-171
21410436-2	2011	HIF proteins are regulated by three Fe(II)- and alpha-KG (alpha-ketoglutarate)-dependent prolyl hydroxylase enzymes [PHD (prolyl hydroxylase domain) isoenzymes 1-3 or PHD1, PHD2 and PHD3] and one asparaginyl hydroxylase [FIH (factor inhibiting HIF)].	Ketoglutaric Acids	58-77	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	173-177
21410436-2	2011	HIF proteins are regulated by three Fe(II)- and alpha-KG (alpha-ketoglutarate)-dependent prolyl hydroxylase enzymes [PHD (prolyl hydroxylase domain) isoenzymes 1-3 or PHD1, PHD2 and PHD3] and one asparaginyl hydroxylase [FIH (factor inhibiting HIF)].	Ketoglutaric Acids	58-77	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 3	Homo sapiens	182-186
21530488-3	2011	We show that like PAHX, the PHYHD1A but likely not the PHYHD1B/C isoforms, is a functional Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	102-116	phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	18-22
21359826-4	2011	In the presence of suitable substrates such as L-aspartate (L-alanine) and alpha-ketoglutarate, AST and ALT generate pyruvate as an enzymatic end product.	Ketoglutaric Acids	75-94	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	96-99
21296880-1	2011	D-2-Hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (D-2HGDH) catalyzes the specific and efficient oxidation of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG) to 2-oxoglutarate using FAD as a cofactor.	Ketoglutaric Acids	127-141	D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-34
21296880-1	2011	D-2-Hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (D-2HGDH) catalyzes the specific and efficient oxidation of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG) to 2-oxoglutarate using FAD as a cofactor.	Ketoglutaric Acids	127-141	D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	36-43
20859647-3	2011	L-2-HGA is caused by mutations in the L-2-HGDH gene which most probably encodes for a L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase, a putative mitochondrial protein converting L-2-hydroxyglutarate to alphaketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	190-208	L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	38-46
21448454-2	2011	OGC was originally identified for its ability to transfer alpha-ketoglutarate across the inner mitochondrial membrane.	Ketoglutaric Acids	58-77	solute carrier family 25 member 11	Homo sapiens	0-3
21166655-0	2011	Spectroscopic and magnetic studies of wild-type and mutant forms of the Fe(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent decarboxylase ALKBH4.	Ketoglutaric Acids	84-98	alkB homolog 4, lysine demethylase	Homo sapiens	123-129
20972222-4	2011	Recently, we identified a novel Jumonji C (JmjC)-domain-containing protein, TYW5 (tRNA yW-synthesizing enzyme 5), which forms the OHyW nucleoside by carbon hydroxylation, using Fe(II) ion and 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) as cofactors.	Ketoglutaric Acids	192-206	tRNA-yW synthesizing protein 5	Homo sapiens	76-80
20972222-4	2011	Recently, we identified a novel Jumonji C (JmjC)-domain-containing protein, TYW5 (tRNA yW-synthesizing enzyme 5), which forms the OHyW nucleoside by carbon hydroxylation, using Fe(II) ion and 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) as cofactors.	Ketoglutaric Acids	192-206	tRNA-yW synthesizing protein 5	Homo sapiens	82-111
20972222-4	2011	Recently, we identified a novel Jumonji C (JmjC)-domain-containing protein, TYW5 (tRNA yW-synthesizing enzyme 5), which forms the OHyW nucleoside by carbon hydroxylation, using Fe(II) ion and 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) as cofactors.	Ketoglutaric Acids	208-212	tRNA-yW synthesizing protein 5	Homo sapiens	76-80
20972222-4	2011	Recently, we identified a novel Jumonji C (JmjC)-domain-containing protein, TYW5 (tRNA yW-synthesizing enzyme 5), which forms the OHyW nucleoside by carbon hydroxylation, using Fe(II) ion and 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) as cofactors.	Ketoglutaric Acids	208-212	tRNA-yW synthesizing protein 5	Homo sapiens	82-111
21266164-1	2011	Jumonji domain containing iron (II), 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent dioxygenases from Jmjd2 family demethylate trimethylated histone3-lysine 9 (H3-K9me3), and also H3-K9me2 and H3-K36me3, albeit at lower rates.	Ketoglutaric Acids	37-51	lysine demethylase 4A	Homo sapiens	86-91
21251613-1	2011	IDH1 and IDH2 mutations occur frequently in gliomas and acute myeloid leukemia, leading to simultaneous loss and gain of activities in the production of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	153-172	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
21251613-1	2011	IDH1 and IDH2 mutations occur frequently in gliomas and acute myeloid leukemia, leading to simultaneous loss and gain of activities in the production of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	153-172	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	9-13
20859647-3	2011	L-2-HGA is caused by mutations in the L-2-HGDH gene which most probably encodes for a L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase, a putative mitochondrial protein converting L-2-hydroxyglutarate to alphaketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	190-208	L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	86-120
21076780-1	2011	Based on structural analysis of the human 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent JMJD2 histone N(epsilon)-methyl lysyl demethylase family, 3-substituted pyridine 2,4-dicarboxylic acids were identified as potential inhibitors with possible selectivity over other human 2OG oxygenases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	42-56	lysine demethylase 4A	Homo sapiens	73-78
20975740-3	2010	This mutation impairs the oxidative IDH activity of the enzyme, but renders a new reduction function of converting alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-134	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	36-39
21067515-3	2011	In the present work, we report the crystal structures of c-Rph1 in apo form and in complex with Ni2(+) and alpha-KG [2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate)].	Ketoglutaric Acids	117-131	Rph1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	59-63
21067515-3	2011	In the present work, we report the crystal structures of c-Rph1 in apo form and in complex with Ni2(+) and alpha-KG [2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate)].	Ketoglutaric Acids	133-152	Rph1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	59-63
21625441-5	2011	IDH1 and IDH2 mutations cause both loss of normal enzyme function and gain-of-function, causing reduction of alpha-KG to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG) which accumulates.	Ketoglutaric Acids	109-117	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
21625441-5	2011	IDH1 and IDH2 mutations cause both loss of normal enzyme function and gain-of-function, causing reduction of alpha-KG to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG) which accumulates.	Ketoglutaric Acids	109-117	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	9-13
21130701-4	2010	In the AML cohort, IDH1/2 mutations were mutually exclusive with mutations in the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent enzyme TET2, and TET2 loss-of-function mutations were associated with similar epigenetic defects as IDH1/2 mutants.	Ketoglutaric Acids	82-101	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Homo sapiens	119-123
20972461-3	2010	Soon, it became clear that the mutations identified impaired the ability of IDH1 and IDH2 to catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), whereas conferring a gain of a novel enzymatic activity leading to the reduction of alphaKG to the metabolite D2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	134-153	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	76-80
20972461-3	2010	Soon, it became clear that the mutations identified impaired the ability of IDH1 and IDH2 to catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), whereas conferring a gain of a novel enzymatic activity leading to the reduction of alphaKG to the metabolite D2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	134-153	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	85-89
21058708-2	2010	Aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) is a prototypical PLP-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of aspartate and alpha-ketoglutarate with oxalacetate and glutamate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	135-154	pyridoxal phosphatase	Homo sapiens	51-54
21045145-1	2010	Mutation at the R132 residue of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), frequently found in gliomas and acute myelogenous leukemia, creates a neoenzyme that produces 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) from alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	192-211	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	32-58
21045145-1	2010	Mutation at the R132 residue of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), frequently found in gliomas and acute myelogenous leukemia, creates a neoenzyme that produces 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) from alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	192-211	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	60-64
21045145-2	2010	We sought to therapeutically exploit this neoreaction in mutant IDH1 cells that require alpha-KG derived from glutamine.	Ketoglutaric Acids	88-96	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	64-68
21045145-5	2010	Growth suppression of mutant IDH1 cells by BPTES was rescued by adding exogenous alpha-KG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-89	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	29-33
20738406-5	2010	Consistent with this, the acetate level was reduced and the alpha-ketoglutarate level was increased in the stb5 mutant.	Ketoglutaric Acids	60-79	Stb5p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	107-111
20868382-6	2010	Here, we show that gis1 point mutations that abolish Fe (II) and alpha-ketoglutarate binding, known cofactors in other JmjC proteins, are still able to induce transcription normally during glucose starvation and sporulation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	65-84	histone demethylase GIS1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	19-23
21153519-5	2010	The recombinant mTAT is able to catalyze the transamination of tyrosine using alpha-ketoglutaric acid as an amino group acceptor at neutral pH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	78-101	tyrosine aminotransferase	Mus musculus	16-20
20736162-2	2010	Mitochondrial BCATm (branched-chain aminotransferase) catalyzes reversible transamination of leucine and alpha-ketoglutarate to KIC and glutamate, the first step of leucine catabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	105-124	branched chain aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	14-19
21049082-7	2010	By feeding the cells labeled glutamine, we also detected a "backwards" flux in the tricarboxylic acid cycle from alpha-ketoglutarate to citrate that was enhanced in contact-inhibited fibroblasts; this flux likely contributes to shuttling of NADPH from the mitochondrion to cytosol for redox defense or fatty acid synthesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	113-132	2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1	Homo sapiens	241-246
20670938-12	2010	GDH enzyme kinetics of hadh(-/-) islets showed an increase in GDH affinity for its substrate, alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	94-113	hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	23-27
20660115-5	2010	Fh1-/- cells accumulated intracellular fumarate and manifested severe impairment of HIF prolyl but not asparaginyl hydroxylation which was corrected by provision of exogenous 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	175-189	fumarate hydratase 1	Mus musculus	0-3
20660115-5	2010	Fh1-/- cells accumulated intracellular fumarate and manifested severe impairment of HIF prolyl but not asparaginyl hydroxylation which was corrected by provision of exogenous 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	191-195	fumarate hydratase 1	Mus musculus	0-3
20679243-2	2010	JMJD6 binds alpha-ketoglutarate and iron and has been characterized as either a histone arginine demethylase or U2AF65 lysyl hydroxylase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	12-31	jumonji domain containing 6, arginine demethylase and lysine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	0-5
20663694-1	2010	Based on molecular dynamics simulations in aqueous solution, we investigate the dynamic properties of factor-inhibiting HIF-1 (FIH1) and its complexes with the substrate 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and the two known inhibitors, N-oxalylglycine (NOG) and N-oxalyl-D-phenylalanine (NODP).	Ketoglutaric Acids	170-184	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens	102-125
20663694-1	2010	Based on molecular dynamics simulations in aqueous solution, we investigate the dynamic properties of factor-inhibiting HIF-1 (FIH1) and its complexes with the substrate 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and the two known inhibitors, N-oxalylglycine (NOG) and N-oxalyl-D-phenylalanine (NODP).	Ketoglutaric Acids	170-184	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens	127-131
20692206-1	2010	The systematic sequencing of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) genomes has identified the recurrent mutation of IDH1, a gene encoding NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate yielding alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	250-269	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	108-112
20692206-1	2010	The systematic sequencing of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) genomes has identified the recurrent mutation of IDH1, a gene encoding NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate yielding alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	250-269	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	176-180
20692206-1	2010	The systematic sequencing of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) genomes has identified the recurrent mutation of IDH1, a gene encoding NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate yielding alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	271-279	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	108-112
20692206-1	2010	The systematic sequencing of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) genomes has identified the recurrent mutation of IDH1, a gene encoding NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate yielding alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	271-279	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	176-180
20679243-3	2010	Here, we describe the structures of JMJD6 with and without alpha-ketoglutarate, which revealed a novel substrate binding groove and two positively charged surfaces.	Ketoglutaric Acids	59-78	jumonji domain containing 6, arginine demethylase and lysine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	36-41
20684070-0	2010	Crystal structure of the 2-oxoglutarate- and Fe(II)-dependent lysyl hydroxylase JMJD6.	Ketoglutaric Acids	25-39	jumonji domain containing 6, arginine demethylase and lysine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	80-85
20684070-3	2010	JMJD6 catalyses the iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent hydroxylation of lysyl residues in arginine-serine-rich domains of RNA splicing-related proteins.	Ketoglutaric Acids	30-44	jumonji domain containing 6, arginine demethylase and lysine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	0-5
20579638-0	2010	OGFOD1, a member of the 2-oxoglutarate and iron dependent dioxygenase family, functions in ischemic signaling.	Ketoglutaric Acids	24-38	2-oxoglutarate and iron dependent oxygenase domain containing 1	Homo sapiens	0-6
20383689-0	2010	HIF prolyl hydroxylase-3 mediates alpha-ketoglutarate-induced apoptosis and tumor suppression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	34-53	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 3	Homo sapiens	0-24
20603105-1	2010	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) are enzymes which convert isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate while reducing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+to NADPH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	112-131	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
20603105-1	2010	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) are enzymes which convert isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate while reducing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+to NADPH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	112-131	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	66-70
20415663-4	2010	Gas chromatography/MS revealed an altered metabolite profile upon silencing of PDH kinase 1, determined by increased levels of the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates malate, fumarate and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	191-210	pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	79-91
20857847-1	2010	BACKGROUND: Hyperinsulinism/ hyperammonemia (HI/HA) syndrome is caused by excessive activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) encoded by GLUD1 gene, which oxidizes glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and which is a potential regulator of insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells and of ureagenesis in the liver.	Ketoglutaric Acids	177-196	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	96-119
20857847-1	2010	BACKGROUND: Hyperinsulinism/ hyperammonemia (HI/HA) syndrome is caused by excessive activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) encoded by GLUD1 gene, which oxidizes glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and which is a potential regulator of insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells and of ureagenesis in the liver.	Ketoglutaric Acids	177-196	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	121-124
20857847-1	2010	BACKGROUND: Hyperinsulinism/ hyperammonemia (HI/HA) syndrome is caused by excessive activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) encoded by GLUD1 gene, which oxidizes glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and which is a potential regulator of insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells and of ureagenesis in the liver.	Ketoglutaric Acids	177-196	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	137-142
20199623-1	2010	Cytosolic NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (cICDH) produces 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and NADPH, and is encoded by a single gene in Arabidopsis thaliana.	Ketoglutaric Acids	67-81	cytosolic NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase	Arabidopsis thaliana	0-49
20199623-1	2010	Cytosolic NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (cICDH) produces 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and NADPH, and is encoded by a single gene in Arabidopsis thaliana.	Ketoglutaric Acids	67-81	cytosolic NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase	Arabidopsis thaliana	51-56
20199623-1	2010	Cytosolic NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (cICDH) produces 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and NADPH, and is encoded by a single gene in Arabidopsis thaliana.	Ketoglutaric Acids	83-87	cytosolic NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase	Arabidopsis thaliana	0-49
20199623-1	2010	Cytosolic NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (cICDH) produces 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and NADPH, and is encoded by a single gene in Arabidopsis thaliana.	Ketoglutaric Acids	83-87	cytosolic NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase	Arabidopsis thaliana	51-56
20510884-2	2010	Heterozygous mutations in the IDH1 occur in the majority of grade II and grade III gliomas and secondary glioblastomas and change the structure of the enzyme, which diminishes its ability to convert isocitrate (ICT) to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and provides it with a newly acquired ability to convert alpha-KG to R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate [R(-)-2HG].	Ketoglutaric Acids	219-238	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	30-34
20510884-2	2010	Heterozygous mutations in the IDH1 occur in the majority of grade II and grade III gliomas and secondary glioblastomas and change the structure of the enzyme, which diminishes its ability to convert isocitrate (ICT) to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and provides it with a newly acquired ability to convert alpha-KG to R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate [R(-)-2HG].	Ketoglutaric Acids	240-248	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	30-34
20510884-2	2010	Heterozygous mutations in the IDH1 occur in the majority of grade II and grade III gliomas and secondary glioblastomas and change the structure of the enzyme, which diminishes its ability to convert isocitrate (ICT) to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and provides it with a newly acquired ability to convert alpha-KG to R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate [R(-)-2HG].	Ketoglutaric Acids	307-315	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	30-34
20142433-8	2010	Recombinant IDH1 R132C and IDH2 R172K proteins catalyze the novel nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to 2-HG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	141-160	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	12-16
20368331-11	2010	Lack of HIF1alpha degradation in the presence of oxygen was accompanied by a very low alpha-ketoglutarate/fumarate ratio.	Ketoglutaric Acids	86-105	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	8-17
20371607-5	2010	Its transport properties, kinetic parameters, and targeting to mitochondria show that Yhm2p is a mitochondrial transporter for citrate and oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	139-151	Yhm2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	86-91
20416277-2	2010	Oxygen- and 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)-dependent, iron(II) containing HIF-specific prolyl-4-hydroxylases (PHDs) and factor inhibiting HIF-1alpha (FIH-1) catalyze the hydroxylation of the specific proline and asparagine residues of HIF-1alpha, thereby controlling the level of HIF-1alpha and ultimately the HIF response.	Ketoglutaric Acids	12-26	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	129-139
20416277-2	2010	Oxygen- and 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)-dependent, iron(II) containing HIF-specific prolyl-4-hydroxylases (PHDs) and factor inhibiting HIF-1alpha (FIH-1) catalyze the hydroxylation of the specific proline and asparagine residues of HIF-1alpha, thereby controlling the level of HIF-1alpha and ultimately the HIF response.	Ketoglutaric Acids	12-26	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	226-236
20416277-2	2010	Oxygen- and 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)-dependent, iron(II) containing HIF-specific prolyl-4-hydroxylases (PHDs) and factor inhibiting HIF-1alpha (FIH-1) catalyze the hydroxylation of the specific proline and asparagine residues of HIF-1alpha, thereby controlling the level of HIF-1alpha and ultimately the HIF response.	Ketoglutaric Acids	28-32	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	129-139
20416277-2	2010	Oxygen- and 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)-dependent, iron(II) containing HIF-specific prolyl-4-hydroxylases (PHDs) and factor inhibiting HIF-1alpha (FIH-1) catalyze the hydroxylation of the specific proline and asparagine residues of HIF-1alpha, thereby controlling the level of HIF-1alpha and ultimately the HIF response.	Ketoglutaric Acids	28-32	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	226-236
20416277-5	2010	In addition, the inhibition of PHD2 by hinokitiol is reversed by the addition of 2-OG and iron(II), suggesting that the underlying inhibitory mechanism involves displacement of 2-OG and a chelate formation with iron(II) at the enzyme active site by hinokitiol.	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-85	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	31-35
20416277-5	2010	In addition, the inhibition of PHD2 by hinokitiol is reversed by the addition of 2-OG and iron(II), suggesting that the underlying inhibitory mechanism involves displacement of 2-OG and a chelate formation with iron(II) at the enzyme active site by hinokitiol.	Ketoglutaric Acids	177-181	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	31-35
20685276-0	2010	Crystal Structure of the 2-Oxoglutarate- and Fe(II)-Dependent Lysyl Hydroxylase JMJD6.	Ketoglutaric Acids	25-39	jumonji domain containing 6, arginine demethylase and lysine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	80-85
20685276-3	2010	JMJD6 catalyses the iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent hydroxylation of lysyl residues in arginine-serine-rich domains of RNA-splicing-related proteins.	Ketoglutaric Acids	30-44	jumonji domain containing 6, arginine demethylase and lysine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	0-5
20194501-10	2010	Astrocytes and Sertoli cells are known to support neurons and germ cells, respectively, providing them with lactate that largely derives from the tricarboxylic acid cycle via conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate (GDH reaction).	Ketoglutaric Acids	202-221	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	223-226
20421486-5	2010	Glutamine conversion into the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate alpha-ketoglutarate through glutaminase and alanine aminotransferase is essential for Kras-induced anchorage-independent growth.	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	154-158
20396966-3	2010	The HIF-1 alpha subunit is regulated by 2-oxoglutarate (OG)- and Fe(II)-dependent hydroxylases, including Factor Inhibiting HIF-1 (FIH-1).	Ketoglutaric Acids	40-54	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	4-15
20396966-3	2010	The HIF-1 alpha subunit is regulated by 2-oxoglutarate (OG)- and Fe(II)-dependent hydroxylases, including Factor Inhibiting HIF-1 (FIH-1).	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-58	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	4-15
20378837-5	2010	GLS2 regulates cellular energy metabolism by increasing production of glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate, which in turn results in enhanced mitochondrial respiration and ATP generation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	84-103	glutaminase 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
20378837-7	2010	Consistent with these functions of GLS2, the activation of p53 increases the levels of glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate, mitochondrial respiration rate, and GSH levels and decreases reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-120	glutaminase 2	Homo sapiens	35-39
20378837-7	2010	Consistent with these functions of GLS2, the activation of p53 increases the levels of glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate, mitochondrial respiration rate, and GSH levels and decreases reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-120	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	59-62
20127344-4	2010	Mutated IDH1 has a gain of function to produce 2-hydroxyglutarate by NADPH-dependent reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate, but it is unknown whether NADPH production in gliomas is affected by IDH1 mutations.	Ketoglutaric Acids	98-117	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	8-12
20171147-0	2010	The common feature of leukemia-associated IDH1 and IDH2 mutations is a neomorphic enzyme activity converting alpha-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	109-128	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	42-46
20171147-0	2010	The common feature of leukemia-associated IDH1 and IDH2 mutations is a neomorphic enzyme activity converting alpha-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	109-128	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	51-55
20028790-5	2010	Such shift is associated with a profound metabolic impairment leading to the imbalance of alpha-ketoglutarate and succinate, the Krebs cycle metabolites which are the main responsible for HIF1alpha stabilization.	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-109	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	188-197
19861159-12	2010	Three major mechanisms are discussed to be involved in enhancing the PHD activity despite the lack of oxygen: (1) NO mediated induction of a HIF-1 dependent feedback loop leading to newly expressed PHD2 and enhanced nuclear localization, (2) O2-redistribution towards PHDs after inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by NO, (3) reactivation of PHD activity by a NO mediated increase of iron and 2-oxoglutarate and/or involvement of reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen species.	Ketoglutaric Acids	397-411	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	141-146
19823932-7	2010	In contrast to the pharmacologic manipulations mentioned above, glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate added at high concentrations to the medium prevented both OGD- and REO-induced S100B outputs.	Ketoglutaric Acids	78-97	S100 calcium binding protein B	Rattus norvegicus	177-182
20142433-8	2010	Recombinant IDH1 R132C and IDH2 R172K proteins catalyze the novel nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to 2-HG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	141-160	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	27-31
20142433-8	2010	Recombinant IDH1 R132C and IDH2 R172K proteins catalyze the novel nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to 2-HG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	162-170	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	12-16
20142433-8	2010	Recombinant IDH1 R132C and IDH2 R172K proteins catalyze the novel nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to 2-HG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	162-170	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	27-31
20018655-0	2010	Chloroplast acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity is 2-oxoglutarate-regulated by interaction of PII with the biotin carboxyl carrier subunit.	Ketoglutaric Acids	47-61	acetyl Co-enzyme a carboxylase biotin carboxylase subunit	Arabidopsis thaliana	12-34
20101266-3	2010	Here, we report the crystal structures of the catalytic core of PHF8 with or without alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) at high resolution.	Ketoglutaric Acids	85-104	PHD finger protein 8	Homo sapiens	64-68
20101266-3	2010	Here, we report the crystal structures of the catalytic core of PHF8 with or without alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) at high resolution.	Ketoglutaric Acids	106-114	PHD finger protein 8	Homo sapiens	64-68
19843542-3	2010	We report that recombinant PHF8 is an Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent N(epsilon)-methyl lysine demethylase, which acts on histone substrates.	Ketoglutaric Acids	49-63	PHD finger protein 8	Homo sapiens	27-31
20532736-2	2010	Generally, P(II) proteins act as sensors of the cellular adenylylate energy charge and 2-oxoglutarate level, and in response to these signals, they regulate central nitrogen assimilatory processes at various levels of control (from nutrient transport to gene expression) through protein-protein interactions with P(II) receptor proteins.	Ketoglutaric Acids	87-101	nitrogen regulatory P-II-like protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	11-16
19959401-3	2010	The DNA cleavage activity of ABH1 does not require added Fe(2+) or 2-oxoglutarate, is not inhibited by EDTA, and is unaffected by mutation of the putative metal-binding residues, indicating that this activity arises from an active site distinct from that used for demethylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	67-81	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	29-33
19821261-8	2009	The inhibitory effect on accumulation and nuclear translocation was most prominent for HTK, the only solution containing the activator of HIF-1alpha degradation, alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	162-181	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	138-148
19151914-3	2010	Additionally, in parallel with intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate changes, increases in O(2) (-) formation, H(2)O(2)-generation and MPO activity have also been observed.	Ketoglutaric Acids	45-64	myeloperoxidase	Homo sapiens	131-134
19935646-2	2009	These mutations occur at a single amino acid residue of the IDH1 active site, resulting in loss of the enzyme"s ability to catalyse conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	160-179	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	60-64
19935646-4	2009	Here we show that cancer-associated IDH1 mutations result in a new ability of the enzyme to catalyse the NADPH-dependent reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate to R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	134-153	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	36-40
19821261-10	2009	In conclusion, preservation solutions attenuate accumulation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor HIF-1alpha, and this property is seemingly related to their chemical composition (L-arginine, alpha-ketoglutarate).	Ketoglutaric Acids	209-228	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	115-125
19631611-2	2009	Both gel exclusion and affinity chromatography analyses of recombinant, affinity-purified PII (trimeric complex) and NAGK (hexameric complex) showed that NAGK strongly interacted with PII only in the presence of Mg-ATP, and that this process was reversed by 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	258-272	N-acetyl-l-glutamate kinase	Arabidopsis thaliana	154-158
19821142-3	2009	We developed an L-2-HGDH enzyme assay in cell lysates based on the conversion of stable-isotope-labelled L-2-hydroxyglutarate to 2-ketoglutarate, which is converted into L-glutamate in situ.	Ketoglutaric Acids	129-144	L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	16-24
19841782-1	2009	JMJD2A, a 2-oxoglutarate dependent N(epsilon)-methyl lysine histone demethylase, is inhibited by disruption of its Zn-binding site by Zn-ejecting compounds including disulfiram and ebselen; this observation may enable the development of inhibitors selective for this subfamily of 2OG dependent oxygenases that do not rely on binding to the highly-conserved Fe(ii)-containing active site.	Ketoglutaric Acids	10-24	lysine demethylase 4A	Homo sapiens	0-6
19718054-8	2009	By increasing intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate and activating PHDs we trigger PHD-dependent reversal of HIF1 activation, and PHD-dependent hypoxic cell death.	Ketoglutaric Acids	28-47	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	105-109
19718054-9	2009	We also show that derivatized alpha-ketoglutarate can permeate multiple layers of cells, reducing HIF1alpha levels and its target genes in vivo.	Ketoglutaric Acids	30-49	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	98-107
19775891-0	2009	2-Oxoglutarate analogue inhibitors of prolyl hydroxylase domain 2.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-14	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	38-65
19775891-1	2009	Analogues of the 2-oxoglutarate cosubstrate of the human oxygen sensing enzyme prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD2) with variations in the potential iron-chelating group were screened as inhibitors and for binding (using non-denaturing electrospray ionization mass spectrometry) to PHD2.	Ketoglutaric Acids	17-31	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	79-106
19775891-1	2009	Analogues of the 2-oxoglutarate cosubstrate of the human oxygen sensing enzyme prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD2) with variations in the potential iron-chelating group were screened as inhibitors and for binding (using non-denaturing electrospray ionization mass spectrometry) to PHD2.	Ketoglutaric Acids	17-31	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	108-112
19775891-1	2009	Analogues of the 2-oxoglutarate cosubstrate of the human oxygen sensing enzyme prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD2) with variations in the potential iron-chelating group were screened as inhibitors and for binding (using non-denaturing electrospray ionization mass spectrometry) to PHD2.	Ketoglutaric Acids	17-31	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	280-284
19631611-2	2009	Both gel exclusion and affinity chromatography analyses of recombinant, affinity-purified PII (trimeric complex) and NAGK (hexameric complex) showed that NAGK strongly interacted with PII only in the presence of Mg-ATP, and that this process was reversed by 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	274-278	N-acetyl-l-glutamate kinase	Arabidopsis thaliana	154-158
19574390-2	2009	We reveal that the splicing factor U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor 65-kilodalton subunit (U2AF65) undergoes posttranslational lysyl-5-hydroxylation catalyzed by the Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase Jumonji domain-6 protein (Jmjd6).	Ketoglutaric Acids	196-210	U2 small nuclear RNA auxiliary factor 2	Homo sapiens	110-116
19625687-2	2009	GDH is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate in a limited number of tissues in humans, including the liver, the kidney, the brain, and the pancreatic islets.	Ketoglutaric Acids	94-113	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
19575748-4	2009	PHDs tag HIF-1alpha subunits for polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation by prolyl hydroxylation using 2-oxoglutarate (2-OX) and dioxygen.	Ketoglutaric Acids	110-124	hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit	Mus musculus	9-19
19575748-5	2009	Our recent studies showed that 2-OX reduces HIF-1alpha, erythropoietin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the hepatoma cell line Hep3B when under hypoxic conditions in vitro.	Ketoglutaric Acids	31-35	hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit	Mus musculus	44-54
19575748-5	2009	Our recent studies showed that 2-OX reduces HIF-1alpha, erythropoietin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the hepatoma cell line Hep3B when under hypoxic conditions in vitro.	Ketoglutaric Acids	31-35	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	56-70
19575748-5	2009	Our recent studies showed that 2-OX reduces HIF-1alpha, erythropoietin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the hepatoma cell line Hep3B when under hypoxic conditions in vitro.	Ketoglutaric Acids	31-35	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Mus musculus	76-110
19575748-5	2009	Our recent studies showed that 2-OX reduces HIF-1alpha, erythropoietin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the hepatoma cell line Hep3B when under hypoxic conditions in vitro.	Ketoglutaric Acids	31-35	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Mus musculus	112-116
19575748-10	2009	Moreover, 5-fluorouracil combined with 2-OX significantly inhibited tumor growth in this model, which was accompanied by reduction of Vegf gene expression and inhibited angiogenesis in tumor tissues.	Ketoglutaric Acids	39-43	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Mus musculus	134-138
19706488-7	2009	Although glutamine has many intracellular fates, a cell permeable analog of a tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) intermediate, alpha-ketoglutarate, also blocks the transcriptional activity of MondoA at the TXNIP promoter and stimulates glucose uptake.	Ketoglutaric Acids	123-142	MLX interacting protein	Homo sapiens	188-194
19706488-7	2009	Although glutamine has many intracellular fates, a cell permeable analog of a tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) intermediate, alpha-ketoglutarate, also blocks the transcriptional activity of MondoA at the TXNIP promoter and stimulates glucose uptake.	Ketoglutaric Acids	123-142	thioredoxin interacting protein	Homo sapiens	202-207
19531491-1	2009	Mammalian glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a homohexameric enzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of l-glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate using NAD(P)(+) as coenzyme.	Ketoglutaric Acids	136-150	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	10-33
19531491-1	2009	Mammalian glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a homohexameric enzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of l-glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate using NAD(P)(+) as coenzyme.	Ketoglutaric Acids	136-150	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	35-38
19654292-6	2009	Importantly, HIF-1alpha signaling was impaired with POX expression due to the increased production of alpha-ketoglutarate, a critical substrate for prolyl hydroxylation and degradation of HIF-1alpha.	Ketoglutaric Acids	102-121	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	13-23
19654292-6	2009	Importantly, HIF-1alpha signaling was impaired with POX expression due to the increased production of alpha-ketoglutarate, a critical substrate for prolyl hydroxylation and degradation of HIF-1alpha.	Ketoglutaric Acids	102-121	proline dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	52-55
19654292-6	2009	Importantly, HIF-1alpha signaling was impaired with POX expression due to the increased production of alpha-ketoglutarate, a critical substrate for prolyl hydroxylation and degradation of HIF-1alpha.	Ketoglutaric Acids	102-121	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	188-198
19667215-0	2009	Human NARP mitochondrial mutation metabolism corrected with alpha-ketoglutarate/aspartate: a potential new therapy.	Ketoglutaric Acids	60-79	neuronal pentraxin 2	Homo sapiens	6-10
19505526-8	2009	Electron density was observed at the active site of DHDPS-Thr44Ser, which was identified as a trapped pyruvate analogue, alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	121-140	dihydrodipicolinate synthase	Escherichia coli	52-57
19701726-2	2009	The A. thaliana ecotype Col-5 was transformed with a functional 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase (BniGSL-ALK) that converts 3-methylsulfinylpropylglucosinolate and 4-methylsulfinylbutylglucosinolate to 2-propenylglucosinolate and 3-butenylglucosinolate, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	64-78	CONSTANS-like 5	Arabidopsis thaliana	24-29
19574390-2	2009	We reveal that the splicing factor U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor 65-kilodalton subunit (U2AF65) undergoes posttranslational lysyl-5-hydroxylation catalyzed by the Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase Jumonji domain-6 protein (Jmjd6).	Ketoglutaric Acids	196-210	jumonji domain containing 6, arginine demethylase and lysine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	259-264
19372391-3	2009	We show here that TET1, a fusion partner of the MLL gene in acute myeloid leukemia, is a 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)- and Fe(II)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes conversion of 5mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) in cultured cells and in vitro.	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-103	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	18-22
19411412-1	2009	The gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) shunt, an alternative route for the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinate, involves the glutamate decarboxylase Gad1p, the GABA transaminase Uga1p and the succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase Uga2p.	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-100	glutamate decarboxylase GAD1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	152-157
19411412-1	2009	The gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) shunt, an alternative route for the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinate, involves the glutamate decarboxylase Gad1p, the GABA transaminase Uga1p and the succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase Uga2p.	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-100	4-aminobutyrate transaminase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	181-186
19411412-1	2009	The gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) shunt, an alternative route for the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinate, involves the glutamate decarboxylase Gad1p, the GABA transaminase Uga1p and the succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase Uga2p.	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-100	succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)(+))	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	232-237
19482931-10	2009	We showed that AcsD, AcsA, and AcsC together are able to condense citrate, ethanolamine, 2,4-diaminobutyrate, and alpha-ketoglutarate into achromobactin.	Ketoglutaric Acids	114-133	acsA	Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a	21-25
19498081-8	2009	In addition, the authors demonstrate that this assay can be applied to other 2-oxoglutaric acid-dependent enzymes, including the asparaginyl hydroxylase, factor-inhibiting HIF-1alpha (FIH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	77-95	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	172-182
19498081-10	2009	The authors conclude that a by-product enzyme assay measuring the conversion of 2-oxoglutaric acid to succinic acid using the catalytic domain of the human PHD2 provides a convenient method for the biochemical evaluation of inhibitors of the 2-oxoglutaric acid-dependent hydroxylases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	80-98	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	156-160
19372391-3	2009	We show here that TET1, a fusion partner of the MLL gene in acute myeloid leukemia, is a 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)- and Fe(II)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes conversion of 5mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) in cultured cells and in vitro.	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-103	lysine methyltransferase 2A	Homo sapiens	48-51
19338370-1	2009	Oxidative dealkylation is a unique mechanistic pathway found in the alpha-ketoglutarate-Fe(II)-dependent AlkB family of enzymes to remove the alkylation damage to DNA bases and regenerate nucleobases to their native state.	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	105-109
19852088-7	2009	AlkB uses a non-heme mononuclear iron(II) and the cofactors 2-ketoglutarate (2KG) and dioxygen to effect oxidative demethylation of the DNA base lesions 1-methyladenine (1-meA), 3-methylcytosine (3-meC), 1-methylguanine (1-meG), and 3-methylthymine (3-meT).	Ketoglutaric Acids	60-75	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	0-4
19143589-10	2009	In comparison, OGC (oxoglutarate carrier) lacks a presequence and was more soluble, though it is still dependent on both Hsc70 and Hsp90.	Ketoglutaric Acids	20-32	solute carrier family 25 member 11	Homo sapiens	15-18
19143589-10	2009	In comparison, OGC (oxoglutarate carrier) lacks a presequence and was more soluble, though it is still dependent on both Hsc70 and Hsp90.	Ketoglutaric Acids	20-32	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 8	Homo sapiens	121-126
19143589-10	2009	In comparison, OGC (oxoglutarate carrier) lacks a presequence and was more soluble, though it is still dependent on both Hsc70 and Hsp90.	Ketoglutaric Acids	20-32	heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1	Homo sapiens	131-136
19359588-3	2009	Forced expression of mutant IDH1 in cultured cells reduces formation of the enzyme product, alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), and increases the levels of hypoxia-inducible factor subunit HIF-1alpha, a transcription factor that facilitates tumor growth when oxygen is low and whose stability is regulated by alpha-KG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	92-111	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
19028544-0	2009	Alpha-ketoglutarate abrogates the nuclear localization of HIF-1alpha in aluminum-exposed hepatocytes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	58-68
19281171-1	2009	CytC3, a member of the recently discovered class of nonheme Fe(II) and alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)-dependent halogenases, catalyzes the double chlorination of L-2-aminobutyric acid (Aba) to produce a known Streptomyces antibiotic, gamma,gamma-dichloroaminobutyrate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	71-90	immunoglobulin kappa variable 3-15	Homo sapiens	161-164
19283509-3	2009	So far, a functionalenzyme assay to determine D: -2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase activity, converting D: -2-HG into 2-ketoglutarate (2-KG), has been unavailable.	Ketoglutaric Acids	118-133	D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	46-82
19028544-2	2009	In this study, we show that alpha-ketoglutarate (KG) mitigates the Al-mediated nuclear accumulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) in cultured human hepatocytes (HepG2).	Ketoglutaric Acids	28-47	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	103-134
19028544-2	2009	In this study, we show that alpha-ketoglutarate (KG) mitigates the Al-mediated nuclear accumulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) in cultured human hepatocytes (HepG2).	Ketoglutaric Acids	28-47	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	136-146
19370992-0	2009	[Coupling of Na+/alpha-ketoglutarate symport and PAH/alpha-ketoglutarate antiport in epithelial cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	53-72	phenylalanine hydroxylase	Rattus norvegicus	49-52
23765721-9	2009	We suggest that the main physiological role of glutamate dehydrogenase in Prochlorococcus MIT9313 is the utilization of glutamate to produce ammonium and 2-oxoglutarate, and amino acid recycling, thus enabling to use amino acids as nitrogen source.	Ketoglutaric Acids	154-168	AKG35_RS03270	Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9313	47-70
18952043-2	2009	These 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and non-heme iron-dependent oxygenases constitutively hydroxylate HIF, resulting in high-affinity binding to Von Hippel-Lindau protein (pVHL).	Ketoglutaric Acids	6-20	von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor	Homo sapiens	164-168
19355882-10	2009	Furthermore, preclinical respectively clinical trials have been performed with small orally active drugs that stimulate endogenous EPO production by activating the EPO promoter ("GATA-inhibitors": diazepane derivatives) or enhancer ("HIF-stabilizers": 2-oxoglutarate analogues).	Ketoglutaric Acids	252-266	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	131-134
19355882-10	2009	Furthermore, preclinical respectively clinical trials have been performed with small orally active drugs that stimulate endogenous EPO production by activating the EPO promoter ("GATA-inhibitors": diazepane derivatives) or enhancer ("HIF-stabilizers": 2-oxoglutarate analogues).	Ketoglutaric Acids	252-266	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	164-167
19264755-5	2009	Activity assays indicated that purified recombinant GABA-T has both pyruvate- and glyoxylate-dependent activities, but cannot utilize 2-oxoglutarate as amino acceptor.	Ketoglutaric Acids	134-148	Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent transferases superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	52-58
19374993-16	2009	Application of the assay to the type B NIS synthetase AcsA shows that it is selective for alpha-ketoglutaric acid, confirming a bioinformatics-based prediction of the substrate specificity of this enzyme.	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-113	acyl-CoA synthetase short chain family member 2	Homo sapiens	54-58
19381934-4	2009	Amine oxidase LSD1 family requires flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) whereas dioxygenase Jmjc domain-containing proteins family relies on Fe(II) and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	149-168	lysine demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens	14-18
18723843-10	2009	Furthermore we demonstrated that T(3)-induced overexpression of HIF1-alpha was mediated by fumarate accumulation and could be enhanced by fumarate hydratase inactivation but inhibited by 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	187-201	hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit	Mus musculus	64-74
18845259-1	2009	Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (LADH) is a FAD-linked subunit of alpha-ketoglutarate, pyruvate and branched-chain amino acid dehydrogenases and the glycine cleavage system.	Ketoglutaric Acids	65-84	dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-30
19370992-3	2009	The uphill PAH transport into the basolateral membrane vesicles in the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate and Na+-gradient was shown.	Ketoglutaric Acids	83-102	phenylalanine hydroxylase	Rattus norvegicus	11-14
19013524-3	2008	PII phosphorylation or PII binding of ADP or 2-oxoglutarate prevents PII-NAGK complex formation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	45-59	N-acetylglucosamine kinase	Homo sapiens	73-77
18942826-2	2008	Here we describe a variety of inhibitor scaffolds that inhibit the human 2-oxoglutarate-dependent JMJD2 subfamily of histone demethylases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	73-87	lysine demethylase 4A	Homo sapiens	98-103
18830487-0	2008	Auto-hydroxylation of FIH-1: an Fe(ii), alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent human hypoxia sensor.	Ketoglutaric Acids	40-59	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens	22-27
18775698-2	2008	The AlkB family proteins utilize iron(II), alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and dioxygen to perform oxidative repair of alkylated nucleobases in DNA and RNA.	Ketoglutaric Acids	43-62	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	4-8
18775698-2	2008	The AlkB family proteins utilize iron(II), alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and dioxygen to perform oxidative repair of alkylated nucleobases in DNA and RNA.	Ketoglutaric Acids	64-72	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	4-8
18806796-2	2008	Affected family members were homozygous for loss-of-function mutations in IDH3B, encoding the beta-subunit of NAD-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD-IDH, or IDH3), which is believed to catalyze the oxidation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate in the citric acid cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	229-248	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) 3 non-catalytic subunit beta	Homo sapiens	74-79
18783430-9	2008	The functional competence of the novel brain isoenzyme and different regulation of OGDH and OGDHL by 2-oxoglutarate are inferred from the biphasic dependence of the overall reaction rate versus 2-oxoglutarate concentration.	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-115	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	83-87
18783430-9	2008	The functional competence of the novel brain isoenzyme and different regulation of OGDH and OGDHL by 2-oxoglutarate are inferred from the biphasic dependence of the overall reaction rate versus 2-oxoglutarate concentration.	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-115	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase L	Homo sapiens	92-97
18783430-9	2008	The functional competence of the novel brain isoenzyme and different regulation of OGDH and OGDHL by 2-oxoglutarate are inferred from the biphasic dependence of the overall reaction rate versus 2-oxoglutarate concentration.	Ketoglutaric Acids	194-208	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	83-87
18783430-9	2008	The functional competence of the novel brain isoenzyme and different regulation of OGDH and OGDHL by 2-oxoglutarate are inferred from the biphasic dependence of the overall reaction rate versus 2-oxoglutarate concentration.	Ketoglutaric Acids	194-208	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase L	Homo sapiens	92-97
18783430-10	2008	OGDHL may thus participate in brain-specific control of 2-oxoglutarate distribution between energy production and synthesis of the neurotransmitter glutamate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-70	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase L	Homo sapiens	0-5
18617893-1	2008	The 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)- and Fe(2+)-dependent dioxygenase AlkB couples the demethylation of modified DNA to the decarboxylation of 2OG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	4-18	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	59-63
18603530-1	2008	The Escherichia coli AlkB protein and human homologs hABH2 and hABH3 are 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)/Fe(II)-dependent DNA/RNA demethylases that repair 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine residues.	Ketoglutaric Acids	73-87	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	21-25
18603530-1	2008	The Escherichia coli AlkB protein and human homologs hABH2 and hABH3 are 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)/Fe(II)-dependent DNA/RNA demethylases that repair 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine residues.	Ketoglutaric Acids	73-87	alkB homolog 2, alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	53-58
18603530-1	2008	The Escherichia coli AlkB protein and human homologs hABH2 and hABH3 are 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)/Fe(II)-dependent DNA/RNA demethylases that repair 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine residues.	Ketoglutaric Acids	73-87	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	53-57
18487197-9	2008	The Km and Ki values of P3H2 for 2-oxoglutarate and its certain analogues resembled those of the LHs rather than the C-P4Hs.	Ketoglutaric Acids	33-47	prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2	Homo sapiens	24-28
19552786-6	2008	CONCLUSIONS: The ability of L. lactis to synthesize either alpha-KG or Glu via GDH was confirmed.	Ketoglutaric Acids	59-67	gdh	Lactococcus lactis	79-82
18559422-7	2008	We use the model to demonstrate effects on HIF1alpha expression from combined doses of five potential therapeutically targeted compounds (iron, ascorbate, hydrogen peroxide, 2-oxoglutarate, and succinate) influenced by cellular oxidation-reduction and involved in HIF1alpha hydroxylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	174-188	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	43-52
18559422-7	2008	We use the model to demonstrate effects on HIF1alpha expression from combined doses of five potential therapeutically targeted compounds (iron, ascorbate, hydrogen peroxide, 2-oxoglutarate, and succinate) influenced by cellular oxidation-reduction and involved in HIF1alpha hydroxylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	174-188	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	264-273
18374655-1	2008	Glutathione (GSH) is transported into renal mitochondria by the dicarboxylate (DIC; Slc25a10) and 2-oxoglutarate carriers (OGC; Slc25a11).	Ketoglutaric Acids	98-112	solute carrier family 25 member 11	Rattus norvegicus	128-136
18524920-4	2008	Furthermore, results presented in this paper indicate that, in contrast to that which had been found for Lys20p, lysine is a strong allosteric inhibitor of Lys21p (K(i) 0.053 mM), which, in addition, induces positive co-operativity for alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) binding.	Ketoglutaric Acids	236-255	homocitrate synthase LYS21	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	156-162
18524920-4	2008	Furthermore, results presented in this paper indicate that, in contrast to that which had been found for Lys20p, lysine is a strong allosteric inhibitor of Lys21p (K(i) 0.053 mM), which, in addition, induces positive co-operativity for alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) binding.	Ketoglutaric Acids	257-265	homocitrate synthase LYS21	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	156-162
18248595-2	2008	Here we describe the map-based cloning of DMR6 (At5g24530), which was found to encode a 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-Fe(II) oxygenase of unknown function.	Ketoglutaric Acids	88-102	2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	42-46
18421771-1	2008	Glutamate synthases play with glutamine synthetase an essential role in nitrogen assimilation processes in microorganisms, plants, and lower animals by catalyzing the net synthesis of one molecule of L-glutamate from L-glutamine and 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	233-247	glutamate-ammonia ligase	Homo sapiens	30-50
18047806-7	2007	Incubation of hGDH2 was uncompetitive with respect of NADH and non-competitive with respect of 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	95-109	glutamate dehydrogenase 2	Homo sapiens	14-19
17884808-6	2007	Because the strain lacks SDH activity, succinate accumulates dramatically and inhibits alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)-dependent enzyme Jlp1, involved in sulfur metabolism, and alphaKG-dependent histone demethylase Jhd1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	87-106	sulfonate dioxygenase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	134-138
17990984-4	2007	The HIFalpha hydroxylases belong to a superfamily of dioxygenases that require the co-substrates oxygen and 2-oxoglutarate as well as the cofactors Fe2+ and ascorbate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	108-122	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	4-12
19192628-0	2007	Structural characterization of the transmembrane segments of the mitochondrial oxoglutarate carrier (OGC) by NMR spectroscopy.	Ketoglutaric Acids	79-91	solute carrier family 25 member 11	Homo sapiens	101-104
19192628-1	2007	The oxoglutarate carrier (OGC) is a member of the mitochondrial carrier protein superfamily, which includes the ADP/ATP carrier and other functionally characterized members, and exchanges cytosolic malate for 2-oxoglutarate from the mitochondrial matrix.	Ketoglutaric Acids	4-16	solute carrier family 25 member 11	Homo sapiens	26-29
19192628-1	2007	The oxoglutarate carrier (OGC) is a member of the mitochondrial carrier protein superfamily, which includes the ADP/ATP carrier and other functionally characterized members, and exchanges cytosolic malate for 2-oxoglutarate from the mitochondrial matrix.	Ketoglutaric Acids	209-223	solute carrier family 25 member 11	Homo sapiens	26-29
17719021-5	2007	cDNA-expressed and reconstituted Oat3 transported both GSH and p-aminohippurate (PAH) in exchange for 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and 2-OG and PAH in exchange for GSH, and PAH uptake was inhibited by both probenecid and furosemide, consistent with function of Oat3.	Ketoglutaric Acids	102-116	solute carrier family 22 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	33-37
17719021-5	2007	cDNA-expressed and reconstituted Oat3 transported both GSH and p-aminohippurate (PAH) in exchange for 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and 2-OG and PAH in exchange for GSH, and PAH uptake was inhibited by both probenecid and furosemide, consistent with function of Oat3.	Ketoglutaric Acids	118-122	solute carrier family 22 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	33-37
17996046-7	2007	Amino acid conservation patterns support this hypothesis and indicate that both 2-oxoglutarate and iron should be important for FTO function.	Ketoglutaric Acids	80-94	FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	128-131
17917788-1	2007	L-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L-2-OHGA) is a rare autosomal recessive neurometabolic disease linked to chromosome 14q21.1 and is caused by mutations in the gene that most likely encodes L: -2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase, which normally catalyses L: -2-hydroxyglutarate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	275-294	immunoglobulin kappa variable 3-15	Homo sapiens	30-38
17925579-4	2007	The hydroxylation reactions, which utilize O2 and alpha-ketoglutarate as substrates and generate CO2 and succinate as by-products, provide a mechanism by which changes in cellular oxygenation are transduced to the nucleus as changes in HIF-1 activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	50-69	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	236-241
17666792-5	2007	Also, we demonstrated that alpha-ketoglutarate increased activities of prolidase, which is known to play an important role in collagen metabolism, in fibroblasts and N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-proline (Cbz-Pro), prolidase inhibitor, inhibited procollagen synthesis by alpha-ketoglutarate in fibroblasts.	Ketoglutaric Acids	27-46	peptidase D	Mus musculus	71-80
17603759-1	2007	L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria is a metabolic disorder in which L-2-hydroxyglutarate accumulates as a result of a deficiency in FAD-linked L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial enzyme converting L-2-hydroxyglutarate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	231-250	L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	137-171
17603759-7	2007	Purified mMDH catalysed the reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate to L-2-hydroxyglutarate with a catalytic efficiency that was about 10(7)-fold lower than that observed with oxaloacetate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	41-60	malate dehydrogenase 2, NAD (mitochondrial)	Mus musculus	9-13
17603759-9	2007	Both cMDH and mMDH are highly active in tissues and alpha-ketoglutarate is much more abundant than oxaloacetate and more concentrated in mitochondria than in the cytosol.	Ketoglutaric Acids	52-71	malate dehydrogenase 2, NAD (mitochondrial)	Mus musculus	14-18
17603759-10	2007	As a result of this, the weak activity of mMDH on alpha-ketoglutarate is sufficient to account for the amount of L-2-hydroxyglutarate that is excreted by patients deficient in FAD-linked L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	50-69	malate dehydrogenase 2, NAD (mitochondrial)	Mus musculus	42-46
17603759-10	2007	As a result of this, the weak activity of mMDH on alpha-ketoglutarate is sufficient to account for the amount of L-2-hydroxyglutarate that is excreted by patients deficient in FAD-linked L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	50-69	L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	187-221
17979886-2	2007	The enzyme activity of AlkB is dependent on a 2-oxoglutarate- and Fe(II)-dependent (2OG-Fe[II]) oxygenase domain.	Ketoglutaric Acids	46-60	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	23-27
17666792-5	2007	Also, we demonstrated that alpha-ketoglutarate increased activities of prolidase, which is known to play an important role in collagen metabolism, in fibroblasts and N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-proline (Cbz-Pro), prolidase inhibitor, inhibited procollagen synthesis by alpha-ketoglutarate in fibroblasts.	Ketoglutaric Acids	27-46	peptidase D	Mus musculus	207-216
17666792-5	2007	Also, we demonstrated that alpha-ketoglutarate increased activities of prolidase, which is known to play an important role in collagen metabolism, in fibroblasts and N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-proline (Cbz-Pro), prolidase inhibitor, inhibited procollagen synthesis by alpha-ketoglutarate in fibroblasts.	Ketoglutaric Acids	263-282	peptidase D	Mus musculus	71-80
17666792-8	2007	These results suggest that alpha-ketoglutarate diminishes UVB-induced wrinkle formation by increasing collagen production, through a pathway that involves prolidase activation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	27-46	peptidase D	Mus musculus	155-164
17553567-0	2007	Replacement of non-heme Fe(II) with Cu(II) in the alpha-ketoglutarate dependent DNA repair enzyme AlkB: spectroscopic characterization of the active site.	Ketoglutaric Acids	50-69	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	98-102
17553567-1	2007	The bacterial DNA repair enzyme AlkB is an alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) dependent non-heme Fe(II) containing dioxygenase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	43-62	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	32-36
17470555-6	2007	Similar to its mammalian homolog, Jhd1-catalyzed histone demethylation requires iron and alpha-ketoglutarate as cofactors.	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-108	[Histone H3]-lysine-36 demethylase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	34-38
17468208-1	2007	NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is a tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme that produces 2-oxoglutarate, an organic acid required by the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase cycle to assimilate ammonium.	Ketoglutaric Acids	96-110	hypothetical protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	144-164
17270417-3	2007	Both AST and ALT activities could be measured sequentially by injecting the serum into a solution containing l-aspartate and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	125-144	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	5-8
17346854-5	2007	In addition, this will provide the alpha-ketoglutarate carbon skeleton for glutamate and glutamine synthesis by glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase (astrocytes only), respectively, both reactions fixing ammonium.	Ketoglutaric Acids	35-54	glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase)	Mus musculus	140-160
17325041-0	2007	Cell-permeating alpha-ketoglutarate derivatives alleviate pseudohypoxia in succinate dehydrogenase-deficient cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	16-35	succinate dehydrogenase complex iron sulfur subunit B	Homo sapiens	75-98
17325041-7	2007	Introduction of alpha-ketoglutarate derivatives restores normal PHD activity and HIF1alpha levels to SDH-suppressed cells, indicating new therapy possibilities for the cancers associated with TCA cycle dysfunction.	Ketoglutaric Acids	16-35	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	81-90
17325041-7	2007	Introduction of alpha-ketoglutarate derivatives restores normal PHD activity and HIF1alpha levels to SDH-suppressed cells, indicating new therapy possibilities for the cancers associated with TCA cycle dysfunction.	Ketoglutaric Acids	16-35	succinate dehydrogenase complex iron sulfur subunit B	Homo sapiens	101-104
17253966-5	2007	During the last 15 yr, major progress has been made in identifying the molecules controlling Epo gene expression, primarily the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF) that are regulated by specific O2 and oxoglutarate requiring Fe2+-containing dioxygenases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	212-224	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	93-96
17355124-1	2007	Glutamine synthetase adenylyltransferase (ATase) regulates the activity of glutamine synthetase by adenylylation and deadenylylation in response to signals of nitrogen and carbon status: glutamine, alpha-ketoglutarate, and the uridylylated and unmodified forms of the PII signal transduction protein.	Ketoglutaric Acids	198-217	adenylyltransferase	Escherichia coli	21-40
17896582-0	2007	Alpha-ketoglutarate decreases serum levels of C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) in postmenopausal women with osteopenia: six-month study.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens	86-102
17477312-6	2007	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity was increased by the supply of Cd both in the absence as well as presence of 2-OG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	116-120	glutamic dehydrogenase1	Zea mays	0-23
17477312-6	2007	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity was increased by the supply of Cd both in the absence as well as presence of 2-OG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	116-120	glutamic dehydrogenase1	Zea mays	25-28
17477312-7	2007	In the presence of 2-OG, Cd supply significantly increased glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activity and reduced inhibition (%) of glutamine synthetase (GS) activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	19-23	ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase, chloroplastic	Zea mays	59-77
17269701-5	2007	Direct electrochemical regenerations of NADH were coupled to the synthesis of l-glutamate from alpha-ketoglutarate catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenases (GDH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	95-114	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	128-152
17269701-5	2007	Direct electrochemical regenerations of NADH were coupled to the synthesis of l-glutamate from alpha-ketoglutarate catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenases (GDH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	95-114	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	154-157
17269701-8	2007	However, the use of conductive vanadia-silica gels with encapsulated GDH resulted in complete conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to l-glutamate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	108-127	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	69-72
17389644-4	2007	We show that JBP1 belongs to the family of Fe(2+) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and that replacement of conserved residues putatively involved in Fe(2+) and 2-oxoglutarate-binding inactivates the ability of JBP1 to contribute to J synthesis without affecting its ability to bind to J-DNA.	Ketoglutaric Acids	54-68	protein arginine methyltransferase 5	Homo sapiens	13-17
17389644-4	2007	We show that JBP1 belongs to the family of Fe(2+) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and that replacement of conserved residues putatively involved in Fe(2+) and 2-oxoglutarate-binding inactivates the ability of JBP1 to contribute to J synthesis without affecting its ability to bind to J-DNA.	Ketoglutaric Acids	54-68	protein arginine methyltransferase 5	Homo sapiens	219-223
17389644-4	2007	We show that JBP1 belongs to the family of Fe(2+) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and that replacement of conserved residues putatively involved in Fe(2+) and 2-oxoglutarate-binding inactivates the ability of JBP1 to contribute to J synthesis without affecting its ability to bind to J-DNA.	Ketoglutaric Acids	169-183	protein arginine methyltransferase 5	Homo sapiens	13-17
17389644-4	2007	We show that JBP1 belongs to the family of Fe(2+) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and that replacement of conserved residues putatively involved in Fe(2+) and 2-oxoglutarate-binding inactivates the ability of JBP1 to contribute to J synthesis without affecting its ability to bind to J-DNA.	Ketoglutaric Acids	169-183	protein arginine methyltransferase 5	Homo sapiens	219-223
16858410-4	2006	Here, we report the structure of the hABH3 catalytic core in complex with iron and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) at 1.5 A resolution and analyse key site-directed mutants.	Ketoglutaric Acids	83-97	alkB homolog 3, alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	37-42
16819942-11	2006	These results support the view that OMP promotes islet metabolism in the "GABA shunt" generating 2-oxo-glutarate, in the branched-chain alpha-amino acid transaminase reaction, which would in turn trigger GABA deamination by GABA transaminase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	97-112	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	224-241
16883594-0	2006	2-Oxoglutarate downregulates expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin through decreasing hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and inhibits angiogenesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-14	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	43-77
16883594-0	2006	2-Oxoglutarate downregulates expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin through decreasing hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and inhibits angiogenesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-14	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	82-96
16883594-1	2006	In oxygenated cells, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) alpha subunits are rapidly degraded by a mechanism that involves ubiquitination by the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor E3 ligase complex using 2-oxoglutarate as a substrate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	202-216	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	21-47
16883594-1	2006	In oxygenated cells, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) alpha subunits are rapidly degraded by a mechanism that involves ubiquitination by the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor E3 ligase complex using 2-oxoglutarate as a substrate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	202-216	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	49-61
16883594-2	2006	We examined the effect of 2-oxoglutarate on the production of erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).	Ketoglutaric Acids	26-40	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	62-76
16883594-2	2006	We examined the effect of 2-oxoglutarate on the production of erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).	Ketoglutaric Acids	26-40	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	81-115
16883594-2	2006	We examined the effect of 2-oxoglutarate on the production of erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).	Ketoglutaric Acids	26-40	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	117-121
16883594-3	2006	The expression of erythropoietin and VEGF protein were dose-dependently downregulated in Hep3B cells by the addition of 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	120-134	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	18-32
16883594-3	2006	The expression of erythropoietin and VEGF protein were dose-dependently downregulated in Hep3B cells by the addition of 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	120-134	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	37-41
16883594-4	2006	The promoter activity of VEGF-luciferase was dose-dependently downregulated by the addition of 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	95-109	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	25-29
16883594-5	2006	Gel mobility shift assays revealed that the addition of 2-oxoglutarate dose-dependently inhibited HIF-1 binding activity, but did not affect GATA binding activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-70	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	98-103
16883594-6	2006	Western blot analysis revealed that 2-oxoglutarate dose-dependently inhibited the HIF-1alpha protein level in Hep3B cells in hypoxic conditions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	36-50	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	82-92
16883594-7	2006	However, MG132 (the proteasome inhibitor) rescued the inhibition of HIF-1alpha protein expression by 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-115	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	68-78
16600197-7	2006	An additional carrier that transports 2-oxoglutarate, the oxodicarboxylate or oxoadipate carrier (ODC; Slc25a21), has been described in rat and human liver and its expression has a wide tissue distribution, although its potential function in GSH transport has not been investigated.	Ketoglutaric Acids	38-52	solute carrier family 25 member 21	Rattus norvegicus	103-111
17002676-8	2006	Non-heme ferrous iron containing hydroxylases use dioxygen and 2-oxoglutarate to specifically target proline and an asparagine residue in HIF-1alpha.	Ketoglutaric Acids	63-77	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	138-148
16732293-5	2006	Here we show that three members of this subfamily of proteins demethylate H3K9me3/me2 in vitro through a hydroxylation reaction requiring iron and alpha-ketoglutarate as cofactors.	Ketoglutaric Acids	147-166	malic enzyme 2	Homo sapiens	74-85
16603237-4	2006	Similar to JHDM1, JHDM2A-mediated histone demethylation requires cofactors Fe(II) and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	86-105	lysine demethylase 3A	Homo sapiens	18-24
16957246-5	2006	The changes in these cells were found to be focused around pyruvate, acetyl coenzyme A, glyoxylate, and alpha-ketoglutarate via increased levels of ALT1, DAL7, PYC1, GDH2, and ADH5 and decreased levels of GDH3, CIT2, and ACS1 transcripts.	Ketoglutaric Acids	104-123	alanine transaminase ALT1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	148-152
16611641-8	2006	Unlike many non-heme iron dioxygenases that employ alpha-keto acids as cofactors, CDO was shown to be the only dioxygenase known to be inhibited by alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	148-167	cysteine dioxygenase type 1	Rattus norvegicus	82-85
16565084-2	2006	These oxygen-sensitive modifications are catalyzed by members of the 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) dioxygenase family (PHD1, PHD2, PHD3, and FIH-1), raising an important question regarding the extent of involvement of these and other enzymes of the same family in directing the global changes in gene expression that are induced by hypoxia.	Ketoglutaric Acids	69-83	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 2	Homo sapiens	111-115
16565084-2	2006	These oxygen-sensitive modifications are catalyzed by members of the 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) dioxygenase family (PHD1, PHD2, PHD3, and FIH-1), raising an important question regarding the extent of involvement of these and other enzymes of the same family in directing the global changes in gene expression that are induced by hypoxia.	Ketoglutaric Acids	69-83	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	117-121
16565084-2	2006	These oxygen-sensitive modifications are catalyzed by members of the 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) dioxygenase family (PHD1, PHD2, PHD3, and FIH-1), raising an important question regarding the extent of involvement of these and other enzymes of the same family in directing the global changes in gene expression that are induced by hypoxia.	Ketoglutaric Acids	69-83	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 3	Homo sapiens	123-127
16565084-2	2006	These oxygen-sensitive modifications are catalyzed by members of the 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) dioxygenase family (PHD1, PHD2, PHD3, and FIH-1), raising an important question regarding the extent of involvement of these and other enzymes of the same family in directing the global changes in gene expression that are induced by hypoxia.	Ketoglutaric Acids	69-83	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens	133-138
16815243-5	2006	The addition of alpha-ketoglutarate (100 muM) in the bathing medium increased both OAT1 and OAT3 transport activities in all segments of proximal tubule.	Ketoglutaric Acids	16-35	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Oryctolagus cuniculus	83-87
16815243-5	2006	The addition of alpha-ketoglutarate (100 muM) in the bathing medium increased both OAT1 and OAT3 transport activities in all segments of proximal tubule.	Ketoglutaric Acids	16-35	solute carrier family 22 member 8	Oryctolagus cuniculus	92-96
16677698-5	2006	Here, structures of the catalytic-core domain of JMJD2A with and without alpha-ketoglutarate in the presence of Fe2+ have been determined by X-ray crystallography.	Ketoglutaric Acids	73-92	lysine demethylase 4A	Homo sapiens	49-55
16310922-0	2006	Nitric oxide inhibits HIF-1alpha protein accumulation under hypoxic conditions: implication of 2-oxoglutarate and iron.	Ketoglutaric Acids	95-109	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	22-32
16310922-4	2006	The effect is supported by an increase in 3-nitrotyrosine and is more likely caused by the formation of peroxynitrite in the cells, which leads to the damage of mitochondria and their respiratory chain followed by the increase in 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and iron (the components needed to activate HIF-1alpha proline hydroxylases) concentrations in cell cytosol.	Ketoglutaric Acids	230-244	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	296-306
16636309-1	2006	The cytosolic NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1) catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate in the cytosol, and generates NADPH as a primary source of reducing equivalents for de novo fatty acid synthesis in bovine mammary gland.	Ketoglutaric Acids	104-123	isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP] cytoplasmic	Bos taurus	56-60
16249254-6	2006	GABA-T exhibits K(m) values for GABA (1.25 mM) and for alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG; 0.49 mM) that are, respectively, similar to and lower than those in brain.	Ketoglutaric Acids	55-74	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase	Homo sapiens	0-6
16636309-12	2006	Finally, we report that treatment of BME-UV cells with alpha-ketoglutarate and palmitic acid reduced IDH1 transcript levels.	Ketoglutaric Acids	55-74	isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP] cytoplasmic	Bos taurus	101-105
16616524-3	2006	The identification of this protein as HOT was confirmed by showing that overexpression of the mouse homologue in HEK cells resulted in the appearance of an enzyme catalyzing the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent oxidation of 4-hydroxybutyrate to succinate semialdehyde.	Ketoglutaric Acids	178-197	alcohol dehydrogenase, iron containing, 1	Mus musculus	38-41
16516867-9	2006	This is the first report demonstrating the molecular identity of the Na+ -coupled di/tricarboxylate transport system expressed in neurons as NaC2/NaCT, which can transport the tricarboxylate citrate as well as dicarboxylates such as succinate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and malate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	244-263	nucleus accumbens associated 2, BEN and BTB (POZ) domain containing	Mus musculus	141-145
16516867-9	2006	This is the first report demonstrating the molecular identity of the Na+ -coupled di/tricarboxylate transport system expressed in neurons as NaC2/NaCT, which can transport the tricarboxylate citrate as well as dicarboxylates such as succinate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and malate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	244-263	solute carrier family 13 (sodium-dependent citrate transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	146-150
16469386-3	2006	Recently, it was discovered that some of the alkylation DNA base damage can be directly removed by a family of proteins called the AlkB proteins that utilize a mononuclear non-heme iron(II) and alpha-ketoglutarate as cofactor and cosubstrate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	194-213	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	131-135
16249254-6	2006	GABA-T exhibits K(m) values for GABA (1.25 mM) and for alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG; 0.49 mM) that are, respectively, similar to and lower than those in brain.	Ketoglutaric Acids	76-84	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase	Homo sapiens	0-6
16291728-1	2006	We previously showed that two anion carriers of the mitochondrial inner membrane, the dicarboxylate carrier (DIC; Slc25a10) and oxoglutarate carrier (OGC; Slc25a11), transport glutathione (GSH) from cytoplasm into mitochondrial matrix.	Ketoglutaric Acids	128-140	solute carrier family 25 member 11	Rattus norvegicus	155-163
16461693-2	2006	Recently, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity that catalyzes the reversible glutamate deamination to alpha-ketoglutarate was detected in L. lactis strains isolated from a vegetal source, and the gene responsible for the activity in L. lactis NCDO1867 was identified and characterized.	Ketoglutaric Acids	104-123	gdh	Lactococcus lactis	10-33
16461693-2	2006	Recently, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity that catalyzes the reversible glutamate deamination to alpha-ketoglutarate was detected in L. lactis strains isolated from a vegetal source, and the gene responsible for the activity in L. lactis NCDO1867 was identified and characterized.	Ketoglutaric Acids	104-123	gdh	Lactococcus lactis	35-38
16489927-0	2006	Regulation of 2-oxoglutarate metabolism in rat liver by NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	14-28	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	90-116
16489927-1	2006	Kinetic and regulatory properties of NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-IDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AsAT) responsible for 2-oxoglutarate metabolism in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of rat liver were studied.	Ketoglutaric Acids	132-146	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	82-108
16489927-1	2006	Kinetic and regulatory properties of NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-IDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AsAT) responsible for 2-oxoglutarate metabolism in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of rat liver were studied.	Ketoglutaric Acids	132-146	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	110-114
16489927-2	2006	Based on the subcellular location of these enzymes and their kinetic parameters (Km, Ksi) obtained with highly purified enzyme preparations, it is suggested that synthesis of 2-oxoglutarate should be mainly determined by cytoplasmic NADP-IDH (86% of the total activity in the cell), whereas its utilization should depend on cytoplasmic AsAT (78% of the total activity).	Ketoglutaric Acids	175-189	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	336-340
16489927-6	2006	Obviously, carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the rat liver can be controlled through redistribution of 2-oxoglutarate between different metabolic processes via regulatory mechanisms influencing differently located forms of NADP-IDH and AsAT.	Ketoglutaric Acids	103-117	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	236-240
16899523-2	2006	In adult plants, two genes encoding mitochondrial isoforms m-AlaAT and alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT), catalysing, respectively, reversible reactions of alanine/oxoglutarate<==>glutamate/pyruvate and alanine/glyoxylate<==>glycine/pyruvate, were expressed in roots, stems, and leaves.	Ketoglutaric Acids	172-184	alanine aminotransferase 2	Medicago truncatula	61-66
16290145-3	2006	HBA was shown to give competitive inhibition of GABA-T with respect to alpha-ketoglutarate and competitive inhibition of SSADH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	71-90	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase	Homo sapiens	48-54
16211368-4	2006	The other members of the family (NaDC1, NaDC3, and NaCT) are transporters for di- and tri-carboxylates including succinate, citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	136-155	solute carrier family 13 member 2	Homo sapiens	33-38
16211368-4	2006	The other members of the family (NaDC1, NaDC3, and NaCT) are transporters for di- and tri-carboxylates including succinate, citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	136-155	solute carrier family 13 member 3	Homo sapiens	40-45
16211368-4	2006	The other members of the family (NaDC1, NaDC3, and NaCT) are transporters for di- and tri-carboxylates including succinate, citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	136-155	solute carrier family 13 member 2	Homo sapiens	51-55
16367965-1	2006	Ammonia assimilation by the plastidic glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase system requires 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) as a carbon precursor.	Ketoglutaric Acids	94-108	glutamine synthetase	Nicotiana tabacum	38-58
16572847-8	2006	An increased activity of glutamate-pyruvate aminotransferase (GPT) showed that the conversation from glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate was shifted to glutamate-pyruvate transamination pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	114-133	alanine aminotransferase 1	Cricetulus griseus	25-60
16572847-8	2006	An increased activity of glutamate-pyruvate aminotransferase (GPT) showed that the conversation from glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate was shifted to glutamate-pyruvate transamination pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	114-133	alanine aminotransferase 1	Cricetulus griseus	62-65
16223732-5	2005	Pyruvate and oxaloacetate bind to the 2-oxoglutarate site of HIF-1alpha prolyl hydroxylases, but their effects on HIF-1 are not mimicked by other Krebs cycle intermediates, including succinate and fumarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	38-52	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	61-71
16223732-5	2005	Pyruvate and oxaloacetate bind to the 2-oxoglutarate site of HIF-1alpha prolyl hydroxylases, but their effects on HIF-1 are not mimicked by other Krebs cycle intermediates, including succinate and fumarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	38-52	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	61-66
16186124-2	2005	Many cases of RD are associated with mutations in phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase (PAHX), an Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenase that catalyzes the initial alpha-oxidation step in the degradation of phytenic acid in peroxisomes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	100-114	phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	50-77
16186124-2	2005	Many cases of RD are associated with mutations in phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase (PAHX), an Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenase that catalyzes the initial alpha-oxidation step in the degradation of phytenic acid in peroxisomes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	100-114	phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	79-83
16170370-3	2005	HIF-1alpha is degraded following enzyme-dependent hydroxylation of prolines of HIF-1alpha in the presence of molecular oxygen, Fe2+, alpha-ketoglutarate, and ascorbate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	133-152	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	0-10
16270328-3	2005	In this paper, we report, for the first time, the in vivo carbon magnetization transfer (CMT) effect and in vivo detection of the CMT effects of the alpha-ketoglutarate <--> glutamate and the oxaloacetate <--> aspartate reactions, both of which are catalyzed by aspartate aminotransferase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	149-168	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	274-300
16174769-2	2005	In this report, we demonstrate that the mouse homologues of the alpha-ketoglutarate Fe(II) oxygen-dependent enzymes mAbh2 and Abh3 have activities comparable to those of their human counterparts.	Ketoglutaric Acids	64-83	alkB homolog 2, alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase	Mus musculus	116-121
16174769-2	2005	In this report, we demonstrate that the mouse homologues of the alpha-ketoglutarate Fe(II) oxygen-dependent enzymes mAbh2 and Abh3 have activities comparable to those of their human counterparts.	Ketoglutaric Acids	64-83	alkB homolog 3, alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase	Mus musculus	126-130
16170370-3	2005	HIF-1alpha is degraded following enzyme-dependent hydroxylation of prolines of HIF-1alpha in the presence of molecular oxygen, Fe2+, alpha-ketoglutarate, and ascorbate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	133-152	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	79-89
16880998-0	2005	Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase 2 has a high affinity for ferrous iron and 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	87-101	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	0-45
16880998-1	2005	Regulation of the hypoxic response in humans is regulated by the post-translational hydroxylation of hypoxia inducible transcription factor; a recombinant form of a human prolyl-4-hydroxylase (PHD2) was characterised and shown to have an unexpectedly high affinity for, and to copurify with endogenous levels of, its Fe(ii) cofactor and 2-oxoglutarate cosubstrate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	337-351	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	193-197
15975925-4	2005	Interestingly, ODC1 encodes an oxodicarboxylate carrier, which transports alpha-ketoglutarate and alpha-ketoadipate or any other transported tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate in a counter-exchange through the inner mitochondrial membrane.	Ketoglutaric Acids	74-93	mitochondrial 2-oxodicarboxylate carrier	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	15-19
16008092-6	2005	LeODD is homologous to 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase genes, and the key amino acid residues in the binding sites for ferrous iron and 2-oxoglutarate are completely conserved.	Ketoglutaric Acids	23-37	2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase	Solanum lycopersicum	0-5
15754339-1	2005	epsilon-N-Trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH) (EC 1.14.11.8) is a non-heme-ferrous iron hydroxylase, Fe(++) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent, catalyzing the first of four enzymatic reactions of the highly conserved carnitine biosynthetic pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	111-125	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	39-43
15741243-10	2005	The transamination product of glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate, elicited insulin secretion equally from B6 and BTBR islets.	Ketoglutaric Acids	41-60	insulin	Homo sapiens	71-78
15741243-14	2005	Our data suggest that alpha-ketoglutarate may directly stimulate insulin secretion and that increased formation of alpha-ketoglutarate leads to hyperinsulinemia.	Ketoglutaric Acids	22-41	insulin	Homo sapiens	65-72
16116278-4	2005	VaGA2oxA1 was most abundantly expressed in etiolated adzuki bean seedlings, and VaGA2oxA1 and GBPs from adzuki bean seedlings showed gibberellin-binding activity when incubated with 2-oxoglutarate and Co2+.	Ketoglutaric Acids	182-196	gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase	Vigna angularis	0-9
16116278-4	2005	VaGA2oxA1 was most abundantly expressed in etiolated adzuki bean seedlings, and VaGA2oxA1 and GBPs from adzuki bean seedlings showed gibberellin-binding activity when incubated with 2-oxoglutarate and Co2+.	Ketoglutaric Acids	182-196	gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase	Vigna angularis	80-89
16008092-10	2005	2-Oxoglutarate, the cosubstrate of LeODD, could be supplied by a LeGLO2-mediated glycolate pathway in immature fruit.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-14	2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase	Solanum lycopersicum	35-40
16008092-10	2005	2-Oxoglutarate, the cosubstrate of LeODD, could be supplied by a LeGLO2-mediated glycolate pathway in immature fruit.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-14	glycolate oxidase	Solanum lycopersicum	65-71
15850830-13	2005	The addition of an HIF-1 inhibitor, cadmium chloride (CdCl2), or alpha-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) decreased the AMF mRNA expression, and an AMF inhibitor, erythrose 4-phosphate, decreased the cell motility.	Ketoglutaric Acids	65-84	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Homo sapiens	116-119
15850830-13	2005	The addition of an HIF-1 inhibitor, cadmium chloride (CdCl2), or alpha-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) decreased the AMF mRNA expression, and an AMF inhibitor, erythrose 4-phosphate, decreased the cell motility.	Ketoglutaric Acids	86-100	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Homo sapiens	116-119
15561973-11	2005	The narrow substrate specificity prevents interaction of drugs with dicarboxylate-like structure with hNaDC-3 and ensures sufficient support of the proximal tubule cells with alpha-ketoglutarate for anion secretion via organic anion transporter 1 or 3.	Ketoglutaric Acids	175-194	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens	219-251
15574419-3	2005	However, with respect to isocitrate, IDP1 had an apparent Km value approximately 7-fold lower than that of IDP2, whereas, with respect to alpha-ketoglutarate, IDP2 had an apparent Km value approximately 10-fold lower than that of IDP1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	138-157	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) IDP2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	159-163
15753298-6	2005	Posttranslational hydroxylation of Pro-9 in osteocalcin by prolyl-4-hydroxylase requires adequate concentrations of vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid), molecular O(2), Fe(2+), and 2-oxoglutarate, and also depends on enzyme recognition of the target proline substrate consensus sequence Leu-Gly-Ala-Pro-9-Ala-Pro-Tyr occurring in most mammals.	Ketoglutaric Acids	173-187	bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein	Pan troglodytes	44-55
15574419-9	2005	Collectively, these results suggest an ancillary role for IDP1 in cellular glutamate synthesis and a role for IDP2 in equilibrating and maintaining cellular levels of isocitrate and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	182-201	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) IDP2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	110-114
15609246-2	2005	Recently, a novel enzyme, d-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase, which converts d-2-hydroxyglutarate into 2-ketoglutarate, and its gene were identified.	Ketoglutaric Acids	103-118	D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	26-60
15273247-8	2004	We propose that GDH is one target of action of sulfite, leading to a decrease in alpha-ketoglutarate and a diminished flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle accompanied by a decrease in NADH through the mitochondrial electron transport chain, a decreased MMP, and a decrease in ATP synthesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-100	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	16-19
15528200-10	2005	The Km values of At-P4H-2 for the reaction cosubstrates Fe2+, 2-oxoglutarate, and ascorbate were similar to those of At-P4H-1 with the exception that the Km for iron was about 3-fold lower.	Ketoglutaric Acids	62-76	P4H 	Arabidopsis thaliana	20-23
15528200-11	2005	Pyridine-2,4-dicarboxylate and pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylate, well known competitive inhibitors of the vertebrate P4Hs with respect to 2-oxoglutarate, were also competitive inhibitors of At-P4H-2 but with Ki values 5-100-fold higher than those of human type I collagen P4H.	Ketoglutaric Acids	132-146	P4H 	Arabidopsis thaliana	111-114
15528200-12	2005	It thus seems that there are some distinct differences in the structure of the 2-oxoglutarate-binding site between At-P4H-2 and the animal collagen P4Hs.	Ketoglutaric Acids	79-93	P4H 	Arabidopsis thaliana	115-123
15581571-3	2005	HPPD is a member of the alpha-keto acid dependent oxygenases that typically require an alpha-keto acid (almost exclusively alpha-ketoglutarate) and molecular oxygen to either oxygenate or oxidize a third molecule.	Ketoglutaric Acids	123-142	4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	0-4
15889412-1	2005	Pyridoxal 5"-phosphate-dependent aminotransferases reversibly catalyzes the transamination reaction in which the alpha-amino group of amino acid 1 is transferred to the 2-oxo acid of amino acid 2 (usually 2-oxoglutarate) to produce the 2-oxo acid of amino acid 1 and amino acid 2 (glutamate).	Ketoglutaric Acids	205-219	mediator complex subunit 25	Homo sapiens	140-146
15889412-1	2005	Pyridoxal 5"-phosphate-dependent aminotransferases reversibly catalyzes the transamination reaction in which the alpha-amino group of amino acid 1 is transferred to the 2-oxo acid of amino acid 2 (usually 2-oxoglutarate) to produce the 2-oxo acid of amino acid 1 and amino acid 2 (glutamate).	Ketoglutaric Acids	205-219	PTOV1 extended AT-hook containing adaptor protein	Homo sapiens	189-195
15889412-1	2005	Pyridoxal 5"-phosphate-dependent aminotransferases reversibly catalyzes the transamination reaction in which the alpha-amino group of amino acid 1 is transferred to the 2-oxo acid of amino acid 2 (usually 2-oxoglutarate) to produce the 2-oxo acid of amino acid 1 and amino acid 2 (glutamate).	Ketoglutaric Acids	205-219	mediator complex subunit 25	Homo sapiens	256-262
15889412-1	2005	Pyridoxal 5"-phosphate-dependent aminotransferases reversibly catalyzes the transamination reaction in which the alpha-amino group of amino acid 1 is transferred to the 2-oxo acid of amino acid 2 (usually 2-oxoglutarate) to produce the 2-oxo acid of amino acid 1 and amino acid 2 (glutamate).	Ketoglutaric Acids	205-219	PTOV1 extended AT-hook containing adaptor protein	Homo sapiens	273-279
15632429-4	2005	As compared to the wild-type strain, the MRG19 disruptant showed a decrease in the ratio of 2-oxoglutarate to glutamate under nitrogen-limited conditions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	92-106	Csr2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	41-46
15576352-1	2004	The Escherichia coli AlkB protein repairs 1-methyladenine (1-meA) and 3-methylcytosine (3-meC) lesions in DNA and RNA by oxidative demethylation, a reaction requiring ferrous iron and 2-oxoglutarate as cofactor and co-substrate, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	184-198	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	21-25
15576352-1	2004	The Escherichia coli AlkB protein repairs 1-methyladenine (1-meA) and 3-methylcytosine (3-meC) lesions in DNA and RNA by oxidative demethylation, a reaction requiring ferrous iron and 2-oxoglutarate as cofactor and co-substrate, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	184-198	C-C motif chemokine ligand 28	Homo sapiens	90-93
15322810-4	2004	We found that the exogenously supplied TCA cycle organic acids citrate, malate and 2-oxoglutarate caused rapid and dramatic increases in the steady-state level of AOX1 mRNA at low, near physiological concentrations (0.1 mM).	Ketoglutaric Acids	83-97	ubiquinol oxidase 1, mitochondrial	Nicotiana tabacum	163-167
18404396-3	2004	In early 2004, two papers have been published: One claiming that GPR80/99 is an AMP receptor, called P2Y(15), and the other one showing that GPR80/99 is a receptor for alpha-ketoglutarate, while GPR91 is a succinate receptor.	Ketoglutaric Acids	168-187	oxoglutarate receptor 1	Homo sapiens	141-146
18404402-8	2004	Nature 2004; 429: 188-93) reported that GPR80 is a Gq-coupled receptor activated by the citric acid cycle intermediate, alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	120-139	oxoglutarate receptor 1	Homo sapiens	40-45
18404402-9	2004	Consistent with this report, alpha-ketoglutarate promoted inositol phosphate accumulation in CHO and HEK293 cells expressing GPR80, and pretreatment of GPR80-expressing COS-7 cells with glutamate dehydrogenase, which converts alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate, decreased basal levels of inositol phosphates.	Ketoglutaric Acids	29-48	oxoglutarate receptor 1	Homo sapiens	125-130
18404402-9	2004	Consistent with this report, alpha-ketoglutarate promoted inositol phosphate accumulation in CHO and HEK293 cells expressing GPR80, and pretreatment of GPR80-expressing COS-7 cells with glutamate dehydrogenase, which converts alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate, decreased basal levels of inositol phosphates.	Ketoglutaric Acids	226-245	oxoglutarate receptor 1	Homo sapiens	152-157
18404402-10	2004	Taken together, these data demonstrate that GPR80 is not activated by adenosine, AMP or other nucleotides, but instead is activated by alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	135-154	oxoglutarate receptor 1	Homo sapiens	44-49
15533048-1	2004	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is found in all organisms and catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	112-126	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-23
15533048-1	2004	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is found in all organisms and catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	112-126	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	25-28
15329886-2	2004	Glutamate is formed through transfer of an amino group from BCAA to alpha-ketoglutarate in reaction catalyzed by branched-chain aminotransferases (BCAT).	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	AT-rich interaction domain 4B	Rattus norvegicus	60-64
15210723-5	2004	Lysine produced a stronger growth stimulating effect than glutamic acid consistent with an upregulated expression of the IDP3 gene for peroxisomal synthesis of the glutamate precursor alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	184-203	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) IDP3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	121-125
15141213-7	2004	4), a close relative of GPR91, responds to alpha-ketoglutarate, another intermediate in the citric acid cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	43-62	succinate receptor 1	Homo sapiens	24-29
15203041-1	2004	Glutamate oxidase (GOX, EC 1.4.3.11) from Streptomyces catalyses the oxidation of L-glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	97-116	hydroxyacid oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	0-17
15203041-1	2004	Glutamate oxidase (GOX, EC 1.4.3.11) from Streptomyces catalyses the oxidation of L-glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	97-116	hydroxyacid oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	19-22
15193161-6	2004	Bioinformatic analysis of the Hydra PSR protein structure revealed the presence of three nuclear localisation signals, an AT-hook like DNA binding motif and a putative 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	168-182	jumonji domain containing 6, arginine demethylase and lysine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	36-39
15193161-11	2004	CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that Hydra PSR is a nuclear 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	61-75	jumonji domain containing 6, arginine demethylase and lysine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	44-47
15175298-2	2004	ArgR also induces the operon that encodes a catabolic NAD(+)-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), which converts l-glutamate, the product of the AST pathway, in alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	165-184	transcriptional regulator ArgR	Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1	0-4
14988489-2	2004	We isolated four maize cDNAs, ZmpOMT1 and ZmpDCT1 to 3, encoding orthologs of plastidic 2-oxoglutarate/malate and general dicarboxylate transporters, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	88-103	Dicarboxylate transporter 1, chloroplastic	Zea mays	30-37
15050973-2	2004	GDH catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate plus ammonia, using NAD or NADP as co-factor.	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-75	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
14656221-6	2004	Competition experiments reveal that mouse NaCT also recognizes other tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates such as malate, fumarate and 2-oxo-glutarate as excellent substrates.	Ketoglutaric Acids	137-152	solute carrier family 13 (sodium-dependent citrate transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	42-46
15001388-1	2004	Three differentially compartmentalized isozymes of isocitrate dehydrogenase (mitochondrial IDP1, cytosolic IDP2, and peroxisomal IDP3) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalyze the NADP(+)-dependent oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	252-271	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) IDP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	91-95
15001388-1	2004	Three differentially compartmentalized isozymes of isocitrate dehydrogenase (mitochondrial IDP1, cytosolic IDP2, and peroxisomal IDP3) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalyze the NADP(+)-dependent oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	252-271	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) IDP2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	107-111
15001388-1	2004	Three differentially compartmentalized isozymes of isocitrate dehydrogenase (mitochondrial IDP1, cytosolic IDP2, and peroxisomal IDP3) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalyze the NADP(+)-dependent oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	252-271	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) IDP3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	129-133
14988489-4	2004	The recombinant ZmpOMT1 protein expressed in yeast could transport malate and 2-oxoglutarate but not glutamate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	78-92	Dicarboxylate transporter 1, chloroplastic	Zea mays	16-23
14988489-5	2004	By contrast, the recombinant ZmpDCT1 and 2 proteins transported 2-oxoglutarate and glutamate at similar affinities in exchange for malate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	64-78	plastidic general dicarboxylate transporter	Zea mays	29-42
14988489-2	2004	We isolated four maize cDNAs, ZmpOMT1 and ZmpDCT1 to 3, encoding orthologs of plastidic 2-oxoglutarate/malate and general dicarboxylate transporters, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	88-103	plastidic general dicarboxylate transporter	Zea mays	42-54
15319545-1	2004	Sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporters located in the basolateral membrane (NaDC-3) of renal proximal tubule cells maintain the driving force for exchange of organic anions and drugs against alpha-ketoglutarate via organic anion transporters OAT1 and OAT3.	Ketoglutaric Acids	196-215	solute carrier family 13 member 3	Homo sapiens	81-87
15319545-1	2004	Sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporters located in the basolateral membrane (NaDC-3) of renal proximal tubule cells maintain the driving force for exchange of organic anions and drugs against alpha-ketoglutarate via organic anion transporters OAT1 and OAT3.	Ketoglutaric Acids	196-215	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens	247-251
15319545-1	2004	Sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporters located in the basolateral membrane (NaDC-3) of renal proximal tubule cells maintain the driving force for exchange of organic anions and drugs against alpha-ketoglutarate via organic anion transporters OAT1 and OAT3.	Ketoglutaric Acids	196-215	solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens	256-260
14638413-7	2003	The Crp-Fnr regulators stand out in responding to a broad spectrum of intracellular and exogenous signals such as cAMP, anoxia, the redox state, oxidative and nitrosative stress, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, 2-oxoglutarate, or temperature.	Ketoglutaric Acids	210-224	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	4-7
14645679-9	2003	Our data suggest that an Fe(II)-, oxoglutarate-, and oxygen-dependent enzyme may directly or indirectly be involved in the regulation of AhR-dependent transcriptional activity by nickel and other hypoxia-mimicking agents.	Ketoglutaric Acids	34-46	aryl hydrocarbon receptor	Homo sapiens	137-140
12888568-6	2003	Recently, members of the 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)-dependent dioxygenase family have been shown to hydroxylate hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha), a modification required for its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	25-39	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	107-139
14600837-7	2003	Hydroxylation of HIF-1alpha by prolyl hydroxylase for proteasomal degradation was dependent on iron, 2-oxoglutarate, and oxygen concentration.	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-115	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Rattus norvegicus	17-27
12888568-6	2003	Recently, members of the 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)-dependent dioxygenase family have been shown to hydroxylate hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha), a modification required for its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	25-39	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	141-152
12888568-7	2003	Since 2-OG-dependent dioxygenases require iron and oxygen, in addition to 2-OG, for substrate hydroxylation, we hypothesized that this activity may be involved in the regulation of IRP2 stability.	Ketoglutaric Acids	6-10	iron responsive element binding protein 2	Homo sapiens	181-185
14526024-4	2003	Anaerobic growth on aromatic compounds induced 2-oxoglutarate:acceptor oxidoreductase (KGOR), which specifically reduced NADP(+), and NADPH:acceptor oxidoreductase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	47-61	2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1	Homo sapiens	134-139
12876291-5	2003	We developed assays for PHD activity that used (i) the peptide-specific conversion of labeled 2-oxoglutarate into succinate and (ii) the binding of the von Hippel-Lindau protein to a glutathione S-transferase-ODD fusion protein.	Ketoglutaric Acids	94-108	egl-9 family hypoxia-inducible factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	24-27
12851403-7	2003	We show that (i) retrograde gene expression correlates with intracellular ammonia and alpha-ketoglutarate generated by a nitrogen source rather than the severity of NCR it elicits, and (ii) in addition to its known regulation by NCR, NAD-glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH2) gene expression is down-regulated by ammonia under conditions where NCR is minimal.	Ketoglutaric Acids	86-105	glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD(+))	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	263-267
12684517-12	2003	Localization of SNAT1 to certain dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and cholinergic motoneurons suggests that SNAT1 may play additional specialized roles, providing metabolic fuel (via alpha-ketoglutarate) or precursors (cysteine, glycine) for glutathione synthesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	195-214	solute carrier family 38 member 1 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	16-21
12684517-12	2003	Localization of SNAT1 to certain dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and cholinergic motoneurons suggests that SNAT1 may play additional specialized roles, providing metabolic fuel (via alpha-ketoglutarate) or precursors (cysteine, glycine) for glutathione synthesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	195-214	solute carrier family 38 member 1 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	120-125
12681501-5	2003	The K(M) values for NADH and 2-oxoglutarate were 1.5-fold and 2.5-fold greater, respectively, for the mutant GDH than for wild-type GDH, indicating that substitution at position 454 had appreciable effects on the affinity of the enzyme for both NADH and 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	29-43	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	109-112
12681501-5	2003	The K(M) values for NADH and 2-oxoglutarate were 1.5-fold and 2.5-fold greater, respectively, for the mutant GDH than for wild-type GDH, indicating that substitution at position 454 had appreciable effects on the affinity of the enzyme for both NADH and 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	29-43	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	132-135
12681501-5	2003	The K(M) values for NADH and 2-oxoglutarate were 1.5-fold and 2.5-fold greater, respectively, for the mutant GDH than for wild-type GDH, indicating that substitution at position 454 had appreciable effects on the affinity of the enzyme for both NADH and 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	254-268	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	109-112
12681501-5	2003	The K(M) values for NADH and 2-oxoglutarate were 1.5-fold and 2.5-fold greater, respectively, for the mutant GDH than for wild-type GDH, indicating that substitution at position 454 had appreciable effects on the affinity of the enzyme for both NADH and 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	254-268	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	132-135
12766182-2	2003	We hypothesized that 5 days of STT would attenuate pyruvate production and the increase in muscle tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (TCAI) during exercise, because of reduced flux through the reaction catalyzed by alanine aminotransferase (AAT; pyruvate + glutamate <--> 2-oxoglutarate + alanine).	Ketoglutaric Acids	282-296	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	219-243
12653548-1	2003	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is found in all organisms and catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of L-glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	125-139	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-23
12653548-1	2003	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is found in all organisms and catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of L-glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	125-139	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	25-28
12517755-2	2003	Recent analyses have verified the prediction that AlkB is a member of the Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenase family of enzymes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	85-99	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	50-54
12606766-7	2003	Toxicity of this conjugate was reduced by the OAT1-exchangeable dicarboxylates alpha-ketoglutarate, glutarate, and adipate, but not by succinate, a nonexchangeable dicarboxylate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	79-98	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens	46-50
12507560-3	2003	In normoxic cells, pVHL targeting of HIF-alpha subunits follows hydroxylation of critical HIF prolyl residues by a group of oxygen, 2-oxoglutarate- and iron-dependent enzymes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	132-146	von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor	Homo sapiens	19-23
12570989-10	2003	This was due to their glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity, which produced alpha-ketoglutarate from glutamate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	77-96	gdh	Lactococcus lactis	22-45
12570989-10	2003	This was due to their glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity, which produced alpha-ketoglutarate from glutamate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	77-96	gdh	Lactococcus lactis	47-50
12524404-9	2003	Inhibition of glutamine conversion to alpha-ketoglutarate, but not blockade of glutathione or polyamine synthesis, also induced translocation in the presence of TNF-alpha.	Ketoglutaric Acids	38-57	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	161-170
15206768-6	2003	A general limitation of dinitrophenylhydrazine method is the interference of hydrazones formed from the coenzyme pyridoxal-5"-phosphate and from the oxo- substrate 2-oxoglutarate, showing the absorption maxima at 492 nm and 388 nm, respectively with the hydrazones formed by the oxo- products (pyruvate and/or oxaloacetate in the case of ALT/AST, the absorption maxima at 443 nm in our measurements).	Ketoglutaric Acids	164-178	AST	Sus scrofa	342-345
14586168-7	2003	RESULTS: hOAT3-mediated efflux of glutarate (GA), can be significantly trans-stimulated by a variety of ions with high cis-inhibitory potency, including GA (282%), alpha-ketoglutarate (476%), p-aminohippurate (179%), and, most notably, urate (167%).	Ketoglutaric Acids	164-183	solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens	9-14
12524480-2	2003	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes both the reversible conversion of ammonium nitrogen into organic nitrogen (glutamate production) and the oxidative deamination of glutamate resulting in 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	224-238	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-23
12524480-2	2003	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes both the reversible conversion of ammonium nitrogen into organic nitrogen (glutamate production) and the oxidative deamination of glutamate resulting in 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	224-238	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	25-28
12524480-9	2003	These data are consistent with the in vivo studies that have shown a redirection of glutamine carbon away from net hepatic glutamate release and into the citric acid cycle through the forward reaction catalyzed by GDH, i.e., glutamate to oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	238-250	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	214-217
12529529-8	2003	Four aminotransferase activities were specifically associated with GGT1 and GGT2, using the substrate pairs glutamate (Glu):glyoxylate, Ala:glyoxylate, Glu:pyruvate, and Ala:2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	174-188	gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	67-71
12529529-8	2003	Four aminotransferase activities were specifically associated with GGT1 and GGT2, using the substrate pairs glutamate (Glu):glyoxylate, Ala:glyoxylate, Glu:pyruvate, and Ala:2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	174-188	gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase 2	Arabidopsis thaliana	76-80
12631446-2	2003	The latter condenses homocysteine and serine to cystathionine in a reaction catalyzed by cystathionine beta-synthase followed by cleavage of cystathionine to cysteine and alpha-ketoglutarate by gamma-cystathionase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	171-190	cystathionine beta-synthase	Homo sapiens	89-116
12605306-7	2003	The organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) cloned from several species was shown to exchange extracellular OA against intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	128-147	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens	4-31
12605306-7	2003	The organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) cloned from several species was shown to exchange extracellular OA against intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	128-147	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens	33-37
12486230-2	2002	AlkB is an alpha-ketoglutarate- and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenase that oxidizes the relevant methyl groups and releases them as formaldehyde.	Ketoglutaric Acids	11-30	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	0-4
12432100-6	2002	Consistent with other structurally known hydroxylases, FIH-1 is comprised of a beta-strand jellyroll core with both Fe(II) and the cosubstrate 2-oxoglutarate bound in the active site.	Ketoglutaric Acids	143-157	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens	55-60
12421548-6	2002	The basolateral OA/alpha-ketoglutarate exchange process now appears to be physiologically regulated by several factors in mammalian tubules, including peptide hormones (e.g., bradykinin) and the autonomic nervous system acting via protein kinase C (PKC) pathways and epidermal growth factor (EGF) working via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	19-38	kininogen 1	Homo sapiens	175-185
12421548-6	2002	The basolateral OA/alpha-ketoglutarate exchange process now appears to be physiologically regulated by several factors in mammalian tubules, including peptide hormones (e.g., bradykinin) and the autonomic nervous system acting via protein kinase C (PKC) pathways and epidermal growth factor (EGF) working via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	19-38	epidermal growth factor	Homo sapiens	267-290
12421548-6	2002	The basolateral OA/alpha-ketoglutarate exchange process now appears to be physiologically regulated by several factors in mammalian tubules, including peptide hormones (e.g., bradykinin) and the autonomic nervous system acting via protein kinase C (PKC) pathways and epidermal growth factor (EGF) working via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	19-38	epidermal growth factor	Homo sapiens	292-295
11903050-1	2002	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyses the reversible oxidative deamination of l-glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate in the mitochondrial matrix.	Ketoglutaric Acids	95-109	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-23
12226668-2	2002	AlkB homologues have been identified in several organisms, including humans, and a recent sequence alignment study has suggested that these proteins may belong to a superfamily of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent and iron-dependent oxygenases (2OG-Fe(ii)-oxygenases).	Ketoglutaric Acids	180-194	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	0-4
12226668-3	2002	Here we show that AlkB from Escherichia coli is indeed a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent and iron-dependent DNA repair enzyme that releases replication blocks in alkylated DNA by a mechanism involving oxidative demethylation of 1-methyladenine residues.	Ketoglutaric Acids	57-71	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	18-22
12196457-11	2002	This would enable this aminotransferase to supply alpha-ketoglutarate to the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and would, in part, account for secretagogues increasing the islet level of succinyl-CoA after they decrease the level of HMG-CoA.	Ketoglutaric Acids	50-69	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	77-110
12065749-6	2002	mOAT2-expressing oocytes also mediated the uptake of alpha-ketoglutarate, glutarate, prostaglandin E2, p-aminohippuric acid, methotrexate, ochratoxin A, valproate, and allopurinol.	Ketoglutaric Acids	53-72	solute carrier family 22 (organic anion transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	0-5
12039559-3	2002	Mutation of the arginine proposed to bind 2-oxoglutarate and of the 2His-1-carboxylate iron(II) binding motif in PHD1 dramatically reduces its activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	42-56	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 2	Homo sapiens	113-117
11903050-1	2002	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyses the reversible oxidative deamination of l-glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate in the mitochondrial matrix.	Ketoglutaric Acids	95-109	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	25-28
11872671-8	2002	This finding suggests that constitutively activated GDH enhances oxidation of glutamate, which is intracellularly converted from glutamine to alpha-ketoglutarate, a tricarboxylic acid cycle substrate, which thereby stimulates insulin secretion.	Ketoglutaric Acids	142-161	crystallin lambda 1	Homo sapiens	52-55
11941464-8	2002	IDH protein was also increased in the transformed plants with low Fd-GOGAT, suggesting that both IDH and ICDH are involved in the production of carbon skeletons (and ultimately alpha-ketoglutarate) necessary for the re-assimilation of NH4+.	Ketoglutaric Acids	177-196	isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP]	Nicotiana tabacum	0-3
11941464-8	2002	IDH protein was also increased in the transformed plants with low Fd-GOGAT, suggesting that both IDH and ICDH are involved in the production of carbon skeletons (and ultimately alpha-ketoglutarate) necessary for the re-assimilation of NH4+.	Ketoglutaric Acids	177-196	isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP]	Nicotiana tabacum	97-100
11872671-8	2002	This finding suggests that constitutively activated GDH enhances oxidation of glutamate, which is intracellularly converted from glutamine to alpha-ketoglutarate, a tricarboxylic acid cycle substrate, which thereby stimulates insulin secretion.	Ketoglutaric Acids	142-161	insulin	Homo sapiens	226-233
12365458-5	2002	0.5 mM 2-oxoglutarate partly prevented inhibition of AST by D-ribose or D-fructose, while an analogous experiment with 25 mM aspartate resulted in a rapid decline similar to that in the absence of sugars.	Ketoglutaric Acids	7-21	AST	Sus scrofa	53-56
11863375-1	2002	Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate, and thereby has a key role in the intermediary metabolism of glucose and amino acids.	Ketoglutaric Acids	91-105	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	0-24
12107963-1	2002	Lipoic acid is a prostetic group of H-protein of the glycine cleavage system and the dihydrolipoamide acyltransferases (E2) of the pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate and branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	141-160	myosin binding protein H	Homo sapiens	36-45
12139402-2	2002	The first step in secretion, uptake of organic anions across the basolateral membrane of tubule cells, is mediated for the polyspecific organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1), which exchanges extracellular organic anions for intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate or glutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	235-254	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens	136-163
12139402-2	2002	The first step in secretion, uptake of organic anions across the basolateral membrane of tubule cells, is mediated for the polyspecific organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1), which exchanges extracellular organic anions for intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate or glutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	235-254	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens	165-169
11679254-1	2001	A bienzyme flow injection system is presented for the monitoring of alpha-ketoglutarate produced in a fermentation process, using glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and glutamate oxidase (GlOx) immobilised in two serially connected expanded bed reactors.	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	130-153
11679254-1	2001	A bienzyme flow injection system is presented for the monitoring of alpha-ketoglutarate produced in a fermentation process, using glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and glutamate oxidase (GlOx) immobilised in two serially connected expanded bed reactors.	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	155-158
11679254-3	2001	In the first reactor, alpha-ketoglutarate was converted to L-glutamate by GDH in the presence of ammonia and NADH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	22-41	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	74-77
11746417-1	2001	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate using NAD or NADP as cofactors.	Ketoglutaric Acids	82-101	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-23
11746417-1	2001	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate using NAD or NADP as cofactors.	Ketoglutaric Acids	82-101	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	25-28
11562373-2	2001	In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two NADP(+)-dependent glutamate dehydrogenases (NADP-GDHs) encoded by GDH1 and GDH3 catalyze the synthesis of glutamate from ammonium and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	177-196	glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) GDH1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	109-113
11562373-2	2001	In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two NADP(+)-dependent glutamate dehydrogenases (NADP-GDHs) encoded by GDH1 and GDH3 catalyze the synthesis of glutamate from ammonium and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	177-196	glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) GDH3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	118-122
11562373-3	2001	The GDH2-encoded NAD(+)-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase degrades glutamate producing ammonium and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	100-119	glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD(+))	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
11562373-6	2001	In this study, we purified and characterized the GDH1- and GDH3-encoded NADP-GDHs; they showed different allosteric properties and rates of alpha-ketoglutarate utilization.	Ketoglutaric Acids	140-159	glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) GDH1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	49-53
11562373-6	2001	In this study, we purified and characterized the GDH1- and GDH3-encoded NADP-GDHs; they showed different allosteric properties and rates of alpha-ketoglutarate utilization.	Ketoglutaric Acids	140-159	glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) GDH3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	59-63
11562373-9	2001	Our results indicate that the coordinated regulation of GDH1-, GDH3-, and GDH2-encoded enzymes results in glutamate biosynthesis and balanced utilization of alpha-ketoglutarate under fermentative and respiratory conditions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	157-176	glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) GDH1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	56-60
11562373-9	2001	Our results indicate that the coordinated regulation of GDH1-, GDH3-, and GDH2-encoded enzymes results in glutamate biosynthesis and balanced utilization of alpha-ketoglutarate under fermentative and respiratory conditions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	157-176	glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) GDH3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	63-67
11562373-9	2001	Our results indicate that the coordinated regulation of GDH1-, GDH3-, and GDH2-encoded enzymes results in glutamate biosynthesis and balanced utilization of alpha-ketoglutarate under fermentative and respiratory conditions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	157-176	glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD(+))	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	74-78
11238307-3	2001	METHODS: We developed a stable-isotope dilution method for the measurement of [15N]glutamic acid derived from [15N]GABA and alpha-ketoglutaric acid, catalyzed by GABA-T.	Ketoglutaric Acids	124-147	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase	Homo sapiens	162-168
11331018-12	2001	The modulatory role of 2-oxoglutarate is indeed consistent with the recently determined three-dimensional structure of the glutamate synthase alpha subunit, in which several polypeptide stretches are suitably positioned to mediate communication between substrate binding sites and the enzyme redox centers (FMN and the 3Fe-4S cluster) to tightly control and coordinate the individual reaction steps [Binda, C., et al.	Ketoglutaric Acids	23-37	formin 1	Homo sapiens	307-310
11327718-4	2001	Cells expressing hOAT2 showed uptake of p-aminohippurate, methotrexate, cAMP, and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	82-101	solute carrier family 22 member 7	Homo sapiens	17-22
11287335-4	2001	The mNaDC-3 transporter has a broad substrate specificity for dicarboxylates, including succinate, alpha-ketoglutarate, fumarate, malate, and dimethylsuccinate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	99-118	solute carrier family 13 (sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter), member 3	Mus musculus	4-11
11255139-3	2001	Glutamate appears to be a key substrate for the rapid increase in muscle TCA cycle intermediates (TCAI) that occurs at the onset of moderate to intense exercise, due to a rightward shift of the reaction catalyzed by alanine aminotransferase (glutamate + pyruvate <==> alanine + 2-oxoglutarate).	Ketoglutaric Acids	284-298	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	216-240
11238772-13	2001	Inhibition of BCATc may allow BCKA to accumulate in the astroglia, thus facilitating conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	112-131	branched chain amino acid transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	14-19
11170833-3	2001	When pyruvate was used as a co-factor, the KAT I activity was significantly higher than the activity of this enzyme in the presence of 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	135-149	kynurenine aminotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	43-48
11013234-7	2001	The main physiological roles of Odc1p and Odc2p are probably to supply 2-oxoadipate and 2-oxoglutarate from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol where they are used in the biosynthesis of lysine and glutamate, respectively, and in lysine catabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	88-102	mitochondrial 2-oxodicarboxylate carrier	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-37
11013234-7	2001	The main physiological roles of Odc1p and Odc2p are probably to supply 2-oxoadipate and 2-oxoglutarate from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol where they are used in the biosynthesis of lysine and glutamate, respectively, and in lysine catabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	88-102	mitochondrial 2-oxodicarboxylate carrier	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	42-47
11276424-0	2001	The DNA-repair protein AlkB, EGL-9, and leprecan define new families of 2-oxoglutarate- and iron-dependent dioxygenases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	72-86	Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase	Caenorhabditis elegans	29-34
11082192-7	2000	Considering that changes in PYC1 expression inversely correlated with changes in alpha-ketoglutarate concentration or in alpha-ketoglutarate/glutamate ratio following the nitrogen shift experiments, and taking into account the pivotal role of this metabolite in ammonium assimilation, it is suggested that changes in alpha-ketoglutarate or in the alpha-ketoglutarate/glutamate ratio might be implicated in triggering the nitrogen effects on PYC1 expression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-100	pyruvate carboxylase 1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	28-32
11082192-7	2000	Considering that changes in PYC1 expression inversely correlated with changes in alpha-ketoglutarate concentration or in alpha-ketoglutarate/glutamate ratio following the nitrogen shift experiments, and taking into account the pivotal role of this metabolite in ammonium assimilation, it is suggested that changes in alpha-ketoglutarate or in the alpha-ketoglutarate/glutamate ratio might be implicated in triggering the nitrogen effects on PYC1 expression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	121-140	pyruvate carboxylase 1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	28-32
11082192-7	2000	Considering that changes in PYC1 expression inversely correlated with changes in alpha-ketoglutarate concentration or in alpha-ketoglutarate/glutamate ratio following the nitrogen shift experiments, and taking into account the pivotal role of this metabolite in ammonium assimilation, it is suggested that changes in alpha-ketoglutarate or in the alpha-ketoglutarate/glutamate ratio might be implicated in triggering the nitrogen effects on PYC1 expression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	121-140	pyruvate carboxylase 1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	28-32
11082192-7	2000	Considering that changes in PYC1 expression inversely correlated with changes in alpha-ketoglutarate concentration or in alpha-ketoglutarate/glutamate ratio following the nitrogen shift experiments, and taking into account the pivotal role of this metabolite in ammonium assimilation, it is suggested that changes in alpha-ketoglutarate or in the alpha-ketoglutarate/glutamate ratio might be implicated in triggering the nitrogen effects on PYC1 expression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	121-140	pyruvate carboxylase 1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	28-32
10967090-7	2000	These experiments support the traditional idea that when insulin release is associated with flux through glutamate dehydrogenase, the flux is in the direction of alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	162-181	insulin	Homo sapiens	57-64
11032875-10	2000	Kinetic studies revealed significant differences in the K:(m) values obtained for alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate for the GLUD1- and the GLUD2-derived GDH, with the allosteric activators differentially altering these values.	Ketoglutaric Acids	82-101	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	124-129
11032875-10	2000	Kinetic studies revealed significant differences in the K:(m) values obtained for alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate for the GLUD1- and the GLUD2-derived GDH, with the allosteric activators differentially altering these values.	Ketoglutaric Acids	82-101	glutamate dehydrogenase 2	Homo sapiens	139-144
11032875-10	2000	Kinetic studies revealed significant differences in the K:(m) values obtained for alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate for the GLUD1- and the GLUD2-derived GDH, with the allosteric activators differentially altering these values.	Ketoglutaric Acids	82-101	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	153-156
10991988-8	2000	[(14)C]PAH efflux was significantly enhanced when the rOAT1-expressing oocytes were incubated in the presence of unlabeled PAH, alpha-ketoglutarate, acetazolamide, chlorothiazide, or hydrochlorothiazide.	Ketoglutaric Acids	128-147	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Rattus norvegicus	54-59
10811809-8	2000	In addition to its ubiquitous role as a substrate for oxidative metabolism and a major vehicle of nitrogen transport, SAT2 may provide alanine to function as the amino group donor to alpha-ketoglutarate to provide an alternative source for neurotransmitter synthesis in glutamatergic neurons.	Ketoglutaric Acids	183-202	spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase family member 2	Homo sapiens	118-122
10913275-2	2000	The facial 2-His-1-carboxylate (Asp/Glu) motif has emerged as the structural paradigm for metal binding in the alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG)-dependent nonheme iron oxygenases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	111-130	viral integration site 1	Homo sapiens	13-18
10742211-3	2000	In this study we introduced a heterologous catabolic glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) gene into Lactococcus lactis so that this organism could produce alpha-ketoglutarate from glutamate, which is present at high levels in cheese.	Ketoglutaric Acids	148-167	gdh	Lactococcus lactis	53-76
10859195-3	2000	LKR activity of the bifunctional LKR/SDH possessed relatively high K(m) for its substrates, Lys and alpha-ketoglutarate, suggesting that this activity may serve as a rate-limiting step in Lys catabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	100-119	lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase bifunctional enzyme	Arabidopsis thaliana	0-3
10859195-3	2000	LKR activity of the bifunctional LKR/SDH possessed relatively high K(m) for its substrates, Lys and alpha-ketoglutarate, suggesting that this activity may serve as a rate-limiting step in Lys catabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	100-119	lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase bifunctional enzyme	Arabidopsis thaliana	33-36
10859195-3	2000	LKR activity of the bifunctional LKR/SDH possessed relatively high K(m) for its substrates, Lys and alpha-ketoglutarate, suggesting that this activity may serve as a rate-limiting step in Lys catabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	100-119	lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase bifunctional enzyme	Arabidopsis thaliana	37-40
10742211-3	2000	In this study we introduced a heterologous catabolic glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) gene into Lactococcus lactis so that this organism could produce alpha-ketoglutarate from glutamate, which is present at high levels in cheese.	Ketoglutaric Acids	148-167	gdh	Lactococcus lactis	78-81
10742211-5	2000	The GDH-producing lactococcal strain degraded amino acids without added alpha-ketoglutarate to the same extent that the wild-type strain degraded amino acids with added alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	72-91	gdh	Lactococcus lactis	4-7
10742211-5	2000	The GDH-producing lactococcal strain degraded amino acids without added alpha-ketoglutarate to the same extent that the wild-type strain degraded amino acids with added alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	169-188	gdh	Lactococcus lactis	4-7
10736368-2	2000	This is because glutamate is in isotopic equilibrium with alpha-ketoglutarate, whose labeling pattern is influenced by the following: 1) the contributions of glucose and fatty acids to acetyl-CoA, 2) the relative contributions of pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase to the entry of pyruvate carbon into the citric acid cycle, and 3) the rate of gluconeogenesis in relation to citric acid cycle activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	58-77	pyruvate carboxylase	Homo sapiens	230-250
10774743-8	2000	This result indicates that GDH saturated with NADH or 2-oxoglutarate is still open to attack by phenylglyoxal.	Ketoglutaric Acids	54-68	Glu/Leu/Phe/Val dehydrogenase	Saccharolobus solfataricus	27-30
10525077-6	1999	The transport mechanism appears to involve anion exchange because CeOAT1-mediated PAH transport is stimulated by a cell-to-medium concentration gradient of alpha-ketoglutarate or fumarate generated by coexpression in the cells of a mammalian Na(+)-coupled dicarboxylate transporter.	Ketoglutaric Acids	156-175	MFS domain-containing protein	Caenorhabditis elegans	66-72
10607407-2	1999	The inactivation was partially prevented by preincubation of the GDH isoproteins with 2-oxoglutarate or NADH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	86-100	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	65-68
10490611-7	1999	We propose that in cells with compromised mitochondrial function, the RTG genes take control of the expression of genes leading to the synthesis of alpha-ketoglutarate to ensure that sufficient glutamate is available for biosynthetic processes and that increased flux of the glyoxylate cycle, via elevated CIT2 expression, provides a supply of metabolites entering the TCA cycle sufficient to support anabolic pathways.	Ketoglutaric Acids	148-167	citrate (Si)-synthase CIT2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	306-310
10797848-3	1999	Alpha-ketoglutarate and pyruvate are determined on the same sample using glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, EC 1.4.1.2) and lactate dehydrogenase isozyme A4 (LDH5) respectively and subtracted from the total alpha-ketoacid concentration obtained with LDH C4.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	73-96
10447676-8	1999	Km and Vmax values of 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase for natural ferredoxin, G1, S17 and L31 were similar, suggesting that electron-accepting activities were not affected by the deletion.	Ketoglutaric Acids	22-36	4Fe-4S binding protein	Sulfurisphaera tokodaii str. 7	37-47
10447676-8	1999	Km and Vmax values of 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase for natural ferredoxin, G1, S17 and L31 were similar, suggesting that electron-accepting activities were not affected by the deletion.	Ketoglutaric Acids	22-36	4Fe-4S binding protein	Sulfurisphaera tokodaii str. 7	75-85
10421389-8	1999	RESULTS: The ODC peak in jejunal mucosa in animals treated with EF was higher than when supplemented with alpha-KG (p < .05).	Ketoglutaric Acids	106-114	ornithine decarboxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	13-16
10398706-0	1999	Simultaneous expression of NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase and other krebs cycle genes after nitrate resupply to short-term nitrogen-starved tobacco Mitochondrial NAD-dependent (IDH) and cytosolic NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases have been considered as candidates for the production of 2-oxoglutarate required by the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	303-317	isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] regulatory subunit 1, mitochondrial	Nicotiana tabacum	27-65
10453735-3	1999	GDH is a key enzyme linking glutamate metabolism with the Krebs cycle and catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-134	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
10049739-1	1999	The cloned organic anion transporters from rat, mouse, and winter flounder (rOAT1, mOAT1, fROAT) mediate the coupled exchange of alpha-ketoglutarate with multiple organic anions, including p-aminohippurate (PAH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	129-148	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Rattus norvegicus	76-81
10049739-1	1999	The cloned organic anion transporters from rat, mouse, and winter flounder (rOAT1, mOAT1, fROAT) mediate the coupled exchange of alpha-ketoglutarate with multiple organic anions, including p-aminohippurate (PAH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	129-148	solute carrier family 22 (organic anion transporter), member 6	Mus musculus	83-88
9950961-9	1999	Like rat OAT1 organic anion transporter, hPAHT was inhibited by furosemide, indomethacin, probenecid, and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	106-125	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens	9-13
9950961-9	1999	Like rat OAT1 organic anion transporter, hPAHT was inhibited by furosemide, indomethacin, probenecid, and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	106-125	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens	41-46
10797848-3	1999	Alpha-ketoglutarate and pyruvate are determined on the same sample using glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, EC 1.4.1.2) and lactate dehydrogenase isozyme A4 (LDH5) respectively and subtracted from the total alpha-ketoacid concentration obtained with LDH C4.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	98-101
10797848-3	1999	Alpha-ketoglutarate and pyruvate are determined on the same sample using glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, EC 1.4.1.2) and lactate dehydrogenase isozyme A4 (LDH5) respectively and subtracted from the total alpha-ketoacid concentration obtained with LDH C4.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	lactate dehydrogenase C	Mus musculus	245-251
9813062-7	1998	The mammalian mitochondrial isozyme was found to be imported efficiently into yeast mitochondria when fused to the Idp1p targeting sequence and to substitute functionally for Idp1p for production of alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	199-218	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) IDP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	175-180
10709635-2	1999	gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase catalyse the last step in carnitine biosynthesis, the formation of L-carnitine from gamma-butyrobetaine, a reaction dependent on Fe2+, alpha-ketoglutarate, ascorbate and oxygen.	Ketoglutaric Acids	167-186	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-31
9887087-6	1999	hOAT1-mediated PAH uptake was inhibited by bulky inorganic anions, various xenobiotics, and endogenous substances, including benzylpenicillin, furosemide, indomethacin, probenecid, phenol red, urate, and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	204-223	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens	0-5
9813062-8	1998	The mammalian cytosolic isozyme was found to partition between cytosolic and organellar compartments and to replace functionally Idp2p for production of alpha-ketoglutarate or for growth on fatty acids in a mutant lacking Zwf1p.	Ketoglutaric Acids	153-172	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) IDP2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	129-134
9827570-2	1998	Uptake of p-aminohippurate (PAH) by the oocytes expressing OAT1 was markedly inhibited by glutarate, alpha-ketoglutarate and probenecid, moderately inhibited by folate and methotrexate, but not inhibited by taurocholate or tetraethylammonium.	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-120	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Rattus norvegicus	59-63
9788587-8	1998	A stimulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in kidney cells by Cd2+ may, however, increase the delivery of alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	109-128	T-cell surface antigen CD2	Oryctolagus cuniculus	65-68
9753662-1	1998	gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.1) is the last enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of L-carnitine and catalyzes the formation of L-carnitine from gamma-butyrobetaine, a reaction dependent on alpha-ketoglutarate, Fe2+, and oxygen.	Ketoglutaric Acids	202-221	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	0-31
9788587-10	1998	Thus, the observed effects of Cd2+ may be due to an enhanced transport of p-aminohippuric acid by stimulation of exchange of PAH with alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	134-153	T-cell surface antigen CD2	Oryctolagus cuniculus	30-33
9722566-5	1998	The carboxyl-terminal half of Aralar (amino acids 321-678) has high similarity with the oxoglutarate, citrate, and adenine nucleotide carriers (28-29% identity), whereas the amino-terminal half (amino acids 1-320) contains three canonical EF-hands.	Ketoglutaric Acids	88-100	solute carrier family 25 member 12	Homo sapiens	30-36
9655939-1	1998	Human 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH) is an E1-component of the OGDH multi-enzyme complex and catalyzes both the ThDP-dependent decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate and the subsequent reductive succinylation of the lipoyl moiety which is covalently bound to the E2 component, dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	6-20	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	36-40
9694847-7	1998	When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, SDCT1 mediated electrogenic, sodium-dependent transport of most Krebs cycle intermediates (Km = 20-60 microM), including citrate, succinate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and oxaloacetate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	176-195	solute carrier family 13 member 2L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	35-40
9691021-4	1998	Substrates of rNaDC-1 evoked inward currents in oocytes expressed with rNaDC-1; succinate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and glutarate were relatively high-affinity substrates, and citrate was a low-affinity substrate of rNaDC-1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	91-110	solute carrier family 13 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	14-21
9681479-12	1998	The data are discussed in terms of a putative BCAA/BCKA shuttle, where BCATs and BCAAs provide the amino group for glutamate synthesis from alpha-ketoglutarate via BCATm in astrocytes and thereby promote glutamine transfer to neurons, whereas BCATc reaminates the amino acids in neurons for another cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	140-159	AT-rich interaction domain 4B	Rattus norvegicus	46-50
9681479-12	1998	The data are discussed in terms of a putative BCAA/BCKA shuttle, where BCATs and BCAAs provide the amino group for glutamate synthesis from alpha-ketoglutarate via BCATm in astrocytes and thereby promote glutamine transfer to neurons, whereas BCATc reaminates the amino acids in neurons for another cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	140-159	branched chain amino acid transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	164-169
9681479-12	1998	The data are discussed in terms of a putative BCAA/BCKA shuttle, where BCATs and BCAAs provide the amino group for glutamate synthesis from alpha-ketoglutarate via BCATm in astrocytes and thereby promote glutamine transfer to neurons, whereas BCATc reaminates the amino acids in neurons for another cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	140-159	branched chain amino acid transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	243-248
9655939-1	1998	Human 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH) is an E1-component of the OGDH multi-enzyme complex and catalyzes both the ThDP-dependent decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate and the subsequent reductive succinylation of the lipoyl moiety which is covalently bound to the E2 component, dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	6-20	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	68-72
9571255-2	1998	We hypothesized that this syndrome of hyperinsulinism and hyperammonemia was caused by excessive activity of glutamate dehydrogenase, which oxidizes glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and which is a potential regulator of insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells and of ureagenesis in the liver.	Ketoglutaric Acids	162-181	insulin	Homo sapiens	43-50
9518625-1	1998	A substrate cycle between citric acid cycle (CAC) intermediates isocitrate and 2-oxoglutarate, involving NAD+- and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD-IDH and NADP-IDH, respectively) and mitochondrial transhydrogenase (H+-Thase), has recently been proposed.	Ketoglutaric Acids	79-93	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) 3 non-catalytic subunit gamma	Rattus norvegicus	158-161
9518625-1	1998	A substrate cycle between citric acid cycle (CAC) intermediates isocitrate and 2-oxoglutarate, involving NAD+- and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD-IDH and NADP-IDH, respectively) and mitochondrial transhydrogenase (H+-Thase), has recently been proposed.	Ketoglutaric Acids	79-93	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) 3 non-catalytic subunit gamma	Rattus norvegicus	171-174
9514741-1	1998	Ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), a pyridoxal-5"-phosphate dependent enzyme, catalyses the transfer of the delta-amino group of L-ornithine to 2-oxoglutarate, producing L-glutamate-gamma-semialdehyde, which spontaneously cyclizes to pyrroline-5-carboxylate, and L-glutamate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	143-157	ornithine aminotransferase	Homo sapiens	0-26
9514741-1	1998	Ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), a pyridoxal-5"-phosphate dependent enzyme, catalyses the transfer of the delta-amino group of L-ornithine to 2-oxoglutarate, producing L-glutamate-gamma-semialdehyde, which spontaneously cyclizes to pyrroline-5-carboxylate, and L-glutamate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	143-157	ornithine aminotransferase	Homo sapiens	28-31
9485308-4	1998	This subunit contains FMN as the flavin cofactor which exhibits the properties of Flavin 2 of glutamate synthase: reactivity with sulfite to yield a flavin-N(5)-sulfite addition product (Kd = 2.6 +/- 0.22 mM), lack of reactivity with NADPH, reduction by L-glutamate, and reoxidation by 2-oxoglutarate and glutamine.	Ketoglutaric Acids	286-300	formin 1	Homo sapiens	22-25
9485308-5	1998	Thus, FMN is the flavin located at the site of reduction of the iminoglutarate formed on the addition of glutamine amide group to the C(2) carbon of 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	149-163	formin 1	Homo sapiens	6-9
9485308-12	1998	However, it appears that the presence of the enzyme beta subunit and/or of the additional iron-sulfur clusters (Centers II and III) of the bacterial glutamate synthase is required for communication between Center I (the [3Fe-4S] center) and the FMN moiety within the alpha subunit, and for ensuring coupling of glutamine hydrolysis to the transfer of the released ammonia molecule to 2-oxoglutarate in the holoenzyme.	Ketoglutaric Acids	384-398	formin 1	Homo sapiens	245-248
9374486-7	1997	External glutarate and alpha-ketoglutarate (1 mM), both counterions for basolateral PAH exchange, also inhibited transport, suggesting that ROAT1 is functionally similar to the basolateral PAH carrier.	Ketoglutaric Acids	23-42	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Rattus norvegicus	140-145
9599007-2	1998	When the effects of different gabapentin concentrations on GDH activities were studied in the direction of reductive amination of 2-oxoglutarate with NADPH as a coenzyme, a marked activation was observed for both isoproteins, whereas both isoproteins showed activation to a lesser extent with NADH as a coenzyme.	Ketoglutaric Acids	130-144	glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial	Bos taurus	59-62
9398335-3	1997	Sequence comparisons of ACC oxidases with isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS) and members of the 2-oxoglutarate Fe(II) dependent dioxygenases show an aspartate and two of six ACC oxidase conserved histidine residues are completely conserved throughout this subfamily of Fe(II) dependent oxygenases/oxidases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	93-107	1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase	Solanum lycopersicum	24-35
9475501-3	1997	The increase of the uptake capacity for alpha-KG may represent a response of the GLUergic nerve terminals to the decreased cerebral alpha-KG content, which during HE is associated with depressed activity of pyruvate carboxylase, an enzyme that replenishes alpha-KG in astrocytes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	40-48	pyruvate carboxylase	Rattus norvegicus	207-227
9374486-9	1997	Finally, ROAT1-mediated PAH transport was saturable, with an estimated Km of 70 mu M. Each of these properties is identical to those previously described for the basolateral alpha-ketoglutarate/PAH exchanger in isolated membrane vesicles or intact renal tubules.	Ketoglutaric Acids	174-193	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Rattus norvegicus	9-14
9392078-6	1997	The increased production of lysine in lys80 mutants appeared to result from an improvement of the metabolic flux through the pathway and was correlated to an increase of the alpha-ketoglutarate pool and of the level of several enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	174-193	Mks1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	38-43
9326939-5	1997	Human PAHX is targetted to peroxisomes, requires the PTS2 receptor for peroxisomal localization, interacts with the PTS2 receptor in the yeast two-hybrid assay and has intrinsic phytanoyl-CoA alpha-hydroxylase activity that requires the dioxygenase cofactor iron and cosubstrate 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	279-293	phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	6-10
9309222-1	1997	BACKGROUND: Ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) is a 45 kDa pyridoxal-5"-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-ornithine and 2-oxoglutarate to glutamate-delta-semialdehyde and glutamic acid, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	152-166	ornithine aminotransferase	Homo sapiens	12-38
9309222-1	1997	BACKGROUND: Ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) is a 45 kDa pyridoxal-5"-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-ornithine and 2-oxoglutarate to glutamate-delta-semialdehyde and glutamic acid, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	152-166	ornithine aminotransferase	Homo sapiens	40-43
9202484-1	1997	Expression studies on the aldA gene encoding aldehyde dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli showed induction by two types of molecule (hydroxyaldehydes and 2-oxoglutarate), carbon catabolite repression and respiration dependence.	Ketoglutaric Acids	152-166	Aldehyde dehydrogenase	Escherichia coli	45-67
9185322-4	1997	Both 4-PA and Cd2+ and maleate elevated intracellular content of alpha-ketoglutarate and increased ammonia formation from endogenous substrates in the suspension of the rat renal cortex fragments.	Ketoglutaric Acids	65-84	Cd2 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	14-17
9185322-5	1997	The stimulatory effects of 4-PA, maleate and Cd2+ on the fluorescein uptake were markedly attenuated by LiCl (5 mM), suggesting that the Na-coupled re-uptake of alpha-ketoglutarate is involved in energization of the fluorescein uptake in the exchange for the cytoplasmic dicarboxylate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	161-180	Cd2 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	45-48
12237366-4	1997	The transcripts for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, cytosolic pyruvate kinase, citrate synthase, and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase increased; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity increased; and malate, citrate, isocitrate, and [alpha]-oxoglutarate accumulated in leaves and roots.	Ketoglutaric Acids	232-252	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase	Nicotiana tabacum	20-51
21619301-5	1996	In the presence of excess nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)), GDH converts glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate while simultaneously reducing NAD(+) to NADH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	96-115	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	70-73
9080315-4	1997	Kinetic measurements have shown the guanase activity to have an apparent Michaelis constant of 24.5 microM and the AST activity of 11.1 and 0.18 mM for aspartate and oxoglutarate, respectively, at 37 degrees C in Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5).	Ketoglutaric Acids	166-178	guanine deaminase	Homo sapiens	36-43
9080315-4	1997	Kinetic measurements have shown the guanase activity to have an apparent Michaelis constant of 24.5 microM and the AST activity of 11.1 and 0.18 mM for aspartate and oxoglutarate, respectively, at 37 degrees C in Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5).	Ketoglutaric Acids	166-178	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	115-118
8971000-7	1996	GS and GDH are involved in the conversion of glutamate into glutamine or alpha-ketoglutarate, which then acts as a precursor for glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons.	Ketoglutaric Acids	73-92	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	7-10
8639648-7	1996	High redox state did not affect TCA cycle flux but increased the rate of interconversion between alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate from 3.1 +/- 0.2 mumol min-1 (g dry)-1 to 14.3 +/- 2.0.	Ketoglutaric Acids	97-116	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	154-159
8780046-3	1996	The BCAA amino-transferase reaction also proceeded in the "reverse" direction [alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC) + glutamate-->leucine + alpha-ketoglutarate].	Ketoglutaric Acids	134-153	AT-rich interaction domain 4B	Homo sapiens	4-8
8751155-6	1995	The analysis indicated that the probability of flux of TCA cycle alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate was, at minimum, only slightly less than the probability of flux of alpha-ketoglutarate through alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	166-185	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	194-227
8608121-5	1996	Enzymatic conversion of the liberated isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate was achieved in solution as well as in wild-type and mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) protein crystals.	Ketoglutaric Acids	52-71	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	132-156
8608121-5	1996	Enzymatic conversion of the liberated isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate was achieved in solution as well as in wild-type and mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) protein crystals.	Ketoglutaric Acids	52-71	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	158-161
8652617-4	1996	The inactivation of GDH by o-phthalaldehyde is partially prevented by alpha-ketoglutaric acid, whereas NADH does not provide any protection.	Ketoglutaric Acids	70-93	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	20-23
8597574-1	1996	Isolated oxoglutarate carrier (OGC) can be cross-linked to dimers by disulfide-forming reagents such as Cu2+-phenanthroline and diamide.	Ketoglutaric Acids	9-21	solute carrier family 25 member 11	Homo sapiens	31-34
8597574-3	1996	Cross-linked OGC re-incorporated in proteoliposomes fully retains the oxoglutarate transport activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	70-82	solute carrier family 25 member 11	Homo sapiens	13-16
7840619-4	1995	Substrate protection studies demonstrated that substrates for the tricarboxylate transporter (i.e., citrate, isocitrate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and malate) effectively protected against PLP inhibition, whereas other organic anions which are not transported by the tricarboxylate carrier (i.e., malonate, alpha-ketoglutarate, phosphate, and succinate) afforded considerably less protection.	Ketoglutaric Acids	302-321	pyridoxal phosphatase	Homo sapiens	184-187
7730305-2	1995	Our model includes (i) isotopic exchange between alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate, (ii) a reversible isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction, (iii) an active ATP-citrate lyase, and (iv) aspartate and malate shuttles with separate cytosolic and mitochondrial pools for oxaloacetate, malate, and fumarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	49-68	ATP citrate lyase	Rattus norvegicus	153-170
7798329-4	1995	The rate of alpha-ketoglutarate/glutamate exchange was 57 +/- 26 mumol min-1 g-1 (n = 3), which is much greater than the TCA cycle rate; the high rate indicates that alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate are in rapid exchange and can be treated as a single combined kinetic pool.	Ketoglutaric Acids	12-31	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	71-76
7798329-4	1995	The rate of alpha-ketoglutarate/glutamate exchange was 57 +/- 26 mumol min-1 g-1 (n = 3), which is much greater than the TCA cycle rate; the high rate indicates that alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate are in rapid exchange and can be treated as a single combined kinetic pool.	Ketoglutaric Acids	166-185	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	71-76
24310015-8	1994	A 2-oxoglutarate:acceptor oxidoreductase activity was present which was also assayable by isotope exchange, but no 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activity could be detected.	Ketoglutaric Acids	2-16	thioredoxin reductase 1	Homo sapiens	26-40
7850997-4	1994	It was shown that these substances can be formed by the citrate synthase condensation reaction of alpha-ketoglutarate with acetyl coenzyme A and propionyl coenzyme A, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	98-117	citrate synthase	Homo sapiens	56-72
8048556-3	1994	The changes in [Ca2+]m were compared with alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KGDH) flux, measured as O2 consumption (nmol.min-1.mg protein-1) from 185 microM alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	42-61	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	77-87
8206976-7	1994	The increase of the alpha-ketoglutarate concentration in the 72- and 96-h fasted liver with regard to the 48-h fasted liver (about three times) might account for such an inhibition since we show here that Glc-6-Pase is inhibited in vitro in the presence of relevant concentrations of alpha-ketoglutarate, Glc-6-P, and Mg2+ ions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	20-39	glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Rattus norvegicus	205-215
8206976-7	1994	The increase of the alpha-ketoglutarate concentration in the 72- and 96-h fasted liver with regard to the 48-h fasted liver (about three times) might account for such an inhibition since we show here that Glc-6-Pase is inhibited in vitro in the presence of relevant concentrations of alpha-ketoglutarate, Glc-6-P, and Mg2+ ions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	284-303	glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Rattus norvegicus	205-215
8002959-2	1994	These compounds represent structural analogues of 2-oxoglutarate in which the -CH2- moiety at C-3 is replaced by -NH-, with or without further structural modifications.	Ketoglutaric Acids	50-64	acylphosphatase 1	Gallus gallus	79-82
8002959-2	1994	These compounds represent structural analogues of 2-oxoglutarate in which the -CH2- moiety at C-3 is replaced by -NH-, with or without further structural modifications.	Ketoglutaric Acids	50-64	complement component 3	Gallus gallus	94-97
8209387-9	1994	The combination of both high oxygen concentration and the presence of either pyruvate or alpha-ketoglutarate was necessary to effectively protect COx against cyanide poisoning.	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-108	coproporphyrinogen oxidase	Rattus norvegicus	146-149
8228989-10	1993	The data suggest that the natural substrate of glutamine transaminase K in rat brain is indeed glutamine and that the metabolism of glutamine through the glutaminase II pathway (i.e., L-glutamine and alpha-keto acid-->alpha-ketoglutarate and L-amino acid + ammonia) is an important function of the choroid plexus.	Ketoglutaric Acids	221-240	kynurenine aminotransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	47-71
7703504-1	1994	The 2-oxoglutarate carrier protein (OGCP) catalyzes the transport of the 2-oxoglutarate into the mitochondrial matrix by an electroneutral exchange for malate or some other dicarboxylic acids.	Ketoglutaric Acids	4-18	solute carrier family 25 member 11	Rattus norvegicus	36-40
8125383-6	1994	Glutamine metabolism proceeds by glutaminase to produce glutamate, which may then be transaminated (aspartate-aminotransferase and alanine-amino transferase) to produce alpha-ketoglutarate, alanine, and aspartate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	169-188	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	131-156
8320232-9	1993	AatB expressed in E. coli has a Km for aspartate of 5.3 mM and a Km for 2-oxoglutarate of 0.87 mM.	Ketoglutaric Acids	72-86	AatB	Escherichia coli	0-4
8369301-0	1993	Structure of isocitrate dehydrogenase with alpha-ketoglutarate at 2.7-A resolution: conformational changes induced by decarboxylation of isocitrate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	43-62	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	13-37
8369301-1	1993	The structure of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) complex with bound alpha-ketoglutarate, Ca2+, and NADPH was solved at 2.7-A resolution.	Ketoglutaric Acids	71-90	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	21-45
8369301-1	1993	The structure of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) complex with bound alpha-ketoglutarate, Ca2+, and NADPH was solved at 2.7-A resolution.	Ketoglutaric Acids	71-90	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	47-50
8350986-4	1993	When assayed at its pH optimum of 10.0, kynurenine aminotransferase I showed pronounced oxo acid specificity (pyruvate >> 2-oxoglutarate).	Ketoglutaric Acids	128-142	kynurenine aminotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	40-69
8099357-8	1993	Analysis of the IDP1 and IDH disruption mutants for glutamate auxotrophy showed that either enzyme can contribute alpha-ketoglutarate for endogenous glutamate synthesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	114-133	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) IDP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	16-20
8364410-1	1993	Covalent adducts of NAD+ with pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate have been reported to inhibit differentially the activities of bovine glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) towards these two oxoacid substrates, implying separate active sites.	Ketoglutaric Acids	43-57	glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial	Bos taurus	128-151
8364410-1	1993	Covalent adducts of NAD+ with pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate have been reported to inhibit differentially the activities of bovine glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) towards these two oxoacid substrates, implying separate active sites.	Ketoglutaric Acids	43-57	glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial	Bos taurus	153-156
8364410-4	1993	Clostridial GDH, with a strong preference for oxoglutarate over pyruvate as substrate, is also more strongly inhibited by the pyruvate adduct in the oxoglutarate assay.	Ketoglutaric Acids	46-58	glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial	Bos taurus	12-15
8364410-4	1993	Clostridial GDH, with a strong preference for oxoglutarate over pyruvate as substrate, is also more strongly inhibited by the pyruvate adduct in the oxoglutarate assay.	Ketoglutaric Acids	149-161	glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial	Bos taurus	12-15
8100559-5	1993	GDH catalyses the interconversion of alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate, whereas GABAT is the important GABA-degrading enzyme and requires alpha-ketoglutarate for its activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	37-56	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	80-85
8373637-12	1993	Leucine, which decreases alpha-ketoglutarate inhibition of GDH, also results in ammonia formation, further supporting the concept of regulation by alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	25-44	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	59-62
8373637-13	1993	The higher osmolarity increases GDH activity by increasing alpha-ketoglutarate transport from mitochondria.	Ketoglutaric Acids	59-78	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	32-35
8100559-5	1993	GDH catalyses the interconversion of alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate, whereas GABAT is the important GABA-degrading enzyme and requires alpha-ketoglutarate for its activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	138-157	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	80-85
1737786-2	1992	Ornithine delta-aminotransferase is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial matrix enzyme which catalyzes the reversible interconversion of ornithine and alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate semialdehyde and glutamate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	146-165	ornithine aminotransferase	Homo sapiens	0-32
8479597-7	1993	Alpha-ketoglutarate competitively inhibited both enzymes; however, the inhibition of mMDH activity was more pronounced than that of cMDH activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	malate dehydrogenase 2, NAD (mitochondrial)	Mus musculus	85-89
1413388-12	1992	Michaelis constants for GDH range from 0.003 to 0.125 mmol/dm3 for NADPH (NADH), from 0.95 to 7.4 mmol/dm3 for 2-oxoglutarate, and from 0.25 to 16 mmol/dm3 for NH4+ (Misono et al., 1985).	Ketoglutaric Acids	111-125	glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial	Bos taurus	24-27
1901730-4	1991	The presence of substrate 2-oxoglutarate (4 mM) prevents inactivation of the aminotransferase treated with bis-PLP.	Ketoglutaric Acids	26-40	proteolipid protein 1	Homo sapiens	111-114
1684935-5	1991	Growth on 2-oxoglutarate, the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate with which glutamate is in equilibrium, also induces this aldehyde dehydrogenase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	10-24	Aldehyde dehydrogenase	Escherichia coli	126-148
1901040-6	1991	Very high levels of glutamate dehydrogenase were found in this archaebacterium which suggests that the conversion of 2-oxoglutarate and ammonia to glutamate is of central importance to the nitrogen metabolism in this bacterium.	Ketoglutaric Acids	117-131	Gfo/Idh/MocA family oxidoreductase	Saccharolobus solfataricus	30-43
2003596-6	1991	On the other hand, there were significant increases in pyruvate and alanine contents during UHE (P less than 0.01 and 0.05, respectively), suggesting that there was increased production of 2-oxoglutarate (a TCAI) via the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) reaction.	Ketoglutaric Acids	189-203	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	221-245
2029638-4	1991	In contrast, KAT II was virtually equally active when either pyruvate or 2-oxoglutarate were used as the aminoacceptor, and its pH optimum was 7.4.	Ketoglutaric Acids	73-87	aminoadipate aminotransferase	Homo sapiens	13-19
2115121-4	1990	Disruption of the chromosomal copy of KGD2 in a respiratory-competent haploid yeast strain elicited a growth phenotype similar to that of G104 mutants and abolished the ability to mitochondria to catalyze the reduction of NAD+ by alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	230-249	alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase KGD2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	38-42
1956483-2	1991	A reduction in the utilization of alpha-KG by heart mitochondria implies that the activity of mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KGDH) is impaired; however, direct evidence for such an abnormality is not available.	Ketoglutaric Acids	34-42	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	108-141
1956483-2	1991	A reduction in the utilization of alpha-KG by heart mitochondria implies that the activity of mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KGDH) is impaired; however, direct evidence for such an abnormality is not available.	Ketoglutaric Acids	34-42	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	143-153
2173703-0	1990	The liver glucose-6-phosphatase of intact microsomes is inhibited and displays sigmoid kinetics in the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate-magnesium and oxaloacetate-magnesium chelates.	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-134	glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Homo sapiens	10-31
2173703-4	1990	In this work, we report that, when complexed with Mg2+, two endogenous dicarboxylic keto acids (alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and oxaloacetate (OAA] inhibit the glucose-6-phosphatase activity at low concentrations of substrate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	96-115	glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Homo sapiens	162-183
2173703-4	1990	In this work, we report that, when complexed with Mg2+, two endogenous dicarboxylic keto acids (alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and oxaloacetate (OAA] inhibit the glucose-6-phosphatase activity at low concentrations of substrate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	117-125	glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Homo sapiens	162-183
2173703-8	1990	The disruption of microsomal integrity by detergents abolishes the effect of Mg.alpha-KG and Mg.OAA, suggesting that the magnesium chelates inhibit the translocase component of the glucose-6-phosphatase system.	Ketoglutaric Acids	80-88	glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Homo sapiens	181-202
2089267-3	1990	The estimated Km-values for alpha-ketoglutarate and GABA were significantly lower for astroglial GABA-transaminase compared to the neuronal enzyme suggesting a possible existence of cell specific isozymes of GABA-transaminase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	28-47	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase	Mus musculus	97-114
2089267-3	1990	The estimated Km-values for alpha-ketoglutarate and GABA were significantly lower for astroglial GABA-transaminase compared to the neuronal enzyme suggesting a possible existence of cell specific isozymes of GABA-transaminase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	28-47	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase	Mus musculus	208-225
16667849-9	1990	Malate, aspartate, glutamate, citrate, and 2-oxoglutarate were potent inhibitors of PEPC at pH 7 in the absence of glycerol, but their effectiveness was decreased by raising the pH to 8 and/or by adding glycerol.	Ketoglutaric Acids	43-57	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, housekeeping isozyme	Glycine max	84-88
2221921-11	1990	On the other hand, 200 microM 3MP blocked completely the epimastigotes" catabolism of L-[U-14C]proline through the Kreb"s cycle via PEP-carboxykinase, as indicated by the disappearance of 14C label present in alanine, pyruvate, citrate, and isocitrate after 1 h of incubation in the presence of the labeled amino acid, while the amount of radioactivity present in alpha-ketoglutarate and malate doubled.	Ketoglutaric Acids	364-383	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1	Homo sapiens	132-149
2209599-4	1990	Isocitrate: NADP+ oxidoreductase was employed to generate the two enantiomeric samples of 2-oxoglutarate enantiotopically labelled at C-3.	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-104	hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 6	Homo sapiens	18-32
2209599-4	1990	Isocitrate: NADP+ oxidoreductase was employed to generate the two enantiomeric samples of 2-oxoglutarate enantiotopically labelled at C-3.	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-104	complement C3	Homo sapiens	134-137
2209599-6	1990	Isocitrate glyoxylate-lyase and isocitrate NADP+ oxidoreductase were employed to generate samples of 2-oxoglutarate enantiotopically tritiated at C-4 or at C-3 and C-4.	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-115	hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 6	Homo sapiens	49-63
2209599-6	1990	Isocitrate glyoxylate-lyase and isocitrate NADP+ oxidoreductase were employed to generate samples of 2-oxoglutarate enantiotopically tritiated at C-4 or at C-3 and C-4.	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-115	complement C4A (Rodgers blood group)	Homo sapiens	146-149
2209599-6	1990	Isocitrate glyoxylate-lyase and isocitrate NADP+ oxidoreductase were employed to generate samples of 2-oxoglutarate enantiotopically tritiated at C-4 or at C-3 and C-4.	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-115	complement C3	Homo sapiens	156-159
2209599-6	1990	Isocitrate glyoxylate-lyase and isocitrate NADP+ oxidoreductase were employed to generate samples of 2-oxoglutarate enantiotopically tritiated at C-4 or at C-3 and C-4.	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-115	complement C4A (Rodgers blood group)	Homo sapiens	164-167
2115121-12	1990	These data together with earlier reports on the regulation of the KGD1 and LPD1 genes for the alpha-ketoglutarate and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenases indicate that all three enzyme components of the complex are catabolite repressed and subject to positive regulation by the HAP2 and HAP3 proteins.	Ketoglutaric Acids	94-113	alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase KGD1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	66-70
2115121-12	1990	These data together with earlier reports on the regulation of the KGD1 and LPD1 genes for the alpha-ketoglutarate and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenases indicate that all three enzyme components of the complex are catabolite repressed and subject to positive regulation by the HAP2 and HAP3 proteins.	Ketoglutaric Acids	94-113	dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	75-79
2115121-12	1990	These data together with earlier reports on the regulation of the KGD1 and LPD1 genes for the alpha-ketoglutarate and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenases indicate that all three enzyme components of the complex are catabolite repressed and subject to positive regulation by the HAP2 and HAP3 proteins.	Ketoglutaric Acids	94-113	transcription activator HAP2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	271-275
2115121-12	1990	These data together with earlier reports on the regulation of the KGD1 and LPD1 genes for the alpha-ketoglutarate and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenases indicate that all three enzyme components of the complex are catabolite repressed and subject to positive regulation by the HAP2 and HAP3 proteins.	Ketoglutaric Acids	94-113	Hap3p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	280-284
2359406-3	1990	In the absence of the allosteric activators ADP, leucine, or succinyl-CoA, Mg2+ is an inhibitor and increases product inhibition by alpha-ketoglutarate in the forward reaction and substrate inhibition by alpha-ketoglutarate in the reverse reaction.	Ketoglutaric Acids	132-151	mucin 7, secreted	Homo sapiens	75-78
2359406-3	1990	In the absence of the allosteric activators ADP, leucine, or succinyl-CoA, Mg2+ is an inhibitor and increases product inhibition by alpha-ketoglutarate in the forward reaction and substrate inhibition by alpha-ketoglutarate in the reverse reaction.	Ketoglutaric Acids	204-223	mucin 7, secreted	Homo sapiens	75-78
2359406-6	1990	Because Mg2+ is an inhibitor in the absence of activator that also increases inhibition by alpha-ketoglutarate, whereas in the presence of activator Mg2+ has no effect or is itself an activator, Mg2+ magnifies the effect of the activator, and magnification increases with increases in the concentration of alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	91-110	mucin 7, secreted	Homo sapiens	8-11
2359406-6	1990	Because Mg2+ is an inhibitor in the absence of activator that also increases inhibition by alpha-ketoglutarate, whereas in the presence of activator Mg2+ has no effect or is itself an activator, Mg2+ magnifies the effect of the activator, and magnification increases with increases in the concentration of alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	306-325	mucin 7, secreted	Homo sapiens	8-11
16667257-2	1990	In the presence of 2-oxoglutarate, it is shown that the response is given by a Michaelis-Menten curve, but in its absence, when malate has to supply substrate for dehydrogenation as well as to liberate CoA via malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase, the response is presumably the product of two Michaelis-Menten functions, which can be approximated by the square of a single function.	Ketoglutaric Acids	19-33	malic enzyme 1	Homo sapiens	210-230
2323850-6	1990	The cytotoxic effects of GAH and hydroxylamine on L1210 cells were not reversed or prevented by L-glutamine or L-glutamic acid and purine nucleosides but were prevented or reversed by pyruvate, 2-oxaloacetate and 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	213-227	transglutaminase 2, C polypeptide	Mus musculus	25-28
16667257-2	1990	In the presence of 2-oxoglutarate, it is shown that the response is given by a Michaelis-Menten curve, but in its absence, when malate has to supply substrate for dehydrogenation as well as to liberate CoA via malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase, the response is presumably the product of two Michaelis-Menten functions, which can be approximated by the square of a single function.	Ketoglutaric Acids	19-33	citrate synthase	Homo sapiens	235-251
32796956-5	2021	It is well-known that IDH1 converts isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG), maintaining intracellular 2-OG homeostasis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	50-64	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	22-26
33805247-1	2021	TET2 is a dioxygenase dependent on Fe2+ and alpha-ketoglutarate which oxidizes 5-methylcytosine (5meC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmeC).	Ketoglutaric Acids	44-63	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
33808599-4	2021	This is the case of IDH1/2 mutations generating the abnormal conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate (KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate, an oncometabolite inhibiting KG-dependent enzymes, such as the TET family of genes (pivotal in characterizing leukemia cells either by mutations, e.g., TET2, or by altered expression, e.g., TET1/2/3).	Ketoglutaric Acids	75-94	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	20-26
33808599-4	2021	This is the case of IDH1/2 mutations generating the abnormal conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate (KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate, an oncometabolite inhibiting KG-dependent enzymes, such as the TET family of genes (pivotal in characterizing leukemia cells either by mutations, e.g., TET2, or by altered expression, e.g., TET1/2/3).	Ketoglutaric Acids	75-94	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Homo sapiens	275-279
33808599-4	2021	This is the case of IDH1/2 mutations generating the abnormal conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate (KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate, an oncometabolite inhibiting KG-dependent enzymes, such as the TET family of genes (pivotal in characterizing leukemia cells either by mutations, e.g., TET2, or by altered expression, e.g., TET1/2/3).	Ketoglutaric Acids	75-94	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	313-321
27655638-1	2016	Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1) is an NADP-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	112-131	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	26-30
26997627-2	2016	One key anaplerotic substrate that may be involved in regulating insulin release is alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	84-103	insulin	Homo sapiens	65-72
34968705-4	2022	The results reveal that isocitrate is blocked from conversion to alpha-ketoglutarate and that acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) accumulates, which is consistent with a reduction in oxygen consumption rate and inactivation of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	65-84	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	215-239
19624751-4	2009	JHDM2A (JmjC-domain-containing histone demethylase 2A, also known as JMJD1A) catalyses removal of H3K9 mono- and dimethylation through iron and alpha-ketoglutarate dependent oxidative reactions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	144-163	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 3A	Mus musculus	0-6
19624751-4	2009	JHDM2A (JmjC-domain-containing histone demethylase 2A, also known as JMJD1A) catalyses removal of H3K9 mono- and dimethylation through iron and alpha-ketoglutarate dependent oxidative reactions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	144-163	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 3A	Mus musculus	8-53
19624751-4	2009	JHDM2A (JmjC-domain-containing histone demethylase 2A, also known as JMJD1A) catalyses removal of H3K9 mono- and dimethylation through iron and alpha-ketoglutarate dependent oxidative reactions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	144-163	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 3A	Mus musculus	69-75
34915176-9	2022	Further results showed that the trimethyl-histone H3-K4 (H3K4me3) level of MCT4 was reduced by Dex, and the ROS scavenger N-Acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) alleviated the Dex-induced chondrocyte matrix synthesis obstruction and high level of ROS by up-regulating the H3K4me3 level of MCT4 and its expression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	152-171	solute carrier family 16 member 3	Homo sapiens	311-315
34915176-9	2022	Further results showed that the trimethyl-histone H3-K4 (H3K4me3) level of MCT4 was reduced by Dex, and the ROS scavenger N-Acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) alleviated the Dex-induced chondrocyte matrix synthesis obstruction and high level of ROS by up-regulating the H3K4me3 level of MCT4 and its expression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	173-181	solute carrier family 16 member 3	Homo sapiens	311-315
34968705-4	2022	The results reveal that isocitrate is blocked from conversion to alpha-ketoglutarate and that acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) accumulates, which is consistent with a reduction in oxygen consumption rate and inactivation of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	65-84	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	241-244
34954143-2	2022	The mitochondrial enzyme Glutaminase C (GAC) helps to satisfy this "glutamine addiction" of cancer cells by catalyzing the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate, which is then converted to the TCA-cycle intermediate alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	215-234	glutaminase	Homo sapiens	25-38
34662241-0	2022	Pyridoxal and alpha-ketoglutarate independently improve function of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Thi5 in the metabolic network of Salmonella enterica.	Ketoglutaric Acids	14-33	4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine phosphate synthase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	93-97
34581506-0	2022	Inhibition of JMJD6 by 2-Oxoglutarate Mimics.	Ketoglutaric Acids	23-37	jumonji domain containing 6, arginine demethylase and lysine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	14-19
34581506-1	2022	Studies on the inhibition of the human 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenase JMJD6, which is a cancer target, by 2- oxoglutarate mimics / competitors, including human drugs, drug candidates, and metabolites relevant to cancer are described.	Ketoglutaric Acids	39-53	jumonji domain containing 6, arginine demethylase and lysine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	74-79
34581506-1	2022	Studies on the inhibition of the human 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenase JMJD6, which is a cancer target, by 2- oxoglutarate mimics / competitors, including human drugs, drug candidates, and metabolites relevant to cancer are described.	Ketoglutaric Acids	110-125	jumonji domain containing 6, arginine demethylase and lysine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	74-79
34954143-2	2022	The mitochondrial enzyme Glutaminase C (GAC) helps to satisfy this "glutamine addiction" of cancer cells by catalyzing the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate, which is then converted to the TCA-cycle intermediate alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	215-234	glutaminase	Homo sapiens	40-43
34966709-0	2021	Case Report: Compound Heterozygous Variants of SLC13A3 Identified in a Chinese Patient With Acute Reversible Leukoencephalopathy and alpha-Ketoglutarate Accumulation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	133-152	solute carrier family 13 member 3	Homo sapiens	47-54
34854890-1	2021	Human isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) genes encode for the IDH1, 2 & 3 isoenzymes which catalyse the formation of 2-oxoglutarate from isocitrate and are essential for normal mammalian metabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	113-127	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	6-30
34854890-1	2021	Human isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) genes encode for the IDH1, 2 & 3 isoenzymes which catalyse the formation of 2-oxoglutarate from isocitrate and are essential for normal mammalian metabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	113-127	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	32-35
34854890-1	2021	Human isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) genes encode for the IDH1, 2 & 3 isoenzymes which catalyse the formation of 2-oxoglutarate from isocitrate and are essential for normal mammalian metabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	113-127	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	58-62
34851105-3	2021	The lignin-vaterite/EY/GDH photobiocatalytic platform enabled the regeneration of the reduced nicotinamide cofactor under visible light and facilitated the rapid conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate into l-glutamate (initial conversion rate, 0.41 mM h-1; turnover frequency, 1060 h-1; and turnover number, 39,750).	Ketoglutaric Acids	176-195	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	23-26
34966709-3	2021	Nowadays, pathogenic variants of SLC13A3 gene were found to cause acute reversible leukoencephalopathy and alpha-ketoglutarate accumulation (ARLIAK) in patients.	Ketoglutaric Acids	107-126	solute carrier family 13 member 3	Homo sapiens	33-40
34762429-1	2021	FTO catalyzes the Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent modification of nucleic acids, including the demethylation of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) in mRNA.	Ketoglutaric Acids	29-43	FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	0-3
34288020-5	2021	SLC7A11 increased HIF1alpha expression through reducing alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) level via exporting glutamate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-75	solute carrier family 7 member 11	Homo sapiens	0-7
34288020-5	2021	SLC7A11 increased HIF1alpha expression through reducing alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) level via exporting glutamate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-75	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	18-27
34829892-4	2021	GDH1 function may be relevant in cancer cells (or HCC) to drive the glutamine catabolism from L-glutamate towards the synthesis of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), thus supplying key tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) metabolites.	Ketoglutaric Acids	131-150	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
34829892-4	2021	GDH1 function may be relevant in cancer cells (or HCC) to drive the glutamine catabolism from L-glutamate towards the synthesis of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), thus supplying key tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) metabolites.	Ketoglutaric Acids	152-160	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
34714626-2	2021	Central to cellular oxygen sensing is factor-inhibiting HIF-1alpha (FIH), an alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)/non-heme iron(II)-dependent dioxygenase that hydroxylates a specific asparagine residue of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha).	Ketoglutaric Acids	77-96	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	198-229
34714626-2	2021	Central to cellular oxygen sensing is factor-inhibiting HIF-1alpha (FIH), an alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)/non-heme iron(II)-dependent dioxygenase that hydroxylates a specific asparagine residue of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha).	Ketoglutaric Acids	77-96	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	231-241
34763405-14	2021	Cell viability, clone formation numbers, migration rate, invasive cell numbers, S phase cell ratio, glu consumption, alpha-KG production, ATP concentration, expression of cyclinD1 and GLS1 proteins of OSCC cells were significantly reduced after interference with circ-BICD2 expression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	117-125	BICD cargo adaptor 2	Mus musculus	263-273
34763405-17	2021	After overexpression of miR-296-5p, cell viability, clone formation red number, migration rate, number of invasive cells, S phase cell ratio, glu consumption, alpha-KG production, ATP concentration and expressions of cyclinD1, GLS1 and TAGLN2 proteins in OSCC cells were significant decrease.	Ketoglutaric Acids	159-167	microRNA 296	Mus musculus	24-31
34731632-2	2021	Here we show that cell-permeable alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) alters the DNA methylation profile of naive CD4 T cells activated under Treg polarizing conditions, markedly attenuating FoxP3+ Treg differentiation and increasing inflammatory cytokines.	Ketoglutaric Acids	33-52	CD4 antigen	Mus musculus	107-110
34731632-2	2021	Here we show that cell-permeable alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) alters the DNA methylation profile of naive CD4 T cells activated under Treg polarizing conditions, markedly attenuating FoxP3+ Treg differentiation and increasing inflammatory cytokines.	Ketoglutaric Acids	33-52	forkhead box P3	Mus musculus	184-189
34714823-6	2021	Oral administration of the rate-limiting alpha-ketoglutarate in the metabolic pathway rescued low glutamate levels in Indy mutants and ameliorated their seizure-like behaviors.	Ketoglutaric Acids	41-60	I'm not dead yet	Drosophila melanogaster	118-122
34725432-1	2021	Cancer linked isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 variants, notably R132H IDH1, manifest a "gain-of-function" to reduce 2-oxoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	117-131	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	71-75
34725432-5	2021	The isocitrate-Mg2+ complex is the preferred wt IDH1 substrate; with R132H IDH1, separate and weaker binding of 2-oxoglutarate and Mg2+ is preferred.	Ketoglutaric Acids	112-126	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	48-52
34725432-5	2021	The isocitrate-Mg2+ complex is the preferred wt IDH1 substrate; with R132H IDH1, separate and weaker binding of 2-oxoglutarate and Mg2+ is preferred.	Ketoglutaric Acids	112-126	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	75-79
34740102-0	2021	alpha-Ketoglutarate Inhibits Thrombosis and Inflammation by Prolyl Hydroxylase-2 Mediated Inactivation of Phospho-Akt.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	egl-9 family hypoxia-inducible factor 1	Mus musculus	60-80
34740102-0	2021	alpha-Ketoglutarate Inhibits Thrombosis and Inflammation by Prolyl Hydroxylase-2 Mediated Inactivation of Phospho-Akt.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	114-117
34740102-1	2021	BACKGROUND: Phospho-Akt1 (pAkt1) undergoes prolyl hydroxylation at Pro125 and Pro313 by the prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD2) in a reaction decarboxylating alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	150-169	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	20-24
34740102-1	2021	BACKGROUND: Phospho-Akt1 (pAkt1) undergoes prolyl hydroxylation at Pro125 and Pro313 by the prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD2) in a reaction decarboxylating alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	150-169	egl-9 family hypoxia-inducible factor 1	Mus musculus	92-112
34740102-1	2021	BACKGROUND: Phospho-Akt1 (pAkt1) undergoes prolyl hydroxylation at Pro125 and Pro313 by the prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD2) in a reaction decarboxylating alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	150-169	egl-9 family hypoxia-inducible factor 1	Mus musculus	114-118
34518298-7	2021	Lastly, we found that the glutaminase inhibitor CB-839 enhanced anti-leukemic effect of gilteritinib in ex vivo studies using human primary FLT3-ITD-positive AML cells harboring mutations in the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate, producing alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	299-318	fms related receptor tyrosine kinase 3	Homo sapiens	140-144
34720024-9	2021	These effects increased the production of alpha-ketoglutarate, leading to the activation of MTOR.	Ketoglutaric Acids	42-61	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	92-96
34269483-2	2021	In this study, we observed that depletion of glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GDH1), an enzyme that converts glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), confers resistance to amino acid deprivation on kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	116-135	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	45-70
34269483-2	2021	In this study, we observed that depletion of glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GDH1), an enzyme that converts glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), confers resistance to amino acid deprivation on kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	116-135	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	72-76
34679752-7	2021	Remarkably, alpha-ketoglutarate and lipoic acid supplementation reversed and promoted, respectively, the FRI-1-induced apoptosis, suggesting that mitochondrial redox disruption affects 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH) activity, and this is involved in their anticancer mechanism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	12-31	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	185-213
34679752-7	2021	Remarkably, alpha-ketoglutarate and lipoic acid supplementation reversed and promoted, respectively, the FRI-1-induced apoptosis, suggesting that mitochondrial redox disruption affects 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH) activity, and this is involved in their anticancer mechanism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	12-31	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	215-219
34586107-3	2021	The enzymes of the AlkB and Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) families are members of the Fe and alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent superfamily of enzymes that are tasked with dealkylating DNA and RNA in cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	94-113	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	19-23
34543426-1	2021	Human Aspartyl/Asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase (HAAH) is a member of the superfamily of non-heme Fe2+/alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) dependent oxygenase enzymes with a non-canonical active site.	Ketoglutaric Acids	99-118	aspartate beta-hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	6-43
34321251-1	2021	Point mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) result in conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to the oncometabolite, D-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	77-96	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	19-45
34321251-1	2021	Point mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) result in conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to the oncometabolite, D-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	77-96	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	47-51
34543426-1	2021	Human Aspartyl/Asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase (HAAH) is a member of the superfamily of non-heme Fe2+/alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) dependent oxygenase enzymes with a non-canonical active site.	Ketoglutaric Acids	99-118	aspartate beta-hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	45-49
34296423-1	2021	BACKGROUND: D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (D2HGDH) catalyzes D-2-hydroxyglutarate to alpha-ketoglutarate and is involved in the regulation of cellular energy and biosynthetic intermediates.	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-109	D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	12-46
34296423-1	2021	BACKGROUND: D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (D2HGDH) catalyzes D-2-hydroxyglutarate to alpha-ketoglutarate and is involved in the regulation of cellular energy and biosynthetic intermediates.	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-109	D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	48-54
34646394-7	2021	Mechanistically, high levels of BCAT1 depleted alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and promoted expression of SOX2, a transcription factor regulating cancer cell stemness and metastasis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	47-66	branched chain aminotransferase 1, cytosolic	Mus musculus	32-37
34563253-0	2021	AKT signaling is associated with epigenetic reprogramming via the upregulation of TET and its cofactor, alpha-ketoglutarate during iPSC generation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	104-123	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	0-3
34563253-7	2021	RESULTS: We revealed that cells undergoing reprogramming with artificially activated AKT exhibit enhanced anabolic glucose metabolism and accordingly increased level of cytosolic alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), which is an essential cofactor for the enzymatic activity of the 5-methylcytosine (5mC) dioxygenase TET.	Ketoglutaric Acids	179-198	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	85-88
34289383-3	2021	Here, we show that mutant IDH2 (mIDH2) R140Q commonly has K413 acetylation, which negatively regulates mIDH2 activity in human AML cells by attenuating dimerization and blocking binding of substrate (alpha-ketoglutarate) and cofactor (NADPH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	200-219	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	26-30
34289383-3	2021	Here, we show that mutant IDH2 (mIDH2) R140Q commonly has K413 acetylation, which negatively regulates mIDH2 activity in human AML cells by attenuating dimerization and blocking binding of substrate (alpha-ketoglutarate) and cofactor (NADPH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	200-219	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	32-37
34289383-3	2021	Here, we show that mutant IDH2 (mIDH2) R140Q commonly has K413 acetylation, which negatively regulates mIDH2 activity in human AML cells by attenuating dimerization and blocking binding of substrate (alpha-ketoglutarate) and cofactor (NADPH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	200-219	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	103-108
34102574-4	2021	Mitochondria do not produce GSH, and although the transport of GSH to mitochondria is not fully understood, two carrier proteins, the dicarboxylate carrier (DIC, SLC25A10) and the oxoglutarate carrier (OGC, SLC25A11) have been suggested to participate in GSH transport.	Ketoglutaric Acids	180-192	solute carrier family 25 member 11	Homo sapiens	202-205
34500720-3	2021	Here, we consider the repair aspect of 1,N6-ethenoadenine (epsilonA) by the 2-oxoglutarate/Fe(II)-dependent AlkB family enzymes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	76-90	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	108-112
34425876-1	2021	Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (mIDH1/2) gain a novel function for the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to oncometabolite R-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-109	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	37-44
34425876-1	2021	Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (mIDH1/2) gain a novel function for the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to oncometabolite R-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	111-119	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	37-44
34102574-4	2021	Mitochondria do not produce GSH, and although the transport of GSH to mitochondria is not fully understood, two carrier proteins, the dicarboxylate carrier (DIC, SLC25A10) and the oxoglutarate carrier (OGC, SLC25A11) have been suggested to participate in GSH transport.	Ketoglutaric Acids	180-192	solute carrier family 25 member 11	Homo sapiens	207-215
34095989-3	2021	IDH mutations induce a neomorphic enzyme that converts alpha-ketoglutarate to the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate, which leads to widespread effects on cellular epigenetics and metabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	55-74	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
34283245-2	2021	Human aspartyl (asparaginyl) beta-hydroxylase (HAAH), a unique iron and 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenase, has shown increased importance as a suspected oncogenic protein.	Ketoglutaric Acids	72-86	aspartate beta-hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	6-45
34283245-2	2021	Human aspartyl (asparaginyl) beta-hydroxylase (HAAH), a unique iron and 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenase, has shown increased importance as a suspected oncogenic protein.	Ketoglutaric Acids	72-86	aspartate beta-hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	47-51
34376668-5	2021	Overall, our results indicate that glutamine metabolism is connected with mTORC1 activation through two parallel pathways: an acute alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent pathway; and a secondary ATP/AMPK-dependent pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	132-151	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	74-80
34263469-0	2021	Exercise-induced alpha-ketoglutaric acid stimulates muscle hypertrophy and fat loss through OXGR1-dependent adrenal activation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	17-40	oxoglutarate receptor 1	Homo sapiens	92-97
34356864-2	2021	IDH enzymes catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), an intermediate in the citric acid cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	53-72	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
34356864-2	2021	IDH enzymes catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), an intermediate in the citric acid cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	74-82	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
34165243-4	2021	We identified alpha-ketoglutarate as a potential metabolite to bridge cystinosin loss to autophagy, apoptosis and kidney proximal tubule impairment in cystinosis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	14-33	cystinosin, lysosomal cystine transporter	Homo sapiens	70-80
34215750-0	2021	Redirected nuclear glutamate dehydrogenase supplies Tet3 with alpha-ketoglutarate in neurons.	Ketoglutaric Acids	62-81	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 3	Homo sapiens	52-56
34215750-1	2021	Tet3 is the main alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)-dependent dioxygenase in neurons that converts 5-methyl-dC into 5-hydroxymethyl-dC and further on to 5-formyl- and 5-carboxy-dC.	Ketoglutaric Acids	17-36	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 3	Homo sapiens	0-4
34321828-1	2021	Objective: alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) is the substrate to hydroxylate collagen and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), which are important for cancer metastasis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	11-30	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	87-118
34321828-1	2021	Objective: alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) is the substrate to hydroxylate collagen and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), which are important for cancer metastasis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	11-30	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	120-130
34321828-1	2021	Objective: alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) is the substrate to hydroxylate collagen and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), which are important for cancer metastasis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	32-40	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	87-118
34321828-1	2021	Objective: alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) is the substrate to hydroxylate collagen and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), which are important for cancer metastasis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	32-40	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	120-130
34321828-2	2021	Previous studies have shown that the upregulation of collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase in breast cancer cells stabilizes the expression of HIF-1alpha by depleting alpha-KG levels.	Ketoglutaric Acids	159-167	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	135-145
34321828-13	2021	Exogenous malate and alpha-KG exerted similar effect on HIF-1alpha in breast cancer cells to ME2 knockout or knockdown.	Ketoglutaric Acids	21-29	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	56-66
34143606-1	2021	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is a key metabolic enzyme for maintaining cytosolic levels of alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) and preserving the redox environment of the cytosol.	Ketoglutaric Acids	96-115	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-26
34143606-1	2021	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is a key metabolic enzyme for maintaining cytosolic levels of alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) and preserving the redox environment of the cytosol.	Ketoglutaric Acids	96-115	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
34205414-2	2021	Derived from mitochondrial synthesis and/or carboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate, it is cleaved by ATP-citrate lyase into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	61-80	ATP citrate lyase	Homo sapiens	99-116
34220417-10	2021	Moreover, we demonstrated an important role of the concerted action of GDH and alanine aminotransferase in hyperammonemia; the products alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate serve as an ammonia sink and as a substrate for ammonia fixation via GDH, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	148-167	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	71-74
34220417-10	2021	Moreover, we demonstrated an important role of the concerted action of GDH and alanine aminotransferase in hyperammonemia; the products alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate serve as an ammonia sink and as a substrate for ammonia fixation via GDH, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	148-167	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	79-103
34220417-10	2021	Moreover, we demonstrated an important role of the concerted action of GDH and alanine aminotransferase in hyperammonemia; the products alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate serve as an ammonia sink and as a substrate for ammonia fixation via GDH, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	148-167	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	237-240
34072154-1	2021	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	121-140	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-23
34179130-0	2021	alpha-Ketoglutarate Upregulates Collecting Duct (Pro)renin Receptor Expression, Tubular Angiotensin II Formation, and Na+ Reabsorption During High Glucose Conditions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal accessory protein 2	Mus musculus	53-67
34102396-10	2021	Hereafter, we also attempted to resolve hypoxia-triggered inflammation in vitro as well as in vivo by augmenting the function of PHD2 using alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), a co-factor of PHD2.	Ketoglutaric Acids	140-159	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	129-133
34102396-10	2021	Hereafter, we also attempted to resolve hypoxia-triggered inflammation in vitro as well as in vivo by augmenting the function of PHD2 using alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), a co-factor of PHD2.	Ketoglutaric Acids	140-159	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	186-190
34072154-1	2021	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	121-140	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	25-28
35583005-0	2022	MDIG, a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenase, acts as an oncogene and predicts the prognosis of multiple types of cancer.	Ketoglutaric Acids	8-22	ribosomal oxygenase 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
34065652-1	2021	Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1) catalyzes the reversible NADP+-dependent oxidation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	100-119	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	26-30
35533409-4	2022	Activated RIPK3 can directly bind to glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1), which is known to be a critical enzyme for catalyzing glutamine decomposition, to improve its catalytic activity and increase the production of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in macrophages.	Ketoglutaric Acids	216-235	receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 3	Homo sapiens	10-15
35533409-4	2022	Activated RIPK3 can directly bind to glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1), which is known to be a critical enzyme for catalyzing glutamine decomposition, to improve its catalytic activity and increase the production of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in macrophages.	Ketoglutaric Acids	216-235	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	37-62
35533409-4	2022	Activated RIPK3 can directly bind to glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1), which is known to be a critical enzyme for catalyzing glutamine decomposition, to improve its catalytic activity and increase the production of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in macrophages.	Ketoglutaric Acids	216-235	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	64-69
35533409-4	2022	Activated RIPK3 can directly bind to glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1), which is known to be a critical enzyme for catalyzing glutamine decomposition, to improve its catalytic activity and increase the production of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in macrophages.	Ketoglutaric Acids	237-245	receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 3	Homo sapiens	10-15
35533409-4	2022	Activated RIPK3 can directly bind to glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1), which is known to be a critical enzyme for catalyzing glutamine decomposition, to improve its catalytic activity and increase the production of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in macrophages.	Ketoglutaric Acids	237-245	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	37-62
35533409-4	2022	Activated RIPK3 can directly bind to glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1), which is known to be a critical enzyme for catalyzing glutamine decomposition, to improve its catalytic activity and increase the production of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in macrophages.	Ketoglutaric Acids	237-245	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	64-69
35417703-0	2022	SENP1-Sirt3 signaling promotes alpha-ketoglutarate production during M2 macrophage polarization.	Ketoglutaric Acids	31-50	SUMO specific peptidase 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
35437622-1	2022	Virulence factor gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) of H. pylori consumes glutamine (Gln) in the stomach to decrease the tricarboxylic acid metabolite alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-kg) and alter the downstream regulation of alpha-kg as well as cellular biological characteristics.	Ketoglutaric Acids	148-167	gamma-glutamyltransferase light chain family member 3	Homo sapiens	44-47
35437622-1	2022	Virulence factor gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) of H. pylori consumes glutamine (Gln) in the stomach to decrease the tricarboxylic acid metabolite alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-kg) and alter the downstream regulation of alpha-kg as well as cellular biological characteristics.	Ketoglutaric Acids	169-177	gamma-glutamyltransferase light chain family member 3	Homo sapiens	44-47
35507647-0	2022	alpha-Ketoglutaric acid ameliorates hyperglycemia in diabetes by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis via serpina1e signaling.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-23	serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 1E	Mus musculus	104-113
35507647-1	2022	Previously, we found that alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) stimulates muscle hypertrophy and fat loss through 2-oxoglutarate receptor 1 (OXGR1).	Ketoglutaric Acids	26-49	oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) receptor 1	Mus musculus	107-132
35507647-1	2022	Previously, we found that alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) stimulates muscle hypertrophy and fat loss through 2-oxoglutarate receptor 1 (OXGR1).	Ketoglutaric Acids	26-49	oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) receptor 1	Mus musculus	134-139
35499760-2	2022	Through a metabolic synthetic lethal screen, we report here that alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) kills IDHWT GBM cells when BCAT1 protein is lost, which is reversed by re-expression of BCAT1 or supplementation with branched-chain alpha-ketoacids (BCKAs), downstream metabolic products of BCAT1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	65-84	branched chain amino acid transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	118-123
35499760-2	2022	Through a metabolic synthetic lethal screen, we report here that alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) kills IDHWT GBM cells when BCAT1 protein is lost, which is reversed by re-expression of BCAT1 or supplementation with branched-chain alpha-ketoacids (BCKAs), downstream metabolic products of BCAT1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	65-84	branched chain amino acid transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	179-184
35499760-2	2022	Through a metabolic synthetic lethal screen, we report here that alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) kills IDHWT GBM cells when BCAT1 protein is lost, which is reversed by re-expression of BCAT1 or supplementation with branched-chain alpha-ketoacids (BCKAs), downstream metabolic products of BCAT1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	65-84	branched chain amino acid transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	282-287
35499760-2	2022	Through a metabolic synthetic lethal screen, we report here that alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) kills IDHWT GBM cells when BCAT1 protein is lost, which is reversed by re-expression of BCAT1 or supplementation with branched-chain alpha-ketoacids (BCKAs), downstream metabolic products of BCAT1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	86-89	branched chain amino acid transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	118-123
35499760-2	2022	Through a metabolic synthetic lethal screen, we report here that alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) kills IDHWT GBM cells when BCAT1 protein is lost, which is reversed by re-expression of BCAT1 or supplementation with branched-chain alpha-ketoacids (BCKAs), downstream metabolic products of BCAT1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	86-89	branched chain amino acid transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	179-184
35499760-2	2022	Through a metabolic synthetic lethal screen, we report here that alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) kills IDHWT GBM cells when BCAT1 protein is lost, which is reversed by re-expression of BCAT1 or supplementation with branched-chain alpha-ketoacids (BCKAs), downstream metabolic products of BCAT1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	86-89	branched chain amino acid transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	282-287
35344214-0	2022	Maintenance of glutamine synthetase expression alleviates endotoxin-induced sepsis via alpha-ketoglutarate-mediated demethylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	87-106	glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase)	Mus musculus	15-35
35344214-4	2022	Mechanistically, TLR4/NF-kappaB-induced alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) depletion inhibits Glul expression through H3K27me3-mediated methylation in septic mice.	Ketoglutaric Acids	40-59	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	17-21
35344214-4	2022	Mechanistically, TLR4/NF-kappaB-induced alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) depletion inhibits Glul expression through H3K27me3-mediated methylation in septic mice.	Ketoglutaric Acids	40-59	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	22-31
35344214-4	2022	Mechanistically, TLR4/NF-kappaB-induced alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) depletion inhibits Glul expression through H3K27me3-mediated methylation in septic mice.	Ketoglutaric Acids	40-59	glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase)	Mus musculus	90-94
35344214-4	2022	Mechanistically, TLR4/NF-kappaB-induced alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) depletion inhibits Glul expression through H3K27me3-mediated methylation in septic mice.	Ketoglutaric Acids	61-69	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	17-21
35344214-4	2022	Mechanistically, TLR4/NF-kappaB-induced alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) depletion inhibits Glul expression through H3K27me3-mediated methylation in septic mice.	Ketoglutaric Acids	61-69	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	22-31
35344214-4	2022	Mechanistically, TLR4/NF-kappaB-induced alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) depletion inhibits Glul expression through H3K27me3-mediated methylation in septic mice.	Ketoglutaric Acids	61-69	glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase)	Mus musculus	90-94
35344214-5	2022	Both Glul overexpression with adeno-associated virus (AAV) and restoration by replenishing alpha-KG can alleviate the severity of sepsis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	91-99	glutamate-ammonia ligase	Homo sapiens	5-9
35445486-6	2022	The SJ 6-nFe3 O4 system performed the light reaction of photosynthesis as confirmed by the reduction of 1 mM NAD+ to 0.180 mM NADH upon exposure to visible light (Xe lamp lambda > 420 nm) for 1 h. The photochemical regeneration of NADH using the SJ 6-nFe3 O4 system was coupled to glutamate dehydrogenase-catalyzed conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to L-glutamate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	329-348	nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group F member 2	Homo sapiens	9-13
35514981-5	2022	Interestingly, of the nine metabolites identified in the TCA cycle, alpha-ketoglutaric acid (p = 0.004), a metabolite implicated in the activation of the mTOR complex, a modulator of HIV latency and regulator of several biological processes, was found to be a key metabolite in the persistent control.	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-91	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	154-158
35443173-3	2022	We find that IFNbeta simultaneously increased the expression of immune-responsive gene 1 and itaconate production while inhibiting isocitrate dehydrogenase activity and restricting alpha-ketoglutarate accumulation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	181-200	IFN1@	Homo sapiens	13-20
35443173-5	2022	Combined, we identify that IFNbeta controls the cellular alpha-ketoglutarate/succinate ratio.	Ketoglutaric Acids	57-76	IFN1@	Homo sapiens	27-34
35443173-6	2022	We show that by lowering the alpha-ketoglutarate/succinate ratio, IFNbeta potently blocks the JMJD3-IRF4-dependent pathway in GM-CSF and IL-4 activated macrophages.	Ketoglutaric Acids	29-48	IFN1@	Homo sapiens	66-73
35443173-6	2022	We show that by lowering the alpha-ketoglutarate/succinate ratio, IFNbeta potently blocks the JMJD3-IRF4-dependent pathway in GM-CSF and IL-4 activated macrophages.	Ketoglutaric Acids	29-48	lysine demethylase 6B	Homo sapiens	94-99
35443173-6	2022	We show that by lowering the alpha-ketoglutarate/succinate ratio, IFNbeta potently blocks the JMJD3-IRF4-dependent pathway in GM-CSF and IL-4 activated macrophages.	Ketoglutaric Acids	29-48	interferon regulatory factor 4	Homo sapiens	100-104
35443173-6	2022	We show that by lowering the alpha-ketoglutarate/succinate ratio, IFNbeta potently blocks the JMJD3-IRF4-dependent pathway in GM-CSF and IL-4 activated macrophages.	Ketoglutaric Acids	29-48	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	126-132
35443173-6	2022	We show that by lowering the alpha-ketoglutarate/succinate ratio, IFNbeta potently blocks the JMJD3-IRF4-dependent pathway in GM-CSF and IL-4 activated macrophages.	Ketoglutaric Acids	29-48	interleukin 4	Homo sapiens	137-141
35443173-7	2022	The suppressive effects of IFNbeta on JMJD3-IRF4-dependent responses, including M2 polarization and GM-CSF-induced inflammatory pain, were reversed by supplementation with alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	172-191	IFN1@	Homo sapiens	27-34
35443173-7	2022	The suppressive effects of IFNbeta on JMJD3-IRF4-dependent responses, including M2 polarization and GM-CSF-induced inflammatory pain, were reversed by supplementation with alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	172-191	lysine demethylase 6B	Homo sapiens	38-43
35443173-7	2022	The suppressive effects of IFNbeta on JMJD3-IRF4-dependent responses, including M2 polarization and GM-CSF-induced inflammatory pain, were reversed by supplementation with alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	172-191	interferon regulatory factor 4	Homo sapiens	44-48
35443173-7	2022	The suppressive effects of IFNbeta on JMJD3-IRF4-dependent responses, including M2 polarization and GM-CSF-induced inflammatory pain, were reversed by supplementation with alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	172-191	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	100-106
35443173-8	2022	These results reveal that IFNbeta modulates macrophage activation and polarization through control of the cellular alpha-ketoglutarate/succinate ratio.	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-134	IFN1@	Homo sapiens	26-33
35417703-0	2022	SENP1-Sirt3 signaling promotes alpha-ketoglutarate production during M2 macrophage polarization.	Ketoglutaric Acids	31-50	sirtuin 3	Homo sapiens	6-11
35417703-2	2022	Glutaminolysis promotes accumulation of alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), leading to Jumonji domain-containing protein D3 (Jmjd3)-dependent demethylation at H3K27me3 during M2 polarization of macrophages.	Ketoglutaric Acids	40-59	lysine demethylase 6B	Homo sapiens	82-118
35417703-2	2022	Glutaminolysis promotes accumulation of alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), leading to Jumonji domain-containing protein D3 (Jmjd3)-dependent demethylation at H3K27me3 during M2 polarization of macrophages.	Ketoglutaric Acids	40-59	lysine demethylase 6B	Homo sapiens	120-125
35237783-5	2022	shRNA-mediated inhibition of ASCT2 function in vitro can significantly decrease glutamine consumption, alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) production and ATP generation and increase the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level.	Ketoglutaric Acids	103-122	solute carrier family 1 member 5	Homo sapiens	29-34
34997181-3	2022	Here, we show that MYC transcriptionally activates IDH2 and increases alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) levels.	Ketoglutaric Acids	70-89	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	19-22
35237783-5	2022	shRNA-mediated inhibition of ASCT2 function in vitro can significantly decrease glutamine consumption, alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) production and ATP generation and increase the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level.	Ketoglutaric Acids	124-132	solute carrier family 1 member 5	Homo sapiens	29-34
35256775-4	2022	ITA binds to the same site on TET2 as the co-substrate alpha-ketoglutarate, inhibiting TET2 catalytic activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	55-74	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Mus musculus	30-34
35422810-7	2022	Co-expression network analysis showed that 13 urinary microbial metabolites (e.g., oxoglutaric acid) were significantly correlated with alterations of CD4+, CD3+, and CD8+ T-cells, as well as IFN-gamma, IL-2 and IL-4 levels, suggesting close interactions between microbial metabolites and host immune dysregulation in COVID-19.	Ketoglutaric Acids	83-99	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	151-154
35422810-7	2022	Co-expression network analysis showed that 13 urinary microbial metabolites (e.g., oxoglutaric acid) were significantly correlated with alterations of CD4+, CD3+, and CD8+ T-cells, as well as IFN-gamma, IL-2 and IL-4 levels, suggesting close interactions between microbial metabolites and host immune dysregulation in COVID-19.	Ketoglutaric Acids	83-99	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	167-170
35422810-7	2022	Co-expression network analysis showed that 13 urinary microbial metabolites (e.g., oxoglutaric acid) were significantly correlated with alterations of CD4+, CD3+, and CD8+ T-cells, as well as IFN-gamma, IL-2 and IL-4 levels, suggesting close interactions between microbial metabolites and host immune dysregulation in COVID-19.	Ketoglutaric Acids	83-99	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	192-201
35422810-7	2022	Co-expression network analysis showed that 13 urinary microbial metabolites (e.g., oxoglutaric acid) were significantly correlated with alterations of CD4+, CD3+, and CD8+ T-cells, as well as IFN-gamma, IL-2 and IL-4 levels, suggesting close interactions between microbial metabolites and host immune dysregulation in COVID-19.	Ketoglutaric Acids	83-99	interleukin 2	Homo sapiens	203-207
35422810-7	2022	Co-expression network analysis showed that 13 urinary microbial metabolites (e.g., oxoglutaric acid) were significantly correlated with alterations of CD4+, CD3+, and CD8+ T-cells, as well as IFN-gamma, IL-2 and IL-4 levels, suggesting close interactions between microbial metabolites and host immune dysregulation in COVID-19.	Ketoglutaric Acids	83-99	interleukin 4	Homo sapiens	212-216
35007759-2	2022	D2HGDH is an inducible enzyme that converts D2HG into the endogenous metabolite 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	80-94	D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-6
35228694-6	2022	Increased serine biosynthesis resulted in enhanced mitochondrial function and alpha-ketoglutarate production required for JMJD3-dependent epigenetic modification.	Ketoglutaric Acids	78-97	lysine demethylase 6B	Homo sapiens	122-127
35256775-4	2022	ITA binds to the same site on TET2 as the co-substrate alpha-ketoglutarate, inhibiting TET2 catalytic activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	55-74	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Mus musculus	87-91
2572417-15	1989	Oxoglutarate was recently shown to be taken up almost exclusively by perivenous glutamine-synthetase-containing hepatocytes [Stoll, B & Haussinger, D. (1989) Eur.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-12	glutamate-ammonia ligase	Rattus norvegicus	80-100
35267433-2	2022	IDH-mutated genes encode for a neomorphic enzyme that converts alpha-ketoglutarate to the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), which accumulates to high concentrations and alters cellular epigenetics and metabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	63-82	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
35098839-0	2022	Mutyh deficiency downregulates mitochondrial fusion proteins and causes cardiac dysfunction via alpha-ketoglutaric acid reduction with oxidative stress.	Ketoglutaric Acids	96-119	mutY DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	0-5
35098839-3	2022	Here we demonstrate that Mutyh deficiency alters mitochondrial structure and impairs mitochondrial function through downregulation of mitochondrial fusion protein Mfn2 and alteration of the ratio of L-Opa1/S-Opa1 accompanied by reduction of alpha-ketoglutaric acid (alpha-KG) under oxidative stress condition.	Ketoglutaric Acids	241-264	mutY DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	25-30
35098839-3	2022	Here we demonstrate that Mutyh deficiency alters mitochondrial structure and impairs mitochondrial function through downregulation of mitochondrial fusion protein Mfn2 and alteration of the ratio of L-Opa1/S-Opa1 accompanied by reduction of alpha-ketoglutaric acid (alpha-KG) under oxidative stress condition.	Ketoglutaric Acids	266-274	mutY DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	25-30
35098839-7	2022	The current study demonstrates the relationship among Mutyh deficiency-coupled oxidative stress, the altered expressions of Mfn2 and Opa1, and the mitochondrial dysfunction, in which an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, alpha-KG has a key regulatory role.	Ketoglutaric Acids	238-246	mitofusin 2	Homo sapiens	124-128
35098839-7	2022	The current study demonstrates the relationship among Mutyh deficiency-coupled oxidative stress, the altered expressions of Mfn2 and Opa1, and the mitochondrial dysfunction, in which an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, alpha-KG has a key regulatory role.	Ketoglutaric Acids	238-246	OPA1 mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase	Homo sapiens	133-137
35021150-5	2022	Importantly, UCA1 specifically bound to and facilitated the combination of hnRNP I/L to the promoter of glutamic pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2), an enzyme transferring glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate, resulting in upregulated expression of GPT2 and enhanced glutamine-derived carbons in the TCA cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	181-200	urothelial cancer associated 1	Homo sapiens	13-17
35021150-5	2022	Importantly, UCA1 specifically bound to and facilitated the combination of hnRNP I/L to the promoter of glutamic pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2), an enzyme transferring glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate, resulting in upregulated expression of GPT2 and enhanced glutamine-derived carbons in the TCA cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	181-200	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	104-136
35021150-5	2022	Importantly, UCA1 specifically bound to and facilitated the combination of hnRNP I/L to the promoter of glutamic pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2), an enzyme transferring glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate, resulting in upregulated expression of GPT2 and enhanced glutamine-derived carbons in the TCA cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	181-200	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	138-142
35021150-5	2022	Importantly, UCA1 specifically bound to and facilitated the combination of hnRNP I/L to the promoter of glutamic pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2), an enzyme transferring glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate, resulting in upregulated expression of GPT2 and enhanced glutamine-derived carbons in the TCA cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	181-200	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	241-245
34969844-1	2022	Deoxypodophyllotoxin contains a core of four fused rings (A to D) with three consecutive chiral centers, the last being created by the attachment of a peripheral trimethoxyphenyl ring (E) to ring C. Previous studies have suggested that the iron(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent (Fe/2OG) oxygenase, deoxypodophyllotoxin synthase (DPS), catalyzes the oxidative coupling of ring B and ring E to form ring C and complete the tetracyclic core.	Ketoglutaric Acids	254-268	decaprenyl diphosphate synthase subunit 1	Homo sapiens	299-328
34969844-1	2022	Deoxypodophyllotoxin contains a core of four fused rings (A to D) with three consecutive chiral centers, the last being created by the attachment of a peripheral trimethoxyphenyl ring (E) to ring C. Previous studies have suggested that the iron(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent (Fe/2OG) oxygenase, deoxypodophyllotoxin synthase (DPS), catalyzes the oxidative coupling of ring B and ring E to form ring C and complete the tetracyclic core.	Ketoglutaric Acids	254-268	decaprenyl diphosphate synthase subunit 1	Homo sapiens	330-333
2573605-5	1989	The Km values of the patients" GDH for alpha-ketoglutarate, glutamate, NADH, and NADPH were significantly increased as compared to GDH obtained from normal and neurologic control subjects.	Ketoglutaric Acids	39-58	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	31-34
2573605-5	1989	The Km values of the patients" GDH for alpha-ketoglutarate, glutamate, NADH, and NADPH were significantly increased as compared to GDH obtained from normal and neurologic control subjects.	Ketoglutaric Acids	39-58	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	131-134
2604038-1	1989	One-step and two-step assay methods were developed for general aminotransferases (ATs) utilizing Glu and alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) as the donor and acceptor of the amino group, by coupling a glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) reaction with the AT reactions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	105-124	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	196-219
2604038-1	1989	One-step and two-step assay methods were developed for general aminotransferases (ATs) utilizing Glu and alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) as the donor and acceptor of the amino group, by coupling a glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) reaction with the AT reactions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	105-124	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	221-224
2604038-1	1989	One-step and two-step assay methods were developed for general aminotransferases (ATs) utilizing Glu and alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) as the donor and acceptor of the amino group, by coupling a glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) reaction with the AT reactions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	126-134	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	196-219
2604038-1	1989	One-step and two-step assay methods were developed for general aminotransferases (ATs) utilizing Glu and alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) as the donor and acceptor of the amino group, by coupling a glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) reaction with the AT reactions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	126-134	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	221-224
2604038-2	1989	For instance, alpha-KG formed from Glu by AspAT is reduced and aminated back to Glu by GDH, which oxidizes NADPH corresponding to the amount of alpha-KG formed.	Ketoglutaric Acids	14-22	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	87-90
2604038-2	1989	For instance, alpha-KG formed from Glu by AspAT is reduced and aminated back to Glu by GDH, which oxidizes NADPH corresponding to the amount of alpha-KG formed.	Ketoglutaric Acids	144-152	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	87-90
2604038-6	1989	Next, the alpha-KG or Glu formed is determined fluorometrically in a GDH reaction.	Ketoglutaric Acids	10-18	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	69-72
2675639-8	1989	Organic anion (p-aminohippurate; PAH) uptake is driven by exchange for certain divalent organic anions, e.g., glutarate and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	124-143	phenylalanine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	33-36
2779524-2	1989	There was a marked reduction in the rate of urinary excretion of citrate, 2-oxoglutarate, and succinate within 4.5 hr of the administration of 24 mumol/kg Cd2+.	Ketoglutaric Acids	74-88	Cd2 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	155-158
2567236-1	1989	Vascular 2-oxoglutarate is almost exclusively taken up by perivenous, glutamine-synthetase-containing hepatocytes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	9-23	glutamate-ammonia ligase	Rattus norvegicus	70-90
2567236-18	1989	The data suggest that vascular oxoglutarate is almost exclusively taken up by the small perivenous hepatocyte population containing glutamine synthetase, i.e. a cell population comprising only 6-7% of all hepatocytes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	31-43	glutamate-ammonia ligase	Rattus norvegicus	132-152
2666264-2	1989	PEPC activity encoded by the cloned gene is not affected by acetyl-CoA under conditions where the E. coli enzyme is strongly activated, whereas acetyl-CoA is able to relieve inhibition by L-aspartate used singly or in combination with alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	235-254	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase	Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032	0-4
2564422-0	1989	Aspartate aminotransferase for synthesis of transmitter glutamate in the medulla oblongata: effect of aminooxyacetic acid and 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	126-140	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	0-26
2564422-1	1989	The effects of aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), a transaminase inhibitor, and 2-oxoglutarate, a precursor to glutamate by the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), on slices of rat medulla oblongata, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus were studied.	Ketoglutaric Acids	73-87	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	133-159
2564422-1	1989	The effects of aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), a transaminase inhibitor, and 2-oxoglutarate, a precursor to glutamate by the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), on slices of rat medulla oblongata, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus were studied.	Ketoglutaric Acids	73-87	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	161-164
3399966-2	1988	No indication of multiple copies of the gene was found, in accordance with previous evidence that LD in the pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes is genetically as well as biochemically identical.	Ketoglutaric Acids	118-137	dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	98-100
2643922-1	1989	Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) is the common component of the three alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes oxidizing pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and the branched-chain alpha-ketoacids.	Ketoglutaric Acids	132-151	dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-30
3210541-3	1988	The present study evaluated in rats the effects of four days administration of PTH and 21 days of chronic renal failure (CRF) with and without excess PTH on oxidation of alpha-ketoglutarate, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, LCFA and short chain fatty acids (SCFA).	Ketoglutaric Acids	170-189	parathyroid hormone	Rattus norvegicus	150-153
3210541-4	1988	PTH impaired oxidation of alpha-ketoglutarate, LCFA, SCFA, but not of beta-hydroxybutyric acid and reduced the activity of carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT).	Ketoglutaric Acids	26-45	parathyroid hormone	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
2465204-1	1988	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the synthesis of L-glutamate from 2-oxoglutarate and ammonia.	Ketoglutaric Acids	74-88	glutamate dehydrogenase	Escherichia coli	0-23
2465204-1	1988	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the synthesis of L-glutamate from 2-oxoglutarate and ammonia.	Ketoglutaric Acids	74-88	glutamate dehydrogenase	Escherichia coli	25-28
3177651-2	1988	However, when micromolar concentrations of glutaric acid or alpha-ketoglutaric acid were added in the presence of a out greater than in Na+ gradient, PAH uptake was accelerated greater than 20-fold and an overshoot of greater than fivefold was produced.	Ketoglutaric Acids	60-83	phenylalanine hydroxylase	Rattus norvegicus	150-153
3047128-14	1988	Malate could decrease and alanine could increase insulin release because malate increases the generation of alpha-ketoglutarate in islet mitochondria via the combined malate dehydrogenase-aspartate aminotransferase reaction, and alanine could decrease the level of alpha-ketoglutarate via the alanine transaminase reaction.	Ketoglutaric Acids	108-127	malic enzyme 1	Homo sapiens	167-187
2899080-0	1988	Regulation of malate dehydrogenase activity by glutamate, citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and multienzyme interaction.	Ketoglutaric Acids	67-86	malic enzyme 2	Homo sapiens	14-34
2899080-4	1988	The conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate could also be facilitated because in the trienzyme complex, oxalacetate might be directly transferred from malate dehydrogenase to the aminotransferase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	31-50	malic enzyme 2	Homo sapiens	158-178
2899080-6	1988	The potential ability of the aminotransferase to transfer directly alpha-ketoglutarate to the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in this multienzyme system plus the ability of succinyl-CoA, a product of this transfer, to inhibit citrate synthase could play a role in preventing alpha-ketoglutarate and citrate from accumulating in high levels.	Ketoglutaric Acids	67-86	citrate synthase	Homo sapiens	236-252
2899080-6	1988	The potential ability of the aminotransferase to transfer directly alpha-ketoglutarate to the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in this multienzyme system plus the ability of succinyl-CoA, a product of this transfer, to inhibit citrate synthase could play a role in preventing alpha-ketoglutarate and citrate from accumulating in high levels.	Ketoglutaric Acids	94-113	citrate synthase	Homo sapiens	236-252
2899080-7	1988	This would maintain the catalytic activity of the multienzyme system because alpha-ketoglutarate and citrate allosterically inhibit malate dehydrogenase and dissociate this enzyme from the multienzyme system.	Ketoglutaric Acids	77-96	malic enzyme 2	Homo sapiens	132-152
3036081-13	1987	The data also suggest that the 2-oxoglutarate-binding site of the enzyme is located within the alpha-subunit.	Ketoglutaric Acids	31-45	ovomucin, alpha subunit	Gallus gallus	95-108
3372020-3	1988	Several salts of organic acids, including pyruvate, succinate, fumarate, citrate, malate, and alpha-ketoglutarate, were also chemoattractants, as were bile (beef, chicken, and oxgall) and mucin (bovine gallbladder and hog gastric).	Ketoglutaric Acids	94-113	mucin 2, oligomeric mucus/gel-forming	Gallus gallus	188-193
3378057-1	1988	Interaction of rat liver gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.1) with various ligands was studied by following the decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate, formation of L-carnitine, or both.	Ketoglutaric Acids	141-160	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	25-56
3378057-2	1988	Potassium ion stimulates rat liver gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase catalyzed L-carnitine synthesis and alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylation by 630% and 240%, respectively, and optimizes the coupling efficiency of these two activities.	Ketoglutaric Acids	103-122	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	35-66
3378057-4	1988	gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase catalyzed decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate was dependent on the presence of gamma-butyrobetaine, L-carnitine, or D-carnitine in the reaction and exhibited Km(app) values of 29, 52, and 470 microM, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	61-80	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-31
3276685-12	1988	This parallel loss of binding affinities for oxaloacetate and alpha-ketoglutarate, in two mutants altered in residues at the active site of E. coli citrate synthase, strongly suggests that inhibition of this enzyme by alpha-ketoglutarate is not allosteric but occurs by competitive inhibition at the active site.	Ketoglutaric Acids	62-81	citrate synthase	Sus scrofa	148-164
3276685-12	1988	This parallel loss of binding affinities for oxaloacetate and alpha-ketoglutarate, in two mutants altered in residues at the active site of E. coli citrate synthase, strongly suggests that inhibition of this enzyme by alpha-ketoglutarate is not allosteric but occurs by competitive inhibition at the active site.	Ketoglutaric Acids	218-237	citrate synthase	Sus scrofa	148-164
3521757-0	1986	2-ketoglutarate generation in pancreatic B-cell mitochondria regulates insulin secretory action of amino acids and 2-keto acids.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-15	insulin	Homo sapiens	71-78
3559915-0	1987	Effect of copper sulphate on alpha-ketoglutarate metabolism in the digestive gland of the snail host, Lymnaealuteola.	Ketoglutaric Acids	29-48	snail family transcriptional repressor 1	Homo sapiens	90-95
3766745-6	1986	Bypassing these metabolic blockades with L-lactate, pyruvate, or alpha-ketoglutarate stimulated renal oxidative metabolism and increased hypoxic damage to mTAL.	Ketoglutaric Acids	65-84	talipes	Mus musculus	155-159
3521757-6	1986	Thus intramitochondrial 2-ketoglutarate generation in pancreatic B-cells may regulate the insulin secretory potency of amino acids and 2-keto acids.	Ketoglutaric Acids	24-39	insulin	Homo sapiens	90-97
2864344-4	1985	Since B-cell mitochondria are well supplied with L-glutamate and L-glutamine, 2-ketoglutarate generation in the presence of these two neutral 2-keto acids may be an important prerequisite for their insulin secretory potency.	Ketoglutaric Acids	78-93	insulin	Homo sapiens	198-205
2414042-1	1985	Combined deficiency of the pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate and branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase complexes is a rare condition in which activity of lipoamide dehydrogenase is either reduced or grossly deficient.	Ketoglutaric Acids	37-56	dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	151-174
4067516-2	1985	For the continuous determination of adenosine deaminase, the liberated ammonia is estimated by coupling the liberated NH3 with 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	127-141	adenosine deaminase	Homo sapiens	36-55
3908446-1	1985	A sequential reaction was suggested for the conversion of L-alloisocitrate to alpha-oxoglutarate by an enzyme complex of L-alloisocitrate dehydrogenase and oxalosuccinate decarboxylase from Pseudomonas strain No.	Ketoglutaric Acids	78-96	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	156-184
3908446-5	1985	The data suggested that enol form of alpha-oxoglutarate was involved as an intermediate in decarboxylation of oxalosuccinate by oxalosuccinate decarboxylase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	37-55	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	128-156
2863327-4	1985	Brain slices incubated with labelled glutamate and nonradioactive GHB generated labelled 2-oxoglutarate, suggesting that gamma-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate transaminase (GABA-T) is involved in catalyzing this reaction.	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-103	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase	Homo sapiens	121-168
4029149-2	1985	ATP also caused a simultaneous decrease in the cell content of oxoglutarate; together with the increased flux this is consistent with an activation of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	63-75	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	151-177
2863327-4	1985	Brain slices incubated with labelled glutamate and nonradioactive GHB generated labelled 2-oxoglutarate, suggesting that gamma-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate transaminase (GABA-T) is involved in catalyzing this reaction.	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-103	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase	Homo sapiens	170-176
2863327-5	1985	Furthermore, specific inhibitors of GABA-T blocked the production of labelled GABA from labelled GHB and of labelled 2-oxoglutarate from labelled glutamate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	117-131	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase	Homo sapiens	36-42
4074790-2	1985	The increase in the intracellular concentrations of isocitrate and alpha-ketoglutarate with a simultaneous decrease of malate in the liver of vitamin-deficient rats points to the inhibition of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase responsible for the anomalous metabolism under conditions of thiamine deficiency.	Ketoglutaric Acids	67-86	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	193-226
2861809-10	1985	The amount of glutamate formed by phosphate-dependent glutaminase which entered the citric acid cycle was enhanced 5-fold in the proliferating cells: 76% was converted into 2-oxoglutarate by aspartate aminotransferase, present in high activity, and the remaining 24% by glutamate dehydrogenase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	173-187	glutaminase	Canis lupus familiaris	54-65
2861809-10	1985	The amount of glutamate formed by phosphate-dependent glutaminase which entered the citric acid cycle was enhanced 5-fold in the proliferating cells: 76% was converted into 2-oxoglutarate by aspartate aminotransferase, present in high activity, and the remaining 24% by glutamate dehydrogenase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	173-187	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	191-217
3919705-5	1985	(1) In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, vasopressin caused a stimulation of gluconeogenesis and a decrease in cell oxoglutarate content that were markedly transient when compared with the effects in the presence of Ca2+.	Ketoglutaric Acids	117-129	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	42-53
3884090-1	1985	Pyruvate carboxylase is the predominant anaplerotic enzyme in CNS tissues, and thus provides for net utilization of glucose to generate citric acid cycle intermediates such as alpha-ketoglutarate and malate for replenishment of the neurotransmitter pools of glutamate, GABA and aspartate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	176-195	pyruvate carboxylase	Homo sapiens	0-20
7165729-14	1982	Enzymes possibly involved in the pathway of glutamine oxidation were measured in lymphocytes, which suggests that an aminotransferase reaction(s) (probably aspartate aminotransferase) is important in the conversion of glutamate into oxoglutarate rather than glutamate dehydrogenase, and that the maximum activity of glutaminase is markedly in excess of the rate of glutamine utilization by incubated lymphocytes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	233-245	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	156-182
16663940-1	1984	The amination of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) by NADH-glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) obtained from Sephadex G-75 treated crude extracts from shoots of 5-day-old seedlings was stimulated by the addition of Ca(2+).	Ketoglutaric Acids	17-36	glutamate dehydrogenase	Zea mays	51-79
16663940-1	1984	The amination of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) by NADH-glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) obtained from Sephadex G-75 treated crude extracts from shoots of 5-day-old seedlings was stimulated by the addition of Ca(2+).	Ketoglutaric Acids	17-36	glutamate dehydrogenase	Zea mays	81-84
16663940-1	1984	The amination of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) by NADH-glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) obtained from Sephadex G-75 treated crude extracts from shoots of 5-day-old seedlings was stimulated by the addition of Ca(2+).	Ketoglutaric Acids	38-46	glutamate dehydrogenase	Zea mays	51-79
16663940-1	1984	The amination of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) by NADH-glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) obtained from Sephadex G-75 treated crude extracts from shoots of 5-day-old seedlings was stimulated by the addition of Ca(2+).	Ketoglutaric Acids	38-46	glutamate dehydrogenase	Zea mays	81-84
6466296-2	1984	The method is based on the quantitative conversion of gamma-butyrobetaine into carnitine by using a 50-60%-satd.-(NH4)2SO4 fraction of rat liver supernatant as the source of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase [4-trimethylaminobutyrate,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.11.1]; the carnitine formed is then measured enzymically.	Ketoglutaric Acids	232-246	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	174-205
6326839-1	1984	In the absence of a peptidylproline substrate, the oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate by prolyl 4-hydroxylase (prolyl-glycyl-peptide,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.11.2) is stoicheiometrically coupled to the oxidation of ascorbate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	80-94	thioredoxin reductase 1	Homo sapiens	164-178
6428486-1	1984	Replacement of unlabeled gamma-butyrobetaine with gamma-[2,3,4-2H6]butyrobetaine has a profound effect on the stoichiometry between decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate and hydroxylation in the reaction catalyzed by human gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	151-165	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	219-250
6425075-5	1984	Unlike rat liver enzyme, brain ornithine aminotransferase was able to catalyze the reaction between L-lysine and 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	113-127	ornithine aminotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	31-57
6462326-4	1984	2-oxoglutarate was the preferred amino acceptor substrate for OAT activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-14	ornithine aminotransferase	Homo sapiens	62-65
6462326-5	1984	In rat retina the activities of OAT with glyoxalate, beta-hydroxypyruvate, pyruvate, and oxaloacetate were 51, 44, 30, and 30% of that of 2-oxoglutarate respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	138-152	ornithine aminotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	32-35
6142039-5	1984	Since B-cell mitochondria are well supplied with L-glutamine and L-glutamate, 3-phenylpyruvate-induced 2-ketoglutarate production may explain the insulin secretory potency of 3-phenylpyruvate which is not a fuel for pancreatic islet cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	103-118	insulin	Homo sapiens	146-153
6141793-6	1984	(3) Coincident with these changes in gluconeogenesis, vasopressin caused a decrease in cell oxoglutarate concentration, which, in contrast with the decrease caused by glucagon, was greater, but not sustained unless glucagon was also present.	Ketoglutaric Acids	92-104	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	54-65
7126703-5	1982	In the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate and its active analog, alpha-ketoadipate, two SH-groups of the enzymes, the most and the least reactive ones, become inaccessible to the action of DTNB but the titrated by a 30-100-fold molar excess of pCMB.	Ketoglutaric Acids	19-38	dystrobrevin beta	Homo sapiens	186-190
6215947-1	1982	Different [7-3H]thymine preparations have been used to determine the inter- and intramolecular isotope effects of the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent thymine hydroxylation, catalyzed by thymine 7-hydroxylase (thymine, 2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.11.6).	Ketoglutaric Acids	118-132	thioredoxin reductase 1	Homo sapiens	233-247
6213271-1	1982	The uncoupling of 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylation from hydroxylation in the reaction catalyzed by thymine 7-hydroxylase (thymine, 2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (7-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.11.6) in the presence of 5-fluorouracil has been studied.	Ketoglutaric Acids	18-32	thioredoxin reductase 1	Homo sapiens	151-165
6751975-5	1982	The islet homogenate catalyzes the transamination between L-glutamate and either 2-ketoisocaproate or pyruvate, and between 2-ketoglutarate and L-leucine, L-aspartate, L-alanine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-norvaline or L-norleucine, but not b (+/-) BCH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	124-139	chimerin 2	Homo sapiens	248-251
6285983-2	1982	Treatment of prolyl 4-hydroxylase (prolyl-glycyl-peptide, 2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.11.2) with 2-oxoglutarate in the absence of added Fe2+ for 10 s causes partial inactivation of the enzyme which is not reversed by subsequent addition of Fe2+.	Ketoglutaric Acids	58-72	thioredoxin reductase 1	Homo sapiens	80-94
173744-9	1976	Wild type and mutant enzymes had the same apparent Km for alpha-keto-glutarate (20 muM).	Ketoglutaric Acids	58-78	latexin	Homo sapiens	83-86
7131097-1	1982	In the preceding paper, we found that branched chain alpha-keto acids, alpha-ketoglutarate and pyruvate were inhibitory to kynurenine 3-hydroxylase [EC 1.14.1.2] from Saccharomyces (Shin, M. et al.	Ketoglutaric Acids	71-90	kynurenine 3-monooxygenase	Rattus norvegicus	123-147
7332866-8	1981	The increased levels of alpha-ketoglutarate and of glutamate are considered to be a consequence of a primary change in the activity of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	24-43	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	135-168
6117857-2	1981	In intact islets, BCH increased the islet content or output of NH4+, 2-ketoglutarate, malate, pyruvate, and alanine.	Ketoglutaric Acids	69-84	chimerin 2	Homo sapiens	18-21
7227978-3	1981	The data suggest that the malate-aspartate shuttle is triggered by a decrease in the cytosolic oxaloacetate concentration which, due to the cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase equilibrium, leads to an increased efflux of 2-oxoglutarate and aspartate from the mitochondria in exchange for malate and glutamate, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	222-236	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	140-176
6260196-2	1981	Incubation in the presence of 2-oxoglutarate and oxygen inactivates prolyl 4-hydroxylase (prolyl-glycyl-peptide, 2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.11.2), with a t 1/2 of 80 s at 37 degrees C. This inactivation is not affected by the presence or absence of the prolyl peptide substrate or added Fe(II).	Ketoglutaric Acids	30-44	thioredoxin reductase 1	Homo sapiens	135-149
7208146-1	1980	Metabolic observations during early stages of hyperammonemia in two infants with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency suggest that plasma alpha-ketoglutarate concentration ([alpha-KG]) becomes subnormal before the development of hyperammonemic coma.	Ketoglutaric Acids	139-158	ornithine transcarbamylase	Homo sapiens	81-107
7464825-7	1980	At a fixed alpha-ketoglutarate concentration (50 microM), removal of Ca2+ reduced the activity of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex by 8.5-fold (due to an increase in S0.5 for alpha-ketoglutarate) and, in the presence of different NADH:NAD+ ratios, decreased the activity of the complex by 50 to 100-fold.	Ketoglutaric Acids	11-30	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase	Bos taurus	102-135
454678-2	1979	Angiotensin II increased glucose formation from pyruvate, lactate, and to a lesser extent from oxoglutarate and glutamine, but not from other substrates such as malate, succinate, dihydroxyacetone or fructose.	Ketoglutaric Acids	95-107	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	0-14
38020-6	1979	11, 421 (1973)] of the Kirstein reaction, which depends on the catalytic amination of alpha-ketoglutarate by the action of glutamate dehydrogenase with NADPH as the cofactor instead of NADH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	86-105	2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1	Homo sapiens	152-157
35582-6	1979	Glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase increased respectively to 1.50 and 1.33, and the changes in glutamate and aspartate levels were respectively 1.68 and 0.92; this indicates that the metabolic route: 2-oxoglutarate leads to glutamate leads to glutamine is increased, and thereby compensates for the low rate of urea formation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	214-228	glutamate-ammonia ligase	Rattus norvegicus	28-48
35156-9	1979	Cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase showed substrate inhibition by concentrations of 2-oxoglutarate above 0.25 mM in the presence of aspartate up to 2mM.	Ketoglutaric Acids	88-102	aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Ovis aries	12-38
435278-18	1979	The decreases in the concentrations of citrate and alpha-oxoglutarate indicate that isocitrate dehydrogenase and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase may be stimulated by factors other than their pathway substrates during the early stages of flight.	Ketoglutaric Acids	51-69	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	113-139
121007-4	1979	Citrate synthase of both organisms showed low sensitivity to 2-oxoglutarate, NADH and ATP.	Ketoglutaric Acids	61-75	citrate synthase	Homo sapiens	0-16
213275-1	1978	The preceding paper in this journal has reported that pyruvate could be substituted for 2-oxo-glutarate as a substrate of saccharopine dehydrogenase [epsilon-N-(L-glutaryl-2)-L-lysine:NAD oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming) in the direction of reductive condensation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	88-103	hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 6	Homo sapiens	188-202
31328-4	1978	Tyrosine aminotransferase purified by this method was shown to be specific for 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	79-93	tyrosine aminotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-25
30795037-1	1978	The interaction between 1-tryptophan and a-ketoglutaric acid (a-KGA), first reported by Chu and Clydesdale (1,2), was used as the basis for development of a method for estimation of tryptophan content.	Ketoglutaric Acids	41-60	potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 3	Homo sapiens	64-67
24309-4	1977	Enzyme activities are based on the formation of oxaloacetate (GOT) or pyruvate (GPT) from aspartic acid and alanine respectively with oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	134-146	alanine aminotransferase 1	Sus scrofa	80-83
1003346-10	1976	There is an active glutamate dehydrogenase which could compete with alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase for the common substrate (alpha-ketoglutarate).	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	glutamate dehydrogenase	Leishmania donovani	19-42
15643-6	1976	However, the catode isoenzyme of TAT possesses a higher affinity for alpha-ketoglutarate than does the anode isoenzyme.	Ketoglutaric Acids	69-88	tyrosine aminotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	33-36
11196-3	1976	Progress curves were determined before and after incubation of the enzyme with PLP in the presence of saturating concentrations of alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonium ion, at pH 7.4 and 25 degrees C. The data were fitted to the integrated Michaelis-Menten equation and an inhibition model derived.	Ketoglutaric Acids	131-150	proteolipid protein 1	Bos taurus	79-82
938666-4	1976	Acid-labile amide-bound ammonia of elastin was quantitated after hydrolysis of the insoluble protein with 2 M HC1 by incubating aliquots of microdistilled hydrolysates with glutamate dehydrogenase, excess alpha-ketoglutarate, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and measuring the resultant decrease in A340 due to oxidation of the dinucleotide cofactor.	Ketoglutaric Acids	205-224	elastin	Homo sapiens	35-42
933878-1	1976	Bacteria utilizing synthetic lactams and omega-amino acids contain enzymes involved in transamination of epsilon-aminocaproic, zeta-aminoenanthic, eta-aminocaprilic acids with alpha-ketoglutaric acid.	Ketoglutaric Acids	176-199	endothelin receptor type A	Homo sapiens	128-131
173744-10	1976	The properties of prolyl hydroxylase in wild type and mutant cells were identical: apparent Km"s for ascorbate and alpha-ketoglutarate were 100 muM and 20 muM, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-134	latexin	Homo sapiens	144-147
173744-10	1976	The properties of prolyl hydroxylase in wild type and mutant cells were identical: apparent Km"s for ascorbate and alpha-ketoglutarate were 100 muM and 20 muM, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-134	latexin	Homo sapiens	155-158
241744-8	1975	The Michaelis constants of glutamate dehydrogenase are 1,100,640, and 40 muM for ammonia, 2-oxoglutarate, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-104	glutamate dehydrogenase	Escherichia coli	27-50
1038-0	1975	Beef liver L-Glutamate dehydrogenase mechanism: presteady state study of the catalytic reduction of 2.oxoglutarate by NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	100-114	2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1	Homo sapiens	118-123
1213990-5	1975	Incubation of mitochondria with sulfate and alpha-ketoglutaric acid caused a significant decrease in rhodanese activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	44-67	thiosulfate sulfurtransferase	Rattus norvegicus	101-110
175244-5	1975	During oxidation of succinate (citrate, malate or alpha-ketoglutarate) by the cells with ER close to zero, reduction of cytochrome c takes place only some time after the beginning of oxygen uptake.	Ketoglutaric Acids	50-69	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	120-132
832-2	1975	When adding various concentrations of a-ketoglutaric acid into the incubation medium the differences are registered in the degree and character of the age changes in brain glutamine synthetase activity in comparison with this enzyme form the liver.	Ketoglutaric Acids	38-57	glutamate-ammonia ligase	Rattus norvegicus	172-192
5279520-0	1971	Regulation of rat liver glutamine synthetase: activation by alpha-ketoglutarate and inhibition by glycine, alanine, and carbamyl phosphate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	60-79	glutamate-ammonia ligase	Rattus norvegicus	24-44
5449122-30	1970	It is proposed that the tricarboxylate cycle may operate as two spans: acetyl-CoA-->2-oxoglutarate, controlled by citrate synthase, and 2-oxoglutarate-->oxaloacetate, controlled by 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase; a scheme for cycle control during acetate oxidation is outlined.	Ketoglutaric Acids	87-101	citrate synthase	Rattus norvegicus	117-133
11947025-0	1969	Regulation of citrate synthase activity by alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	43-62	citrate synthase	Homo sapiens	14-30
4387233-4	1968	Both dehydrogenation of alpha-ketoglutarate and was reversed by added catalase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	24-43	catalase	Homo sapiens	70-78
6048797-9	1967	Aspartate aminotransferase in these preparations also aided in the removal of alpha-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	78-96	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	0-26
16742506-16	1967	C-2 of glyoxylate and C-5 of 2-oxoglutarate do not appear as carbon dioxide.	Ketoglutaric Acids	29-43	complement C2	Sus scrofa	0-3
173299-0	1975	Regulation of citrate synthase activity in methylotrophs by reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide, adenine nucleotides and 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	127-141	citrate synthase	Homo sapiens	14-30
13941714-0	1963	[Action of human STH on blood phosphorus, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, alpha-ketoglutaric acid and ATP in man].	Ketoglutaric Acids	69-92	saitohin	Homo sapiens	17-20
13525672-8	1958	Sodium extrusion was also blocked by high concentrations of 2-methyl-1,4-napthaquinone 8-sulfonic acid and by alpha-ketoglutarate, which are known to inhibit choline acetylase in vitro.	Ketoglutaric Acids	110-129	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	158-175
13386969-0	1957	Comparative effects of insulin and orinase on blood levels of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate in normal subjects.	Ketoglutaric Acids	75-94	insulin	Homo sapiens	23-30
13408523-0	1956	[Action of cytochrome c on modifications of blood levels of pyruvic acid and alpha-ketoglutaric acids after glucose load in liver disease].	Ketoglutaric Acids	77-101	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	11-23
14796654-0	1950	Phosphorylation coupled with the reduction of cytochrome C by alpha-ketoglutarate in heart muscle granules.	Ketoglutaric Acids	62-81	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	46-58
18139826-0	1949	Reversal of insulin-induced hypoglycemia in chick embryos by nicotinamide and alpha-ketoglutaric acid.	Ketoglutaric Acids	78-101	insulin	Gallus gallus	12-19
18121534-0	1948	The effect of nicotinamide and alpha-ketoglutaric acid on the teratogenic action of insulin.	Ketoglutaric Acids	31-54	insulin	Homo sapiens	84-91
16742506-16	1967	C-2 of glyoxylate and C-5 of 2-oxoglutarate do not appear as carbon dioxide.	Ketoglutaric Acids	29-43	complement C5	Sus scrofa	22-25
34048880-1	2021	Jumonji-C (JmjC) domain-containing 7 (JMJD7), which is a 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenase, has been demonstrated to play an important role in the occurrence and development of a number of diseases, particularly cancer.	Ketoglutaric Acids	57-71	jumonji domain containing 7	Homo sapiens	38-43
33421122-1	2021	INTRODUCTION: Mammalian glutamate dehydrogenase (hGDH1 in human cells) interconverts glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia while reducing NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. During primate evolution, humans and great apes have acquired hGDH2, an isoenzyme that underwent rapid evolutionary adaptation concomitantly with brain expansion, thereby acquiring unique catalytic and regulatory properties that permitted its function under conditions inhibitory to its ancestor hGDH1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	98-117	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	49-54
34012073-0	2021	The metabolite alpha-KG induces GSDMC-dependent pyroptosis through death receptor 6-activated caspase-8.	Ketoglutaric Acids	15-23	gasdermin C	Mus musculus	32-37
34012073-0	2021	The metabolite alpha-KG induces GSDMC-dependent pyroptosis through death receptor 6-activated caspase-8.	Ketoglutaric Acids	15-23	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 21	Mus musculus	67-83
34012073-0	2021	The metabolite alpha-KG induces GSDMC-dependent pyroptosis through death receptor 6-activated caspase-8.	Ketoglutaric Acids	15-23	caspase 8	Mus musculus	94-103
34012073-2	2021	Herein, we demonstrate that the metabolite alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) induces pyroptosis through caspase-8-mediated cleavage of GSDMC.	Ketoglutaric Acids	43-62	caspase 8	Mus musculus	101-110
34012073-2	2021	Herein, we demonstrate that the metabolite alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) induces pyroptosis through caspase-8-mediated cleavage of GSDMC.	Ketoglutaric Acids	43-62	gasdermin C	Mus musculus	132-137
34012073-2	2021	Herein, we demonstrate that the metabolite alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) induces pyroptosis through caspase-8-mediated cleavage of GSDMC.	Ketoglutaric Acids	64-72	caspase 8	Mus musculus	101-110
34012073-2	2021	Herein, we demonstrate that the metabolite alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) induces pyroptosis through caspase-8-mediated cleavage of GSDMC.	Ketoglutaric Acids	64-72	gasdermin C	Mus musculus	132-137
33986176-5	2021	Upon tif1gamma loss, CoQ levels are reduced, and a high succinate/alpha-ketoglutarate ratio leads to increased histone methylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	66-85	tripartite motif containing 33	Danio rerio	5-14
33982420-1	2021	Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase enzymes 1 and 2 (mIDH1/2) are reported to competitively trigger the conversion of alpha ketoglutarate (alphaKG) in the presence of NADPH, into 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), an oncogenic stimulator.	Ketoglutaric Acids	114-133	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	49-56
33982576-3	2021	Decreased BCAA levels in liver cirrhosis are due to increased use of the BCAA as a donor of amino group to alpha-ketoglutarate for synthesis of glutamate, which in muscles acts as a substrate for ammonia detoxification to glutamine.	Ketoglutaric Acids	107-126	AT-rich interaction domain 4B	Homo sapiens	10-14
33982576-3	2021	Decreased BCAA levels in liver cirrhosis are due to increased use of the BCAA as a donor of amino group to alpha-ketoglutarate for synthesis of glutamate, which in muscles acts as a substrate for ammonia detoxification to glutamine.	Ketoglutaric Acids	107-126	AT-rich interaction domain 4B	Homo sapiens	73-77
33982576-5	2021	Decreased glycolysis and citric cycle activity impair BCAA transamination to branched-chain keto acids (BCKAs) due to decreased supply of amino group acceptors (alpha-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, and oxaloacetate); increased fatty acid oxidation inhibits flux of BCKA through BCKA dehydrogenase due to increased supply of NADH and acyl-CoAs.	Ketoglutaric Acids	161-180	AT-rich interaction domain 4B	Homo sapiens	54-58
33986196-5	2021	miR-9-5p targeted IDH3alpha and reduced alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) levels to stabilize HIF-1alpha, which promoted glycolysis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	40-59	microRNA 95	Homo sapiens	0-8
33986196-5	2021	miR-9-5p targeted IDH3alpha and reduced alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) levels to stabilize HIF-1alpha, which promoted glycolysis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	61-69	microRNA 95	Homo sapiens	0-8
33367952-8	2021	This was concomitant with better prognosis indicating a differential metabolic reliance between these two subtypes, in which enhanced expression of IDH1 may replenish the alpha-ketoglutarate pool in cells with increased hBCATm expression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	171-190	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	148-152
32740973-7	2021	CCA cells were challenged with alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and dimethyl-alpha-KG (DM-alpha-KG) which are co-substrates for TET1 dioxygenase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	31-50	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	126-130
33421122-1	2021	INTRODUCTION: Mammalian glutamate dehydrogenase (hGDH1 in human cells) interconverts glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia while reducing NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. During primate evolution, humans and great apes have acquired hGDH2, an isoenzyme that underwent rapid evolutionary adaptation concomitantly with brain expansion, thereby acquiring unique catalytic and regulatory properties that permitted its function under conditions inhibitory to its ancestor hGDH1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	98-117	glutamate dehydrogenase 2	Homo sapiens	226-231
33421122-1	2021	INTRODUCTION: Mammalian glutamate dehydrogenase (hGDH1 in human cells) interconverts glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia while reducing NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. During primate evolution, humans and great apes have acquired hGDH2, an isoenzyme that underwent rapid evolutionary adaptation concomitantly with brain expansion, thereby acquiring unique catalytic and regulatory properties that permitted its function under conditions inhibitory to its ancestor hGDH1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	98-117	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	460-465
33981605-1	2021	Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is a key metabolic enzyme catalyzing the interconversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	105-124	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-24
33981605-1	2021	Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is a key metabolic enzyme catalyzing the interconversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	105-124	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	26-29
33981605-1	2021	Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is a key metabolic enzyme catalyzing the interconversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	126-134	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-24
33981605-1	2021	Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is a key metabolic enzyme catalyzing the interconversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	126-134	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	26-29
33981605-2	2021	Mutations in IDH lead to loss of normal enzymatic activity and gain of neomorphic activity that irreversibly converts alpha-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), which can competitively inhibit a-KG-dependent enzymes, subsequently induces cell metabolic reprograming, inhibits cell differentiation, and initiates cell tumorigenesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	118-126	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	13-16
33863801-8	2021	L-Theanine increased the alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) level in adipocytes, which may increase the transcription of Prdm16 by inducing active DNA demethylation on its promoter.	Ketoglutaric Acids	25-44	PR domain containing 16	Mus musculus	117-123
33887099-1	2021	Aspartate/asparagine-beta-hydroxylase (AspH) is a human 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and Fe(II) oxygenase that catalyzes C3 hydroxylations of aspartate/asparagine residues of epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGFDs).	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-70	aspartate beta-hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	39-43
33921788-4	2021	Both PHP and alpha-ketoglutarate were efficiently reduced by hPHGDH and NADH in the reverse direction, indicating substrate competition under physiological conditions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	13-32	phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	61-67
33863801-8	2021	L-Theanine increased the alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) level in adipocytes, which may increase the transcription of Prdm16 by inducing active DNA demethylation on its promoter.	Ketoglutaric Acids	46-54	PR domain containing 16	Mus musculus	117-123
33897761-3	2021	In particular, certain types of ALKBH enzymes are dioxygenases that directly reverse DNA methylation damage via transfer of a methyl group from the DNA adduct onto alpha-ketoglutarate and release of metabolic products including succinate and formaldehyde.	Ketoglutaric Acids	164-183	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	32-37
33578097-12	2021	Ni(II) also significantly decreased the protein expression of IDH1 and the synthesis rate of NAPDH, which competitively inhibited alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) generation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	130-149	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	62-66
33578097-12	2021	Ni(II) also significantly decreased the protein expression of IDH1 and the synthesis rate of NAPDH, which competitively inhibited alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) generation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	151-159	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	62-66
33321098-3	2021	Molecular or pharmacologic suppression of isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 (IDH2), which catalyzes reductive carboxylation of 2-ketoglutarate to isocitrate, results in impairment of glucose- and Gln + BCH-stimulated reductive TCA cycle flux, lowering of NADPH levels, and inhibition of insulin secretion.	Ketoglutaric Acids	120-135	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Rattus norvegicus	42-68
33321098-3	2021	Molecular or pharmacologic suppression of isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 (IDH2), which catalyzes reductive carboxylation of 2-ketoglutarate to isocitrate, results in impairment of glucose- and Gln + BCH-stimulated reductive TCA cycle flux, lowering of NADPH levels, and inhibition of insulin secretion.	Ketoglutaric Acids	120-135	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Rattus norvegicus	70-74
33868388-12	2021	Thus, a p53/p21-dependent change in partitioning of the glutamate conversion to 2-oxoglutarate through GOT2 or GDH, linked to NAD(P)-dependent metabolism of 2-oxoglutarate in affiliated pathways, adapts A549 cells to thiamine deficiency or cisplatin treatment.	Ketoglutaric Acids	80-94	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	8-11
33868388-12	2021	Thus, a p53/p21-dependent change in partitioning of the glutamate conversion to 2-oxoglutarate through GOT2 or GDH, linked to NAD(P)-dependent metabolism of 2-oxoglutarate in affiliated pathways, adapts A549 cells to thiamine deficiency or cisplatin treatment.	Ketoglutaric Acids	80-94	H3 histone pseudogene 16	Homo sapiens	12-15
33868388-12	2021	Thus, a p53/p21-dependent change in partitioning of the glutamate conversion to 2-oxoglutarate through GOT2 or GDH, linked to NAD(P)-dependent metabolism of 2-oxoglutarate in affiliated pathways, adapts A549 cells to thiamine deficiency or cisplatin treatment.	Ketoglutaric Acids	80-94	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	103-107
33868388-12	2021	Thus, a p53/p21-dependent change in partitioning of the glutamate conversion to 2-oxoglutarate through GOT2 or GDH, linked to NAD(P)-dependent metabolism of 2-oxoglutarate in affiliated pathways, adapts A549 cells to thiamine deficiency or cisplatin treatment.	Ketoglutaric Acids	80-94	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	111-114
33868388-12	2021	Thus, a p53/p21-dependent change in partitioning of the glutamate conversion to 2-oxoglutarate through GOT2 or GDH, linked to NAD(P)-dependent metabolism of 2-oxoglutarate in affiliated pathways, adapts A549 cells to thiamine deficiency or cisplatin treatment.	Ketoglutaric Acids	157-171	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	8-11
33868388-12	2021	Thus, a p53/p21-dependent change in partitioning of the glutamate conversion to 2-oxoglutarate through GOT2 or GDH, linked to NAD(P)-dependent metabolism of 2-oxoglutarate in affiliated pathways, adapts A549 cells to thiamine deficiency or cisplatin treatment.	Ketoglutaric Acids	157-171	H3 histone pseudogene 16	Homo sapiens	12-15
33868388-12	2021	Thus, a p53/p21-dependent change in partitioning of the glutamate conversion to 2-oxoglutarate through GOT2 or GDH, linked to NAD(P)-dependent metabolism of 2-oxoglutarate in affiliated pathways, adapts A549 cells to thiamine deficiency or cisplatin treatment.	Ketoglutaric Acids	157-171	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	103-107
33868388-12	2021	Thus, a p53/p21-dependent change in partitioning of the glutamate conversion to 2-oxoglutarate through GOT2 or GDH, linked to NAD(P)-dependent metabolism of 2-oxoglutarate in affiliated pathways, adapts A549 cells to thiamine deficiency or cisplatin treatment.	Ketoglutaric Acids	157-171	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	111-114
33597151-9	2021	However, addition of the KDM6B cofactor alpha-ketoglutarate greatly enhanced MAIT cell effector capacity to TCR-dependent stimulation in a partially KDM6B-dependent manner.	Ketoglutaric Acids	40-59	lysine demethylase 6B	Homo sapiens	25-30
33868388-0	2021	Interplay Between Thiamine and p53/p21 Axes Affects Antiproliferative Action of Cisplatin in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells by Changing Metabolism of 2-Oxoglutarate/Glutamate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	145-159	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	31-34
33868388-0	2021	Interplay Between Thiamine and p53/p21 Axes Affects Antiproliferative Action of Cisplatin in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells by Changing Metabolism of 2-Oxoglutarate/Glutamate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	145-159	H3 histone pseudogene 16	Homo sapiens	35-38
33868388-9	2021	Analysis of the associated metabolic changes in the cells indicates that (i) p21 knockdown restricts the production of 2-oxoglutarate via glutamate oxidation, stimulating that within the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle; (ii) cellular cisplatin sensitivity is associated with a 4-fold upregulation of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT2) by cisplatin; (iii) cellular cisplatin resistance is associated with a 2-fold upregulation of p53 by cisplatin.	Ketoglutaric Acids	119-133	H3 histone pseudogene 16	Homo sapiens	77-80
33868388-9	2021	Analysis of the associated metabolic changes in the cells indicates that (i) p21 knockdown restricts the production of 2-oxoglutarate via glutamate oxidation, stimulating that within the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle; (ii) cellular cisplatin sensitivity is associated with a 4-fold upregulation of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT2) by cisplatin; (iii) cellular cisplatin resistance is associated with a 2-fold upregulation of p53 by cisplatin.	Ketoglutaric Acids	119-133	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	334-338
33868388-9	2021	Analysis of the associated metabolic changes in the cells indicates that (i) p21 knockdown restricts the production of 2-oxoglutarate via glutamate oxidation, stimulating that within the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle; (ii) cellular cisplatin sensitivity is associated with a 4-fold upregulation of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT2) by cisplatin; (iii) cellular cisplatin resistance is associated with a 2-fold upregulation of p53 by cisplatin.	Ketoglutaric Acids	119-133	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	434-437
33795871-4	2021	FOXO1 stimulates S-2HG production by inhibiting the mitochondrial enzyme 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	73-87	forkhead box O1	Mus musculus	0-5
33713004-1	2021	BACKGROUND: Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is an important enzyme that oxidatively decarboxylates isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, and three isoforms (IDH1-3) have been identified.	Ketoglutaric Acids	112-131	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	12-36
33730581-7	2021	Instead, SFXN1 supports CIII function by participating in heme and alpha-ketoglutarate metabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	67-86	sideroflexin 1	Homo sapiens	9-14
33713004-1	2021	BACKGROUND: Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is an important enzyme that oxidatively decarboxylates isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, and three isoforms (IDH1-3) have been identified.	Ketoglutaric Acids	112-131	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	38-41
33721588-2	2021	Catalytic enzymes such as glutaminase (GLS) in glutaminolysis, a series of biochemical reactions by which glutamine is converted to glutamate and then alpha-ketoglutarate, an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, can be targeted by small molecule inhibitors, some of which are undergoing early phase clinical trials and exhibiting promising safety profiles.	Ketoglutaric Acids	151-170	glutaminase	Homo sapiens	26-37
33721588-2	2021	Catalytic enzymes such as glutaminase (GLS) in glutaminolysis, a series of biochemical reactions by which glutamine is converted to glutamate and then alpha-ketoglutarate, an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, can be targeted by small molecule inhibitors, some of which are undergoing early phase clinical trials and exhibiting promising safety profiles.	Ketoglutaric Acids	151-170	glutaminase	Homo sapiens	39-42
33085059-1	2021	TET2, a member of ten-eleven translocation (TET) family as alpha-ketoglutarate- and Fe2+-dependent dioxygenase catalyzing the iterative oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), has been widely recognized to be an important regulator for normal hematopoiesis especially myelopoiesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	59-78	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
33492339-3	2021	KDM4A, a demethylase that belongs to the Fe-II dependent dioxygenase family that uses alpha-ketoglutarate and molecular oxygen as cofactors, is overexpressed in several cancers and is associated with an overall poor prognosis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	86-105	lysine demethylase 4A	Homo sapiens	0-5
33332283-4	2021	IDH1-R132H is a gain-of-function mutation that converts alpha-ketoglutarate into 2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-75	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	0-4
33526924-4	2021	Stat3-/- ESCs show decreased alpha-ketoglutarate production from glutamine, leading to increased Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b expression and DNA methylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	29-48	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Homo sapiens	0-5
33526924-6	2021	Alpha-ketoglutarate links metabolism to the epigenome by reducing the expression of Otx2 and its targets Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	orthodenticle homeobox 2	Homo sapiens	84-88
33526924-6	2021	Alpha-ketoglutarate links metabolism to the epigenome by reducing the expression of Otx2 and its targets Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha	Homo sapiens	105-111
33526924-6	2021	Alpha-ketoglutarate links metabolism to the epigenome by reducing the expression of Otx2 and its targets Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	DNA methyltransferase 3 beta	Homo sapiens	116-122
33171124-4	2021	Mechanistically, NAD+ metabolism maintains activity and expression of methylcytosine dioxygenase Tet1 via alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	106-125	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	70-101
33340488-4	2021	Mechanistically, pyruvate uptake through Mct2 supported mTORC1 signaling by fueling serine biosynthesis-derived alpha-ketoglutarate production in breast-cancer-derived lung metastases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	112-131	solute carrier family 16 member 7	Homo sapiens	41-45
33340488-4	2021	Mechanistically, pyruvate uptake through Mct2 supported mTORC1 signaling by fueling serine biosynthesis-derived alpha-ketoglutarate production in breast-cancer-derived lung metastases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	112-131	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	56-62
33219380-2	2021	The isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the production of alpha-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	98-117	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	4-30
33219380-2	2021	The isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the production of alpha-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	98-117	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	32-36
33219380-3	2021	We previously found that AMPKalpha1 ablation reduced cellular alpha-ketoglutarate concentration during brown adipocyte differentiation, but the effect of AMPKalpha1 on Idh2 expression remains undefined.	Ketoglutaric Acids	62-81	protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 1 catalytic subunit	Mus musculus	25-35
33431826-1	2021	D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (D-2-HGDH) catalyzes the oxidation of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) into 2-oxoglutarate, and genetic D-2-HGDH deficiency leads to abnormal accumulation of D-2-HG which causes type I D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria and is associated with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.	Ketoglutaric Acids	108-122	D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-34
33431826-1	2021	D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (D-2-HGDH) catalyzes the oxidation of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) into 2-oxoglutarate, and genetic D-2-HGDH deficiency leads to abnormal accumulation of D-2-HG which causes type I D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria and is associated with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.	Ketoglutaric Acids	108-122	D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	36-44
33431826-1	2021	D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (D-2-HGDH) catalyzes the oxidation of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) into 2-oxoglutarate, and genetic D-2-HGDH deficiency leads to abnormal accumulation of D-2-HG which causes type I D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria and is associated with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.	Ketoglutaric Acids	108-122	D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	136-144
33431826-2	2021	This work reports the crystal structures of human D-2-HGDH in apo form and in complexes with D-2-HG, D-malate, D-lactate, L-2-HG, and 2-oxoglutarate, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	134-148	D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	50-58
33511099-3	2020	The isoenzymes-enriched preparations from the rat tissues with different expression of OADH and OGDH are used to characterize their interaction with 2-oxoglutarate (OG), 2-oxoadipate (OA) and the phosphonate analogs.	Ketoglutaric Acids	149-163	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	96-100
33171124-4	2021	Mechanistically, NAD+ metabolism maintains activity and expression of methylcytosine dioxygenase Tet1 via alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	127-135	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	70-101
32642789-1	2021	AlkB homologs (ALKBH) are a family of specific demethylases that depend on Fe2+ and alpha-ketoglutarate to catalyze demethylation on different substrates, including ssDNA, dsDNA, mRNA, tRNA, and proteins.	Ketoglutaric Acids	84-103	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	0-4
32642789-1	2021	AlkB homologs (ALKBH) are a family of specific demethylases that depend on Fe2+ and alpha-ketoglutarate to catalyze demethylation on different substrates, including ssDNA, dsDNA, mRNA, tRNA, and proteins.	Ketoglutaric Acids	84-103	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	15-20
33321940-0	2020	Alpha Ketoglutarate Exerts In Vitro Anti-Osteosarcoma Effects through Inhibition of Cell Proliferation, Induction of Apoptosis via the JNK and Caspase 9-Dependent Mechanism, and Suppression of TGF-beta and VEGF Production and Metastatic Potential of Cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	135-138
33321940-0	2020	Alpha Ketoglutarate Exerts In Vitro Anti-Osteosarcoma Effects through Inhibition of Cell Proliferation, Induction of Apoptosis via the JNK and Caspase 9-Dependent Mechanism, and Suppression of TGF-beta and VEGF Production and Metastatic Potential of Cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	caspase 9	Homo sapiens	143-152
33321940-0	2020	Alpha Ketoglutarate Exerts In Vitro Anti-Osteosarcoma Effects through Inhibition of Cell Proliferation, Induction of Apoptosis via the JNK and Caspase 9-Dependent Mechanism, and Suppression of TGF-beta and VEGF Production and Metastatic Potential of Cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	transforming growth factor alpha	Homo sapiens	193-201
33321940-0	2020	Alpha Ketoglutarate Exerts In Vitro Anti-Osteosarcoma Effects through Inhibition of Cell Proliferation, Induction of Apoptosis via the JNK and Caspase 9-Dependent Mechanism, and Suppression of TGF-beta and VEGF Production and Metastatic Potential of Cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	206-210
33344518-14	2020	Conclusions: The present study shows for the first time that the SGLT2 inhibitor Empagliflozin has acute specific metabolic effects in isolated diabetic hearts, i.e., decreased lactate generation from labeled glucose and increased alpha-ketoglutarate synthesis from labeled palmitate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	231-250	solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 2	Mus musculus	65-70
32917661-9	2020	Contrary to its classical anaplerotic role, we show that under hyperammonemia GDH2 rather catalyzes the removal of ammonia by reductive amination of alpha-ketoglutarate which efficiently and rapidly inhibits the TCA-cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	149-168	glutamate dehydrogenase 2	Homo sapiens	78-82
33264602-3	2020	SUCLG2-deficient T cells reverted the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle from the oxidative to the reductive direction, accumulated alpha-ketoglutarate, citrate, and acetyl-CoA (AcCoA), and differentiated into pro-inflammatory effector cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	128-147	succinate-CoA ligase GDP-forming subunit beta	Homo sapiens	0-6
33161373-2	2020	Specifically, the AlkB enzymes catalyze decarboxylation of alpha-KG to generate a high-valent Fe(IV)-oxo species that oxidizes alkyl groups on DNA adducts.	Ketoglutaric Acids	59-67	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	18-22
32814111-1	2020	BACKGROUND & AIMS: Mutant KRAS promotes glutaminolysis, a process that uses steps from the tricarboxylic cycle to convert glutamine to alpha-ketoglutarate and other molecules, via glutaminase and solute carrier family 25 member 22 (SLC25A22).	Ketoglutaric Acids	135-154	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	26-30
32814111-1	2020	BACKGROUND & AIMS: Mutant KRAS promotes glutaminolysis, a process that uses steps from the tricarboxylic cycle to convert glutamine to alpha-ketoglutarate and other molecules, via glutaminase and solute carrier family 25 member 22 (SLC25A22).	Ketoglutaric Acids	135-154	glutaminase	Homo sapiens	180-230
32814111-1	2020	BACKGROUND & AIMS: Mutant KRAS promotes glutaminolysis, a process that uses steps from the tricarboxylic cycle to convert glutamine to alpha-ketoglutarate and other molecules, via glutaminase and solute carrier family 25 member 22 (SLC25A22).	Ketoglutaric Acids	135-154	solute carrier family 25 member 22	Homo sapiens	232-240
32814111-12	2020	Mutant KRAS cells maintained a low ratio of alpha-ketoglutarate:succinate, resulting in reduced 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-a marker of DNA demethylation, and hypermethylation at CpG sites.	Ketoglutaric Acids	44-63	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	7-11
33123262-3	2020	The R132H mutant of IDH1 produces the 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) carcinogen from alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	80-99	isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP] cytoplasmic	Canis lupus familiaris	20-24
33123262-3	2020	The R132H mutant of IDH1 produces the 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) carcinogen from alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-109	isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP] cytoplasmic	Canis lupus familiaris	20-24
33123262-4	2020	The reduction of alpha-KG induces the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha subunit (HIF-1alpha) in the cytosol, which is a predisposing factor for carcinogenesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	17-25	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Canis lupus familiaris	54-93
33123262-4	2020	The reduction of alpha-KG induces the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha subunit (HIF-1alpha) in the cytosol, which is a predisposing factor for carcinogenesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	17-25	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Canis lupus familiaris	95-105
33148611-6	2020	Surprisingly, the pharmacological inhibition of BCAT1 reduced glucose-derived itaconate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and 2-hydroxyglutarate levels, without affecting succinate and citrate levels, indicating a partial inhibition of TCA cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-108	branched chain amino acid transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	48-53
33330464-0	2020	NAD+ Metabolism Regulates Preadipocyte Differentiation by Enhancing alpha-Ketoglutarate-Mediated Histone H3K9 Demethylation at the PPARgamma Promoter.	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens	131-140
33330464-11	2020	Additionally, increased alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) contributed to histone H3K9 demethylation in the promoter region of PPARgamma, leading to its transcriptional activation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	24-43	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens	122-131
33238375-2	2020	In a spontaneous lung cancer model, tumor growth was reduced by 50% in heterozygous oxoglutarate carrier (OGC) knock-out mice compared with wild-type counterparts.	Ketoglutaric Acids	84-96	solute carrier family 25 member 11	Homo sapiens	106-109
32900482-7	2020	Mutation of the SUMOylation site impairs the enzymatic activity of IDH2 and hence decreases levels of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), NADPH and GSH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	102-121	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	67-71
32900482-7	2020	Mutation of the SUMOylation site impairs the enzymatic activity of IDH2 and hence decreases levels of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), NADPH and GSH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	123-131	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	67-71
33251370-2	2020	L-glutamic acid is formed by alpha-ketoglutarate in the TCA cycle by glutamic acid dehydrogenase (GDH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	29-48	crystallin lambda 1	Homo sapiens	69-96
33251370-2	2020	L-glutamic acid is formed by alpha-ketoglutarate in the TCA cycle by glutamic acid dehydrogenase (GDH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	29-48	crystallin lambda 1	Homo sapiens	98-101
33147467-4	2020	IL-4 signaling alters the metabolomic profile in activated B cells and induces accumulation of the TCA cycle intermediate alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), which is required for activation of the Bcl6 gene locus.	Ketoglutaric Acids	122-141	interleukin 4	Homo sapiens	0-4
33147467-4	2020	IL-4 signaling alters the metabolomic profile in activated B cells and induces accumulation of the TCA cycle intermediate alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), which is required for activation of the Bcl6 gene locus.	Ketoglutaric Acids	122-141	BCL6 transcription repressor	Homo sapiens	193-197
32557994-5	2020	Furthermore, we establish that the reaction order continues with 2-5$$-carbocyclization and 4$$-epimerization by the non-heme iron and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent enzymes SnoK and SnoN, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	135-149	SKI like proto-oncogene	Homo sapiens	177-181
32839607-6	2020	The generated tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate alpha-ketoglutarate, in turn, serves as the cofactor for the epigenetic regulator TET2 to catalyze DNA hydroxymethylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	52-71	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Mus musculus	134-138
32652733-0	2020	DNMT3B deficiency alters mitochondrial biogenesis and alpha-ketoglutarate levels in human embryonic stem cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	54-73	DNA methyltransferase 3 beta	Homo sapiens	0-6
32652733-9	2020	The authors further show that loss of DNMT3B leads to an overexpression and hyperactivity of isocitrate dehydrogenases and buildup of alpha-ketoglutarate, as well as a significant upregulation of transcription factors during early neural differentiation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	134-153	DNA methyltransferase 3 beta	Homo sapiens	38-44
32652733-10	2020	The observed increase in alpha-ketoglutarate levels can be reversed by re-expression of DNMT3B, demonstrating that its dysregulation is a direct consequence of DNMT3B-deficiency.	Ketoglutaric Acids	25-44	DNA methyltransferase 3 beta	Homo sapiens	88-94
32652733-10	2020	The observed increase in alpha-ketoglutarate levels can be reversed by re-expression of DNMT3B, demonstrating that its dysregulation is a direct consequence of DNMT3B-deficiency.	Ketoglutaric Acids	25-44	DNA methyltransferase 3 beta	Homo sapiens	160-166
33142830-3	2020	The key molecules of the hypoxia/oxygen-sensing signaling include the transcriptional regulator hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) which widely controls oxygen responsive genes, the central members of the 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)-dependent dioxygenases, such as prolyl hydroxylase (PHD or EglN), and an E3 ubiquitin ligase component for HIF degeneration called von Hippel-Lindau (encoding protein pVHL).	Ketoglutaric Acids	201-215	von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor	Homo sapiens	390-394
33116217-0	2020	Retraction Note: Alpha-ketoglutarate promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and protein synthesis through Akt/mTOR signaling pathways.	Ketoglutaric Acids	17-36	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	104-107
33116217-0	2020	Retraction Note: Alpha-ketoglutarate promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and protein synthesis through Akt/mTOR signaling pathways.	Ketoglutaric Acids	17-36	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	108-112
33069066-1	2020	Human aspartate/asparagine-beta-hydroxylase (AspH) is a 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenase that catalyses the hydroxylation of Asp/Asn-residues of epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGFDs).	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-70	aspartate beta-hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	45-49
33068553-3	2021	ALKBH1 is a 2-oxoglutarate and Fe (II)-dependent dioxygenase responsible for the demethylation of 6-methyladenine (m6A) in RNA and is essential to multiple cellular processes in human.	Ketoglutaric Acids	12-26	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	0-6
33068553-3	2021	ALKBH1 is a 2-oxoglutarate and Fe (II)-dependent dioxygenase responsible for the demethylation of 6-methyladenine (m6A) in RNA and is essential to multiple cellular processes in human.	Ketoglutaric Acids	12-26	glycoprotein M6A	Homo sapiens	115-118
32880665-2	2020	We have explored how mutated isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate which in turn is converted to d-2-hydroxyglutatrate (d-2HG) as a preferred product instead of l-2-hydroxyglutatrate (l-2HG) according to quantum chemical calculations.	Ketoglutaric Acids	117-136	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	29-53
32478965-1	2020	L-Ascorbate (L-Asc) is often added to assays with isolated Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenases to enhance activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	70-84	PYD and CARD domain containing	Homo sapiens	2-5
32478965-3	2020	We report observations on the non-enzymatic conversion of 2OG to succinate which is mediated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), generated by reaction of L-Asc and dioxygen.	Ketoglutaric Acids	58-61	PYD and CARD domain containing	Homo sapiens	149-152
32880665-2	2020	We have explored how mutated isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate which in turn is converted to d-2-hydroxyglutatrate (d-2HG) as a preferred product instead of l-2-hydroxyglutatrate (l-2HG) according to quantum chemical calculations.	Ketoglutaric Acids	117-136	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	55-58
32727816-1	2020	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) encodes a protein which catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-134	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-26
32727816-1	2020	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) encodes a protein which catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-134	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
32955829-1	2020	The isocitrate dehydrogenases enzymes, IDH1 and IDH2, catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) in the cell cytoplasm and mitochondria, respectively, and contribute to generating the dihydronicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as reductive potential in different cellular processes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	95-114	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	39-43
32955829-1	2020	The isocitrate dehydrogenases enzymes, IDH1 and IDH2, catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) in the cell cytoplasm and mitochondria, respectively, and contribute to generating the dihydronicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as reductive potential in different cellular processes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	95-114	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	48-52
32792488-0	2020	ABHD11 maintains 2-oxoglutarate metabolism by preserving functional lipoylation of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.	Ketoglutaric Acids	17-31	abhydrolase domain containing 11	Homo sapiens	0-6
32895473-2	2020	TET2, a DNA dioxygenase, requires 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II) to oxidize 5-methylcytosine.	Ketoglutaric Acids	34-48	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
32876527-2	2020	It has been shown that mitochondrial metabolites, transported by the citrate carrier (CIC), dicarboxylate carrier (DIC), oxoglutarate carrier (OGC), and mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) play a vital role in the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS).	Ketoglutaric Acids	121-133	solute carrier family 25 member 11	Homo sapiens	143-146
32876527-2	2020	It has been shown that mitochondrial metabolites, transported by the citrate carrier (CIC), dicarboxylate carrier (DIC), oxoglutarate carrier (OGC), and mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) play a vital role in the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS).	Ketoglutaric Acids	121-133	insulin	Homo sapiens	248-255
32876527-3	2020	Metabolomic studies on static and biphasic insulin secretion, suggests that several anaplerotic derived metabolites, including alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), are strongly associated with nutrient regulated insulin secretion.	Ketoglutaric Acids	127-146	insulin	Homo sapiens	43-50
32878781-2	2020	IDH1 mutants produce 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), an oncometabolite, from alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	72-91	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
32878781-2	2020	IDH1 mutants produce 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), an oncometabolite, from alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	93-101	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
32651261-2	2020	Here, we use multiple oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-competent and incompetent cancer cell pairs to demonstrate that treatment with alpha-ketoglutarate (aKG) esters elicits rapid death of OXPHOS-deficient cancer cells by elevating intracellular aKG concentrations, thereby sequestering nitrogen from aspartate through glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1 (GOT1).	Ketoglutaric Acids	136-155	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1, soluble	Mus musculus	322-357
32651261-2	2020	Here, we use multiple oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-competent and incompetent cancer cell pairs to demonstrate that treatment with alpha-ketoglutarate (aKG) esters elicits rapid death of OXPHOS-deficient cancer cells by elevating intracellular aKG concentrations, thereby sequestering nitrogen from aspartate through glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1 (GOT1).	Ketoglutaric Acids	136-155	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1, soluble	Mus musculus	359-363
32651261-7	2020	SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate that OXPHOS deficiency caused by either hypoxia or mutations, which can significantly increase cancer virulence, renders tumors sensitive to aKG esters by targeting their dependence upon GOT1 for aspartate synthesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	182-185	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1, soluble	Mus musculus	228-232
32553056-0	2020	MifS, a DctB family histidine kinase, is a specific regulator of alpha-ketoglutarate response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	65-84	sensor histidine kinase MifS	Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1	0-4
32553056-5	2020	In this study we show that although MifS is a homologue of the C4-dicarboxylate sensor DctB, it specifically responds to the C5-dicarboxylate alpha-KG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	142-150	sensor histidine kinase MifS	Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1	36-40
32553056-6	2020	MifS activity increased >10-fold in the presence of alpha-KG, while the related C5-dicarboxylate glutarate caused only a 2-fold increase in activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	52-60	sensor histidine kinase MifS	Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1	0-4
32553056-12	2020	Our work shows that MifS is a novel member of the DctB family histidine kinase that specifically responds to alpha-KG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	109-117	sensor histidine kinase MifS	Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1	20-24
32705169-7	2020	Furthermore, alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), which is the main product of IDH1-catalyzed reactions, was significantly decreased by IDH1 knockdown and upregulated by IDH1 overexpression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	13-32	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	74-78
32705169-7	2020	Furthermore, alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), which is the main product of IDH1-catalyzed reactions, was significantly decreased by IDH1 knockdown and upregulated by IDH1 overexpression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	13-32	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	131-135
32705169-7	2020	Furthermore, alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), which is the main product of IDH1-catalyzed reactions, was significantly decreased by IDH1 knockdown and upregulated by IDH1 overexpression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	13-32	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	131-135
32705169-7	2020	Furthermore, alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), which is the main product of IDH1-catalyzed reactions, was significantly decreased by IDH1 knockdown and upregulated by IDH1 overexpression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	34-42	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	74-78
32705169-7	2020	Furthermore, alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), which is the main product of IDH1-catalyzed reactions, was significantly decreased by IDH1 knockdown and upregulated by IDH1 overexpression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	34-42	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	131-135
32705169-7	2020	Furthermore, alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), which is the main product of IDH1-catalyzed reactions, was significantly decreased by IDH1 knockdown and upregulated by IDH1 overexpression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	34-42	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	131-135
32729927-1	2020	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) catalyzes the reversible NADP+-dependent conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) to provide critical cytosolic substrates and drive NADPH-dependent reactions like lipid biosynthesis and glutathione regeneration.	Ketoglutaric Acids	103-122	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-26
32729927-1	2020	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) catalyzes the reversible NADP+-dependent conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) to provide critical cytosolic substrates and drive NADPH-dependent reactions like lipid biosynthesis and glutathione regeneration.	Ketoglutaric Acids	103-122	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
32729927-1	2020	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) catalyzes the reversible NADP+-dependent conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) to provide critical cytosolic substrates and drive NADPH-dependent reactions like lipid biosynthesis and glutathione regeneration.	Ketoglutaric Acids	103-122	2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1	Homo sapiens	184-189
32939282-9	2020	The utility of the method is highlighted by studies with three X-ray-radiation-sensitive Fe(II)-containing model enzymes: the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent l-arginine hy-droxy-lase VioC and the DNA repair enzyme AlkB, as well as the oxidase isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS), which is involved in the biosynthesis of all penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics.	Ketoglutaric Acids	126-140	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	207-211
32825279-2	2020	IDH mutants confer a neomorphic enzyme activity that converts alpha-ketoglutarate to an oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate, which impacts cellular epigenetics and metabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	62-81	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
32824685-4	2020	Indeed, some IDH1 point mutations induce widespread epigenetic alterations by means of a gain-of-function of the enzyme, which becomes able to produce the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate, with inhibitory activity on alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent enzymes, such as DNA and histone demethylases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	218-237	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	13-17
32994387-4	2020	More importantly, we found that inhibition of glutaminolysis by bis-2- (5-phenylacetamido-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethyl sulfide (BPTES) impeded PGCLC specialization, but the impediment could be rescued by addition of alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), the intermediate metabolite of oxidative phosphorylation and glutaminolysis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	215-234	beta-carboline-induced seizures 2	Mus musculus	64-69
32764267-1	2020	Mitochondrial NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH2) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate into alpha-ketoglutarate with concurrent reduction of NADP+ to NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	121-140	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	56-60
32777735-3	2020	Cancer-associated substitutions in IDH1 and IDH2 impair wild-type production of 2-oxoglutarate and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) from isocitrate and oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+ ), and substantially promote the IDH variant catalysed conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to d-2-hydroxyglutarate (d-2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	80-94	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	35-39
32777735-3	2020	Cancer-associated substitutions in IDH1 and IDH2 impair wild-type production of 2-oxoglutarate and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) from isocitrate and oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+ ), and substantially promote the IDH variant catalysed conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to d-2-hydroxyglutarate (d-2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	80-94	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	44-48
32777735-3	2020	Cancer-associated substitutions in IDH1 and IDH2 impair wild-type production of 2-oxoglutarate and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) from isocitrate and oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+ ), and substantially promote the IDH variant catalysed conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to d-2-hydroxyglutarate (d-2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	80-94	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	35-38
32777735-3	2020	Cancer-associated substitutions in IDH1 and IDH2 impair wild-type production of 2-oxoglutarate and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) from isocitrate and oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+ ), and substantially promote the IDH variant catalysed conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to d-2-hydroxyglutarate (d-2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	308-322	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	35-39
32777735-3	2020	Cancer-associated substitutions in IDH1 and IDH2 impair wild-type production of 2-oxoglutarate and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) from isocitrate and oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+ ), and substantially promote the IDH variant catalysed conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to d-2-hydroxyglutarate (d-2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	308-322	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	44-48
32777735-3	2020	Cancer-associated substitutions in IDH1 and IDH2 impair wild-type production of 2-oxoglutarate and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) from isocitrate and oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+ ), and substantially promote the IDH variant catalysed conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to d-2-hydroxyglutarate (d-2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	308-322	2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1	Homo sapiens	107-158
32777735-3	2020	Cancer-associated substitutions in IDH1 and IDH2 impair wild-type production of 2-oxoglutarate and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) from isocitrate and oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+ ), and substantially promote the IDH variant catalysed conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to d-2-hydroxyglutarate (d-2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	308-322	2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1	Homo sapiens	107-151
32777735-3	2020	Cancer-associated substitutions in IDH1 and IDH2 impair wild-type production of 2-oxoglutarate and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) from isocitrate and oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+ ), and substantially promote the IDH variant catalysed conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to d-2-hydroxyglutarate (d-2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	308-322	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	35-38
31448679-0	2020	Inhibitory effect of alpha-ketoglutaric acid on alpha-glucosidase: integrating molecular dynamics simulation and inhibition kinetics.	Ketoglutaric Acids	21-44	sucrase-isomaltase	Homo sapiens	48-65
31448679-1	2020	The inhibition of alpha-glucosidase is used as a key clinical approach to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and thus, we assessed the inhibitory effect of alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) on alpha-glucosidase with both an enzyme kinetic assay and computational simulations.	Ketoglutaric Acids	152-175	sucrase-isomaltase	Homo sapiens	18-35
31448679-1	2020	The inhibition of alpha-glucosidase is used as a key clinical approach to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and thus, we assessed the inhibitory effect of alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) on alpha-glucosidase with both an enzyme kinetic assay and computational simulations.	Ketoglutaric Acids	152-175	sucrase-isomaltase	Homo sapiens	185-202
32330361-1	2020	The human 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenase aspartate/asparagine-beta-hydroxylase (AspH) is a potential medicinal chemistry target for anti-cancer therapy.	Ketoglutaric Acids	10-24	aspartate beta-hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	90-94
32293880-4	2020	For DRR, the Fe(II)/alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent ALKBH2 enzyme repairs epsilonA by direct conversion of epsilonA to A.	Ketoglutaric Acids	20-39	alkB homolog 2, alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	50-56
32444470-4	2020	Experiments with alternative electron donors indicated that 2-oxoglutarate can serve as an indirect electron donor for the THNCoA-reducing system via a 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	60-74	hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 6	Homo sapiens	178-192
32754276-2	2020	IDH1mut catalyzes the reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), an oncometabolite which drives tumorigenesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	35-54	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
32754276-2	2020	IDH1mut catalyzes the reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), an oncometabolite which drives tumorigenesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-64	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
32427691-4	2020	Hypoxia and low levels of alpha-ketoglutarate generated from the TCA cycle inhibit prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD)-mediated prolyl hydroxylation of FoxO3, thus reducing FoxO3 protein degradation via the ubiquitin proteasomal pathway, similar to HIF stabilization under hypoxic conditions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	26-45	forkhead box O3	Mus musculus	148-153
32635257-5	2020	The addition of 2-oxoglutarate enhanced the expression of NiR, GDH, PEPC1, LAX1, LAX3 and the antioxidant gene SOD Cl.	Ketoglutaric Acids	16-30	glutamate dehydrogenase	Solanum lycopersicum	63-66
32635257-5	2020	The addition of 2-oxoglutarate enhanced the expression of NiR, GDH, PEPC1, LAX1, LAX3 and the antioxidant gene SOD Cl.	Ketoglutaric Acids	16-30	auxin transporter-like protein 1	Solanum lycopersicum	75-79
32150688-2	2020	TET is an alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG)-dependent enzyme, and the production of alpha-KG is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	10-29	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	106-130
32150688-2	2020	TET is an alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG)-dependent enzyme, and the production of alpha-KG is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	10-29	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	132-135
32150688-2	2020	TET is an alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG)-dependent enzyme, and the production of alpha-KG is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	31-39	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	132-135
32150688-2	2020	TET is an alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG)-dependent enzyme, and the production of alpha-KG is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-89	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	106-130
32150688-2	2020	TET is an alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG)-dependent enzyme, and the production of alpha-KG is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-89	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	132-135
32427691-4	2020	Hypoxia and low levels of alpha-ketoglutarate generated from the TCA cycle inhibit prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD)-mediated prolyl hydroxylation of FoxO3, thus reducing FoxO3 protein degradation via the ubiquitin proteasomal pathway, similar to HIF stabilization under hypoxic conditions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	26-45	forkhead box O3	Mus musculus	169-174
32575619-3	2020	The IDH1 mutation involves the acquisition of a neomorphic enzymatic activity which generates D-2-hydroxyglutarate from alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	120-139	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	4-8
32555281-3	2020	The Arabidopsis DMR6 gene encodes a putative 2-oxoglutarate Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase (2OGO) and has been identified as a susceptibility factor to downy mildew.	Ketoglutaric Acids	45-59	2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	16-20
32555317-3	2020	SLC25A11, a member of the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS), regulates electroneutral exchange between 2-oxoglutarate and other dicarboxylates.	Ketoglutaric Acids	100-114	solute carrier family 25 member 11	Homo sapiens	0-8
32695416-4	2020	The structure reveals how the DHTKD1 active site is modelled upon the well characterized homologue 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) de-hydrogenase but engineered specifically to accommodate its preference for the longer substrate of 2OA over 2OG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	99-113	dehydrogenase E1 and transketolase domain containing 1	Homo sapiens	30-36
32107312-1	2020	Human aspartate/asparagine-beta-hydroxylase (AspH) is a 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenase that catalyzes the post-translational hydroxylation of Asp and Asn residues in epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGFDs).	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-70	aspartate beta-hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	45-49
32207231-1	2020	The family of AlkB homolog (ALKBH) proteins, the homologs of Escherichia coli AlkB 2-oxoglutarate (2OG), and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenase are involved in a number of important regulatory processes in eukaryotic cells including repair of alkylation lesions in DNA, RNA, and nucleoprotein complexes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	83-97	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	28-33
32331968-0	2020	Regional metabolic signatures in the Ndufs4(KO) mouse brain implicate defective glutamate/alpha-ketoglutarate metabolism in mitochondrial disease.	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-109	NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S4	Mus musculus	37-43
32331968-6	2020	Our data revealed that loss of Ndufs4 drives pathogenic changes to CNS glutamine/glutamate/alpha-ketoglutarate metabolism which are rescued by mTOR inhibition Finally, restriction of the Ndufs4 deletion to pre-synaptic glutamatergic neurons recapitulated the whole-body knockout.	Ketoglutaric Acids	91-110	NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S4	Homo sapiens	31-37
32331968-6	2020	Our data revealed that loss of Ndufs4 drives pathogenic changes to CNS glutamine/glutamate/alpha-ketoglutarate metabolism which are rescued by mTOR inhibition Finally, restriction of the Ndufs4 deletion to pre-synaptic glutamatergic neurons recapitulated the whole-body knockout.	Ketoglutaric Acids	91-110	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Mus musculus	143-147
32331968-7	2020	Together, our findings are consistent with mTOR inhibition alleviating disease by increasing availability of alpha-ketoglutarate, which is both an efficient mitochondrial complex I substrate in Ndufs4(KO) and an important metabolite related to neurotransmitter metabolism in glutamatergic neurons.	Ketoglutaric Acids	109-128	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Mus musculus	43-47
32331968-7	2020	Together, our findings are consistent with mTOR inhibition alleviating disease by increasing availability of alpha-ketoglutarate, which is both an efficient mitochondrial complex I substrate in Ndufs4(KO) and an important metabolite related to neurotransmitter metabolism in glutamatergic neurons.	Ketoglutaric Acids	109-128	NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S4	Homo sapiens	194-200
32035087-7	2020	Additionally, Idh1 overexpression resulted in increased levels of intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and inhibited the expression of genes involved in brown adipogenesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	80-99	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	14-18
32490196-1	2020	AlkB and its human homologue AlkBH2 are Fe(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenases that repair alkylated DNA bases occurring as a consequence of reactions with mutagenic agents.	Ketoglutaric Acids	52-66	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	0-4
32490196-1	2020	AlkB and its human homologue AlkBH2 are Fe(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenases that repair alkylated DNA bases occurring as a consequence of reactions with mutagenic agents.	Ketoglutaric Acids	52-66	alkB homolog 2, alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	29-35
32366855-7	2020	We found that the inhibitory effect of TPL on metabolism occurs mainly on the step from citrate to alpha-ketoglutarate or vice versa.	Ketoglutaric Acids	99-118	BPI fold containing family A, member 5	Mus musculus	39-42
32032680-4	2020	Here, we summarize how mammalian cells tightly control serine synthesis before discussing alternate ways in which increased serine synthetic flux through PHGDH may benefit cancer cells, such as maintenance of TCA cycle flux through alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) and modulation of cellular redox balance.	Ketoglutaric Acids	232-251	phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	154-159
32377332-3	2020	In addition, 2-oxoglutarate- (OG-) dependent dioxygenase activity of PHD2 is involved in the oxygen and iron regulation of iron-responsive element binding protein 2 (IRP2) stability.	Ketoglutaric Acids	13-27	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	69-73
32377332-3	2020	In addition, 2-oxoglutarate- (OG-) dependent dioxygenase activity of PHD2 is involved in the oxygen and iron regulation of iron-responsive element binding protein 2 (IRP2) stability.	Ketoglutaric Acids	13-27	iron responsive element binding protein 2	Homo sapiens	123-164
32377332-3	2020	In addition, 2-oxoglutarate- (OG-) dependent dioxygenase activity of PHD2 is involved in the oxygen and iron regulation of iron-responsive element binding protein 2 (IRP2) stability.	Ketoglutaric Acids	13-27	iron responsive element binding protein 2	Homo sapiens	166-170
32373065-11	2020	Additionally, IDH1 mutation reduced the levels of NADPH and alpha-KG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	60-68	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	14-18
32313423-5	2020	Conclusion: In low-grade gliomas, mutations in IDH1, IDH2, and TP53 may be the key to tumor progression because they have an effect on the function of the protein such as mutations R132H in IDH1 and R172M in IDH2, which change the function of the enzyme alpha-ketoglutarate, or R158G in TP53, which affects the structure of the generated protein, thus their importance in understanding gliomagenesis and for more accurate diagnosis complementary to the anatomical pathology tests.	Ketoglutaric Acids	254-273	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	47-51
32313423-5	2020	Conclusion: In low-grade gliomas, mutations in IDH1, IDH2, and TP53 may be the key to tumor progression because they have an effect on the function of the protein such as mutations R132H in IDH1 and R172M in IDH2, which change the function of the enzyme alpha-ketoglutarate, or R158G in TP53, which affects the structure of the generated protein, thus their importance in understanding gliomagenesis and for more accurate diagnosis complementary to the anatomical pathology tests.	Ketoglutaric Acids	254-273	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	53-57
32313423-5	2020	Conclusion: In low-grade gliomas, mutations in IDH1, IDH2, and TP53 may be the key to tumor progression because they have an effect on the function of the protein such as mutations R132H in IDH1 and R172M in IDH2, which change the function of the enzyme alpha-ketoglutarate, or R158G in TP53, which affects the structure of the generated protein, thus their importance in understanding gliomagenesis and for more accurate diagnosis complementary to the anatomical pathology tests.	Ketoglutaric Acids	254-273	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	63-67
32313423-5	2020	Conclusion: In low-grade gliomas, mutations in IDH1, IDH2, and TP53 may be the key to tumor progression because they have an effect on the function of the protein such as mutations R132H in IDH1 and R172M in IDH2, which change the function of the enzyme alpha-ketoglutarate, or R158G in TP53, which affects the structure of the generated protein, thus their importance in understanding gliomagenesis and for more accurate diagnosis complementary to the anatomical pathology tests.	Ketoglutaric Acids	254-273	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	208-212
32313423-5	2020	Conclusion: In low-grade gliomas, mutations in IDH1, IDH2, and TP53 may be the key to tumor progression because they have an effect on the function of the protein such as mutations R132H in IDH1 and R172M in IDH2, which change the function of the enzyme alpha-ketoglutarate, or R158G in TP53, which affects the structure of the generated protein, thus their importance in understanding gliomagenesis and for more accurate diagnosis complementary to the anatomical pathology tests.	Ketoglutaric Acids	254-273	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	287-291
32155529-1	2020	KDM5B (also known as PLU-1 and JARID1B) is 2-oxoglutarate and Fe2+ dependent oxygenase that acts as a histone H3K4 demethylase, which is a key participant in inhibiting the expression of tumor suppressors as a drug target.	Ketoglutaric Acids	43-57	lysine demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens	0-5
32155529-1	2020	KDM5B (also known as PLU-1 and JARID1B) is 2-oxoglutarate and Fe2+ dependent oxygenase that acts as a histone H3K4 demethylase, which is a key participant in inhibiting the expression of tumor suppressors as a drug target.	Ketoglutaric Acids	43-57	lysine demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens	21-26
32155529-1	2020	KDM5B (also known as PLU-1 and JARID1B) is 2-oxoglutarate and Fe2+ dependent oxygenase that acts as a histone H3K4 demethylase, which is a key participant in inhibiting the expression of tumor suppressors as a drug target.	Ketoglutaric Acids	43-57	lysine demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens	31-38
32104923-0	2020	Exercise-induced alpha-ketoglutaric acid stimulates muscle hypertrophy and fat loss through OXGR1-dependent adrenal activation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	17-40	oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) receptor 1	Mus musculus	92-97
32035087-7	2020	Additionally, Idh1 overexpression resulted in increased levels of intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and inhibited the expression of genes involved in brown adipogenesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-109	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	14-18
32124915-2	2020	alpha-ketoglutarate is a natural metabolite and previous studies have shown that increase in intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate can inhibit HSC activation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	fucosyltransferase 1 (H blood group)	Homo sapiens	139-142
32124915-2	2020	alpha-ketoglutarate is a natural metabolite and previous studies have shown that increase in intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate can inhibit HSC activation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	107-126	fucosyltransferase 1 (H blood group)	Homo sapiens	139-142
32124915-3	2020	AIM: The aim of the present study is to determine the changes and role of intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate in HSC activation and clarify its mechanism of action.	Ketoglutaric Acids	88-107	fucosyltransferase 1 (H blood group)	Homo sapiens	111-114
32124915-5	2020	We detected the changes of intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate levels and the expression of enzymes involved in the metabolic processes during HSC activation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	41-60	fucosyltransferase 1 (H blood group)	Homo sapiens	141-144
32124915-6	2020	We used siRNA to determine the role of intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate in HSC activation and elucidate the mechanism of the metabolic changes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	53-72	fucosyltransferase 1 (H blood group)	Homo sapiens	76-79
32124915-7	2020	RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate levels decreased with an HSC cell line and primary mouse HSC activation, as well as the expression of isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2), an enzyme that catalyzes the production of alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	53-72	fucosyltransferase 1 (H blood group)	Homo sapiens	98-101
32124915-7	2020	RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate levels decreased with an HSC cell line and primary mouse HSC activation, as well as the expression of isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2), an enzyme that catalyzes the production of alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	53-72	fucosyltransferase 1 (H blood group)	Homo sapiens	130-133
32124915-7	2020	RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate levels decreased with an HSC cell line and primary mouse HSC activation, as well as the expression of isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2), an enzyme that catalyzes the production of alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	53-72	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	203-207
32124915-7	2020	RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate levels decreased with an HSC cell line and primary mouse HSC activation, as well as the expression of isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2), an enzyme that catalyzes the production of alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	253-272	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	175-201
32124915-7	2020	RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate levels decreased with an HSC cell line and primary mouse HSC activation, as well as the expression of isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2), an enzyme that catalyzes the production of alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	253-272	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	203-207
32124915-8	2020	In addition, knockdown of IDH2 efficiently promoted the activation of HSCs, which was able to be reversed by introduction of an alpha-ketoglutarate analogue.	Ketoglutaric Acids	128-147	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	26-30
32124915-9	2020	Furthermore, we demonstrated that alpha-ketoglutarate regulated HSC activation is independent of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1).	Ketoglutaric Acids	34-53	fucosyltransferase 1 (H blood group)	Homo sapiens	64-67
32124915-10	2020	CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrated that decrease in IDH2 expression limits the production of alpha-ketoglutarate during HSC activation and in turn promotes the activation of HSCs through a TGF-beta1 independent pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	97-116	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	56-60
32124915-10	2020	CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrated that decrease in IDH2 expression limits the production of alpha-ketoglutarate during HSC activation and in turn promotes the activation of HSCs through a TGF-beta1 independent pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	97-116	fucosyltransferase 1 (H blood group)	Homo sapiens	124-127
32124915-10	2020	CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrated that decrease in IDH2 expression limits the production of alpha-ketoglutarate during HSC activation and in turn promotes the activation of HSCs through a TGF-beta1 independent pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	97-116	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Mus musculus	193-202
32209475-6	2020	The enzymatic activity requires Fe(II) and alpha-ketoglutarate as cofactors and the UBA domains of hHR23A.	Ketoglutaric Acids	43-62	RAD23 homolog A, nucleotide excision repair protein	Homo sapiens	99-105
32098115-7	2020	Treatment with alpha-ketoglutaric acid (alpha-KG), which is a metabolite that has been shown to increase ATP levels and rescue mitochondrial function in hypercapnia-exposed cells, attenuated the deleterious effects of elevated CO2 concentrations and restored NKA PM abundance and function.	Ketoglutaric Acids	15-38	tachykinin precursor 1	Homo sapiens	259-262
32143698-4	2020	GDH is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate, under allosteric regulations mediated by its inhibitor GTP and its activator ADP.	Ketoglutaric Acids	87-106	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
31960518-5	2020	Specifically, the enzymes involved in the metabolism of glutamate, lactate, and enzymes involved in the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate were increased in IDH1 mut gliomas.	Ketoglutaric Acids	118-137	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	156-160
32098115-7	2020	Treatment with alpha-ketoglutaric acid (alpha-KG), which is a metabolite that has been shown to increase ATP levels and rescue mitochondrial function in hypercapnia-exposed cells, attenuated the deleterious effects of elevated CO2 concentrations and restored NKA PM abundance and function.	Ketoglutaric Acids	40-48	tachykinin precursor 1	Homo sapiens	259-262
32110376-4	2020	The blood glutamate scavengers, oxaloacetate and pyruvate, degrade glutamate in the blood to its inactive metabolite, 2-ketoglutarate, by the coenzymes glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	118-133	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	198-229
32110376-4	2020	The blood glutamate scavengers, oxaloacetate and pyruvate, degrade glutamate in the blood to its inactive metabolite, 2-ketoglutarate, by the coenzymes glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	118-133	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	231-234
31603665-1	2020	The alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent (AlkB) superfamily of FeII/2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)-dependent dioxygenases consists of a unique class of nucleic acid repair enzymes that reversibly remove alkyl substituents from nucleobases through oxidative dealkylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	61-75	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	35-39
31344750-6	2020	This metabolic remodeling resulted in the elevation of alpha-ketoglutarate levels, which are known to activate mTORC1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	55-74	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	111-117
31841452-0	2020	alpha-Ketoglutarate Modulates Macrophage Polarization Through Regulation of PPARgamma Transcription and mTORC1/p70S6K Pathway to Ameliorate ALI/ARDS.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	76-85
31485826-2	2020	IDH enzyme normally catalyzes isocitrate to alpha-keto-glutarate (alpha-KG), but once the gene is mutated it produces an "oncometabolite", 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	44-64	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
31485826-2	2020	IDH enzyme normally catalyzes isocitrate to alpha-keto-glutarate (alpha-KG), but once the gene is mutated it produces an "oncometabolite", 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	66-74	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
30346855-0	2020	5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid as an Ergogenic Aid During Intensified Soccer Training: A Placebo Controlled Randomized Study.	Ketoglutaric Acids	28-51	activation induced cytidine deaminase	Homo sapiens	68-71
31595471-2	2020	In stress conditions, glutamate can be either metabolized to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by glutamate decarboxylase which initiates a GABA shunt bypassing several reactions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle or converted to 2-oxoglutarate by glutamate dehydrogenase.	Ketoglutaric Acids	224-238	glutamate-ammonia ligase	Homo sapiens	95-118
31841452-0	2020	alpha-Ketoglutarate Modulates Macrophage Polarization Through Regulation of PPARgamma Transcription and mTORC1/p70S6K Pathway to Ameliorate ALI/ARDS.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	104-110
31841452-0	2020	alpha-Ketoglutarate Modulates Macrophage Polarization Through Regulation of PPARgamma Transcription and mTORC1/p70S6K Pathway to Ameliorate ALI/ARDS.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	ribosomal protein S6 kinase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	111-117
31841452-5	2020	We found that alpha-KG inhibited M1 macrophage polarization and promoted IL-4-induced M2 macrophage polarization in MH-S cells (a murine alveolar macrophage cell line).	Ketoglutaric Acids	14-22	interleukin 4	Mus musculus	73-77
31478653-1	2019	Human isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (HsICDH1) is a cytoplasmic homodimeric Mg(II)-dependent enzyme that converts d-isocitrate (D-ICT) and NADP+ to alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), CO2, and NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	144-163	2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1	Homo sapiens	180-185
31634482-7	2019	Accumulation of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), a key metabolite required for the expression of ten-eleven translocation hydroxylase (TET), was associated with stimulated transcription of pluripotency related genes including OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and NANOG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	16-35	POU class 5 homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	225-229
31634482-7	2019	Accumulation of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), a key metabolite required for the expression of ten-eleven translocation hydroxylase (TET), was associated with stimulated transcription of pluripotency related genes including OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and NANOG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	16-35	Kruppel like factor 4	Homo sapiens	231-235
31634482-7	2019	Accumulation of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), a key metabolite required for the expression of ten-eleven translocation hydroxylase (TET), was associated with stimulated transcription of pluripotency related genes including OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and NANOG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	16-35	SRY-box transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	237-241
31634482-7	2019	Accumulation of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), a key metabolite required for the expression of ten-eleven translocation hydroxylase (TET), was associated with stimulated transcription of pluripotency related genes including OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and NANOG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	16-35	Nanog homeobox	Homo sapiens	247-252
31634482-7	2019	Accumulation of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), a key metabolite required for the expression of ten-eleven translocation hydroxylase (TET), was associated with stimulated transcription of pluripotency related genes including OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and NANOG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	37-45	POU class 5 homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	225-229
31634482-7	2019	Accumulation of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), a key metabolite required for the expression of ten-eleven translocation hydroxylase (TET), was associated with stimulated transcription of pluripotency related genes including OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and NANOG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	37-45	Kruppel like factor 4	Homo sapiens	231-235
31634482-7	2019	Accumulation of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), a key metabolite required for the expression of ten-eleven translocation hydroxylase (TET), was associated with stimulated transcription of pluripotency related genes including OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and NANOG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	37-45	SRY-box transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	237-241
31634482-7	2019	Accumulation of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), a key metabolite required for the expression of ten-eleven translocation hydroxylase (TET), was associated with stimulated transcription of pluripotency related genes including OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and NANOG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	37-45	Nanog homeobox	Homo sapiens	247-252
31561044-1	2019	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), which catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, is one of key enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA).	Ketoglutaric Acids	83-102	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	0-26
31479775-2	2019	Mitochondrial NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH2) catalyzes the decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, accompanied by NADPH production.	Ketoglutaric Acids	109-128	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	56-60
31561044-1	2019	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), which catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, is one of key enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA).	Ketoglutaric Acids	83-102	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	28-32
31561044-2	2019	Hotspot mutation at Arg132 in IDH1 that alters the function of IDH1 by further converting the alpha-ketoglutarate(alpha-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) have been identified in a variety of cancers.	Ketoglutaric Acids	94-113	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	30-34
31561044-2	2019	Hotspot mutation at Arg132 in IDH1 that alters the function of IDH1 by further converting the alpha-ketoglutarate(alpha-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) have been identified in a variety of cancers.	Ketoglutaric Acids	94-113	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	63-67
31276579-3	2019	Herein, we report that overexpression of mitochondrial oxodicarboxylate carrier (Odc1p) considerably increases Complex IV abundance and TCA-mediated substrate-level phosphorylation of ADP, coupled to conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate into succinate in m.8993T>G yeast.	Ketoglutaric Acids	214-233	mitochondrial 2-oxodicarboxylate carrier	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	81-86
31276579-4	2019	Consistently in m.8993T>G yeast cells, the RTG signaling pathway was found to be strongly induced in order to preserve alpha-ketoglutarate production; when Odc1p was overexpressed, this stress pathway returned to an almost basal activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	122-141	mitochondrial 2-oxodicarboxylate carrier	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	159-164
31349060-5	2019	We could show that hD2HGDH is a FAD dependent protein, which is able to catalyze the oxidation of D-2HG and D-lactate to alpha-ketoglutarate and pyruvate, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	121-140	immunoglobulin heavy diversity 2-15	Homo sapiens	19-22
31444923-5	2019	The cytotoxicity of the xCT inhibitor sulfasalazine relies on ASCT2-dependent glutamine uptake and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD)-mediated alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) production.	Ketoglutaric Acids	139-158	solute carrier family 7 member 11	Homo sapiens	24-27
31444923-5	2019	The cytotoxicity of the xCT inhibitor sulfasalazine relies on ASCT2-dependent glutamine uptake and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD)-mediated alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) production.	Ketoglutaric Acids	139-158	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	99-122
31444923-5	2019	The cytotoxicity of the xCT inhibitor sulfasalazine relies on ASCT2-dependent glutamine uptake and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD)-mediated alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) production.	Ketoglutaric Acids	139-158	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	124-128
31444923-5	2019	The cytotoxicity of the xCT inhibitor sulfasalazine relies on ASCT2-dependent glutamine uptake and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD)-mediated alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) production.	Ketoglutaric Acids	160-168	solute carrier family 7 member 11	Homo sapiens	24-27
31444923-5	2019	The cytotoxicity of the xCT inhibitor sulfasalazine relies on ASCT2-dependent glutamine uptake and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD)-mediated alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) production.	Ketoglutaric Acids	160-168	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	99-122
31444923-5	2019	The cytotoxicity of the xCT inhibitor sulfasalazine relies on ASCT2-dependent glutamine uptake and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD)-mediated alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) production.	Ketoglutaric Acids	160-168	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	124-128
31517438-6	2019	These data suggest that expression of cyclin D1 in MCL is not controlled by ENGL2/PHD1-FOXO3A pathway and that chelation- and 2-oxoglutarate competition-mediated down-regulation of cyclin D1 in MCL cells is driven by yet unknown mechanism involving iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases other than PHD1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	126-140	cyclin D1	Homo sapiens	38-47
31517438-6	2019	These data suggest that expression of cyclin D1 in MCL is not controlled by ENGL2/PHD1-FOXO3A pathway and that chelation- and 2-oxoglutarate competition-mediated down-regulation of cyclin D1 in MCL cells is driven by yet unknown mechanism involving iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases other than PHD1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	126-140	cyclin D1	Homo sapiens	181-190
31517438-6	2019	These data suggest that expression of cyclin D1 in MCL is not controlled by ENGL2/PHD1-FOXO3A pathway and that chelation- and 2-oxoglutarate competition-mediated down-regulation of cyclin D1 in MCL cells is driven by yet unknown mechanism involving iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases other than PHD1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	126-140	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 2	Homo sapiens	308-312
31517438-6	2019	These data suggest that expression of cyclin D1 in MCL is not controlled by ENGL2/PHD1-FOXO3A pathway and that chelation- and 2-oxoglutarate competition-mediated down-regulation of cyclin D1 in MCL cells is driven by yet unknown mechanism involving iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases other than PHD1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	259-273	cyclin D1	Homo sapiens	38-47
31517438-6	2019	These data suggest that expression of cyclin D1 in MCL is not controlled by ENGL2/PHD1-FOXO3A pathway and that chelation- and 2-oxoglutarate competition-mediated down-regulation of cyclin D1 in MCL cells is driven by yet unknown mechanism involving iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases other than PHD1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	259-273	cyclin D1	Homo sapiens	181-190
31475115-9	2019	Gain-of-function mutations in IDH1, such as c.394C>T/p.Arg132Cys, create a neo-activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 converting alpha-ketoglutarate into the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate, inhibiting alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent enzymes, such as histone and DNA demethylases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	132-151	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	30-34
31586055-4	2019	We demonstrate that fibrotic signaling alters gating of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (mtCU) in a MICU1-dependent fashion to reduce mCa2+ uptake and induce coordinated changes in metabolism, i.e., increased glycolysis feeding anabolic pathways and glutaminolysis yielding increased alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) bioavailability.	Ketoglutaric Acids	288-307	mitochondrial calcium uptake 1	Homo sapiens	104-109
31447391-3	2019	Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GDH1) is a key enzyme in glutaminolysis that converts glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	94-113	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	27-31
31447391-3	2019	Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GDH1) is a key enzyme in glutaminolysis that converts glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-123	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	27-31
30659235-8	2019	Metabolic analysis reveals that the level of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) was significantly upregulated in TFAM knockout cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	45-64	transcription factor A, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	109-113
30659235-8	2019	Metabolic analysis reveals that the level of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) was significantly upregulated in TFAM knockout cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	66-74	transcription factor A, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	109-113
31471722-1	2019	The glutamate pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2) gene produces a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amino group from glutamate to pyruvate, generating alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	206-225	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	4-37
31471722-1	2019	The glutamate pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2) gene produces a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amino group from glutamate to pyruvate, generating alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	206-225	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	39-43
31434717-1	2019	The Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenase Alkb homolog 1 (Alkbh1) has been shown to act on a wide range of substrates, like DNA, tRNA or histones.	Ketoglutaric Acids	15-29	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	50-64
31434717-1	2019	The Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenase Alkb homolog 1 (Alkbh1) has been shown to act on a wide range of substrates, like DNA, tRNA or histones.	Ketoglutaric Acids	15-29	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	66-72
31376105-1	2019	The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two isoforms of NADP+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (Gdh1 and Gdh3) that catalyze the synthesis of glutamate from alpha-ketoglutarate and NH4+.	Ketoglutaric Acids	157-176	glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) GDH1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	96-100
31376105-1	2019	The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two isoforms of NADP+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (Gdh1 and Gdh3) that catalyze the synthesis of glutamate from alpha-ketoglutarate and NH4+.	Ketoglutaric Acids	157-176	glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) GDH3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	105-109
30847858-3	2019	Clinical severity is due to the fact that LADH is a common E3 subunit to the alpha-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, alpha-ketoadipate, and branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes, and is also a constituent in the glycine cleavage system, thus a loss in LADH function adversely affects multiple key metabolic routes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	77-96	dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	59-61
30653465-6	2019	In-depth profiling of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites revealed reduced levels of intermediates converging into alpha-ketoglutarate in ciPTEC-OAT1 and -OAT3, which via 2-hydroxyglutarate metabolism explains the increased respiration.	Ketoglutaric Acids	122-141	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens	152-156
30653465-6	2019	In-depth profiling of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites revealed reduced levels of intermediates converging into alpha-ketoglutarate in ciPTEC-OAT1 and -OAT3, which via 2-hydroxyglutarate metabolism explains the increased respiration.	Ketoglutaric Acids	122-141	solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens	162-166
30653465-9	2019	In conclusion, our results indicate an increased alpha-ketoglutarate efflux by OAT1 and OAT3, resulting in a metabolic shift towards an oxidative phenotype.	Ketoglutaric Acids	49-68	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens	79-83
30653465-9	2019	In conclusion, our results indicate an increased alpha-ketoglutarate efflux by OAT1 and OAT3, resulting in a metabolic shift towards an oxidative phenotype.	Ketoglutaric Acids	49-68	solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens	88-92
31506465-4	2019	Ptch1+/-/ODCt/C57BL/6 mice show an altered metabolic landscape in the phenotypically normal skin, including restricted glucose availability, restricted ribose/deoxyribose flow and NADPH production, an accumulation of alpha-ketoglutarate, aconitate, and citrate that is associated with reversal of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, coupled with increased ketogenic/lipogenic activity via acetyl-CoA, 3-hydroybutyrate, and cholesterol metabolites.	Ketoglutaric Acids	217-236	patched 1	Mus musculus	0-5
31081204-8	2019	However, photoreduced Dld2 was rapidly reoxidized by oxygen, suggesting that the reaction products, that is, alpha-ketoglutarate and pyruvate, "lock" the reduced enzyme in an unreactive state.	Ketoglutaric Acids	109-128	D-lactate dehydrogenase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	22-26
31534224-0	2019	alpha-Ketoglutarate links p53 to cell fate during tumour suppression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	26-29
31534224-5	2019	Restoring p53 function in cancer cells derived from KRAS-mutant mouse models of PDAC leads to the accumulation of alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG, also known as 2-oxoglutarate), a metabolite that also serves as an obligate substrate for a subset of chromatin-modifying enzymes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	114-133	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	10-13
31534224-5	2019	Restoring p53 function in cancer cells derived from KRAS-mutant mouse models of PDAC leads to the accumulation of alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG, also known as 2-oxoglutarate), a metabolite that also serves as an obligate substrate for a subset of chromatin-modifying enzymes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	114-133	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	52-56
31534224-5	2019	Restoring p53 function in cancer cells derived from KRAS-mutant mouse models of PDAC leads to the accumulation of alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG, also known as 2-oxoglutarate), a metabolite that also serves as an obligate substrate for a subset of chromatin-modifying enzymes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	158-172	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	10-13
31534224-5	2019	Restoring p53 function in cancer cells derived from KRAS-mutant mouse models of PDAC leads to the accumulation of alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG, also known as 2-oxoglutarate), a metabolite that also serves as an obligate substrate for a subset of chromatin-modifying enzymes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	158-172	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	52-56
31254733-7	2019	Slc4a11 KO mouse corneal edema can be partially reversed by alphaKetoglutarate eye drops.	Ketoglutaric Acids	60-78	solute carrier family 4, sodium bicarbonate transporter-like, member 11	Mus musculus	0-7
31475115-9	2019	Gain-of-function mutations in IDH1, such as c.394C>T/p.Arg132Cys, create a neo-activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 converting alpha-ketoglutarate into the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate, inhibiting alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent enzymes, such as histone and DNA demethylases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	209-228	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	30-34
31115975-11	2019	The overexpression of miR-145 inhibited glutamine consumption, alpha-ketoglutarate production, and cellular ATP levels.	Ketoglutaric Acids	63-82	microRNA 145	Homo sapiens	22-29
31257503-2	2019	By catalyzing the reversible conversion between isocitrate and alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), IDH1 and 2 contribute to the central process of metabolism, including oxidative and reductive metabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	63-82	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	95-105
31257503-2	2019	By catalyzing the reversible conversion between isocitrate and alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), IDH1 and 2 contribute to the central process of metabolism, including oxidative and reductive metabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	84-92	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	95-105
31257503-3	2019	IDH1 and 2 mutations result in the loss of normal catalytic function and acquire neomorphic activity, facilitating the conversion of alpha-KG into an oncometabolite, (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate, which can cause epigenetic modifications and tumorigenesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	133-141	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-10
31257503-9	2019	Finally, [U-13C5]glutamine tracer analysis showed that IDH2 knockdown reduced the reductive carboxylation of alpha-KG into isocitrate in HCT116R132H/+ cells under hypoxic conditions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	109-117	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	55-59
31158818-6	2019	Second, alpha-KG modifies epigenetics in embryos cultured in vitro by affecting the activity of the DNA demethylation enzyme TET and the DNA methylation gene Dnmt3a to increase the ratio of 5hmC/5mC ratio.	Ketoglutaric Acids	8-16	DNA methyltransferase 3A	Mus musculus	158-164
31147442-1	2019	JmjC domain-containing protein 6 (JMJD6) is a 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenase linked to various cellular processes, including splicing regulation, histone modification, transcriptional pause release, hypoxia sensing, and cancer.	Ketoglutaric Acids	46-60	jumonji domain containing 6, arginine demethylase and lysine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	0-32
31147442-1	2019	JmjC domain-containing protein 6 (JMJD6) is a 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenase linked to various cellular processes, including splicing regulation, histone modification, transcriptional pause release, hypoxia sensing, and cancer.	Ketoglutaric Acids	46-60	jumonji domain containing 6, arginine demethylase and lysine hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	34-39
31346171-4	2019	2) alpha-Ketoglutarate inhibits adenosine triphosphate synthase, which in together promote the formation of cAMP/CRP regulon to increase the expression of complement-binding proteins HtrE, NfrA, and YhcD.	Ketoglutaric Acids	3-22	catabolite gene activator protein	Escherichia coli	113-116
31337745-5	2019	A mutation coding for glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) results in increased alpha-keto glutarate and ATP, triggering the secretion of pancreatic insulin.	Ketoglutaric Acids	73-93	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	22-45
31337745-5	2019	A mutation coding for glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) results in increased alpha-keto glutarate and ATP, triggering the secretion of pancreatic insulin.	Ketoglutaric Acids	73-93	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	47-50
31340509-14	2019	Finally, one gene (2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase 1 (+HACL1)) associated with two metabolites (-alpha-ketoglutarate and succinic acid) were identified in the gene-metabolite interaction network.	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-108	2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase 1	Bos taurus	47-52
31270335-5	2019	We show that iron is essential for B cell proliferation; both iron deficiency and alpha-ketoglutarate inhibition could suppress cyclin E1 induction and S phase entry of B cells upon activation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	82-101	cyclin E1	Homo sapiens	128-137
31053633-4	2019	alpha-Ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), a crucial metabolite in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, was dependent on IDH3beta level and partially accounted for IDH3beta-mediated cell growth.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) 3 catalytic subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	105-113
31053633-4	2019	alpha-Ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), a crucial metabolite in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, was dependent on IDH3beta level and partially accounted for IDH3beta-mediated cell growth.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) 3 catalytic subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	148-156
31053633-4	2019	alpha-Ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), a crucial metabolite in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, was dependent on IDH3beta level and partially accounted for IDH3beta-mediated cell growth.	Ketoglutaric Acids	21-29	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) 3 catalytic subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	105-113
31053633-4	2019	alpha-Ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), a crucial metabolite in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, was dependent on IDH3beta level and partially accounted for IDH3beta-mediated cell growth.	Ketoglutaric Acids	21-29	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) 3 catalytic subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	148-156
31155409-1	2019	BACKGROUND: Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1/2 genes result in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate and formation of 2-hydroxyglutarate, which blocks normal cellular differentiation and promotes leukemogenesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	142-161	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	51-56
31010955-4	2019	Furthermore, we find out that knockdown of SIRT5 reduces intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate concentration, which leads to elevated H3K9me2 and H3K9me3 levels at promoter regions of Ppargamma and Prdm16 loci.	Ketoglutaric Acids	71-90	sirtuin 5	Mus musculus	43-48
31010955-4	2019	Furthermore, we find out that knockdown of SIRT5 reduces intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate concentration, which leads to elevated H3K9me2 and H3K9me3 levels at promoter regions of Ppargamma and Prdm16 loci.	Ketoglutaric Acids	71-90	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	180-189
31010955-4	2019	Furthermore, we find out that knockdown of SIRT5 reduces intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate concentration, which leads to elevated H3K9me2 and H3K9me3 levels at promoter regions of Ppargamma and Prdm16 loci.	Ketoglutaric Acids	71-90	PR domain containing 16	Mus musculus	194-200
30575118-7	2019	This arises as a result of the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate by the IDH1 mutant and the resultant phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B. Knockdown of CX3CL1 decreased the migration of NK cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	45-64	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	99-103
31051157-0	2019	Alpha ketoglutarate exerts a pro-osteogenic effect in osteoblast cell lines through activation of JNK and mTOR/S6K1/S6 signaling pathways.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	98-101
31051157-0	2019	Alpha ketoglutarate exerts a pro-osteogenic effect in osteoblast cell lines through activation of JNK and mTOR/S6K1/S6 signaling pathways.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	106-110
31051157-0	2019	Alpha ketoglutarate exerts a pro-osteogenic effect in osteoblast cell lines through activation of JNK and mTOR/S6K1/S6 signaling pathways.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1	Homo sapiens	111-115
31051157-7	2019	Using immunofluorescence staining, qRT-PCR, and Western blot analysis, we detected the presence of an AKG receptor GPR99 activated by alpha ketoglutaric acid in the tested osteoblast cell lines.	Ketoglutaric Acids	134-157	oxoglutarate receptor 1	Homo sapiens	115-120
31064654-3	2019	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2), localized in mitochondria, decreases NADP+ to NADPH during the decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	131-150	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	0-26
31064654-3	2019	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2), localized in mitochondria, decreases NADP+ to NADPH during the decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	131-150	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	28-32
31242135-0	2019	Alpha-ketoglutarate extends Drosophila lifespan by inhibiting mTOR and activating AMPK.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	Megator	Drosophila melanogaster	62-66
31242135-0	2019	Alpha-ketoglutarate extends Drosophila lifespan by inhibiting mTOR and activating AMPK.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	AMP-activated protein kinase alpha subunit	Drosophila melanogaster	82-86
31221981-5	2019	Furthermore, gain-of-function mutations in genes encoding metabolic enzymes, such as isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH)1/2, drive tumor progression by producing an oncometabolite, D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG), which is a competitive inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate, O2-dependent dioxygenases such as Jumonji domain-containing histone demethylases, and DNA demethylases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	243-262	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	85-119
31216464-3	2019	We report that quiescent (telogen) hair follicles can be stimulated to initiate anagen and hair growth by small molecules that activate autophagy, including the metabolites alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and alpha-ketobutyrate (alpha-KB), and the prescription drugs rapamycin and metformin, which impinge on mTOR and AMPK signaling.	Ketoglutaric Acids	173-192	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	308-312
31088072-2	2019	In this work, we studied the in vitro inhibitory mechanism of six molecules in this class on ALKBH2, an Fe(II)/alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent DNA repair enzyme in the AlkB family.	Ketoglutaric Acids	111-130	alkB homolog 2, alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	93-99
31088072-2	2019	In this work, we studied the in vitro inhibitory mechanism of six molecules in this class on ALKBH2, an Fe(II)/alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent DNA repair enzyme in the AlkB family.	Ketoglutaric Acids	111-130	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	166-170
31317039-7	2019	Furthermore, alpha-ketoglutarate also exhibited immunomodulatory effects mediated via downregulation of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-22, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IL-1beta cytokines.	Ketoglutaric Acids	13-32	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	104-122
31317039-7	2019	Furthermore, alpha-ketoglutarate also exhibited immunomodulatory effects mediated via downregulation of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-22, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IL-1beta cytokines.	Ketoglutaric Acids	13-32	interleukin 22	Mus musculus	124-129
31317039-7	2019	Furthermore, alpha-ketoglutarate also exhibited immunomodulatory effects mediated via downregulation of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-22, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IL-1beta cytokines.	Ketoglutaric Acids	13-32	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	131-165
31317039-7	2019	Furthermore, alpha-ketoglutarate also exhibited immunomodulatory effects mediated via downregulation of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-22, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IL-1beta cytokines.	Ketoglutaric Acids	13-32	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	171-179
31197160-6	2019	We further found that BBR increased the transcription of PRDM16, a master regulator of brown/beige adipogenesis, by inducing the active DNA demethylation of PRDM16 promoter, which might be driven by the activation of AMPK and production of its downstream tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate alpha-Ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	293-312	PR/SET domain 16	Homo sapiens	57-63
31197160-6	2019	We further found that BBR increased the transcription of PRDM16, a master regulator of brown/beige adipogenesis, by inducing the active DNA demethylation of PRDM16 promoter, which might be driven by the activation of AMPK and production of its downstream tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate alpha-Ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	293-312	PR/SET domain 16	Homo sapiens	157-163
30862724-4	2019	Mechanistically, Y42 phosphorylation occurs in IDH1 monomers, which promotes dimer formation with enhanced substrate (isocitrate or alpha-ketoglutarate) binding, whereas Y42-phosphorylated dimers show attenuated disruption to monomers.	Ketoglutaric Acids	132-151	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	47-51
31139406-1	2019	Background: Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) occur in various types of cancer and induce metabolic alterations resulting from the neomorphic activity that causes production of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) at the expense of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	238-257	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	25-51
31139406-1	2019	Background: Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) occur in various types of cancer and induce metabolic alterations resulting from the neomorphic activity that causes production of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) at the expense of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	238-257	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	53-57
31139406-1	2019	Background: Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) occur in various types of cancer and induce metabolic alterations resulting from the neomorphic activity that causes production of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) at the expense of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	259-267	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	25-51
31139406-1	2019	Background: Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) occur in various types of cancer and induce metabolic alterations resulting from the neomorphic activity that causes production of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) at the expense of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	259-267	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	53-57
30575118-7	2019	This arises as a result of the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate by the IDH1 mutant and the resultant phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B. Knockdown of CX3CL1 decreased the migration of NK cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	45-64	C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1	Homo sapiens	185-191
30902882-6	2019	The expression of glutaminase (GLS), intracellular level of glutamate and alpha-Ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) were negatively regulated by lincRNA-p21.	Ketoglutaric Acids	74-93	tumor protein p53 pathway corepressor 1	Homo sapiens	134-145
30898847-2	2019	The first step in carnitine biosynthesis is catalyzed by trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH), a non-heme Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenase, which catalyzes the stereospecific hydroxylation of (2S)-N epsilon-trimethyllysine to (2S,3S)-3-hydroxy-N epsilon-trimethyllysine.	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-129	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	57-84
31105869-1	2019	The family of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes is vital for cellular metabolism, as IDH1 and IDH2 are required for the decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	158-177	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	14-38
31105869-1	2019	The family of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes is vital for cellular metabolism, as IDH1 and IDH2 are required for the decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	158-177	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	40-43
31105869-1	2019	The family of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes is vital for cellular metabolism, as IDH1 and IDH2 are required for the decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	158-177	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	90-94
31105869-1	2019	The family of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes is vital for cellular metabolism, as IDH1 and IDH2 are required for the decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	158-177	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	99-103
30898847-2	2019	The first step in carnitine biosynthesis is catalyzed by trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH), a non-heme Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenase, which catalyzes the stereospecific hydroxylation of (2S)-N epsilon-trimethyllysine to (2S,3S)-3-hydroxy-N epsilon-trimethyllysine.	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-129	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	86-90
30714292-5	2019	Impairment of this complex results in upregulation of GOT2, which in turn increases aspartate and alpha ketoglutarate production, leading to rapid cell proliferation of breast cancer cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	98-117	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	54-58
30826061-3	2019	While leading to upregulation of the citrate synthase-alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase segment of the Krebs cycle and increased respiratory chain activities and respiration in the mesenchymal stem cells, the remodeling in the neural stem cells resulted in downregulation of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, upregulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 and the accumulation of alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	54-73	citrate synthase	Homo sapiens	37-53
30520130-1	2019	Oxoglutarate receptor 1 (OXGR1), as one of the intermediates in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), plays a crucial role in the citric acid cycle receptor of alpha-ketoglutarate and metabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	159-178	oxoglutarate receptor 1	Homo sapiens	0-23
30520130-1	2019	Oxoglutarate receptor 1 (OXGR1), as one of the intermediates in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), plays a crucial role in the citric acid cycle receptor of alpha-ketoglutarate and metabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	159-178	oxoglutarate receptor 1	Homo sapiens	25-30
30573870-3	2019	IDH mutation has a remarkable neomorphic activity of converting alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), which is now commonly referred to as an oncometabolite and biomarker for gliomas.	Ketoglutaric Acids	64-83	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
30573870-3	2019	IDH mutation has a remarkable neomorphic activity of converting alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), which is now commonly referred to as an oncometabolite and biomarker for gliomas.	Ketoglutaric Acids	85-93	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
31086759-9	2019	Almost unique amongst intracellular bacteria, MAP"s variant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) enzyme, a type 2-oxoglutarate ferredoxin oxidoreductase, can use a host cell"s cytosolic alpha-ketoglutarate in its own Krebs or tricarboxylic acid cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	183-202	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	88-92
31086759-10	2019	MAP"s ability to use a host cell"s alpha-ketoglutarate may explain the survival advantage of the cytosolic IDH1 enzyme mutation for patients with diffuse gliomas including glioblastoma, astrocytoma, and oligdendroglioma, a mutation that results in a reduced supply of cytosolic alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	35-54	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	107-111
31086759-10	2019	MAP"s ability to use a host cell"s alpha-ketoglutarate may explain the survival advantage of the cytosolic IDH1 enzyme mutation for patients with diffuse gliomas including glioblastoma, astrocytoma, and oligdendroglioma, a mutation that results in a reduced supply of cytosolic alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	278-297	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	107-111
30857299-1	2019	Isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH) 1 and 2 are key metabolic enzymes that generate reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to maintain a pool of reduced glutathione and peroxiredoxin, and produce alpha-ketoglutarate, a co-factor of numerous enzymes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	213-232	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-39
30293202-2	2019	Flavonol synthase (FLS), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), and flavanone 3beta-hydroxylase belong to the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent (2ODD) oxygenase family, and each performs crucial functions in the biosynthesis of flavonoids.	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-115	flavonol synthase/flavanone 3-hydroxylase-like	Nicotiana tabacum	0-17
30635937-0	2019	SLC13A3 variants cause acute reversible leukoencephalopathy and alpha-ketoglutarate accumulation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	64-83	solute carrier family 13 member 3	Homo sapiens	0-7
30816177-7	2019	NMN up-regulated alpha-ketoglutarate (KG) levels in Ndufs4-KO muscle, a metabolite essential for HIF1a degradation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	17-36	NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S4	Mus musculus	52-58
30816177-7	2019	NMN up-regulated alpha-ketoglutarate (KG) levels in Ndufs4-KO muscle, a metabolite essential for HIF1a degradation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	17-36	hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit	Mus musculus	97-102
30572191-6	2019	Obtained results showed that the UA could increase amount of doxorubicin (Dox) entering the cell to accumulate in nuclei, decrease the efflux ratio of digoxin comparable to the effects of the known inhibitor verapamil by acting as a P-gp substrate, decrease the content of intracellular alanine, lactate, pyruvate, glucose, alpha-ketoglutarate, glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, serine, and glycine.	Ketoglutaric Acids	324-343	ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1	Homo sapiens	233-237
30517733-5	2019	We found that hm6dA can be formed from the hydroxylation of m6dA by the Fe2+- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent ALKBH1 protein in genomic DNA of mammals.	Ketoglutaric Acids	82-96	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	107-113
30626691-9	2019	The treatment of CD8+ T cells with Utx-cofactor alpha-ketoglutarate hampered the memory formation, whereas Utx inhibitor GSK-J4 enhanced the memory formation in WT CD8+ T cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	48-67	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 6A	Mus musculus	35-38
30573525-5	2019	Importantly, genetic inactivation of genes that raise the mitochondrial saccharopine precursors lysine and alpha-ketoglutarate strongly suppresses SDH mutation-induced saccharopine accumulation and mitochondrial abnormalities in C. elegans Thus, adequate saccharopine catabolism is essential for mitochondrial homeostasis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	107-126	aminoadipate-semialdehyde synthase	Mus musculus	147-150
30470977-2	2019	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD1) is a key enzyme in glutaminolysis converting glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate for entry into the TCA cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-109	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	25-30
30686754-3	2019	METHODS: We have proposed that the oxoglutarate carrier SLC25A11 is important for ATP production in cancer by NADH transportation from the cytosol to mitochondria as a malate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	35-47	solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier oxoglutarate carrier), member 11	Mus musculus	56-64
30686754-7	2019	This was consistent with higher levels of the oxoglutarate carrier SLC25A11.	Ketoglutaric Acids	46-58	solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier oxoglutarate carrier), member 11	Mus musculus	67-75
30686754-10	2019	INTERPRETATION: Cancer cells critically depended on the oxoglutarate carrier SLC25A11 for transporting NADH from cytosol to mitochondria as a malate form for the purpose of ATP production.	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-68	solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier oxoglutarate carrier), member 11	Mus musculus	77-85
30483760-1	2019	The mutation of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1 (R132H) and IDH2 (R172K) and the induction of hypoxia in various solid tumors results in alterations in metabolic profiles, including the production of the d- or l-forms of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) from alpha-ketoglutarate in aerobic metabolism in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	251-270	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	42-47
30483760-1	2019	The mutation of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1 (R132H) and IDH2 (R172K) and the induction of hypoxia in various solid tumors results in alterations in metabolic profiles, including the production of the d- or l-forms of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) from alpha-ketoglutarate in aerobic metabolism in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	251-270	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	60-64
30707752-1	2019	Purpose: To characterize two mitochondrial membrane transporters 2-oxoglutarate (OGC) and dicarboxylate (DIC) in human RPE (hRPE) and to elucidate their role in the regulation of mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) uptake and cell death in oxidative stress.	Ketoglutaric Acids	65-79	solute carrier family 25 member 11	Homo sapiens	81-84
30707752-1	2019	Purpose: To characterize two mitochondrial membrane transporters 2-oxoglutarate (OGC) and dicarboxylate (DIC) in human RPE (hRPE) and to elucidate their role in the regulation of mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) uptake and cell death in oxidative stress.	Ketoglutaric Acids	65-79	ribulose-5-phosphate-3-epimerase	Homo sapiens	119-122
30707752-1	2019	Purpose: To characterize two mitochondrial membrane transporters 2-oxoglutarate (OGC) and dicarboxylate (DIC) in human RPE (hRPE) and to elucidate their role in the regulation of mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) uptake and cell death in oxidative stress.	Ketoglutaric Acids	65-79	ribulose-5-phosphate-3-epimerase	Homo sapiens	124-128
29771336-1	2019	Fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) protein is a ferrous ion (Fe2+)/2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)-dependent demethylase preferentially catalyzing m6A sites in RNA.	Ketoglutaric Acids	70-84	fat mass and obesity associated	Mus musculus	33-36
30293202-2	2019	Flavonol synthase (FLS), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), and flavanone 3beta-hydroxylase belong to the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent (2ODD) oxygenase family, and each performs crucial functions in the biosynthesis of flavonoids.	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-115	flavonol synthase/flavanone 3-hydroxylase-like	Nicotiana tabacum	19-22
30293202-2	2019	Flavonol synthase (FLS), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), and flavanone 3beta-hydroxylase belong to the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent (2ODD) oxygenase family, and each performs crucial functions in the biosynthesis of flavonoids.	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-115	leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase-like	Nicotiana tabacum	25-47
31225497-9	2019	We demonstrate that collagen proly 4 hydroxylase 1 (P4H1) induces HIF-1alpha expression at the protein level by modulating alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and succinate levels.	Ketoglutaric Acids	123-142	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	66-76
30257965-4	2019	We link mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle activity to IDH2-mediated production of alpha-ketoglutarate and through it, the activity of key epigenetic regulators.	Ketoglutaric Acids	87-106	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	59-63
30130138-9	2019	alpha-KG is a cofactor for JMJD3 histone demethylase, which targets H3K27me3.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-8	lysine demethylase 6B	Homo sapiens	27-32
30130138-12	2019	Exogenous alpha-KG partially restores JMJD3 function and its interaction with the XIAP and survivin promoter regions under glutamine-deficient conditions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	10-18	lysine demethylase 6B	Homo sapiens	38-43
30130138-12	2019	Exogenous alpha-KG partially restores JMJD3 function and its interaction with the XIAP and survivin promoter regions under glutamine-deficient conditions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	10-18	X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis	Homo sapiens	82-86
30289354-0	2019	Alpha ketoglutarate levels, regulated by p53 and OGDH, determine autophagy and cell fate/apoptosis in response to Nutlin-3a.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	41-44
30289354-0	2019	Alpha ketoglutarate levels, regulated by p53 and OGDH, determine autophagy and cell fate/apoptosis in response to Nutlin-3a.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	49-53
29079932-1	2019	In-vitro, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	103-122	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	10-33
29079932-1	2019	In-vitro, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	103-122	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	35-38
29079932-1	2019	In-vitro, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	124-132	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	10-33
29079932-1	2019	In-vitro, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	124-132	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	35-38
29943084-1	2019	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the reversible deamination of L-glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia.	Ketoglutaric Acids	85-104	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-23
29943084-1	2019	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the reversible deamination of L-glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia.	Ketoglutaric Acids	85-104	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	25-28
30205167-4	2018	Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of the mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier (SLC25A10) or the oxoglutarate-carrier (SLC25A11) increased the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation (IR).	Ketoglutaric Acids	99-111	solute carrier family 25 member 11	Homo sapiens	121-129
30381394-3	2018	Several studies have proposed that retention of this WT allele is protumorigenic by facilitating substrate channeling through a WT-mutant IDH1 heterodimer, with the WT subunit generating a local supply of alpha-ketoglutarate and NADPH that is then consumed by the mutant subunit to produce 2-HG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	205-224	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	138-142
30478029-1	2018	Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is an enzyme required for the production of alpha-ketoglutarate from isocitrate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	75-94	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	0-24
30478029-1	2018	Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is an enzyme required for the production of alpha-ketoglutarate from isocitrate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	75-94	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	26-29
30174306-6	2018	mPTP opening increases PHF8 protein levels downstream of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and miR-101c and simultaneously elevates levels of PHF8"s cofactor, alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	174-193	protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, U	Mus musculus	0-4
30174306-6	2018	mPTP opening increases PHF8 protein levels downstream of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and miR-101c and simultaneously elevates levels of PHF8"s cofactor, alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	174-193	PHD finger protein 8	Mus musculus	157-161
30003571-1	2018	AIMS: Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is a metabolic enzyme that converts isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-109	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	6-32
30003571-1	2018	AIMS: Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is a metabolic enzyme that converts isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-109	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	34-38
30346763-0	2018	Prevention of Oxidative Stress by alpha-Ketoglutarate via Activation of CAR Signaling and Modulation of the Expression of Key Antioxidant-Associated Targets in Vivo and in Vitro.	Ketoglutaric Acids	34-53	nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3	Homo sapiens	72-75
30506321-1	2018	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) are key metabolic enzymes that convert isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	102-121	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	34-38
30506321-1	2018	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) are key metabolic enzymes that convert isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	102-121	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	43-47
30352661-7	2018	Our structural model reveals that Alkbh5 is more disordered in solution than what is observed in the crystal state and undergoes breathing motions that expand the active site and allow access to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	195-214	alkB homolog 5, RNA demethylase	Homo sapiens	34-40
30251682-2	2018	GA is caused by point mutations in the gene encoding ornithine delta-aminotransferase (OAT), a tetrameric pyridoxal 5"-phosphate-dependent enzyme catalysing the transamination of l-ornithine and alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamic-gamma-semialdehyde and l-glutamate in mitochondria.	Ketoglutaric Acids	195-214	ornithine aminotransferase	Homo sapiens	53-85
30891326-9	2018	As a result, PKM2 reduced glucose levels reserved for intracellular utilization, particularly for the production of citrate, and thus increased the alpha-ketoglutarate/citrate ratio to promote the generation of glutamine-derived acetyl-coenzyme A through the reductive pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	148-167	pyruvate kinase, muscle	Mus musculus	13-17
30367042-3	2018	By modulating alpha ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and succinate levels P4HA1 expression reduces proline hydroxylation on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1alpha, enhancing its stability in cancer cells.	Ketoglutaric Acids	14-33	prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	66-71
29847930-1	2018	Isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) are homodimeric enzymes that catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	113-132	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	35-41
29847930-1	2018	Isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) are homodimeric enzymes that catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	134-142	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	35-41
30405699-2	2018	This is exemplified by the isoforms of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1/2), which metabolize isocitrate to alpha-Ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	105-124	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	65-71
30405699-2	2018	This is exemplified by the isoforms of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1/2), which metabolize isocitrate to alpha-Ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	126-134	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	65-71
30405699-3	2018	Gain of function mutations in IDH1 or IDH2 result in reduced levels of alpha-KG as a result of increased formation of D-2-Hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	71-79	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	30-34
30405699-3	2018	Gain of function mutations in IDH1 or IDH2 result in reduced levels of alpha-KG as a result of increased formation of D-2-Hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	71-79	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	38-42
30249606-2	2018	Most tumor-relevant IDH1 mutations are deficient in the normal oxidization of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), but gain the neomorphic activity of reducing alphaKG to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D2HG), which drives tumorigenesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	92-111	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	20-24
29769206-4	2018	IDH2 is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate; its mutated version leads to the accumulation of the oncometabolite (R)-2 hydroxyglutarate, which disrupts several cell processes and leads to a blockage in differentiation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	80-99	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
30131334-3	2018	d-3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (SerA) can catalyze the production of d-2-hydroxyglutarate (d-2-HG) from 2-ketoglutarate to support d-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenation, which is the initial reaction in bacterial l-serine biosynthesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	108-123	PST_RS02065	Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501	0-34
30384856-2	2018	In Saccharomyces cerevisiae glutamate can be synthesized from alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonium through the action of NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenases Gdh1 and Gdh3.	Ketoglutaric Acids	62-81	glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) GDH1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	157-161
30384856-2	2018	In Saccharomyces cerevisiae glutamate can be synthesized from alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonium through the action of NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenases Gdh1 and Gdh3.	Ketoglutaric Acids	62-81	glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) GDH3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	166-170
28621566-1	2018	The enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH; Glud1) catalyzes the (reversible) oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate accompanied by a reduction of NAD+ to NADH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	113-132	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Mus musculus	41-46
29944916-9	2018	Among others, alpha-ketoglutarate, hydroxyglutarate and certain amino acids (ornithine, proline and glycine) were reduced in the CS patient fibroblasts, whereas glycolytic intermediates (glucose-6-phosphate and pyruvic acid) and fatty acids (palmitic, stearic and myristic acid) were increased.	Ketoglutaric Acids	14-33	citrate synthase	Homo sapiens	129-131
29733964-2	2018	Recently, IDH1/2 mutations have been identified in approximately 20% of CCAs which suggests an involvement of 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) -dependent dioxygenases in oncogenesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	110-124	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	10-16
30265706-10	2018	BCAT1 catalyzes the transformation of alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate and has been linked to the presence and severity of NAFLD, possibly through derangements in the balance between glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	38-57	branched chain amino acid transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
30265706-10	2018	BCAT1 catalyzes the transformation of alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate and has been linked to the presence and severity of NAFLD, possibly through derangements in the balance between glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	197-216	branched chain amino acid transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
30148961-1	2018	FIH [factor inhibiting HIF (hypoxia inducible factor)] is an alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)-dependent nonheme iron enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of the C-terminal transactivation domain (CAD) asparagine residue in HIF-1alpha to regulate cellular oxygen levels.	Ketoglutaric Acids	61-80	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	223-233
29981745-3	2018	We set out to study the catalytic and inhibitory properties of human KDM4A, KDM4B, KDM5B, KDM6A and KDM6B, aiming in particular to reveal which of these enzymes are targeted by cancer-associated 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) analogues.	Ketoglutaric Acids	195-209	lysine demethylase 4A	Homo sapiens	69-74
29981745-3	2018	We set out to study the catalytic and inhibitory properties of human KDM4A, KDM4B, KDM5B, KDM6A and KDM6B, aiming in particular to reveal which of these enzymes are targeted by cancer-associated 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) analogues.	Ketoglutaric Acids	195-209	lysine demethylase 4B	Homo sapiens	76-81
29981745-3	2018	We set out to study the catalytic and inhibitory properties of human KDM4A, KDM4B, KDM5B, KDM6A and KDM6B, aiming in particular to reveal which of these enzymes are targeted by cancer-associated 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) analogues.	Ketoglutaric Acids	195-209	lysine demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens	83-88
29981745-3	2018	We set out to study the catalytic and inhibitory properties of human KDM4A, KDM4B, KDM5B, KDM6A and KDM6B, aiming in particular to reveal which of these enzymes are targeted by cancer-associated 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) analogues.	Ketoglutaric Acids	195-209	lysine demethylase 6A	Homo sapiens	90-95
29981745-3	2018	We set out to study the catalytic and inhibitory properties of human KDM4A, KDM4B, KDM5B, KDM6A and KDM6B, aiming in particular to reveal which of these enzymes are targeted by cancer-associated 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) analogues.	Ketoglutaric Acids	195-209	lysine demethylase 6B	Homo sapiens	100-105
29981745-3	2018	We set out to study the catalytic and inhibitory properties of human KDM4A, KDM4B, KDM5B, KDM6A and KDM6B, aiming in particular to reveal which of these enzymes are targeted by cancer-associated 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) analogues.	Ketoglutaric Acids	211-215	lysine demethylase 4A	Homo sapiens	69-74
29981745-3	2018	We set out to study the catalytic and inhibitory properties of human KDM4A, KDM4B, KDM5B, KDM6A and KDM6B, aiming in particular to reveal which of these enzymes are targeted by cancer-associated 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) analogues.	Ketoglutaric Acids	211-215	lysine demethylase 4B	Homo sapiens	76-81
29981745-3	2018	We set out to study the catalytic and inhibitory properties of human KDM4A, KDM4B, KDM5B, KDM6A and KDM6B, aiming in particular to reveal which of these enzymes are targeted by cancer-associated 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) analogues.	Ketoglutaric Acids	211-215	lysine demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens	83-88
29981745-3	2018	We set out to study the catalytic and inhibitory properties of human KDM4A, KDM4B, KDM5B, KDM6A and KDM6B, aiming in particular to reveal which of these enzymes are targeted by cancer-associated 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) analogues.	Ketoglutaric Acids	211-215	lysine demethylase 6A	Homo sapiens	90-95
29981745-3	2018	We set out to study the catalytic and inhibitory properties of human KDM4A, KDM4B, KDM5B, KDM6A and KDM6B, aiming in particular to reveal which of these enzymes are targeted by cancer-associated 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) analogues.	Ketoglutaric Acids	211-215	lysine demethylase 6B	Homo sapiens	100-105
30542593-1	2018	Ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) is an Fe/alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) dependent enzyme that dealkylates 5-methylcytosine (5mC).	Ketoglutaric Acids	43-62	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Homo sapiens	0-26
30542593-1	2018	Ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) is an Fe/alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) dependent enzyme that dealkylates 5-methylcytosine (5mC).	Ketoglutaric Acids	43-62	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Homo sapiens	28-32
29913148-0	2018	Disruption of IDH2 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and lung injury in an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent manner.	Ketoglutaric Acids	92-111	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	14-18
29913148-3	2018	alpha-Ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) is a key metabolic intermediate and acts as a pro-inflammatory metabolite, which is responsible for LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine production through NF-kappaB signaling pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	187-196
29913148-3	2018	alpha-Ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) is a key metabolic intermediate and acts as a pro-inflammatory metabolite, which is responsible for LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine production through NF-kappaB signaling pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	21-29	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	187-196
29913148-4	2018	Mitochondrial NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH2) has been reported as an essential enzyme catalyzing the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-KG with concurrent production of NAPDH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	146-154	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	56-60
29396649-7	2018	By using CPT1A floxed mice, we have observed that genetic ablation of CPT1A recapitulates the effect of ghrelin on GABA release in cortical neurons, inducing reductions in mitochondrial oxygen consumption, cell content of citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate, and GABA shunt enzyme activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	234-253	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a, liver	Mus musculus	70-75
29396649-7	2018	By using CPT1A floxed mice, we have observed that genetic ablation of CPT1A recapitulates the effect of ghrelin on GABA release in cortical neurons, inducing reductions in mitochondrial oxygen consumption, cell content of citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate, and GABA shunt enzyme activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	234-253	ghrelin	Mus musculus	104-111
29726060-10	2018	Together, these data suggest that HIF-1alpha function during hBM-MSC chondrogenesis may be regulated by mechanisms with a greater dependence on 2-oxoglutarate than Fe2+ availability.	Ketoglutaric Acids	144-158	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	34-44
30134173-2	2018	Hallmarks of this metabolic rewiring are downregulation of alpha-ketoglutarate formation by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and accumulation of glutamine-derived succinate, which enhances the inflammatory response via the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	59-78	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	118-121
30134173-2	2018	Hallmarks of this metabolic rewiring are downregulation of alpha-ketoglutarate formation by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and accumulation of glutamine-derived succinate, which enhances the inflammatory response via the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	59-78	succinate dehydrogenase complex iron sulfur subunit B	Homo sapiens	233-256
30120246-7	2018	We also found that alpha-KG activates mTORC1-dependent central carbon metabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	19-27	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	38-44
29733964-2	2018	Recently, IDH1/2 mutations have been identified in approximately 20% of CCAs which suggests an involvement of 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) -dependent dioxygenases in oncogenesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	126-130	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	10-16
29723602-1	2018	Isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) are important metabolic enzymes that convert isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	102-121	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	35-41
29599405-0	2018	Transketolase Regulates the Metabolic Switch to Control Breast Cancer Cell Metastasis via the alpha-Ketoglutarate Signaling Pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	94-113	transketolase	Homo sapiens	0-13
29412702-0	2018	alpha-Ketoglutarate stimulates pendrin-dependent Cl- absorption in the mouse CCD through protein kinase C. alpha-Ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) is a citric acid cycle intermediate and a glutamine catabolism product.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	solute carrier family 26, member 4	Mus musculus	31-38
29412702-0	2018	alpha-Ketoglutarate stimulates pendrin-dependent Cl- absorption in the mouse CCD through protein kinase C. alpha-Ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) is a citric acid cycle intermediate and a glutamine catabolism product.	Ketoglutaric Acids	107-126	solute carrier family 26, member 4	Mus musculus	31-38
29412702-0	2018	alpha-Ketoglutarate stimulates pendrin-dependent Cl- absorption in the mouse CCD through protein kinase C. alpha-Ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) is a citric acid cycle intermediate and a glutamine catabolism product.	Ketoglutaric Acids	128-136	solute carrier family 26, member 4	Mus musculus	31-38
29412702-12	2018	In conclusion, alpha-KG stimulates pendrin-dependent Cl-/[Formula: see text] exchange through a mechanism dependent on PKC and Ca2+ that involves PKC-alpha and PKC-delta.	Ketoglutaric Acids	15-23	solute carrier family 26, member 4	Mus musculus	35-42
29412702-12	2018	In conclusion, alpha-KG stimulates pendrin-dependent Cl-/[Formula: see text] exchange through a mechanism dependent on PKC and Ca2+ that involves PKC-alpha and PKC-delta.	Ketoglutaric Acids	15-23	protein kinase C, alpha	Mus musculus	119-122
29412702-12	2018	In conclusion, alpha-KG stimulates pendrin-dependent Cl-/[Formula: see text] exchange through a mechanism dependent on PKC and Ca2+ that involves PKC-alpha and PKC-delta.	Ketoglutaric Acids	15-23	protein kinase C, alpha	Mus musculus	146-155
29412702-12	2018	In conclusion, alpha-KG stimulates pendrin-dependent Cl-/[Formula: see text] exchange through a mechanism dependent on PKC and Ca2+ that involves PKC-alpha and PKC-delta.	Ketoglutaric Acids	15-23	protein kinase C, delta	Mus musculus	160-169
29915238-1	2018	Biochemical, structural and cellular studies reveal Jumonji-C (JmjC) domain-containing 7 (JMJD7) to be a 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenase that catalyzes (3S)-lysyl hydroxylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	105-119	jumonji domain containing 7	Homo sapiens	90-95
30013764-3	2018	IDH2 enzyme is involved in the Krebs cycle, catalyzing alpha-ketoglutarate from isocitrate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	55-74	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
30013764-4	2018	Mutant IDH2 enzymes acquire a neomorphic enzymatic activity with the ability to produce 2-hydroxyglutarate from alpha-ketoglutarate, inhibiting multiple alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase reactions; leading to aberrant DNA hypermethylation and differentiation block in myeloid precursors and ultimately promoting leukemogenesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	112-131	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	7-11
29953513-3	2018	Wild type IDH1 catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) whereas mutant IDH1 converts alpha-KG into D2-hydroxyglutarate (D2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Danio rerio	10-14
29953513-3	2018	Wild type IDH1 catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) whereas mutant IDH1 converts alpha-KG into D2-hydroxyglutarate (D2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-97	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Danio rerio	10-14
29953513-3	2018	Wild type IDH1 catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) whereas mutant IDH1 converts alpha-KG into D2-hydroxyglutarate (D2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	128-136	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Danio rerio	10-14
29953513-3	2018	Wild type IDH1 catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) whereas mutant IDH1 converts alpha-KG into D2-hydroxyglutarate (D2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	128-136	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Danio rerio	114-118
29599405-4	2018	Depletion of TKT or addition of alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) enhanced the levels of tumor suppressors succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate hydratase (FH), decreasing oncometabolites succinate and fumarate, and further stabilizing HIF prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) and decreasing HIF1alpha, ultimately suppressing breast cancer metastasis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	32-51	fumarate hydratase	Homo sapiens	131-149
29599405-4	2018	Depletion of TKT or addition of alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) enhanced the levels of tumor suppressors succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate hydratase (FH), decreasing oncometabolites succinate and fumarate, and further stabilizing HIF prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) and decreasing HIF1alpha, ultimately suppressing breast cancer metastasis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	32-51	fumarate hydratase	Homo sapiens	151-153
29599405-4	2018	Depletion of TKT or addition of alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) enhanced the levels of tumor suppressors succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate hydratase (FH), decreasing oncometabolites succinate and fumarate, and further stabilizing HIF prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) and decreasing HIF1alpha, ultimately suppressing breast cancer metastasis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	32-51	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	235-255
29599405-4	2018	Depletion of TKT or addition of alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) enhanced the levels of tumor suppressors succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate hydratase (FH), decreasing oncometabolites succinate and fumarate, and further stabilizing HIF prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) and decreasing HIF1alpha, ultimately suppressing breast cancer metastasis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	32-51	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	257-261
29599405-4	2018	Depletion of TKT or addition of alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) enhanced the levels of tumor suppressors succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate hydratase (FH), decreasing oncometabolites succinate and fumarate, and further stabilizing HIF prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) and decreasing HIF1alpha, ultimately suppressing breast cancer metastasis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	32-51	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	278-287
29661856-3	2018	Rescue experiments with glutamine-derived metabolites suggest an essential role for glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) in TAZ/YAP-driven cell growth in the absence of glutamine.	Ketoglutaric Acids	98-117	tafazzin, phospholipid-lysophospholipid transacylase	Homo sapiens	127-130
29661856-3	2018	Rescue experiments with glutamine-derived metabolites suggest an essential role for glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) in TAZ/YAP-driven cell growth in the absence of glutamine.	Ketoglutaric Acids	98-117	Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator	Homo sapiens	131-134
29545476-1	2018	Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1/2 converts alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to D-2 hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG), a putative oncometabolite that can inhibit alpha-KG-dependent enzymes, including ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase (TET) DNA demethylases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	51-70	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	33-36
29545476-1	2018	Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1/2 converts alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to D-2 hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG), a putative oncometabolite that can inhibit alpha-KG-dependent enzymes, including ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase (TET) DNA demethylases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	72-80	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	33-36
29771909-3	2018	Here, we report that the carbohydrate metabolites succinate and alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and their respective receptor-GPR91 and GPR99-are involved in modulating retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections toward the thalamus during visual system development.	Ketoglutaric Acids	64-83	succinate receptor 1	Homo sapiens	125-130
29771909-3	2018	Here, we report that the carbohydrate metabolites succinate and alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and their respective receptor-GPR91 and GPR99-are involved in modulating retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections toward the thalamus during visual system development.	Ketoglutaric Acids	64-83	oxoglutarate receptor 1	Homo sapiens	135-140
29771909-3	2018	Here, we report that the carbohydrate metabolites succinate and alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and their respective receptor-GPR91 and GPR99-are involved in modulating retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections toward the thalamus during visual system development.	Ketoglutaric Acids	85-93	succinate receptor 1	Homo sapiens	125-130
29771909-3	2018	Here, we report that the carbohydrate metabolites succinate and alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and their respective receptor-GPR91 and GPR99-are involved in modulating retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections toward the thalamus during visual system development.	Ketoglutaric Acids	85-93	oxoglutarate receptor 1	Homo sapiens	135-140
29274570-4	2018	Liver mitochondria isolated from mice heterozygous (GRX2+/-) and homozygous (GRX2-/-) for glutaredoxin-2 displayed a significant decrease in O2 -/H2O2 release when oxidizing pyruvate or 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	186-200	glutaredoxin 2 (thioltransferase)	Mus musculus	52-56
29665240-1	2018	The ten-eleven translocation (TET) protein family, consisting of three isoforms (TET1/2/3), have been found in mammalian cells and have a crucial role in 5-methylcytosine demethylation in genomic DNA through the catalysis of oxidation reactions assisted by 2-oxoglutarate (2OG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	257-271	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	81-89
29706625-5	2018	Moreover, the radioresistant sublines display high levels of oncometabolites including alpha-ketoglutarate, and treatment of cancer cells with alpha-ketoglutarate enhances their stem-like properties in an AhR activation-dependent manner.	Ketoglutaric Acids	143-162	aryl hydrocarbon receptor	Homo sapiens	205-208
29274570-4	2018	Liver mitochondria isolated from mice heterozygous (GRX2+/-) and homozygous (GRX2-/-) for glutaredoxin-2 displayed a significant decrease in O2 -/H2O2 release when oxidizing pyruvate or 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	186-200	glutaredoxin 2 (thioltransferase)	Mus musculus	77-81
29274570-4	2018	Liver mitochondria isolated from mice heterozygous (GRX2+/-) and homozygous (GRX2-/-) for glutaredoxin-2 displayed a significant decrease in O2 -/H2O2 release when oxidizing pyruvate or 2-oxoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	186-200	glutaredoxin 2 (thioltransferase)	Mus musculus	90-104
29274570-6	2018	By contrast, O2 -/H2O2 production was augmented in cardiac mitochondria from GRX2+/- and GRX2-/- mice metabolizing pyruvate or 2-oxoglutarate which was associated with decreased PDH and OGDH protein levels.	Ketoglutaric Acids	127-141	glutaredoxin 2 (thioltransferase)	Mus musculus	77-81
29274570-6	2018	By contrast, O2 -/H2O2 production was augmented in cardiac mitochondria from GRX2+/- and GRX2-/- mice metabolizing pyruvate or 2-oxoglutarate which was associated with decreased PDH and OGDH protein levels.	Ketoglutaric Acids	127-141	glutaredoxin 2 (thioltransferase)	Mus musculus	89-93
29732371-2	2018	5hmC is an epigenetic modification of DNA, resulting from the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) by the Fe2+, and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent, 10-11 translocation methylcytosine dioxygenases (TET1, TET2, and TET3).	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-129	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1	Mus musculus	190-194
29732371-2	2018	5hmC is an epigenetic modification of DNA, resulting from the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) by the Fe2+, and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent, 10-11 translocation methylcytosine dioxygenases (TET1, TET2, and TET3).	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-129	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Mus musculus	196-200
29732371-2	2018	5hmC is an epigenetic modification of DNA, resulting from the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) by the Fe2+, and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent, 10-11 translocation methylcytosine dioxygenases (TET1, TET2, and TET3).	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-129	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 3	Mus musculus	206-210
29642888-3	2018	RESULTS: A new metabolic module was established here, in which, permease Gap1p for L-phenylalanine transportation, catalytic enzymes Aro8p, Aro10p and Adh2p in Ehrlich pathway respectively responsible for transamination, decarboxylation and reduction were assembled, besides, glutamate dehydrogenase Gdh2p was harbored for re-supplying another substrate 2-oxoglutarate, relieving product glutamate repression and regenerating cofactor NADH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	354-368	amino acid permease GAP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	73-78
29662153-0	2018	Author Correction: Alpha-oxoglutarate inhibits the proliferation of immortalized normal bladder epithelial cells via an epigenetic switch involving ARID1A.	Ketoglutaric Acids	19-37	AT-rich interaction domain 1A	Homo sapiens	148-154
29431636-0	2018	Germline Mutations in the Mitochondrial 2-Oxoglutarate/Malate Carrier SLC25A11 Gene Confer a Predisposition to Metastatic Paragangliomas.	Ketoglutaric Acids	40-54	solute carrier family 25 member 11	Homo sapiens	70-78
29431636-3	2018	In this study, we performed whole-exome sequencing of a paraganglioma exhibiting an SDHx-like molecular profile in the absence of SDHx or FH mutations and identified a germline mutation in the SLC25A11 gene, which encodes the mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate/malate carrier.	Ketoglutaric Acids	240-254	solute carrier family 25 member 11	Homo sapiens	193-201
29642888-3	2018	RESULTS: A new metabolic module was established here, in which, permease Gap1p for L-phenylalanine transportation, catalytic enzymes Aro8p, Aro10p and Adh2p in Ehrlich pathway respectively responsible for transamination, decarboxylation and reduction were assembled, besides, glutamate dehydrogenase Gdh2p was harbored for re-supplying another substrate 2-oxoglutarate, relieving product glutamate repression and regenerating cofactor NADH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	354-368	phenylpyruvate decarboxylase ARO10	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	140-146
29642888-3	2018	RESULTS: A new metabolic module was established here, in which, permease Gap1p for L-phenylalanine transportation, catalytic enzymes Aro8p, Aro10p and Adh2p in Ehrlich pathway respectively responsible for transamination, decarboxylation and reduction were assembled, besides, glutamate dehydrogenase Gdh2p was harbored for re-supplying another substrate 2-oxoglutarate, relieving product glutamate repression and regenerating cofactor NADH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	354-368	alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	151-156
29642888-3	2018	RESULTS: A new metabolic module was established here, in which, permease Gap1p for L-phenylalanine transportation, catalytic enzymes Aro8p, Aro10p and Adh2p in Ehrlich pathway respectively responsible for transamination, decarboxylation and reduction were assembled, besides, glutamate dehydrogenase Gdh2p was harbored for re-supplying another substrate 2-oxoglutarate, relieving product glutamate repression and regenerating cofactor NADH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	354-368	glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD(+))	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	300-305
29634739-9	2018	The metabolites with the greatest Variable Importance in Projection score (VIP > 2) were 2-oxoglutaric acid and fructose.	Ketoglutaric Acids	92-110	vasoactive intestinal peptide	Homo sapiens	75-78
29289682-3	2018	In particular, the inhibitors developed to compete with alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), were less sensitive to suppression by the physiological range of L-Asc (40-100 muM) than those having a strong iron chelation motif.	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-75	PYD and CARD domain containing	Homo sapiens	154-157
29438976-1	2018	Glutamate dehydrogenase (Gdh) plays a central role in ammonia detoxification by catalysing reversible oxidative deamination of l-glutamate into alpha-ketoglutarate using NAD+ or NADP+ as cofactor.	Ketoglutaric Acids	144-163	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	25-28
29642888-3	2018	RESULTS: A new metabolic module was established here, in which, permease Gap1p for L-phenylalanine transportation, catalytic enzymes Aro8p, Aro10p and Adh2p in Ehrlich pathway respectively responsible for transamination, decarboxylation and reduction were assembled, besides, glutamate dehydrogenase Gdh2p was harbored for re-supplying another substrate 2-oxoglutarate, relieving product glutamate repression and regenerating cofactor NADH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	354-368	bifunctional 2-aminoadipate transaminase/aromatic-amino-acid:2-oxoglutarate transaminase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	133-138
28942194-4	2018	Although the transport of mGSH is not fully understood, SLC25A10 (dicarboxylate carrier, DIC) and SLC25A11 (2-oxoglutarate carrier, OGC) have been involved in mGSH transport, and therefore we examined their expression and role in HCC.	Ketoglutaric Acids	108-122	solute carrier family 25 member 10	Homo sapiens	56-64
28942194-4	2018	Although the transport of mGSH is not fully understood, SLC25A10 (dicarboxylate carrier, DIC) and SLC25A11 (2-oxoglutarate carrier, OGC) have been involved in mGSH transport, and therefore we examined their expression and role in HCC.	Ketoglutaric Acids	108-122	solute carrier family 25 member 11	Homo sapiens	98-106
28942194-4	2018	Although the transport of mGSH is not fully understood, SLC25A10 (dicarboxylate carrier, DIC) and SLC25A11 (2-oxoglutarate carrier, OGC) have been involved in mGSH transport, and therefore we examined their expression and role in HCC.	Ketoglutaric Acids	108-122	solute carrier family 25 member 11	Homo sapiens	132-135
29567975-1	2018	Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 2 participates in the TCA cycle and catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate and NADP+ to NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	109-128	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	0-32
29494135-4	2018	However, when PGDHs from several different species were coupled to PSAT, it was found that one of them, ecPGDH, conserves the coenzyme in the production of l-serine by utilizing an intrinsic cycle of NAD+/NADH interconversion coupled with the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) to alpha-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	257-276	phosphoserine aminotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	67-71
29547090-3	2018	Mutant IDH produces 2-hydroxyglutarate from alpha-ketoglutarate, a key metabolite of the Krebs cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	44-63	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	7-10
29540215-14	2018	CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that GLS1-mediated glutaminolysis and its downstream production of alpha-ketoglutarate are essential in regulating EV release during HIV-1 infection and immune activation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	103-122	glutaminase	Homo sapiens	41-45
29540744-0	2018	Alpha-oxoglutarate inhibits the proliferation of immortalized normal bladder epithelial cells via an epigenetic switch involving ARID1A.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-18	AT-rich interaction domain 1A	Homo sapiens	129-135
29540744-7	2018	Altogether, our studies reveal the potential role of alpha-OG in epigenetic remodeling through its effects on ARID1A and TET expression in the bladder.	Ketoglutaric Acids	53-61	AT-rich interaction domain 1A	Homo sapiens	110-116
29458964-1	2018	Isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH1/2) are frequently mutated in multiple types of human cancer, resulting in neomorphic enzymes that convert alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	138-157	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	27-33
29564224-8	2018	By contrast, inhibition of the H+-ATP synthase by alpha-ketoglutarate and the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate, reduces mTOR signaling, suppresses cancer cell growth, and contributes to lifespan extension in several model organisms.	Ketoglutaric Acids	50-69	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	121-125
29019707-0	2018	Glutaminolysis Promotes Collagen Translation and Stability via alpha-Ketoglutarate-mediated mTOR Activation and Proline Hydroxylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	63-82	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	92-96
29019707-7	2018	Similar to glutaminolysis, alpha-KG activated mTOR complex 1 and promoted the expression of collagens but not of fibronectin, elastin, or smooth muscle actin-alpha.	Ketoglutaric Acids	27-35	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	46-50
29019707-7	2018	Similar to glutaminolysis, alpha-KG activated mTOR complex 1 and promoted the expression of collagens but not of fibronectin, elastin, or smooth muscle actin-alpha.	Ketoglutaric Acids	27-35	fibronectin 1	Homo sapiens	113-124
29438506-5	2018	Saccharomyces cerevisiae Tpa1 is a member of Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase family, and we show that deletion of AFT1 and AFT2 genes affects Tpa1 function resulting in sensitivity to alkylating agent methyl methane sulfonate (MMS).	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-70	oxidative DNA demethylase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	25-29
29438506-5	2018	Saccharomyces cerevisiae Tpa1 is a member of Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase family, and we show that deletion of AFT1 and AFT2 genes affects Tpa1 function resulting in sensitivity to alkylating agent methyl methane sulfonate (MMS).	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-70	DNA-binding transcription factor AFT1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	130-134
29438506-5	2018	Saccharomyces cerevisiae Tpa1 is a member of Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase family, and we show that deletion of AFT1 and AFT2 genes affects Tpa1 function resulting in sensitivity to alkylating agent methyl methane sulfonate (MMS).	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-70	Aft2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	139-143
29438506-5	2018	Saccharomyces cerevisiae Tpa1 is a member of Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase family, and we show that deletion of AFT1 and AFT2 genes affects Tpa1 function resulting in sensitivity to alkylating agent methyl methane sulfonate (MMS).	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-70	oxidative DNA demethylase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	158-162
29405997-3	2018	We have investigated the kinetics of the MenD-catalyzed 1,4-addition of alpha-ketoglutaric acid to acrylonitrile which has shown that acrylonitrile, while an interesting candidate, is a poor substrate for MenD due to low affinity of the enzyme for this substrate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	72-95	EBP cholestenol delta-isomerase	Homo sapiens	41-45
29439493-1	2018	Isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1,2), the key Krebs cycle enzymes that generate NADPH reducing equivalents, undergo heterozygous mutations in >70% of low- to mid-grade gliomas and ~20% of acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) and gain an unusual new activity of reducing the alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to D-2 hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG) in a NADPH-consuming reaction.	Ketoglutaric Acids	277-296	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	35-41
29439493-1	2018	Isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1,2), the key Krebs cycle enzymes that generate NADPH reducing equivalents, undergo heterozygous mutations in >70% of low- to mid-grade gliomas and ~20% of acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) and gain an unusual new activity of reducing the alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to D-2 hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG) in a NADPH-consuming reaction.	Ketoglutaric Acids	298-306	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	35-41
29208641-6	2018	AOX1C is insensitive to all seven organic acids, AOX1A and AOX1D are both activated by 2-oxoglutarate, but only AOX1A is additionally activated by oxaloacetate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	87-101	alternative oxidase 1C	Arabidopsis thaliana	0-5
29208641-6	2018	AOX1C is insensitive to all seven organic acids, AOX1A and AOX1D are both activated by 2-oxoglutarate, but only AOX1A is additionally activated by oxaloacetate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	87-101	alternative oxidase 1A	Arabidopsis thaliana	49-54
29208641-6	2018	AOX1C is insensitive to all seven organic acids, AOX1A and AOX1D are both activated by 2-oxoglutarate, but only AOX1A is additionally activated by oxaloacetate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	87-101	alternative oxidase 1D	Arabidopsis thaliana	59-64
29382206-3	2018	Owing to a mutation in an important arginine residue in the catalytic pocket, mutant IDH1 catalyzes the production of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) instead of its wild type product alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), which is involved in multiple cellular pathways involving the hydroxylation of proteins, ribonucleic acid, and deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA).	Ketoglutaric Acids	177-196	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	85-89
29382206-3	2018	Owing to a mutation in an important arginine residue in the catalytic pocket, mutant IDH1 catalyzes the production of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) instead of its wild type product alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), which is involved in multiple cellular pathways involving the hydroxylation of proteins, ribonucleic acid, and deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA).	Ketoglutaric Acids	198-206	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	85-89
29339485-1	2018	d-2-hydroxyglutarate (D2HG) is produced in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and is quickly converted to alpha-ketoglutarate by d-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (D2HGDH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	100-119	D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	123-157
29339485-1	2018	d-2-hydroxyglutarate (D2HG) is produced in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and is quickly converted to alpha-ketoglutarate by d-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (D2HGDH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	100-119	D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	159-165
29222329-5	2018	Increases in the steady-state concentrations of TCA cycle metabolites including alpha-KG, succinate, fumarate, malate, and citrate were observed in TGF-beta1-differentiated myofibroblasts.	Ketoglutaric Acids	80-88	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	148-157
29222329-12	2018	Treatment of GLS1-deficient myofibroblasts with exogenous glutamate or alpha-KG restored TGF-beta1-induced expression of profibrotic markers in GLS1-deficient myofibroblasts.	Ketoglutaric Acids	71-79	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	89-98
29773061-1	2018	Isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) are key metabolic enzymes that catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	122-141	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	35-39
29375510-5	2017	Our results show a reduction in the responsiveness of NtcA to 2-oxoglutarate in Prochlorococcus, especially in the MED4 and SS120 strains.	Ketoglutaric Acids	62-76	mediator complex subunit 4	Homo sapiens	115-119
29773061-1	2018	Isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) are key metabolic enzymes that catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	122-141	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	44-48
28939592-0	2018	alpha-Ketoglutarate prevents skeletal muscle protein degradation and muscle atrophy through PHD3/ADRB2 pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	egl-9 family hypoxia-inducible factor 3	Mus musculus	92-96
28939592-0	2018	alpha-Ketoglutarate prevents skeletal muscle protein degradation and muscle atrophy through PHD3/ADRB2 pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	adrenergic receptor, beta 2	Mus musculus	97-102
30393252-3	2018	3-Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) is the third H2S-producing enzyme, and its substrate 3-mercaptopyruvate (3MP) is provided from l-cysteine and alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) by a PLP-dependent cysteine aminotransferase (CAT).	Ketoglutaric Acids	154-173	mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase	Homo sapiens	0-36
30393252-3	2018	3-Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) is the third H2S-producing enzyme, and its substrate 3-mercaptopyruvate (3MP) is provided from l-cysteine and alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) by a PLP-dependent cysteine aminotransferase (CAT).	Ketoglutaric Acids	175-183	mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase	Homo sapiens	0-36
29281828-5	2017	Loss of idh3a leads to a reduction of the metabolite, alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), causing defects in synaptic transmission similar to the loss of syt1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	54-73	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) 3 catalytic subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	8-13
29290954-6	2017	IDH2 catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), an essential cofactor for the TET family of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) hydroxylases that convert 5-mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC).	Ketoglutaric Acids	62-81	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
29128444-8	2017	We observed increased urine citrate excretion (+74%, p=0.00009) and plasma 2-oxoglutarate concentrations (+12%, p=0.002) in CKD patients during treatment with a vitamin-D receptor agonist in a randomized trial.	Ketoglutaric Acids	75-89	vitamin D receptor	Homo sapiens	161-179
27940338-0	2017	The effect of alpha-ketoglutaric acid on tyrosinase activity and conformation: Kinetics and molecular dynamics simulation study.	Ketoglutaric Acids	14-37	tyrosinase	Homo sapiens	41-51
28165182-2	2017	GDH is an allosterically regulated enzyme responsible for amino acid-mediated insulin secretion via the oxidative deamination of glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate, leading to ATP production and insulin release.	Ketoglutaric Acids	142-156	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
28165182-2	2017	GDH is an allosterically regulated enzyme responsible for amino acid-mediated insulin secretion via the oxidative deamination of glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate, leading to ATP production and insulin release.	Ketoglutaric Acids	142-156	insulin	Homo sapiens	78-85
28165182-2	2017	GDH is an allosterically regulated enzyme responsible for amino acid-mediated insulin secretion via the oxidative deamination of glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate, leading to ATP production and insulin release.	Ketoglutaric Acids	142-156	insulin	Homo sapiens	188-195
29290954-6	2017	IDH2 catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), an essential cofactor for the TET family of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) hydroxylases that convert 5-mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC).	Ketoglutaric Acids	83-91	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
29107957-5	2017	GOT2 is a mitochondrial enzyme that oxidizes glutamate to produce alpha-ketoglutarate for the Krebs cycle, eventually leading to the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).	Ketoglutaric Acids	66-85	glutamatic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	0-4
29107960-3	2017	Here, we show that glutamine deficiency, through the reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate, inhibits the AlkB homolog (ALKBH) enzymes activity and induces DNA alkylation damage.	Ketoglutaric Acids	66-85	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	100-104
29107960-3	2017	Here, we show that glutamine deficiency, through the reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate, inhibits the AlkB homolog (ALKBH) enzymes activity and induces DNA alkylation damage.	Ketoglutaric Acids	66-85	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	114-119
28744858-0	2017	D-Malate decreases renal content of alpha-ketoglutarate, a driving force of organic anion transporters OAT1 and OAT3, resulting in inhibited tubular secretion of phenolsulfonphthalein, in rats.	Ketoglutaric Acids	36-55	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Rattus norvegicus	103-107
28744858-0	2017	D-Malate decreases renal content of alpha-ketoglutarate, a driving force of organic anion transporters OAT1 and OAT3, resulting in inhibited tubular secretion of phenolsulfonphthalein, in rats.	Ketoglutaric Acids	36-55	solute carrier family 22 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	112-116
28744858-1	2017	d-Malate inhibits a Krebs cycle enzyme and the tubular transport of alpha-ketoglutarate, an intermediate of the Krebs cycle and the driving force for rat organic anion transporter 1 (rOAT1) and rOAT3 in the kidney.	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Rattus norvegicus	154-181
28744858-1	2017	d-Malate inhibits a Krebs cycle enzyme and the tubular transport of alpha-ketoglutarate, an intermediate of the Krebs cycle and the driving force for rat organic anion transporter 1 (rOAT1) and rOAT3 in the kidney.	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	solute carrier family 22 member 6	Rattus norvegicus	183-188
28744858-1	2017	d-Malate inhibits a Krebs cycle enzyme and the tubular transport of alpha-ketoglutarate, an intermediate of the Krebs cycle and the driving force for rat organic anion transporter 1 (rOAT1) and rOAT3 in the kidney.	Ketoglutaric Acids	68-87	solute carrier family 22 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	194-199
29435217-1	2017	Inhibition of the human 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylases (human PHD1-3) causes upregulation of HIF, thus promoting erythropoiesis and is therefore of therapeutic interest.	Ketoglutaric Acids	24-38	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 2	Homo sapiens	113-119
28928232-7	2017	The stem-like characteristics are reversed by alpha-ketoglutarate, suggesting that SDH-associated tumorigenesis results from dedifferentiation driven by an imbalance in cellular metabolites of the TCA cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	46-65	aminoadipate-semialdehyde synthase	Mus musculus	83-86
29144447-4	2017	We show that BCAT1, which transfers alpha-amino groups from BCAAs to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), is a critical regulator of intracellular alphaKG homeostasis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	69-88	branched chain amino acid transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	13-18
28711227-3	2017	Gain-of-function mutations in IDH1/2 have been shown to stimulate production of the oncogenic metabolite R-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2HG), which inhibits alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)-dependent enzymes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	150-169	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	30-36
28951189-4	2017	By coupling glutamate dehydrogenase with transaminase and alcohol dehydrogenase, the cosubstrate (2-oxoglutarate) and redox equivalents (NAD(P)H) were regenerated simultaneously, so that no external cofactor or redox source was required.	Ketoglutaric Acids	98-112	Alcohol dehydrogenase	Escherichia coli	41-79
28784321-9	2017	These results provide evidence that only the simultaneous absence of YHM2, ODC1 and ODC2 impairs the export from the mitochondrial matrix of i) 2-oxoglutarate which is necessary for the synthesis of glutamate and ammonium fixation in the cytosol and ii) 2-oxoadipate which is required for lysine biosynthesis in the cytosol.	Ketoglutaric Acids	144-158	Yhm2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	69-73
28784321-9	2017	These results provide evidence that only the simultaneous absence of YHM2, ODC1 and ODC2 impairs the export from the mitochondrial matrix of i) 2-oxoglutarate which is necessary for the synthesis of glutamate and ammonium fixation in the cytosol and ii) 2-oxoadipate which is required for lysine biosynthesis in the cytosol.	Ketoglutaric Acids	144-158	mitochondrial 2-oxodicarboxylate carrier	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	75-79
28784321-9	2017	These results provide evidence that only the simultaneous absence of YHM2, ODC1 and ODC2 impairs the export from the mitochondrial matrix of i) 2-oxoglutarate which is necessary for the synthesis of glutamate and ammonium fixation in the cytosol and ii) 2-oxoadipate which is required for lysine biosynthesis in the cytosol.	Ketoglutaric Acids	144-158	mitochondrial 2-oxodicarboxylate carrier	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	84-88
29312565-6	2017	Of particular significance, miR-144-5p exhibits a high positive correlation with oxoglutaric acid, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2 that involved in the TCA cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-97	microRNA 144	Homo sapiens	28-35
29312565-6	2017	Of particular significance, miR-144-5p exhibits a high positive correlation with oxoglutaric acid, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2 that involved in the TCA cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	81-97	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	99-137
28720665-6	2017	Finally, a truncating germline IDH3B mutation was found in a patient with a single paraganglioma showing an altered alpha-ketoglutarate/isocitrate ratio.Conclusions: This study further attests to the relevance of the Krebs cycle in the development of PCC and PGL, and points to a potential role of other metabolic enzymes involved in metabolite exchange between mitochondria and cytosol.	Ketoglutaric Acids	116-135	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) 3 non-catalytic subunit beta	Homo sapiens	31-36
28770317-9	2017	Mechanistically, IF1 altered cellular levels of alpha-ketoglutarate and L-carnitine metabolism in the myotubes of obese (84% of control) and diabetic (76% of control) individuals, leading to limited beta-oxidation of fatty acids (60% of control) and their cytosolic accumulation (164% of control).	Ketoglutaric Acids	48-67	ATP synthase inhibitory factor subunit 1	Homo sapiens	17-20
29137396-3	2017	Our data demonstrated that IDH1 was downregulated by TGF-beta signalling in fibroblasts, and downregulation of IDH1 increased cellular concentration of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) by accelerating glutamine metabolization.	Ketoglutaric Acids	152-171	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	111-115
29137396-4	2017	Interestingly, alpha-KG suppressed Cav1 expression through reducing the trimethylation of histone H3K4.	Ketoglutaric Acids	15-23	caveolin 1	Homo sapiens	35-39
28878165-6	2017	We conclude that the active inhibitors of pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate oxidation are the CoA conjugates of VPA and its acid analogues affecting selectively α-lipoamide dehydrogenase in liver.	Ketoglutaric Acids	55-69	dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	166-189
28771454-0	2017	alpha-Ketoglutarate drives electroneutral NaCl reabsorption in intercalated cells by activating a G-protein coupled receptor, Oxgr1.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	oxoglutarate receptor 1	Homo sapiens	126-131
27856334-8	2017	We also observed an unusual lipogenic pathway in which carbon from glucose supplies mitochondrial production of alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), which is then trafficked to the cytosol and used to supply reductive carboxylation by isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1).	Ketoglutaric Acids	112-131	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	225-251
27856334-8	2017	We also observed an unusual lipogenic pathway in which carbon from glucose supplies mitochondrial production of alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), which is then trafficked to the cytosol and used to supply reductive carboxylation by isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1).	Ketoglutaric Acids	112-131	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	253-257
28714978-2	2017	Here we show that the production of alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) via glutaminolysis is important for alternative (M2) activation of macrophages, including engagement of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and Jmjd3-dependent epigenetic reprogramming of M2 genes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	36-55	lysine demethylase 6B	Homo sapiens	201-206
28630042-5	2017	Finally, we show that SLC7A11 overexpression decreases whereas SLC7A11 deficiency increases intracellular glutamate levels because of SLC7A11-mediated glutamate export and that supplementation of alpha-ketoglutarate, a key downstream metabolite of glutamate, fully restores survival in SLC7A11-overexpressing cells under glucose starvation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	196-215	solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 11	Mus musculus	22-29
29088826-8	2017	Finally, alpha-ketoglutarate stabilized the mitochondrial membrane potential, increased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, decreased the release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase-3, thereby prevented cell apoptosis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	9-28	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	101-106
29088826-8	2017	Finally, alpha-ketoglutarate stabilized the mitochondrial membrane potential, increased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, decreased the release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase-3, thereby prevented cell apoptosis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	9-28	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	107-110
29088826-8	2017	Finally, alpha-ketoglutarate stabilized the mitochondrial membrane potential, increased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, decreased the release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase-3, thereby prevented cell apoptosis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	9-28	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	137-149
29088826-8	2017	Finally, alpha-ketoglutarate stabilized the mitochondrial membrane potential, increased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, decreased the release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase-3, thereby prevented cell apoptosis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	9-28	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	168-177
28813658-2	2017	We found that aspects of the interleukin-2 (IL-2)-sensitive effector gene program in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in type 1 conditions (Th1) were regulated by glutamine and alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)-induced events, in part through changes in DNA and histone methylation states.	Ketoglutaric Acids	166-185	interleukin 2	Homo sapiens	29-42
28827794-3	2017	In RNA-sequencing analyses searching for novel anti-oxidant genes downstream of DJ-1, a gene encoding NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), which converts isocitrate into alpha-ketoglutarate, was detected.	Ketoglutaric Acids	181-200	Parkinsonism associated deglycase	Homo sapiens	80-84
28827794-3	2017	In RNA-sequencing analyses searching for novel anti-oxidant genes downstream of DJ-1, a gene encoding NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), which converts isocitrate into alpha-ketoglutarate, was detected.	Ketoglutaric Acids	181-200	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	144-147
28813658-2	2017	We found that aspects of the interleukin-2 (IL-2)-sensitive effector gene program in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in type 1 conditions (Th1) were regulated by glutamine and alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)-induced events, in part through changes in DNA and histone methylation states.	Ketoglutaric Acids	166-185	interleukin 2	Homo sapiens	44-48
28536275-1	2017	The isocitrate dehydrogenase IDH2 produces alpha-ketoglutarate by oxidizing isocitrate, linking glucose metabolism to oxidative phosphorylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	43-62	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	29-33
28783731-5	2017	Inhibition of the conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutaric acid prevented the production of 2-hydroxyglutarate, reduced methylation of the Foxp3 gene locus, and increased Foxp3 expression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	45-68	forkhead box P3	Mus musculus	144-149
28783731-5	2017	Inhibition of the conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutaric acid prevented the production of 2-hydroxyglutarate, reduced methylation of the Foxp3 gene locus, and increased Foxp3 expression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	45-68	forkhead box P3	Mus musculus	176-181
28665599-2	2017	In particular, we focus our attention on the ability of the -CF3 group to participate in noncovalent interactions as Lewis acids, and we show the importance of this interaction in the inhibition mechanism of a NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzyme that converts isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	292-311	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	252-255
28478381-5	2017	Increased [alpha-ketoglutarate]/[succinate] ratio in NNT-deficient cells results in decrease in HIF-1alpha level and expression of HIF-1alpha regulated genes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	11-30	nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase	Homo sapiens	53-56
28478381-5	2017	Increased [alpha-ketoglutarate]/[succinate] ratio in NNT-deficient cells results in decrease in HIF-1alpha level and expression of HIF-1alpha regulated genes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	11-30	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	96-106
28478381-5	2017	Increased [alpha-ketoglutarate]/[succinate] ratio in NNT-deficient cells results in decrease in HIF-1alpha level and expression of HIF-1alpha regulated genes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	11-30	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	131-141
28467784-1	2017	Hotspot mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) initiate low-grade glioma and secondary glioblastoma and induce a neomorphic activity that converts alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	155-174	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	21-47
28467784-1	2017	Hotspot mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) initiate low-grade glioma and secondary glioblastoma and induce a neomorphic activity that converts alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	155-174	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	49-53
28467784-1	2017	Hotspot mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) initiate low-grade glioma and secondary glioblastoma and induce a neomorphic activity that converts alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	176-184	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	21-47
28467784-1	2017	Hotspot mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) initiate low-grade glioma and secondary glioblastoma and induce a neomorphic activity that converts alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	176-184	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	49-53
28839461-2	2017	Mitochondrial glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT2) catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), also known as 2-oxoglutarate, to generate pyruvate and glutamate during cellular glutamine catabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	112-131	glutamic pyruvate transaminase (alanine aminotransferase) 2	Mus musculus	46-50
28839461-2	2017	Mitochondrial glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT2) catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), also known as 2-oxoglutarate, to generate pyruvate and glutamate during cellular glutamine catabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	133-141	glutamic pyruvate transaminase (alanine aminotransferase) 2	Mus musculus	46-50
28839461-2	2017	Mitochondrial glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT2) catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), also known as 2-oxoglutarate, to generate pyruvate and glutamate during cellular glutamine catabolism.	Ketoglutaric Acids	158-172	glutamic pyruvate transaminase (alanine aminotransferase) 2	Mus musculus	46-50
28398002-4	2017	Our data identify impairment of the pyruvate and l-glutamine metabolism causing toxic accumulation of alpha-ketoglutarate in the Sod2-deficient and intrinsically aged stromal precursor cells as a major cause for their reduced lineage differentiation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	102-121	superoxide dismutase 2	Homo sapiens	129-133
27568302-1	2017	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), one member of the IDH family can convert isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) via oxidative decarboxylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-109	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-26
27568302-1	2017	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), one member of the IDH family can convert isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) via oxidative decarboxylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-109	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Rattus norvegicus	28-32
27568302-1	2017	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), one member of the IDH family can convert isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) via oxidative decarboxylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	111-119	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-26
27568302-1	2017	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), one member of the IDH family can convert isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) via oxidative decarboxylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	111-119	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Rattus norvegicus	28-32
27568302-2	2017	IDH1 and IDH2 mutations have been identified in multiple tumor types and the mutations confer neomorphic activity in the mutant protein, resulting in the conversion of alpha-KG to the oncometabolite, D-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	168-176	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
27568302-2	2017	IDH1 and IDH2 mutations have been identified in multiple tumor types and the mutations confer neomorphic activity in the mutant protein, resulting in the conversion of alpha-KG to the oncometabolite, D-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	168-176	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Rattus norvegicus	9-13
28398002-5	2017	Alpha-ketoglutarate accumulation led to enhanced nucleocytoplasmic vacuolation and chromatin condensation-mediated cell death in Sod2-deficient stromal precursor cells as a consequence of DNA damage, Hif-1alpha instability, and reduced histone H3 (Lys27) acetylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	superoxide dismutase 2	Homo sapiens	129-133
28398002-5	2017	Alpha-ketoglutarate accumulation led to enhanced nucleocytoplasmic vacuolation and chromatin condensation-mediated cell death in Sod2-deficient stromal precursor cells as a consequence of DNA damage, Hif-1alpha instability, and reduced histone H3 (Lys27) acetylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	200-210
28653623-0	2017	Replication Study: The common feature of leukemia-associated IDH1 and IDH2 mutations is a neomorphic enzyme activity converting alpha-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	128-147	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	61-65
28653623-0	2017	Replication Study: The common feature of leukemia-associated IDH1 and IDH2 mutations is a neomorphic enzyme activity converting alpha-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	128-147	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	70-74
28653623-1	2017	In 2016, as part of the Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology, we published a Registered Report (Fiehn et al., 2016), that described how we intended to replicate selected experiments from the paper "The common feature of leukemia-associated IDH1 and IDH2 mutations is a neomorphic enzyme activity converting alpha-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate" (Ward et al., 2010).	Ketoglutaric Acids	310-329	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	243-247
28653623-4	2017	Conversely, expression of R172K mutant IDH2 resulted in increased alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent consumption of NADPH compared to wild-type IDH2 or vector control.	Ketoglutaric Acids	66-85	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	39-43
28705010-1	2017	Isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH) are important enzymes that catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), producing NADPH in the process.	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-134	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-25
28705010-1	2017	Isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH) are important enzymes that catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), producing NADPH in the process.	Ketoglutaric Acids	115-134	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	27-30
28705010-1	2017	Isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH) are important enzymes that catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), producing NADPH in the process.	Ketoglutaric Acids	136-144	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-25
28705010-1	2017	Isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH) are important enzymes that catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), producing NADPH in the process.	Ketoglutaric Acids	136-144	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	27-30
30155220-2	2017	The dynamic electrochemical properties of FNR and NADP(H) are thus revealed in a special way that enables facile coupling of selective, enzyme-catalysed organic synthesis to a controllable power source, as demonstrated by efficient synthesis of l-glutamate from 2-oxoglutarate and NH4+.	Ketoglutaric Acids	262-276	ferredoxin reductase	Homo sapiens	42-45
28564604-4	2017	On a molecular level, diminished IDH1 activity results in reduced alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) and NADPH production, paralleled by deficient carbon flux from glucose or acetate into lipids, exhaustion of reduced glutathione, increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and enhanced histone methylation and differentiation marker expression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	66-85	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	33-37
28242228-9	2017	S-glutathionylation catalysts diamide and disulfiram significantly reduced pyruvate or 2-oxoglutarate driven O2 -/ H2O2 production in liver mitochondria, results that were confirmed using various Pdh, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (Ogdh), and respiratory chain inhibitors.	Ketoglutaric Acids	87-101	oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) dehydrogenase (lipoamide)	Mus musculus	231-235
28408432-2	2017	Escherichia coli AlkB dioxygenase belongs to the superfamily of alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)- and iron-dependent dioxygenases which remove alkyl lesions from bases via an oxidative mechanism, thereby restoring native DNA structure.	Ketoglutaric Acids	64-83	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	17-21
28330869-1	2017	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) catalyzes the reversible NADP+-dependent conversion of isocitrate (ICT) to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) in the cytosol and peroxisomes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	109-128	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-26
28330869-1	2017	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) catalyzes the reversible NADP+-dependent conversion of isocitrate (ICT) to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) in the cytosol and peroxisomes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	109-128	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
28178857-11	2017	Piglets receiving 2-Ox had heavier, denser, and stronger bones; higher levels of growth hormone and osteocalcin concentration; and preserved microarchitecture of trabecular bone compared to the Dex group.	Ketoglutaric Acids	18-22	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	81-95
28396387-5	2017	Functional metabolic studies revealed that OGDH suppression increased levels of the metabolite 2-oxoglutarate (2OG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	95-109	oxoglutarate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	43-47
28423321-6	2017	Mechanistically, galectin-3 and alpha-ketoglutarate paracrine signals emanating from oncogene-expressing hepatocytes instruct HPCs toward HCCs.	Ketoglutaric Acids	32-51	holocytochrome c synthase	Homo sapiens	138-142
28269980-3	2017	2HG has been demonstrated to competitively inhibit several alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)- and non-heme iron-dependent dioxygenases, including some of the AlkB family DNA repair enzymes, such as ALKBH2 and ALKBH3.	Ketoglutaric Acids	59-78	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	154-158
29262538-0	2017	Alpha-ketoglutarate suppresses the NF-kappaB-mediated inflammatory pathway and enhances the PXR-regulated detoxification pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	35-44
29262538-0	2017	Alpha-ketoglutarate suppresses the NF-kappaB-mediated inflammatory pathway and enhances the PXR-regulated detoxification pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2	Homo sapiens	92-95
28319047-2	2017	LGG-associated IDH mutations confer gain-of-function activity by converting alpha-ketoglutarate to the oncometabolite R-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	76-95	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	15-18
28032215-8	2017	In patients, low SSADH expression was correlated with high GHB/alpha-ketoglutarate ratios, and distinguished weakly proliferative/differentiated glioblastoma territories from proliferative/non-differentiated territories.	Ketoglutaric Acids	63-82	aldehyde dehydrogenase 5 family member A1	Homo sapiens	17-22
28178857-11	2017	Piglets receiving 2-Ox had heavier, denser, and stronger bones; higher levels of growth hormone and osteocalcin concentration; and preserved microarchitecture of trabecular bone compared to the Dex group.	Ketoglutaric Acids	18-22	bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein	Homo sapiens	100-111
27821630-1	2017	Mitochondrial NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH2) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, synthesizing NADPH, which is essential for mitochondrial redox balance.	Ketoglutaric Acids	119-138	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial	Mus musculus	56-60
27821630-1	2017	Mitochondrial NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH2) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, synthesizing NADPH, which is essential for mitochondrial redox balance.	Ketoglutaric Acids	119-138	2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase 1, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	153-158
27819678-10	2017	A gene co-expression network identified using TCGA prostate tumour RNA-sequencing identifies co-regulated cancer genes associated with 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and succinate metabolism, including TET2, lysine demethylase (KDM) KDM6A, BRCA1-associated BAP1, and citric acid cycle enzymes IDH1/2, SDHA/B, and FH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	135-149	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Homo sapiens	193-197
27819678-10	2017	A gene co-expression network identified using TCGA prostate tumour RNA-sequencing identifies co-regulated cancer genes associated with 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and succinate metabolism, including TET2, lysine demethylase (KDM) KDM6A, BRCA1-associated BAP1, and citric acid cycle enzymes IDH1/2, SDHA/B, and FH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	135-149	lysine demethylase 6A	Homo sapiens	224-229
27819678-10	2017	A gene co-expression network identified using TCGA prostate tumour RNA-sequencing identifies co-regulated cancer genes associated with 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and succinate metabolism, including TET2, lysine demethylase (KDM) KDM6A, BRCA1-associated BAP1, and citric acid cycle enzymes IDH1/2, SDHA/B, and FH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	135-149	BRCA1 DNA repair associated	Homo sapiens	231-236
27819678-10	2017	A gene co-expression network identified using TCGA prostate tumour RNA-sequencing identifies co-regulated cancer genes associated with 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and succinate metabolism, including TET2, lysine demethylase (KDM) KDM6A, BRCA1-associated BAP1, and citric acid cycle enzymes IDH1/2, SDHA/B, and FH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	135-149	BRCA1 associated protein 1	Homo sapiens	248-252
27819678-10	2017	A gene co-expression network identified using TCGA prostate tumour RNA-sequencing identifies co-regulated cancer genes associated with 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and succinate metabolism, including TET2, lysine demethylase (KDM) KDM6A, BRCA1-associated BAP1, and citric acid cycle enzymes IDH1/2, SDHA/B, and FH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	135-149	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	284-290
28296633-1	2017	Hypoxia Inducible transcription Factors (HIFs) are principally regulated by the 2-oxoglutarate and Iron(II) prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) enzymes, which hydroxylate the HIFalpha subunit, facilitating its proteasome-mediated degradation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	80-94	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	164-172
27721426-5	2017	Both IDH2 and IDH1 (localized in the cytoplasm) proteins catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	113-132	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	5-9
28358347-3	2017	For example, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH) slowly catalyze the reduction of 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) to the oncometabolite l-2-hydroxyglutarate (l-2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	120-134	malate dehydrogenase 2, NAD (mitochondrial)	Mus musculus	81-85
28205560-1	2017	The mammalian AlkB homolog (ALKBH) family of proteins possess a 2-oxoglutarate- and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase domain.	Ketoglutaric Acids	64-78	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	14-18
28208702-1	2017	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a hexameric enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia while reducing NAD(P)+ to NAD(P)H.	Ketoglutaric Acids	109-128	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-23
28208702-1	2017	Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a hexameric enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia while reducing NAD(P)+ to NAD(P)H.	Ketoglutaric Acids	109-128	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	25-28
28208702-3	2017	In mammalian tissues, oxidative deamination of glutamate via GDH generates alpha-ketoglutarate, which is metabolized by the Krebs cycle, leading to the synthesis of ATP.	Ketoglutaric Acids	75-94	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	61-64
27939217-6	2017	Of particular note, PHB and HIRA regulate the chromatin architecture at the promoters of isocitrate dehydrogenase genes to promote transcription and, thus, production of alpha-ketoglutarate, a key metabolite in the regulation of ESC fate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	170-189	prohibitin 1	Homo sapiens	20-23
27939217-6	2017	Of particular note, PHB and HIRA regulate the chromatin architecture at the promoters of isocitrate dehydrogenase genes to promote transcription and, thus, production of alpha-ketoglutarate, a key metabolite in the regulation of ESC fate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	170-189	histone cell cycle regulator	Homo sapiens	28-32
28099419-7	2017	BCAT2 catalyses the transfer of the amino group from branched-chain amino acids to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) thereby regenerating glutamate, which functions in part to support de novo nucleotide synthesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	83-102	branched chain amino acid transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	0-5
28099419-7	2017	BCAT2 catalyses the transfer of the amino group from branched-chain amino acids to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) thereby regenerating glutamate, which functions in part to support de novo nucleotide synthesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	104-112	branched chain amino acid transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	0-5
27721426-5	2017	Both IDH2 and IDH1 (localized in the cytoplasm) proteins catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	113-132	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	14-18
27721426-5	2017	Both IDH2 and IDH1 (localized in the cytoplasm) proteins catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	134-142	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	5-9
27721426-5	2017	Both IDH2 and IDH1 (localized in the cytoplasm) proteins catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	134-142	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	14-18
28065856-4	2017	Hypoxia increases glutamine up-take, glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate flux and the generation of ATP in lung cancer cells by up-regulating the expression of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH).	Ketoglutaric Acids	50-69	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	182-185
28045275-1	2017	Trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH) is an Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenase involved in the biomedically important carnitine biosynthesis pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	52-66	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	0-27
28045275-1	2017	Trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH) is an Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenase involved in the biomedically important carnitine biosynthesis pathway.	Ketoglutaric Acids	52-66	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	29-33
28011762-2	2017	Cytosolic IDH1 converts isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), a key metabolite regulating nitrogen homeostasis in catabolic pathways.	Ketoglutaric Acids	38-57	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	10-14
28011762-2	2017	Cytosolic IDH1 converts isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), a key metabolite regulating nitrogen homeostasis in catabolic pathways.	Ketoglutaric Acids	59-67	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	10-14
27777247-9	2017	Mechanistically, isocitrate dehydrogenase expression and the production of alpha-ketoglutarate, which negatively regulate hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha stability, were attenuated in neutrophils from wild-type mice but remained elevated in cells from AMPKalpha2DeltaMC mice.	Ketoglutaric Acids	75-94	hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit	Mus musculus	122-153
27777247-10	2017	CONCLUSIONS: AMPKalpha2 regulates alpha-ketoglutarate generation, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha stability, and neutrophil survival, which in turn determine further myeloid cell recruitment and repair potential.	Ketoglutaric Acids	34-53	protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 2 catalytic subunit	Mus musculus	13-23
28017472-3	2017	Loss of Nrd1 or Ogdh leads to an increase in alpha-ketoglutarate, a substrate for OGDH, which in turn leads to mTORC1 activation and a subsequent reduction in autophagy.	Ketoglutaric Acids	45-64	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	111-117
28925723-4	2017	Although all three enzymes catalyze the same enzymatic reaction, that is, oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to produce alpha-ketoglutarate, each IDH enzyme has unique features.	Ketoglutaric Acids	125-144	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	151-154
27422263-2	2017	1.4.1.3) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia while reducing NAD+ and/or NADP+ to NADH and/or NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	103-122	2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1	Homo sapiens	183-188
27756752-7	2016	Finally, supplementation with the mitochondrial metabolite alpha-ketoglutarate, whose synthesis is regulated by RIP1/RIP3/MLKL, rescues cells from the sensitizing effect of Nec-1 and NSA.	Ketoglutaric Acids	59-78	receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	112-116
27756752-7	2016	Finally, supplementation with the mitochondrial metabolite alpha-ketoglutarate, whose synthesis is regulated by RIP1/RIP3/MLKL, rescues cells from the sensitizing effect of Nec-1 and NSA.	Ketoglutaric Acids	59-78	myosin phosphatase Rho interacting protein	Homo sapiens	117-121
27756752-7	2016	Finally, supplementation with the mitochondrial metabolite alpha-ketoglutarate, whose synthesis is regulated by RIP1/RIP3/MLKL, rescues cells from the sensitizing effect of Nec-1 and NSA.	Ketoglutaric Acids	59-78	mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase	Homo sapiens	122-126
28163901-4	2016	Recently, innovative experimental observations have suggested that remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) may be largely mediated through hypoxic inhibition of the oxygen-sensing enzyme PHD2, leading to enhanced levels of alpha-ketoglutarate and subsequent increases in circulating kynurenic acid (KYNA).	Ketoglutaric Acids	223-242	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	187-191
27707801-5	2016	Indeed, we found that yeast cells assimilating hydroxybenzoates increase the expression of genes SFC1, LEU5, YHM2, and MPC1 coding for succinate/fumarate carrier, coenzyme A carrier, oxoglutarate/citrate carrier, and the subunit of pyruvate carrier, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	183-195	Sfc1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	97-101
27707801-5	2016	Indeed, we found that yeast cells assimilating hydroxybenzoates increase the expression of genes SFC1, LEU5, YHM2, and MPC1 coding for succinate/fumarate carrier, coenzyme A carrier, oxoglutarate/citrate carrier, and the subunit of pyruvate carrier, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	183-195	coenzyme A transporter	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	103-107
27707801-5	2016	Indeed, we found that yeast cells assimilating hydroxybenzoates increase the expression of genes SFC1, LEU5, YHM2, and MPC1 coding for succinate/fumarate carrier, coenzyme A carrier, oxoglutarate/citrate carrier, and the subunit of pyruvate carrier, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	183-195	Yhm2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	109-113
27707801-5	2016	Indeed, we found that yeast cells assimilating hydroxybenzoates increase the expression of genes SFC1, LEU5, YHM2, and MPC1 coding for succinate/fumarate carrier, coenzyme A carrier, oxoglutarate/citrate carrier, and the subunit of pyruvate carrier, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	183-195	pyruvate transporter MPC1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	119-123
27641099-3	2016	During early brown adipogenesis, the cellular levels of alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG), a key metabolite required for TET-mediated DNA demethylation, were profoundly increased and required for active DNA demethylation of the Prdm16 promoter.	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-75	PR/SET domain 16	Homo sapiens	224-230
27747338-6	2016	We have shown that alpha-ketoglutarate substrate inhibition kinetics of GDH, which include both random and obligatory ordered association/dissociation reactions, robustly control the ratio between glutamate and ammonium under a wide range of intracellular substrate variation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	19-38	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	72-75
27693579-2	2016	One member of this family, the oxoglutarate receptor 1 (OXGR1), may have a crucial role in the heart because it acts as a receptor for alpha-ketoglutarate, a metabolite that is elevated in heart failure patients.	Ketoglutaric Acids	135-154	oxoglutarate receptor 1	Homo sapiens	31-54
27693579-2	2016	One member of this family, the oxoglutarate receptor 1 (OXGR1), may have a crucial role in the heart because it acts as a receptor for alpha-ketoglutarate, a metabolite that is elevated in heart failure patients.	Ketoglutaric Acids	135-154	oxoglutarate receptor 1	Homo sapiens	56-61
26970248-6	2016	RESULTS: The increased spectral resolution allowed us to directly address metabolic alterations caused by the specific pathophysiology of IDH mutations including the presence of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxglutarate (2HG) and a significant decrease of the pooled glutamate and glutamine (20%, P = 0.024), which probably reflects an attempt to replenish alpha-ketoglutarate lost by conversion to 2HG.	Ketoglutaric Acids	352-371	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	138-141
27564703-10	2016	In gastrocnemius muscles, the mRNA levels of pyruvate, 2-oxoglutarate and succinate dehydrogenases and methyl-malonyl mutase were reduced by 24-33% in 10 week old hSOD1G93A mice when compared to wild-type mice, suggesting that TCA cycling in skeletal muscle may be slowed in this ALS mouse model at a stage when muscle strength is still normal.	Ketoglutaric Acids	55-69	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	163-168
27430238-2	2016	IDH1 mutations lead to the formation of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) from the reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), which in turn facilitates tumorigenesis by modifying DNA and histone methylation as well blocking differentiation processes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	107-126	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
27601654-3	2016	GPT2 [also known as alanine transaminase 2 (ALT2)] is one of two related transaminases that catalyze the reversible addition of an amino group from glutamate to pyruvate, yielding alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	192-211	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
27601654-3	2016	GPT2 [also known as alanine transaminase 2 (ALT2)] is one of two related transaminases that catalyze the reversible addition of an amino group from glutamate to pyruvate, yielding alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	192-211	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	20-42
27601654-3	2016	GPT2 [also known as alanine transaminase 2 (ALT2)] is one of two related transaminases that catalyze the reversible addition of an amino group from glutamate to pyruvate, yielding alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	192-211	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	44-48
27333189-6	2016	At neutral pH, recombinant mouse LDHC rapidly converted both pyruvate into lactate and alpha-ketoglutarate into S-2HG, whereas recombinant human LDHC only produced lactate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	87-106	lactate dehydrogenase C	Mus musculus	33-37
27510037-2	2016	The d-(R)-enantiomer (d-2-HG) is an oncometabolite generated from alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) by mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase, whereas l-(S)-2-HG is generated by lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase in response to hypoxia.	Ketoglutaric Acids	66-85	malic enzyme 2	Homo sapiens	194-214
27499454-3	2016	An X-ray co-crystal structure of a representative molecule bound to KDM5A showed that these inhibitors are competitive with the co-substrate (2-oxoglutarate or 2-OG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	142-156	lysine demethylase 5A	Homo sapiens	68-73
27624942-2	2016	IDH1/2 normally catalyse the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate into alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	74-93	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
27476977-0	2016	Psat1-Dependent Fluctuations in alpha-Ketoglutarate Affect the Timing of ESC Differentiation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	32-51	phosphoserine aminotransferase 1	Mus musculus	0-5
27476977-3	2016	In this study, we demonstrate that phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (Psat1), an Oct4/Sox2/Nanog (OSN) target protein, regulates changes in alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), determining the fate of mouse ESCs (mESCs).	Ketoglutaric Acids	139-158	phosphoserine aminotransferase 1	Mus musculus	35-67
27476977-3	2016	In this study, we demonstrate that phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (Psat1), an Oct4/Sox2/Nanog (OSN) target protein, regulates changes in alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), determining the fate of mouse ESCs (mESCs).	Ketoglutaric Acids	139-158	phosphoserine aminotransferase 1	Mus musculus	69-74
27476977-3	2016	In this study, we demonstrate that phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (Psat1), an Oct4/Sox2/Nanog (OSN) target protein, regulates changes in alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), determining the fate of mouse ESCs (mESCs).	Ketoglutaric Acids	139-158	POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1, related sequence 1	Mus musculus	80-84
27476977-3	2016	In this study, we demonstrate that phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (Psat1), an Oct4/Sox2/Nanog (OSN) target protein, regulates changes in alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), determining the fate of mouse ESCs (mESCs).	Ketoglutaric Acids	139-158	SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2	Mus musculus	85-108
27476977-3	2016	In this study, we demonstrate that phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (Psat1), an Oct4/Sox2/Nanog (OSN) target protein, regulates changes in alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), determining the fate of mouse ESCs (mESCs).	Ketoglutaric Acids	160-168	phosphoserine aminotransferase 1	Mus musculus	35-67
27476977-3	2016	In this study, we demonstrate that phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (Psat1), an Oct4/Sox2/Nanog (OSN) target protein, regulates changes in alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), determining the fate of mouse ESCs (mESCs).	Ketoglutaric Acids	160-168	phosphoserine aminotransferase 1	Mus musculus	69-74
27476977-3	2016	In this study, we demonstrate that phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (Psat1), an Oct4/Sox2/Nanog (OSN) target protein, regulates changes in alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), determining the fate of mouse ESCs (mESCs).	Ketoglutaric Acids	160-168	POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1, related sequence 1	Mus musculus	80-84
27476977-3	2016	In this study, we demonstrate that phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (Psat1), an Oct4/Sox2/Nanog (OSN) target protein, regulates changes in alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), determining the fate of mouse ESCs (mESCs).	Ketoglutaric Acids	160-168	SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2	Mus musculus	85-108
27621679-1	2016	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) are key metabolic enzymes that convert isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	102-121	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	34-38
27621679-1	2016	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) are key metabolic enzymes that convert isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	102-121	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	43-47
27788775-0	2016	Alpha-ketoglutarate reduces ethanol toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster by enhancing alcohol dehydrogenase activity and antioxidant capacity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	Alcohol dehydrogenase	Drosophila melanogaster	85-106
27188418-1	2016	Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), a key intermediate in the Krebs cycle, has been reported to promote protein synthesis through activating mechanistic targeting of rapamycin (mTOR) in enterocytes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	132-166
27188418-1	2016	Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), a key intermediate in the Krebs cycle, has been reported to promote protein synthesis through activating mechanistic targeting of rapamycin (mTOR) in enterocytes.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	168-172
27650611-9	2016	At high concentrations, alpha-ketoglutarate moderately inhibited FcepsilonRI-mediated HR.	Ketoglutaric Acids	24-43	Fc epsilon receptor Ia	Homo sapiens	65-76
27570073-5	2016	GFAT1 expression is dependent on sufficient amounts of glutaminolysis catabolites particularly alpha-ketoglutarate, which are generated in an mTORC2-dependent manner.	Ketoglutaric Acids	95-114	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
27570073-5	2016	GFAT1 expression is dependent on sufficient amounts of glutaminolysis catabolites particularly alpha-ketoglutarate, which are generated in an mTORC2-dependent manner.	Ketoglutaric Acids	95-114	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2	Mus musculus	142-148
27338638-2	2016	Glutamine is known as a key supplement of cancer cell growth that is converted to alpha-ketoglutarate for anabolic biogenesis via glutamate by glutaminase 1 (GLS1).	Ketoglutaric Acids	82-101	glutaminase	Homo sapiens	143-156
27338638-2	2016	Glutamine is known as a key supplement of cancer cell growth that is converted to alpha-ketoglutarate for anabolic biogenesis via glutamate by glutaminase 1 (GLS1).	Ketoglutaric Acids	82-101	glutaminase	Homo sapiens	158-162
27268090-6	2016	Gln-free incubation or treatment with the glutaminolytic enzyme l-asparaginase depleted the cell contents of Gln, glutamate, and the anaplerotic substrate 2-oxoglutarate, inhibiting MM cell growth.	Ketoglutaric Acids	155-169	asparaginase and isoaspartyl peptidase 1	Homo sapiens	64-78
27427385-6	2016	Additional suppressing factors include overexpression of the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase gene ALD5 or disruption of the retrograde response transcription factor RTG1 Furthermore, elevated alpha-ketoglutarate levels also suppress 2HG-mediated respiration loss; consistent with a mechanism by which 2HG contributes to mtDNA loss by acting as a toxic alpha-ketoglutarate analog.	Ketoglutaric Acids	197-216	aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)(+)) ALD5	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	103-107
27427385-6	2016	Additional suppressing factors include overexpression of the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase gene ALD5 or disruption of the retrograde response transcription factor RTG1 Furthermore, elevated alpha-ketoglutarate levels also suppress 2HG-mediated respiration loss; consistent with a mechanism by which 2HG contributes to mtDNA loss by acting as a toxic alpha-ketoglutarate analog.	Ketoglutaric Acids	197-216	Rtg1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	170-174
27466503-1	2016	The isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) family of enzymes comprises of the key functional metabolic enzymes in the Krebs cycle that catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	168-187	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	4-28
27466503-1	2016	The isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) family of enzymes comprises of the key functional metabolic enzymes in the Krebs cycle that catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	168-187	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	30-33
27466503-1	2016	The isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) family of enzymes comprises of the key functional metabolic enzymes in the Krebs cycle that catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	189-197	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	4-28
27466503-1	2016	The isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) family of enzymes comprises of the key functional metabolic enzymes in the Krebs cycle that catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	189-197	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	30-33
27237585-4	2016	All these dioxygenases, ALKBH1-8 and FTO, contain a conserved alpha-ketoglutarate/iron-dependent domain for methyl modifications and de-modifications.	Ketoglutaric Acids	62-81	FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	24-40
27237585-7	2016	It is worth mentioning that the AlkB mechanism and use of alpha-ketoglutarate have also emerged to be essential for many enzymes in epigenetic reprogramming that modify and de-modify methylated bases in DNA and methylated amino acids in histones.	Ketoglutaric Acids	58-77	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	32-36
27194485-1	2016	Arginine to histidine mutation at position 132 (R132H) in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) led to reduced affinity of the respective enzymes for isocitrate and increased affinity for alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) and NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	184-203	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	58-84
27063596-1	2016	Canonical mutations in IDH1 and IDH2 produce high levels of the R-enantiomer of 2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2HG), which is a competitive inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)-dependent enzymes and a putative oncometabolite.	Ketoglutaric Acids	144-163	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	23-27
27063596-1	2016	Canonical mutations in IDH1 and IDH2 produce high levels of the R-enantiomer of 2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2HG), which is a competitive inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)-dependent enzymes and a putative oncometabolite.	Ketoglutaric Acids	144-163	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	32-36
26894601-5	2016	The anti-cancer activity of CB-839 and PP242 was abrogated by the addition of the TCA cycle product alpha-ketoglutarate, indicating the critical function of GLS1 in ovarian cancer cell survival.	Ketoglutaric Acids	100-119	glutaminase	Homo sapiens	157-161
27460417-3	2016	Whereas IDHs convert isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) with simultaneous reduction of NADP(+) to NADPH, these IDH mutants reduce alpha-KG to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) while oxidizing NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	35-54	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	8-11
27460417-3	2016	Whereas IDHs convert isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) with simultaneous reduction of NADP(+) to NADPH, these IDH mutants reduce alpha-KG to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) while oxidizing NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	56-64	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble	Mus musculus	8-11
27427228-5	2016	We also observed inhibitor-induced conformational changes in KDM5A, particularly those residues involved in the binding of alpha-ketoglutarate, the anticipated peptide substrate, and intramolecular interactions.	Ketoglutaric Acids	123-142	lysine demethylase 5A	Homo sapiens	61-66
26921880-3	2016	Ten-eleven translocation enzyme 2 (TET2) protein, one member of TET family, could rely on alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) as cosubstrate to exhibit catalytic activity of DNA demethylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-109	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Homo sapiens	0-33
26921880-3	2016	Ten-eleven translocation enzyme 2 (TET2) protein, one member of TET family, could rely on alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) as cosubstrate to exhibit catalytic activity of DNA demethylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	90-109	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Homo sapiens	35-39
26921880-3	2016	Ten-eleven translocation enzyme 2 (TET2) protein, one member of TET family, could rely on alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) as cosubstrate to exhibit catalytic activity of DNA demethylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	111-119	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Homo sapiens	0-33
26921880-3	2016	Ten-eleven translocation enzyme 2 (TET2) protein, one member of TET family, could rely on alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) as cosubstrate to exhibit catalytic activity of DNA demethylation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	111-119	tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Homo sapiens	35-39
27194485-1	2016	Arginine to histidine mutation at position 132 (R132H) in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) led to reduced affinity of the respective enzymes for isocitrate and increased affinity for alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) and NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	184-203	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	86-90
27321283-3	2016	Compared with isogenic wild-type (WT) cells, PIK3CA mutant CRCs convert substantially more glutamine to alpha-ketoglutarate to replenish the tricarboxylic acid cycle and generate ATP.	Ketoglutaric Acids	104-123	phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	45-51
27058900-10	2016	Our data suggest that mitochondrial adaptation to DKG elevates the ratio of succinate or fumarate to alpha-KG, which in turn stabilizes HIF-1alpha and reprograms breast cancer cells into a stem-like state.	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-109	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	136-146
27005468-1	2016	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) are key metabolic enzymes, converting isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG).IDH1 and IDH2 mutations have been identified in multiple tumor types, including gliomas and myeloid malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-120	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	34-38
27298334-5	2016	The robust reduction in glutaminolysis and the limiting availability of alpha-ketoglutarate in turn inhibit mTORC1 signaling to eventually block cell growth and proliferation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	72-91	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	108-114
26876595-4	2016	DLST is the E2 transferase of the alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC), which converts alpha-KG to succinyl-CoA in the TCA cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	55-63	dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-4
26876595-6	2016	Polar metabolomics profiling revealed that the TCA cycle was disrupted by DLST knockdown in human T-ALL cells, as demonstrated by an accumulation of alpha-KG and a decrease of succinyl-CoA.	Ketoglutaric Acids	149-157	dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase	Homo sapiens	74-78
27084311-7	2016	Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) expression increased in EMT, and this increase, via the product alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), was important for suppressing hydrogen peroxide and protecting against anoikis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	98-117	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	27-32
27084311-7	2016	Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) expression increased in EMT, and this increase, via the product alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), was important for suppressing hydrogen peroxide and protecting against anoikis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	119-127	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	27-32
27258319-10	2016	Pyruvate produced by the reverse reaction of alanine aminotransferase is funneled to the TCA cycle, while deaminating glutamate dehydrogenase regenerates, reducing equivalent (NADH) and 2-oxoglutarate to maintain the cycle function.	Ketoglutaric Acids	186-200	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	45-69
27258319-10	2016	Pyruvate produced by the reverse reaction of alanine aminotransferase is funneled to the TCA cycle, while deaminating glutamate dehydrogenase regenerates, reducing equivalent (NADH) and 2-oxoglutarate to maintain the cycle function.	Ketoglutaric Acids	186-200	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	118-141
27225984-0	2016	Alpha-ketoglutarate promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and protein synthesis through Akt/mTOR signaling pathways.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	87-90
27225984-0	2016	Alpha-ketoglutarate promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and protein synthesis through Akt/mTOR signaling pathways.	Ketoglutaric Acids	0-19	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Mus musculus	91-95
26590824-2	2016	In 2004, GPR91 and GPR99 were identified as receptors for the citric acid cycle intermediates, succinate and alpha-ketoglutarate, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	109-128	succinate receptor 1	Mus musculus	9-14
26590824-2	2016	In 2004, GPR91 and GPR99 were identified as receptors for the citric acid cycle intermediates, succinate and alpha-ketoglutarate, respectively.	Ketoglutaric Acids	109-128	oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) receptor 1	Mus musculus	19-24
27355333-3	2016	The mutated IDH1 and IDH2 proteins have a gain-of-function, neomorphic activity, catalyzing the reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) by NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	109-128	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	12-16
27355333-3	2016	The mutated IDH1 and IDH2 proteins have a gain-of-function, neomorphic activity, catalyzing the reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) by NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	109-128	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	21-25
27355333-3	2016	The mutated IDH1 and IDH2 proteins have a gain-of-function, neomorphic activity, catalyzing the reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) by NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	130-138	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	12-16
27355333-3	2016	The mutated IDH1 and IDH2 proteins have a gain-of-function, neomorphic activity, catalyzing the reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) by NADPH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	130-138	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	21-25
26995088-1	2016	PHD3 belongs to the family of 2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent dioxygenases and is a critical regulator of HIF-1alpha.	Ketoglutaric Acids	30-44	egl-9 family hypoxia-inducible factor 3	Mus musculus	0-4
26995088-1	2016	PHD3 belongs to the family of 2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent dioxygenases and is a critical regulator of HIF-1alpha.	Ketoglutaric Acids	30-44	hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit	Mus musculus	108-118
26919079-1	2016	The AlkB protein is a repair enzyme that uses an alpha-ketoglutarate/Fe(II)-dependent mechanism to repair alkyl DNA adducts.	Ketoglutaric Acids	49-68	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	4-8
26819452-1	2016	IDH1 and IDH2 are homodimeric enzymes that catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and concomitantly produce reduced NADPH from NADP(+) Mutations in the genes encoding IDH1 and IDH2 have recently been found in a variety of human cancers, most commonly glioma, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chondrosarcoma, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.	Ketoglutaric Acids	84-103	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
26819452-1	2016	IDH1 and IDH2 are homodimeric enzymes that catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and concomitantly produce reduced NADPH from NADP(+) Mutations in the genes encoding IDH1 and IDH2 have recently been found in a variety of human cancers, most commonly glioma, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chondrosarcoma, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.	Ketoglutaric Acids	84-103	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	9-13
26819452-1	2016	IDH1 and IDH2 are homodimeric enzymes that catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and concomitantly produce reduced NADPH from NADP(+) Mutations in the genes encoding IDH1 and IDH2 have recently been found in a variety of human cancers, most commonly glioma, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chondrosarcoma, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.	Ketoglutaric Acids	84-103	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	200-204
26819452-1	2016	IDH1 and IDH2 are homodimeric enzymes that catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and concomitantly produce reduced NADPH from NADP(+) Mutations in the genes encoding IDH1 and IDH2 have recently been found in a variety of human cancers, most commonly glioma, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chondrosarcoma, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.	Ketoglutaric Acids	84-103	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	209-213
26819452-1	2016	IDH1 and IDH2 are homodimeric enzymes that catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and concomitantly produce reduced NADPH from NADP(+) Mutations in the genes encoding IDH1 and IDH2 have recently been found in a variety of human cancers, most commonly glioma, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chondrosarcoma, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.	Ketoglutaric Acids	105-113	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
26819452-1	2016	IDH1 and IDH2 are homodimeric enzymes that catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and concomitantly produce reduced NADPH from NADP(+) Mutations in the genes encoding IDH1 and IDH2 have recently been found in a variety of human cancers, most commonly glioma, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chondrosarcoma, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.	Ketoglutaric Acids	105-113	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	9-13
26819452-1	2016	IDH1 and IDH2 are homodimeric enzymes that catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and concomitantly produce reduced NADPH from NADP(+) Mutations in the genes encoding IDH1 and IDH2 have recently been found in a variety of human cancers, most commonly glioma, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chondrosarcoma, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.	Ketoglutaric Acids	105-113	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	200-204
27005468-1	2016	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) are key metabolic enzymes, converting isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG).IDH1 and IDH2 mutations have been identified in multiple tumor types, including gliomas and myeloid malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-120	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	43-47
27005468-1	2016	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) are key metabolic enzymes, converting isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG).IDH1 and IDH2 mutations have been identified in multiple tumor types, including gliomas and myeloid malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-120	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	131-135
27005468-1	2016	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) are key metabolic enzymes, converting isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG).IDH1 and IDH2 mutations have been identified in multiple tumor types, including gliomas and myeloid malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).	Ketoglutaric Acids	101-120	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	140-144
26639393-7	2016	By iterative cycles of modeling and experiments, the reductive amidation of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) via glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) was identified as the lacking component.	Ketoglutaric Acids	76-95	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	111-134
26639393-7	2016	By iterative cycles of modeling and experiments, the reductive amidation of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) via glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) was identified as the lacking component.	Ketoglutaric Acids	76-95	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	136-139
26639393-7	2016	By iterative cycles of modeling and experiments, the reductive amidation of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) via glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) was identified as the lacking component.	Ketoglutaric Acids	97-105	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	111-134
26639393-7	2016	By iterative cycles of modeling and experiments, the reductive amidation of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) via glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) was identified as the lacking component.	Ketoglutaric Acids	97-105	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	136-139
26967262-1	2016	The 2-oxoglutarate-dependent iron enzyme ALKBH3 is an antitumor target and a potential diagnostic marker for several tumor types, including prostate cancer.	Ketoglutaric Acids	4-18	alkB homolog 3, alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	41-47
26819452-1	2016	IDH1 and IDH2 are homodimeric enzymes that catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and concomitantly produce reduced NADPH from NADP(+) Mutations in the genes encoding IDH1 and IDH2 have recently been found in a variety of human cancers, most commonly glioma, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chondrosarcoma, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.	Ketoglutaric Acids	105-113	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	209-213
26961604-9	2016	Treatment with a cell-permeable alpha-ketoglutarate analogue recovered the effect of TBT, suggesting the involvement of NAD-IDH.	Ketoglutaric Acids	32-51	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	124-127
26774271-6	2016	Recombinant Dld2 and Dld3, both currently annotated as D-lactate dehydrogenases, efficiently oxidized D-2HG to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	111-130	D-lactate dehydrogenase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	12-16
26774271-6	2016	Recombinant Dld2 and Dld3, both currently annotated as D-lactate dehydrogenases, efficiently oxidized D-2HG to alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	111-130	D-lactate dehydrogenase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	21-25
26774271-7	2016	Depletion of D-lactate levels in the dld3Delta, but not in the dld2Delta mutant, led to the discovery of a new type of enzymatic activity, carried by Dld3, to convert D-2HG to alpha-ketoglutarate, namely an FAD-dependent transhydrogenase activity using pyruvate as a hydrogen acceptor.	Ketoglutaric Acids	176-195	D-lactate dehydrogenase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	150-154
26774271-8	2016	We also provide evidence that Ser3 and Ser33, which are primarily known for oxidizing 3-phosphoglycerate in the main serine biosynthesis pathway, in addition reduce alpha-ketoglutarate to D-2HG using NADH and represent major intracellular sources of D-2HG in yeast.	Ketoglutaric Acids	165-184	phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase SER3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	30-34
26915401-1	2016	Fe(II) and alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent fat mass and obesity associated protein (FTO)-dependent demethylation of m6A is important for regulation of mRNA splicing and adipogenesis.	Ketoglutaric Acids	11-30	FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	82-85
26943589-4	2016	The metabolic facet of BRCA1 one-hit might involve tissue-specific alterations in acetyl-CoA, alpha-ketoglutarate, NAD+, FAD, or S-adenosylmethionine, critical factors for de/methylation or de/acetylation dynamics in the nuclear epigenome.	Ketoglutaric Acids	94-113	BRCA1 DNA repair associated	Homo sapiens	23-28
27014635-3	2016	Wild-type IDH catalyzes the interconversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	61-80	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	10-13
27014635-3	2016	Wild-type IDH catalyzes the interconversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	82-90	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	10-13
26378117-7	2016	Biochemical studies reveal that p.(Ser319Phe) FTO has reduced 2-oxoglutarate turnover and N-methyl-nucleoside demethylase activity.	Ketoglutaric Acids	62-76	FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	46-49
26816087-2	2016	Jumonji domain-containing histone-lysine demethylases (Jmj-KDMs) remove the methyl moiety from lysine residues in histones by utilizing Fe(2+) and alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	147-166	jumonji and AT-rich interaction domain containing 2	Homo sapiens	55-58
26919427-3	2016	We created mouse models to ask if inhibition of the alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)-dependent dioxygenase Egln1, which senses oxygen and regulates the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcription factor, could suffice to mediate local and remote ischemic preconditioning.	Ketoglutaric Acids	52-71	egl-9 family hypoxia-inducible factor 1	Mus musculus	104-109
26943899-0	2016	Registered report: The common feature of leukemia-associated IDH1 and IDH2 mutations is a neomorphic enzyme activity converting alpha-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	128-147	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	61-65
26943899-0	2016	Registered report: The common feature of leukemia-associated IDH1 and IDH2 mutations is a neomorphic enzyme activity converting alpha-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	128-147	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	70-74
26943899-3	2016	This Registered Report describes the proposed replication plan of key experiments from "The common feature of leukemia-associated IDH1 and IDH2 mutations is a neomorphic enzyme activity converting alpha-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate" by Ward and colleagues, published in Cancer Cell in 2010 (Ward et al., 2010).	Ketoglutaric Acids	197-216	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	130-134
26943899-3	2016	This Registered Report describes the proposed replication plan of key experiments from "The common feature of leukemia-associated IDH1 and IDH2 mutations is a neomorphic enzyme activity converting alpha-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate" by Ward and colleagues, published in Cancer Cell in 2010 (Ward et al., 2010).	Ketoglutaric Acids	197-216	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	139-143
26168906-1	2016	Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032, a glutamic-acid producing actinobacterium, is subject to feedback inhibition by metabolic intermediates such as aspartic acid and 2-oxoglutaric acid, which implies the importance of PEPC in replenishing oxaloacetic acid into the TCA cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	210-228	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase	Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032	0-31
26645689-5	2016	We present a crystal structure of the linked JmjN-JmjC domain from KDM5A, which reveals that the linked domain fully reconstitutes the cofactor (metal ion and alpha-ketoglutarate) binding characteristics of other structurally characterized Jumonji domain demethylases.	Ketoglutaric Acids	159-178	lysine demethylase 5A	Homo sapiens	67-72
26645689-7	2016	Further, we found that GSK-J1 inhibited the demethylase activity of KDM5C with 8.5-fold increased potency compared with that of KDM5B at 1 mm alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	142-161	lysine demethylase 5C	Homo sapiens	68-73
26645689-7	2016	Further, we found that GSK-J1 inhibited the demethylase activity of KDM5C with 8.5-fold increased potency compared with that of KDM5B at 1 mm alpha-ketoglutarate.	Ketoglutaric Acids	142-161	lysine demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens	128-133
26168906-1	2016	Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032, a glutamic-acid producing actinobacterium, is subject to feedback inhibition by metabolic intermediates such as aspartic acid and 2-oxoglutaric acid, which implies the importance of PEPC in replenishing oxaloacetic acid into the TCA cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	210-228	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase	Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032	33-37
26168906-1	2016	Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032, a glutamic-acid producing actinobacterium, is subject to feedback inhibition by metabolic intermediates such as aspartic acid and 2-oxoglutaric acid, which implies the importance of PEPC in replenishing oxaloacetic acid into the TCA cycle.	Ketoglutaric Acids	210-228	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase	Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032	262-266
26168906-3	2016	A single amino-acid substitution in PEPC, D299N, was found to relieve the feedback control by aspartic acid, but not by 2-oxoglutaric acid.	Ketoglutaric Acids	120-138	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase	Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032	36-40
26751681-4	2016	At the same time, we observed an increase in the activity of the two enzymes that convert glutamate to alpha-KG, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT).	Ketoglutaric Acids	103-111	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	138-141
26740011-1	2016	Prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2) belongs to an evolutionarily conserved superfamily of 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenases that mediates homeostatic responses to oxygen deprivation by mediating hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) hydroxylation and degradation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	97-111	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	0-35
26740011-1	2016	Prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2) belongs to an evolutionarily conserved superfamily of 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenases that mediates homeostatic responses to oxygen deprivation by mediating hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) hydroxylation and degradation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	97-111	egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Homo sapiens	37-41
26740011-1	2016	Prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2) belongs to an evolutionarily conserved superfamily of 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenases that mediates homeostatic responses to oxygen deprivation by mediating hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) hydroxylation and degradation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	97-111	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	217-248
26740011-1	2016	Prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2) belongs to an evolutionarily conserved superfamily of 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenases that mediates homeostatic responses to oxygen deprivation by mediating hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) hydroxylation and degradation.	Ketoglutaric Acids	97-111	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	250-260
26765775-1	2016	BACKGROUND/AIMS: ALKBH1, an AlkB homologue in the 2-oxoglutarate and Fe2+ dependent hydroxylase family, is a histone dioxygenase that removes methyl groups from histone H2A.	Ketoglutaric Acids	50-64	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Mus musculus	17-23
26765775-1	2016	BACKGROUND/AIMS: ALKBH1, an AlkB homologue in the 2-oxoglutarate and Fe2+ dependent hydroxylase family, is a histone dioxygenase that removes methyl groups from histone H2A.	Ketoglutaric Acids	50-64	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Mus musculus	28-32
26553750-3	2016	Mutations in IDH2 lead to an enzymatic gain of function that catalyzes the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to beta-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).	Ketoglutaric Acids	89-108	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	13-17
27348128-6	2016	A major problem is created by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizers (e.g. alpha-ketoglutarate competitors and Co2+ salt) which activate HIFs and thus increase EPO expression.	Ketoglutaric Acids	79-98	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	164-167
27525289-6	2016	We tested the ability of several cell-permeable 2-oxoglutarate analogs to regulate the abundance of HIF-1alpha protein.	Ketoglutaric Acids	48-62	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	100-110