PMID-sentid	Pub_year	Sent_text	compound_name	comp_offset	prot_official_name	organism	prot_offset
22305146-3	2012	We previously found that choline supplementation increased adult hippocampal neurogenesis, a function compromised by stress, lowered in depression, and boosted by antidepressants; and increased levels of growth factors linked to depression, like brain-derived neurotrophic factor.	Choline	25-32	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	246-279
22015945-9	2012	Compared with wild-type tumors, those with IDH1 mutations had elevated choline (P = 0.01) and decreased glutathione (P = 0.03) on MRS.	Choline	71-78	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	43-47
22259189-1	2012	Low dietary choline or deficiency of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (Mthfr) leads to hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy) and adverse reproductive outcomes.	Choline	12-19	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Mus musculus	74-79
22222496-2	2012	The adhesin PspC from Streptococcus pneumoniae is a choline-binding protein that is non-covalently anchored to the bacterial cell wall.	Choline	52-59	surfactant protein C	Homo sapiens	12-16
22416963-5	2012	In this study, we describe the native purification of recombinant ETR1 from Arabidopsis thaliana by mild solubilization with the zwitter-ionic detergent Fos-Choline-14 and single-step purification by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography.	Choline	157-164	Signal transduction histidine kinase, hybrid-type, ethylene sensor	Arabidopsis thaliana	66-70
20641273-3	2004	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the enzyme that terminates cholinergic actions through the rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetate.	Choline	6-13	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	22-26
22118966-4	2012	In human and rodent fatty liver and in fibrotic liver of mice fed a methionine-choline deficient diet CMKLR1 was reduced.	Choline	79-86	chemokine-like receptor 1	Mus musculus	102-108
20641824-3	2004	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the enzyme that terminates cholinergic actions through the rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetate.	Choline	6-13	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	22-26
22235095-9	2012	Imaging studies showed that the uptake of (18)F-D4-choline in three tumors with similar radiotracer delivery (K(1)) and choline kinase alpha expression-HCT116, A375, and PC3-M-were the same, suggesting that (18)F-D4-choline has utility for cancer detection irrespective of histologic type.	Choline	51-58	chromobox 8	Homo sapiens	170-173
22138197-2	2012	cytidine-5"-diphosphate (CDP)-choline administration on the activation of oxytocin and vasopressin neurons in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nuclei (PVN), using the immunohistochemical identification of c-Fos expression as a marker of neuronal activation and to correlate this with the plasma hormone levels.	Choline	30-37	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	87-98
22138197-2	2012	cytidine-5"-diphosphate (CDP)-choline administration on the activation of oxytocin and vasopressin neurons in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nuclei (PVN), using the immunohistochemical identification of c-Fos expression as a marker of neuronal activation and to correlate this with the plasma hormone levels.	Choline	30-37	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	213-218
22260662-3	2012	In biological fluids, LPA is generated by ATX (autotaxin), a lysophospholipase D that cleaves the choline/serine headgroup from lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylserine to generate LPA.	Choline	98-105	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	42-45
22260662-3	2012	In biological fluids, LPA is generated by ATX (autotaxin), a lysophospholipase D that cleaves the choline/serine headgroup from lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylserine to generate LPA.	Choline	98-105	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	47-56
22361880-2	2012	We have found that the exogenous ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2 interacts with CHT1 expressed in HEK293 cells decreasing the amount of cell surface CHT1 by approximately 40%, and that small interfering RNA for endogenous Nedd4-2 enhances the choline uptake activity by CHT1 in HEK293 cells.	Choline	236-243	NEDD4 like E3 ubiquitin protein ligase	Homo sapiens	50-57
22361880-2	2012	We have found that the exogenous ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2 interacts with CHT1 expressed in HEK293 cells decreasing the amount of cell surface CHT1 by approximately 40%, and that small interfering RNA for endogenous Nedd4-2 enhances the choline uptake activity by CHT1 in HEK293 cells.	Choline	236-243	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	73-77
22361880-2	2012	We have found that the exogenous ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2 interacts with CHT1 expressed in HEK293 cells decreasing the amount of cell surface CHT1 by approximately 40%, and that small interfering RNA for endogenous Nedd4-2 enhances the choline uptake activity by CHT1 in HEK293 cells.	Choline	236-243	NEDD4 like E3 ubiquitin protein ligase	Homo sapiens	215-222
22047806-0	2012	Feasibility of TCP-based dose painting by numbers applied to a prostate case with (18)F-choline PET imaging.	Choline	88-95	serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 1	Homo sapiens	15-18
22848433-3	2012	In this study, the alpha7*-selective agonist, choline, was pressure-applied to interneurons in hippocampal subregions, CA1 stratum radiatum and hilus of acute brain hippocampal slices from adolescent to adult mice and adolescent rats.	Choline	46-53	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	19-25
22536229-4	2012	Nicotinamide and stress induce Nicotinamide-N-methyltransferase (NNMT) improving choline retention but consume methyl groups.	Choline	81-88	nicotinamide N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	31-63
22536229-4	2012	Nicotinamide and stress induce Nicotinamide-N-methyltransferase (NNMT) improving choline retention but consume methyl groups.	Choline	81-88	nicotinamide N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	65-69
22679745-1	2012	Choline-positive neuroprotectors citicoline and choline alfoscerate decreased blood concentration of protein S100 in clinical trial on 52 patients in the first days after acute ischemic stroke.	Choline	0-7	S100 calcium binding protein A1	Homo sapiens	109-113
22319522-0	2012	Pentoxifylline attenuates methionine- and choline-deficient-diet-induced steatohepatitis by suppressing TNF-alpha expression and endoplasmic reticulum stress.	Choline	42-49	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	104-113
22025560-0	2012	Choline phosphorylation and regulation of transcription of choline kinase alpha in hypoxia.	Choline	0-7	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	59-79
22025560-11	2012	The results strongly suggest that transcriptional control of choline phosphorylation is largely mediated via HIF-1alpha binding to the newly identified HRE7.	Choline	61-68	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	109-119
22134951-2	2012	Mice with reduced Shmt1 expression exhibit a higher frequency of NTDs when placed on a folate- and choline-deficient diet and may represent a model of human NTDs.	Choline	99-106	serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (soluble)	Mus musculus	18-23
22848433-3	2012	In this study, the alpha7*-selective agonist, choline, was pressure-applied to interneurons in hippocampal subregions, CA1 stratum radiatum and hilus of acute brain hippocampal slices from adolescent to adult mice and adolescent rats.	Choline	46-53	carbonic anhydrase 1	Mus musculus	119-122
22848433-5	2012	The effects of bath applied KYNA on spontaneous glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (sEPSC) as well as choline-evoked alpha7* currents were determined.	Choline	116-123	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	131-137
22848433-11	2012	The results show that despite KYNA-mediated blockade of glutamatergic sEPSCs, two types of hippocampal interneurons that express choline-evoked alpha7* nAChR currents fail to show any degree of modulation by KYNA.	Choline	129-136	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	144-150
22848433-11	2012	The results show that despite KYNA-mediated blockade of glutamatergic sEPSCs, two types of hippocampal interneurons that express choline-evoked alpha7* nAChR currents fail to show any degree of modulation by KYNA.	Choline	129-136	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	152-157
22848433-12	2012	Our results indicate that under our experimental conditions, which produced complete KYNA-mediated blockade of sEPSCs, claims of KYNA effects on choline-evoked alpha7* nAChR function should be made with caution.	Choline	145-152	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	160-173
22815983-6	2012	SLC44A5 encodes a choline transporter-like protein, and choline is a component of the major phospholipids of cell membranes.	Choline	18-25	solute carrier family 44 member 5	Bos taurus	0-7
22815983-7	2012	Uptake studies in HeLa cells demonstrated that SLC44A5 knockdown reduces choline efflux, whereas SLC44A5 overexpression resulted in the opposite effect.	Choline	73-80	solute carrier family 44 member 5	Homo sapiens	47-54
21878621-0	2011	Deletion of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase in mice perturbs choline and 1-carbon metabolism, resulting in fatty liver and hepatocellular carcinomas.	Choline	70-77	betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase	Mus musculus	12-52
21952774-3	2011	The efficiency of immobilized AChE was monitored by biochemical assay, which was carried out by mixing enzyme-immobilized MC microspheres with model substrate acetylcholine (ACh), and subsequent quantitative determination of substrate ACh and product choline using graphene oxide-based MALDI-TOF-MS with no background inference.	Choline	165-172	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	30-34
21952774-5	2011	Choline was quantified over the range of 0.05 and 15 pmol/muL, also with excellent linearity (R(2)=0.9994) and low LOD (0.15 fmol/muL).	Choline	0-7	tripartite motif containing 37	Homo sapiens	58-61
21952774-5	2011	Choline was quantified over the range of 0.05 and 15 pmol/muL, also with excellent linearity (R(2)=0.9994) and low LOD (0.15 fmol/muL).	Choline	0-7	tripartite motif containing 37	Homo sapiens	130-133
21605949-0	2011	Early choline levels from 3-tesla MR spectroscopy after exclusive radiation therapy in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer are predictive of plasmatic levels of PSA at 1 year.	Choline	6-13	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	176-179
21605949-5	2011	At 6 months after radiation, the mean choline level was significantly lower in the PZ for patients with a PSA value of <=0.5 ng/mL at 12 months (4.9 +- 1.7 vs. 7.1 +- 1.5, p = 0.0378).	Choline	38-45	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	106-109
21605949-8	2011	CONCLUSIONS: Low normalized choline in the PZ, 6 months after radiation, predicts which patients attained a PSA <=0.5 ng/mL at 1 year.	Choline	28-35	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	108-111
22558321-9	2012	A second SNP located in the coding region of IL17BR, rs1025689, is linked to altered sperm motility characteristics and changes in choline metabolite concentrations in sperm.	Choline	131-138	interleukin 17 receptor B	Homo sapiens	45-51
22396777-7	2012	Microarray analysis and qRT-PCR revealed that miR-376b-5p was significantly up-regulated in ischemic heart tissue and the M(3)-mAChRs agonist choline reversed its up-regulation.	Choline	142-149	microRNA 376b	Rattus norvegicus	46-54
22359587-7	2012	alpha7 nAChR agonists (1 microM acetylcholine, 10 microM choline or 30 nM PNU-282987) impaired intramitochondrial Ca(2+) accumulation and significantly decreased cytochrome c release stimulated with either 90 microM CaCl(2) or 0.5 mM H(2)O(2).	Choline	38-45	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	0-6
22359587-7	2012	alpha7 nAChR agonists (1 microM acetylcholine, 10 microM choline or 30 nM PNU-282987) impaired intramitochondrial Ca(2+) accumulation and significantly decreased cytochrome c release stimulated with either 90 microM CaCl(2) or 0.5 mM H(2)O(2).	Choline	38-45	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	7-12
21964420-7	2012	However, choline metabolism was altered in rats, as indicated by decreases in betaine and increases in phosphocholine with the concomitant induction of betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase and choline kinase gene expression.	Choline	9-16	betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	152-190
22942782-0	2012	Post-treatment Assessment of Glioblastoma Multiforme: Imaging with Fluorodeoxyglucose, Sestamibi, and Choline.	Choline	102-109	solute carrier family 35 member G1	Homo sapiens	0-4
22057276-7	2011	Compared with wild type mice, Shmt1tg+ mice exhibited elevated SHMT1 and TYMS protein levels in tissues and evidence for impaired homocysteine remethylation but surprisingly exhibited depressed levels of nuclear SHMT1 and TYMS, lower rates of nuclear de novo thymidylate biosynthesis, and a nearly 10-fold increase in uracil content in hepatic nuclear DNA when fed a folate- and choline-deficient diet.	Choline	379-386	serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (soluble)	Mus musculus	30-35
22177013-9	2011	CONCLUSIONS: Substrate recognition by NPP7 includes several important contributions, ranging from cation-pi interactions between F275 and the choline headgroup of all substrates, to tail-group binding pockets that accommodate the inherent flexibility of the lipid hydrophobic tails.	Choline	142-149	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 7	Homo sapiens	38-42
21740967-1	2011	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the conversion of the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine to choline and phosphatidic acid (PA).	Choline	88-95	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
21740967-1	2011	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the conversion of the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine to choline and phosphatidic acid (PA).	Choline	88-95	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
22803032-0	2011	Acetylcholine precursor choline evokes NMDA-dependent epileptoid activity in rat hippocampal CA1 area.	Choline	6-13	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	93-96
20800404-6	2011	In particular choline PET/CT could play a crucial role as first diagnostic procedure in prostate cancer patients who show a fast growing Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) kinetics.	Choline	14-21	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	137-162
21909232-3	2011	In the 1:2 molar ratio mixture of choline chloride/glycerol containing 3% (v/v) water, cross-linked subtilisin exhibited an excellent activity (2.9 mumo l min(-1) g(-1)) in conjunction with a selectivity of 98% in the transesterification reaction of N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester with 1-propanol.	Choline	34-50	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	155-161
21674237-2	2011	Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC), a choline-containing sphingolipid, showed suppressive effect on Abeta production in PC12 cells which stably express Swedish mutant of amyloid precursor protein (APPsw).	Choline	20-27	amyloid beta precursor protein	Rattus norvegicus	169-194
21878621-11	2011	These results indicate that BHMT has an important role in Hcy, choline, and one-carbon homeostasis.	Choline	63-70	betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase	Mus musculus	28-32
22016532-2	2011	The high-affinity choline transporter CHT1 is responsible for choline uptake, the rate-limiting step in acetylcholine synthesis.	Choline	18-25	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	38-42
22016532-5	2011	Extracellular choline rapidly decreases cell-surface CHT1 expression by accelerating its internalization, a process that is mediated by a dynamin-dependent endocytosis pathway in HEK293 cells.	Choline	14-21	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	53-57
21816604-2	2011	The detection limit for choline was 0.1 muM and the linear range was 0.1-0.9 muM and 5-150 muM, respectively.	Choline	24-31	latexin	Homo sapiens	40-43
21816604-2	2011	The detection limit for choline was 0.1 muM and the linear range was 0.1-0.9 muM and 5-150 muM, respectively.	Choline	24-31	latexin	Homo sapiens	77-80
21816604-2	2011	The detection limit for choline was 0.1 muM and the linear range was 0.1-0.9 muM and 5-150 muM, respectively.	Choline	24-31	latexin	Homo sapiens	77-80
21816604-7	2011	We also detected the choline in milk samples and the linear range was 5-150 muM.	Choline	21-28	latexin	Homo sapiens	76-79
21843679-5	2011	By monitoring fluorescence intensity at 587 nm of oxidized AU, the minimum detectable concentrations of glucose, galactose, and choline were found to be 3, 2, and 20 muM using glucose oxidase-Fe(3)O(4), galactose oxidase-Fe(3)O(4), and choline oxidase-Fe(3)O(4) composites, respectively.	Choline	128-135	latexin	Homo sapiens	166-169
21862943-1	2011	OBJECTIVE: The biological significance of [11C]choline (CHO) uptake in human tumours is unclear and probably linked to choline kinase-alpha (CHKalpha) expression and cell proliferation.	Choline	47-54	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	119-139
21862943-1	2011	OBJECTIVE: The biological significance of [11C]choline (CHO) uptake in human tumours is unclear and probably linked to choline kinase-alpha (CHKalpha) expression and cell proliferation.	Choline	47-54	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	141-149
21756558-0	2011	CDP-choline and its endogenous metabolites, cytidine and choline, promote the nerve regeneration and improve the functional recovery of injured rat sciatic nerves.	Choline	4-11	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
21756558-2	2011	The aims of this study were to test whether CDP-choline was effective at promoting nerve healing when the surgery to repair an injury was delayed and to determine whether the cytidine and/or the choline moieties of CDP-choline contribute to its beneficial actions.	Choline	48-55	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	44-47
21756558-5	2011	Rats were assigned to one of five groups and received a topical application of either 0.4 ml of saline (control) or 0.4 ml of 100 muM CDP-choline, cytidine, choline, or cytidine+choline.	Choline	138-145	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	134-137
21756558-7	2011	The percentage recovery in SFI score was significantly higher in rats treated with CDP-choline or cytidine+choline at all time points.	Choline	87-94	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	83-86
21756558-8	2011	Axon count increased by ~50% in rats treated either with CDP-choline or cytidine+choline.	Choline	61-68	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	57-60
21756558-9	2011	Treatment with CDP-choline or cytidine+choline reduced scar formation and decreased nerve adherence when the sciatic nerve was repaired immediately, and rats treated with CDP-choline or cytidine+choline had better axonal organization than control rats.	Choline	19-26	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	15-18
21756558-11	2011	CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that CDP-choline, as well as the combination of its metabolites, cytidine+choline, improves the functional recovery and promotes the regeneration of injured sciatic nerves treated with immediate or delayed surgical repair in rats.	Choline	45-52	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	41-44
21857689-11	2011	Although additional data are needed to confirm these initial findings, our results suggest that PEMT and TCblR, genes involved in choline and B12 metabolism, merit further investigation in idiopathic male infertility.	Choline	130-137	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	96-100
21857689-11	2011	Although additional data are needed to confirm these initial findings, our results suggest that PEMT and TCblR, genes involved in choline and B12 metabolism, merit further investigation in idiopathic male infertility.	Choline	130-137	CD320 molecule	Homo sapiens	105-110
21290119-2	2011	Recently, we detected the frequent mutations of LPA receptor-1 (LPA1) gene in rat hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) induced by a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet.	Choline	128-135	lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	48-62
21290119-2	2011	Recently, we detected the frequent mutations of LPA receptor-1 (LPA1) gene in rat hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) induced by a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet.	Choline	128-135	lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	64-68
21693622-7	2011	5alpha-DHT (10 nM) caused ERK phosphorylation and inhibition of phospholipase D (PLD), as evaluated by Western blot and measurement of PLD activity via radioenzymatic diacylglyceride (DAG) and nonradioactive choline assays.	Choline	208-215	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	81-84
21865577-6	2011	Higher Cho/Cr was associated with worse performance on Auditory Verbal Learning Test Delayed Recall (partial r(s) = -0.12; p = 0.04), Trail Making Test Part B (partial r(s) = 0.12; p = 0.04), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) Digit Symbol (partial r(s) = -0.18; p < 0.01), and WAIS-R Block Design (partial r(s) = -0.12; p = 0.03).	Choline	7-10	TNF superfamily member 10	Homo sapiens	134-139
21865577-9	2011	Higher Cho/Cr is associated with worse performance on domain-specific cognitive tests independent of Abeta load, suggesting that Cho/Cr elevation may also be dependent on other preclinical dementia pathologies characterized by Cho/Cr elevation such as Lewy body or ischemic vascular disease in addition to Abeta load.	Choline	7-10	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	306-311
21836465-5	2011	The antihyperalgesic effect of CDP-choline was similar to that observed with an equimolar dose of choline (1 micromol).	Choline	35-42	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	31-34
21836465-6	2011	The CDP-choline-induced antihyperalgesic effect was prevented by central administration of the neuronal high-affinity choline uptake inhibitor hemicholinium-3 (1 microg), the nonselective nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine (50 microg), the alpha7-selective nicotinic ACh receptor antagonist, alpha-bungarotoxin (2 microg) and the gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor antagonist CGP-35348 (20 microg).	Choline	8-15	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	4-7
21836465-8	2011	pretreatment with the nonselective opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (10 microg) only prevented the CDP-choline-induced antihyperalgesic effect in the neuropathic pain model while the nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine (10 microg) did not alter the antihyperalgesic effect in the two models.	Choline	106-113	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	102-105
21457731-6	2011	As a whole, postnatal choline supplementation attenuates some of the behavioural and neurobiological abnormalities of the Mecp2-308 phenotype.	Choline	22-29	methyl CpG binding protein 2	Mus musculus	122-127
21787937-12	2011	We found that choline supplementation increased DM intake from 14.4 to 16.0 kg/d and, hence, net energy intake from 98.2 to 109.1 MJ/d at the intercept of the lactation curve at 1 day in milk (DIM), but the effect of choline on milk protein yield gradually decreased during the course of the study.	Choline	14-21	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	187-191
21145918-9	2011	In particular imbalances in the expression of NGF, its precursor proNGF, the high and low NGF receptors, trkA and p75NTR, respectively, changes in acetylcholine release, high-affinity choline uptake, as well as alterations in muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression may contribute to the cholinergic dysfunction.	Choline	153-160	nerve growth factor	Homo sapiens	46-49
21145918-9	2011	In particular imbalances in the expression of NGF, its precursor proNGF, the high and low NGF receptors, trkA and p75NTR, respectively, changes in acetylcholine release, high-affinity choline uptake, as well as alterations in muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression may contribute to the cholinergic dysfunction.	Choline	153-160	nerve growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	114-120
21787937-12	2011	We found that choline supplementation increased DM intake from 14.4 to 16.0 kg/d and, hence, net energy intake from 98.2 to 109.1 MJ/d at the intercept of the lactation curve at 1 day in milk (DIM), but the effect of choline on milk protein yield gradually decreased during the course of the study.	Choline	14-21	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	228-232
21787937-12	2011	We found that choline supplementation increased DM intake from 14.4 to 16.0 kg/d and, hence, net energy intake from 98.2 to 109.1 MJ/d at the intercept of the lactation curve at 1 day in milk (DIM), but the effect of choline on milk protein yield gradually decreased during the course of the study.	Choline	217-224	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	187-191
21787937-14	2011	Milk protein yield was increased from 1.13 to 1.26 kg/d at the intercept of the lactation curve at 1 DIM, but the effect of choline on milk protein yield gradually decreased during the course of the study.	Choline	124-131	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	135-139
21787937-15	2011	Choline supplementation was associated with decreased milk fat concentration at the intercept of the lactation curve at 1 DIM, but the effect of choline on milk fat concentration gradually decreased as lactation progressed.	Choline	0-7	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	54-58
21787937-15	2011	Choline supplementation was associated with decreased milk fat concentration at the intercept of the lactation curve at 1 DIM, but the effect of choline on milk fat concentration gradually decreased as lactation progressed.	Choline	145-152	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	156-160
21697299-5	2011	Mthfr heterozygosity did not alter brain choline metabolite concentrations, but it did enhance their labeling in males (P < 0.05) and tended to do so in females (P < 0.10), a finding consistent with greater turnover of dietary choline in brains of +/- mice.	Choline	233-240	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Mus musculus	0-5
21735582-2	2004	Choline is phosphorylated by choline kinases (CHK) to phosphorylcholine within cells and, after several biosynthetic processes, is finally integrated into phospholipids (1).	Choline	0-7	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	29-44
21067438-0	2011	Bifunctional phenolic-choline conjugates as anti-oxidants and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.	Choline	22-29	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	62-82
21067438-4	2011	Specifically, a series of naturally occurring phenolic acids with recognized anti-oxidant properties (derivatives of caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, and trolox) have been conjugated with choline to account for the recognition by acetylcholinesterase (AChE).	Choline	186-193	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	228-248
21067438-4	2011	Specifically, a series of naturally occurring phenolic acids with recognized anti-oxidant properties (derivatives of caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, and trolox) have been conjugated with choline to account for the recognition by acetylcholinesterase (AChE).	Choline	186-193	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	250-254
21605667-4	2011	In CHHS, the mean accumulation clearance of the NTCP substrate taurocholate (1 muM) was 27.5 (+-15.0) mul/min/million cells and decreased by 10-fold when extracellular sodium was replaced by choline.	Choline	191-198	solute carrier family 10 member 1	Homo sapiens	48-52
21735582-2	2004	Choline is phosphorylated by choline kinases (CHK) to phosphorylcholine within cells and, after several biosynthetic processes, is finally integrated into phospholipids (1).	Choline	0-7	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	46-49
21735582-10	2004	Choline is also metabolized by choline oxidase in competition with CHK to choline betaine, which cannot be phosphorylated by CHK.	Choline	0-7	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	67-70
21735583-2	2004	Choline is phosphorylated by choline kinases (CHK) to phosphorylcholine within cells and, after several biosynthetic processes, is finally integrated into phospholipids (1).	Choline	0-7	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	29-44
21735583-2	2004	Choline is phosphorylated by choline kinases (CHK) to phosphorylcholine within cells and, after several biosynthetic processes, is finally integrated into phospholipids (1).	Choline	0-7	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	46-49
21735583-10	2004	Choline is also metabolized by choline oxidase in competition with CHK to choline betaine (8), which cannot be phosphorylated by CHK.	Choline	0-7	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	67-70
22303332-10	2011	Tissue MTHFS protein levels are decreased in both Mthfs(gt/+) and Mthfs(+/+) mice placed on a folate and choline deficient diet, and mouse embryonic fibroblasts from Mthfs(gt/+) embryos exhibit decreased capacity for de novo purine synthesis without impairment in de novo thymidylate synthesis.	Choline	105-112	5, 10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase	Mus musculus	7-12
21420103-6	2011	We detected significant differences of Cho:tCr in the head, NAA:tCr in the head, body and tail, NAA:Cho and NAA:(Cho+tCr) in the body and tail of the left hippocampus, and NAA:Cho and NAA:(Cho+tCr) in the body and tail of the right hippocampus.	Choline	39-42	T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	43-46
21649891-4	2011	Since choline is a methyle donor, and since methylation regulates PP2A, the choline protection may result from PP2A methylation, which then attenuates kinases.	Choline	6-13	protein phosphatase 2 phosphatase activator	Homo sapiens	111-115
21504799-1	2011	CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase alpha (CCTalpha) is a nuclear enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis.	Choline	11-18	choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase A	Cricetulus griseus	47-55
21425308-5	2011	We identified reduced MAVS protein levels and increased MAVS association with the proteasome subunit alpha type 7 (PSMA7) in livers from mice given a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet.	Choline	161-168	proteasome subunit alpha 7	Mus musculus	115-120
21494901-8	2011	Greater numbers of CD16+ monocytes were associated with lower N-acetylaspartate levels and higher choline levels in the brain.	Choline	98-105	Fc gamma receptor IIIa	Homo sapiens	19-23
21394046-5	2011	This short review aims at summarizing the results of the most relevant published studies with particular interest directed towards a better understanding of the relationship between PSA kinetics and choline PET/CT detection rate and the potential use of PSA kinetics for an optimal selection of patients who may benefit most from this diagnostic procedure particularly at an early stage of biochemical recurrence.	Choline	199-206	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	182-185
21411618-1	2011	BACKGROUND: Choline is an essential nutrient for humans, and part of this requirement is met by endogenous synthesis catalyzed by hepatic phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT).	Choline	12-19	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	138-182
21411618-1	2011	BACKGROUND: Choline is an essential nutrient for humans, and part of this requirement is met by endogenous synthesis catalyzed by hepatic phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT).	Choline	12-19	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	184-188
21697299-0	2011	Folate intake, MTHFR genotype, and sex modulate choline metabolism in mice.	Choline	48-55	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Mus musculus	15-20
21697299-2	2011	Folate deficiency and mutations of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) reduce the availability of a major methyl donor, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, which in turn may lead to compensatory changes in choline metabolism.	Choline	204-211	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	35-70
21697299-2	2011	Folate deficiency and mutations of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) reduce the availability of a major methyl donor, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, which in turn may lead to compensatory changes in choline metabolism.	Choline	204-211	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	72-77
21697299-3	2011	This study investigated the hypothesis that reductions in methyl group supply, either due to dietary folate deficiency or Mthfr gene deletion, would modify tissue choline metabolism in a sex-specific manner.	Choline	163-170	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Mus musculus	122-127
21649891-4	2011	Since choline is a methyle donor, and since methylation regulates PP2A, the choline protection may result from PP2A methylation, which then attenuates kinases.	Choline	76-83	protein phosphatase 2 phosphatase activator	Homo sapiens	66-70
21649891-4	2011	Since choline is a methyle donor, and since methylation regulates PP2A, the choline protection may result from PP2A methylation, which then attenuates kinases.	Choline	76-83	protein phosphatase 2 phosphatase activator	Homo sapiens	111-115
21364531-7	2011	Choline binding to a location close to the second, low-affinity sodium-binding site (Na2) of LeuT-fold transporters is facilitated by the introduced aspartate.	Choline	0-7	Leucine transport, high	Homo sapiens	93-97
21378572-5	2011	SUMMARY: Choline PET/CT is clinically indicated to noninvasively restage, in one single session, prostate cancer patients presenting a progressive increase of prostate-specific antigen, after radical treatment.	Choline	9-16	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	159-184
21474553-6	2011	Expression of cDNA EgProT1 in Escherichia coli mutant exhibited uptake activities for glycinebetaine and choline as well as proline.	Choline	105-112	probable proline transporter 2	Elaeis guineensis	19-26
21219915-3	2011	The metabolites of CDP-choline, namely choline (10(-4)-10(-2)M), cytidine 5"-triphosphate (CTP, 10(-5)-10(-2)M), cytidine (10(-5)-10(-2)M) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP, 10(-3)-10(-2)M) were also tested.	Choline	23-30	cut-like homeobox 1	Mus musculus	19-22
21270363-5	2011	More than one-half of premenopausal women may be resistant to choline deficiency-induced organ dysfunction, because estrogen induces the gene [phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PEMT)] that catalyzes endogenous synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, which can subsequently yield choline.	Choline	62-69	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	143-187
21216305-5	2011	In the livers of mice fed with a choline-deficient ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet, Eppk1-positive cells dramatically increase in number.	Choline	33-40	epiplakin 1	Mus musculus	86-91
21289302-4	2011	We show that import of choline phospholipids into S. cerevisiae DeltaLem3 is partially reconstituted by human TMEM30a and by Lem3p-TMEM30a chimeras, showing the proteins are orthologous.	Choline	23-30	transmembrane protein 30A	Homo sapiens	110-117
21289302-4	2011	We show that import of choline phospholipids into S. cerevisiae DeltaLem3 is partially reconstituted by human TMEM30a and by Lem3p-TMEM30a chimeras, showing the proteins are orthologous.	Choline	23-30	ankyrin repeat and LEM domain containing 1	Homo sapiens	125-130
21289302-4	2011	We show that import of choline phospholipids into S. cerevisiae DeltaLem3 is partially reconstituted by human TMEM30a and by Lem3p-TMEM30a chimeras, showing the proteins are orthologous.	Choline	23-30	transmembrane protein 30A	Homo sapiens	131-138
21289302-5	2011	TMEM30a-GFP chimeras expressed in mammalian cells localized in plasma membranes, as well as internal organelles, and ectopic TMEM30a expression promoted uptake of exogenous choline and ethanolamine phospholipids.	Choline	173-180	transmembrane protein 30A	Homo sapiens	0-7
21289302-5	2011	TMEM30a-GFP chimeras expressed in mammalian cells localized in plasma membranes, as well as internal organelles, and ectopic TMEM30a expression promoted uptake of exogenous choline and ethanolamine phospholipids.	Choline	173-180	transmembrane protein 30A	Homo sapiens	125-132
21289302-6	2011	Short hairpin RNA knockdown of TMEM30a reduced fluorescent choline phospholipid and [(3)H]PAF import.	Choline	59-66	transmembrane protein 30A	Homo sapiens	31-38
21270363-5	2011	More than one-half of premenopausal women may be resistant to choline deficiency-induced organ dysfunction, because estrogen induces the gene [phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PEMT)] that catalyzes endogenous synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, which can subsequently yield choline.	Choline	247-254	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	143-187
21270363-5	2011	More than one-half of premenopausal women may be resistant to choline deficiency-induced organ dysfunction, because estrogen induces the gene [phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PEMT)] that catalyzes endogenous synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, which can subsequently yield choline.	Choline	247-254	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	189-193
21270363-6	2011	Those premenopausal women that do require a dietary source of choline have a SNP in PEMT, making them unresponsive to estrogen induction of PEMT.	Choline	62-69	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	84-88
21270363-9	2011	People with a SNPs in MTHFD1 (a gene of folate metabolism that controls the use of folate as a methyl donor) are more likely to develop organ dysfunction when deprived of choline; their dietary requirement is increased because of increased need for choline as a methyl donor.	Choline	171-178	methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, cyclohydrolase and formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase 1	Homo sapiens	22-28
21270363-9	2011	People with a SNPs in MTHFD1 (a gene of folate metabolism that controls the use of folate as a methyl donor) are more likely to develop organ dysfunction when deprived of choline; their dietary requirement is increased because of increased need for choline as a methyl donor.	Choline	249-256	methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, cyclohydrolase and formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase 1	Homo sapiens	22-28
20848281-3	2011	In this patient series (11)C-choline PET/CT was used as the first imaging examination at the time of the detection of a mild serum PSA increase <1.5 ng/ml.	Choline	29-36	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	131-134
21248075-4	2011	During early stages of seedling development, a sinapine esterase (BnSCE3) hydrolyzes sinapine, releasing choline and sinapate.	Choline	105-112	sinapine esterase	Brassica napus	47-64
21248075-4	2011	During early stages of seedling development, a sinapine esterase (BnSCE3) hydrolyzes sinapine, releasing choline and sinapate.	Choline	105-112	sinapine esterase	Brassica napus	66-72
21289278-4	2011	Levels of amino acids, glutathione metabolites, choline derivatives, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates were altered in mutant IDH1- and IDH2-expressing cells.	Choline	48-55	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	141-145
21289278-4	2011	Levels of amino acids, glutathione metabolites, choline derivatives, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates were altered in mutant IDH1- and IDH2-expressing cells.	Choline	48-55	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	151-155
21266973-0	2011	Human prostate cell lines from normal and tumourigenic epithelia differ in the pattern and control of choline lipid headgroups released into the medium on stimulation of protein kinase C. BACKGROUND: Expression of protein kinase C alpha (PKCalpha) is elevated in prostate cancer (PCa); thus, we have studied whether the development of tumourigenesis in prostate epithelial cell lines modifies the normal pattern of choline (Cho) metabolite release on PKC activation.	Choline	102-109	protein kinase C alpha	Homo sapiens	214-236
21266973-0	2011	Human prostate cell lines from normal and tumourigenic epithelia differ in the pattern and control of choline lipid headgroups released into the medium on stimulation of protein kinase C. BACKGROUND: Expression of protein kinase C alpha (PKCalpha) is elevated in prostate cancer (PCa); thus, we have studied whether the development of tumourigenesis in prostate epithelial cell lines modifies the normal pattern of choline (Cho) metabolite release on PKC activation.	Choline	415-422	protein kinase C alpha	Homo sapiens	214-236
21266973-0	2011	Human prostate cell lines from normal and tumourigenic epithelia differ in the pattern and control of choline lipid headgroups released into the medium on stimulation of protein kinase C. BACKGROUND: Expression of protein kinase C alpha (PKCalpha) is elevated in prostate cancer (PCa); thus, we have studied whether the development of tumourigenesis in prostate epithelial cell lines modifies the normal pattern of choline (Cho) metabolite release on PKC activation.	Choline	424-427	protein kinase C alpha	Homo sapiens	214-236
21266973-8	2011	In addition, only with normal cell lines did PKC activation stimulate Cho metabolite release.	Choline	70-73	protein kinase C alpha	Homo sapiens	45-48
20641747-2	2004	Choline is phosphorylated by choline kinases (CHK) to phosphorylcholine within cells, and, after several biosynthetic processes, finally is integrated into phospholipids (1).	Choline	0-7	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	29-44
20641747-2	2004	Choline is phosphorylated by choline kinases (CHK) to phosphorylcholine within cells, and, after several biosynthetic processes, finally is integrated into phospholipids (1).	Choline	0-7	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	46-49
20641761-2	2004	Choline is phosphorylated by choline kinases (CHK) to phosphorylcholine within cells, and, after several biosynthetic processes, finally is integrated into phospholipids (1).	Choline	0-7	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	29-44
20641761-2	2004	Choline is phosphorylated by choline kinases (CHK) to phosphorylcholine within cells, and, after several biosynthetic processes, finally is integrated into phospholipids (1).	Choline	0-7	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	46-49
21123458-1	2011	BACKGROUND: Homozygosity for the variant 677T allele in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene increases the requirement for folate and may alter the metabolic use of choline.	Choline	181-188	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	60-95
21123458-1	2011	BACKGROUND: Homozygosity for the variant 677T allele in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene increases the requirement for folate and may alter the metabolic use of choline.	Choline	181-188	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	97-102
21123458-7	2011	Men with the MTHFR 677TT genotype had a higher urinary enrichment ratio of betaine to choline (P = 0.041), a higher urinary enrichment of sarcosine (P = 0.041), and a greater plasma enrichment ratio of d9-betaine to d9-PtdCho with the 1100 mg choline/d intake (P = 0.033).	Choline	86-93	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	13-18
21123458-7	2011	Men with the MTHFR 677TT genotype had a higher urinary enrichment ratio of betaine to choline (P = 0.041), a higher urinary enrichment of sarcosine (P = 0.041), and a greater plasma enrichment ratio of d9-betaine to d9-PtdCho with the 1100 mg choline/d intake (P = 0.033).	Choline	243-250	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	13-18
21123458-8	2011	CONCLUSION: These data show for the first time in humans that choline itself is a source of methyl groups for de novo PtdCho biosynthesis and indicate that the MTHFR 677TT genotype favors the use of choline as a methyl donor.	Choline	62-69	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	160-165
21123458-8	2011	CONCLUSION: These data show for the first time in humans that choline itself is a source of methyl groups for de novo PtdCho biosynthesis and indicate that the MTHFR 677TT genotype favors the use of choline as a methyl donor.	Choline	199-206	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	160-165
21220979-7	2011	Although rare, thymoma has to be considered as differential diagnosis in case of mediastinal masses presenting C-11 choline PET/CT positive findings, to avoid inappropriate patient management.	Choline	116-123	RNA polymerase III subunit K	Homo sapiens	111-115
21084390-4	2011	This compound enhances the choline-evoked rise in intracellular Ca(2+) levels in the GH4C1 cell line expressing the cloned human alpha(7) nAChR.	Choline	27-34	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	138-143
21104417-1	2011	Repressor protein Opi1 is required to negatively regulate yeast structural genes of phospholipid biosynthesis in the presence of precursor molecules inositol and choline (IC).	Choline	162-169	transcriptional regulator OPI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	18-22
21087354-9	2011	As well, GDNF (50-150 ng mL(-1)) significantly increased [(3)H]-choline uptake and stimulated [(3)H]-acetylcholine release.	Choline	64-71	glial cell derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	9-13
21185344-10	2011	These findings suggest that CTL1 is functionally expressed in both SH-SY5Y and LA-N-2 cells and is responsible for choline uptake that relies on a directed H(+) gradient as a driving force, and this transport functions in co-operation with NHE1 and NHE5.	Choline	115-122	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
21185344-10	2011	These findings suggest that CTL1 is functionally expressed in both SH-SY5Y and LA-N-2 cells and is responsible for choline uptake that relies on a directed H(+) gradient as a driving force, and this transport functions in co-operation with NHE1 and NHE5.	Choline	115-122	solute carrier family 9 member A1	Homo sapiens	240-244
21185344-10	2011	These findings suggest that CTL1 is functionally expressed in both SH-SY5Y and LA-N-2 cells and is responsible for choline uptake that relies on a directed H(+) gradient as a driving force, and this transport functions in co-operation with NHE1 and NHE5.	Choline	115-122	solute carrier family 9 member A5	Homo sapiens	249-253
21185344-11	2011	Furthermore, choline uptake through CTL1 is associated with ACh synthesis in cholinergic neuroblastoma cells.	Choline	13-20	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	36-40
21059658-0	2011	Aberrant estrogen regulation of PEMT results in choline deficiency-associated liver dysfunction.	Choline	48-55	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	32-36
21059658-3	2011	Because hepatic PEMT (phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase) catalyzes de novo biosynthesis of choline and this gene is under estrogenic control, we hypothesized that there are SNPs in PEMT that disrupt the hormonal regulation of PEMT and thereby put women at risk for CDS.	Choline	102-109	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	16-20
21059658-3	2011	Because hepatic PEMT (phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase) catalyzes de novo biosynthesis of choline and this gene is under estrogenic control, we hypothesized that there are SNPs in PEMT that disrupt the hormonal regulation of PEMT and thereby put women at risk for CDS.	Choline	102-109	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	22-66
21059658-3	2011	Because hepatic PEMT (phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase) catalyzes de novo biosynthesis of choline and this gene is under estrogenic control, we hypothesized that there are SNPs in PEMT that disrupt the hormonal regulation of PEMT and thereby put women at risk for CDS.	Choline	102-109	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	192-196
21059658-3	2011	Because hepatic PEMT (phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase) catalyzes de novo biosynthesis of choline and this gene is under estrogenic control, we hypothesized that there are SNPs in PEMT that disrupt the hormonal regulation of PEMT and thereby put women at risk for CDS.	Choline	102-109	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	192-196
21253469-0	2011	Choline modulation of the abeta p1-40 channel reconstituted into a model lipid membrane.	Choline	0-7	SRC kinase signaling inhibitor 1	Homo sapiens	32-37
21537547-7	2011	RESULTS: The mice that received the methionine- and choline-deficient diet showed weight loss and significant increase in hepatic damage enzymes, as well as decreased systemic levels of glycemia, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL and VLDL.	Choline	52-59	CD320 antigen	Mus musculus	238-242
20869161-0	2011	The role of choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the management of patients with prostate-specific antigen progression after radical treatment of prostate cancer.	Choline	12-19	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	104-129
20869161-1	2011	CONTEXT: Choline positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) is a currently used diagnostic tool in restaging prostate cancer (PCa) patients with increasing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) after either radical prostatectomy (RP) or external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT).	Choline	9-16	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	173-204
20869161-3	2011	OBJECTIVE: To critically analyse the current evidence for the use of choline PET/CT scanning in the management of patients with a progressive increase in PSA after radical treatment for PCa, evaluating its diagnostic accuracy in the detection of recurrences, the clinical predictors of positive PET/CT examinations, and the modalities" role as a guide for tailored therapeutic strategies.	Choline	69-76	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	154-157
20869161-6	2011	It has been demonstrated that choline PET technology"s positive detection rate improves with increasing PSA values.	Choline	30-37	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	104-107
21909411-0	2011	Oxidation of hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I (CPT-I) impairs fatty acid beta-oxidation in rats fed a methionine-choline deficient diet.	Choline	122-129	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	56-61
22220283-6	2011	Choline PET represents the more accurate exam to stage high-risk prostate cancer, and it is useful in staging patients with biochemical relapse, in particular when PSA kinetics is high and/or PSA levels are more than 2 pg/ml.	Choline	0-7	aminopeptidase puromycin sensitive	Homo sapiens	164-167
22220283-6	2011	Choline PET represents the more accurate exam to stage high-risk prostate cancer, and it is useful in staging patients with biochemical relapse, in particular when PSA kinetics is high and/or PSA levels are more than 2 pg/ml.	Choline	0-7	aminopeptidase puromycin sensitive	Homo sapiens	192-195
21980475-6	2011	CD1d deficiency led to a mild exacerbation of steatosis during high fat or choline-deficient feeding, accompanied by impaired hepatic glucose tolerance.	Choline	75-82	CD1d1 antigen	Mus musculus	0-4
21909411-3	2011	A high fat/methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet, administered for 4 weeks, was used to induce NASH in rats.We demonstrated that CPT-I activity decreased, to the same extent, both in isolated liver mitochondria and in digitonin-permeabilized hepatocytes from MCD-diet fed rats.At the same time, the rate of total fatty acid oxidation to CO(2) and ketone bodies, measured in isolated hepatocytes, was significantly lowered in treated animals when compared to controls.	Choline	22-29	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	131-136
20883746-4	2010	CDP-Choline after metabolism in the liver suffers hydrolysis and splits into cytidine and choline before entering systemic circulation and hardly circumvents blood brain barrier (BBB) as such.	Choline	90-97	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
20888396-1	2010	The presynaptic, hemicholinium-3 sensitive, high-affinity choline transporter (CHT) supplies choline for acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis.	Choline	58-65	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	79-82
21111146-4	2010	Improved selectivity towards BuCh with minimal interference from choline (Ch) was achieved and the sensor was used for determination of 0.06-1.25 U mL(-1) BuChE.	Choline	65-72	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	155-160
20945563-3	2004	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the enzyme that terminates cholinergic actions through the rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetate.	Choline	6-13	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	22-26
20655781-7	2010	Impaired metabolism of choline and creatine may relate to the progressive dysmyelination and progressive muscle weakness associated with APBD.	Choline	23-30	1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme 1	Homo sapiens	137-141
20650897-0	2010	Identification of phosphomethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase from Arabidopsis and its role in choline and phospholipid metabolism.	Choline	97-104	S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	18-63
20935143-2	2010	The transcription of INO1 is completely derepressed in the absence of inositol and choline (I(-) C(-)).	Choline	83-90	inositol-3-phosphate synthase INO1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	21-25
19737740-3	2010	OBJECTIVE: As the mechanism by which folic acid and choline supplementation prevents NCL/P is poorly understood, the relationship between 16 polymorphic variants of 12 genes encoding enzymes involved in the metabolism of these two nutrients and the risk of facial clefts was investigated.	Choline	52-59	nucleolin	Homo sapiens	85-88
19737740-8	2010	CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that choline metabolism may play an important role in the aetiology of NCL/P.	Choline	41-48	nucleolin	Homo sapiens	2-5
19737740-9	2010	Polymorphic variants of BHMT and PCYT1A and interactions between genes of choline and folate metabolism might influence the risk of NCL/P in the Polish population.	Choline	74-81	nucleolin	Homo sapiens	132-135
20832455-10	2010	Methyllycaconitine effects were dose-dependently reversed by choline, suggesting that MLA and Ch interact at the alpha7nAChR.	Choline	61-68	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	113-124
21103043-0	2010	Activation of functional alpha7-containing nAChRs in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons by physiological levels of choline in the presence of PNU-120596.	Choline	114-121	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	65-68
21103043-4	2010	The majority (~71%) of tested CA1 pyramidal neurons expressed low densities of functional alpha7-containing nAChRs as evidenced by small whole-cell responses to choline, a selective endogenous agonist of alpha7 nAChRs.	Choline	161-168	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	30-33
21103043-7	2010	The results of this study demonstrate that despite low levels of expression of functional pyramidal alpha7-containing nAChRs, physiological levels of choline (~10 microM) are sufficient to activate these receptors and transiently depolarize and even excite CA1 pyramidal neurons in the presence of PNU-120596.	Choline	150-157	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	257-260
21103043-8	2010	The observed effects are possible because in the presence of 10 microM choline and 1-5 microM PNU-120596, a single opening of an individual pyramidal alpha7-containing nAChR ion channel appears to transiently depolarize (~4 mV) the entire pyramidal neuron and occasionally trigger action potentials.	Choline	71-78	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	168-173
21103043-13	2010	3) In the presence of PNU-120596, physiological concentrations of choline activate functional CA1 pyramidal alpha7-containing nAChRs and produce step-like currents that cause repetitive step-like depolarizations, occasionally triggering bursts of action potentials in CA1 pyramidal neurons.	Choline	66-73	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	94-97
21103043-13	2010	3) In the presence of PNU-120596, physiological concentrations of choline activate functional CA1 pyramidal alpha7-containing nAChRs and produce step-like currents that cause repetitive step-like depolarizations, occasionally triggering bursts of action potentials in CA1 pyramidal neurons.	Choline	66-73	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	268-271
21103043-14	2010	Therefore, the results of this study suggest that in the presence of PNU-120596 and possibly other positive allosteric modulators, endogenous choline may persistently activate CA1 pyramidal alpha7-containing nAChRs, enhance the excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons and thus act as a potent therapeutic agent with potential neuroprotective and cognition-enhancing properties.	Choline	142-149	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	176-179
21103043-14	2010	Therefore, the results of this study suggest that in the presence of PNU-120596 and possibly other positive allosteric modulators, endogenous choline may persistently activate CA1 pyramidal alpha7-containing nAChRs, enhance the excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons and thus act as a potent therapeutic agent with potential neuroprotective and cognition-enhancing properties.	Choline	142-149	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	244-247
20932007-1	2010	The design of stable redox active liposomes where the organometallic electroactive pendent was covalently bound to the phospholipid headgroup through a phospholipase D (PLD)-catalyzed transphosphatidylation reaction between a choline-bearing phospholipid and a primary alcohol containing a ferrocene derivative is reported.	Choline	226-233	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	152-167
20932007-1	2010	The design of stable redox active liposomes where the organometallic electroactive pendent was covalently bound to the phospholipid headgroup through a phospholipase D (PLD)-catalyzed transphosphatidylation reaction between a choline-bearing phospholipid and a primary alcohol containing a ferrocene derivative is reported.	Choline	226-233	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	169-172
20680198-1	2010	Mixtures of the plastic crystal material choline dihydrogen phosphate [Choline][DHP] and phosphoric acid, from 4.5 mol% to 18 mol% H(3)PO(4), were investigated and shown to have significantly higher proton conductivity compared to the pure [Choline][DHP].	Choline	71-78	dihydropyrimidinase	Homo sapiens	80-83
20680198-3	2010	The ionic conductivity was observed to increase by more than an order of magnitude in phase I (i.e. the highest temperature solid phase in [Choline][DHP]) reaching up to 10(-2) S cm(-1).	Choline	140-147	dihydropyrimidinase	Homo sapiens	149-152
20838306-3	2010	At follow-up examination, the sharp decrease in F-18 fluorocholine uptake and in choline/creatine ratio supported a conservative management.	Choline	59-66	mastermind like domain containing 1	Homo sapiens	48-52
20512572-1	2010	PURPOSE: [(11)C]Choline has been established as a PET tracer for imaging prostate cancer.	Choline	16-23	thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Mus musculus	50-53
20512572-11	2010	RESULTS: The PC-3 tumours could be visualized by [(11)C]choline PET.	Choline	56-63	thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Mus musculus	64-67
20512572-19	2010	The results also indicate that PET with radioactively labelled choline derivatives might be a useful tool for monitoring responses to taxane-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced prostate cancer.	Choline	63-70	thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Mus musculus	31-34
20595621-4	2010	Nicotine"s effect on hyperexcitability of inflamed neurons was blocked in the presence of an alpha(7)-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist, methyllicaconitine, while choline, the alpha(7)-nAChR agonist, induced a similar effect to that of nicotine.	Choline	118-125	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	136-141
20887599-4	2010	Impairment of MDR3 leads to a reduction of biliary phosphatidyl choline levels resulting in a lithogenic and toxic bile.	Choline	64-71	ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 4	Homo sapiens	14-18
20529882-4	2010	ADRP in the iLD fractions was also increased in a mouse nonalcoholic steatohepatitis model induced by methione/choline-deficient diet.	Choline	111-118	perilipin 2	Mus musculus	0-4
20643445-9	2010	CONCLUSIONS: Positron emission tomography/computerized tomography detected increased [11C]choline uptake, suggesting recurrent disease in 11% of patients with prostate cancer, increasing prostate specific antigen after radical prostatectomy and no evidence of disease on conventional imaging.	Choline	90-97	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	187-212
20716336-11	2010	In agreement with results from the xenograft models, tissue samples from triple negative breast carcinomas had higher GPC/PCho ratio than samples from ER+/PgR+ carcinomas, suggesting that the choline metabolism in the experimental models is representative for luminal-like and basal-like human breast cancer.	Choline	192-199	progesterone receptor	Homo sapiens	155-158
20716336-13	2010	The same characteristics of choline metabolite profiles were also observed in patient material from ER+/PgR+ and triple-negative breast cancer, suggesting that the xenografts are relevant model systems for studies of choline metabolism in luminal-like and basal-like breast cancer.	Choline	28-35	progesterone receptor	Homo sapiens	104-107
20637607-1	2010	The high affinity neuronal choline transporter (CHT1) is responsible for the uptake of choline into the pre-synaptic terminal of cholinergic neurons.	Choline	27-34	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	48-52
20178777-1	2010	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a highly polymorphic enzyme with various splicing variants and molecular isoforms, plays an essential role in the cholinergic neurotransmission by hydrolyzing acetylcholine into choline and acetate.	Choline	6-13	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	22-26
20601463-6	2010	However, the CHT(+/-) mouse heart displays significantly reduced levels of high-affinity choline uptake accompanied by significantly reduced levels of ACh.	Choline	89-96	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	13-16
20925195-0	2010	Variable number tandem repeats in the promoter region of prostacyclin synthase gene in choline deficient rats.	Choline	87-94	prostaglandin I2 synthase	Rattus norvegicus	57-78
20925195-6	2010	The aim of this study was to identify the variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) in the promoter region of prostacyclin synthase gene and verify if there exists a relationship between the occurrence of VNTR in those choline-deficient rats which die because of acute renal failure and those which do not.	Choline	215-222	prostaglandin I2 synthase	Rattus norvegicus	106-127
20353818-5	2010	Choline, a precursor for acetylcholine and selective agonist for alpha7nAchR, was administered intrathecally either with, or 30 min after, intrathecal gp120.	Choline	0-7	Envelope surface glycoprotein gp160, precursor	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	151-156
20353818-6	2010	Choline significantly blocked and reversed gp120-induced mechanical allodynia for at least 4 h after drug administration.	Choline	0-7	Envelope surface glycoprotein gp160, precursor	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	43-48
20353818-7	2010	In addition, intrathecal choline, delivered either with or 30 min after gp120, reduced gp120-induced IL-1beta protein and pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs within the lumbar spinal cord.	Choline	25-32	Envelope surface glycoprotein gp160, precursor	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	72-77
20353818-7	2010	In addition, intrathecal choline, delivered either with or 30 min after gp120, reduced gp120-induced IL-1beta protein and pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs within the lumbar spinal cord.	Choline	25-32	Envelope surface glycoprotein gp160, precursor	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	87-92
20353818-7	2010	In addition, intrathecal choline, delivered either with or 30 min after gp120, reduced gp120-induced IL-1beta protein and pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs within the lumbar spinal cord.	Choline	25-32	interleukin 1 beta	Rattus norvegicus	101-109
20353818-9	2010	A role of microglia is suggested by the observation that intrathecal choline suppressed the gp120-induced expression of, cd11b, a macrophage/microglial activation marker.	Choline	69-76	Envelope surface glycoprotein gp160, precursor	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	92-97
20353818-9	2010	A role of microglia is suggested by the observation that intrathecal choline suppressed the gp120-induced expression of, cd11b, a macrophage/microglial activation marker.	Choline	69-76	integrin subunit alpha M	Rattus norvegicus	121-126
20511332-5	2010	We investigated the effect of genotype and choline treatment on alpha-bungarotoxin binding to, and their production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) from, macrophages.	Choline	43-50	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	119-141
20511332-5	2010	We investigated the effect of genotype and choline treatment on alpha-bungarotoxin binding to, and their production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) from, macrophages.	Choline	43-50	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	143-146
20511332-10	2010	Choline 100 mM reduced binding of alpha-bungarotoxin to macrophages by 72% and decreased their release of TNF by up to 51 (sd 11)%.	Choline	0-7	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	106-109
20511332-14	2010	Although choline at millimolar concentrations clearly inhibits the release of TNF, this effect is not alpha7 subunit-dependent and occurs at concentrations likely higher than reached systemically in vivo.	Choline	9-16	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	78-81
20371614-1	2010	Choline dehydrogenase (CHDH) catalyzes the conversion of choline to betaine, an important methyl donor and organic osmolyte.	Choline	57-64	choline dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-21
20371614-1	2010	Choline dehydrogenase (CHDH) catalyzes the conversion of choline to betaine, an important methyl donor and organic osmolyte.	Choline	57-64	choline dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	23-27
20371614-7	2010	Loss of CHDH activity resulted in decreased testicular betaine and increased choline and PCho concentrations.	Choline	77-84	choline dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	8-12
20655444-7	2010	From estimated values for the metabolizable Met supplied by diets, it appears that dietary rumen-protected choline chloride functions as a methyl donor to spare Met for milk protein synthesis.	Choline	107-123	casein beta	Bos taurus	169-181
20615119-2	2010	The key enzyme for plant Cho synthesis is phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEAMT), which catalyzes all three methylation steps, including the rate-limiting N-methylation of phosphoethanolamine.	Choline	25-28	S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	42-81
20615119-2	2010	The key enzyme for plant Cho synthesis is phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEAMT), which catalyzes all three methylation steps, including the rate-limiting N-methylation of phosphoethanolamine.	Choline	25-28	S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	83-88
20699392-6	2010	PEAMT catalyzes the first committed step of choline synthesis in Arabidopsis and defines a variant pathway for PC synthesis not found in yeasts or mammals.	Choline	44-51	S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	0-5
20665236-6	2010	Heterologous expression in X. laevis oocytes shows that while human CTL2-P1 does not transport choline, human CTL2-P2 exhibits detectable choline transport activity.	Choline	138-145	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	110-114
20626199-11	2010	These findings suggest that choline metabolism and tumor perfusion in brain metastases are interrelated, and we posit that this relationship may be due to the influence of the transcription factor HIF-1.	Choline	28-35	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	197-202
20560540-1	2010	In eukaryotes, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) catalyzes the reversible formation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from choline and acetyl-CoA.	Choline	15-22	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	42-46
20560540-10	2010	By exploring the potential expansion of the tunnel on the substrate side, we demonstrate that residues M84, Y436, and Y552 play a critical role in binding and holding the choline substrate in the ChAT active site.	Choline	171-178	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	196-200
20624989-6	2010	Similar increased expression was observed in NPC isolated from E14 fetal mouse brains and exposed to low (5 microM), CT (70 microM), or high choline (280 microM) media for 72 h (low choline caused a 9.7-fold increase in relative gene expression of Vegfc (p < 0.001 vs. CT and high) and a 3.4-fold increase in expression of Angpt2, (p < 0.05 vs. CT and high).	Choline	182-189	vascular endothelial growth factor C	Mus musculus	248-253
20624989-6	2010	Similar increased expression was observed in NPC isolated from E14 fetal mouse brains and exposed to low (5 microM), CT (70 microM), or high choline (280 microM) media for 72 h (low choline caused a 9.7-fold increase in relative gene expression of Vegfc (p < 0.001 vs. CT and high) and a 3.4-fold increase in expression of Angpt2, (p < 0.05 vs. CT and high).	Choline	182-189	angiopoietin 2	Mus musculus	326-332
20624989-8	2010	Cytosine-phosphate-guanine dinucleotide islands in the proximity of the promoter areas of Vegfc and Angpt2 were hypomethylated in low choline NPC compared to CT NPC (p < 0.01).	Choline	134-141	vascular endothelial growth factor C	Mus musculus	90-95
20624989-8	2010	Cytosine-phosphate-guanine dinucleotide islands in the proximity of the promoter areas of Vegfc and Angpt2 were hypomethylated in low choline NPC compared to CT NPC (p < 0.01).	Choline	134-141	angiopoietin 2	Mus musculus	100-106
20663736-4	2010	With the advent of hybrid positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scanners there has been an increasing interest in using various PET tracers to evaluate skeletal disease including [(18)F]fluoride (NaF) as a bone-specific tracer and [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose and [(18)F]choline as tumour-specific tracers.	Choline	268-275	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	196-199
20452975-0	2010	Impaired de novo choline synthesis explains why phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-deficient mice are protected from diet-induced obesity.	Choline	17-24	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	48-92
20452975-8	2010	Supplementation with an additional 2.7 g of choline (but not betaine)/kg of diet normalized energy metabolism, weight gain, and insulin resistance in high fat diet-fed Pemt(-/-) mice.	Choline	44-51	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	168-172
20452975-9	2010	Furthermore, Pemt(+/+) mice that were fed a choline-deficient diet had increased oxygen consumption, had improved glucose tolerance, and gained less weight.	Choline	44-51	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	13-17
20452975-10	2010	Thus, de novo synthesis of choline via PEMT has a previously unappreciated role in regulating whole body energy metabolism.	Choline	27-34	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	39-43
20623096-1	2010	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to generate the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline.	Choline	62-69	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
20623096-1	2010	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to generate the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline.	Choline	62-69	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
20566784-0	2010	A feasibility study of quantitative molecular characterization of musculoskeletal lesions by proton MR spectroscopy at 3 T. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to establish the feasibility and potential value of measuring the concentration of choline-containing compounds by proton MR spectroscopy (MRS) in musculoskeletal lesions at 3 T. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty-three subjects with 34 musculoskeletal lesions (four histologically proven malignant, 13 histologically proven benign or proven benign by follow-up analysis, and 17 posttreatment fibrosis with documented stability for 6-36 months) underwent single-voxel 3-T MRS studies.	Choline	247-254	sterile alpha motif domain containing 11	Homo sapiens	303-306
20566784-0	2010	A feasibility study of quantitative molecular characterization of musculoskeletal lesions by proton MR spectroscopy at 3 T. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to establish the feasibility and potential value of measuring the concentration of choline-containing compounds by proton MR spectroscopy (MRS) in musculoskeletal lesions at 3 T. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty-three subjects with 34 musculoskeletal lesions (four histologically proven malignant, 13 histologically proven benign or proven benign by follow-up analysis, and 17 posttreatment fibrosis with documented stability for 6-36 months) underwent single-voxel 3-T MRS studies.	Choline	247-254	sterile alpha motif domain containing 11	Homo sapiens	630-633
20566784-11	2010	CONCLUSION: The measurement of choline concentration within musculoskeletal lesions by MRS is feasible using an internal water-referencing method at 3 T and has potential for characterizing lesions for malignancy.	Choline	31-38	sterile alpha motif domain containing 11	Homo sapiens	87-90
20551061-4	2010	Treatment of human PTEN null PC3 prostate and PIK3CA mutant HCT116 colon carcinoma cells with PI-103 resulted in a concentration- and time-dependent decrease in phosphocholine (PC) and total choline (tCho) levels (P < 0.05) detected by phosphorus ((31)P)- and proton ((1)H)-MRS.	Choline	168-175	phosphatase and tensin homolog	Homo sapiens	19-23
20551061-4	2010	Treatment of human PTEN null PC3 prostate and PIK3CA mutant HCT116 colon carcinoma cells with PI-103 resulted in a concentration- and time-dependent decrease in phosphocholine (PC) and total choline (tCho) levels (P < 0.05) detected by phosphorus ((31)P)- and proton ((1)H)-MRS.	Choline	168-175	chromobox 8	Homo sapiens	29-32
20551061-4	2010	Treatment of human PTEN null PC3 prostate and PIK3CA mutant HCT116 colon carcinoma cells with PI-103 resulted in a concentration- and time-dependent decrease in phosphocholine (PC) and total choline (tCho) levels (P < 0.05) detected by phosphorus ((31)P)- and proton ((1)H)-MRS.	Choline	168-175	phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	46-52
20490865-3	2010	Choline reuptake at the synapse occurs via the high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1).	Choline	0-7	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	82-86
20578156-4	2010	In our murine choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) model of chronic liver injury, TWEAK receptor [fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14)] expression in the whole liver is massively upregulated.	Choline	14-21	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 12a	Mus musculus	93-107
20578156-4	2010	In our murine choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) model of chronic liver injury, TWEAK receptor [fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14)] expression in the whole liver is massively upregulated.	Choline	14-21	DEAD box helicase 3, X-linked	Mus musculus	109-146
19897276-7	2010	Choline therapy significantly reduced IL-4, IL-5 and TNF-alpha level as compared to baseline or standard pharmacotherapy after 6 months (p<0.01).	Choline	0-7	interleukin 4	Homo sapiens	38-42
19897276-7	2010	Choline therapy significantly reduced IL-4, IL-5 and TNF-alpha level as compared to baseline or standard pharmacotherapy after 6 months (p<0.01).	Choline	0-7	interleukin 5	Homo sapiens	44-48
19897276-7	2010	Choline therapy significantly reduced IL-4, IL-5 and TNF-alpha level as compared to baseline or standard pharmacotherapy after 6 months (p<0.01).	Choline	0-7	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	53-62
20968143-1	2010	[11C]choline positron emission tomograhy can be useful to detect metastatic disease and to localize isolated lymph node relapse after primary treatment in case of prostate-specific antigen failure.	Choline	5-12	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	163-188
20394813-1	2010	In an alginate/chitosan nanoparticle system, insulin was protected by forming complexes with cationic beta-cyclodextrin polymers (CPbetaCDs), which were synthesized from beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD), epichlorohydrin (EP) and choline chloride (CC) through a one-step polycondensation.	Choline	224-240	insulin	Homo sapiens	45-52
20392695-0	2010	Choline promotes nicotinic receptor alpha4 + beta2 up-regulation.	Choline	0-7	immunoglobulin binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	36-42
20392695-0	2010	Choline promotes nicotinic receptor alpha4 + beta2 up-regulation.	Choline	0-7	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 2	Homo sapiens	45-50
20392695-3	2010	We find that choline also up-regulates alpha4 + beta2 nAChRs stably expressed by HEK293 cells as measured by increased [(3)H]epibatidine density.	Choline	13-20	immunoglobulin binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	39-45
20392695-3	2010	We find that choline also up-regulates alpha4 + beta2 nAChRs stably expressed by HEK293 cells as measured by increased [(3)H]epibatidine density.	Choline	13-20	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 2	Homo sapiens	48-53
20392695-4	2010	Choline-mediated up-regulation is dose-dependent and corresponds with an increase in beta2 subunit protein expression.	Choline	0-7	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 2	Homo sapiens	85-90
20392695-7	2010	When co-applied with the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha, choline-mediated up-regulation is increased further through a mechanism that includes an increase in both alpha4 and beta2 protein expression, and this is inhibited by the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190.	Choline	80-87	immunoglobulin binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	186-192
20392695-7	2010	When co-applied with the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha, choline-mediated up-regulation is increased further through a mechanism that includes an increase in both alpha4 and beta2 protein expression, and this is inhibited by the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190.	Choline	80-87	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 2	Homo sapiens	197-202
20381573-11	2010	Methionine and choline reversed cognitive and NR1 deficits induced by Pb(2+) exposure, a beneficial effect that has significant clinical implications for the treatment of childhood Pb(2+) intoxication.	Choline	15-22	glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 1	Rattus norvegicus	46-49
20197419-0	2010	Metabolomic study of the LDL receptor null mouse fed a high-fat diet reveals profound perturbations in choline metabolism that are shared with ApoE null mice.	Choline	103-110	low density lipoprotein receptor	Mus musculus	25-37
20447376-3	2010	Here, the reaction of alcohol oxidation catalyzed by the Glu312Asp enzyme has been investigated with 3-hydroxypropyl-trimethylamine (3-HPTA), a choline analogue with an extra methylene, as substrate.	Choline	144-151	hepatocyte growth factor	Homo sapiens	135-139
20347302-2	2010	The most potent AChEIs disclosed contain an aromatic alkyl-aryl linker between an NSAID and a lipophilic choline mimic and they inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the submicromolar range.	Choline	105-112	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	16-20
19783375-0	2010	Detection of local, regional, and distant recurrence in patients with psa relapse after external-beam radiotherapy using (11)C-choline positron emission tomography.	Choline	127-134	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	70-73
19783375-11	2010	CONCLUSIONS: (11)C-choline PET scan is a sensitive technique to identify the site of recurrence in patients with PSA relapse after EBRT for prostate cancer.	Choline	19-26	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	113-116
20220206-4	2010	Choline intake also interacted with the MTHFR C677T genotype to affect the change in genomic DNA methylation and DNA damage.	Choline	0-7	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	40-45
20220206-5	2010	In men with the MTHFR 677CC genotype, choline intake affected (P = 0.007) the change in DNA methylation, with a greater decrease (P < 0.02) in the 300 mg/d group than in the 1100 and 2200 mg/d groups.	Choline	38-45	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	16-21
20220206-6	2010	In men with the MTHFR 677CC genotype, choline intake also affected (P = 0.047) the change in DNA damage, with the increase tending to be greater (P = 0.07) in the 550 mg/d group than in the 2200 mg/d group.	Choline	38-45	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	16-21
20528079-0	2010	Perinatal choline supplementation improves cognitive functioning and emotion regulation in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome.	Choline	10-17	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	95-101
20528079-4	2010	Specifically, the adult offspring of choline-supplemented Ts65Dn dams performed significantly better than unsupplemented Ts65Dn mice on a series of 5 visual attention tasks, and in fact, on some tasks did not differ from the normosomic (2N) controls.	Choline	37-44	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	58-64
20528079-4	2010	Specifically, the adult offspring of choline-supplemented Ts65Dn dams performed significantly better than unsupplemented Ts65Dn mice on a series of 5 visual attention tasks, and in fact, on some tasks did not differ from the normosomic (2N) controls.	Choline	37-44	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	121-127
20410813-14	2010	These data show that choline administration, as choline chloride or CDP-choline, restores the abnormalities in the primary, secondary, and tertiary hemostasis and prevents the development of DIC during experimental endotoxemia in dogs probably by increasing both neuronal and non-neuronal cholinergic activity.	Choline	21-28	cut like homeobox 1	Canis lupus familiaris	68-71
20167259-1	2010	Cholinergic neurons rely on the sodium-dependent choline transporter CHT to provide choline for synthesis of acetylcholine.	Choline	49-56	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Rattus norvegicus	69-72
20167259-3	2010	We hypothesized that activation of protein kinase C with phorbol ester modulates choline uptake by altering the rate of CHT internalization from or delivery to the plasma membrane.	Choline	81-88	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Rattus norvegicus	120-123
20167259-4	2010	Using SH-SY5Y cells that stably express rat CHT, we found that exposure of cells to phorbol ester for 2 or 5 min significantly increased choline uptake, whereas longer treatment had no effect.	Choline	137-144	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Rattus norvegicus	44-47
20197419-5	2010	Our metabolomic study also demonstrates that the effect of high-fat/cholesterol/cholate diet, LDLR gene deficiency, and the diet-genotype interaction caused a significant perturbation in choline metabolism, notably the choline oxidation pathway.	Choline	187-194	low density lipoprotein receptor	Mus musculus	94-98
20197419-5	2010	Our metabolomic study also demonstrates that the effect of high-fat/cholesterol/cholate diet, LDLR gene deficiency, and the diet-genotype interaction caused a significant perturbation in choline metabolism, notably the choline oxidation pathway.	Choline	219-226	low density lipoprotein receptor	Mus musculus	94-98
20188972-3	2010	The principle of the assay is based on enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline by acetylcholinesterase.	Choline	69-76	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	109-129
20159858-3	2010	The first aim of the present study was to determine the role of Chop in lipid-induced hepatocyte cell death and liver injury induced by a methionine-choline-deficient diet.	Choline	149-156	DNA-damage inducible transcript 3	Rattus norvegicus	64-68
20211606-4	2010	Robust concentration-dependent increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation was triggered by structurally diverse alpha7 nAChR agonists such as nicotine, choline, GTS-21, SSR-180711A and PNU-282987 in the presence of the positive allosteric modulator (PAM) PNU-120596.	Choline	144-151	mitogen activated protein kinase 3	Rattus norvegicus	43-49
20211606-4	2010	Robust concentration-dependent increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation was triggered by structurally diverse alpha7 nAChR agonists such as nicotine, choline, GTS-21, SSR-180711A and PNU-282987 in the presence of the positive allosteric modulator (PAM) PNU-120596.	Choline	144-151	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	111-116
20045741-2	2010	The rate-limiting step for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis by the CDP-choline pathway is also the second step, which is catalyzed by CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT).	Choline	39-46	cut-like homeobox 1	Mus musculus	67-70
20045741-2	2010	The rate-limiting step for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis by the CDP-choline pathway is also the second step, which is catalyzed by CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT).	Choline	39-46	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1, choline, alpha isoform	Mus musculus	134-173
20043005-3	2010	We hypothesized that the prefrontal levels of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), a neuronal marker, and choline-containing compound (Cho), which are related to membrane turnover, would increase with CDP-choline treatment in MA-dependent patients.	Choline	95-102	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	190-193
20346870-1	2010	UNLABELLED: [(18)F]-labelled choline analogues, such as 2-[(18)F]fluoroethylcholine ((18)FECH), have suggested to be a new class of choline derivatives highly useful for the imaging of prostate and brain tumours.	Choline	29-36	ferrochelatase	Homo sapiens	89-93
20346870-1	2010	UNLABELLED: [(18)F]-labelled choline analogues, such as 2-[(18)F]fluoroethylcholine ((18)FECH), have suggested to be a new class of choline derivatives highly useful for the imaging of prostate and brain tumours.	Choline	76-83	ferrochelatase	Homo sapiens	89-93
20128816-7	2010	The phosphorylation status of connexin43 (Cx43) after 30 min ischaemia, and the expression level of Hsp70, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and iNOS effected by administration of choline were also measured.	Choline	171-178	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	100-105
20128816-7	2010	The phosphorylation status of connexin43 (Cx43) after 30 min ischaemia, and the expression level of Hsp70, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and iNOS effected by administration of choline were also measured.	Choline	171-178	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	107-123
20128816-7	2010	The phosphorylation status of connexin43 (Cx43) after 30 min ischaemia, and the expression level of Hsp70, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and iNOS effected by administration of choline were also measured.	Choline	171-178	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	125-130
20128816-9	2010	Furthermore, choline attenuated ischaemia-induced dephosphorylation of Cx43, and up-regulated the expression of Hsp70 and COX-2.	Choline	13-20	gap junction protein, alpha 1	Rattus norvegicus	71-75
20128816-9	2010	Furthermore, choline attenuated ischaemia-induced dephosphorylation of Cx43, and up-regulated the expression of Hsp70 and COX-2.	Choline	13-20	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	112-117
20128816-9	2010	Furthermore, choline attenuated ischaemia-induced dephosphorylation of Cx43, and up-regulated the expression of Hsp70 and COX-2.	Choline	13-20	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	122-127
20128816-11	2010	CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Our results suggest that stimulation of M(3)-mAChRs with choline elicits delayed preconditioning, which we propose is the result of up-regulation of the expression of COX-2 and inhibition of the ischaemia-induced dephosphorylation of Cx43.	Choline	87-94	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	197-202
20128816-11	2010	CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Our results suggest that stimulation of M(3)-mAChRs with choline elicits delayed preconditioning, which we propose is the result of up-regulation of the expression of COX-2 and inhibition of the ischaemia-induced dephosphorylation of Cx43.	Choline	87-94	gap junction protein, alpha 1	Rattus norvegicus	264-268
19923442-3	2010	In the presence of PNU-120596, subthreshold (i.e., inactive) physiological concentrations of choline ( approximately 10 microM) elicited repetitive step-like whole-cell responses reminiscent of single ion channel openings that were reversibly blocked by 20 nM methyllycaconitine, a selective alpha7 nAChR antagonist.	Choline	93-100	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	299-304
20054697-2	2010	We investigated the factors required for activation of yeast phospholipid biosynthetic genes, depending on activator protein Ino2 which binds to the inositol/choline-responsive element (ICRE) upstream promoter motif together with its partner protein Ino4.	Choline	158-165	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	125-129
20174627-4	2010	Long timescale explicit solvent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of PDC109, in the presence and absence of PhC, suggest that PhC binding strongly correlates with the relative orientation of choline-phospholipid binding sites of the two Fn2 domains; unless the two domains tightly bind PhCs, they tend to change their relative orientation by deforming the flexible linker.	Choline	193-200	solute carrier family 25 member 3	Homo sapiens	128-131
19756592-1	2010	PURPOSE: Detection of recurrence in prostate cancer patients with biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy by [(11)C]choline PET/CT depends on the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level.	Choline	124-131	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	154-185
19756592-8	2010	Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess the performance of [(11)C]choline PET/CT in relation to PSA levels.	Choline	94-101	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	124-127
19767403-9	2010	Selective inhibition of the choline uptake system using hemicholinium III (10(5)m), which blocks non-quantal release at the neuromuscular junction, suppressed the effects of AChE inhibitors.	Choline	28-35	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	174-178
20188890-3	2010	The inhibition assay was based on the electrochemical detection of the product of AChE, choline, via a choline oxidase biosensors obtained using prussian-blue modified screen printed electrodes.	Choline	88-95	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	82-86
20606296-5	2010	The choline-deficient diet significantly downregulated hepcidin while increases in hemojuvelin and transferrin receptor 2 and a decrease in Tmprss6 expression were observed.	Choline	4-11	hepcidin antimicrobial peptide	Mus musculus	55-63
20005724-1	2010	Autotaxin (ATX) is a member of the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP) family and is a lysophospholipase D that cleaves the choline headgroup from lysophosphatidylcholine to generate the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA).	Choline	144-151	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	0-9
20005724-1	2010	Autotaxin (ATX) is a member of the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP) family and is a lysophospholipase D that cleaves the choline headgroup from lysophosphatidylcholine to generate the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA).	Choline	144-151	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	11-14
20410607-0	2010	Involvement of choline transporter-like proteins, CTL1 and CTL2, in glucocorticoid-induced acceleration of phosphatidylcholine synthesis via increased choline uptake.	Choline	15-22	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	50-54
20410607-0	2010	Involvement of choline transporter-like proteins, CTL1 and CTL2, in glucocorticoid-induced acceleration of phosphatidylcholine synthesis via increased choline uptake.	Choline	15-22	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	59-63
20410607-6	2010	CTL1 and CTL2 mRNAs were strongly induced by DEX treatment of A549 cells, and the DEX-treated cells showed a significant increase in initial uptake rate of [(3)H]choline, which was assessed under ATP-depleted conditions to block the influence of consumption of choline by choline kinase.	Choline	162-169	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
20410607-6	2010	CTL1 and CTL2 mRNAs were strongly induced by DEX treatment of A549 cells, and the DEX-treated cells showed a significant increase in initial uptake rate of [(3)H]choline, which was assessed under ATP-depleted conditions to block the influence of consumption of choline by choline kinase.	Choline	162-169	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	9-13
20410607-6	2010	CTL1 and CTL2 mRNAs were strongly induced by DEX treatment of A549 cells, and the DEX-treated cells showed a significant increase in initial uptake rate of [(3)H]choline, which was assessed under ATP-depleted conditions to block the influence of consumption of choline by choline kinase.	Choline	261-268	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
20410607-6	2010	CTL1 and CTL2 mRNAs were strongly induced by DEX treatment of A549 cells, and the DEX-treated cells showed a significant increase in initial uptake rate of [(3)H]choline, which was assessed under ATP-depleted conditions to block the influence of consumption of choline by choline kinase.	Choline	261-268	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	9-13
20410607-7	2010	Transfection of A549 cells with either CTL1- or CTL2-small interfering RNAs significantly decreased [(3)H]choline uptake.	Choline	106-113	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	39-43
20410607-7	2010	Transfection of A549 cells with either CTL1- or CTL2-small interfering RNAs significantly decreased [(3)H]choline uptake.	Choline	106-113	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	48-52
20410607-8	2010	In conclusion, choline transport in A549 cells is increased by treatment with DEX, and the increase is mediated by induction of functional choline transporters CTL1 and CTL2.	Choline	15-22	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	160-164
20410607-8	2010	In conclusion, choline transport in A549 cells is increased by treatment with DEX, and the increase is mediated by induction of functional choline transporters CTL1 and CTL2.	Choline	15-22	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	169-173
20606296-5	2010	The choline-deficient diet significantly downregulated hepcidin while increases in hemojuvelin and transferrin receptor 2 and a decrease in Tmprss6 expression were observed.	Choline	4-11	hemojuvelin BMP co-receptor	Mus musculus	83-94
20606296-5	2010	The choline-deficient diet significantly downregulated hepcidin while increases in hemojuvelin and transferrin receptor 2 and a decrease in Tmprss6 expression were observed.	Choline	4-11	transferrin receptor 2	Mus musculus	99-121
20606296-5	2010	The choline-deficient diet significantly downregulated hepcidin while increases in hemojuvelin and transferrin receptor 2 and a decrease in Tmprss6 expression were observed.	Choline	4-11	transmembrane serine protease 6	Mus musculus	140-147
19877295-3	2010	Enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is fast and quickly metabolizes to choline and acetate by acetylcholinesterase.	Choline	30-37	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	118-138
20946630-8	2010	RESULTS: Treatment of MCF-7 cells with 17-AAG for 48 hours caused a significant increase in intracellular levels of choline (to 266 +- 18% of control, P = 0.05) and phosphocholine (PC; to 181 +- 10% of control, P = 0.001) associated with an increase in expression of choline transporter SLC44A1 and an elevation in the de novo synthesis of PC.	Choline	116-123	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	42-45
20946630-10	2010	CONCLUSIONS: This study determined that in the MCF-7 breast cancer model inhibition of Hsp90 by 17-AAG results in a significant MRS-detectable increase in choline, PC and GPC, which is likely due to an increase in choline transport into the cell and phospholipase activation.	Choline	155-162	heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1	Homo sapiens	87-92
20946630-10	2010	CONCLUSIONS: This study determined that in the MCF-7 breast cancer model inhibition of Hsp90 by 17-AAG results in a significant MRS-detectable increase in choline, PC and GPC, which is likely due to an increase in choline transport into the cell and phospholipase activation.	Choline	155-162	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	99-102
20946630-10	2010	CONCLUSIONS: This study determined that in the MCF-7 breast cancer model inhibition of Hsp90 by 17-AAG results in a significant MRS-detectable increase in choline, PC and GPC, which is likely due to an increase in choline transport into the cell and phospholipase activation.	Choline	214-221	heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1	Homo sapiens	87-92
20946630-10	2010	CONCLUSIONS: This study determined that in the MCF-7 breast cancer model inhibition of Hsp90 by 17-AAG results in a significant MRS-detectable increase in choline, PC and GPC, which is likely due to an increase in choline transport into the cell and phospholipase activation.	Choline	214-221	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	99-102
19752176-0	2010	Choline deficiency alters global histone methylation and epigenetic marking at the Re1 site of the calbindin 1 gene.	Choline	0-7	calbindin 1	Mus musculus	99-110
20122519-5	2010	RESULTS: The proton MRS had an overall sensitivity of 68.4%, specificity of 87.5%, positive predictive value of 92.3%, and negative predictive value of 53.8% for the detection of choline compounds.	Choline	179-186	sterile alpha motif domain containing 11	Homo sapiens	20-23
21152689-1	2010	UNLABELLED: In oncology, PET and PET/CT with tracers beyond FDG target more specific biological processes, such as proliferation (18F-3 -fluoro-3 -deoxy-L-thymidine; 18F-FLT), tumour hypoxia (18F-fluoromisonidazol; 18F-FMISO) and phospholipid metabolism (radioactively labelled choline derivates).	Choline	278-285	fms related receptor tyrosine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	170-173
20641589-0	2004	1-(11)C-Methyl-4-piperidinyl n-butyrate Cholinesterase (ChE) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid, and thus shuts off neural transmission (1, 2).	Choline	117-124	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	40-54
20641640-0	2004	Near-infrared dye IRDye 800CW-labeled butyrylcholinesterase Cholinesterase (ChE) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid, and thus shuts off neural transmission (1, 2).	Choline	45-52	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	60-74
20641640-0	2004	Near-infrared dye IRDye 800CW-labeled butyrylcholinesterase Cholinesterase (ChE) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid, and thus shuts off neural transmission (1, 2).	Choline	45-52	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	76-79
19764881-0	2009	Thioredoxin-binding protein-2 deficiency enhances methionine-choline deficient diet-induced hepatic steatosis but inhibits steatohepatitis in mice.	Choline	61-68	thioredoxin interacting protein	Mus musculus	0-29
19683598-0	2009	Fluorescence studies on the interaction of choline-binding domain B of the major bovine seminal plasma protein, PDC-109 with phospholipid membranes.	Choline	43-50	seminal plasma protein PDC-109	Bos taurus	88-119
19683598-5	2009	These results, taken together suggest that intact PDC-109 penetrates deeper into the hydrophobic parts of the membrane as compared to domain B alone, which could be the reason for the inability of PDC-109/B to induce cholesterol efflux, despite its ability to recognize choline phospholipids at the membrane surface.	Choline	270-277	seminal plasma protein PDC-109	Bos taurus	50-57
19818468-0	2009	Lysophosphatidylethanolamine is - in contrast to - choline - generated under in vivo conditions exclusively by phospholipase A2 but not by hypochlorous acid.	Choline	51-58	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	111-127
19710104-5	2009	Choline-deficient diet enhanced systemic IL-6, and IL-6 receptor expression and cell death vulnerability in hepatocytes.	Choline	0-7	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	41-45
19710104-5	2009	Choline-deficient diet enhanced systemic IL-6, and IL-6 receptor expression and cell death vulnerability in hepatocytes.	Choline	0-7	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	51-55
19774399-3	2009	ETFDH is an inner mitochondrial membrane localized enzyme that plays a key role in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids and catabolism of amino acids and choline.	Choline	151-158	electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-5
20019838-5	2009	This study aimed to examine a potential link between the metabolic profile associated with choline metabolism of pluripotent mES cells and PI3K/Akt signaling.	Choline	91-98	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	144-147
19660442-2	2009	Acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter used by cholinergic neurons, is synthesized from choline and acetyl CoA by the enzymatic action of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT).	Choline	6-13	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	135-160
19660442-2	2009	Acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter used by cholinergic neurons, is synthesized from choline and acetyl CoA by the enzymatic action of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT).	Choline	6-13	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	162-166
19660442-4	2009	Thus, the formation of acetylcholine in cholinergic neurons largely depends on both the levels of choline being transported into the cells from the extracellular space and the activity of ChAT.	Choline	29-36	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	188-192
19780165-6	2009	Metabolic changes, in particular of total choline intensity detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI), are consistent with the observed immunohistochemistry changes, tumor growth inhibition for CWR22r (P = 0.01 at 14 days post treatment), and a constant prostate specific antigen level versus increasing prostate specific antigen for control CWR22 (P = 0.01).	Choline	42-49	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	279-304
19780165-6	2009	Metabolic changes, in particular of total choline intensity detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI), are consistent with the observed immunohistochemistry changes, tumor growth inhibition for CWR22r (P = 0.01 at 14 days post treatment), and a constant prostate specific antigen level versus increasing prostate specific antigen for control CWR22 (P = 0.01).	Choline	42-49	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	329-354
19685039-5	2009	Choline (choline chloride, an M(3) receptor agonist, administered at 15 min before occlusion) strengthened the association between PKC-epsilon and M(3)-mAChR.	Choline	0-7	protein kinase C, epsilon	Rattus norvegicus	131-142
19685039-5	2009	Choline (choline chloride, an M(3) receptor agonist, administered at 15 min before occlusion) strengthened the association between PKC-epsilon and M(3)-mAChR.	Choline	9-25	protein kinase C, epsilon	Rattus norvegicus	131-142
19473345-11	2009	Administration of choline before ischaemia not only increased beta-catenin expression, but also strengthened the association between beta-catenin and the M(3) mAChR.	Choline	18-25	catenin beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	62-74
19473345-12	2009	However, blockade of M(3) mAChR by 4-DAMP completely inhibited the effect of choline on the expression of beta-catenin.	Choline	77-84	catenin beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	106-118
19473345-11	2009	Administration of choline before ischaemia not only increased beta-catenin expression, but also strengthened the association between beta-catenin and the M(3) mAChR.	Choline	18-25	catenin beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	133-145
19563446-10	2009	RESULTS: Compared with ovalbumin-challenged mice, choline and alpha-lipoic acid treated mice had significantly reduced eosinophilic infiltration and EPO activity in BAL fluid.	Choline	50-57	eosinophil peroxidase	Mus musculus	149-152
19563446-12	2009	Choline and alpha-lipoic acid administration by either route decreased lipid peroxidation levels and down regulated NFkappaB activity.	Choline	0-7	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	116-124
19563446-13	2009	Further, choline and/or alpha-lipoic acid treatment suppressed TNF-alpha level significantly as compared with that of ovalbumin-challenged mice.	Choline	9-16	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	63-72
19345277-1	2009	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyses the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to generate phosphatidic acid and choline.	Choline	62-69	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
19667100-2	2009	The A. thaliana genes CCT1 and CCT2 encode CTP:phosphorylcholine cytidylyltransferases (CCTs; EC 2.7.7.15), which regulate PC biosynthesis via the CDP-choline pathway.	Choline	57-64	phosphorylcholine cytidylyltransferase	Arabidopsis thaliana	22-26
19667100-2	2009	The A. thaliana genes CCT1 and CCT2 encode CTP:phosphorylcholine cytidylyltransferases (CCTs; EC 2.7.7.15), which regulate PC biosynthesis via the CDP-choline pathway.	Choline	57-64	phosphorylcholine cytidylyltransferase2	Arabidopsis thaliana	31-35
19345277-1	2009	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyses the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to generate phosphatidic acid and choline.	Choline	62-69	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
19426704-7	2009	Steady-state oxygen consumption due to choline oxidation in kidney mitochondria was measurable at 37 degrees C (125+/-6 pmol O2/min/mg mitochondrial protein), in the absence of other mitochondrial electron transport chain substrates and the choline transporter was shown to be the major site of control (96+/-4%) over choline oxidation flux in isolated kidney mitochondria.	Choline	39-46	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	241-260
19706823-0	2009	[11C]choline positron emission tomography in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.	Choline	5-12	estrogen receptor 1	Homo sapiens	45-62
19690023-16	2009	CONCLUSION: The (11)C-choline PET/CT detection rate is influenced by trigger PSA, PSAdt, and PSAvel.	Choline	22-29	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	77-80
19060783-13	2009	In conclusion, these data show that choline treatment alters serum lipid responses to endotoxin and prevents hepatorenal injury during endotoxemia through a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated mechanism.	Choline	36-43	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 2 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	157-189
19690023-1	2009	UNLABELLED: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) at the time of (11)C-choline PET/CT (trigger PSA), PSA velocity (PSAvel), and PSA doubling time (PSAdt) on (11)C-choline PET/CT detection rate in patients treated with radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, who showed biochemical failure during follow-up.	Choline	130-137	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	77-108
19690023-1	2009	UNLABELLED: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) at the time of (11)C-choline PET/CT (trigger PSA), PSA velocity (PSAvel), and PSA doubling time (PSAdt) on (11)C-choline PET/CT detection rate in patients treated with radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, who showed biochemical failure during follow-up.	Choline	130-137	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	104-107
19280188-6	2009	[(11)C]Choline was clearly taken up only by TRAMP mice carrying neuroendocrine lesions, as revealed by post-mortem histological evaluation.	Choline	7-14	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 25	Mus musculus	44-49
19288150-10	2009	RESULTS: A significant reduction in diffuse GC risk was observed for MTHFR 677 TT genotype among individuals with high consumption of folate (OR = 0.23; 95% CI 0.06-0.84), choline (OR = 0.55; 95% CI 0.33-0.9) and Vitamin B(6) (OR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.36-0.96) compared to MTHFR 677 CC + CT carriers.	Choline	172-179	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	69-74
19519661-0	2009	Detection of choline transporter-like 1 protein CTL1 in neuroblastoma x glioma cells and in the CNS, and its role in choline uptake.	Choline	13-20	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	48-52
19357133-0	2009	The solute carrier 44A1 is a mitochondrial protein and mediates choline transport.	Choline	64-71	solute carrier family 44, member 1	Mus musculus	4-23
19357133-5	2009	In addition, we analyzed SLC44A1 expression during choline deficiency.	Choline	51-58	solute carrier family 44, member 1	Mus musculus	25-32
19357133-7	2009	Uptake studies in isolated mitochondria show an accumulation of (3)H-choline, which is strongly inhibited by hemicholinium-3 (60%), by an excess of unlabeled choline (97%), and by both SLC44A1 antibodies.	Choline	69-76	solute carrier family 44, member 1	Mus musculus	185-192
19357133-8	2009	SLC44A1 mRNA and protein expression were down-regulated during choline deficiency.	Choline	63-70	solute carrier family 44, member 1	Mus musculus	0-7
19357133-9	2009	These data clearly establish SLC44A1 as an important mediator of choline transport across both the plasma membrane and the mitochondrial membrane.	Choline	65-72	solute carrier family 44, member 1	Mus musculus	29-36
19519661-2	2009	The aim of this study was to detect and characterize the choline transporter-like 1 (CTL1/SLC44A1) protein in CNS tissues and the hybrid neuroblastoma x glioma cell line NG108-15, which synthesizes acetylcholine and has high affinity choline transport but does not express the cholinergic high affinity choline transporter 1.	Choline	57-64	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	85-89
19519661-2	2009	The aim of this study was to detect and characterize the choline transporter-like 1 (CTL1/SLC44A1) protein in CNS tissues and the hybrid neuroblastoma x glioma cell line NG108-15, which synthesizes acetylcholine and has high affinity choline transport but does not express the cholinergic high affinity choline transporter 1.	Choline	57-64	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	90-97
19702534-1	2009	The polyspecific organic cation transporters OCT1 (SLC22A1), OCT2 (SLC22A2) and OCT3 (SLC22A3) mediate facilitated and bidirectional diffusion of small (< or = 500Da) organic cations with broad specificities for endogenous substrates such as choline, acetylcholine and monoamine neurotransmitters, as well as a variety of xenobiotics.	Choline	245-252	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens	45-49
19519661-4	2009	Three different cognate small interfering RNAs were used to decrease CTL1 mRNA in NG108-15 cells, causing lowered CTL1 protein expression, choline uptake and cell growth.	Choline	139-146	cytotoxic T lymphocyte response 1	Mus musculus	69-73
19519661-6	2009	In parental C6 cells knockdown of CTL1 also reduced high affinity choline transport.	Choline	66-73	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	34-38
19519661-7	2009	Our results support the concept that CTL1 protein is necessary for the high affinity choline transport which supplies choline for cell growth.	Choline	85-92	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	37-41
19519661-7	2009	Our results support the concept that CTL1 protein is necessary for the high affinity choline transport which supplies choline for cell growth.	Choline	118-125	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	37-41
19652891-6	2009	Furthermore, ADAMTS13 mRNA expression was increased with enhanced mRNA expression in smooth muscle alpha-actin in the livers of rats fed a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined-diet for 16 weeks, in which increased plasma ADAMTS13 activity was determined.	Choline	139-146	ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 13	Rattus norvegicus	13-21
19652891-6	2009	Furthermore, ADAMTS13 mRNA expression was increased with enhanced mRNA expression in smooth muscle alpha-actin in the livers of rats fed a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined-diet for 16 weeks, in which increased plasma ADAMTS13 activity was determined.	Choline	139-146	actin alpha 2, smooth muscle	Rattus norvegicus	85-110
19574391-2	2009	We have identified in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans three ligand-gated chloride channels that are receptors for biogenic amines: LGC-53 is a high-affinity dopamine receptor, LGC-55 is a high-affinity tyramine receptor, and LGC-40 is a low-affinity serotonin receptor that is also gated by choline and acetylcholine.	Choline	295-302	Ligand-Gated ion Channel	Caenorhabditis elegans	135-141
19574391-2	2009	We have identified in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans three ligand-gated chloride channels that are receptors for biogenic amines: LGC-53 is a high-affinity dopamine receptor, LGC-55 is a high-affinity tyramine receptor, and LGC-40 is a low-affinity serotonin receptor that is also gated by choline and acetylcholine.	Choline	295-302	Ligand-Gated ion Channel	Caenorhabditis elegans	180-186
19702534-1	2009	The polyspecific organic cation transporters OCT1 (SLC22A1), OCT2 (SLC22A2) and OCT3 (SLC22A3) mediate facilitated and bidirectional diffusion of small (< or = 500Da) organic cations with broad specificities for endogenous substrates such as choline, acetylcholine and monoamine neurotransmitters, as well as a variety of xenobiotics.	Choline	245-252	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens	51-58
19702534-1	2009	The polyspecific organic cation transporters OCT1 (SLC22A1), OCT2 (SLC22A2) and OCT3 (SLC22A3) mediate facilitated and bidirectional diffusion of small (< or = 500Da) organic cations with broad specificities for endogenous substrates such as choline, acetylcholine and monoamine neurotransmitters, as well as a variety of xenobiotics.	Choline	245-252	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	61-65
19702534-1	2009	The polyspecific organic cation transporters OCT1 (SLC22A1), OCT2 (SLC22A2) and OCT3 (SLC22A3) mediate facilitated and bidirectional diffusion of small (< or = 500Da) organic cations with broad specificities for endogenous substrates such as choline, acetylcholine and monoamine neurotransmitters, as well as a variety of xenobiotics.	Choline	245-252	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	67-74
19702534-1	2009	The polyspecific organic cation transporters OCT1 (SLC22A1), OCT2 (SLC22A2) and OCT3 (SLC22A3) mediate facilitated and bidirectional diffusion of small (< or = 500Da) organic cations with broad specificities for endogenous substrates such as choline, acetylcholine and monoamine neurotransmitters, as well as a variety of xenobiotics.	Choline	245-252	solute carrier family 22 member 3	Homo sapiens	80-84
19702534-1	2009	The polyspecific organic cation transporters OCT1 (SLC22A1), OCT2 (SLC22A2) and OCT3 (SLC22A3) mediate facilitated and bidirectional diffusion of small (< or = 500Da) organic cations with broad specificities for endogenous substrates such as choline, acetylcholine and monoamine neurotransmitters, as well as a variety of xenobiotics.	Choline	245-252	solute carrier family 22 member 3	Homo sapiens	86-93
20387628-6	2009	Anti-CD40-induced B lymphocyte proliferation studied by [3H]thymidine incorporation was increased upon alpha7 nAChR inhibition with methyllicaconitine, choline or antibiotic gentamicin, as well as in the presence of the inhibitor of acetylcholine synthesis hemicholine-3.	Choline	152-159	CD40 antigen	Mus musculus	5-9
19640150-10	2009	At 1 month lysozyme that had been stored in choline dhp had a higher activity and folded fraction than lysozyme that had been stored in aqueous buffer.	Choline	44-51	dihydropyrimidinase	Mus musculus	52-55
19342189-6	2009	Choline concentration in the frontal/parietal white matter region, lateral to the midsection of the corpus callosum, was significantly lower in FAS/PFAS relative to all other study groups.	Choline	0-7	phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase	Homo sapiens	148-152
19342189-8	2009	These outcomes suggest low choline concentrations may reflect white matter deficits among FAS/PFAS.	Choline	27-34	phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase	Homo sapiens	94-98
20387628-6	2009	Anti-CD40-induced B lymphocyte proliferation studied by [3H]thymidine incorporation was increased upon alpha7 nAChR inhibition with methyllicaconitine, choline or antibiotic gentamicin, as well as in the presence of the inhibitor of acetylcholine synthesis hemicholine-3.	Choline	152-159	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	103-115
19424097-0	2009	Choline up-regulates BDNF and down-regulates TrkB neurotrophin receptor in rat cortical cell culture.	Choline	0-7	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	21-25
19424097-0	2009	Choline up-regulates BDNF and down-regulates TrkB neurotrophin receptor in rat cortical cell culture.	Choline	0-7	neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Rattus norvegicus	45-49
19424097-3	2009	The results revealed a choline-induced attenuation of the TrkB expression, whereas the other neurotrophin receptors were not affected.	Choline	23-30	neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Rattus norvegicus	58-62
19424097-4	2009	Further analysis of choline-exposed cell cultures showed an increased protein level of the TrkB ligand brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).	Choline	20-27	neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Rattus norvegicus	91-95
19424097-4	2009	Further analysis of choline-exposed cell cultures showed an increased protein level of the TrkB ligand brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).	Choline	20-27	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	103-136
19424097-4	2009	Further analysis of choline-exposed cell cultures showed an increased protein level of the TrkB ligand brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).	Choline	20-27	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	138-142
19424097-6	2009	It is speculated that a choline-induced change of alpha7 nAChRs activity may have resulted in the observed increase of BDNF level and down-regulation of the TrkB receptor.	Choline	24-31	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	119-123
19424097-6	2009	It is speculated that a choline-induced change of alpha7 nAChRs activity may have resulted in the observed increase of BDNF level and down-regulation of the TrkB receptor.	Choline	24-31	neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Rattus norvegicus	157-161
19521548-6	2009	LysoPLD activity was determined by quantifying choline released from exogenous lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC).	Choline	47-54	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	0-7
19366698-2	2009	In mammals and yeast, PLMT activities are required for the de novo synthesis of the choline headgroup found in PtdCho.	Choline	84-91	phospholipid N-methyltransferase	Arabidopsis thaliana	22-26
19366698-3	2009	PLMT enzyme activities have also been reported in plants, yet their roles in PtdCho biosynthesis are less clear because most plants can produce the choline headgroup entirely via soluble substrates, initiated by the methylation of free ethanolamine-phosphate.	Choline	148-155	phospholipid N-methyltransferase	Glycine max	0-4
19498423-7	2009	RESULTS: Whole-cell currents revealed that alpha7Y nAChRs and alpha7 nAChRs were functional with comparable EC(50) values for the alpha7 nAChR-selective agonist, choline, and IC(50) values for the alpha7 nAChR-selective antagonist, methyllycaconitine.	Choline	162-169	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	62-74
19395110-6	2009	RESULTS: Compared to wild-type (WT), AT1a(-/-) mice fed methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet resulted in negligible lipid accumulation in the liver with marked induction of PPARalpha mRNA.	Choline	67-74	angiotensin II receptor, type 1a	Mus musculus	37-41
19054410-4	2009	However, compared with healthy subjects, patients with BAFME displayed elevated choline/creatine ratio in the cerebellar cortex (p = 0.01), whereas there was no significant difference for the other ratios.	Choline	80-87	benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy 1	Homo sapiens	55-60
18942115-6	2009	Furthermore, EGFR signaling reduced monolayer permeability to choline and triggered cellular remodeling.	Choline	62-69	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	13-17
19420237-6	2009	Overexpression of active ATF6alpha induces PtdCho biosynthesis and modulates the CDP-choline pathway differently than does enforced expression of XBP1(S).	Choline	85-92	activating transcription factor 6	Homo sapiens	25-34
19416517-4	2009	FINDINGS: In the current study, we found that losartan, a clinically used angiotensin-II type 1 receptor blocker, significantly attenuated a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet-induced steatohepatitis in obese diabetic- and insulin resistance-associated Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats.	Choline	141-148	angiotensin II receptor, type 1b	Rattus norvegicus	74-104
19236841-1	2009	Homeostatic regulation of the plasma choline concentration depends on the effective functioning of a choline transporter in the kidney.	Choline	37-44	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	101-120
19236841-12	2009	The biochemical and pharmacological data indicated that CTL1 is functionally expressed in NRK-52E cells and is responsible for choline uptake.	Choline	127-134	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	56-60
19236841-13	2009	This choline transport system uses a directed H(+) gradient as a driving force, and its transport functions in co-operation with NHE8.	Choline	5-12	solute carrier family 9 member A8	Rattus norvegicus	129-133
19297419-0	2009	Altered activity of lysophospholipase D, which produces bioactive lysophosphatidic acid and choline, in serum from women with pathological pregnancy.	Choline	92-99	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	20-39
19236939-4	2009	The biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) is impaired in the hindlimbs of Chkb -/- mice, with an accumulation of choline and decreased amount of phosphocholine.	Choline	32-39	choline kinase beta	Mus musculus	77-81
19345587-9	2009	Choline presence and methylene replacement of the choline oxygen were detrimental to ATX recognition.	Choline	0-7	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	85-88
19345587-9	2009	Choline presence and methylene replacement of the choline oxygen were detrimental to ATX recognition.	Choline	50-57	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	85-88
19098306-1	2009	CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase alpha (CCTalpha), the rate-limiting enzyme in the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) synthesis, is activated by translocation to nuclear membranes.	Choline	11-18	choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase A	Cricetulus griseus	47-55
19297419-4	2009	In this study, a convenient assay based on the choline released from endogenous substrate or exogenous lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) was used for comparison of serum lysoPLD activity among patients with normal and abnormal pregnancy.	Choline	47-54	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	166-173
19297419-5	2009	The serum choline-producing activity was found to be mainly due to autotaxin, and dependent on its dilution rate.	Choline	10-17	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	67-76
19336572-2	2009	Effective silencing of choline kinase (chk), the enzyme that converts choline to PC, is associated with reduced tumor growth.	Choline	23-30	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	39-42
19417158-0	2009	Changes in choline metabolism as potential biomarkers of phospholipase C{gamma}1 inhibition in human prostate cancer cells.	Choline	11-18	phospholipase C gamma 1	Homo sapiens	57-80
19558948-14	2009	(11)C-choline sensitivity was clearly related to PSA levels, was higher in patients with surgery and did not seem to be modified by hormonal therapy.	Choline	6-13	aminopeptidase puromycin sensitive	Homo sapiens	49-52
19351388-11	2009	Furthermore, a significant influence on the choline/creatine (tCho/tCr) level was observed in treated APP/PS1 mice compared to untreated in str (p = 0.011).	Choline	44-51	T cell receptor alpha variable 6-3	Mus musculus	67-70
19389349-1	2009	Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine to generate phosphatidic acid and choline.	Choline	45-52	Phospholipase D	Drosophila melanogaster	17-20
19351388-11	2009	Furthermore, a significant influence on the choline/creatine (tCho/tCr) level was observed in treated APP/PS1 mice compared to untreated in str (p = 0.011).	Choline	44-51	amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein	Mus musculus	102-109
19047067-8	2009	Tumors from the prenatally choline-supplemented rats overexpressed genes that confer favorable prognosis in human cancers (Klf6, Klf9, Nid2, Ntn4, Per1, and Txnip) and underexpressed those associated with aggressive disease (Bcar3, Cldn12, Csf1, Jag1, Lgals3, Lypd3, Nme1, Ptges2, Ptgs1, and Smarcb1).	Choline	27-34	Kruppel like factor 6	Homo sapiens	123-127
19047067-8	2009	Tumors from the prenatally choline-supplemented rats overexpressed genes that confer favorable prognosis in human cancers (Klf6, Klf9, Nid2, Ntn4, Per1, and Txnip) and underexpressed those associated with aggressive disease (Bcar3, Cldn12, Csf1, Jag1, Lgals3, Lypd3, Nme1, Ptges2, Ptgs1, and Smarcb1).	Choline	27-34	Kruppel like factor 9	Homo sapiens	129-133
19047067-8	2009	Tumors from the prenatally choline-supplemented rats overexpressed genes that confer favorable prognosis in human cancers (Klf6, Klf9, Nid2, Ntn4, Per1, and Txnip) and underexpressed those associated with aggressive disease (Bcar3, Cldn12, Csf1, Jag1, Lgals3, Lypd3, Nme1, Ptges2, Ptgs1, and Smarcb1).	Choline	27-34	nidogen 2	Homo sapiens	135-139
19047067-8	2009	Tumors from the prenatally choline-supplemented rats overexpressed genes that confer favorable prognosis in human cancers (Klf6, Klf9, Nid2, Ntn4, Per1, and Txnip) and underexpressed those associated with aggressive disease (Bcar3, Cldn12, Csf1, Jag1, Lgals3, Lypd3, Nme1, Ptges2, Ptgs1, and Smarcb1).	Choline	27-34	thioredoxin interacting protein	Homo sapiens	157-162
19047067-8	2009	Tumors from the prenatally choline-supplemented rats overexpressed genes that confer favorable prognosis in human cancers (Klf6, Klf9, Nid2, Ntn4, Per1, and Txnip) and underexpressed those associated with aggressive disease (Bcar3, Cldn12, Csf1, Jag1, Lgals3, Lypd3, Nme1, Ptges2, Ptgs1, and Smarcb1).	Choline	27-34	BCAR3 adaptor protein, NSP family member	Homo sapiens	225-230
19047067-8	2009	Tumors from the prenatally choline-supplemented rats overexpressed genes that confer favorable prognosis in human cancers (Klf6, Klf9, Nid2, Ntn4, Per1, and Txnip) and underexpressed those associated with aggressive disease (Bcar3, Cldn12, Csf1, Jag1, Lgals3, Lypd3, Nme1, Ptges2, Ptgs1, and Smarcb1).	Choline	27-34	claudin 12	Homo sapiens	232-238
19047067-8	2009	Tumors from the prenatally choline-supplemented rats overexpressed genes that confer favorable prognosis in human cancers (Klf6, Klf9, Nid2, Ntn4, Per1, and Txnip) and underexpressed those associated with aggressive disease (Bcar3, Cldn12, Csf1, Jag1, Lgals3, Lypd3, Nme1, Ptges2, Ptgs1, and Smarcb1).	Choline	27-34	colony stimulating factor 1	Homo sapiens	240-244
19047067-8	2009	Tumors from the prenatally choline-supplemented rats overexpressed genes that confer favorable prognosis in human cancers (Klf6, Klf9, Nid2, Ntn4, Per1, and Txnip) and underexpressed those associated with aggressive disease (Bcar3, Cldn12, Csf1, Jag1, Lgals3, Lypd3, Nme1, Ptges2, Ptgs1, and Smarcb1).	Choline	27-34	jagged canonical Notch ligand 1	Homo sapiens	246-250
19047067-8	2009	Tumors from the prenatally choline-supplemented rats overexpressed genes that confer favorable prognosis in human cancers (Klf6, Klf9, Nid2, Ntn4, Per1, and Txnip) and underexpressed those associated with aggressive disease (Bcar3, Cldn12, Csf1, Jag1, Lgals3, Lypd3, Nme1, Ptges2, Ptgs1, and Smarcb1).	Choline	27-34	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	252-258
19047067-8	2009	Tumors from the prenatally choline-supplemented rats overexpressed genes that confer favorable prognosis in human cancers (Klf6, Klf9, Nid2, Ntn4, Per1, and Txnip) and underexpressed those associated with aggressive disease (Bcar3, Cldn12, Csf1, Jag1, Lgals3, Lypd3, Nme1, Ptges2, Ptgs1, and Smarcb1).	Choline	27-34	LY6/PLAUR domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	260-265
19047067-8	2009	Tumors from the prenatally choline-supplemented rats overexpressed genes that confer favorable prognosis in human cancers (Klf6, Klf9, Nid2, Ntn4, Per1, and Txnip) and underexpressed those associated with aggressive disease (Bcar3, Cldn12, Csf1, Jag1, Lgals3, Lypd3, Nme1, Ptges2, Ptgs1, and Smarcb1).	Choline	27-34	NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	267-271
19047067-8	2009	Tumors from the prenatally choline-supplemented rats overexpressed genes that confer favorable prognosis in human cancers (Klf6, Klf9, Nid2, Ntn4, Per1, and Txnip) and underexpressed those associated with aggressive disease (Bcar3, Cldn12, Csf1, Jag1, Lgals3, Lypd3, Nme1, Ptges2, Ptgs1, and Smarcb1).	Choline	27-34	prostaglandin E synthase 2	Homo sapiens	273-279
19047067-8	2009	Tumors from the prenatally choline-supplemented rats overexpressed genes that confer favorable prognosis in human cancers (Klf6, Klf9, Nid2, Ntn4, Per1, and Txnip) and underexpressed those associated with aggressive disease (Bcar3, Cldn12, Csf1, Jag1, Lgals3, Lypd3, Nme1, Ptges2, Ptgs1, and Smarcb1).	Choline	27-34	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1	Homo sapiens	281-286
19047067-8	2009	Tumors from the prenatally choline-supplemented rats overexpressed genes that confer favorable prognosis in human cancers (Klf6, Klf9, Nid2, Ntn4, Per1, and Txnip) and underexpressed those associated with aggressive disease (Bcar3, Cldn12, Csf1, Jag1, Lgals3, Lypd3, Nme1, Ptges2, Ptgs1, and Smarcb1).	Choline	27-34	SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily b, member 1	Homo sapiens	292-299
19047067-9	2009	DNA methylation within the tumor suppressor gene, stratifin (Sfn, 14-3-3sigma), was proportional to the prenatal choline supply and correlated inversely with the expression of its mRNA and protein in tumors, suggesting that an epigenetic mechanism may underlie the altered molecular phenotype and tumor growth.	Choline	113-120	stratifin	Rattus norvegicus	50-59
19047067-9	2009	DNA methylation within the tumor suppressor gene, stratifin (Sfn, 14-3-3sigma), was proportional to the prenatal choline supply and correlated inversely with the expression of its mRNA and protein in tumors, suggesting that an epigenetic mechanism may underlie the altered molecular phenotype and tumor growth.	Choline	113-120	stratifin	Rattus norvegicus	61-64
19293771-9	2009	In particular, [11C]Choline PET has now been established as a clinical procedure to non-invasively re-stage, in a single session, prostate cancer patients presenting an increase of prostate specific antigen (PSA) after radical treatment.	Choline	20-27	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	181-206
19211833-1	2009	We previously showed that provision of the folate recommended dietary allowance and either 300, 550, 1100, or 2200 mg/d choline for 12 wk resulted in diminished folate status and a tripling of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) in men with the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677TT genotype.	Choline	120-127	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	242-277
19211833-1	2009	We previously showed that provision of the folate recommended dietary allowance and either 300, 550, 1100, or 2200 mg/d choline for 12 wk resulted in diminished folate status and a tripling of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) in men with the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677TT genotype.	Choline	120-127	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	279-284
19246089-0	2009	Choline transport via choline transporter-like protein 1 in conditionally immortalized rat syncytiotrophoblast cell lines TR-TBT.	Choline	0-7	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	22-56
19246089-8	2009	The transport properties of choline in TR-TBT cells were similar or identical to that of CTL1 but not OCT2.	Choline	28-35	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	89-93
19246089-11	2009	Our results suggest that choline transport system, which has intermediate affinity and weakly Na(+) dependent, in TR-TBT seems to occur through a CTL1 and this system may have relevance with the uptake of pharmacologically important organic cation drugs.	Choline	25-32	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	146-150
18758759-5	2009	RESULTS: An alpha7 nicotinic receptor-mediated component of dopamine release was demonstrated in tissue from wild-type mice using choline as a selective agonist.	Choline	130-137	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	12-37
19507591-5	2009	The ratio of choline-to-lipid was significantly higher in HCC compared than those in cholangiocarcinomas or normal livers (P < 0.05).	Choline	13-20	HCC	Homo sapiens	58-61
19105206-4	2009	We found that Foxl1 is expressed in rare cells in the normal liver but is dramatically induced in the livers of mice that have undergone bile duct ligation or were fed a 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-containing or choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented diet.	Choline	232-239	forkhead box L1	Mus musculus	14-19
19141610-3	2009	In S. cerevisiae, the rate-determining step in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine via the CDP-choline pathway is catalyzed by Pct1.	Choline	76-83	choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	128-132
19135976-5	2009	This increase in component of choline uptake under Na(+)-free conditions was inhibited by a Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 1 (NHE1) inhibitor.	Choline	30-37	solute carrier family 9 member A1	Homo sapiens	92-114
19135976-5	2009	This increase in component of choline uptake under Na(+)-free conditions was inhibited by a Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 1 (NHE1) inhibitor.	Choline	30-37	solute carrier family 9 member A1	Homo sapiens	116-120
19135976-10	2009	The biochemical and pharmacological data indicated that CTL1 is functionally expressed in HT-29 cells and is responsible for choline uptake in these cells.	Choline	125-132	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	56-60
19135976-13	2009	Identification of this novel CTL1-mediated choline uptake system provides a potential new target for therapeutic intervention.	Choline	43-50	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	29-33
19047067-8	2009	Tumors from the prenatally choline-supplemented rats overexpressed genes that confer favorable prognosis in human cancers (Klf6, Klf9, Nid2, Ntn4, Per1, and Txnip) and underexpressed those associated with aggressive disease (Bcar3, Cldn12, Csf1, Jag1, Lgals3, Lypd3, Nme1, Ptges2, Ptgs1, and Smarcb1).	Choline	27-34	netrin 4	Homo sapiens	141-145
19159281-8	2009	Phospholipase A2, which hydrolyses phosphatidylcholine to Acyl-GPC, is a known modifier gene of the model phenotype (Mom1), and altered expression of choline phospholipid enzymes has been reported in gut tissue from Apc(Min/+) mice.	Choline	47-54	phospholipase A2, group IB, pancreas	Mus musculus	0-16
19226377-4	2009	RESULTS: Methionine and choline deficient feeding increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and apoptosis from day 10, without increases in TNF-R1, TNF-R2, and Fas.	Choline	24-31	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	60-84
19226377-4	2009	RESULTS: Methionine and choline deficient feeding increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and apoptosis from day 10, without increases in TNF-R1, TNF-R2, and Fas.	Choline	24-31	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	86-89
19226377-8	2009	CONCLUSIONS: Methionine and choline deficiency lower IGF-1 to de-repress p53 during induction of steatohepatitis.	Choline	28-35	insulin-like growth factor 1	Mus musculus	53-58
19226377-8	2009	CONCLUSIONS: Methionine and choline deficiency lower IGF-1 to de-repress p53 during induction of steatohepatitis.	Choline	28-35	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	73-76
19119140-7	2009	Hepatic SCD1 expression increased in experimental steatosis resulting from high fat diet and decreased in a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) dietary model of steatohepatitis resulting in the latter situation in significantly increased hepatic SFA levels.	Choline	119-126	stearoyl-CoA desaturase	Homo sapiens	8-12
18980580-3	2009	[(3)H]Choline-labelling experiments showed that 25OH (25-hydroxycholesterol), 22OH (22-hydroxycholesterol) and 27OH (27-hydroxycholesterol) increased PtdCho synthesis in CHO cells as a result of CCTalpha (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase alpha) translocation and activation at the NE (nuclear envelope).	Choline	6-13	choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase A	Cricetulus griseus	195-203
18980580-3	2009	[(3)H]Choline-labelling experiments showed that 25OH (25-hydroxycholesterol), 22OH (22-hydroxycholesterol) and 27OH (27-hydroxycholesterol) increased PtdCho synthesis in CHO cells as a result of CCTalpha (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase alpha) translocation and activation at the NE (nuclear envelope).	Choline	6-13	choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase A	Cricetulus griseus	205-250
19167960-0	2009	Genetic variants in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase and methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase influence biomarkers of choline metabolism when folate intake is restricted.	Choline	133-140	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	20-64
19146388-4	2009	Several studies have reported evidence that alphaSyn can inhibit phospholipase D (PLD), which hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine to form phosphatidic acid and choline.	Choline	117-124	synuclein alpha	Homo sapiens	44-52
19146388-4	2009	Several studies have reported evidence that alphaSyn can inhibit phospholipase D (PLD), which hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine to form phosphatidic acid and choline.	Choline	117-124	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	65-80
19146388-4	2009	Several studies have reported evidence that alphaSyn can inhibit phospholipase D (PLD), which hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine to form phosphatidic acid and choline.	Choline	117-124	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	82-85
19187266-6	2009	The alpha7 nAChR-selective agonists choline and Compound A also promoted dopamine release from PFC in vitro and in vivo, and their effects were enhanced by the alpha7 nAChR-selective allosteric potentiator PNU-120596 and blocked by specific antagonists.	Choline	36-43	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 2 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	11-16
19187266-6	2009	The alpha7 nAChR-selective agonists choline and Compound A also promoted dopamine release from PFC in vitro and in vivo, and their effects were enhanced by the alpha7 nAChR-selective allosteric potentiator PNU-120596 and blocked by specific antagonists.	Choline	36-43	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 2 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	167-172
19167960-2	2009	Recent data suggest that choline requirements may be altered by polymorphisms in the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) gene (ie, 5465G-->A; rs7946 and -744G-->C; rs12325817) and in the methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD1) gene (ie, 1958G-->A; rs2236225).	Choline	25-32	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	85-129
19167960-2	2009	Recent data suggest that choline requirements may be altered by polymorphisms in the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) gene (ie, 5465G-->A; rs7946 and -744G-->C; rs12325817) and in the methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD1) gene (ie, 1958G-->A; rs2236225).	Choline	25-32	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	131-135
19167960-2	2009	Recent data suggest that choline requirements may be altered by polymorphisms in the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) gene (ie, 5465G-->A; rs7946 and -744G-->C; rs12325817) and in the methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD1) gene (ie, 1958G-->A; rs2236225).	Choline	25-32	methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, cyclohydrolase and formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase 1	Homo sapiens	250-256
19001366-0	2009	Gestational choline supply regulates methylation of histone H3, expression of histone methyltransferases G9a (Kmt1c) and Suv39h1 (Kmt1a), and DNA methylation of their genes in rat fetal liver and brain.	Choline	12-19	euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2	Rattus norvegicus	105-108
19176801-8	2009	Moreover, choline-induced currents have faster kinetics and less sensitivity to Abeta when elicited from MS/DB neurons derived from nAChR beta2 subunit knock-out mice rather than from wild-type mice.	Choline	10-17	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	132-137
19176801-8	2009	Moreover, choline-induced currents have faster kinetics and less sensitivity to Abeta when elicited from MS/DB neurons derived from nAChR beta2 subunit knock-out mice rather than from wild-type mice.	Choline	10-17	hemoglobin, beta adult minor chain	Mus musculus	138-143
19001366-0	2009	Gestational choline supply regulates methylation of histone H3, expression of histone methyltransferases G9a (Kmt1c) and Suv39h1 (Kmt1a), and DNA methylation of their genes in rat fetal liver and brain.	Choline	12-19	SUV39H1 histone lysine methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	121-128
19001366-5	2009	The mRNA and protein expression of histone methyltransferases G9a and Suv39h1 were directly related to the availability of choline.	Choline	123-130	euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2	Rattus norvegicus	62-65
19001366-5	2009	The mRNA and protein expression of histone methyltransferases G9a and Suv39h1 were directly related to the availability of choline.	Choline	123-130	SUV39H1 histone lysine methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	70-77
19001366-6	2009	DNA methylation of the G9a and Suv39h1 genes was up-regulated by choline deficiency, suggesting that the expression of these enzymes is under negative control by methylation of their genes.	Choline	65-72	euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2	Rattus norvegicus	23-26
19001366-6	2009	DNA methylation of the G9a and Suv39h1 genes was up-regulated by choline deficiency, suggesting that the expression of these enzymes is under negative control by methylation of their genes.	Choline	65-72	SUV39H1 histone lysine methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	31-38
19400698-3	2009	Animals given three of these compounds, all nutrients-uridine, the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid, and choline-develop increased levels of brain phosphatides and of proteins that are concentrated within synaptic membranes (e.g., PSD-95, synapsin-1), improved cognition, and enhanced neurotransmitter release.	Choline	128-135	discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4	Homo sapiens	254-260
19010378-7	2009	Further work in this direction suggested that cytotoxic interaction between folate deficiency and gamma radiation might induce utilization of choline and choline containing moieties by modifying levels of key regulatory enzymes dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and choline oxidase (ChoOx).	Choline	142-149	dihydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	228-251
19010378-7	2009	Further work in this direction suggested that cytotoxic interaction between folate deficiency and gamma radiation might induce utilization of choline and choline containing moieties by modifying levels of key regulatory enzymes dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and choline oxidase (ChoOx).	Choline	142-149	dihydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	253-257
19010378-7	2009	Further work in this direction suggested that cytotoxic interaction between folate deficiency and gamma radiation might induce utilization of choline and choline containing moieties by modifying levels of key regulatory enzymes dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and choline oxidase (ChoOx).	Choline	154-161	dihydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	228-251
19010378-7	2009	Further work in this direction suggested that cytotoxic interaction between folate deficiency and gamma radiation might induce utilization of choline and choline containing moieties by modifying levels of key regulatory enzymes dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and choline oxidase (ChoOx).	Choline	154-161	dihydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	253-257
19400698-3	2009	Animals given three of these compounds, all nutrients-uridine, the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid, and choline-develop increased levels of brain phosphatides and of proteins that are concentrated within synaptic membranes (e.g., PSD-95, synapsin-1), improved cognition, and enhanced neurotransmitter release.	Choline	128-135	synapsin I	Homo sapiens	262-272
18974965-9	2009	We conclude that LPCAT1 may contribute to total choline metabolite accumulation via phosphatidylcholine remodeling, thereby altering the CRC lipid profile, a characteristic of malignancy.	Choline	48-55	lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	17-23
19092373-7	2009	RESULTS: Relative to the contralateral side, C-11 choline uptake was increased in all meningiomas, whereas F-18 FDG uptake was decreased in 6 patients and increased in 1 of the 2 patients with grade II meningiomas.	Choline	50-57	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4	Homo sapiens	45-49
19092373-8	2009	In the whole group, SUVmax of C-11 choline and F-18 FDG were 3.6 +/- 1.3 and 5.7 +/- 1.3, respectively.	Choline	35-42	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4	Homo sapiens	30-34
19092373-9	2009	The tumor-to-background ratio for C-11 choline was much higher than that for F-18 FDG (5.3 +/- 0.8 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.2, respectively) (P < 0.001).	Choline	39-46	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4	Homo sapiens	34-38
19092373-12	2009	Clinical applications of C-11 choline PET/CT for grading and follow-up of meningiomas need to be assessed in further studies.	Choline	30-37	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4	Homo sapiens	25-29
18992298-0	2009	Effects of adult-onset choline deprivation on the activities of acetylcholinesterase, (Na+,K+)- and Mg2+-ATPase in crucial rat brain regions.	Choline	23-30	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	64-84
18495456-10	2009	In addition, the MTHFR C677T genotype appears to influence the direction and use of choline moieties in this group of women.	Choline	84-91	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	17-22
19160674-1	2009	Phospholipase D (PLD) is an enzyme producing phosphatidic acid and choline through hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	67-74	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
19012748-3	2009	Previously, we have shown that early postnatal choline (Cho) supplementation improves behavioral and neuroanatomical symptoms in a mouse model of RTT (Mecp2(1lox) mice).	Choline	47-54	methyl-CpG binding protein 2	Homo sapiens	151-156
19012748-3	2009	Previously, we have shown that early postnatal choline (Cho) supplementation improves behavioral and neuroanatomical symptoms in a mouse model of RTT (Mecp2(1lox) mice).	Choline	56-59	methyl-CpG binding protein 2	Homo sapiens	151-156
19160674-1	2009	Phospholipase D (PLD) is an enzyme producing phosphatidic acid and choline through hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	67-74	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
18809404-4	2008	RESULTS: Gcgr-/- mice showed enhanced susceptibility to experimental liver injury induced by either Fas Ligord activation or a methionine- and choline-deficient diet.	Choline	143-150	glucagon receptor	Mus musculus	9-13
19855355-2	2009	The efficacy of intravenous choline citrate infusions was investigated in 34 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) by clinical evaluation and by monitoring of lymphocyte proliferation in vitro against fragments of myelin basic protein (MOG-35-55, MBP15-31, PLP 39-15) over a period of 12 weeks.	Choline	28-43	myelin basic protein	Homo sapiens	214-234
19855355-2	2009	The efficacy of intravenous choline citrate infusions was investigated in 34 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) by clinical evaluation and by monitoring of lymphocyte proliferation in vitro against fragments of myelin basic protein (MOG-35-55, MBP15-31, PLP 39-15) over a period of 12 weeks.	Choline	28-43	proteolipid protein 1	Homo sapiens	257-260
19223978-8	2009	After a systematic screen of 96 detergents, the zwitterionic detergents of the Fos-choline series (FC9-FC16) emerged as the most effective for isolation of the hCRs.	Choline	83-90	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Homo sapiens	79-82
19223978-8	2009	After a systematic screen of 96 detergents, the zwitterionic detergents of the Fos-choline series (FC9-FC16) emerged as the most effective for isolation of the hCRs.	Choline	83-90	twist family bHLH transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens	160-164
19877417-3	2009	Addition of 10 microM choline favoured the inclusion of 3-[4.5dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT); the effect of choline was inhibited by 2.5-25 nM methyllicaconitine (MLA) or 10-100 nM alpha-cobra-toxin indicating the alpha7 nAChR role in maintaining the proliferative potential of DT40 cells.	Choline	22-29	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 3 subunit	Gallus gallus	250-255
19877417-3	2009	Addition of 10 microM choline favoured the inclusion of 3-[4.5dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT); the effect of choline was inhibited by 2.5-25 nM methyllicaconitine (MLA) or 10-100 nM alpha-cobra-toxin indicating the alpha7 nAChR role in maintaining the proliferative potential of DT40 cells.	Choline	137-144	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 3 subunit	Gallus gallus	250-255
18842580-3	2008	Mutants defective in this pathway exhibit a choline-sensitive inositol auxotrophy, yet fully derepress INO1 and other Opi1p-regulated genes when grown in the absence of inositol.	Choline	44-51	transcriptional regulator OPI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	118-123
19155587-4	2008	Increases in hepatic S-adenosylhomocysteine and homocysteine concentrations, decreases in hepatic betaine concentration and the activity of cystathionine beta-synthase, but not betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase, and fatty liver also occurred in rats fed the choline-deprived 25S diet.	Choline	265-272	cystathionine beta synthase	Rattus norvegicus	140-167
18937046-3	2008	DMGDH plays a prominent role in choline and 1-carbon metabolism.	Choline	32-39	dimethylglycine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-5
19019152-1	2008	In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, transcription of most of the phospholipid biosynthetic genes (e.g. INO1, CHO1, CHO2 and OPI3) is repressed by growth in the presence of inositol and choline and derepressed in their absence.	Choline	178-185	inositol-3-phosphate synthase INO1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	96-100
19019152-1	2008	In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, transcription of most of the phospholipid biosynthetic genes (e.g. INO1, CHO1, CHO2 and OPI3) is repressed by growth in the presence of inositol and choline and derepressed in their absence.	Choline	178-185	CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	102-106
19019152-1	2008	In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, transcription of most of the phospholipid biosynthetic genes (e.g. INO1, CHO1, CHO2 and OPI3) is repressed by growth in the presence of inositol and choline and derepressed in their absence.	Choline	178-185	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	108-112
19019152-1	2008	In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, transcription of most of the phospholipid biosynthetic genes (e.g. INO1, CHO1, CHO2 and OPI3) is repressed by growth in the presence of inositol and choline and derepressed in their absence.	Choline	178-185	bifunctional phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase/phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	117-121
19019152-4	2008	Previous reports show that PIS1 expression is uncoupled from inositol/choline regulation, but is regulated by carbon source, hypoxia and zinc.	Choline	70-77	CDP-diacylglycerol--inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	27-31
19012176-1	2008	Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyses phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline, where PA is considered to be the main effector of PLD"s functions in cells.	Choline	45-52	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
19012176-1	2008	Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyses phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline, where PA is considered to be the main effector of PLD"s functions in cells.	Choline	45-52	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
19012176-1	2008	Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyses phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline, where PA is considered to be the main effector of PLD"s functions in cells.	Choline	45-52	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	142-145
19021029-1	2008	The aim of the present investigation was to study the effects of choline and choline-containing phospholipids CDP-choline (CDPC) and L-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine (AGPC) on transglutaminase (TG) activity and expression in primary astrocyte cultures.	Choline	65-72	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	110-113
22444010-0	2008	Effects of rumen-protected choline supplementation on milk production and choline supply of periparturient dairy cows.	Choline	27-34	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	54-58
22444010-8	2008	Milk yield was 4.4 kg higher for the group of cows receiving supplementary choline during the 60 days experimental period and 4% fat-corrected milk production was also increased by 2.5 kg/day.	Choline	75-82	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	0-4
22444010-11	2008	Milk choline content increased in both groups after calving as the lactating period advanced.	Choline	5-12	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	0-4
22444010-12	2008	However, milk choline content and choline yield were significantly higher in the RPC group than in the control group.	Choline	14-21	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	9-13
22444010-13	2008	The improved milk choline and choline yield provide evidence that some of the applied RPC escaped ruminal degradation, was absorbed from the small intestine and improved the choline supply of the cows and contributed to the changes of production variables.	Choline	18-25	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	13-17
19021029-1	2008	The aim of the present investigation was to study the effects of choline and choline-containing phospholipids CDP-choline (CDPC) and L-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine (AGPC) on transglutaminase (TG) activity and expression in primary astrocyte cultures.	Choline	77-84	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	110-113
18786520-0	2008	Prenatal choline supplementation in rats increases the expression of IGF2 and its receptor IGF2R and enhances IGF2-induced acetylcholine release in hippocampus and frontal cortex.	Choline	9-16	insulin-like growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	69-73
18820697-6	2008	Either of these genes is a plausible candidate, as CPT1B regulates beta-oxidation, a pathway involved in regulating theta frequency during REM sleep, and CHKB is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of choline, a precursor of the REM- and wake-regulating neurotransmitter acetylcholine.	Choline	202-209	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	51-56
18329941-2	2008	In PD, the number of Luxol fast blue (LFB) neurons was reduced by 27% from the mean control value (p=0.04) and the cholinergic (choline acetyltransferase, ChAT-positive) neuron number was reduced by 36% (p=0.03).	Choline	115-122	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	155-159
19111021-4	2009	This study used the choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) dietary model of chronic liver injury, which induces inflammation, liver progenitor cell proliferation, and portal fibrosis, to assess (1) the cellular expression of LTbeta, and (2) the role of LTbeta receptor (LTbetaR) in mediating wound healing, in LTbetaR(-/-) versus wild-type mice.	Choline	20-27	lymphotoxin B	Mus musculus	234-240
18778693-3	2008	In Mecp2(1lox) mice, a model of RTT, enhancing maternal nutrition through choline supplementation attenuates motor coordination deficits in the mutant offspring.	Choline	74-81	methyl CpG binding protein 2	Mus musculus	3-8
18778693-3	2008	In Mecp2(1lox) mice, a model of RTT, enhancing maternal nutrition through choline supplementation attenuates motor coordination deficits in the mutant offspring.	Choline	74-81	lysyl oxidase	Mus musculus	10-13
18786520-0	2008	Prenatal choline supplementation in rats increases the expression of IGF2 and its receptor IGF2R and enhances IGF2-induced acetylcholine release in hippocampus and frontal cortex.	Choline	9-16	insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor	Rattus norvegicus	91-96
18778693-5	2008	Mecp2(1lox) dams were given choline in drinking water, and pups nursed from birth to weaning.	Choline	28-35	methyl CpG binding protein 2	Mus musculus	0-5
18778693-10	2008	Choline supplementation increased striatal nerve growth factor expression in wild-type and Mecp2(1lox) mice, suggesting that neuronal proliferation and survival may contribute to improved motor performance in this model of RTT.	Choline	0-7	methyl CpG binding protein 2	Mus musculus	91-96
18786520-0	2008	Prenatal choline supplementation in rats increases the expression of IGF2 and its receptor IGF2R and enhances IGF2-induced acetylcholine release in hippocampus and frontal cortex.	Choline	9-16	insulin-like growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	91-95
18778697-10	2008	IGF-1 levels were elevated by both prenatal and adult choline supplementation.	Choline	54-61	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
18786520-3	2008	Previously we reported that rats whose mothers consumed a choline-supplemented diet during E11-17 have higher levels of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) mRNA and protein in the frontal cortex compared to control and prenatally choline-deficient animals.	Choline	58-65	insulin-like growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	120-149
18786520-3	2008	Previously we reported that rats whose mothers consumed a choline-supplemented diet during E11-17 have higher levels of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) mRNA and protein in the frontal cortex compared to control and prenatally choline-deficient animals.	Choline	58-65	insulin-like growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	151-155
18786520-5	2008	On P18, IGF2/depolarization-evoked ACh release from hippocampal slices was enhanced by prenatal choline supplementation.	Choline	96-103	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2C	Rattus norvegicus	3-6
18789905-8	2008	The difference in requirement occurs because estrogen induces expression of the PEMT gene and allows premenopausal women to make more of their needed choline endogenously.	Choline	150-157	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	80-84
18786520-5	2008	On P18, IGF2/depolarization-evoked ACh release from hippocampal slices was enhanced by prenatal choline supplementation.	Choline	96-103	insulin-like growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	8-12
18786520-6	2008	In the frontal cortex on P80, prenatal choline supplementation dramatically potentiated ACh release induced by depolarization, IGF2 or the combination of the two.	Choline	39-46	TATA-box binding protein associated factor 6	Rattus norvegicus	25-28
18786520-6	2008	In the frontal cortex on P80, prenatal choline supplementation dramatically potentiated ACh release induced by depolarization, IGF2 or the combination of the two.	Choline	39-46	insulin-like growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	127-131
18676873-1	2008	The ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA3 mediates uptake of choline-phospholipids into intracellular vesicles and is essential for surfactant metabolism in lung alveolar type II cells.	Choline	62-69	ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 3	Homo sapiens	37-42
18806565-8	2008	Using 2.3 (P/M) as the criterion, C-11 choline PET/CT imaging showed a sensitivity of 90.48%, a specificity of 85.71%, and a negative predictive value of 92.31%.	Choline	39-46	RNA polymerase III subunit K	Homo sapiens	34-38
18625224-9	2008	Most surprisingly, the accumulation of [(3)H]-choline, and both the basal and electrically-evoked overflow of [(3)H] from hippocampal slices preincubated with [(3)H]-choline, were also significantly increased in DSP-4 rats.	Choline	166-173	dual specificity phosphatase 26	Homo sapiens	212-217
18779284-3	2008	The effect of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T genotype on choline status was also examined.	Choline	80-87	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	55-60
18518880-0	2008	Central choline suppresses plasma renin response to graded haemorrhage in rats.	Choline	8-15	renin	Rattus norvegicus	34-39
18518880-1	2008	Central administration of choline increases blood pressure in normotensive and hypotensive states by increasing plasma concentrations of vasopressin and catecholamines.	Choline	26-33	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	137-148
18518880-2	2008	We hypothesized that choline could also modulate the renin-angiotensin pathway, the third main pressor system in the body.	Choline	21-28	renin	Rattus norvegicus	53-58
18518880-20	2008	Inhibition of PRA in response to central choline administration was associated with enhanced plasma vasopressin and catecholamine responses to graded haemorrhage.	Choline	41-48	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	100-111
18518880-21	2008	Pretreatment of rats with a vasopressin antagonist reversed central choline-induced inhibition of plasma renin responses to graded haemorrhage without altering the blood pressure response.	Choline	68-75	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	28-39
18518880-21	2008	Pretreatment of rats with a vasopressin antagonist reversed central choline-induced inhibition of plasma renin responses to graded haemorrhage without altering the blood pressure response.	Choline	68-75	renin	Rattus norvegicus	105-110
18518880-22	2008	In conclusion, central administration of choline inhibits the plasma renin response to graded haemorrhage.	Choline	41-48	renin	Rattus norvegicus	69-74
18566818-0	2008	[11C]Choline uptake with PET/CT for the initial diagnosis of prostate cancer: relation to PSA levels, tumour stage and anti-androgenic therapy.	Choline	5-12	aminopeptidase puromycin sensitive	Homo sapiens	90-93
18546272-0	2008	Choline as a biomarker for cell proliferation: do the results from proton MR spectroscopy show difference between HER2/neu positive and negative breast cancers?	Choline	0-7	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	114-118
18546272-0	2008	Choline as a biomarker for cell proliferation: do the results from proton MR spectroscopy show difference between HER2/neu positive and negative breast cancers?	Choline	0-7	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	119-122
18621904-3	2008	Cultures of lic2 mutants of the encapsulated strain D39Chi growing in choline-containing medium formed long chains, did not autolyze, had no choline in their cell wall, and were completely avirulent in the mouse intraperitoneal model.	Choline	70-77	dynein, cytoplasmic 1 light intermediate chain 2	Mus musculus	12-16
18621904-5	2008	These observations suggest that the biochemical functions normally dependent on determinants of the pneumococcal lic2 operon may also be carried out in strain Cho(-) by a second set of genetic elements imported from Streptococcus oralis, the choline-independent streptococcal strain that served as the DNA donor in the heterologous transformation event that produced strain R6Cho(-).	Choline	242-249	dynein, cytoplasmic 1 light intermediate chain 2	Mus musculus	113-117
18584048-0	2008	Modulation of TNF release by choline requires alpha7 subunit nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated signaling.	Choline	29-36	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	14-17
18584048-2	2008	Choline is an essential nutrient, a cell membrane constituent, a precursor in the biosynthesis of acetylcholine, and a selective natural alpha7nAChR agonist.	Choline	0-7	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	137-148
18584048-3	2008	Here, we studied the anti-inflammatory potential of choline in murine endotoxemia and sepsis, and the role of the alpha7nAChR in mediating the suppressive effect of choline on TNF release.	Choline	165-172	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	114-125
18584048-3	2008	Here, we studied the anti-inflammatory potential of choline in murine endotoxemia and sepsis, and the role of the alpha7nAChR in mediating the suppressive effect of choline on TNF release.	Choline	165-172	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	176-179
18584048-4	2008	Choline (0.1-50 mM) dose-dependently suppressed TNF release from endotoxin-activated RAW macrophage-like cells, and this effect was associated with significant inhibition of NF-kappaB activation.	Choline	0-7	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	48-51
18584048-11	2008	Choline also suppressed HMGB1 release in vitro and in vivo, and choline treatment initiated 24 h after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced polymicrobial sepsis significantly improved survival in mice.	Choline	0-7	high mobility group box 1	Mus musculus	24-29
18584048-11	2008	Choline also suppressed HMGB1 release in vitro and in vivo, and choline treatment initiated 24 h after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced polymicrobial sepsis significantly improved survival in mice.	Choline	64-71	hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1	Mus musculus	132-135
18584048-12	2008	In addition, choline suppressed TNF release from endotoxin-activated human whole blood and macrophages.	Choline	13-20	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	32-35
18584048-13	2008	Collectively, these data characterize the anti-inflammatory efficacy of choline and demonstrate that the modulation of TNF release by choline requires alpha7nAChR-mediated signaling.	Choline	134-141	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	119-122
18584048-13	2008	Collectively, these data characterize the anti-inflammatory efficacy of choline and demonstrate that the modulation of TNF release by choline requires alpha7nAChR-mediated signaling.	Choline	134-141	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	151-162
18504556-15	2008	CDP-choline increased the levels of extracellular choline and acetylcholine in the NA area.	Choline	4-11	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
18423905-3	2008	Brain phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis utilizes both the uridine formed from the metabolism of exogenous CDP-choline and UMP, and the choline formed from that of CDP-choline.	Choline	18-25	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	107-110
18423905-3	2008	Brain phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis utilizes both the uridine formed from the metabolism of exogenous CDP-choline and UMP, and the choline formed from that of CDP-choline.	Choline	18-25	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	164-167
18682799-5	2008	Fos-choline-based detergents proved highly capable of extracting the receptors, and fos-choline-14 (N-tetradecylphosphocholine) was selected for optimal solubilization and subsequent purification.	Choline	4-11	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Homo sapiens	0-3
18682799-5	2008	Fos-choline-based detergents proved highly capable of extracting the receptors, and fos-choline-14 (N-tetradecylphosphocholine) was selected for optimal solubilization and subsequent purification.	Choline	88-95	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Homo sapiens	0-3
18682799-5	2008	Fos-choline-based detergents proved highly capable of extracting the receptors, and fos-choline-14 (N-tetradecylphosphocholine) was selected for optimal solubilization and subsequent purification.	Choline	88-95	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Homo sapiens	84-87
18786520-7	2008	On P18 and P90 and in both brain regions, IGF2 mRNA and protein levels, as well as protein levels of the IGF2 receptor (IGF2R), were higher in prenatally choline-supplemented rats.	Choline	154-161	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2C	Rattus norvegicus	3-6
18786520-7	2008	On P18 and P90 and in both brain regions, IGF2 mRNA and protein levels, as well as protein levels of the IGF2 receptor (IGF2R), were higher in prenatally choline-supplemented rats.	Choline	154-161	insulin-like growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	42-46
18786520-7	2008	On P18 and P90 and in both brain regions, IGF2 mRNA and protein levels, as well as protein levels of the IGF2 receptor (IGF2R), were higher in prenatally choline-supplemented rats.	Choline	154-161	insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor	Rattus norvegicus	105-118
18786520-7	2008	On P18 and P90 and in both brain regions, IGF2 mRNA and protein levels, as well as protein levels of the IGF2 receptor (IGF2R), were higher in prenatally choline-supplemented rats.	Choline	154-161	insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor	Rattus norvegicus	120-125
18786520-8	2008	Choline supplementation also increased IGF2R mRNA levels in the septum.	Choline	0-7	insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor	Rattus norvegicus	39-44
18786520-9	2008	In summary, prenatal choline supplementation produced alterations in IGF2 signaling, via increased levels of IGF2 and IGF2R, which may enhance cholinergic neurotransmission and confer neuroprotection against insult.	Choline	21-28	insulin-like growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	69-73
18786520-9	2008	In summary, prenatal choline supplementation produced alterations in IGF2 signaling, via increased levels of IGF2 and IGF2R, which may enhance cholinergic neurotransmission and confer neuroprotection against insult.	Choline	21-28	insulin-like growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	109-113
18786520-9	2008	In summary, prenatal choline supplementation produced alterations in IGF2 signaling, via increased levels of IGF2 and IGF2R, which may enhance cholinergic neurotransmission and confer neuroprotection against insult.	Choline	21-28	insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor	Rattus norvegicus	118-123
18789905-4	2008	A recommended dietary intake for choline in humans was set in 1998, and a portion of the choline requirement can be met via endogenous de novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) in the liver.	Choline	33-40	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	189-233
18789905-4	2008	A recommended dietary intake for choline in humans was set in 1998, and a portion of the choline requirement can be met via endogenous de novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) in the liver.	Choline	89-96	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	189-233
18789905-4	2008	A recommended dietary intake for choline in humans was set in 1998, and a portion of the choline requirement can be met via endogenous de novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) in the liver.	Choline	89-96	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	235-239
18331292-7	2008	In contrast, the initial immune response generated by the choline-free strain D39Cho(-)licA64 began to decline after the first 8 h accompanied by elimination of the bacteria from the CSF in parallel with a strong WBC response peaking at 8 h after infection.	Choline	58-65	colony stimulating factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	183-186
18599377-1	2008	The pem1/cho2 pem2/opi3 double mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is auxotrophic for choline because of the deficiency in methylation activities of phosphatidylethanolamine, grew in the presence of 0.1 mM dioctanoyl-phosphatidylcholine (diC(8)PC).	Choline	92-99	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
18599377-1	2008	The pem1/cho2 pem2/opi3 double mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is auxotrophic for choline because of the deficiency in methylation activities of phosphatidylethanolamine, grew in the presence of 0.1 mM dioctanoyl-phosphatidylcholine (diC(8)PC).	Choline	92-99	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	9-13
18599377-1	2008	The pem1/cho2 pem2/opi3 double mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is auxotrophic for choline because of the deficiency in methylation activities of phosphatidylethanolamine, grew in the presence of 0.1 mM dioctanoyl-phosphatidylcholine (diC(8)PC).	Choline	92-99	bifunctional phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase/phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	14-18
18599377-1	2008	The pem1/cho2 pem2/opi3 double mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is auxotrophic for choline because of the deficiency in methylation activities of phosphatidylethanolamine, grew in the presence of 0.1 mM dioctanoyl-phosphatidylcholine (diC(8)PC).	Choline	92-99	bifunctional phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase/phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	19-23
18665805-4	2008	The purpose of this study was to determine whether the low-potency, but selective alpha7 nAChR agonist choline might be a useful treatment for improvement of neurological outcome in a rat model of TBI.	Choline	103-110	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	89-94
18665805-7	2008	In addition, choline treatment resulted in significant cortical tissue sparing, reduced brain inflammation, and normalized some TBI-induced deficits in nAChR expression.	Choline	13-20	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	152-157
18422860-1	2008	The two mammalian phosphatidylcholine (PC)-selective phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes remove the choline head group from PC to produce phosphatidic acid (PA).	Choline	30-37	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	53-68
18584113-1	2008	Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is involved in important aspects of dementia, for example neurotransmission and memory processing, membrane function, choline availability, and antioxidative defense.	Choline	142-149	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	0-16
18584113-1	2008	Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is involved in important aspects of dementia, for example neurotransmission and memory processing, membrane function, choline availability, and antioxidative defense.	Choline	142-149	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	18-22
18422860-1	2008	The two mammalian phosphatidylcholine (PC)-selective phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes remove the choline head group from PC to produce phosphatidic acid (PA).	Choline	30-37	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	70-73
18542964-2	2008	In the presence of phospholipid precursors inositol and choline, Ino2-dependent activation is inhibited by the Opi1 repressor which interacts with Ino2.	Choline	56-63	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	65-69
18561911-3	2008	injection of 200-600 micromol/kg of choline, CDP-choline or phosphocholine produced a dose-dependent increase in plasma glucagon and choline concentrations.	Choline	49-56	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	45-48
18603787-3	2008	Dietary choline suppressed hyperhomocysteinemia induced by GAA, but not by methionine, in a dose-dependent manner.	Choline	8-15	alpha glucosidase	Rattus norvegicus	59-62
18603787-4	2008	GAA-induced enhancement of the plasma homocysteine concentration was suppressed by choline and betaine to the same degree, but the effects of these compounds were relatively small on methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemia.	Choline	83-90	alpha glucosidase	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
18603787-5	2008	Dietary supplementation with choline and betaine significantly increased the hepatic betaine concentration in rats fed a GAA diet, but not in rats fed a methionine diet.	Choline	29-36	alpha glucosidase	Rattus norvegicus	121-124
18542964-1	2008	Structural genes of phospholipid biosynthesis in the yeast S. cerevisiae are activated by the heterodimeric transcription factor Ino2 + Ino4, binding to ICRE (inositol/choline-responsive element) promoter motifs.	Choline	168-175	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	129-133
18542964-1	2008	Structural genes of phospholipid biosynthesis in the yeast S. cerevisiae are activated by the heterodimeric transcription factor Ino2 + Ino4, binding to ICRE (inositol/choline-responsive element) promoter motifs.	Choline	168-175	Ino4p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	136-140
18542964-2	2008	In the presence of phospholipid precursors inositol and choline, Ino2-dependent activation is inhibited by the Opi1 repressor which interacts with Ino2.	Choline	56-63	transcriptional regulator OPI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	111-115
18542964-2	2008	In the presence of phospholipid precursors inositol and choline, Ino2-dependent activation is inhibited by the Opi1 repressor which interacts with Ino2.	Choline	56-63	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	147-151
18542964-8	2008	We could show that Ino2-dependent activation of a lexA-Ino4 fusion is affected by inositol and choline.	Choline	95-102	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	19-23
18542964-8	2008	We could show that Ino2-dependent activation of a lexA-Ino4 fusion is affected by inositol and choline.	Choline	95-102	Ino4p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	55-59
18373617-9	2008	Remodeling involving choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides could explain Ptd(2)Gro heterogeneity.	Choline	21-28	chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1	Mus musculus	84-87
18571096-6	2008	Previous work has suggested that perinatal choline supplementation alleviates some of the behavioral deficits in both male and female Mecp2(1lox) mutant mice.	Choline	43-50	methyl CpG binding protein 2	Mus musculus	134-139
18571096-6	2008	Previous work has suggested that perinatal choline supplementation alleviates some of the behavioral deficits in both male and female Mecp2(1lox) mutant mice.	Choline	43-50	lysyl oxidase	Mus musculus	141-144
18446322-2	2008	Increasing maternal dietary choline, a selective alpha7 agonist, during gestation has been shown to produce long-term changes in adult offspring behavior (i.e., improved learning and memory in rats).	Choline	28-35	integrin alpha 7	Mus musculus	49-55
18459103-7	2008	In old TRAMP mice with well-defined malignancy, reduced tumor levels of citrate (49%), choline (33%), PC (57%), GPC (66%), and glycerophosphoinositol (61%) were observed relative to normal prostate (P < 0.05).	Choline	87-94	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 25	Mus musculus	7-12
18459103-9	2008	While the reduction in tissue citrate resembles human prostate cancer, low levels of choline species in TRAMP tumors suggest atypical phospholipid metabolism as compared to human prostate cancer.	Choline	85-92	TNF receptor superfamily member 25	Homo sapiens	104-109
18200444-0	2008	[(11)C]choline uptake with PET/CT for the initial diagnosis of prostate cancer: relation to PSA levels, tumour stage and anti-androgenic therapy.	Choline	7-14	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	92-95
18230680-4	2008	Two putatively functional single nucleotide polymorphisms of choline-metabolizing genes, PEMT -774G>C (rs12325817) and CHDH +432G>T (rs12676), were also found be related to breast cancer risk.	Choline	61-68	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	89-93
18230680-4	2008	Two putatively functional single nucleotide polymorphisms of choline-metabolizing genes, PEMT -774G>C (rs12325817) and CHDH +432G>T (rs12676), were also found be related to breast cancer risk.	Choline	61-68	choline dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	122-126
18346819-1	2008	Previous experiments demonstrated that second-based transient increases in choline concentrations measured by electrodes coated with choline oxidase (ChOx) and the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide validly indicate the depolarization-dependent release of acetylcholine (ACh) and its hydrolysis by endogenous acetylcholinesterase (AChE).	Choline	75-82	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	318-338
18346819-1	2008	Previous experiments demonstrated that second-based transient increases in choline concentrations measured by electrodes coated with choline oxidase (ChOx) and the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide validly indicate the depolarization-dependent release of acetylcholine (ACh) and its hydrolysis by endogenous acetylcholinesterase (AChE).	Choline	75-82	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	340-344
18343815-3	2008	PSS1 exchanges serine for choline of phosphatidylcholine, whereas PSS2 exchanges ethanolamine of phosphatidylethanolamine for serine.	Choline	26-33	phosphatidylserine synthase 1	Mus musculus	0-4
18535808-0	2008	Effects of irradiation on the [Methyl-3H]choline uptake in the human prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and PC3.	Choline	41-48	chromobox 8	Homo sapiens	106-109
18535808-2	2008	Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of ionizing radiation on the choline uptake in an androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and an androgen-independent (PC3) prostate cancer cell line.	Choline	91-98	chromobox 8	Homo sapiens	168-171
18535808-6	2008	RESULTS: PC3 cells showed a significant transitory increase of [methyl-(3)H]choline uptake with a maximum at 24 h after irradiation.	Choline	76-83	chromobox 8	Homo sapiens	9-12
18190795-1	2008	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to generate phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline.	Choline	62-69	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
18958235-2	2007	Two sensitive periods were identified, ED 12-17 and PD 16-30, during which choline supplementation facilitated spatial memory and produced increases in dendritic spine density in CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG) regions of the hippocampus while also changing the dendritic fields of DG granule cells.	Choline	75-82	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	179-182
18190795-1	2008	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to generate phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline.	Choline	62-69	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
18023504-0	2008	Choline availability and acetylcholine synthesis in the hippocampus of acetylcholinesterase-deficient mice.	Choline	0-7	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	71-91
18319316-5	2008	RESULTS: Compared with controls, young children with MCT8 show choline and myoinositol level increases and N-acetyl aspartate decreases in supraventricular gray and white matter, phenomena associated with the degree of dysmyelinization according to MRI.	Choline	63-70	solute carrier family 16 member 2	Homo sapiens	53-57
18023504-5	2008	Using microdialysis, we found that increased ACh levels are accompanied by decreased levels of extracellular choline which were 1.60 microM in AChE-deficient mice and 4.36 microM in wild-type mice.	Choline	109-116	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	143-147
18023504-6	2008	Addition of choline (10 microM) to the perfusion fluid, while ineffective in wild-type animals, more than doubled extracellular ACh levels in AChE-deficient mice.	Choline	12-19	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	142-146
18023504-7	2008	High-affinity choline uptake (HACU), as measured ex vivo in corticohippocampal synaptosomes, was more than doubled in AChE-deficient mice.	Choline	14-21	high affinity choline uptake	Mus musculus	30-34
18023504-7	2008	High-affinity choline uptake (HACU), as measured ex vivo in corticohippocampal synaptosomes, was more than doubled in AChE-deficient mice.	Choline	14-21	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	118-122
18023504-11	2008	In conclusion, absence of AChE causes dynamic changes in the ratio of choline to ACh.	Choline	70-77	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	26-30
18423149-5	2008	RESULTS: The positive rate of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the mean peak choline/water ratio in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group and the peak choline /water ratio had a positive correlation with the positive rate of PCNA.	Choline	207-214	proliferating cell nuclear antigen	Rattus norvegicus	30-64
18432522-1	2008	Phospholipase D (PLD), which hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline, is present in human platelets.	Choline	52-59	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
18432522-1	2008	Phospholipase D (PLD), which hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline, is present in human platelets.	Choline	52-59	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
18276583-1	2008	In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the CKI1-encoded choline kinase catalyzes the committed step in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine via the CDP-choline branch of the Kennedy pathway.	Choline	56-63	bifunctional choline kinase/ethanolamine kinase CKI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	43-47
18689562-2	2008	METHODS: NASH was induced in male ob/ob mice by methionine-choline deficient (MCD) and high-fat (H) diets.	Choline	59-66	SAM domain, SH3 domain and nuclear localization signals 1	Homo sapiens	9-13
18423149-5	2008	RESULTS: The positive rate of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the mean peak choline/water ratio in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group and the peak choline /water ratio had a positive correlation with the positive rate of PCNA.	Choline	207-214	proliferating cell nuclear antigen	Rattus norvegicus	281-285
18312591-4	2008	This effect was markedly enhanced when both choline and 5-OH-indole were applied together and was blocked by the selective alpha7 nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine.	Choline	44-51	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	130-135
18167304-7	2008	The enlargement of the AChE choline binding site and of the acyl pocket by single or double mutations (Y337A, F295L/Y337A and F297I/Y337A) increased, in comparison to w.t.	Choline	28-35	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	23-27
18392239-0	2008	Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist improves the prognosis in rats displaying liver cirrhosis induced by a choline-deficient diet.	Choline	113-120	angiotensin II receptor, type 1b	Rattus norvegicus	0-30
18036176-2	2008	PLD1 hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine to produce phosphatidic acid (PA) and a free choline headgroup.	Choline	28-35	phospholipase D	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
18258634-5	2008	RESULTS: Compared with the lowest tertile of choline intake (<250 mg/d), participants who consumed >310 mg/d had, on average, 22% lower concentrations of C-reactive protein (P < 0.05), 26% lower concentrations of interleukin-6 (P < 0.05), and 6% lower concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (P < 0.01).	Choline	45-52	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	160-178
17588738-0	2008	Folate intake and the MTHFR C677T genotype influence choline status in young Mexican American women.	Choline	53-60	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	22-27
17588738-3	2008	This study sought to examine the influences of folate intake and the MTHFR 677C-->T variant on choline status.	Choline	98-105	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	69-74
17588738-12	2008	These data suggest that folate intake and the MTHFR C677T genotype influence choline status in humans.	Choline	77-84	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	46-51
17971421-3	2008	The peroxynitrite generator 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) acutely inhibited choline uptake in cells stably expressing FLAG-tagged rat CHT in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with an IC(50) = 0.9 +/- 0.14 mM and t((1/2)) = 4 min.	Choline	78-85	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	136-139
17971421-8	2008	Thus, the inhibitory effect of SIN-1 on choline uptake activity and HC-3 binding was related to enhanced internalization of CHT proteins from the plasma membrane to subcellular organelles.	Choline	40-47	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	124-127
18189424-5	2008	Phospholipids with choline and inositol head groups and one or more linoleic acid (LA) acyl chains were shown to stimulate apoA-I secretion by HepG2 cells and primary human hepatocytes.	Choline	19-26	apolipoprotein A1	Homo sapiens	123-129
18070889-0	2008	Streptococcus pneumoniae choline-binding protein E interaction with plasminogen/plasmin stimulates migration across the extracellular matrix.	Choline	25-32	plasminogen	Homo sapiens	68-75
18070889-3	2008	We present evidence supporting the role of choline-binding protein E (CBPE) (a member of the surface-exposed choline-binding protein family) as an important receptor for human plasminogen, the precursor of plasmin.	Choline	43-50	plasminogen	Homo sapiens	176-183
18070889-3	2008	We present evidence supporting the role of choline-binding protein E (CBPE) (a member of the surface-exposed choline-binding protein family) as an important receptor for human plasminogen, the precursor of plasmin.	Choline	109-116	plasminogen	Homo sapiens	176-183
17884041-5	2007	Pressor responses to CDP-choline, phosphocholine, cytidine monophosphate or cytidine were not altered by pretreatment with atropine methyl nitrate or hexamethonium while hypotensive effect of choline was reversed to pressor effect by these pretreatments.	Choline	25-32	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	21-24
18162319-7	2008	administration of CDP-choline, phosphocholine or choline itself.	Choline	22-29	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	18-21
18162319-10	2008	600 micromol/kg of CDP-choline, phosphocholine or choline were abolished by pretreatment with the ganglionic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist hexamethonium (15 mg/kg; i.p.	Choline	23-30	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	19-22
18162319-14	2008	), an alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, enhanced slightly the increases in serum insulin in response to 600 micromol/kg of CDP-choline, phosphocholine and choline.	Choline	127-134	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	123-126
18162319-16	2008	It is concluded that CDP-choline or its cholinergic metabolites phosphocholine and choline increases circulating insulin concentrations by increasing muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic neurotransmission in the insulin secreting beta-cells.	Choline	25-32	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	21-24
18029352-1	2008	Choline kinase alpha (CK-alpha) is one of two mammalian enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of choline to phosphocholine in the biosynthesis of the major membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	101-108	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	0-30
18029352-7	2008	Enhanced levels of choline and attenuated levels of phosphocholine were observed in both the livers and testes of Chka(+/-) mice.	Choline	19-26	choline kinase alpha	Mus musculus	114-118
18383260-10	2008	ER negative cancer was more likely to show the malignant type enhancement kinetics (P = 0.15), rim enhancement (P = 0.15), and Cho detection on MRS (P = 0.23) compared to ER positive cancer, but it did not reach a level of statistical significance.	Choline	127-130	estrogen receptor 1	Homo sapiens	0-2
18331185-1	2008	In the early 1930s, Banting and Best, the discoverers of insulin, found that choline could prevent the development of fatty liver disease (steatosis) in pancreatectomized dogs treated with insulin.	Choline	77-84	insulin	Canis lupus familiaris	57-64
18331185-1	2008	In the early 1930s, Banting and Best, the discoverers of insulin, found that choline could prevent the development of fatty liver disease (steatosis) in pancreatectomized dogs treated with insulin.	Choline	77-84	insulin	Canis lupus familiaris	189-196
18257750-0	2008	Peripheral administration of CDP-choline, phosphocholine or choline increases plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations.	Choline	33-40	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	29-32
18257750-3	2008	2 CDP-choline treatment caused several-fold increases in plasma concentrations of CDP-choline and its metabolites phosphocholine, choline, cytidine monophosphate (CMP) and cytidine.	Choline	6-13	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	2-5
18257750-3	2008	2 CDP-choline treatment caused several-fold increases in plasma concentrations of CDP-choline and its metabolites phosphocholine, choline, cytidine monophosphate (CMP) and cytidine.	Choline	6-13	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	82-85
18257750-6	2008	4 CDP-choline, phosphocholine and choline (600 mumol/kg; i.p.)	Choline	6-13	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	2-5
18257750-9	2008	600 mumol/kg of CDP-choline, phosphocholine or choline were abolished by pre-treatment with hexamethonium (15 mg/kg; i.p.	Choline	20-27	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	16-19
18257750-21	2008	administration of CDP-choline or its cholinergic metabolites phosphocholine and choline increases plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations by enhancing nicotinic cholinergic neurotransmission in the sympatho-adrenal system.	Choline	22-29	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	18-21
18303489-2	2008	This pilot study was designed to test the tolerability, safety, and preliminary efficacy of chronic administration of an alpha7 nAChR agonist strategy involving combination treatment of cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP-choline; 2 g/d), a dietary source of the alpha7 nAChR agonist choline, and galantamine (24 mg/d), a positive allosteric modulator of nAChRs that was prescribed to prevent choline from becoming a functional antagonist and improve the efficiency of coupling the binding of choline to channel opening.	Choline	204-211	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	213-216
18303489-2	2008	This pilot study was designed to test the tolerability, safety, and preliminary efficacy of chronic administration of an alpha7 nAChR agonist strategy involving combination treatment of cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP-choline; 2 g/d), a dietary source of the alpha7 nAChR agonist choline, and galantamine (24 mg/d), a positive allosteric modulator of nAChRs that was prescribed to prevent choline from becoming a functional antagonist and improve the efficiency of coupling the binding of choline to channel opening.	Choline	217-224	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	213-216
18303489-2	2008	This pilot study was designed to test the tolerability, safety, and preliminary efficacy of chronic administration of an alpha7 nAChR agonist strategy involving combination treatment of cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP-choline; 2 g/d), a dietary source of the alpha7 nAChR agonist choline, and galantamine (24 mg/d), a positive allosteric modulator of nAChRs that was prescribed to prevent choline from becoming a functional antagonist and improve the efficiency of coupling the binding of choline to channel opening.	Choline	217-224	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	213-216
17921191-8	2008	The PS of [(14)C]bPiDDB was reduced (p < 0.05) in the presence of 500 microM choline, indicating that the BBB choline transporter may be responsible for the transport of bPiDDB into brain.	Choline	80-87	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	113-132
18089458-2	2008	Cholinergic neurons synthesize ACh from choline and acetyl-CoA by choline acetyltransferase in the nerve ending.	Choline	40-47	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	66-91
18826063-2	2008	The polar choline head groups on immobilized phosphatidylcholine were used for the affinity purification of phospholipase A (PLA).	Choline	10-17	phospholipase A and acyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	108-123
18826063-2	2008	The polar choline head groups on immobilized phosphatidylcholine were used for the affinity purification of phospholipase A (PLA).	Choline	10-17	phospholipase A and acyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	125-128
17884041-2	2007	These responses were accompanied by elevated serum concentrations of CDP-choline and its metabolites phosphocholine, choline, cytidine monophosphate and cytidine.	Choline	73-80	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	69-72
17884041-7	2007	Heart rate responses to CDP-choline, phosphocholine and choline were blocked by atropine and reversed by hexamethonium.	Choline	28-35	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	24-27
17884041-8	2007	Cardiovascular responses to CDP-choline, phosphocholine and choline, but not cytidine monophosphate or cytidine, were associated with elevated plasma catecholamines concentrations.	Choline	32-39	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	28-31
17884041-9	2007	Blockade of alpha-adrenoceptors by prazosin or yohimbine attenuated pressor response to CDP-choline while these antagonists blocked pressor responses to phosphocholine or choline.	Choline	92-99	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	88-91
18056454-2	2007	Choline kinase (Chk), the enzyme that converts choline to phosphocholine (PC), is elevated in cancer cells and presents a novel target for increasing cell kill.	Choline	47-54	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	0-14
18056454-2	2007	Choline kinase (Chk), the enzyme that converts choline to phosphocholine (PC), is elevated in cancer cells and presents a novel target for increasing cell kill.	Choline	47-54	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	16-19
18088276-1	2007	The high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1) is responsible for uptake of choline from the synaptic cleft and supplying choline for acetylcholine synthesis.	Choline	18-25	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	39-43
18088276-1	2007	The high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1) is responsible for uptake of choline from the synaptic cleft and supplying choline for acetylcholine synthesis.	Choline	74-81	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	39-43
18088276-2	2007	CHT1 internalization by clathrin-coated vesicles is proposed to represent a mechanism by which high-affinity choline uptake can be modulated.	Choline	109-116	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	0-4
17627030-4	2007	We show here that CCR5 activation by MIP-1beta in HeLa-MAGI cells triggered a rapid and substantial PLD activity, as assessed by mass choline production.	Choline	134-141	C-C motif chemokine receptor 5	Homo sapiens	18-22
17627030-4	2007	We show here that CCR5 activation by MIP-1beta in HeLa-MAGI cells triggered a rapid and substantial PLD activity, as assessed by mass choline production.	Choline	134-141	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Homo sapiens	37-46
17627030-4	2007	We show here that CCR5 activation by MIP-1beta in HeLa-MAGI cells triggered a rapid and substantial PLD activity, as assessed by mass choline production.	Choline	134-141	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	100-103
17668196-3	2007	Metabolite profiles from NMR spectra of KA treated and control samples revealed the statistical significant decrease of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and an increase of choline derivatives in the CA1 and CA3 directly receiving KA injection.	Choline	163-170	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	190-193
17923165-3	2007	METHODS/RESULTS: Administration of IFNgamma to mice receiving a choline deficient, ethionine (CDE) supplemented diet to induce chronic injury resulted in an augmented HPC response.	Choline	64-71	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	35-43
18007027-0	2007	Use of a "caged" analogue to study the traffic of choline within acetylcholinesterase by kinetic crystallography.	Choline	50-57	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	65-85
17884813-9	2007	These results demonstrate that PGDH enhances the levels of betaine by providing the precursor serine for both choline oxidation and glycine methylation pathways.	Choline	110-117	D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase	Arabidopsis thaliana	31-35
17728394-1	2007	We demonstrated previously that thrombin stimulation of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) results in release of choline lysophospholipids [lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPtdCho) and lysoplasmenylcholine (lysoPlsCho)].	Choline	126-133	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	32-40
17728394-10	2007	These results demonstrate that the presence of thrombin at sites of vascular injury in the coronary circulation, resulting in increased choline lysophospholipid release from the HCAEC apical surface, has the potential to propagate vascular inflammation by upregulation of adhesion molecules and recruitment of circulating inflammatory cells to the endothelium.	Choline	136-143	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	47-55
17961310-4	2007	METHODS: The serum lysoPLD activity, assessed by measuring choline liberation from the substrate lysophosphatidylcholine, was measured in patients with prostate cancer and compared with the concentrations of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and conventional nutritional assessment markers.	Choline	59-66	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	19-26
17520363-1	2007	The purpose of this study was to clarify the mechanism of the inner blood-retinal barrier (inner BRB) transport of choline and examine the choline uptake ability of rat choline transporter-like protein (CTL) 1.	Choline	139-146	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	169-209
17912467-4	2007	The aim of our current study was to examine the alteration of each isoform of adiponectin and its receptors (AdipoR1, AdipoR2, and T-cadherin) during the choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet-induced rat liver fibrosis development.	Choline	154-161	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Rattus norvegicus	78-89
17520363-6	2007	Rat CTL1-expressing Xenopus laevis oocytes exhibited an increase in the [(3)H]choline uptake by 45% compared with a control.	Choline	78-85	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	4-8
17520363-8	2007	Although rat CTL1 expression is associated with the choline uptake, CTL1 does not play a major role in the choline uptake at the inner BRB.	Choline	52-59	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	13-17
17914593-1	2007	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline.	Choline	62-69	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
17506115-12	2007	Molecular pathways of choline and taurine metabolism are potential targets for new agents tailored to MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma.	Choline	22-29	MYCN proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	102-106
17914593-1	2007	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline.	Choline	62-69	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
17724018-6	2007	Surprisingly, global DNA methylation increased in choline-deficient animals, and this was accompanied by overexpression of Dnmt1 mRNA.	Choline	50-57	DNA methyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	123-128
17932641-7	2007	When there are problems with diagnosis, e.g. when prostate punch biopsies are negative while the suspicion of prostate carcinoma persists, C-11/F-18 choline PET/CT and MRT/MRS may be helpful in localising the carcinoma, revealing how the carcinoma relates to the surrounding intra- and extraprostatic structures and organs, and making a targeted repeat biopsy possible.	Choline	149-156	RNA polymerase III subunit K	Homo sapiens	139-143
17724018-9	2007	Moreover, mRNA expression of brain and liver Dnmt3a and methyl CpG-binding domain 2 (Mbd2) protein as well as cerebral Dnmt3l was inversely correlated to the intake of choline.	Choline	168-175	DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha	Rattus norvegicus	45-51
17724018-9	2007	Moreover, mRNA expression of brain and liver Dnmt3a and methyl CpG-binding domain 2 (Mbd2) protein as well as cerebral Dnmt3l was inversely correlated to the intake of choline.	Choline	168-175	methyl-CpG binding domain protein 2	Rattus norvegicus	85-89
17724018-9	2007	Moreover, mRNA expression of brain and liver Dnmt3a and methyl CpG-binding domain 2 (Mbd2) protein as well as cerebral Dnmt3l was inversely correlated to the intake of choline.	Choline	168-175	DNA methyltransferase 3 like	Rattus norvegicus	119-125
17892307-4	2007	PDC-109 most effectively disturbed lipid membranes composed of choline-containing phospholipids and in the absence of cholesterol.	Choline	63-70	seminal plasma protein PDC-109	Bos taurus	0-7
17593018-3	2007	In the present study, we show that transcription of the INO1 gene, which encodes inositol-3-phosphate synthase, cannot be fully repressed by inositol and choline, and UAS(INO1) (inositol-sensitive upstream activating sequence)-driven transcription is enhanced in Acb1p-depleted cells.	Choline	154-161	inositol-3-phosphate synthase INO1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	56-60
17645875-5	2007	As previously observed in the hippocampus of rat pups, CA1 SR interneurons in the hippocampus of adult rats responded to choline (10mM, 12s) with whole-cell currents that decayed to the baseline within the agonist pulse, were sensitive to inhibition by methyllycaconitine (10nM) or alpha-bungarotoxin (50 nM), and were, therefore, mediated by alpha7*(1)[1] nAChRs.	Choline	121-128	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	55-58
17727820-9	2007	TMPD had a 2-fold higher affinity than choline for the blood-brain barrier choline transporter, suggesting brain bioavailability.	Choline	39-46	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	75-94
17822459-0	2007	Evaluation of [11C]-choline positron-emission/computed tomography in patients with increasing prostate-specific antigen levels after primary treatment for prostate cancer.	Choline	20-27	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	94-119
17822459-10	2007	CONCLUSION: [(11)C]-choline PET/CT seems to be useful for re-staging prostate cancer after curative therapy and with increasing PSA levels; this was verified by histological examination.	Choline	20-27	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	128-131
17567940-2	2007	Currents induced by 10 mM choline [I(max(choline))] in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing rat OCT1 (rOCT1) were increased four- to ninefold after 30-s incubation with 5 mM MMTS whereas I(max(choline)) by rat OCT2 was 70% decreased.	Choline	26-33	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	93-97
17567940-2	2007	Currents induced by 10 mM choline [I(max(choline))] in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing rat OCT1 (rOCT1) were increased four- to ninefold after 30-s incubation with 5 mM MMTS whereas I(max(choline)) by rat OCT2 was 70% decreased.	Choline	26-33	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	99-104
17567940-2	2007	Currents induced by 10 mM choline [I(max(choline))] in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing rat OCT1 (rOCT1) were increased four- to ninefold after 30-s incubation with 5 mM MMTS whereas I(max(choline)) by rat OCT2 was 70% decreased.	Choline	26-33	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	207-211
17567940-2	2007	Currents induced by 10 mM choline [I(max(choline))] in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing rat OCT1 (rOCT1) were increased four- to ninefold after 30-s incubation with 5 mM MMTS whereas I(max(choline)) by rat OCT2 was 70% decreased.	Choline	41-48	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	93-97
17567940-2	2007	Currents induced by 10 mM choline [I(max(choline))] in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing rat OCT1 (rOCT1) were increased four- to ninefold after 30-s incubation with 5 mM MMTS whereas I(max(choline)) by rat OCT2 was 70% decreased.	Choline	41-48	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	99-104
17567940-2	2007	Currents induced by 10 mM choline [I(max(choline))] in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing rat OCT1 (rOCT1) were increased four- to ninefold after 30-s incubation with 5 mM MMTS whereas I(max(choline)) by rat OCT2 was 70% decreased.	Choline	41-48	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	207-211
17567940-2	2007	Currents induced by 10 mM choline [I(max(choline))] in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing rat OCT1 (rOCT1) were increased four- to ninefold after 30-s incubation with 5 mM MMTS whereas I(max(choline)) by rat OCT2 was 70% decreased.	Choline	41-48	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	93-97
17567940-2	2007	Currents induced by 10 mM choline [I(max(choline))] in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing rat OCT1 (rOCT1) were increased four- to ninefold after 30-s incubation with 5 mM MMTS whereas I(max(choline)) by rat OCT2 was 70% decreased.	Choline	41-48	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	99-104
17567940-2	2007	Currents induced by 10 mM choline [I(max(choline))] in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing rat OCT1 (rOCT1) were increased four- to ninefold after 30-s incubation with 5 mM MMTS whereas I(max(choline)) by rat OCT2 was 70% decreased.	Choline	41-48	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	207-211
17567940-4	2007	After modification of oocytes expressing rOCT1 or rOCT2 with MMTS, I(0.5(choline)) values for choline-induced currents were increased.	Choline	73-80	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	41-46
17567940-4	2007	After modification of oocytes expressing rOCT1 or rOCT2 with MMTS, I(0.5(choline)) values for choline-induced currents were increased.	Choline	73-80	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	50-55
17567940-4	2007	After modification of oocytes expressing rOCT1 or rOCT2 with MMTS, I(0.5(choline)) values for choline-induced currents were increased.	Choline	94-101	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	41-46
17567940-4	2007	After modification of oocytes expressing rOCT1 or rOCT2 with MMTS, I(0.5(choline)) values for choline-induced currents were increased.	Choline	94-101	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	50-55
17567940-7	2007	After replacement of cysteine 451 by methionine, the IC(50(choline)) for choline to inhibit MPP uptake by rOCT1 was increased whereas the I(0.5(choline)) value for choline-induced current remained unchanged.	Choline	59-66	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	106-111
17567940-7	2007	After replacement of cysteine 451 by methionine, the IC(50(choline)) for choline to inhibit MPP uptake by rOCT1 was increased whereas the I(0.5(choline)) value for choline-induced current remained unchanged.	Choline	73-80	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	106-111
17567940-7	2007	After replacement of cysteine 451 by methionine, the IC(50(choline)) for choline to inhibit MPP uptake by rOCT1 was increased whereas the I(0.5(choline)) value for choline-induced current remained unchanged.	Choline	73-80	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	106-111
17567940-7	2007	After replacement of cysteine 451 by methionine, the IC(50(choline)) for choline to inhibit MPP uptake by rOCT1 was increased whereas the I(0.5(choline)) value for choline-induced current remained unchanged.	Choline	73-80	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	106-111
17567940-10	2007	They indicate that cysteine 451 in rOCT1 interacts with the large intracellular loop and that cysteine 451 in both rOCT1 and rOCT2 is critical for the affinity of choline.	Choline	163-170	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	115-120
17567940-10	2007	They indicate that cysteine 451 in rOCT1 interacts with the large intracellular loop and that cysteine 451 in both rOCT1 and rOCT2 is critical for the affinity of choline.	Choline	163-170	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	125-130
17560556-5	2007	RESULTS: The BDNF serum concentrations were positively associated with the concentrations of NAA (T = 2.193, p = .037) and total choline (T = 1.997, p = .055; trend) but not total creatine or glutamate in the ACC.	Choline	129-136	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	13-17
17603106-7	2007	However, reducing endogenous choline synthesis strongly enhances the phenotype of cho-1 mutants, giving rise to a synthetic uncoordinated phenotype.	Choline	29-36	High-affinity choline transporter 1	Caenorhabditis elegans	82-87
17917852-8	2007	Increased blood glucose following CDP-choline, phosphocholine and choline was accompanied by elevated plasma catecholamine concentrations.	Choline	38-45	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	34-37
17917852-10	2007	Hyperglycemic responses to CDP-choline, choline, cytidine monophosphate and cytidine were not affected by chemical sympathectomy, but were prevented by bilateral adrenalectomy.	Choline	31-38	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	27-30
17601877-5	2007	Increasing levels of the Rho GTPase Cdc42p and its direct effector kinases Cla4p and Ste20p prevented the growth of cells lacking Sec14p and CDP-choline pathway function.	Choline	145-152	Rho family GTPase CDC42	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	36-42
17601877-5	2007	Increasing levels of the Rho GTPase Cdc42p and its direct effector kinases Cla4p and Ste20p prevented the growth of cells lacking Sec14p and CDP-choline pathway function.	Choline	145-152	serine/threonine protein kinase CLA4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	75-80
17596274-8	2007	Choline treatment in sensitised mice before OVA challenge via oral/intranasal routes significantly inhibited eosinophilic airway inflammation and eosinophil peroxidase activity.	Choline	0-7	eosinophil peroxidase	Mus musculus	146-167
17881569-3	2007	The essential requirement for SEC14 can be bypassed by inactivation of (i) the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine synthesis or (ii) KES1, which encodes an oxysterol binding protein.	Choline	83-90	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	30-35
17881569-5	2007	The results indicate that inactivation of the CDP-choline pathway allows cells with inactivated SEC14 to live through a mechanism distinct from that of inactivation of KES1.	Choline	50-57	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	96-101
17805461-4	2007	The choline uptake in these cell lines was significantly blocked by CTL1 inhibitor, but only partially inhibited by OCT or OCTN inhibitors.	Choline	4-11	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	68-72
17805461-4	2007	The choline uptake in these cell lines was significantly blocked by CTL1 inhibitor, but only partially inhibited by OCT or OCTN inhibitors.	Choline	4-11	plexin A2	Homo sapiens	116-119
17805461-7	2007	These results describe the expression of choline transporters and their relevant function in cell proliferation of human lung adenocarcinoma, thus providing a potential choline-starvation strategy of cancer interference through targeting choline transporters, especially CTL1.	Choline	41-48	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	271-275
17724018-7	2007	Previous studies showed that the prenatal choline supply affects the expression of multiple genes, including insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2), whose expression is regulated in a DNA methylation-dependent manner.	Choline	42-49	insulin-like growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	109-137
17724018-7	2007	Previous studies showed that the prenatal choline supply affects the expression of multiple genes, including insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2), whose expression is regulated in a DNA methylation-dependent manner.	Choline	42-49	insulin-like growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	139-143
17724018-8	2007	The differentially methylated region 2 of Igf2 was hypermethylated in the liver of E17 choline-deficient fetuses, and this as well as Igf2 mRNA levels correlated with the expression of Dnmt1 and with hypomethylation of a regulatory CpG within the Dnmt1 locus.	Choline	87-94	insulin-like growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	42-46
17724018-8	2007	The differentially methylated region 2 of Igf2 was hypermethylated in the liver of E17 choline-deficient fetuses, and this as well as Igf2 mRNA levels correlated with the expression of Dnmt1 and with hypomethylation of a regulatory CpG within the Dnmt1 locus.	Choline	87-94	DNA methyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	185-190
17595447-4	2007	The activity of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, the rate-limiting enzyme of PC biosynthesis via the CDP-choline pathway, and the abundance of multi-drug-resistant protein 2 (Mdr2; encoded by the Abcb4 gene), the canalicular membrane flippase essential for biliary PC secretion, were determined.	Choline	27-34	ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 4	Mus musculus	204-209
17595447-4	2007	The activity of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, the rate-limiting enzyme of PC biosynthesis via the CDP-choline pathway, and the abundance of multi-drug-resistant protein 2 (Mdr2; encoded by the Abcb4 gene), the canalicular membrane flippase essential for biliary PC secretion, were determined.	Choline	27-34	cut-like homeobox 1	Mus musculus	109-112
17879627-3	2007	RESULTS: Correlation analysis showed significant positive correlation between degree of EGFR gene amplification and choline and total creatine (CHO/TCR) ratio, indicating increased membrane turnover.	Choline	116-123	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	88-92
17431097-4	2007	Then, using an acid-induced acute lung injury mouse model, we found that nicotine, choline, and PNU-282,987 (a specific alpha7 nAChR agonist) decreased excess lung water and lung vascular permeability, and reduced protein concentration in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL).	Choline	83-90	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	120-132
17630195-6	2007	Different affinities for the haptens were detectable between isotypes, with anti-PC IgG3 antibody reactivity mostly related to the choline portion of the NPPC hapten.	Choline	131-138	Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 3	Mus musculus	84-88
17707174-4	2007	Relative to the creatine/phosphocreatine peak, BCS lesions displayed decreases of N-acetyl aspartate and increases of choline, myo-inositol (mI), glutamine/glutamate (Glx), lactate and lipid+macromolecule signals, in agreement with previous reports.	Choline	118-125	BCS1 homolog, ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex chaperone	Homo sapiens	47-50
17588177-1	2007	In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, structural genes of phospholipid biosynthesis are activated by a heterodimer of basic helix-loop-helix proteins, Ino2 and Ino4, which bind to the inositol/choline-responsive element (ICRE) UAS element.	Choline	194-201	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	152-156
17588177-1	2007	In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, structural genes of phospholipid biosynthesis are activated by a heterodimer of basic helix-loop-helix proteins, Ino2 and Ino4, which bind to the inositol/choline-responsive element (ICRE) UAS element.	Choline	194-201	Ino4p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	161-165
17681180-11	2007	RESULTS: After choline-methionine-deficient diet, Tph1(-/-) mice displayed an equal degree of steatosis, yet reduced hepatocellular injury and less severe inflammation.	Choline	15-22	tryptophan hydroxylase 1	Mus musculus	50-54
17584774-1	2007	Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency (MADD) is a disorder of fatty acid, amino acid and choline metabolism that can result from defects in two flavoproteins, electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) or ETF: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF:QO).	Choline	96-103	TEA domain transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	198-201
17456783-1	2007	Choline is an essential nutrient for humans, though some of the requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT).	Choline	0-7	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	124-168
17456783-1	2007	Choline is an essential nutrient for humans, though some of the requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT).	Choline	0-7	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	170-174
17574245-0	2007	ABCA3-mediated choline-phospholipids uptake into intracellular vesicles in A549 cells.	Choline	15-22	ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 3	Homo sapiens	0-5
17690246-10	2007	Osmotic initiators of MUPP1 expression included NaCl, sucrose, mannitol, sodium acetate, and choline chloride but not urea.	Choline	93-109	multiple PDZ domain crumbs cell polarity complex component	Mus musculus	22-27
17574245-4	2007	The choline-phospholipids level in A549/ABCA3(WT) was increased 1.25-fold compared to that in A549 and A549/ABCA3(N568D) cells, while the cholesterol levels were similar.	Choline	4-11	ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 3	Homo sapiens	40-45
17574245-5	2007	Sucrose gradient fractionation analysis in A549/ABCA3(WT) cells revealed that choline-phospholipids were enriched in low-density and nile red-positive vesicles.	Choline	78-85	ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 3	Homo sapiens	48-53
17574245-7	2007	These results indicate that ABCA3 mediates ATP-dependent choline-phospholipids uptake into intracellular vesicles.	Choline	57-64	ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 3	Homo sapiens	28-33
17580947-8	2007	cyt c shows no structural change and retains its activity when dissolved in the hydrated choline dhp, which is an excellent combination of chaotropic cation and kosmotropic anion.	Choline	89-96	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	0-5
17513168-2	2007	Animals obtain choline from both the diet and via endogenous biosynthesis that involves the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine into PC by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT), followed by PC catabolism.	Choline	15-22	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	142-186
17513168-2	2007	Animals obtain choline from both the diet and via endogenous biosynthesis that involves the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine into PC by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT), followed by PC catabolism.	Choline	15-22	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	188-192
17513168-4	2007	Female Pemt(-/-) mice maintained hepatic PC/total choline levels during the first day of choline deprivation and escaped liver damage whereas male Pemt(-/-) mice did not.	Choline	50-57	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	7-11
17580947-9	2007	Furthermore, cyt c dissolved in the hydrated choline dhp remained in a native state and was active after 18 months of storage at room temperature.	Choline	45-52	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	13-18
17010154-1	2007	Cholinergic neurons elaborate a hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) sensitive choline transporter (CHT) that mediates presynaptic, high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) in support of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and release.	Choline	65-72	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	86-89
17010154-1	2007	Cholinergic neurons elaborate a hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) sensitive choline transporter (CHT) that mediates presynaptic, high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) in support of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and release.	Choline	65-72	high affinity choline uptake	Mus musculus	148-152
17577119-4	2007	METHODS: ATX activity was measured by determining choline with the substrate of lysophosphatidylcholine, and the LPA level by an enzymatic cycling method in 41 patients with chronic hepatitis C. RESULTS: The serum ATX activity and plasma LPA level were significantly increased in patients, and were correlated positively with serum hyaluronic acid, and negatively with platelets, albumin, and prothrombin time.	Choline	50-57	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	9-12
17446300-3	2007	In the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), approximately 85% of cultured hippocampal neurons responded to choline (0.3-30 mM) with alpha7* nAChR-subserved whole-cell (type IA) currents.	Choline	102-109	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	135-140
17686198-4	2007	Using choline as a nAChR partially subtype-specific agonist, we found that the majority of DS GCs demonstrated responses to choline while under synaptic blockade.	Choline	6-13	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	19-24
17686198-4	2007	Using choline as a nAChR partially subtype-specific agonist, we found that the majority of DS GCs demonstrated responses to choline while under synaptic blockade.	Choline	124-131	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	19-24
17476695-5	2007	To evaluate this hypothesis, we inhibited DGAT2 in a mouse model of NASH induced by a diet deficient in methionine and choline (MCD).	Choline	119-126	diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2	Mus musculus	42-47
17531379-1	2007	Cytidine-5"-diphosphate choline (CDP-choline; citicoline) is an essential endogenous compound normally produced by the organism and is a source of cytidine and choline.	Choline	24-31	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	33-36
17399691-0	2007	Prenatal choline deficiency increases choline transporter expression in the septum and hippocampus during postnatal development and in adulthood in rats.	Choline	9-16	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	38-57
17399691-4	2007	Previously, we showed that the hippocampi of prenatally [embryonic days (E) 11-17] choline-deficient animals have increased synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) from choline transported by the high-affinity choline transporter (CHT) and reduced ACh content relative to the control and to the E11-17 choline-supplemented rats.	Choline	83-90	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	203-222
17399691-4	2007	Previously, we showed that the hippocampi of prenatally [embryonic days (E) 11-17] choline-deficient animals have increased synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) from choline transported by the high-affinity choline transporter (CHT) and reduced ACh content relative to the control and to the E11-17 choline-supplemented rats.	Choline	83-90	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	224-227
17399691-6	2007	CHT immunoreactivity was more prominent in the inner molecular layer in prenatally choline-deficient rats compared to controls and prenatally choline-supplemented animals.	Choline	83-90	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
17399691-6	2007	CHT immunoreactivity was more prominent in the inner molecular layer in prenatally choline-deficient rats compared to controls and prenatally choline-supplemented animals.	Choline	142-149	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
17399691-10	2007	These data show that prenatal availability of choline alters its own metabolism (i.e., CHT expression).	Choline	46-53	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	87-90
17399691-11	2007	While the upregulated CHT expression during the period of prenatal choline deficiency may be considered as a compensatory mechanism that could enhance ACh synthesis when choline supply is low, the persistent upregulation of CHT expression subsequent to the brief period of prenatal deprivation of choline in utero might be beneficial during choline deficiency in adulthood.	Choline	67-74	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	22-25
17399691-11	2007	While the upregulated CHT expression during the period of prenatal choline deficiency may be considered as a compensatory mechanism that could enhance ACh synthesis when choline supply is low, the persistent upregulation of CHT expression subsequent to the brief period of prenatal deprivation of choline in utero might be beneficial during choline deficiency in adulthood.	Choline	170-177	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	22-25
17428249-10	2007	CONCLUSIONS: Although (18)F-choline and (11)C-acetate PET/CT studies succeeded in detecting local residual or recurrent disease in about half the patients with PSA levels of <1 ng/mL after RP, these studies cannot yet be recommended as a standard diagnostic tool for early relapse or suspicion of subclinical minimally persistent disease after surgery.	Choline	28-35	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	160-163
17613168-3	2007	A recommended dietary intake for choline in humans was set in 1998, and a portion of the choline requirement can be met via endogenous de novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) in the liver.	Choline	33-40	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	189-233
17613168-3	2007	A recommended dietary intake for choline in humans was set in 1998, and a portion of the choline requirement can be met via endogenous de novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) in the liver.	Choline	89-96	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	189-233
17613168-3	2007	A recommended dietary intake for choline in humans was set in 1998, and a portion of the choline requirement can be met via endogenous de novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) in the liver.	Choline	89-96	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	235-239
17613168-7	2007	The difference in requirement occurs because estrogen induces expression of the PEMT gene and allows premenopausal women to make more of their needed choline endogenously.	Choline	150-157	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	80-84
17512560-0	2007	Sustained increase of alpha7 nicotinic receptors and choline-induced improvement of learning deficit in STOP knock-out mice.	Choline	53-60	microtubule-associated protein 6	Mus musculus	104-108
17914189-1	2007	N-methylation of phosphoethanolamine, the committing step in choline (Cho) biosynthesis in plants, is catalyzed by S-adenosyl-L-methionine: phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEAMT, EC 2.1.1.103).	Choline	61-68	Phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase 1	Zea mays	140-179
17914189-1	2007	N-methylation of phosphoethanolamine, the committing step in choline (Cho) biosynthesis in plants, is catalyzed by S-adenosyl-L-methionine: phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEAMT, EC 2.1.1.103).	Choline	61-68	Phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase 1	Zea mays	181-186
17914189-1	2007	N-methylation of phosphoethanolamine, the committing step in choline (Cho) biosynthesis in plants, is catalyzed by S-adenosyl-L-methionine: phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEAMT, EC 2.1.1.103).	Choline	70-73	Phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase 1	Zea mays	140-179
17914189-1	2007	N-methylation of phosphoethanolamine, the committing step in choline (Cho) biosynthesis in plants, is catalyzed by S-adenosyl-L-methionine: phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEAMT, EC 2.1.1.103).	Choline	70-73	Phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase 1	Zea mays	181-186
17512560-7	2007	STOP KO mice were hypersensitive to the stimulating locomotor effect of nicotine and, interestingly, their impaired performance in learning the cued version of the water maze were improved by administration of the preferential alpha7 nAChR agonist choline.	Choline	248-255	microtubule-associated protein 6	Mus musculus	0-4
17512560-7	2007	STOP KO mice were hypersensitive to the stimulating locomotor effect of nicotine and, interestingly, their impaired performance in learning the cued version of the water maze were improved by administration of the preferential alpha7 nAChR agonist choline.	Choline	248-255	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	227-239
17321793-4	2007	LysoPLD activity was measured by determining LPA and choline by mass spectrometric and enzyme-linked fluorometric analyses, respectively.	Choline	53-60	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	0-7
17321793-7	2007	Furthermore, addition of Zn(2+), Mn(2+), Ni(2+), or Co(2+) to diluted egg white altered preference patterns of lysoPLD toward choline-containing substrates.	Choline	126-133	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	111-118
17560001-9	2007	In conclusion, inhibition of (Na(+)/K(+))ATPase by AlCl(3) and ouabain jeopardized the high-affinity (Na(+)-dependent, hemicholinium-3 sensitive) uptake of choline and the Ca(2+)-dependent, K(+) depolarization evoked release of acetylcholine by rat, cuttlefish and torpedo synaptosomal fractions.	Choline	156-163	TANK binding kinase 1	Homo sapiens	30-47
17264169-4	2007	Prenatally choline-supplemented rats had the highest expression of calcium/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) I and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) II (Igf2) in the cortex and of the transcription factor Zif268/EGR1 in the cortex and hippocampus.	Choline	11-18	insulin-like growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	130-165
17264169-4	2007	Prenatally choline-supplemented rats had the highest expression of calcium/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) I and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) II (Igf2) in the cortex and of the transcription factor Zif268/EGR1 in the cortex and hippocampus.	Choline	11-18	insulin-like growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	167-171
17264169-4	2007	Prenatally choline-supplemented rats had the highest expression of calcium/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) I and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) II (Igf2) in the cortex and of the transcription factor Zif268/EGR1 in the cortex and hippocampus.	Choline	11-18	early growth response 1	Rattus norvegicus	219-225
17264169-4	2007	Prenatally choline-supplemented rats had the highest expression of calcium/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) I and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) II (Igf2) in the cortex and of the transcription factor Zif268/EGR1 in the cortex and hippocampus.	Choline	11-18	early growth response 1	Rattus norvegicus	226-230
17264169-5	2007	Prenatally choline deficient rats had the highest expression of CaMKIIbeta, protein kinase Cbeta2, and GABA(B) receptor 1 isoforms c and d in the hippocampus.	Choline	11-18	gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Rattus norvegicus	103-121
17465727-1	2007	Mammalian phospholipase D (PLD), a signal transduction-activated enzyme, hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine to generate the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline.	Choline	96-103	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	10-25
17465727-1	2007	Mammalian phospholipase D (PLD), a signal transduction-activated enzyme, hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine to generate the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline.	Choline	96-103	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	27-30
17395475-4	2007	We examined whether choline supplementation of nursing dams would attenuate deficits in Mecp2(1lox) offspring, a mouse model of RTT.	Choline	20-27	methyl CpG binding protein 2	Mus musculus	88-93
17395475-7	2007	In Mecp2(1lox) males, choline supplementation improved motor coordination and locomotor activity, whereas in females it enhanced grip strength.	Choline	22-29	methyl CpG binding protein 2	Mus musculus	3-8
17395475-9	2007	Postnatal choline supplementation attenuates some behavioral deficits in Mecp2(1lox) mice and should be explored further as a therapeutic agent in RTT.	Choline	10-17	methyl CpG binding protein 2	Mus musculus	73-78
17367815-4	2007	Lysophospholipase D activity in human peritoneal fluids was measured by quantifying choline released from exogenous lysophosphatidylcholine on their incubation at 37 degrees C. We also compared the activity of lysoPLD in sera from patients with different gynecologic diseases.	Choline	84-91	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	0-19
17283071-2	2007	Choline can also be generated by the catabolism of phosphatidylcholine synthesized in the liver by the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT).	Choline	0-7	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	146-190
17283071-2	2007	Choline can also be generated by the catabolism of phosphatidylcholine synthesized in the liver by the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT).	Choline	0-7	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	192-196
17283071-3	2007	Complete choline deprivation is achieved by feeding Pemt(-)(/)(-) mice a choline-deficient diet and is lethal due to liver failure.	Choline	9-16	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	52-56
17283071-3	2007	Complete choline deprivation is achieved by feeding Pemt(-)(/)(-) mice a choline-deficient diet and is lethal due to liver failure.	Choline	73-80	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	52-56
17283071-4	2007	Mice that lack both PEMT and MDR2 (multiple drug-resistant protein 2) successfully adapt to choline deprivation via hepatic choline recycling.	Choline	92-99	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	20-24
17283071-4	2007	Mice that lack both PEMT and MDR2 (multiple drug-resistant protein 2) successfully adapt to choline deprivation via hepatic choline recycling.	Choline	92-99	ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 4	Mus musculus	29-33
17283071-4	2007	Mice that lack both PEMT and MDR2 (multiple drug-resistant protein 2) successfully adapt to choline deprivation via hepatic choline recycling.	Choline	92-99	ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 4	Mus musculus	35-68
17283071-4	2007	Mice that lack both PEMT and MDR2 (multiple drug-resistant protein 2) successfully adapt to choline deprivation via hepatic choline recycling.	Choline	124-131	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	20-24
17283071-4	2007	Mice that lack both PEMT and MDR2 (multiple drug-resistant protein 2) successfully adapt to choline deprivation via hepatic choline recycling.	Choline	124-131	ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 4	Mus musculus	29-33
17283071-4	2007	Mice that lack both PEMT and MDR2 (multiple drug-resistant protein 2) successfully adapt to choline deprivation via hepatic choline recycling.	Choline	124-131	ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 4	Mus musculus	35-68
17283071-6	2007	Normal levels of choline-containing metabolites were maintained in the brains of choline-deficient Mdr2(-)(/)(-)/Pemt(-)(/)(-) mice for 90 days despite continued choline consumption via oxidation.	Choline	17-24	ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 4	Mus musculus	99-103
17283071-6	2007	Normal levels of choline-containing metabolites were maintained in the brains of choline-deficient Mdr2(-)(/)(-)/Pemt(-)(/)(-) mice for 90 days despite continued choline consumption via oxidation.	Choline	17-24	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	113-117
17283071-6	2007	Normal levels of choline-containing metabolites were maintained in the brains of choline-deficient Mdr2(-)(/)(-)/Pemt(-)(/)(-) mice for 90 days despite continued choline consumption via oxidation.	Choline	81-88	ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 4	Mus musculus	99-103
17283071-6	2007	Normal levels of choline-containing metabolites were maintained in the brains of choline-deficient Mdr2(-)(/)(-)/Pemt(-)(/)(-) mice for 90 days despite continued choline consumption via oxidation.	Choline	81-88	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	113-117
17283071-6	2007	Normal levels of choline-containing metabolites were maintained in the brains of choline-deficient Mdr2(-)(/)(-)/Pemt(-)(/)(-) mice for 90 days despite continued choline consumption via oxidation.	Choline	81-88	ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 4	Mus musculus	99-103
17283071-6	2007	Normal levels of choline-containing metabolites were maintained in the brains of choline-deficient Mdr2(-)(/)(-)/Pemt(-)(/)(-) mice for 90 days despite continued choline consumption via oxidation.	Choline	81-88	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	113-117
17283071-9	2007	The injection of [(3)H]choline into Mdr2(-)(/)(-)/Pemt(-)(/)(-) mice revealed a redistribution of choline among tissues.	Choline	23-30	ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 4	Mus musculus	36-40
17283071-9	2007	The injection of [(3)H]choline into Mdr2(-)(/)(-)/Pemt(-)(/)(-) mice revealed a redistribution of choline among tissues.	Choline	23-30	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	50-54
17292664-2	2007	Animals obtain choline from the diet and from the catabolism of phosphatidylcholine made by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT).	Choline	15-22	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	138-142
17445242-10	2007	We conclude that prenatal choline intake has enduring effects on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, possibly via up-regulation of BDNF levels, and suggest that these alterations of neurogenesis may contribute to the mechanism of life-long changes in cognitive function governed by the availability of choline during gestation.	Choline	26-33	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	127-131
17295234-1	2007	We investigated DNA methylation patterns of E-cadherin and Connexin26 (Cx26) genes in rat hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) induced by a choline-deficient L-Amino Acid-defined (CDAA) diet.	Choline	136-143	gap junction protein, beta 2	Rattus norvegicus	71-75
17413318-4	2007	Overexpression of NOS3 in the brain increased the levels of APP, APP-Abeta, p53, Tau, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) delta and gamma and decreased the levels of Hu (neuronal marker) mRNA, phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3beta, ATP synthase, and choline acetyltransferase expression as demonstrated by real-time quantitative reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, or immunohistochemical staining.	Choline	310-317	nitric oxide synthase 3	Homo sapiens	18-22
17295234-0	2007	CpG site hypermethylation of E-cadherin and Connexin26 genes in hepatocellular carcinomas induced by a choline-deficient L-Amino Acid-defined diet in rats.	Choline	103-110	cadherin 1	Rattus norvegicus	29-39
17213183-3	2007	We previously showed that XBP-1(S)-induced ER biogenesis in fibroblasts correlates with increased production of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), the primary phospholipid of the ER membrane, and enhanced activities of the choline cytidylyltransferase (CCT) and cholinephosphotransferase enzymes in the cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) pathway of PtdCho biosynthesis.	Choline	124-131	X-box binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	26-31
17295234-0	2007	CpG site hypermethylation of E-cadherin and Connexin26 genes in hepatocellular carcinomas induced by a choline-deficient L-Amino Acid-defined diet in rats.	Choline	103-110	gap junction protein, beta 2	Rattus norvegicus	44-54
17291773-7	2007	mceph/mceph mice had lower levels of N-acetylaspartate+N-acetylaspartylglutamate (tNAA) and choline-containing (tCho) compounds compared to wt mice.	Choline	92-99	potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-related subfamily, member 1	Mus musculus	0-5
17291773-7	2007	mceph/mceph mice had lower levels of N-acetylaspartate+N-acetylaspartylglutamate (tNAA) and choline-containing (tCho) compounds compared to wt mice.	Choline	92-99	potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-related subfamily, member 1	Mus musculus	6-11
17166740-9	2007	Although inactive in ligand-binding assays, purified hNK(1)R in fos-choline micelles appeared to have a high content of alpha-helix, and was well-behaved in solution.	Choline	68-75	tachykinin receptor 1	Homo sapiens	53-60
17196556-0	2007	Reduction in CHT1-mediated choline uptake in primary neurons from presenilin-1 M146V mutant knock-in mice.	Choline	27-34	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	13-17
17196556-0	2007	Reduction in CHT1-mediated choline uptake in primary neurons from presenilin-1 M146V mutant knock-in mice.	Choline	27-34	presenilin 1	Mus musculus	66-78
17196556-3	2007	Neuronal uptake of choline via the high affinity choline transporter (CHT1) is essential for cholinergic neurotransmission.	Choline	19-26	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	70-74
17196556-6	2007	We now report that primary cortical neurons express intrinsic and biologically active CHT1, and that, in these neurons, CHT1-mediated choline uptake activity is significantly reduced in PS-1 M146V mutant knock-in mice.	Choline	134-141	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	120-124
17196556-6	2007	We now report that primary cortical neurons express intrinsic and biologically active CHT1, and that, in these neurons, CHT1-mediated choline uptake activity is significantly reduced in PS-1 M146V mutant knock-in mice.	Choline	134-141	presenilin 1	Mus musculus	186-190
17196556-7	2007	Further kinetic studies using HC-3 binding and cell surface biotinylation assays showed that the PS-1 mutation inhibits CHT1 mediated choline uptake by reducing the ligand binding affinity of CHT1 without significantly altering levels of CHT1 expression in the plasma membrane.	Choline	134-141	presenilin 1	Mus musculus	97-101
17196556-7	2007	Further kinetic studies using HC-3 binding and cell surface biotinylation assays showed that the PS-1 mutation inhibits CHT1 mediated choline uptake by reducing the ligand binding affinity of CHT1 without significantly altering levels of CHT1 expression in the plasma membrane.	Choline	134-141	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	120-124
17196556-7	2007	Further kinetic studies using HC-3 binding and cell surface biotinylation assays showed that the PS-1 mutation inhibits CHT1 mediated choline uptake by reducing the ligand binding affinity of CHT1 without significantly altering levels of CHT1 expression in the plasma membrane.	Choline	134-141	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	192-196
17196556-7	2007	Further kinetic studies using HC-3 binding and cell surface biotinylation assays showed that the PS-1 mutation inhibits CHT1 mediated choline uptake by reducing the ligand binding affinity of CHT1 without significantly altering levels of CHT1 expression in the plasma membrane.	Choline	134-141	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	192-196
17196556-8	2007	Since human neocortex has recently been shown to possess intrinsic cholinergic innervation, our results indicate that alterations in CHT1-mediated high affinity choline uptake in cortical neurons may contribute to Alzheimer"s dementia.	Choline	67-74	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	133-137
17344490-7	2007	Supplementation with lecithin, choline, or betaine resulted in a significant increase in plasma methionine, SAM, SAM:SAH, and glutathione:GSSG and a decrease in SAH (n = 35).	Choline	31-38	acyl-CoA synthetase medium chain family member 3	Homo sapiens	117-120
17344490-7	2007	Supplementation with lecithin, choline, or betaine resulted in a significant increase in plasma methionine, SAM, SAM:SAH, and glutathione:GSSG and a decrease in SAH (n = 35).	Choline	31-38	acyl-CoA synthetase medium chain family member 3	Homo sapiens	161-164
17344490-8	2007	Supplementation with choline or betaine was associated with a significant decrease in plasma SAH and an increase in SAM:SAH, methionine, and glutathione:GSSG.	Choline	21-28	acyl-CoA synthetase medium chain family member 3	Homo sapiens	93-96
17344490-8	2007	Supplementation with choline or betaine was associated with a significant decrease in plasma SAH and an increase in SAM:SAH, methionine, and glutathione:GSSG.	Choline	21-28	acyl-CoA synthetase medium chain family member 3	Homo sapiens	120-123
17465218-0	2007	[Methyl-3H]-choline incorporation into MCF-7 cells: correlation with proliferation, choline kinase and phospholipase D assay.	Choline	12-19	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	103-118
17344490-10	2007	CONCLUSION: We showed that dietary supplementation with choline-related compounds improves the low SAM:SAH and glutathione redox balance in children with CF.	Choline	56-63	acyl-CoA synthetase medium chain family member 3	Homo sapiens	103-106
17465218-2	2007	In this study, whether [methyl-3H]-choline determined by measuring the activity of choline kinase (ChoK) and phospholipase D (PLD) in rapidly proliferating and confluent breast cancer MCF-7 cells is related to cell proliferation or not was investigated.	Choline	35-42	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	109-124
17465218-2	2007	In this study, whether [methyl-3H]-choline determined by measuring the activity of choline kinase (ChoK) and phospholipase D (PLD) in rapidly proliferating and confluent breast cancer MCF-7 cells is related to cell proliferation or not was investigated.	Choline	35-42	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	126-129
17465218-7	2007	CONCLUSION: This study indicates that the major water-soluble choline metabolite was phosphocholine (PCho) as a consequence of increased ChoK and PLD activity in the exponentially growing cells compared to confluent cells.	Choline	62-69	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	146-149
17178102-3	2007	Mouse AQP11 (mAQP11) was expressed in Sf9 cells and purified using the detergent Fos-choline 10.	Choline	85-92	aquaporin 11	Mus musculus	6-11
16731034-5	2007	The preference of Nte1p toward PtdCho produced through the CDP-choline pathway and the downstream production of choline by the Gde1p glycerophosphodiesterase for resynthesis of PtdCho by the CDP-choline pathway are also highlighted.	Choline	63-70	lysophospholipase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	18-23
16781190-6	2007	A permease encoded by the GIT1 gene imports extracellular glycerophosphodiesters across the plasma membrane, where their hydrolytic products can provide crucial nutrients such as inositol, choline, and phosphate to the cell.	Choline	189-196	Git1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	26-30
17178102-3	2007	Mouse AQP11 (mAQP11) was expressed in Sf9 cells and purified using the detergent Fos-choline 10.	Choline	85-92	aquaporin 11	Mus musculus	13-19
17178780-5	2007	The Psa fimbriae bound to PC in a dose-dependent manner, and binding was inhibited by phosphorylcholine (ChoP) and choline.	Choline	96-103	aminopeptidase puromycin sensitive	Homo sapiens	4-7
16963094-2	2007	In yeast and mammalian cell lines, NTE has been shown to have phospholipase B (PLB) activity which deacylates intracellular phosphatidylcholine to glycerophosphocholine (GroPCho) and can be detected by metabolic labeling with [(14)C]choline.	Choline	136-143	patatin like phospholipase domain containing 6	Homo sapiens	35-38
16963094-2	2007	In yeast and mammalian cell lines, NTE has been shown to have phospholipase B (PLB) activity which deacylates intracellular phosphatidylcholine to glycerophosphocholine (GroPCho) and can be detected by metabolic labeling with [(14)C]choline.	Choline	136-143	phospholamban	Homo sapiens	62-77
16963094-2	2007	In yeast and mammalian cell lines, NTE has been shown to have phospholipase B (PLB) activity which deacylates intracellular phosphatidylcholine to glycerophosphocholine (GroPCho) and can be detected by metabolic labeling with [(14)C]choline.	Choline	136-143	phospholamban	Homo sapiens	79-82
17189248-10	2007	In addition, the T455A mutation caused a 44% decrease in the amount of human CTP synthetase 1 that was phosphorylated in S. cerevisiae cells, and this was accompanied by a 2.5-fold increase in the cellular concentration of CTP and a 1.5-fold increase in the choline-dependent synthesis of phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	258-265	CTP synthase 1	Homo sapiens	77-93
17179149-2	2007	In all nucleated mammalian cells, PC is synthesized from choline via the Kennedy (CDP-choline) pathway.	Choline	57-64	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	82-85
17184749-1	2007	The biosynthesis of brain membrane phosphatides, e.g., phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), may utilize three circulating compounds: choline, uridine (a precursor for UTP, CTP, and CDP-choline), and a PUFA (e.g., docosahexaenoic acid); moreover, oral administration of the uridine source uridine-5"-monophosphate (UMP) can significantly increase levels of the phosphatides throughout the rodent brain.	Choline	67-74	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	174-177
17196934-3	2007	The ace1 gene encoding 679 amino acids has conserved motifs including catalytic triad, choline-binding site and acyl pocket.	Choline	87-94	acetylcholinesterase-like	Plutella xylostella	4-8
17106750-11	2007	Inos/Cho levels differ between untreated and treated tumours and may be useful for treatment monitoring.	Choline	5-8	inositol-3-phosphate synthase 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
17222397-2	2007	DESIGN AND METHODS: LysoPLD activity was assessed based on the amount of choline released with lysophosphatidylcholine as the substrate.	Choline	73-80	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	20-27
17256754-2	2007	Levels of IL-6 are elevated in livers of mice treated with a choline-deficient ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet that induces oval cells, and there is a reduction of oval cells in IL-6 knockout mice.	Choline	61-68	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	10-14
17151218-5	2007	In hippocampal slices from both rat strains, choline (10 mM) evoked alpha7* nAChR-mediated type IA currents in CA1 stratum radiatum (SR) interneurons.	Choline	45-52	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	76-81
17151218-5	2007	In hippocampal slices from both rat strains, choline (10 mM) evoked alpha7* nAChR-mediated type IA currents in CA1 stratum radiatum (SR) interneurons.	Choline	45-52	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	111-114
17201448-3	2007	A transient cation-pi interaction was also observed between TRP4 and the choline group on DPC lipids.	Choline	73-80	transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily C member 4	Homo sapiens	60-64
17127170-4	2006	RESULTS: PC-3 cells exhibited aerobic choline and acetate uptake five to six times higher than FDG uptake, whereas LNCaP cells showed choline uptake 2.2-fold higher than acetate uptake and 10-fold higher than FDG uptake.	Choline	38-45	chromobox 8	Homo sapiens	9-13
16554055-6	2007	However, the apoA-I secreted by PLTP-KO hepatocytes contained less choline PL, differing also in phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelin ratio and fatty acyl species composition when compared to apoA-I from WT hepatocytes.	Choline	67-74	phospholipid transfer protein	Mus musculus	32-36
17484629-7	2007	RESULTS: In choline-deprived (CD) newborn rats, TAS and AChE and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activities were significantly reduced by 23%, 24% and 50%, respectively, in the brains of both sexes.	Choline	12-19	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	56-60
17311762-3	2007	In this study, we used a choline-deficient l-amino acid (CDAA)-defined rat hepatocarcinogenesis model to visualize increased in vivo expression of the c-MET antigen in neoplastic lesion formation with the use of a super paramagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-anti-c-MET molecularly targeted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent.	Choline	25-32	MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase	Rattus norvegicus	151-156
17116711-1	2006	Phosphatidylcholine is an essential phospholipid that is synthesized by 2 different pathways, the CDP-choline pathway and the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT).	Choline	12-19	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	98-101
17116711-1	2006	Phosphatidylcholine is an essential phospholipid that is synthesized by 2 different pathways, the CDP-choline pathway and the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT).	Choline	12-19	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	169-213
17116711-1	2006	Phosphatidylcholine is an essential phospholipid that is synthesized by 2 different pathways, the CDP-choline pathway and the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT).	Choline	12-19	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	215-219
17056547-3	2006	Intravascular choline-containing cell walls bound to endothelial cells and caused rapid lethality in wild-type, Tlr2(-/-), and Nod2(-/-) mice but not in Pafr(-/-) mice.	Choline	14-21	toll-like receptor 2	Mus musculus	112-116
17056547-3	2006	Intravascular choline-containing cell walls bound to endothelial cells and caused rapid lethality in wild-type, Tlr2(-/-), and Nod2(-/-) mice but not in Pafr(-/-) mice.	Choline	14-21	nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2	Mus musculus	127-131
17200116-12	2007	Increasing medium tonicity with NaCl, sucrose, mannitol, and choline chloride stimulated S100A4 expression, whereas urea did not.	Choline	61-77	S100 calcium binding protein A4	Mus musculus	89-95
16554055-6	2007	However, the apoA-I secreted by PLTP-KO hepatocytes contained less choline PL, differing also in phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelin ratio and fatty acyl species composition when compared to apoA-I from WT hepatocytes.	Choline	67-74	apolipoprotein A-I	Mus musculus	13-19
17266551-7	2007	Activation of iPLA(2) results in release of choline lysophospholipids from endothelial cells, these metabolites may contribute to the initiation of ventricular arrhythmias following myocardial ischemia as a direct result of incorporation into the myocyte sarcolemma.	Choline	44-51	patatin like phospholipase domain containing 2	Homo sapiens	14-21
17994573-4	2007	Therefore, benzene-1,4-di-N-substituted carbamates (para compounds), with the angle of 180 degrees between two C(benzene)-O bonds, mimic the preferable anti C-O/C-N conformers of acetylcholine for the choline ethylene backbone in the acetylcholinesterase catalysis.	Choline	185-192	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	234-254
17092608-8	2007	Finally, we find that overexpression of SEC14L1 modestly decreases high affinity choline transport activity.	Choline	81-88	SEC14 like lipid binding 1	Homo sapiens	40-47
16950410-5	2006	It was found that the intrathecal injection of nicotine, RJR-2403, a selective alpha4beta2 nAChR agonist, and choline, a selective alpha7 nAChR agonist, produced an antinociceptive effect on the TNT-induced allodynia.	Choline	110-117	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	138-143
16835399-8	2006	Moreover, the upregulation of BHMT and PEMT may indicate an increased choline requirement in the diabetic rat.	Choline	70-77	betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	30-34
16835399-8	2006	Moreover, the upregulation of BHMT and PEMT may indicate an increased choline requirement in the diabetic rat.	Choline	70-77	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	39-43
17071136-11	2006	These results suggested that the lysoPLD purified from rat brain nuclear fractions in this work is a novel enzyme that hydrolyzes lysoPAF, PAF, and LPC to liberate choline.	Choline	164-171	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Rattus norvegicus	33-40
17249202-8	2006	In spectra, the choline compound peak of HCC elevated compared with uninvolved liver parenchyma.	Choline	16-23	HCC	Homo sapiens	41-44
17116241-1	2006	The genomic context of the recognized bet genes for choline-O-sulphate (COS) utilization in Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is such that betC (choline sulphatase) lies adjacent to an ATP-binding cassette transporter and a LysR type regulator, but well away from betBA, encoding enzymes for transformation of choline into glycine betaine.	Choline	52-59	choline-sulfatase	Pseudomonas putida KT2440	131-135
17090927-1	2006	Yeast Ino2p-Ino4p heterodimeric complex is well known as a transcriptional activator for the genes regulated by inositol and choline, such as the INO1 gene.	Choline	125-132	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	6-11
17090927-1	2006	Yeast Ino2p-Ino4p heterodimeric complex is well known as a transcriptional activator for the genes regulated by inositol and choline, such as the INO1 gene.	Choline	125-132	Ino4p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	12-17
17090927-1	2006	Yeast Ino2p-Ino4p heterodimeric complex is well known as a transcriptional activator for the genes regulated by inositol and choline, such as the INO1 gene.	Choline	125-132	inositol-3-phosphate synthase INO1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	146-150
16941497-6	2006	CTb, as reported previously, expressed reduced choline uptake compared to CNh cells (75%, 90%, and 69% reduction at 1, 2, and 5 min incubation, respectively).	Choline	47-54	chitobiase	Mus musculus	0-3
17127170-5	2006	After 4 h of anoxia, PC-3 cells showed an 85% increase in FDG uptake, a 15% decrease in choline uptake and a 36% increase in acetate uptake, whereas LNCaP cells showed a 212% increase in FDG uptake, a 28% decrease in choline uptake and no change in acetate uptake.	Choline	88-95	chromobox 8	Homo sapiens	21-25
17127170-5	2006	After 4 h of anoxia, PC-3 cells showed an 85% increase in FDG uptake, a 15% decrease in choline uptake and a 36% increase in acetate uptake, whereas LNCaP cells showed a 212% increase in FDG uptake, a 28% decrease in choline uptake and no change in acetate uptake.	Choline	217-224	chromobox 8	Homo sapiens	21-25
17127170-7	2006	CONCLUSION: In aerobic conditions, both PC-3 and LNCaP cells exhibited an order of uptake preference as follows: choline>acetate>FDG.	Choline	113-120	chromobox 8	Homo sapiens	40-44
16942753-10	2006	CDP-choline-induced antinociception was prevented by the neuronal high affinity choline uptake inhibitor HC-3 (1 microg; i.c.v.	Choline	4-11	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
16919500-4	2006	The effect of AT-II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB) was assessed on several indices of choline-deficient l-amino acid-defined (CDAA)-induced liver fibrogenesis.	Choline	85-92	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	14-19
16829692-0	2006	Mice fed a lipogenic methionine-choline-deficient diet develop hypermetabolism coincident with hepatic suppression of SCD-1.	Choline	32-39	stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase 1	Mus musculus	118-123
17003648-0	2006	Activation of nuclear factor kappa B and severe hepatic necrosis may mediate systemic inflammation in choline-deficient/ethionine-supplemented diet-induced pancreatitis.	Choline	102-109	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	14-36
17054420-5	2006	Signal transduction pathways that are activated in cancers, such as those mediated by the receptor tyrosine kinases breakpoint cluster region-abelson (Bcr-Abl), c-KIT or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), correlate with the alterations in choline phospholipid metabolism of cancers, and also offer molecular targets for specific anticancer therapies.	Choline	245-252	ABL proto-oncogene 1, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	151-158
17054420-5	2006	Signal transduction pathways that are activated in cancers, such as those mediated by the receptor tyrosine kinases breakpoint cluster region-abelson (Bcr-Abl), c-KIT or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), correlate with the alterations in choline phospholipid metabolism of cancers, and also offer molecular targets for specific anticancer therapies.	Choline	245-252	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	170-202
17005849-1	2006	The recent cloning of the human choline transporter (hCHT) has allowed its expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes and the simultaneous measurement of choline transport and choline-induced current under voltage clamp.	Choline	32-39	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	53-57
17005849-1	2006	The recent cloning of the human choline transporter (hCHT) has allowed its expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes and the simultaneous measurement of choline transport and choline-induced current under voltage clamp.	Choline	148-155	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	53-57
17005849-2	2006	hCHT currents and choline transport are evident in cRNA-injected oocytes and significantly enhanced by the hCHT trafficking mutant L530A/V531A.	Choline	18-25	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	107-111
17005849-3	2006	The charge/choline ratio of hCHT varies from 10e/choline at -80 mV to 3e/choline at -20 mV, in contrast with the reported fixed stoichiometry of the Na+-coupled glucose transporter in the same gene family.	Choline	11-18	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	28-32
17005849-3	2006	The charge/choline ratio of hCHT varies from 10e/choline at -80 mV to 3e/choline at -20 mV, in contrast with the reported fixed stoichiometry of the Na+-coupled glucose transporter in the same gene family.	Choline	49-56	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	28-32
17005849-3	2006	The charge/choline ratio of hCHT varies from 10e/choline at -80 mV to 3e/choline at -20 mV, in contrast with the reported fixed stoichiometry of the Na+-coupled glucose transporter in the same gene family.	Choline	49-56	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	28-32
17005849-5	2006	The hCHT-specific inhibitor hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) blocks choline uptake and choline-induced current; in addition, HC-3 alone reveals a constitutive, depolarizing leak current through hCHT.	Choline	58-65	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	4-8
17005849-5	2006	The hCHT-specific inhibitor hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) blocks choline uptake and choline-induced current; in addition, HC-3 alone reveals a constitutive, depolarizing leak current through hCHT.	Choline	77-84	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	4-8
17005849-6	2006	We show that external protons reduce hCHT current, transport, and binding with a similar pKa of 7.4, suggesting proton titration of residue(s) that support choline binding and transport.	Choline	156-163	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	37-41
16960350-1	2006	Phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEAMT) is involved in choline biosynthesis in plants.	Choline	63-70	S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	0-39
16960350-1	2006	Phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEAMT) is involved in choline biosynthesis in plants.	Choline	63-70	S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	41-46
16960350-4	2006	The AtNMT1 uORF was found to be involved in declining levels of the chimeric gene mRNA and repression of downstream beta-glucuronidase gene translation in the calli when the cells were treated with choline.	Choline	198-205	myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase	Arabidopsis thaliana	4-10
16920841-1	2006	Choline dehydrogenase (CHDH) and betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) are 2 enzymes involved in choline oxidation.	Choline	105-112	choline dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	0-21
16920841-1	2006	Choline dehydrogenase (CHDH) and betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) are 2 enzymes involved in choline oxidation.	Choline	105-112	choline dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	23-27
16920841-1	2006	Choline dehydrogenase (CHDH) and betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) are 2 enzymes involved in choline oxidation.	Choline	105-112	betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	33-71
16920841-1	2006	Choline dehydrogenase (CHDH) and betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) are 2 enzymes involved in choline oxidation.	Choline	105-112	betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	73-77
16920841-2	2006	BHMT is expressed at high levels in rat liver and its expression is regulated by dietary Met and choline.	Choline	97-104	betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
17056809-2	2006	In rats, dietary CDP-choline is rapidly metabolized into cytidine and choline; the cytidine is then readily converted to uridine, which enters the brain and, via conversion to UTP and CTP, increases brain levels of membrane phosphatides.	Choline	21-28	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	17-20
17172009-2	2006	Na+-independent Mg2+ efflux functions via the unspecific choline exchanger as choline/Mg2+ or K+/Mg2+ antiport and as Mg2+ efflux accompanied by intracellular Cl- for charge compensation, as found for example in sucrose medium.	Choline	57-64	mucin 7, secreted	Homo sapiens	16-19
17172009-2	2006	Na+-independent Mg2+ efflux functions via the unspecific choline exchanger as choline/Mg2+ or K+/Mg2+ antiport and as Mg2+ efflux accompanied by intracellular Cl- for charge compensation, as found for example in sucrose medium.	Choline	57-64	mucin 7, secreted	Homo sapiens	86-89
17172009-2	2006	Na+-independent Mg2+ efflux functions via the unspecific choline exchanger as choline/Mg2+ or K+/Mg2+ antiport and as Mg2+ efflux accompanied by intracellular Cl- for charge compensation, as found for example in sucrose medium.	Choline	57-64	mucin 7, secreted	Homo sapiens	86-89
17172009-2	2006	Na+-independent Mg2+ efflux functions via the unspecific choline exchanger as choline/Mg2+ or K+/Mg2+ antiport and as Mg2+ efflux accompanied by intracellular Cl- for charge compensation, as found for example in sucrose medium.	Choline	57-64	mucin 7, secreted	Homo sapiens	86-89
17172009-2	2006	Na+-independent Mg2+ efflux functions via the unspecific choline exchanger as choline/Mg2+ or K+/Mg2+ antiport and as Mg2+ efflux accompanied by intracellular Cl- for charge compensation, as found for example in sucrose medium.	Choline	78-85	mucin 7, secreted	Homo sapiens	16-19
16984733-7	2006	Following indomethacin treatment in breast cancer cells, several candidate genes, such as interleukin 8, NGFB, CSF2, RHOB, EDN1, and JUNB, were differentially expressed, which may have contributed to changes in choline metabolism through secondary effects or signaling cascades leading to changes in enzyme activity.	Choline	211-218	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	90-103
16984733-7	2006	Following indomethacin treatment in breast cancer cells, several candidate genes, such as interleukin 8, NGFB, CSF2, RHOB, EDN1, and JUNB, were differentially expressed, which may have contributed to changes in choline metabolism through secondary effects or signaling cascades leading to changes in enzyme activity.	Choline	211-218	nerve growth factor	Homo sapiens	105-109
16984733-7	2006	Following indomethacin treatment in breast cancer cells, several candidate genes, such as interleukin 8, NGFB, CSF2, RHOB, EDN1, and JUNB, were differentially expressed, which may have contributed to changes in choline metabolism through secondary effects or signaling cascades leading to changes in enzyme activity.	Choline	211-218	ras homolog family member B	Homo sapiens	117-121
16984733-7	2006	Following indomethacin treatment in breast cancer cells, several candidate genes, such as interleukin 8, NGFB, CSF2, RHOB, EDN1, and JUNB, were differentially expressed, which may have contributed to changes in choline metabolism through secondary effects or signaling cascades leading to changes in enzyme activity.	Choline	211-218	endothelin 1	Homo sapiens	123-127
16497703-0	2006	Hepatic oval cell response to the choline-deficient, ethionine supplemented model of murine liver injury is attenuated by the administration of a cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibitor.	Choline	34-41	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Mus musculus	146-163
16885360-7	2006	Localized in vivo (1)H NMR measurements on the tumors formed following s.c. implantation of these cells into mice showed an increase in the intensity of the peak from choline-containing compounds in the p300(-) tumors.	Choline	167-174	E1A binding protein p300	Mus musculus	203-207
16763548-2	2006	However, the presence of the vesicular transporter (vesicular acetylcholine (ACh) transporter (VAChT)) for both choline and ACh has never been shown in this compartment.	Choline	68-75	solute carrier family 18 member A3	Homo sapiens	95-100
16642499-3	2006	In the DM1 patients we also observed a concomitant depletion of creatine and choline levels, particularly in the frontal white matter.	Choline	77-84	DM1 protein kinase	Homo sapiens	7-10
16825685-7	2006	The subjects who developed organ dysfunction (liver or muscle) when fed the choline-deficient diet had significantly more apoptotic lymphocytes, as assessed by the activated caspase-3 assay, than when fed the control diet.	Choline	76-83	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	174-183
16816108-5	2006	We identified an SNP in the promoter region of the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene (PEMT; -744 G-->C; rs12325817) for which 18 of 23 carriers of the C allele (78%) developed organ dysfunction when fed a low choline diet (odds ratio 25, P=0.002).	Choline	228-235	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	51-95
16816108-5	2006	We identified an SNP in the promoter region of the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene (PEMT; -744 G-->C; rs12325817) for which 18 of 23 carriers of the C allele (78%) developed organ dysfunction when fed a low choline diet (odds ratio 25, P=0.002).	Choline	228-235	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	102-106
16941497-5	2006	Under these reduced APP levels, we studied 3H-choline uptake in CTb and CNh cells.	Choline	46-53	chitobiase	Mus musculus	64-67
16844733-4	2006	They developed distant metastases which were detected on whole body [C-11] choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography with significant elevation of serum PSA level.	Choline	75-82	RNA polymerase III subunit K	Homo sapiens	69-73
16844733-4	2006	They developed distant metastases which were detected on whole body [C-11] choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography with significant elevation of serum PSA level.	Choline	75-82	aminopeptidase puromycin sensitive	Homo sapiens	168-171
16844733-7	2006	The recurrent tumor can be correctly detected by dual-phase whole body [C-11] choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography.	Choline	78-85	RNA polymerase III subunit K	Homo sapiens	72-76
17172009-13	2006	Na+-independent Mg2+ efflux via the choline exchanger is also inhibited by amiloride, quinidine and imipramine, and can also be regulated by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation.	Choline	36-43	mucin 7, secreted	Homo sapiens	16-19
16916782-1	2006	Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond of the predominant membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine producing phosphatidic acid and free choline.	Choline	111-118	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
16916782-1	2006	Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond of the predominant membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine producing phosphatidic acid and free choline.	Choline	111-118	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
16702602-5	2006	A stable transformant expressing ABCG1 exhibited efflux of cholesterol and choline phospholipids in the presence of BSA, and the cholesterol efflux was enhanced by the presence of HDL, whereas cells expressing ABCG1-K120M did not, suggesting that ATP binding and/or hydrolysis is required for the efflux.	Choline	75-82	ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 1	Homo sapiens	33-38
16565162-6	2006	Choline inhibited ACh-induced N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) EPSCs in CA1 stratum radiatum (SR) interneurons of rat hippocampal slices with an IC50 of approximately 15 microM.	Choline	0-7	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	67-70
16565162-8	2006	Choline inhibited type II nAChRs in CA1 SR interneurons with an IC50 of approximately 370 microM.	Choline	0-7	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	36-39
16920841-8	2006	Liver BHMT activity was 1.3-fold higher in rats fed the Met deficient diet containing choline, which was reflected in corresponding increases in mRNA content and immunodetectable protein.	Choline	86-93	betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	6-10
16609143-1	2006	Choline transporter-like (CTL) proteins of the CTL1 family are novel transmembrane proteins implicated in choline transport for phospholipid synthesis.	Choline	106-113	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	47-51
16582425-5	2006	The opi1 mutant overproduces and excretes inositol into the growth medium in the absence of inositol and choline (Opi(-) phenotype).	Choline	105-112	transcriptional regulator OPI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
16763028-2	2006	Presynaptic uptake of choline via the sodium-dependent, hemicholinium-3-sensitive choline transporter (CHT) is believed to sustain acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and release.	Choline	22-29	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	103-106
16763028-6	2006	Using embryonic primary cultures, we demonstrate that CHO-1 mediates hemicholinium-3-sensitive, high-affinity choline uptake that can be enhanced with depolarization in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner supporting ACh synthesis.	Choline	110-117	High-affinity choline transporter 1	Caenorhabditis elegans	54-59
16763028-8	2006	In a choline-free liquid environment, cho-1 mutants demonstrate premature paralysis relative to wild-type animals.	Choline	5-12	High-affinity choline transporter 1	Caenorhabditis elegans	38-43
16763028-9	2006	Our findings establish a requirement for presynaptic choline transport activity in vivo in a model amenable to a genetic dissection of CHO-1 regulation.	Choline	53-60	High-affinity choline transporter 1	Caenorhabditis elegans	135-140
16582425-12	2006	Seven new mutants present in the Opi(-) collection (fun26, kex1, nup84, tps1, mrpl38, mrpl49, and opi10/yol032w) were also suppressed by choline, suggesting that these affect PC synthesis.	Choline	137-144	serine-type carboxypeptidase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	59-63
16582425-12	2006	Seven new mutants present in the Opi(-) collection (fun26, kex1, nup84, tps1, mrpl38, mrpl49, and opi10/yol032w) were also suppressed by choline, suggesting that these affect PC synthesis.	Choline	137-144	Nup84p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	65-70
16582425-12	2006	Seven new mutants present in the Opi(-) collection (fun26, kex1, nup84, tps1, mrpl38, mrpl49, and opi10/yol032w) were also suppressed by choline, suggesting that these affect PC synthesis.	Choline	137-144	alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) TPS1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	72-76
16582425-12	2006	Seven new mutants present in the Opi(-) collection (fun26, kex1, nup84, tps1, mrpl38, mrpl49, and opi10/yol032w) were also suppressed by choline, suggesting that these affect PC synthesis.	Choline	137-144	mitochondrial 54S ribosomal protein YmL38/YmL34	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	78-84
16582425-12	2006	Seven new mutants present in the Opi(-) collection (fun26, kex1, nup84, tps1, mrpl38, mrpl49, and opi10/yol032w) were also suppressed by choline, suggesting that these affect PC synthesis.	Choline	137-144	mitochondrial 54S ribosomal protein YmL49	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	86-92
16582425-12	2006	Seven new mutants present in the Opi(-) collection (fun26, kex1, nup84, tps1, mrpl38, mrpl49, and opi10/yol032w) were also suppressed by choline, suggesting that these affect PC synthesis.	Choline	137-144	Opi10p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	98-103
16425198-3	2006	Additionally, MRS performed on the prostate epithelia of probasin-ErbB-2Delta x Pten(+/-) mice identified changes in the relative concentrations of the metabolites choline and citrate, which was not observed in TRAMP mice.	Choline	164-171	phosphatase and tensin homolog	Mus musculus	80-84
17087106-1	2006	Choline is an essential nutrient; dietary deficiency of choline is associated with impaired liver function, elevated blood concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, creatinine phosphokinase and homocysteine.	Choline	0-7	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	141-165
17087106-1	2006	Choline is an essential nutrient; dietary deficiency of choline is associated with impaired liver function, elevated blood concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, creatinine phosphokinase and homocysteine.	Choline	56-63	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	141-165
16636297-8	2006	CHT1 and CTL1 but not OCT transporters are selectively inhibited with hemicholinium-3 and essentially display characteristics of specialized transporters for targeted choline metabolism.	Choline	167-174	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	0-4
16770047-1	2006	Choline can be covalently grafted on glassy carbon electrodes using cyclic voltammetric method, forming a stable cationic monolayer-modified electrode (Ch/GCE).	Choline	0-7	aminomethyltransferase	Homo sapiens	155-158
16487344-9	2006	Finally, enhanced growth in hypersaline media with choline or glycine betaine is dependent on the choline permease Hnm1.	Choline	51-58	Hnm1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	115-119
16498501-5	2006	Treatment of PDAPP mice with the anti-A beta antibody m266 rapidly and completely restored hippocampal ACh release and high-affinity choline uptake while greatly reducing impaired habituation learning that is characteristic of these mice.	Choline	133-140	amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein	Mus musculus	38-44
16733811-3	2006	In this study, we compared in vitro effects of soluble nonaggregated human Abeta 1-40 and 1-42 either on synaptosomal hemicholinium-3 sensitive choline carriers or on membrane fluidity in hippocampi of male and female Wistar rats aged 7 and 14 days or 2-3 months.	Choline	144-151	amyloid beta precursor protein	Rattus norvegicus	75-80
16371353-5	2006	CHKB is one of two mammalian choline kinase (CHK) enzymes (alpha and beta) that catalyze the phosphorylation of choline to phosphocholine in the biosynthesis of the major membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	29-36	choline kinase beta	Homo sapiens	0-4
16371353-5	2006	CHKB is one of two mammalian choline kinase (CHK) enzymes (alpha and beta) that catalyze the phosphorylation of choline to phosphocholine in the biosynthesis of the major membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	29-36	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	0-3
16523408-6	2006	Colostrum and milk leptin levels correlated with fat (0.90; p < 0.001) and choline phospholipid (0.76; p < 0.05).	Choline	78-85	leptin	Bos taurus	19-25
16297435-5	2006	Rivastigmine alone or in association with either choline or choline alphoscerate decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE), whereas choline or choline alphoscerate alone did not affect AChE activity.	Choline	49-56	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	113-117
16297435-5	2006	Rivastigmine alone or in association with either choline or choline alphoscerate decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE), whereas choline or choline alphoscerate alone did not affect AChE activity.	Choline	60-67	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	113-117
16753203-2	2006	The purpose of this study was to conduct a brain region-specific evaluation of changes in nAChR subtype expression following dietary choline modification.	Choline	133-140	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	90-95
16500904-11	2006	These results suggest that the ATPase activity of ABCA1 is stimulated preferentially by phospholipids with choline head groups, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin.	Choline	107-114	dynein axonemal heavy chain 8	Homo sapiens	31-37
16500904-11	2006	These results suggest that the ATPase activity of ABCA1 is stimulated preferentially by phospholipids with choline head groups, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin.	Choline	107-114	ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens	50-55
16319125-1	2006	The present study investigates choline transport processes and regulation of choline transporter-like protein-1 (CTL1) in human THP-1 monocytic cells and phorbol myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-differentiated macrophages.	Choline	31-38	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	113-117
16319125-1	2006	The present study investigates choline transport processes and regulation of choline transporter-like protein-1 (CTL1) in human THP-1 monocytic cells and phorbol myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-differentiated macrophages.	Choline	31-38	GLI family zinc finger 2	Homo sapiens	128-133
16319125-6	2006	Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses at various times after PMA treatments further demonstrate that the disappearance of CTL1 protein from the cell surface follows the same trend as the reduction in choline uptake.	Choline	207-214	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	129-133
16319125-7	2006	Importantly, the loss of functional CTL1 from the cell surface occurs without significant changes in total CTL1 protein or its mRNA level indicating that an impaired CTL1 trafficking is the key contributing factor to the reduced choline uptake, subsequent to the PMA-induced THP-1 differentiation to macrophages.	Choline	229-236	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	36-40
16524384-1	2006	Maintenance of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis depends on the activity of the high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1), which is responsible for the reuptake of choline from the synaptic cleft into presynaptic neurons.	Choline	21-28	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	111-115
16524384-7	2006	Current knowledge about CHT1 indicates that stimulated and constitutive exocytosis, in addition to endocytosis, will have major consequences for regulating choline uptake.	Choline	156-163	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	24-28
16539662-0	2006	Cortical choline transporter function measured in vivo using choline-sensitive microelectrodes: clearance of endogenous and exogenous choline and effects of removal of cholinergic terminals.	Choline	61-68	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	9-28
16539662-1	2006	The capacity of the high-affinity choline transporter (CHT) to import choline into presynaptic terminals is essential for acetylcholine synthesis.	Choline	34-41	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	55-58
16539662-3	2006	Pressure ejections of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), a selective CHT blocker, dose-dependently reduced the uptake rate of exogenous choline as well as that of choline generated in response to terminal depolarization.	Choline	125-132	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	58-61
16539662-3	2006	Pressure ejections of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), a selective CHT blocker, dose-dependently reduced the uptake rate of exogenous choline as well as that of choline generated in response to terminal depolarization.	Choline	152-159	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	58-61
16539662-6	2006	Residual cortical choline clearance correlated significantly with CHT-immunoreactivity in lesioned and intact animals.	Choline	18-25	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	66-69
16547161-8	2006	The synergistic effect of combining prenatal CHO and NIC treatments suggests an organizational change in alpha7 nAChR function that is dependent upon a combination of selective and nonselective nAChR stimulation during early development.	Choline	45-48	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	112-117
16547161-8	2006	The synergistic effect of combining prenatal CHO and NIC treatments suggests an organizational change in alpha7 nAChR function that is dependent upon a combination of selective and nonselective nAChR stimulation during early development.	Choline	45-48	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	194-199
16446504-1	2006	The Na+/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) is an archetype for the SLC5 family, which is comprised of Na+-coupled transporters for sugars, myo-inositol, choline, and organic anions.	Choline	148-155	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	31-36
16601883-10	2006	A further patient, heterozygous for two novel sequence variations in the FMO3 gene, consistently showed malodour and elevated urinary TMA/TMAO ratios under basal conditions but a negative response to both choline and marine fish meal loading.	Choline	205-212	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 3	Homo sapiens	73-77
16269536-7	2006	The alpha7 nAChR-selective agonist choline evoked [(3)H]NA release (E(max) = 33% of that of AnTx) that was blocked by GluR antagonists, supporting a model in which alpha7 nAChRs trigger glutamate release that subsequently stimulates [(3)H]NA release.	Choline	35-42	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	11-16
16239069-8	2006	The Na+-independent transport properties of choline in mouse neurons is similar or identical to that of CTL1 and/or CTL1a.	Choline	44-51	solute carrier family 44, member 1	Mus musculus	104-108
16636297-8	2006	CHT1 and CTL1 but not OCT transporters are selectively inhibited with hemicholinium-3 and essentially display characteristics of specialized transporters for targeted choline metabolism.	Choline	167-174	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	9-13
16636297-9	2006	CHT1 is abundant in neurons and almost exclusively supplies choline for acetyl-choline synthesis.	Choline	60-67	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	0-4
16719778-1	2006	Choline kinase (ChoK) is a cytosolic enzyme present in various tissues, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of choline to form phosphorylcholine (PCho) in the presence of ATP and magnesium.	Choline	111-118	choline kinase alpha	Mus musculus	16-20
16543729-11	2006	Administration of choline before ischemia not only partially restored the expression of connexin 43 but also attenuated the ischemia-induced suppression of the association between connexin 43 and M3-mAChR.	Choline	18-25	gap junction protein alpha 1	Homo sapiens	88-99
16543729-11	2006	Administration of choline before ischemia not only partially restored the expression of connexin 43 but also attenuated the ischemia-induced suppression of the association between connexin 43 and M3-mAChR.	Choline	18-25	gap junction protein alpha 1	Homo sapiens	180-191
16599843-1	2006	The aims of this study were to determine circulating choline status and its relationship to circulating levels of S-100beta protein and neuron-specific enolase, biochemical markers of cerebral injury and cognitive decline, after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery.	Choline	53-60	S100 calcium binding protein B	Homo sapiens	114-123
16599843-1	2006	The aims of this study were to determine circulating choline status and its relationship to circulating levels of S-100beta protein and neuron-specific enolase, biochemical markers of cerebral injury and cognitive decline, after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery.	Choline	53-60	enolase 2	Homo sapiens	136-159
16599843-5	2006	Serum free and bound choline concentrations were inversely correlated with the concentrations of S-100beta (r=-0.798; p<0.001 and r=-0.734; p<0.001) and neuron-specific enolase (r=-0.840; p<0.001 and r=-0.728; p<0.001).	Choline	21-28	S100 calcium binding protein B	Homo sapiens	97-106
16599843-5	2006	Serum free and bound choline concentrations were inversely correlated with the concentrations of S-100beta (r=-0.798; p<0.001 and r=-0.734; p<0.001) and neuron-specific enolase (r=-0.840; p<0.001 and r=-0.728; p<0.001).	Choline	21-28	enolase 2	Homo sapiens	159-182
16394266-5	2006	In the ventricular and subventricular zones from the choline-deficient group, we observed increased protein levels for kinase-associated phosphatase (Kap) and for p15(INK4b) (two cell cycle inhibitors).	Choline	53-60	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 3	Mus musculus	119-148
16400173-2	2006	PLD catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline.	Choline	44-51	phospholipase D	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-3
16394266-5	2006	In the ventricular and subventricular zones from the choline-deficient group, we observed increased protein levels for kinase-associated phosphatase (Kap) and for p15(INK4b) (two cell cycle inhibitors).	Choline	53-60	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 3	Mus musculus	150-153
16394266-5	2006	In the ventricular and subventricular zones from the choline-deficient group, we observed increased protein levels for kinase-associated phosphatase (Kap) and for p15(INK4b) (two cell cycle inhibitors).	Choline	53-60	cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2B	Mus musculus	163-166
16394266-5	2006	In the ventricular and subventricular zones from the choline-deficient group, we observed increased protein levels for kinase-associated phosphatase (Kap) and for p15(INK4b) (two cell cycle inhibitors).	Choline	53-60	cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2B	Mus musculus	167-172
16722248-1	2006	In cholinergic neurons, the presynaptic choline transporter (CHT) mediates high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) as the rate-limiting step in acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis.	Choline	3-10	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	40-59
16722248-1	2006	In cholinergic neurons, the presynaptic choline transporter (CHT) mediates high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) as the rate-limiting step in acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis.	Choline	3-10	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	61-64
16722248-1	2006	In cholinergic neurons, the presynaptic choline transporter (CHT) mediates high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) as the rate-limiting step in acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis.	Choline	3-10	high affinity choline uptake	Mus musculus	105-109
16921342-1	2006	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond of glycerophospholipid phosphatidylcholine to generate phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline.	Choline	109-116	phospholipase D	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-15
16253958-1	2006	Phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D (PLD) is a major cellular source of phosphatidic acid and choline, which regulate various physiopathological processes.	Choline	12-19	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	29-44
16253958-1	2006	Phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D (PLD) is a major cellular source of phosphatidic acid and choline, which regulate various physiopathological processes.	Choline	12-19	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	46-49
16878701-1	2006	Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine to produce the membrane-associated second messenger, phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline.	Choline	45-52	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
16878701-1	2006	Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine to produce the membrane-associated second messenger, phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline.	Choline	45-52	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
16921342-1	2006	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond of glycerophospholipid phosphatidylcholine to generate phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline.	Choline	109-116	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
16192990-4	2005	The results indicated that Abeta(1-40), but not Abeta(40-1), blocked relaxation of endothelium-denuded basilar arterial rings induced by nicotine (100 micromol/L) and choline (1 mmol/L) without affecting that induced by sodium nitroprusside or isoproterenol.	Choline	167-174	succinate-CoA ligase ADP-forming subunit beta	Homo sapiens	27-32
17071545-0	2006	Correlation between MR-spectroscopic rat hippocampal choline levels and phospholipase A2.	Choline	53-60	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	72-88
16278103-1	2005	Choline uptake by the high affinity choline transporter (CHT) is the rate-limiting step in acetylcholine synthesis.	Choline	0-7	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	36-55
16278103-1	2005	Choline uptake by the high affinity choline transporter (CHT) is the rate-limiting step in acetylcholine synthesis.	Choline	0-7	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	57-60
16204232-2	2005	Here we have characterized the intracellular lipidation of newly synthesized apoA-I, in primary hepatocytes cultured with [3H]choline to label choline-phospholipids, low density lipoprotein-[3H]cholesterol to label the cell surface, or [3H]mevalonate to label de novo synthesized cholesterol.	Choline	126-133	apolipoprotein A-I	Mus musculus	77-83
16204232-2	2005	Here we have characterized the intracellular lipidation of newly synthesized apoA-I, in primary hepatocytes cultured with [3H]choline to label choline-phospholipids, low density lipoprotein-[3H]cholesterol to label the cell surface, or [3H]mevalonate to label de novo synthesized cholesterol.	Choline	143-150	apolipoprotein A-I	Mus musculus	77-83
16192990-5	2005	In cultured superior cervical ganglion (SCG) cells, Abeta(1-40), but not Abeta(40-1), blocked choline- and nicotine-induced calcium influx and inward currents.	Choline	94-101	succinate-CoA ligase ADP-forming subunit beta	Homo sapiens	52-57
16421212-4	2005	Choline (2.5, 5 and 10 mM), a highly specific but low potency agonist of the alpha7 nAChR initiated AR, with its effect blocked by the nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA).	Choline	0-7	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	84-89
16421212-4	2005	Choline (2.5, 5 and 10 mM), a highly specific but low potency agonist of the alpha7 nAChR initiated AR, with its effect blocked by the nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA).	Choline	0-7	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	135-140
16150734-5	2005	The pharmacologic and molecular modifiers of the Ras/Raf-1/MEK1/ERK signaling pathway altered both chemotaxis toward choline and galvanotropism toward the cathode in a similar way, indicating that the same signaling steps were involved.	Choline	117-124	Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase	Homo sapiens	53-58
16150734-5	2005	The pharmacologic and molecular modifiers of the Ras/Raf-1/MEK1/ERK signaling pathway altered both chemotaxis toward choline and galvanotropism toward the cathode in a similar way, indicating that the same signaling steps were involved.	Choline	117-124	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1	Homo sapiens	59-63
16150734-5	2005	The pharmacologic and molecular modifiers of the Ras/Raf-1/MEK1/ERK signaling pathway altered both chemotaxis toward choline and galvanotropism toward the cathode in a similar way, indicating that the same signaling steps were involved.	Choline	117-124	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	64-67
16144842-1	2005	In mammals, the only endogenous pathway for choline biosynthesis is the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine (PC) by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) coupled to PC degradation.	Choline	44-51	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	143-187
16144842-1	2005	In mammals, the only endogenous pathway for choline biosynthesis is the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine (PC) by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) coupled to PC degradation.	Choline	44-51	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	189-193
16144842-2	2005	Complete choline deprivation in mice by feeding Pemt(-/-) mice a choline-deficient (CD) diet decreases hepatic PC by 50% and is lethal within 5 days.	Choline	9-16	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	48-52
16144842-6	2005	The Mdr2(-/-)/Pemt(-/-) mice adapt to the severe choline deprivation via choline recycling by induction of phospholipase A(2), choline kinase, and CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase activities and by a strikingly decreased expression of choline oxidase.	Choline	49-56	ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 4	Mus musculus	4-8
16144842-6	2005	The Mdr2(-/-)/Pemt(-/-) mice adapt to the severe choline deprivation via choline recycling by induction of phospholipase A(2), choline kinase, and CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase activities and by a strikingly decreased expression of choline oxidase.	Choline	49-56	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	14-18
16144842-6	2005	The Mdr2(-/-)/Pemt(-/-) mice adapt to the severe choline deprivation via choline recycling by induction of phospholipase A(2), choline kinase, and CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase activities and by a strikingly decreased expression of choline oxidase.	Choline	73-80	ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 4	Mus musculus	4-8
16144842-6	2005	The Mdr2(-/-)/Pemt(-/-) mice adapt to the severe choline deprivation via choline recycling by induction of phospholipase A(2), choline kinase, and CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase activities and by a strikingly decreased expression of choline oxidase.	Choline	73-80	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	14-18
16144842-7	2005	The ability of Mdr2(-/-)/Pemt(-/-) mice to survive complete choline deprivation suggests that acute lethality in CD-Pemt(-/-) mice results from rapid depletion of hepatic PC via biliary secretion.	Choline	60-67	ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 4	Mus musculus	15-19
16239966-3	2005	We show that HO-1 is induced in pancreatitis caused by caerulein and more prominently in severe pancreatitis caused by feeding a choline-deficient diet (CDD).	Choline	129-136	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	13-17
16245689-5	2005	A reliable correlation was found between the population of the semifolded (tg-) conformation of the choline moiety of substrate molecules and the rate of their BChE hydrolysis.	Choline	100-107	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	160-164
16172116-1	2005	In eukaryotes, neuropathy target esterase (Nte1p in yeast) deacylates phosphatidylcholine derived exclusively from the CDP-choline pathway to produce glycerophosphocholine (GroPCho) and release two fatty acids.	Choline	82-89	lysophospholipase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	43-48
16131098-4	2005	The conversion efficiency of phosphatidyl choline to choline was 50% at 0.2 mL min(-1).	Choline	42-49	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	79-85
16109446-0	2005	Maternal dietary choline availability alters the balance of netrin-1 and DCC neuronal migration proteins in fetal mouse brain hippocampus.	Choline	17-24	netrin 1	Mus musculus	60-68
16109446-0	2005	Maternal dietary choline availability alters the balance of netrin-1 and DCC neuronal migration proteins in fetal mouse brain hippocampus.	Choline	17-24	deleted in colorectal carcinoma	Mus musculus	73-76
16109446-1	2005	Alterations in maternal dietary choline availability during days 12-17 of pregnancy led to an increase in the level of immunoreactive netrin-1 and a decrease in the level of DCC protein in the developing fetal mouse brain hippocampus compared with controls.	Choline	32-39	netrin 1	Mus musculus	134-142
16109446-1	2005	Alterations in maternal dietary choline availability during days 12-17 of pregnancy led to an increase in the level of immunoreactive netrin-1 and a decrease in the level of DCC protein in the developing fetal mouse brain hippocampus compared with controls.	Choline	32-39	deleted in colorectal carcinoma	Mus musculus	174-177
15917308-3	2005	We observed increased liver expression of PPARalpha and gamma in concert with expanding oval cell numbers during the first 21 days following commencement of the choline deficient, ethionine supplemented (CDE) dietary model of carcinogenic liver injury in mice.	Choline	161-168	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	42-51
16143829-1	2005	Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond of the glycerolipid phosphatidylcholine, resulting in the production of phosphatidic acid and free choline.	Choline	89-96	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
16143829-1	2005	Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond of the glycerolipid phosphatidylcholine, resulting in the production of phosphatidic acid and free choline.	Choline	89-96	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
16179605-1	2005	Phospholipase D (PLD), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidic acid and choline, plays key roles in cellular signal transduction by mediating extracellular stimuli including hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters, cytokines and extracellular matrix molecules.	Choline	69-76	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
16179605-1	2005	Phospholipase D (PLD), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidic acid and choline, plays key roles in cellular signal transduction by mediating extracellular stimuli including hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters, cytokines and extracellular matrix molecules.	Choline	69-76	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
16042758-9	2005	Finally, PLD activities contribute free choline for the synthesis of acetylcholine in the brain.	Choline	40-47	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	9-12
16000150-12	2005	Furthermore, mRNA for choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1), and its splice variants CTL1a and CTL1b, was expressed in rat astrocytes, and the inhibition of CTL1 expression by RNA interference completely inhibited Na+-independent choline uptake.	Choline	22-29	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	58-62
16000150-14	2005	This system seems to occur through a CTL1 and is responsible for the uptake of choline and organic cations in these cells.	Choline	79-86	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	37-41
16259378-5	2005	Mg2+ efflux in KCl medium by K+/Mg2+ antiport via the unspecific choline exchanger was not significantly reduced in SHR and was equally affected by PMA and staurosporine in WKY and SHR.	Choline	65-72	mucin 7, secreted	Homo sapiens	0-3
16259378-5	2005	Mg2+ efflux in KCl medium by K+/Mg2+ antiport via the unspecific choline exchanger was not significantly reduced in SHR and was equally affected by PMA and staurosporine in WKY and SHR.	Choline	65-72	mucin 7, secreted	Homo sapiens	32-35
16085455-0	2005	The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, pioglitazone, inhibits fat accumulation and fibrosis in the livers of rats fed a choline-deficient, l-amino acid-defined diet.	Choline	143-150	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Rattus norvegicus	4-52
16055629-2	2005	In addition, the mammalian ETF/ETFQO system plays a key role in beta-oxidation of fatty acids and catabolism of amino acids and choline.	Choline	128-135	electron-transfer flavoprotein:ubiquinone oxidoreductase	Arabidopsis thaliana	31-36
15964170-1	2005	Folate, methionine, betaine, choline, zinc and Vitamins B(12), B(6) and B(2) are involved in one-carbon metabolism, which includes S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) substrated methylation.	Choline	29-36	immunoglobulin kappa variable 5-2	Homo sapiens	72-76
16036213-8	2005	The impact of ligands at the choline-specific and peripheral anionic sites (or, possibly, accessory structural domains) on BChE activity needs to be studied in further detail.	Choline	29-36	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	123-127
15935057-7	2005	Thus, the decrease in mature BDNF and proBDNF precedes the decline in choline acetyltransferase activity which occurs later in AD.	Choline	70-77	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	29-33
15953352-2	2005	Recent studies have shown that this transporter is predominantly localized inside the cell, unlike other neurotransmitter transporters, suggesting that the trafficking of CHT1 to and from the plasma membrane may play a crucial role in regulating choline uptake.	Choline	246-253	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	171-175
15953352-4	2005	CHT1 internalization is controlled by an atypical carboxyl-terminal dileucine-like motif (L531, V532) which, upon replacement by alanine residues, blocks CHT1 internalization in both human embryonic kidney 293 cells and primary cortical neurons and results in both increased CHT1 cell surface expression and choline transport activity.	Choline	308-315	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	0-4
15650132-0	2005	Steatohepatitis develops rapidly in transgenic mice overexpressing Abcb11 and fed a methionine-choline-deficient diet.	Choline	95-102	ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 11	Mus musculus	67-73
15936193-1	2005	A water soluble choline prodrug (17) of a COX-2 selective inhibitor (16) suitable for intravenous dosing in models of cerebral ischemia has been developed.	Choline	16-23	cytochrome c oxidase II, mitochondrial	Rattus norvegicus	42-47
16126965-11	2005	In contrast, the antibodies HVA2 and HLC9 (which also showed somatic hypermutations in the CDR3 region) presented polyreactivity to several phospholipids-cardiolipin, phosphatidyl-serine, -ethanolamine, -inositol, -choline, and sphingomyelin-but not to beta2-GPI.	Choline	215-222	CDR3	Homo sapiens	91-95
15895092-2	2005	It directly binds to the human platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor and acts as a docking station for the family of surface-located choline-binding proteins (CBP).	Choline	137-144	platelet activating factor receptor	Homo sapiens	31-72
15887118-3	2005	METHODS: We analyzed HHM expression in the choline-deficient L-amino acid defined (CDAA) diet model of rat hepatocarcinogenesis and in human adenomatous hyperplasia (AH) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) biopsy samples.	Choline	43-50	cyclin D1 binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	21-24
16051538-0	2005	Inhibition of choline uptake by N-cyclohexylcholine, a high affinity ligand for the choline transporter at the blood-brain barrier.	Choline	14-21	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	84-103
15925772-0	2005	Correlation between choline and MIB-1 index in human gliomas.	Choline	20-27	MIB E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1	Homo sapiens	32-37
15925772-7	2005	RESULT: A positive correlation was observed between Cho and MIB-1 in benign gliomas, whereas there was a trend to an inverse correlation in malignant gliomas.	Choline	52-55	MIB E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1	Homo sapiens	60-65
15729675-7	2005	The hydrolysis of acetylcholine (2) by AChE to choline is followed by the [Os(bpy)(2)PyCO(2)H](3+) mediated oxidation of choline to betaine and the concomitant growth of the Au NPs.	Choline	24-31	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	39-43
15819625-1	2005	Regulated expression of structural genes involved in yeast phospholipid biosynthesis is mediated by inositol/choline-responsive element (ICRE) upstream motifs, bound by the heterodimeric activator complex Ino2 + Ino4.	Choline	109-116	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	205-209
15819625-1	2005	Regulated expression of structural genes involved in yeast phospholipid biosynthesis is mediated by inositol/choline-responsive element (ICRE) upstream motifs, bound by the heterodimeric activator complex Ino2 + Ino4.	Choline	109-116	Ino4p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	212-216
15819625-2	2005	Gene repression occurs in the presence of sufficient inositol and choline, requiring an intact Opi1 repressor which binds to Ino2.	Choline	66-73	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	125-129
15729675-7	2005	The hydrolysis of acetylcholine (2) by AChE to choline is followed by the [Os(bpy)(2)PyCO(2)H](3+) mediated oxidation of choline to betaine and the concomitant growth of the Au NPs.	Choline	47-54	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	39-43
15829637-2	2005	Because of recent evidence indicating plastic mechanisms regulating choline transporter (CHT)-mediated high-affinity choline uptake, which is the rate-limiting step of acetylcholine synthesis, the present experiment determined the capacity of cholinergic terminals to transport choline, and the proportion of choline transporters localized in the membrane of synaptic terminals, in several brain regions of rats performing a cognitive vigilance task (CVT) and a simple reaction time task (SRTT) and nonperforming (NP) rats.	Choline	68-75	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	89-92
15829637-2	2005	Because of recent evidence indicating plastic mechanisms regulating choline transporter (CHT)-mediated high-affinity choline uptake, which is the rate-limiting step of acetylcholine synthesis, the present experiment determined the capacity of cholinergic terminals to transport choline, and the proportion of choline transporters localized in the membrane of synaptic terminals, in several brain regions of rats performing a cognitive vigilance task (CVT) and a simple reaction time task (SRTT) and nonperforming (NP) rats.	Choline	117-124	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	68-87
15829637-2	2005	Because of recent evidence indicating plastic mechanisms regulating choline transporter (CHT)-mediated high-affinity choline uptake, which is the rate-limiting step of acetylcholine synthesis, the present experiment determined the capacity of cholinergic terminals to transport choline, and the proportion of choline transporters localized in the membrane of synaptic terminals, in several brain regions of rats performing a cognitive vigilance task (CVT) and a simple reaction time task (SRTT) and nonperforming (NP) rats.	Choline	117-124	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	89-92
15814917-2	2005	We tested the hypotheses that in vivo Cho/Cr and/or MI/Cr levels are correlated with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostains and that the changes are water-soluble metabolites.	Choline	38-41	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Homo sapiens	118-122
15836921-1	2005	Choline is derived from the diet as well as from de novo methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT).	Choline	0-7	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	110-154
15836921-1	2005	Choline is derived from the diet as well as from de novo methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT).	Choline	0-7	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	156-160
15715662-4	2005	We identified two major rat splice variants of CTL1 (CTL1a and CTL1b) differing in their carboxy-terminal tails with both able to increase choline transport after transfection in neuroblastoma cells.	Choline	139-146	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	47-51
15918518-9	2005	Accordingly, these results suggest that OCT2 is a candidate for choline transport at the BBB and may influence the BBB permeability of amine drugs.	Choline	64-71	POU class 2 homeobox 2	Rattus norvegicus	40-44
15632182-8	2005	In the methionine- and choline-deficient diet mouse model of steatohepatitis with CYP2E1 overexpression, insulin-induced IRS-1, IRS-2, and Akt phosphorylation were similarly decreased.	Choline	23-30	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily e, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	82-88
15632182-8	2005	In the methionine- and choline-deficient diet mouse model of steatohepatitis with CYP2E1 overexpression, insulin-induced IRS-1, IRS-2, and Akt phosphorylation were similarly decreased.	Choline	23-30	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	139-142
15611057-10	2005	Another nonoverlapping set of genes was coregulated by the unfolded protein response pathway, an ER-localized stress response pathway, but was not dependent on OPI1 and did not show further repression when choline was present together with inositol.	Choline	206-213	transcriptional regulator OPI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	160-164
15611060-4	2005	We monitored Nte1p activity through in vivo PC turnover measurements and observed that intracellular GPCho accumulation is decreased in a sec14(ts) strain shifted to 37 degrees C in 10 mm choline (Cho)-containing medium compared with a Sec14p-proficient strain.	Choline	188-195	lysophospholipase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	13-18
15611060-4	2005	We monitored Nte1p activity through in vivo PC turnover measurements and observed that intracellular GPCho accumulation is decreased in a sec14(ts) strain shifted to 37 degrees C in 10 mm choline (Cho)-containing medium compared with a Sec14p-proficient strain.	Choline	188-195	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	138-143
15611060-4	2005	We monitored Nte1p activity through in vivo PC turnover measurements and observed that intracellular GPCho accumulation is decreased in a sec14(ts) strain shifted to 37 degrees C in 10 mm choline (Cho)-containing medium compared with a Sec14p-proficient strain.	Choline	103-106	lysophospholipase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	13-18
15611060-4	2005	We monitored Nte1p activity through in vivo PC turnover measurements and observed that intracellular GPCho accumulation is decreased in a sec14(ts) strain shifted to 37 degrees C in 10 mm choline (Cho)-containing medium compared with a Sec14p-proficient strain.	Choline	103-106	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	138-143
15611060-10	2005	Sfh2p- and Sfh4p-overexpressing cells coped with the absence of Sec14p by controlling the rate of phosphocholine formation, limiting the amount of Cho available for this reaction, and actively excreting Cho from the cell.	Choline	147-150	Csr1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
15611060-10	2005	Sfh2p- and Sfh4p-overexpressing cells coped with the absence of Sec14p by controlling the rate of phosphocholine formation, limiting the amount of Cho available for this reaction, and actively excreting Cho from the cell.	Choline	147-150	phosphatidylinositol transporter	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	11-16
15611060-10	2005	Sfh2p- and Sfh4p-overexpressing cells coped with the absence of Sec14p by controlling the rate of phosphocholine formation, limiting the amount of Cho available for this reaction, and actively excreting Cho from the cell.	Choline	203-206	Csr1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
15611060-10	2005	Sfh2p- and Sfh4p-overexpressing cells coped with the absence of Sec14p by controlling the rate of phosphocholine formation, limiting the amount of Cho available for this reaction, and actively excreting Cho from the cell.	Choline	203-206	phosphatidylinositol transporter	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	11-16
15611060-11	2005	Increased Sfh4p also significantly reduced the uptake of exogenous Cho.	Choline	67-70	phosphatidylinositol transporter	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	10-15
15547049-9	2005	The uptake of choline, MPP, and TEA was inhibited by the presence of tacrine in rOCT2-expressing SK-HEP1 cells, whereas the uptake of carnitine was inhibited by the presence of tacrine in rOCTN2-expressing HEK 293 cells.	Choline	14-21	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	80-85
15755922-3	2005	Most of the phospholipid biosynthetic genes are regulated in response to inositol and choline via a regulatory circuit that includes the Ino2p:Ino4p activator complex and the Opi1p repressor.	Choline	86-93	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	137-142
15755922-3	2005	Most of the phospholipid biosynthetic genes are regulated in response to inositol and choline via a regulatory circuit that includes the Ino2p:Ino4p activator complex and the Opi1p repressor.	Choline	86-93	Ino4p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	143-148
15755922-3	2005	Most of the phospholipid biosynthetic genes are regulated in response to inositol and choline via a regulatory circuit that includes the Ino2p:Ino4p activator complex and the Opi1p repressor.	Choline	86-93	transcriptional regulator OPI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	175-180
15522999-4	2005	Memantine caused a concentration-dependent reduction of the amplitudes of whole-cell currents evoked by the alpha7(*) nAChR-selective agonist choline (10 mM) or by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) (50 muM) plus glycine (10 muM).	Choline	142-149	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	118-123
15806211-1	2005	OBJECTIVE: A single blind parallel group study was conducted to evaluate the effects of oral choline [given as tricholine citrate (TRI)] in patients with allergic rhinitis, and compare its efficacy with intranasal budesonide (BUD).	Choline	93-100	tRNA-Ile (anticodon AAT) 9-1	Homo sapiens	111-136
15723057-6	2005	These results indicate that Nir2 is involved in maintaining a critical DAG pool in the Golgi apparatus by regulating its consumption via the CDP-choline pathway, demonstrating the interface between secretion from the Golgi and lipid homeostasis.	Choline	145-152	phosphatidylinositol transfer protein membrane associated 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
15660390-5	2005	This study shows that in a mouse model, hepatic expression of lymphotoxin-beta (LTbeta) and interferon gamma (IFNgamma) transcripts is increased in response to the choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet, which induces oval cell-mediated liver regeneration.	Choline	164-171	lymphotoxin B	Mus musculus	62-78
15660390-5	2005	This study shows that in a mouse model, hepatic expression of lymphotoxin-beta (LTbeta) and interferon gamma (IFNgamma) transcripts is increased in response to the choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet, which induces oval cell-mediated liver regeneration.	Choline	164-171	lymphotoxin B	Mus musculus	80-86
15660390-5	2005	This study shows that in a mouse model, hepatic expression of lymphotoxin-beta (LTbeta) and interferon gamma (IFNgamma) transcripts is increased in response to the choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet, which induces oval cell-mediated liver regeneration.	Choline	164-171	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	92-119
15649093-8	2005	Better accuracy of identifying carcinomas and fatty tissues is reported using CART analysis of different combinations of ratios calculated from the relative levels of water, choline, and saturated and unsaturated lipids.	Choline	174-181	CART prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	78-82
15668429-10	2005	Regionally, NAA/Cho was lowered in the internal capsule (AMN 1.30 +/- 0.20 vs controls 1.69 +/- 0.37; p = 0.002) and in parieto-occipital white matter (AMN 1.45 +/- 0.19 vs controls 1.78 +/- 0.55; p = 0.04).	Choline	16-19	antagonist of mitotic exit network 1 homolog	Homo sapiens	57-62
15377492-0	2005	Adenovirus stimulates choline efflux by increasing expression of organic cation transporter-2.	Choline	22-29	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	65-93
15377492-5	2005	Effects of Ad5 on choline efflux were inhibited with phenoxybenzamine, and choline efflux was attenuated by OCT-2 small interfering RNA.	Choline	75-82	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	108-113
16301817-7	2005	Choline/M(3)-mAChR activated several survival signaling molecules (antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and ERKs), increased endogenous antioxidant reserve (SOD), and reduced apoptotic mediators (proapoptotic proteins Fas and p38 MAPK) and intracellular Ca2+ overload.	Choline	0-7	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	90-95
16462132-4	2005	MRS showed that the choline (Cho)/creatine (Cr) ratio for the patients" globus pallidus, the region preferentially affected in DRPLA, was significantly higher than that in the controls (p<0.05).	Choline	20-27	atrophin 1	Homo sapiens	127-132
16462132-4	2005	MRS showed that the choline (Cho)/creatine (Cr) ratio for the patients" globus pallidus, the region preferentially affected in DRPLA, was significantly higher than that in the controls (p<0.05).	Choline	29-32	atrophin 1	Homo sapiens	127-132
15611726-2	2005	The capacity of the high-affinity choline uptake transporter (CHT) to import choline from the extracellular space to presynaptic terminals is essential for normal acetylcholine synthesis and therefore cholinergic transmission.	Choline	34-41	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	62-65
15662686-1	2005	OBJECTIVES: Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency (MADD) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder of mitochondrial fatty acid, amino acid, and choline oxidation due to mutations in the genes encoding electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) or ETF ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETFQO).	Choline	148-155	electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	245-274
15662686-1	2005	OBJECTIVES: Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency (MADD) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder of mitochondrial fatty acid, amino acid, and choline oxidation due to mutations in the genes encoding electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) or ETF ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETFQO).	Choline	148-155	electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	276-281
15569411-3	2004	RESULTS: (1) VIP (10(-10)-10(-7) mol/L) for 16 h promoted [methyl-3H]choline incorporation in dose dependence and VIP (10(-8) mol/L) for 2 h-16 h promoted [methyl-3H]choline incorporation in time dependence.	Choline	69-76	vasoactive intestinal peptide	Homo sapiens	13-16
15569411-3	2004	RESULTS: (1) VIP (10(-10)-10(-7) mol/L) for 16 h promoted [methyl-3H]choline incorporation in dose dependence and VIP (10(-8) mol/L) for 2 h-16 h promoted [methyl-3H]choline incorporation in time dependence.	Choline	166-173	vasoactive intestinal peptide	Homo sapiens	13-16
15569411-7	2004	(5) [D-P-Cl-Phe(6)-Leu(17)]-VIP (10(-6) mol/L), a VIP receptors antagonist, abolished the increase of [3H]choline incorporation, microsomal CCT activity and CCTalpha mRNA level induced by VIP (10(-8) mol/L) in lung explants.	Choline	106-113	vasoactive intestinal peptide	Homo sapiens	28-31
15569411-7	2004	(5) [D-P-Cl-Phe(6)-Leu(17)]-VIP (10(-6) mol/L), a VIP receptors antagonist, abolished the increase of [3H]choline incorporation, microsomal CCT activity and CCTalpha mRNA level induced by VIP (10(-8) mol/L) in lung explants.	Choline	106-113	vasoactive intestinal peptide	Homo sapiens	50-53
15569411-7	2004	(5) [D-P-Cl-Phe(6)-Leu(17)]-VIP (10(-6) mol/L), a VIP receptors antagonist, abolished the increase of [3H]choline incorporation, microsomal CCT activity and CCTalpha mRNA level induced by VIP (10(-8) mol/L) in lung explants.	Choline	106-113	vasoactive intestinal peptide	Homo sapiens	50-53
15579443-7	2004	Finally, the lethality of the choline-deficient/ethionine-supplemented diet-induced pancreatitis was significantly reduced in mice lacking PI3K gamma.	Choline	30-37	phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma	Mus musculus	139-149
15640516-8	2004	These changes are so important that investigators can pick out the groups of animals whose mothers had extra choline even when these animals are elderly.	Choline	109-116	protein interacting with PRKCA 1	Homo sapiens	54-58
15665419-5	2004	Despite being tertiary amines, 4 of the choline analogs were more potent than choline in inhibiting [(3)H]choline uptake into cultured fibroblasts transfected with the high affinity, sodium-dependent choline transporter.	Choline	40-47	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	200-219
15665419-5	2004	Despite being tertiary amines, 4 of the choline analogs were more potent than choline in inhibiting [(3)H]choline uptake into cultured fibroblasts transfected with the high affinity, sodium-dependent choline transporter.	Choline	78-85	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	200-219
15665419-5	2004	Despite being tertiary amines, 4 of the choline analogs were more potent than choline in inhibiting [(3)H]choline uptake into cultured fibroblasts transfected with the high affinity, sodium-dependent choline transporter.	Choline	78-85	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	200-219
15469992-1	2004	The ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) facilitates the cellular release of cholesterol and choline-phospholipids to apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and several studies indicate that vesicular transport is associated with ABCA1 function.	Choline	100-107	ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens	4-39
15469992-1	2004	The ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) facilitates the cellular release of cholesterol and choline-phospholipids to apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and several studies indicate that vesicular transport is associated with ABCA1 function.	Choline	100-107	ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens	41-46
15469992-1	2004	The ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) facilitates the cellular release of cholesterol and choline-phospholipids to apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and several studies indicate that vesicular transport is associated with ABCA1 function.	Choline	100-107	apolipoprotein A1	Homo sapiens	125-143
15469992-1	2004	The ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) facilitates the cellular release of cholesterol and choline-phospholipids to apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and several studies indicate that vesicular transport is associated with ABCA1 function.	Choline	100-107	apolipoprotein A1	Homo sapiens	145-151
15469992-1	2004	The ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) facilitates the cellular release of cholesterol and choline-phospholipids to apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and several studies indicate that vesicular transport is associated with ABCA1 function.	Choline	100-107	ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens	226-231
15469992-7	2004	Silencing of syntaxin 13 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) led to reduced ABCA1 protein levels and hence to a significant decrease in apoA-I-dependent choline-phospholipid efflux.	Choline	150-157	apolipoprotein A1	Homo sapiens	133-139
15496611-6	2004	IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha were significantly associated with lactate/choline in the DGN (p = 0.03, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.01 respectively), but not in the WS (all p > 0.1).	Choline	79-86	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	0-9
15496611-6	2004	IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha were significantly associated with lactate/choline in the DGN (p = 0.03, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.01 respectively), but not in the WS (all p > 0.1).	Choline	79-86	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	11-15
15496611-6	2004	IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha were significantly associated with lactate/choline in the DGN (p = 0.03, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.01 respectively), but not in the WS (all p > 0.1).	Choline	79-86	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	17-21
15496611-6	2004	IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha were significantly associated with lactate/choline in the DGN (p = 0.03, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.01 respectively), but not in the WS (all p > 0.1).	Choline	79-86	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	26-35
15464388-2	2004	The anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of 2-ME on human prostate cancer cell (PC3) aggregates in vitro, were correlated with the uptake of fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose, FMAU and choline labelled with 18F, 11C, or 3H.	Choline	182-189	chromobox 8	Homo sapiens	88-91
16165286-4	2005	That [3H]-acetylcholine was synthesized from [3H]-choline was demonstrated by the lack of [3H]-acetylcholine release following incubation with either the choline uptake inhibitor hemicholinium or the choline acetyltransferase inhibitor bromoacetylcholine.	Choline	16-23	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	200-225
16165286-4	2005	That [3H]-acetylcholine was synthesized from [3H]-choline was demonstrated by the lack of [3H]-acetylcholine release following incubation with either the choline uptake inhibitor hemicholinium or the choline acetyltransferase inhibitor bromoacetylcholine.	Choline	50-57	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	200-225
15477102-3	2004	ChAT catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-coenzyme A to choline to form the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.	Choline	73-80	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
15488563-4	2004	New C11-labeled radiotracers (acetate, choline, and methionine) have shown promising initial results but further studies are required to determine their role in such settings.	Choline	39-46	RNA polymerase III subunit K	Homo sapiens	4-7
15519275-0	2004	Lack of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in mice enhances methionine and choline deficient diet-induced steatohepatitis.	Choline	89-96	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	8-56
15269223-3	2004	Yeast mutants (pem1 pem2Delta) lacking the phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) methyltransferase enzymes require choline for growth and cannot make N-methylated phospholipids.	Choline	111-118	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	15-19
15551380-9	2004	These results demonstrated that acetylcholine and choline modulate nitric oxide metabolites on erythrocytes and this effect is mediated by interactions with erythrocyte membrane muscarinic receptors and membrane enzyme acetylcholinesterase.	Choline	38-45	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	219-239
15485505-0	2004	Choline is transported by vesicular acetylcholine transporter.	Choline	0-7	solute carrier family 18 member A3	Rattus norvegicus	26-61
15485505-1	2004	Previously published results appeared to show that vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) does not transport choline (Ch).	Choline	67-74	solute carrier family 18 member A3	Rattus norvegicus	88-93
15295018-10	2004	Elevation in the amount of arachidonate and linoleate esterified to the sn-2 position of choline plasmalogens was consistent with the hypothesis that iPLA(2) displays selectivity for plasmalogen phospholipids; therefore, enzyme inhibition may affect hydrolysis of these phospholipid subclasses.	Choline	89-96	phospholipase A2 group VI	Rattus norvegicus	150-157
15570475-6	2004	At 35 degrees C, there were also high levels of choline and proline due to the activation of Delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), and simultaneous inhibition of proline dehydrogenase (PDH) and proline oxidase (PO).	Choline	48-55	delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase	Solanum lycopersicum	99-134
15570475-6	2004	At 35 degrees C, there were also high levels of choline and proline due to the activation of Delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), and simultaneous inhibition of proline dehydrogenase (PDH) and proline oxidase (PO).	Choline	48-55	delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase	Solanum lycopersicum	136-140
15696927-8	2004	Pretreatment of cardiac myocytes with choline also increased Bcl-2, decreased Fas expression, and inhibited the increase in FI value of [Ca2+]i in H2O2-stimulated cardiac myocytes.	Choline	38-45	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	61-66
15474312-5	2004	Expression of His-tagged mCTL1 in Cos-7 cells produces an increase in saturable choline uptake that is sensitive to a Na(+)-ion gradient, ethanolamine and the Ca(2+)-channel blocker verapamil, and insensitive to low concentrations of hemicholinium-3.	Choline	80-87	cytotoxic T lymphocyte response 1	Mus musculus	25-30
15802048-0	2004	Loss of p53 function in colon cancer cells results in increased phosphocholine and total choline.	Choline	71-78	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	8-11
15802048-5	2004	Here we have used (1)H MRS to characterize the choline phospholipid metabolite levels of p53(+/ +) and p53(-/-) cells, and demonstrated that loss of p53 function results in increased phosphocholine and total choline.	Choline	47-54	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	89-92
15802048-5	2004	Here we have used (1)H MRS to characterize the choline phospholipid metabolite levels of p53(+/ +) and p53(-/-) cells, and demonstrated that loss of p53 function results in increased phosphocholine and total choline.	Choline	47-54	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	103-106
15802048-5	2004	Here we have used (1)H MRS to characterize the choline phospholipid metabolite levels of p53(+/ +) and p53(-/-) cells, and demonstrated that loss of p53 function results in increased phosphocholine and total choline.	Choline	47-54	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	103-106
15802048-5	2004	Here we have used (1)H MRS to characterize the choline phospholipid metabolite levels of p53(+/ +) and p53(-/-) cells, and demonstrated that loss of p53 function results in increased phosphocholine and total choline.	Choline	190-197	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	89-92
15802048-6	2004	These data suggest that the increased malignancy of cancer cells resulting from loss of p53 may be mediated, in part, through the choline phospholipid pathway.	Choline	130-137	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	88-91
15371515-6	2004	Direct GLP-1 agonist actions on membrane potential were abolished by choline substitution for extracellular Na+, and dependent on intracellular GDP, suggesting that they were mediated by sodium-dependent conductances in a G-protein-dependent manner.	Choline	69-76	glucagon	Mus musculus	7-12
15353567-7	2004	Expression of the unlinked genes, FAS1 and FAS2, is in part constitutive and in part subject to repression by the phospholipid precursors inositol and choline.	Choline	151-158	tetrafunctional fatty acid synthase subunit FAS1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	34-38
15217352-9	2004	The dramatic effects of betaine on survival and growth, and the partial reversibility of the biochemical and developmental anomalies in the brains of MTHFR-deficient mice, emphasize an important role for choline and betaine depletion in the pathogenesis of homocystinuria due to MTHFR deficiency.	Choline	204-211	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Mus musculus	150-155
15217352-9	2004	The dramatic effects of betaine on survival and growth, and the partial reversibility of the biochemical and developmental anomalies in the brains of MTHFR-deficient mice, emphasize an important role for choline and betaine depletion in the pathogenesis of homocystinuria due to MTHFR deficiency.	Choline	204-211	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Mus musculus	279-284
15201274-0	2004	Regulation of the yeast EKI1-encoded ethanolamine kinase by inositol and choline.	Choline	73-80	bifunctional choline kinase/ethanolamine kinase EKI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	24-28
15201274-1	2004	Regulation of the EKI1-encoded ethanolamine kinase by inositol and choline was examined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Choline	67-74	bifunctional choline kinase/ethanolamine kinase EKI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	18-22
15201274-7	2004	The regulation of EKI1 expression by inositol and choline was confirmed by corresponding changes in ethanolamine kinase mRNA, protein, and activity levels.	Choline	50-57	bifunctional choline kinase/ethanolamine kinase EKI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	18-22
15064333-1	2004	The Na(+)/Cl(-)-dependent, hemicholinium-3-sensitive choline transporter (CHT) provides choline for acetylcholine biosynthesis.	Choline	53-60	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	74-77
15245786-1	2004	The high-affinity choline transporter CHT1 works for choline uptake in the presynaptic terminals of cholinergic neurons.	Choline	18-25	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	38-42
15234930-8	2004	Dietary intakes of choline were associated with reduced NTD risks.	Choline	19-26	fuzzy planar cell polarity protein	Homo sapiens	56-59
15234930-10	2004	NTD risk estimates were lowest for women whose diets were rich in choline, betaine, and methionine.	Choline	66-73	fuzzy planar cell polarity protein	Homo sapiens	0-3
15150741-6	2004	Our morphological data support the recent hypothesis that trafficking of CHT from synaptic vesicles to the plasma membrane couples neuronal activity and choline uptake.	Choline	153-160	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	73-76
15024002-0	2004	A choline-deficient diet in mice inhibits neither the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine synthesis in hepatocytes nor apolipoprotein B secretion.	Choline	2-9	apolipoprotein B	Mus musculus	127-143
15024002-4	2004	Our objective was to determine whether inhibition of the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine synthesis (by restricting the supply of choline) also impaired VLDL secretion.	Choline	61-68	CD320 antigen	Mus musculus	164-168
15024002-5	2004	In mice fed a choline-deficient (CD), compared with a choline-supplemented, diet for 21 days, the amounts of plasma apolipoproteins (apo) B100 and B48 were reduced and the liver triacylglycerol content was increased.	Choline	14-21	apolipoprotein B	Mus musculus	116-142
15024002-12	2004	The reduction in plasma apoB in mice deprived of dietary choline cannot, therefore, be attributed to decreased apoB secretion.	Choline	57-64	apolipoprotein B	Mus musculus	24-28
15024002-12	2004	The reduction in plasma apoB in mice deprived of dietary choline cannot, therefore, be attributed to decreased apoB secretion.	Choline	57-64	apolipoprotein B	Mus musculus	111-115
15178698-4	2004	Here, we use patch-clamp, whole-cell current recordings from single neurons acutely dissociated from midbrain nuclei and having features of DA neurons to characterize acetylcholine-induced, inward currents that rapidly activate and desensitize, are mimicked by the alpha7-nAChR-selective agonist, choline, blocked by the alpha7-nAChR-selective antagonists, methyllycaconitine and alpha-bungarotoxin, and are similar to those of heterologously expressed, human alpha7-nAChRs.	Choline	173-180	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	272-277
15178698-4	2004	Here, we use patch-clamp, whole-cell current recordings from single neurons acutely dissociated from midbrain nuclei and having features of DA neurons to characterize acetylcholine-induced, inward currents that rapidly activate and desensitize, are mimicked by the alpha7-nAChR-selective agonist, choline, blocked by the alpha7-nAChR-selective antagonists, methyllycaconitine and alpha-bungarotoxin, and are similar to those of heterologously expressed, human alpha7-nAChRs.	Choline	173-180	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	328-333
15450206-8	2004	Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and LPE plasmalogen (LPEP), but not choline, also activated TGF-beta1.	Choline	12-19	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	107-116
15318222-6	2004	Here we show that mutations in the gene snf-6 result in phenotypes indistinguishable from those of the DGC mutants, and that snf-6 encodes a novel acetylcholine/choline transporter.	Choline	153-160	Sodium-dependent acetylcholine transporter	Caenorhabditis elegans	40-45
15318222-6	2004	Here we show that mutations in the gene snf-6 result in phenotypes indistinguishable from those of the DGC mutants, and that snf-6 encodes a novel acetylcholine/choline transporter.	Choline	153-160	Sodium-dependent acetylcholine transporter	Caenorhabditis elegans	125-130
15276243-0	2004	Choline acetyltransferase G +4 A polymorphism confers a risk for Alzheimer"s disease in concert with Apolipoprotein E epsilon4.	Choline	0-7	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	101-117
15090548-0	2004	Par-4 inhibits choline uptake by interacting with CHT1 and reducing its incorporation on the plasma membrane.	Choline	15-22	pro-apoptotic WT1 regulator	Homo sapiens	0-5
15090548-0	2004	Par-4 inhibits choline uptake by interacting with CHT1 and reducing its incorporation on the plasma membrane.	Choline	15-22	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	50-54
15090548-1	2004	CHT1 is a Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent, hemicholinium-3 (HC-3)-sensitive, high affinity choline transporter.	Choline	86-93	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	0-4
15090548-3	2004	We now report that Par-4 is a negative regulator of CHT1 choline uptake activity.	Choline	57-64	pro-apoptotic WT1 regulator	Homo sapiens	19-24
15090548-3	2004	We now report that Par-4 is a negative regulator of CHT1 choline uptake activity.	Choline	57-64	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	52-56
15090548-4	2004	Transfection of neural IMR-32 cells with human CHT1 conferred Na(+)-dependent, HC-3-sensitive choline uptake that was effectively inhibited by cotransfection of Par-4.	Choline	94-101	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	47-51
15090548-4	2004	Transfection of neural IMR-32 cells with human CHT1 conferred Na(+)-dependent, HC-3-sensitive choline uptake that was effectively inhibited by cotransfection of Par-4.	Choline	94-101	pro-apoptotic WT1 regulator	Homo sapiens	161-166
15090548-5	2004	Mapping studies indicated that the C-terminal half of Par-4 was physically involved in interacting with CHT1, and the absence of Par-4.CHT1 complex formation precluded the loss of CHT1-mediated choline uptake induced by Par-4, indicating that Par-4.CHT1 complex formation is essential.	Choline	194-201	pro-apoptotic WT1 regulator	Homo sapiens	54-59
15090548-6	2004	Kinetic and cell-surface biotinylation assays showed that Par-4 inhibited CHT1-mediated choline uptake by reducing CHT1 expression in the plasma membrane without significantly altering the affinity of CHT1 for choline or HC-3.	Choline	88-95	pro-apoptotic WT1 regulator	Homo sapiens	58-63
15090548-6	2004	Kinetic and cell-surface biotinylation assays showed that Par-4 inhibited CHT1-mediated choline uptake by reducing CHT1 expression in the plasma membrane without significantly altering the affinity of CHT1 for choline or HC-3.	Choline	88-95	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	74-78
15090548-6	2004	Kinetic and cell-surface biotinylation assays showed that Par-4 inhibited CHT1-mediated choline uptake by reducing CHT1 expression in the plasma membrane without significantly altering the affinity of CHT1 for choline or HC-3.	Choline	88-95	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	115-119
15090548-6	2004	Kinetic and cell-surface biotinylation assays showed that Par-4 inhibited CHT1-mediated choline uptake by reducing CHT1 expression in the plasma membrane without significantly altering the affinity of CHT1 for choline or HC-3.	Choline	88-95	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	115-119
15090548-7	2004	These results suggest that Par-4 is directly involved in regulating choline uptake by interacting with CHT1 and by reducing its incorporation on the cell surface.	Choline	68-75	pro-apoptotic WT1 regulator	Homo sapiens	27-32
15090548-7	2004	These results suggest that Par-4 is directly involved in regulating choline uptake by interacting with CHT1 and by reducing its incorporation on the cell surface.	Choline	68-75	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	103-107
15173594-4	2004	Hemicholinium-3-sensitive choline uptake and subsequent ACh synthesis are specifically lost in CHT-/- mouse brains.	Choline	26-33	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	95-98
15173594-7	2004	Adult CHT+/- mice overcome reductions in CHT protein levels and sustain choline uptake activity at wild-type levels through posttranslational mechanisms.	Choline	72-79	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	6-9
15353567-7	2004	Expression of the unlinked genes, FAS1 and FAS2, is in part constitutive and in part subject to repression by the phospholipid precursors inositol and choline.	Choline	151-158	trifunctional fatty acid synthase subunit FAS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	43-47
15259906-3	2004	We hypothesized that CSF MCP-1 levels would correlate inversely to neuronal metabolites [including N-acetyl compounds, glutamate+glutamine, as assessed by principal component analyses (PCA)] and positively to glial metabolites (including myo-inositol and choline compounds).	Choline	255-262	C-C motif chemokine ligand 2	Homo sapiens	25-30
15147518-0	2004	Choline availability modulates human neuroblastoma cell proliferation and alters the methylation of the promoter region of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 3 gene.	Choline	0-7	cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 3	Homo sapiens	127-162
15147518-4	2004	We found that in choline-deficient IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells, the promoter of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 3 gene (CDKN3) was hypomethylated.	Choline	17-24	cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 3	Homo sapiens	83-118
15147518-4	2004	We found that in choline-deficient IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells, the promoter of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 3 gene (CDKN3) was hypomethylated.	Choline	17-24	cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 3	Homo sapiens	125-130
15147518-8	2004	Phosphorylated retinoblastoma (p110) levels were 3 times lower in the choline-deficient cells than in control cells.	Choline	70-77	spliceosome associated factor 3, U4/U6 recycling protein	Homo sapiens	31-35
14764638-4	2004	Using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, we have demonstrated in lung bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) expression of choline acetyltransferase, the vesicular ACh transporter, the choline high-affinity transporter, alpha7, alpha4, and beta2 nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) subunits, and the nAChR accessory protein lynx1.	Choline	116-123	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	263-268
14764638-4	2004	Using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, we have demonstrated in lung bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) expression of choline acetyltransferase, the vesicular ACh transporter, the choline high-affinity transporter, alpha7, alpha4, and beta2 nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) subunits, and the nAChR accessory protein lynx1.	Choline	116-123	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	288-293
14764638-4	2004	Using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, we have demonstrated in lung bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) expression of choline acetyltransferase, the vesicular ACh transporter, the choline high-affinity transporter, alpha7, alpha4, and beta2 nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) subunits, and the nAChR accessory protein lynx1.	Choline	116-123	Ly6/neurotoxin 1	Homo sapiens	312-317
15137039-6	2004	The standardized integrals of the lipid, choline and creatine regions of the spectra were significantly higher in SCC than in normal or CIN tissue.	Choline	41-48	serpin family B member 3	Homo sapiens	114-117
15003397-1	2004	Choline kinase (CK) catalyzes the first phosphorylation reaction in the CDP-choline pathway for the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC), yielding phosphocholine (P-Cho) from choline and ATP in the presence of Mg(2+).	Choline	76-83	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	72-75
15063092-1	2004	Choline is a required nutrient and is derived from the diet as well as from de novo synthesis catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT).	Choline	0-7	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	107-151
15063092-1	2004	Choline is a required nutrient and is derived from the diet as well as from de novo synthesis catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT).	Choline	0-7	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	153-157
15063092-2	2004	We previously reported that choline availability during pregnancy alters mitosis and neuronal protein expression during fetal brain development in wild-type mice and rats, and that Pemt-/- mice become choline deficient.	Choline	201-208	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	181-185
15294123-4	2004	Elastase and myeloperoxidase (MPO) release was measured for the parameters of neutrophil activation, neutrophil PLD activity was determined by quantitation of choline produced from the stable product of phosphatidylcholine catalyzed by PLD.	Choline	159-166	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	112-115
15294123-5	2004	RESULTS: (1) Preoperative neutrophils treated with LPS+fMLP presented significantly higher PLD activity (13.48+/-2.61 nmol choline x h(-1) x mg(-1)) and released more elastase and MPO than cells treated with vehicle (PLD activity 3.70+/-0.49 nmol choline x h(-1) x mg(-1)), P<0.01), LPS (P<0.01) and fMLP respectively.	Choline	123-130	formyl peptide receptor 1	Homo sapiens	55-59
15294123-5	2004	RESULTS: (1) Preoperative neutrophils treated with LPS+fMLP presented significantly higher PLD activity (13.48+/-2.61 nmol choline x h(-1) x mg(-1)) and released more elastase and MPO than cells treated with vehicle (PLD activity 3.70+/-0.49 nmol choline x h(-1) x mg(-1)), P<0.01), LPS (P<0.01) and fMLP respectively.	Choline	123-130	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	91-94
15294123-5	2004	RESULTS: (1) Preoperative neutrophils treated with LPS+fMLP presented significantly higher PLD activity (13.48+/-2.61 nmol choline x h(-1) x mg(-1)) and released more elastase and MPO than cells treated with vehicle (PLD activity 3.70+/-0.49 nmol choline x h(-1) x mg(-1)), P<0.01), LPS (P<0.01) and fMLP respectively.	Choline	247-254	formyl peptide receptor 1	Homo sapiens	55-59
16233644-2	2004	The transcriptional heterodimeric complex composed of the gene products of INO2 and INO4 binds to a conserved cis-acting upstream activating sequence designated as the inositol-choline responsive element (ICRE), and activates the expression of these genes.	Choline	177-184	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	75-79
15044461-6	2004	In [(14)C]choline labeling experiments with cultured mammalian cell lines, production of [(14)C]GroPCho was enhanced by overexpression of catalytically active NTE and was diminished by reduction of endogenous NTE activity mediated either by RNA interference or organophosphate treatment.	Choline	10-17	patatin like phospholipase domain containing 6	Homo sapiens	159-162
15044461-6	2004	In [(14)C]choline labeling experiments with cultured mammalian cell lines, production of [(14)C]GroPCho was enhanced by overexpression of catalytically active NTE and was diminished by reduction of endogenous NTE activity mediated either by RNA interference or organophosphate treatment.	Choline	10-17	patatin like phospholipase domain containing 6	Homo sapiens	209-212
15044715-5	2004	In contrast, PRL, when present with I plus H, was the only hormone that stimulated the incorporation of choline into the lipid fraction of tissues.	Choline	104-111	prolactin	Mus musculus	13-16
15044715-9	2004	PRL, in contrast, only stimulates the incorporation of choline into lipids.	Choline	55-62	prolactin	Mus musculus	0-3
15057524-9	2004	Brain PNMT activity correlated significantly with cognitive function (r=0.243), age of Alzheimer"s onset (r=0.272), and choline acetyltransferase activity (r=0.333), but negatively with neurofibrillary tangles (r=-0.332).	Choline	120-127	phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	6-10
15057524-10	2004	COMT activity also correlated significantly with cognitive function (r=0.324), age of disease onset (r=0.209), choline acetyltransferase activity (r=0.326), levels of synaptophysin (r=0.506), and negatively with tangles (r=-0.216 P=0.039).	Choline	111-118	catechol-O-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-4
14645379-5	2004	Here we report that choline supplementation, during a 6-day gestational period, results in greater excitatory responsiveness, reduced slow afterhyperpolarizations (sAHPs), enhanced afterdepolarizing potentials (ADPs), larger somata, and greater basal dendritic arborization among hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells studied postnatally in juvenile rats (20-25 days of age).	Choline	20-27	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	292-295
14715695-0	2004	Prenatal choline supplementation advances hippocampal development and enhances MAPK and CREB activation.	Choline	9-16	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	88-92
14715695-4	2004	Moreover, phosphorylation and therefore activation of hippocampal mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) in response to stimulation by glutamate, N-methyl-D-aspartate, or depolarizing concentrations of K+ were increased by prenatal choline supplementation and reduced by prenatal choline deficiency.	Choline	282-289	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	110-147
14715695-4	2004	Moreover, phosphorylation and therefore activation of hippocampal mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) in response to stimulation by glutamate, N-methyl-D-aspartate, or depolarizing concentrations of K+ were increased by prenatal choline supplementation and reduced by prenatal choline deficiency.	Choline	282-289	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	149-153
14715695-5	2004	These data provide the first evidence that developmental plasticity of the hippocampal MAPK and CREB signaling pathways is controlled by the supply of a single essential nutrient, choline, during fetal development and point to these pathways as candidate mechanisms for the developmental and long-term cognitive enhancement induced by prenatal choline supplementation.	Choline	180-187	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	96-100
14715695-5	2004	These data provide the first evidence that developmental plasticity of the hippocampal MAPK and CREB signaling pathways is controlled by the supply of a single essential nutrient, choline, during fetal development and point to these pathways as candidate mechanisms for the developmental and long-term cognitive enhancement induced by prenatal choline supplementation.	Choline	344-351	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	96-100
14660617-1	2004	Streptococcus pneumoniae binds to the ectodomain of the human polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), also known as secretory component (SC), via a hexapeptide motif in the choline-binding protein SpsA.	Choline	163-170	polymeric immunoglobulin receptor	Homo sapiens	62-83
14660617-1	2004	Streptococcus pneumoniae binds to the ectodomain of the human polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), also known as secretory component (SC), via a hexapeptide motif in the choline-binding protein SpsA.	Choline	163-170	polymeric immunoglobulin receptor	Homo sapiens	85-89
14748757-2	2004	injection of cytidine-5"-diphosphate choline (CDP-choline) on plasma vasopressin levels and the choline involvement of these effects were investigated.	Choline	37-44	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	46-49
14748757-2	2004	injection of cytidine-5"-diphosphate choline (CDP-choline) on plasma vasopressin levels and the choline involvement of these effects were investigated.	Choline	37-44	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	69-80
14748757-6	2004	injection of equimolar dose of choline (1 micromol) produced similar vasopressin response.	Choline	31-38	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	69-80
14993474-1	2004	Presynaptic choline uptake is vital to sustained neuronal acetylcholine (ACh) release; however, only with the recent cloning of choline transporters (CHTs) (i.e., SLC5A7), has a picture emerged of the regulatory pathways supporting CHT modulation.	Choline	12-19	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	163-169
15002745-4	2004	A complementation study of a choline auxotrophic mutant, ctrl-ise (hnm1-ise), using a cDNA library from Torpedo marmorata electric lobe identified a membrane protein named Torpedo marmorata choline transporter-like, tCtl1p.	Choline	29-36	Hnm1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	67-71
14600156-4	2004	Inhibition of NHE-1 with pharmacological agents or by isotonic replacement of sodium in the perfusate with choline or tetramethylammonium greatly attenuated ERK activation by 5-HT or Ang II.	Choline	107-114	solute carrier family 9 member A1	Rattus norvegicus	14-19
14600156-4	2004	Inhibition of NHE-1 with pharmacological agents or by isotonic replacement of sodium in the perfusate with choline or tetramethylammonium greatly attenuated ERK activation by 5-HT or Ang II.	Choline	107-114	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	157-160
14600156-4	2004	Inhibition of NHE-1 with pharmacological agents or by isotonic replacement of sodium in the perfusate with choline or tetramethylammonium greatly attenuated ERK activation by 5-HT or Ang II.	Choline	107-114	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	183-189
14698037-6	2004	The analysis of choline-containing metabolites showed that COX-2 inhibition affected the formation of CDP-choline intermediary.	Choline	16-23	cytochrome c oxidase II, mitochondrial	Rattus norvegicus	59-64
14698037-6	2004	The analysis of choline-containing metabolites showed that COX-2 inhibition affected the formation of CDP-choline intermediary.	Choline	16-23	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	102-105
12959933-10	2004	GRP increased incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [3H]choline in explants, whereas NMB induced cell proliferation and Leu8-phyllolitorin yielded variable results.	Choline	53-60	gastrin releasing peptide	Mus musculus	0-3
14979613-2	2004	The SDS-PAGE pure CYP3A4 and human NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase had been incorporated into a binary vesicular phospholipid system of dilauroyl-phosphatidyl-choline and phosphatidyl-serine which had proven to achieve optimal nifedipine oxidase activity (19.6 nmol nifedipine oxidized x min(-1) x nmol CYP3A4(-1)).	Choline	158-166	cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A member 4	Homo sapiens	18-24
15009674-7	2004	The effect of Abeta1-42 on AChE was blocked by inhibitors of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (alpha7 nAChRs) as well as by inhibitors of L- or N-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), whereas agonists of alpha7 nAChRs (choline, nicotine) increased the level of AChE.	Choline	84-91	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	27-31
15030177-8	2004	Using [3H]choline chloride to prelabel MCs and measuring [3H]choline-containing metabolite release as PLD activity, PMA stimulated a significant increase of PLD activity under high glucose condition.	Choline	10-26	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	157-160
15030177-8	2004	Using [3H]choline chloride to prelabel MCs and measuring [3H]choline-containing metabolite release as PLD activity, PMA stimulated a significant increase of PLD activity under high glucose condition.	Choline	10-17	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	157-160
14747730-1	2004	Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) catalyzes the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline in cholinergic neurons.	Choline	90-97	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-25
14747730-1	2004	Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) catalyzes the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline in cholinergic neurons.	Choline	90-97	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	27-31
16233644-2	2004	The transcriptional heterodimeric complex composed of the gene products of INO2 and INO4 binds to a conserved cis-acting upstream activating sequence designated as the inositol-choline responsive element (ICRE), and activates the expression of these genes.	Choline	177-184	Ino4p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	84-88
16233644-3	2004	In the presence of inositol and choline, the expression of these genes is downregulated and a functional OPI1 gene product is necessary for this repression.	Choline	32-39	transcriptional regulator OPI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	105-109
16233644-4	2004	The promoter region of OPI1 contains one copy of ICRE, and here we analyzed the involvement of ICRE in the inositol-choline-mediated gene regulation of OPI1.	Choline	116-123	transcriptional regulator OPI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	23-27
16233644-4	2004	The promoter region of OPI1 contains one copy of ICRE, and here we analyzed the involvement of ICRE in the inositol-choline-mediated gene regulation of OPI1.	Choline	116-123	transcriptional regulator OPI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	152-156
14501041-1	2004	Mammalian phospholipase D (PLD) activity hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine (PC) into phosphatidic acid (PA) and free choline.	Choline	64-71	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	10-25
14501041-1	2004	Mammalian phospholipase D (PLD) activity hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine (PC) into phosphatidic acid (PA) and free choline.	Choline	64-71	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	27-30
14528019-2	2004	Prospore membrane formation requires Spo14p, a phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2]-stimulated phospholipase D (PLD), which hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) to phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) and choline.	Choline	164-171	phospholipase D	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	37-43
14528019-2	2004	Prospore membrane formation requires Spo14p, a phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2]-stimulated phospholipase D (PLD), which hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) to phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) and choline.	Choline	164-171	phospholipase D	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	112-127
15026114-3	2004	administration of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) (1 microg), a specific inhibitor of the high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) in brain cholinergic neurons, impaired retention test performance of a one-trial step-through inhibitory avoidance response in adult male CF-1 mice.	Choline	95-102	high affinity choline uptake	Mus musculus	111-115
14597574-3	2003	Through this analysis, we have identified tandem Drosophila genes homologous to CTP: phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT), the second of three enzymes in the CDP-choline pathway, which is used to synthesize phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	92-99	Phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase 1	Drosophila melanogaster	122-125
14744944-0	2004	Effect of total parenteral nutrition and choline on hepatic flavin-containing and cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase activity in rats.	Choline	41-48	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily j, polypeptide 3	Rattus norvegicus	82-112
14744944-11	2004	Compared with animals treated with a control diet, total parenteral nutrition plus choline in rats caused a 3-fold increase in hepatic microsomal FMO and a 2-fold increase in hepatic cytochrome CYP2E1 functional activity, respectively.	Choline	83-90	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily e, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	194-200
14744944-12	2004	Although the data did not reach statistical significance, selective immunoblot studies using hepatic microsomes from rats treated with total parenteral nutrition + choline showed that compared with controls, FMO1 protein was decreased 1.4-fold and FMO3 increased 1.3-fold, respectively.	Choline	164-171	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	208-212
14744944-12	2004	Although the data did not reach statistical significance, selective immunoblot studies using hepatic microsomes from rats treated with total parenteral nutrition + choline showed that compared with controls, FMO1 protein was decreased 1.4-fold and FMO3 increased 1.3-fold, respectively.	Choline	164-171	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 3	Rattus norvegicus	248-252
14744944-13	2004	In hepatic microsomes from rats treated with total parenteral nutrition + choline, compared with control animals, FMO4 immunoreactivity was increased 1.6-fold.	Choline	74-81	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 4	Rattus norvegicus	114-118
14573394-7	2003	Both urotensin II and nicotine stimulated [(3)H]choline release in a tetrodotoxin-sensitive manner from the prelabeled slices of the ileum.	Choline	48-55	urotensin 2	Homo sapiens	5-17
13679368-2	2003	Our previous study demonstrated that the choline-binding protein A (CbpA) of S. pneumoniae binds to the human polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) and enhances pneumococcal adhesion to and invasion of cultured epithelial cells.	Choline	41-48	polymeric immunoglobulin receptor	Homo sapiens	110-143
13679368-2	2003	Our previous study demonstrated that the choline-binding protein A (CbpA) of S. pneumoniae binds to the human polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) and enhances pneumococcal adhesion to and invasion of cultured epithelial cells.	Choline	41-48	polymeric immunoglobulin receptor	Homo sapiens	145-149
14507703-7	2003	SP-A reduced quadrupole splittings of DPPC choline beta-deuterons but had little effect on choline alpha-deuteron splittings.	Choline	43-50	surfactant protein A1	Homo sapiens	0-4
14535987-5	2003	Hepatoma-derived growth factor was also more strongly expressed in the tumors than in the adjacent fatty liver of fatty liver Shionogi (FLS) mice, than in the cirrhotic liver of choline-deficient amino acid feeding rats, as shown by northern blotting and immunohistochemistry.	Choline	178-185	heparin binding growth factor	Mus musculus	0-30
14587005-7	2003	Among cancer samples, larger increases in choline, and decreases in citrate and polyamines (P = 0.05) were observed with more aggressive cancers, and a MIB-1 labeling index correlated (r = 0.62, P = 0.01) with elevated choline.	Choline	42-49	MIB E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1	Homo sapiens	152-157
14587005-7	2003	Among cancer samples, larger increases in choline, and decreases in citrate and polyamines (P = 0.05) were observed with more aggressive cancers, and a MIB-1 labeling index correlated (r = 0.62, P = 0.01) with elevated choline.	Choline	219-226	MIB E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1	Homo sapiens	152-157
14587102-2	2003	Opi1 is a negative regulator responsible for repression of ICRE-dependent genes in the presence of an excess of inositol and choline.	Choline	125-132	transcriptional regulator OPI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
12885774-12	2003	Differing from NPP2, the alk-SMase cleaved phosphocholine but not choline from lysophosphatidylcholine.	Choline	50-57	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 7	Homo sapiens	25-34
15516326-5	2004	Moreover, vasopressin-dependent phospholipase D activation, assessed by measuring the [3H]-free choline release, was not modified by microwave irradiation.	Choline	96-103	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	10-21
14568261-0	2003	Osteoactivin expressed during cirrhosis development in rats fed a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined diet, accelerates motility of hepatoma cells.	Choline	66-73	glycoprotein nmb	Rattus norvegicus	0-12
14608048-2	2003	Mice with a homozygous disruption of the PEMT gene are dependent on the 1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (CDP-choline) pathway for the synthesis of PC and develop severe liver steatosis when fed a diet deficient in choline.	Choline	91-98	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	41-45
14608048-2	2003	Mice with a homozygous disruption of the PEMT gene are dependent on the 1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (CDP-choline) pathway for the synthesis of PC and develop severe liver steatosis when fed a diet deficient in choline.	Choline	91-98	cut-like homeobox 1	Mus musculus	118-121
14727511-4	2003	Choline (alpha 7 agonist) elicited a muscle depolarization, but this component was abolished in alpha 7-/- mice.	Choline	0-7	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	9-16
14727511-4	2003	Choline (alpha 7 agonist) elicited a muscle depolarization, but this component was abolished in alpha 7-/- mice.	Choline	0-7	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	96-103
14585997-1	2003	Presynaptic synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) requires a steady supply of choline, acquired by a plasma membrane, hemicholinium-3-sensitive (HC-3) choline transporter (CHT).	Choline	31-38	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	146-165
14585997-2	2003	A significant fraction of synaptic choline is recovered from ACh hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) after vesicular release.	Choline	35-42	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	79-99
14585997-2	2003	A significant fraction of synaptic choline is recovered from ACh hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) after vesicular release.	Choline	35-42	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	101-105
14500493-5	2003	Only the two related choline binding proteins, PspA and CbpA, were immunogenic in colonized subjects as determined by a statistically significant rise in the serum IgG titer.	Choline	21-28	surfactant protein A1	Homo sapiens	47-51
14527392-2	2003	Here we present the crystal structures of the free and choline bound states of the Cpl-1 lysin, encoded by the pneumococcal phage Cp-1.	Choline	55-62	lysozyme	Streptococcus phage Cp1	83-88
12969261-1	2003	Synthesis of acetylcholine depends on the plasma membrane uptake of choline by a high affinity choline transporter (CHT1).	Choline	19-26	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	116-120
12969261-2	2003	Choline uptake is regulated by nerve impulses and trafficking of an intracellular pool of CHT1 to the plasma membrane may be important for this regulation.	Choline	0-7	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	90-94
12969261-4	2003	Expression of CHT1-HA in HEK 293 cells establishes Na+-dependent, hemicholinium-3 sensitive high-affinity choline transport activity.	Choline	106-113	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	14-18
12969261-9	2003	We propose that intracellular CHT1 can be recruited during stimulation to increase choline uptake in nerve terminals.	Choline	83-90	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	30-34
14617177-9	2003	We conclude that H. influenzae may have multiple mechanisms for choline uptake and distinct pathways for choline utilization in LPS-ChoP biosynthesis and osmoregulation.	Choline	105-112	DNA damage inducible transcript 3	Homo sapiens	132-136
14529953-4	2003	Subsequent co-application of the selective nAChR agonists 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenyl-piperazinium iodide (DMPP; 0.3-300 microM), choline (0.01-3mM) and lobeline (3-30 microM) produced sustained and concentration-dependent increases in burst frequency with maximal frequency potentiation of 37+/-5%, 27+/-5% and 24+/-11%, respectively.	Choline	124-131	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	43-48
12805474-5	2003	The results of both post mortem and antemortem studies in aged humans and AD patients, as well as animal experiments suggest that a host of cholinergic abnormalities including alterations in choline transport, acetylcholine release, nicotinic and muscarinic receptor expression, neurotrophin support, and perhaps axonal transport may all contribute to cognitive abnormalities in aging and AD.	Choline	140-147	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	279-291
14517341-2	2003	PLD, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline, is activated in response to stimulators of vesicle transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, cell migration, and mitosis.	Choline	51-58	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-3
12960772-1	2003	Triiodothyronine (T3) stimulated AChE activity in depolarization-induced intact synaptosomes (isolated from adult rat cerebral cortex) suspended in calcium-supplemented choline chloride buffer in a time-dependent manner maximally 45-60 s after T3 administration and in a dose-dependent manner with an optimum at 10-100 nM.	Choline	169-185	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	33-37
12911759-9	2003	The Cx30-/- mice had elevated choline levels in the ventral striatum, possibly related to their aberrant behavioural phenotypes.	Choline	30-37	gap junction protein, beta 6	Mus musculus	4-8
12888645-7	2003	Additionally, two typical p-glycoprotein substrates, daunomycin and verapamil, both inhibited choline accumulation.	Choline	94-101	ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1	Homo sapiens	26-40
12911759-11	2003	Furthermore, the Cx30+/- mice had lower acetylcholine concentrations in the ventral striatum and higher choline levels in the neostriatum, relative to Cx30+/+ mice.	Choline	46-53	gap junction protein, beta 6	Mus musculus	17-21
12890676-2	2003	PIS1 gene expression is unusual because it is uncoupled from the other phospholipid biosynthetic genes, which are regulated in response to inositol and choline.	Choline	152-159	CDP-diacylglycerol--inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
12888645-11	2003	P-glycoprotein substrates may inhibit choline uptake through specific or nonspecific interactions with the choline transporter.	Choline	38-45	ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1	Homo sapiens	0-14
12654636-1	2003	The rate limiting step in neuronal acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis is the uptake of choline by the high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1).	Choline	41-48	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Rattus norvegicus	132-136
12829994-3	2003	We tested the hypothesis that increasing Cyp4a through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) should aggravate steatohepatitis produced by feeding a methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet.	Choline	200-207	cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily a, polypeptide 10	Mus musculus	41-46
12829994-3	2003	We tested the hypothesis that increasing Cyp4a through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) should aggravate steatohepatitis produced by feeding a methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet.	Choline	200-207	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	69-117
12770689-2	2003	In particular, a marked decline of choline acetyltransferase activity (CHAT) and as a consequence of acetylcholine during the course of the disease has been described.	Choline	35-42	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	71-75
12877798-5	2003	RESULTS: When the ascending aorta was declamped, average arterial leukocyte PLD activity was 0.305 +/- 0.132 nmol choline.min(-1).mg(-1), 5.0 times higher of the pre-CPB value, and remained (5.4 times higher of the pre-CPB level) at 72 hours after CPB.	Choline	114-121	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	76-79
12787861-1	2003	The present study was designed to assess the effect of supplementation with dietary cytidine (5")-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline), a source of cytidine and choline, on memory in young and older rats.	Choline	107-114	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	116-119
12758145-6	2003	The K(m) values for CKA-2 were 1.6 and 2.4 mM for choline and ATP, respectively, and k(cat) was 74 s(-1).	Choline	50-57	Choline kinase A2	Caenorhabditis elegans	20-25
12742520-7	2003	Choline levels in plasma, lateral cerebral ventricle and hypothalamus increased after CDP-choline administration.	Choline	0-7	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	86-89
12719234-2	2003	The binding process is mediated primarily by the specific interaction of PDC-109 with choline-containing phospholipids.	Choline	86-93	seminal plasma protein PDC-109	Bos taurus	73-80
12829994-3	2003	We tested the hypothesis that increasing Cyp4a through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) should aggravate steatohepatitis produced by feeding a methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet.	Choline	200-207	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	119-128
12753200-1	2003	In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, genes involved in phospholipid biosynthesis are activated by ICRE (inositol/choline-responsive element) up-stream motifs and the corresponding heterodimeric binding factor, Ino2 + Ino4.	Choline	115-122	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	212-216
12753200-1	2003	In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, genes involved in phospholipid biosynthesis are activated by ICRE (inositol/choline-responsive element) up-stream motifs and the corresponding heterodimeric binding factor, Ino2 + Ino4.	Choline	115-122	Ino4p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	219-223
12654636-7	2003	The close apposition of CHT1 to reported sites of localization of choline acetyltransferase in these cells is strongly in favor of ACh synthesis being fueled by choline uptake via CHT1 after release and breakdown of ACh at the luminal surface.	Choline	66-73	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Rattus norvegicus	24-28
12629355-13	2003	PSA at 1 year remained stable or decreased in 80% and 62% of [11C]choline-PET negative and positive cases, respectively.	Choline	66-73	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	0-3
12934358-7	2003	The ginsenosides, ginsenoside Rb1, and ginsenoside Rg1 promoted the [3H] choline incorporation.	Choline	73-80	RB transcriptional corepressor 1	Rattus norvegicus	30-33
12761300-6	2003	These results indicate that Scs2p can contribute to coordinated phospholipid metabolism including INO1 expression by regulating phosphatidylcholine synthesis through the CDP-choline pathway.	Choline	140-147	phosphatidylinositol-binding protein SCS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	28-33
12761300-6	2003	These results indicate that Scs2p can contribute to coordinated phospholipid metabolism including INO1 expression by regulating phosphatidylcholine synthesis through the CDP-choline pathway.	Choline	140-147	inositol-3-phosphate synthase INO1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	98-102
12629355-14	2003	CONCLUSIONS: [11C]choline-PET seems to be useful for re-staging prostatectomy cases with increasing serum PSA levels.	Choline	18-25	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	106-109
12675135-6	2003	CHT1 mediates Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent choline uptake with high sensitivity to hemicholinium-3.	Choline	41-48	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	0-4
12675144-0	2003	Selection and characterization of the choline transport mutation suppressor from Torpedo electric lobe, CTL1.	Choline	38-45	polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	104-108
12722989-0	2003	Choline availability during embryonic development alters the localization of calretinin in developing and aging mouse hippocampus.	Choline	0-7	calbindin 2	Mus musculus	77-87
12722989-2	2003	In the present study, the effects of dietary choline on the onset of GABAergic neuronal differentiation in developing fetal brain, as demarcated by the expression of calcium binding protein calretinin, are described.	Choline	45-52	calbindin 2	Mus musculus	190-200
12722989-4	2003	In the primordial dentate gyrus, we found that pups from choline deficient-dams had more calretinin protein (330% increase), and pups from choline supplemented-dams had less calretinin protein (70% decrease), than did pups from control-dams.	Choline	57-64	calbindin 2	Mus musculus	89-99
12722989-4	2003	In the primordial dentate gyrus, we found that pups from choline deficient-dams had more calretinin protein (330% increase), and pups from choline supplemented-dams had less calretinin protein (70% decrease), than did pups from control-dams.	Choline	139-146	calbindin 2	Mus musculus	174-184
12722989-5	2003	Importantly, decreased calretinin protein was still detectable in hippocampus in aged, 24-month-old mice, born of choline supplemented-dams and maintained since birth on a control diet.	Choline	114-121	calbindin 2	Mus musculus	23-33
12722989-6	2003	Thus, alterations in the level of calretinin protein in fetal brain hippocampus could underlie the known, life long effects of maternal dietary choline availability on brain development and behavior.	Choline	144-151	calbindin 2	Mus musculus	34-44
12628461-1	2003	Uptake of choline by the high-affinity choline transporter CHT1 is the rate-limiting step in neuronal acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis.	Choline	10-17	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	59-63
12628461-6	2003	The close apposition of CHT1 to reported sites of localization of choline acetyltransferase in these cells is strongly in favour of ACh synthesis being fuelled by choline uptake via CHT1 in these epithelia.	Choline	66-73	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	24-28
12628469-3	2003	In nerve terminals, choline taken up via the high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1) is exclusively utilized for ACh synthesis.	Choline	20-27	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	80-84
12675144-1	2003	The presumptive choline transporter, CTL1, was initially identified through functional complementation of a triple yeast mutant (ctr ise URA3delta) with deficiencies in both choline transport and choline neosynthesis under selective conditions that cause perturbations in membrane synthesis and growth.	Choline	16-23	polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	37-41
12675144-1	2003	The presumptive choline transporter, CTL1, was initially identified through functional complementation of a triple yeast mutant (ctr ise URA3delta) with deficiencies in both choline transport and choline neosynthesis under selective conditions that cause perturbations in membrane synthesis and growth.	Choline	174-181	polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	37-41
12675144-5	2003	In Xenopus oocytes, Torpedo CTL1 expression was associated with the appearance of sodium independent high-affinity choline uptake.	Choline	115-122	solute carrier family 44 (choline transporter), member 1 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	28-32
12675144-6	2003	We propose that CTL1 plays a role in providing choline for membrane synthesis in the nervous system.	Choline	47-54	polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	16-20
12604705-0	2003	Active transport of high-affinity choline and nicotine analogs into the central nervous system by the blood-brain barrier choline transporter.	Choline	34-41	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	122-141
12466019-0	2003	Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) knockout mice have hepatic steatosis and abnormal hepatic choline metabolite concentrations despite ingesting a recommended dietary intake of choline.	Choline	110-117	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	0-44
12466019-0	2003	Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) knockout mice have hepatic steatosis and abnormal hepatic choline metabolite concentrations despite ingesting a recommended dietary intake of choline.	Choline	110-117	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	46-50
12466019-0	2003	Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) knockout mice have hepatic steatosis and abnormal hepatic choline metabolite concentrations despite ingesting a recommended dietary intake of choline.	Choline	194-201	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	0-44
12466019-0	2003	Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) knockout mice have hepatic steatosis and abnormal hepatic choline metabolite concentrations despite ingesting a recommended dietary intake of choline.	Choline	194-201	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	46-50
12466019-1	2003	Choline is an essential nutrient for humans and is derived from the diet as well as from de novo synthesis involving methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine catalysed by the enzyme phosphatidylethanolamine N -methyltransferase (PEMT).	Choline	0-7	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	181-226
12466019-1	2003	Choline is an essential nutrient for humans and is derived from the diet as well as from de novo synthesis involving methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine catalysed by the enzyme phosphatidylethanolamine N -methyltransferase (PEMT).	Choline	0-7	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	228-232
12466019-7	2003	In male, female and pregnant mice, liver phosphatidylcholine concentrations were significantly decreased in Pemt (-/-) choline deficient and in Pemt (-/-) choline control groups but returned to normal in Pemt (-/-) choline supplemented groups.	Choline	53-60	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	108-112
12466019-7	2003	In male, female and pregnant mice, liver phosphatidylcholine concentrations were significantly decreased in Pemt (-/-) choline deficient and in Pemt (-/-) choline control groups but returned to normal in Pemt (-/-) choline supplemented groups.	Choline	119-126	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	108-112
12466019-7	2003	In male, female and pregnant mice, liver phosphatidylcholine concentrations were significantly decreased in Pemt (-/-) choline deficient and in Pemt (-/-) choline control groups but returned to normal in Pemt (-/-) choline supplemented groups.	Choline	119-126	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	108-112
12466019-9	2003	These results show that PEMT normally supplies a significant portion of the daily choline requirement in the mouse and, when this pathway is knocked out, mice are unable to attain normal concentrations of all choline metabolites even with a supplemental source of dietary choline.	Choline	82-89	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	24-28
12539199-2	2003	More recently, choline itself has been shown to act as a full, if low potency, agonist at the alpha7 subtype of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.	Choline	15-22	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 2 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	116-148
12551843-4	2003	We administered the alternate choline-derived methyl donor, betaine, to wild-type mice and to littermates with mild or severe hyperhomocysteinemia due to hetero- or homozygosity for a disruption of the Mthfr gene.	Choline	30-37	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Mus musculus	202-207
12551843-5	2003	On control diets, plasma homocysteine and liver choline metabolite levels were strongly dependent on the Mthfr genotype.	Choline	48-55	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Mus musculus	105-110
12551843-10	2003	Hyperhomocysteinemic Mthfr-compromised mice appear to be much more sensitive to changes of choline/betaine intake than do wild-type animals.	Choline	91-98	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Mus musculus	21-26
12551843-11	2003	Hyperhomocysteinemia, in the range of that associated with folate deficiency or with homozygosity for the 677T MTHFR variant, may be associated with disturbed choline metabolism.	Choline	159-166	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Mus musculus	111-116
12612180-2	2003	The coenzymes necessary for several of these reactions include the B-vitamins, folate, vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6 and riboflavin (vitamin B-2), whereas important intermediary compounds in this schema include methionine and choline.	Choline	222-229	immunoglobulin kappa variable 5-2	Homo sapiens	137-140
12562921-5	2003	After inhibiting muscle nAChRs with a specific muscle nAChR inhibitor, alpha-conotoxin GI (alphaCTxGI), choline was used to activate the alpha7* nAChRs on muscle selectively.	Choline	104-111	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	24-29
12619037-0	2003	Fhit gene alterations in hepatocarcinogenesis induced by a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet in rats.	Choline	59-66	fragile histidine triad diadenosine triphosphatase	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
12619037-1	2003	Alterations of the fragile histidine triad (Fhit) gene were investigated in rat hepatocarcinogenesis induced by a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet.	Choline	114-121	fragile histidine triad diadenosine triphosphatase	Rattus norvegicus	44-48
12605180-0	2003	Diminished lung injury with vascular adhesion molecule-1 blockade in choline-deficient ethionine diet-induced pancreatitis.	Choline	69-76	vascular cell adhesion molecule 1	Mus musculus	28-56
12546662-1	2003	Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyses phosphatidylcholine into phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline.	Choline	45-52	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
12546662-1	2003	Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyses phosphatidylcholine into phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline.	Choline	45-52	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
12571220-0	2003	Evaluation of 18F-FA-4 and 11C-pipzA-4 as radioligands for the in vivo evaluation of the high-affinity choline uptake system.	Choline	103-110	Fanconi anemia, complementation group D2	Mus musculus	18-22
12602516-5	2002	The application of a test designed to evaluate patients with Parkinson"s disease (where extrapyramidal signs are typical) showed significant clinical correlations both with pallidal hyperintensity and with choline/creatine ratio at 1H MRS in BG structures.	Choline	206-213	MROS	Homo sapiens	235-238
12514272-0	2003	Carnitine and choline supplementation with exercise alter carnitine profiles, biochemical markers of fat metabolism and serum leptin concentration in healthy women.	Choline	14-21	leptin	Homo sapiens	126-132
12628469-7	2003	These results suggest that CHT1 plays a role in mediating choline uptake in T-lymphocytes and provides further evidence for the presence of an independent lymphocytic cholinergic system.	Choline	58-65	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	27-31
12496151-6	2003	A mutant form of the family 2 PspA with a deletion within the choline-binding region was also produced.	Choline	62-69	surfactant associated protein A1	Mus musculus	30-34
16233438-6	2003	A disruptant of the OPI1 gene, an inositol/choline-mediated negative regulatory gene, produced higher amounts of MCFA than the control strain both in the static culture and in sake mash when a sufficient amount of inositol was supplemented.	Choline	43-50	transcriptional regulator OPI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	20-24
12518029-3	2003	Unanesthetized cPLA(2)(-/-) mice had reduced rates of incorporation of unlabeled arachidonate from plasma and from the brain arachidonoyl-CoA pool into ethanolamine glycerophospholipid and choline glycerophospholipid, but elevated rates into phosphatidylinositol.	Choline	189-196	phospholipase A2, group IVA (cytosolic, calcium-dependent)	Mus musculus	15-21
14510501-4	2003	Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that only the SAM2 gene was subject to the inositol-choline regulation, consistent with the fact that only the SAM2 gene has two octamer sequences in its upstream region.	Choline	88-95	methionine adenosyltransferase SAM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	50-54
12931022-1	2003	OBJECTIVE: Hepatic phosphatidylethanolamine is converted into phosphatidylcholine by the enzyme phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) when the dietary choline supply is inadequate.	Choline	74-81	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	96-140
12931022-1	2003	OBJECTIVE: Hepatic phosphatidylethanolamine is converted into phosphatidylcholine by the enzyme phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) when the dietary choline supply is inadequate.	Choline	74-81	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	142-146
12496091-5	2002	Synaptophysin channels showed higher selectivity for K(+) over Cl(-) (P(K(+))/P(Cl(-)) > 8) and preferred K(+) over Li(+), Na(+), Rb(+), Cs(+), or choline(+).	Choline	150-157	synaptophysin	Rattus norvegicus	0-13
12414302-2	2002	We hypothesized that the probable glial markers myo-inositol [MI] and choline compounds [CHO] would correlate with cognitive function, CD4 count, and viral loads, but not with serum lipids.	Choline	70-77	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	135-138
12438515-5	2002	In proximal tubules, procainamide, quinine, cyanine(863), choline, and guanidine in concentrations that inhibit rOCT1/2-mediated TEA or amantadine uptake in Xenopus oocytes exhibited no effect on amantadine uptake.	Choline	58-65	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	112-117
12237312-10	2002	The Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of CHT1 has a valine residue at the corresponding position and a single replacement from valine to isoleucine caused a decrease in the choline uptake rate by 40%, suggesting that this hydrophobic residue is generally critical in the choline transport rate in CHT1.	Choline	171-178	putative endochitinase	Caenorhabditis elegans	39-43
12237312-10	2002	The Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of CHT1 has a valine residue at the corresponding position and a single replacement from valine to isoleucine caused a decrease in the choline uptake rate by 40%, suggesting that this hydrophobic residue is generally critical in the choline transport rate in CHT1.	Choline	269-276	putative endochitinase	Caenorhabditis elegans	39-43
12393164-3	2002	Using the endogenous connexin (Cx38) of Xenopus oocytes as a model system, we have shown that substituting choline for sodium in the bath solution eliminates the sodium current, thereby unmasking large hemichannel currents, and enabling pharmacological studies of agents that are known to modulate gap-junctional conductances.	Choline	107-114	connexin 38 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	31-35
12402194-3	2002	Culture supernatants of 6 wild-type strains of S. pneumoniae, shown to contain choline-binding protein A (CbpA; clades A and B), induced release of chemokine CXCL8 from the human alveolar epithelial cell line A549, whereas a CbpA deletion mutant elicited significantly reduced CXCL8 release, compared with that of its isogenic parent (P<.01).	Choline	79-86	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	158-163
12411519-3	2002	The selective alpha7-containing nAChR (alpha7*nAChR) agonist choline (10 mM) induced a fast, rapidly desensitizing inward current, which was fully blocked by alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BgT; 50 nM) and strychnine (1 microM), two antagonists of alpha7*nAChRs.	Choline	61-68	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	39-51
12270172-0	2002	Molecular modeling and enzymatic studies of the interaction of a choline analogue and acetylcholinesterase.	Choline	65-72	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	86-106
12270172-3	2002	Enzymatic experiments have also supported the same theoretical conclusion indicating that AChE was able to hydrolyze 1 to choline.	Choline	122-129	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	90-94
12403587-4	2002	The AChE/ChO-modified electrode was then employed as an end-column detector to determine acetylcholine and choline with and without the internal standard butyrylcholine.	Choline	95-102	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	4-8
12167660-0	2002	Differential partitioning of lipids metabolized by separate yeast glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases reveals that phospholipase D generation of phosphatidic acid mediates sensitivity to choline-containing lysolipids and drugs.	Choline	189-196	phospholipase D	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	117-132
12167660-4	2002	To address why we observed alterations in phospholipid turnover specific to phosphatidylcholine produced through the CDP-choline pathway in gat1 and gat2 yeast we tested their sensitivity to various cytotoxic lysolipids and observed that gat2 cells were more sensitive to lysophosphatidylcholine, but not other lysolipids.	Choline	88-95	Gat1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	140-144
12167660-4	2002	To address why we observed alterations in phospholipid turnover specific to phosphatidylcholine produced through the CDP-choline pathway in gat1 and gat2 yeast we tested their sensitivity to various cytotoxic lysolipids and observed that gat2 cells were more sensitive to lysophosphatidylcholine, but not other lysolipids.	Choline	88-95	Gat2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	149-153
12167660-9	2002	Our results are consistent with a model whereby phosphatidic acid generated from phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis by Spo14p regulates susceptibility to choline-containing lysolipid analogs and drugs.	Choline	93-100	phospholipase D	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	115-121
12232764-2	2002	We hypothesised that, when labelled appropriately, changes in choline kinetics could be used to assess geldanamycin pharmacodynamics, which involves inhibition of the HSP90 molecular chaperone-->Raf1-->Mitogenic Extracellular Kinase-->Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1 and 2 signal transduction pathway.	Choline	62-69	heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1	Homo sapiens	167-172
12232764-2	2002	We hypothesised that, when labelled appropriately, changes in choline kinetics could be used to assess geldanamycin pharmacodynamics, which involves inhibition of the HSP90 molecular chaperone-->Raf1-->Mitogenic Extracellular Kinase-->Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1 and 2 signal transduction pathway.	Choline	62-69	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Homo sapiens	244-289
12183043-6	2002	Immunocytochemistry showed an increase in choline acethyltransferase and tyrosine kinaseB receptors in motoneurons treated with ALCAR but not with L-CAR.	Choline	42-49	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3	Rattus norvegicus	130-133
12352613-1	2002	We initially isolated CTL1 from the electric lobe of brain through functional complementation of a yeast mutant deficient in choline transport.	Choline	125-132	polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	22-26
12215503-1	2002	S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEAMT; EC 2.1.1.103) catalyzes the key step in choline (Cho) biosynthesis, the N-methylation of phosphoethanolamine.	Choline	112-119	S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	0-63
12183330-7	2002	The agonists, ACh, choline, cytisine, GTS-21, 4OH-GTS-21 and 4-MeO-CA have the same rank order potency for both human and rat receptors: 4-MeO-CA > 4OH-GTS-21 > GTS-21 > cytisine > ACh > choline.	Choline	202-209	GTS	Homo sapiens	50-53
12183330-7	2002	The agonists, ACh, choline, cytisine, GTS-21, 4OH-GTS-21 and 4-MeO-CA have the same rank order potency for both human and rat receptors: 4-MeO-CA > 4OH-GTS-21 > GTS-21 > cytisine > ACh > choline.	Choline	202-209	GTS	Homo sapiens	50-53
12183330-7	2002	The agonists, ACh, choline, cytisine, GTS-21, 4OH-GTS-21 and 4-MeO-CA have the same rank order potency for both human and rat receptors: 4-MeO-CA > 4OH-GTS-21 > GTS-21 > cytisine > ACh > choline.	Choline	202-209	GTS	Homo sapiens	50-53
12183558-7	2002	These findings raised the possibility that the interaction between choline-binding protein A and human polymeric immunoglobulin receptor may be a key determinant of S. pneumoniae pathogenesis.	Choline	67-74	megakaryocyte and platelet inhibitory receptor G6b	Homo sapiens	113-136
12192599-2	2002	The similarity between response to indomethacin and nm23 transfection led us to 1) expand our (1)H NMR spectroscopy study of indomethacin treatment by determining the response at two doses for two nonmalignant and three malignant HMECs, 2) investigate COX-1 and COX-2 levels in HMECs and their relationship with choline phosholipid metabolites, and 3) determine changes in Nm23 expression following treatment with indomethacin.	Choline	312-319	NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	52-56
12176030-5	2002	Quinine, tetraethylammonium, cimetidine, procainamide, choline, and N(")-methylnicotinamide inhibited the uptake of [(3)H]MPP(+) via mOCT1, as well as via mOCT2, and the inhibitory potencies for mOCT1 were comparable to but slightly higher than those for mOCT2.	Choline	55-62	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	133-138
12176030-5	2002	Quinine, tetraethylammonium, cimetidine, procainamide, choline, and N(")-methylnicotinamide inhibited the uptake of [(3)H]MPP(+) via mOCT1, as well as via mOCT2, and the inhibitory potencies for mOCT1 were comparable to but slightly higher than those for mOCT2.	Choline	55-62	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	155-160
12176030-5	2002	Quinine, tetraethylammonium, cimetidine, procainamide, choline, and N(")-methylnicotinamide inhibited the uptake of [(3)H]MPP(+) via mOCT1, as well as via mOCT2, and the inhibitory potencies for mOCT1 were comparable to but slightly higher than those for mOCT2.	Choline	55-62	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	195-200
12176030-5	2002	Quinine, tetraethylammonium, cimetidine, procainamide, choline, and N(")-methylnicotinamide inhibited the uptake of [(3)H]MPP(+) via mOCT1, as well as via mOCT2, and the inhibitory potencies for mOCT1 were comparable to but slightly higher than those for mOCT2.	Choline	55-62	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	255-260
12153579-9	2002	The activity of PtdEtn-PLD was reduced by 30-40% upon addition to the medium of inositol (75 micro m) in either wild-type yeast or spo14Delta mutants and this effect was seen regardless of the presence of choline, suggesting that transcription of the PtdEtn-PLD gene is down-regulated by inositol.	Choline	205-212	phospholipase D	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	23-26
12358793-5	2002	Through the use of two other immunosuppressors, FK506, which also inhibits calcineurin, and rapamycin, which does not, two different mechanisms of choline uptake inhibition were uncovered.	Choline	147-154	protein phosphatase 3, catalytic subunit, alpha isozyme L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	75-86
12358793-8	2002	Choline uptake by oocytes expressing tCHT1 was inhibited by all three immunosuppressors and also by microinjection of the specific calcineurin autoinhibitory domain A457-481, indicating that the phosphatase calcineurin regulates CHT1 activity and could be the common target of cyclosporin and FK506.	Choline	0-7	protein phosphatase 3, catalytic subunit, alpha isozyme L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	131-142
12358793-8	2002	Choline uptake by oocytes expressing tCHT1 was inhibited by all three immunosuppressors and also by microinjection of the specific calcineurin autoinhibitory domain A457-481, indicating that the phosphatase calcineurin regulates CHT1 activity and could be the common target of cyclosporin and FK506.	Choline	0-7	protein phosphatase 3, catalytic subunit, alpha isozyme L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	207-218
12358793-8	2002	Choline uptake by oocytes expressing tCHT1 was inhibited by all three immunosuppressors and also by microinjection of the specific calcineurin autoinhibitory domain A457-481, indicating that the phosphatase calcineurin regulates CHT1 activity and could be the common target of cyclosporin and FK506.	Choline	0-7	solute carrier family 5 (sodium/choline cotransporter), member 7 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	38-42
12144847-0	2002	Prenatal choline supplementation increases NGF levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of young and adult rats.	Choline	9-16	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	43-46
12144847-2	2002	Prenatal choline supplementation caused significant increases in hippocampal NGF levels at 20 and 90 days of age, while levels of NGF in the frontal cortex were elevated in choline-supplemented rats at 20 days of age, but not 90 days of age.	Choline	9-16	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	77-80
12144847-2	2002	Prenatal choline supplementation caused significant increases in hippocampal NGF levels at 20 and 90 days of age, while levels of NGF in the frontal cortex were elevated in choline-supplemented rats at 20 days of age, but not 90 days of age.	Choline	173-180	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	130-133
12144847-3	2002	These results suggest that increases in NGF levels during development or adulthood may be one mechanism underlying improvements in spatial and temporal memory of adult rats exposed to elevated levels of choline chloride perinatally.	Choline	203-219	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	40-43
12215503-1	2002	S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEAMT; EC 2.1.1.103) catalyzes the key step in choline (Cho) biosynthesis, the N-methylation of phosphoethanolamine.	Choline	112-119	S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	65-70
12215503-1	2002	S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEAMT; EC 2.1.1.103) catalyzes the key step in choline (Cho) biosynthesis, the N-methylation of phosphoethanolamine.	Choline	121-124	S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	0-63
12215503-1	2002	S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEAMT; EC 2.1.1.103) catalyzes the key step in choline (Cho) biosynthesis, the N-methylation of phosphoethanolamine.	Choline	121-124	S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	65-70
11891217-4	2002	When choline was substituted for sodium to transform thrombin to its slow form, the maximal levels of alpha-profibrin rose to those expected for independent release of the two FPA.	Choline	5-12	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	53-61
12163688-1	2002	In the early 1930s, the group of Banting and Best showed that the choline moiety of lecithin was responsible for the prevention of the fatty livers produced in pancreatectomized dogs treated with insulin.	Choline	66-73	insulin	Canis lupus familiaris	196-203
12089365-9	2002	The uptake of guanidine and choline by hOCT2-transfected cells also increased markedly but not that by hOCT2-A-transfected cells.	Choline	28-35	POU class 2 homeobox 2	Homo sapiens	39-44
12052891-1	2002	CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase alpha (CCT alpha) is a nuclear enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the CDP-choline pathway, the primary route for synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) in eukaryotic cells.	Choline	11-18	choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase A	Cricetulus griseus	47-56
12105904-1	2002	A combined molecular dynamics simulation and multiple ligand docking approach is applied to study the binding specificity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with its natural substrate acetylcholine (ACh), a family of substrate analogues, and choline.	Choline	131-138	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	147-151
12117562-13	2002	Such regulation might occur at least at two different levels of the CDP-choline pathway: on the one hand, PLC operates on CCT activity; on the other, while PGs regulate CPT activity.	Choline	72-79	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1A, choline	Rattus norvegicus	122-125
12091248-16	2002	Incubation of isolated fetal type II cells with leptin (0.01-10 microg/ml) stimulated [3H]choline incorporation in disaturated phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	90-97	leptin	Oryctolagus cuniculus	48-54
12070331-2	2002	Like all the pneumococcal cell-wall lysins, Ejl has a bimodular organization; the catalytic region is located in the N-terminal module, and the C-terminal module attaches the enzyme to the choline residues of the pneumococcal cell wall.	Choline	189-196	N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase family protein	Streptococcus phage EJ-1	44-47
12070331-3	2002	The structural features of the Ejl amidase, its interaction with choline, and the structural changes accompanying the ligand binding have been characterized by CD and IR spectroscopies, differential scanning calorimetry, analytical ultracentrifugation, and FPLC.	Choline	65-72	N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase family protein	Streptococcus phage EJ-1	31-34
12070331-9	2002	Choline binding induces small rearrangements in Ejl secondary structure but enhances the amidase self-association by preferential binding to Ejl dimers and tetramers.	Choline	0-7	N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase family protein	Streptococcus phage EJ-1	48-51
12070331-9	2002	Choline binding induces small rearrangements in Ejl secondary structure but enhances the amidase self-association by preferential binding to Ejl dimers and tetramers.	Choline	0-7	N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase family protein	Streptococcus phage EJ-1	141-144
12070331-10	2002	Comparison of LytA, the major pneumococcal amidase, with Ejl shows that the sequence differences (15% divergence) strongly influence the amidase stability, the organization of the catalytic module in cooperative domains, and the self-association state induced by choline.	Choline	263-270	N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase family protein	Streptococcus phage EJ-1	57-60
12070331-11	2002	Moreover, the ligand affinity for the choline-binding locus involved in regulation of the amidase dimerization is reduced by a factor of 10 in Ejl.	Choline	38-45	N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase family protein	Streptococcus phage EJ-1	143-146
12031853-0	2002	Intracerebroventricular choline increases plasma vasopressin and augments plasma vasopressin response to osmotic stimulation and hemorrhage.	Choline	24-31	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	49-60
12031853-0	2002	Intracerebroventricular choline increases plasma vasopressin and augments plasma vasopressin response to osmotic stimulation and hemorrhage.	Choline	24-31	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	81-92
12031853-2	2002	injection of choline (50-150 microg), a precursor of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, produced a time-and dose-dependent increase in plasma vasopressin levels in conscious, freely moving rats.	Choline	13-20	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	143-154
12031853-6	2002	The choline-induced rise in plasma vasopressin levels was greatly attenuated by hemicholinium-3 (HC-3; 20 microg; i.c.v.	Choline	4-11	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	35-46
12031853-14	2002	It is concluded that choline increases plasma vasopressin levels by stimulating central nicotinic receptors indirectly, through the enhancement of acetylcholine synthesis and release, and augments the ability of osmotic stimulations or hemorrhage to stimulate vasopressin release.	Choline	21-28	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	46-57
12031853-14	2002	It is concluded that choline increases plasma vasopressin levels by stimulating central nicotinic receptors indirectly, through the enhancement of acetylcholine synthesis and release, and augments the ability of osmotic stimulations or hemorrhage to stimulate vasopressin release.	Choline	21-28	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	260-271
12007839-6	2002	rCTL1 belongs to the choline transporter-like protein family, which takes up choline.	Choline	21-28	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
12007839-9	2002	These results suggest that rCTL1 is involved in activated choline uptake for membrane synthesis in motoneurons following nerve transection.	Choline	58-65	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	27-32
11983290-0	2002	The decline in serum choline concentration in humans during and after surgery is associated with the elevation of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin and beta-endorphin concentrations.	Choline	21-28	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	124-151
11983290-0	2002	The decline in serum choline concentration in humans during and after surgery is associated with the elevation of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin and beta-endorphin concentrations.	Choline	21-28	prolactin	Homo sapiens	153-162
11983290-0	2002	The decline in serum choline concentration in humans during and after surgery is associated with the elevation of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin and beta-endorphin concentrations.	Choline	21-28	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	167-181
11983290-5	2002	The decrease in serum choline was associated and inversely correlated with the increase in serum cortisol (P<0.001; r = -0.642), prolactin (P<0.001; r = -0.756), -endorphin (P<0.001; r = -0.726) and ACTH (P<0.01; r = -0.458).	Choline	22-29	prolactin	Homo sapiens	132-141
11983290-5	2002	The decrease in serum choline was associated and inversely correlated with the increase in serum cortisol (P<0.001; r = -0.642), prolactin (P<0.001; r = -0.756), -endorphin (P<0.001; r = -0.726) and ACTH (P<0.01; r = -0.458).	Choline	22-29	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	208-212
11983290-6	2002	In conclusion, we found that abdominal surgery induces a decline in serum choline associated with an increase in circulating cortisol, prolactin, ACTH and -endorphin.	Choline	74-81	prolactin	Homo sapiens	135-144
12012025-10	2002	injection of CDP-choline (1 micromol) and choline (1 micromol).	Choline	17-24	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	13-16
12054535-1	2002	Recent work identified ABCA1 as the major regulator of plasma HDL-cholesterol responsible for the removal of excess choline-phospholipids and cholesterol from peripheral cells and tissues.	Choline	116-123	ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens	23-28
12054535-5	2002	ABCA1 in the plasmamembrane of human macrophages was found to be partially associated with Lubrol rafts and effluxed choline-phospholipids involve these microdomains.	Choline	117-124	ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
12162465-1	2002	Phospholipase D (PLD), a phospholipid phosphohydrolase, catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine and other membrane phospholipids to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline.	Choline	96-103	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
12162465-1	2002	Phospholipase D (PLD), a phospholipid phosphohydrolase, catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine and other membrane phospholipids to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline.	Choline	96-103	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
12575328-2	2002	METHODS: The CDP-[M-14 C] choline content reflecting the microsomal CTP: phosphorylcholine cytidylyltransferase activity of cultured lung explants was measured with liquid scintillation.	Choline	26-33	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	13-16
11973583-3	2002	ET-1 reduced both the reactive oxygen-induced decrease in (3)H-choline incorporation and the increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content of lung tissues, but did not change the levels of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and the total antioxidant capability in the lung explants.	Choline	63-70	endothelin 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
11956333-5	2002	Whereas ACh, carbachol and choline were full or near-full agonists for homomeric alpha7 receptor channels, both carbachol and choline were only partial agonists in oocytes expressing both alpha7 and beta2 subunits.	Choline	126-133	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 2	Homo sapiens	199-204
11937055-1	2002	Bovine seminal plasma PDC-109 binds to sperm surface choline lipids and promotes sperm capacitation by stimulating the efflux of cholesterol and phospholipids.	Choline	53-60	seminal plasma protein PDC-109	Bos taurus	22-29
11929608-6	2002	(iv) Apo AI preferentially depleted cholesterol and choline-phospholipids from Lubrol rafts, whereas HDL3 additionally decreased the cholesterol content of Triton rafts.	Choline	52-59	apolipoprotein A1	Homo sapiens	5-11
11895858-6	2002	p53 knockout mice were fed a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented diet, previously shown to increase oval cell numbers in wild-type mice.	Choline	29-36	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	0-3
12073774-0	2002	Prevention/reversal of choline deficiency-induced steatohepatitis by a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha ligand in rats.	Choline	23-30	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	71-119
11880242-1	2002	Choline and ethanolamine are substrates for de novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PtdC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdE) through the CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine pathways.	Choline	0-7	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	140-143
11880242-1	2002	Choline and ethanolamine are substrates for de novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PtdC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdE) through the CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine pathways.	Choline	0-7	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	156-159
12511977-8	2002	The effect of SPC on Kv1.3 channel gating resembles the effect exerted by extracellular zinc at the concentration of 10 micro M. It is concluded that the effect of SPC is specific and may be due to the presence of a choline residue in SPC molecules.	Choline	216-223	potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 3	Homo sapiens	21-26
11929707-0	2002	Improved method for the quality assurance of [C-11]choline.	Choline	51-58	RNA polymerase III subunit K	Homo sapiens	46-50
11929707-1	2002	[C-11]choline is a very promising radiomarker for the diagnosis of various human tumors using Positron Emission Tomography (PET).	Choline	6-13	RNA polymerase III subunit K	Homo sapiens	1-5
11929707-2	2002	The existing quality control process for [C-11]choline is complicated and combines two HPLC methods with limited separation and sensitivity which prevent the accurate determination of the specific activity.	Choline	47-54	RNA polymerase III subunit K	Homo sapiens	42-46
11853680-8	2002	Inhibition of choline efflux and of Mg(2+) efflux in choline medium occurred as follows: quinine>cinchonine>HC-3>DoTMA.	Choline	14-21	Hypercalciuria QTL 3	Rattus norvegicus	114-118
11853680-8	2002	Inhibition of choline efflux and of Mg(2+) efflux in choline medium occurred as follows: quinine>cinchonine>HC-3>DoTMA.	Choline	53-60	Hypercalciuria QTL 3	Rattus norvegicus	114-118
12012025-14	2002	Choline levels in lateral cerebral ventricle and hypothalamus increased about nine- and fivefold, respectively, after CDP-choline (1 micromol) administration in normotensive rats.	Choline	0-7	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	118-121
11853680-5	2002	This was supported through inhibition of Mg(2+) efflux by hemicholinum-3 (HC-3), dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DoTMA) and cinchona alkaloids, which are inhibitors of the choline exchanger.	Choline	174-181	Hypercalciuria QTL 3	Rattus norvegicus	74-78
11853680-6	2002	Increasing concentrations of HC-3 inhibited the efflux of choline and efflux of Mg(2+) to the same degree.	Choline	58-65	Hypercalciuria QTL 3	Rattus norvegicus	29-33
11872629-0	2002	Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 protein during rat hepatocarcinogenesis caused by a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined diet and chemopreventive efficacy of a specific inhibitor, nimesulide.	Choline	93-100	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	24-40
11872629-1	2002	Expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 protein during rat hepatocarcinogenesis associated with fatty change, fibrosis, cirrhosis and oxidative DNA damage, caused by a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet were investigated in F344 male rats, along with the chemopreventive efficacy of the specific COX-2 inhibitor, nimesulide (NIM).	Choline	165-172	cytochrome c oxidase II, mitochondrial	Rattus norvegicus	14-36
11850483-2	2002	This study was aimed at developing an (18)F-substituted choline analog, (18)F-fluoroethylcholine (FECh), as a tracer of cancer detection.	Choline	56-63	ferrochelatase	Homo sapiens	98-102
11833752-10	2002	CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest a strong interaction between vitamin B12 and choline deficiencies and folate status in this population, which may be due in part to variations in vitamin and choline delivery by TPN.	Choline	77-84	NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B3	Homo sapiens	69-72
11731559-4	2001	Using whole cell patch-clamp recording and post hoc identification of neuronal types in rat hippocampal slices, we show that brief (12-s) nAChR activation by ACh (1 mM) or choline (10 mM) enhances the frequency of GABAergic PSCs in both pyramidal neurons and CA1 interneurons.	Choline	172-179	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	138-143
11731559-4	2001	Using whole cell patch-clamp recording and post hoc identification of neuronal types in rat hippocampal slices, we show that brief (12-s) nAChR activation by ACh (1 mM) or choline (10 mM) enhances the frequency of GABAergic PSCs in both pyramidal neurons and CA1 interneurons.	Choline	172-179	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	259-262
11731559-5	2001	The magnitude of alpha7 nAChR-mediated GABAergic inhibition, as assessed by the net charge of choline-induced PSCs, was highest in stratum lacunosum moleculare interneurons followed by pyramidal neurons and s. radiatum interneurons.	Choline	94-101	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	24-29
11731559-6	2001	In contrast, the magnitude of alpha4beta2 nAChR-mediated GABAergic inhibition, as assessed by the difference between the net charge of PSCs induced by ACh and choline, was highest in pyramidal neurons followed by s. lacunosum moleculare and s. radiatum interneurons.	Choline	159-166	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	42-47
11589920-8	2001	Other phospholipids involved in choline biosynthetic pathways such as CDP-choline, choline alphoscerate and phosphatidylserine clearly enhanced ACh availability or release and provided a modest improvement of cognitive dysfunction in AD, these effects being more pronounced with choline alphoscerate.	Choline	32-39	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	70-73
11853019-7	2002	Since HCNP is known to stimulate the enzymatic activity of choline acetyltransferase in neurons, its low expression in the CAI field of AD patients may explain the downregulation of cholinergic neurons seen in these patients and may thus contribute to the pathogenic processes underlying AD.	Choline	59-66	phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	6-10
11756485-8	2002	ACh, nicotine, and choline (a selective alpha7 nAChR agonist) were effective in evoking action potentials and repetitive firing with synaptic transmission blocked by low Ca2+, high Mg2+ medium.	Choline	19-26	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	47-52
11773510-0	2002	Choline deficiency-induced liver damage is reversible in Pemt(-/-) mice.	Choline	0-7	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	57-61
12421625-5	2002	In the present study, we have characterized the possible involvement of GABA in IGF-I-mediated inhibition of ACh release and measured the effects of this growth factor on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and high-affinity choline uptake in the hippocampus of the adult rat brain.	Choline	171-178	myotrophin	Rattus norvegicus	154-167
11602607-3	2001	When the PSD1 gene is deleted, the resultant strain (psd1Delta) grows normally at 30 degrees C in glucose and in the absence of exogenous choline or ethanolamine.	Choline	138-145	phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	9-13
11602607-8	2001	In contrast, a psd1Delta psd2Delta strain, which makes low levels of PtdEtn from sphingolipid breakdown, can be rescued by ethanolamine, choline, or the ethanolamine analogue propanolamine.	Choline	137-144	phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	15-19
12240034-1	2001	Phosphatidylethanolamine and -choline derivatives equipped with fluorescent donor-acceptor pairs of dyes connected to the tips of the fatty acids were synthesised and shown to be suitable substrates for phospholipase A2.	Choline	30-37	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	203-219
11920914-5	2001	These observations suggest that peripheral site ligands are capable of allosterically affecting the conformation of residues in the choline binding site of AChE, thus optimizing the position of the leaving group of uncharged organophosphates during the inhibition reaction.	Choline	132-139	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	156-160
11553644-2	2001	Expression of OCT1 and OCT2 in Xenopus oocytes increased hemicholinium-3-sensitive choline uptake.	Choline	83-90	POU class 2 homeobox 1 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	14-18
11553644-2	2001	Expression of OCT1 and OCT2 in Xenopus oocytes increased hemicholinium-3-sensitive choline uptake.	Choline	83-90	POU class 2 homeobox 2 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	23-27
11553644-4	2001	Estimated K(m) values for choline in rOCT1-, rOCT2-, and hOCT2-expressing oocytes were 346 +/- 50, 441 +/- 67, and 102 +/- 80 microm, respectively.	Choline	26-33	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	37-42
11553644-4	2001	Estimated K(m) values for choline in rOCT1-, rOCT2-, and hOCT2-expressing oocytes were 346 +/- 50, 441 +/- 67, and 102 +/- 80 microm, respectively.	Choline	26-33	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	45-50
11553644-4	2001	Estimated K(m) values for choline in rOCT1-, rOCT2-, and hOCT2-expressing oocytes were 346 +/- 50, 441 +/- 67, and 102 +/- 80 microm, respectively.	Choline	26-33	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	57-62
11553644-5	2001	Membrane potential was the major driving force for choline uptake in rat and human OCT2-expressing oocytes and in intact CP in vitro.	Choline	51-58	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	83-87
11553644-11	2001	These data indicate that OCT2 mediates choline transport across the ventricular membrane of CP.	Choline	39-46	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	25-29
11709061-1	2001	In cholinergic neurons, a specific requirement for precursor choline in the biosynthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) is thought to be sustained by a presynaptic, hemicholinium-3 (HC-3)-sensitive choline transporter (CHT).	Choline	3-10	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	190-209
11709061-15	2001	Expression of mCHT in COS-7 cells results in high-affinity [(3)H]HC-3-binding sites (K(d)=5 nM), and Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent HC-3-sensitive choline uptake (K(m)=2 microM), assessed in resealed membrane vesicles.	Choline	143-150	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	14-18
11557604-8	2001	[(3)H]choline incorporation into total phosphatidylcholine was increased by VEGF treatment, but incorporation into disaturated phosphatidylcholine was not affected by exogenous VEGF.	Choline	6-13	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	76-80
11749774-5	2001	RESULTS: At the time point of ascending aorta declamped, leukocyte PLD activity for control group was (18 +/- 8) nmol choline .	Choline	118-125	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	67-70
11749774-7	2001	mg-1, which was higher than that of pre-CPB (P < 0.01); the PLD activity for methylprednisolone group was (10 +/- 6) nmol choline .	Choline	125-132	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	63-66
11706993-1	2001	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyses the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to generate the lipid second messenger, phosphatidate (PA) and choline.	Choline	62-69	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
11706993-1	2001	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyses the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to generate the lipid second messenger, phosphatidate (PA) and choline.	Choline	62-69	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
11574076-2	2001	When [3H]choline was given to cell bodies/proximal axons for 24 h, 98% of the radiolabel was recovered as choline, phosphocholine, CDP-choline and phosphatidylcholine, whereas only 1 to 2% of the radiolabel was incorporated into acetylcholine.	Choline	9-16	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	131-134
11696189-5	2001	Homozygous sng2 seeds accumulate sinapoylglucose instead of sinapoylcholine, and have increased levels of choline and decreased activity of the enzyme sinapoylglucose:choline sinapoyltransferase (SCT).	Choline	68-75	serine carboxypeptidase-like 19	Arabidopsis thaliana	11-15
11502595-2	2001	By applying choline gradients to voltage-clamped Xenopus oocytes expressing rOCT2, potential-dependent currents could be induced in both directions.	Choline	12-19	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	76-81
11563837-3	2001	Enforced expression of either iPLA(2) isoform led to a significant increase in intracellular free fatty acid, lysophosphatidylcholine, and GPC without a concomitant increase in the incorporation of either exogenous arachidonic acid or choline.	Choline	126-133	phospholipase A2, group VI	Mus musculus	30-37
11531217-14	2001	Serum AST was significantly decreased in the choline group by week 24 (p = .02).	Choline	45-52	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	6-9
11531217-17	2001	Serum GGT tended to decrease more in the choline group, but the greater decrease was not statistically significant.	Choline	41-48	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	6-9
11342562-7	2001	Outward currents generated by reverse NCKX2 exchange depended on external Ca(2+) with a K(12) of 1.4 or 101 microm without or with 1 mm Mg(2+), and on external K(+) with a K(1/2) of about 12 or 36 mm with choline or Li(+) as counter ion, respectively.	Choline	205-212	solute carrier family 24 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	38-43
11514437-1	2001	In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, phospholipase D (PLD), encoded by the SPO14 gene, catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine, producing choline and phosphatidic acid.	Choline	119-126	phospholipase D	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	29-44
11514437-1	2001	In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, phospholipase D (PLD), encoded by the SPO14 gene, catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine, producing choline and phosphatidic acid.	Choline	119-126	phospholipase D	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	46-49
11514437-1	2001	In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, phospholipase D (PLD), encoded by the SPO14 gene, catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine, producing choline and phosphatidic acid.	Choline	119-126	phospholipase D	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	67-72
11514437-7	2001	Choline and phosphatidic acid molecular species profiles during Sec14-independent secretion and meiosis reveal that while strains harboring one of these alleles, spo14S-11, hydrolyze phosphatidylcholine in Sec14-independent secretion, they fail to do so during sporulation or normal vegetative growth.	Choline	0-7	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	64-69
11493618-4	2001	Shedding of L-selectin was decreased by hypertonic saline and choline chloride but not by hypertonic mannitol or sucrose.	Choline	62-78	selectin L	Homo sapiens	12-22
11454208-2	2001	Gene activation by an ICRE is mediated by binding of the Ino2/Ino4 transcription factor, whereas repression in the presence of high concentrations of inositol and choline (IC) requires an intact Opi1 repressor.	Choline	163-170	transcriptional regulator OPI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	195-199
11294911-2	2001	This requirement of Sec14p is relieved by genetic inactivation of the cytidine diphosphate-choline pathway for phosphatidycholine (PtdCho) biosynthesis.	Choline	91-98	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	20-26
11569538-2	2001	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE, EC 3.1.1.8) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of esters of choline.	Choline	6-13	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	44-65
11569538-2	2001	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE, EC 3.1.1.8) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of esters of choline.	Choline	6-13	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	67-72
11400861-8	2001	In BALF from cftr(tmIHGU/m1HGU) mice, the [methyl-3H]choline label of total PC and individual PC species was significantly increased over control values after 24 hours, but not after 1.5 to 6 hours.	Choline	53-60	cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator	Mus musculus	13-17
12600087-8	2001	Choline, an inhibitor of phospholipase D (PLD) stimulated by ATP through P2Z receptor in human lymphocytes, was also a partial inhibitor of ATP-induced DNA fragmentation, and the results were confirmed by flow cytometric analysis (FCA); 5.	Choline	0-7	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	25-40
12600087-8	2001	Choline, an inhibitor of phospholipase D (PLD) stimulated by ATP through P2Z receptor in human lymphocytes, was also a partial inhibitor of ATP-induced DNA fragmentation, and the results were confirmed by flow cytometric analysis (FCA); 5.	Choline	0-7	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	42-45
12600087-8	2001	Choline, an inhibitor of phospholipase D (PLD) stimulated by ATP through P2Z receptor in human lymphocytes, was also a partial inhibitor of ATP-induced DNA fragmentation, and the results were confirmed by flow cytometric analysis (FCA); 5.	Choline	0-7	purinergic receptor P2X 7	Homo sapiens	73-85
11369799-4	2001	Initiation of apoB-100 degradation was accompanied by the abruptly increased intensity of the choline -N(CH(3))(3) resonance of PC molecules, indicating disruption of their interactions with apoB-100.	Choline	94-101	apolipoprotein B	Homo sapiens	14-22
11325827-5	2001	Androgen deprivation of the androgen receptor-positive cell lines resulted in a significant increase of choline compounds after chronic androgen deprivation of the LNCaP cell line and in a decrease of choline compounds after a more acute androgen deprivation of the LAPC-4 cell line.	Choline	104-111	androgen receptor	Homo sapiens	28-45
11325827-5	2001	Androgen deprivation of the androgen receptor-positive cell lines resulted in a significant increase of choline compounds after chronic androgen deprivation of the LNCaP cell line and in a decrease of choline compounds after a more acute androgen deprivation of the LAPC-4 cell line.	Choline	201-208	androgen receptor	Homo sapiens	28-45
11333225-0	2001	The Saccharomyces cerevisiae suppressor of choline sensitivity (SCS2) gene is a multicopy Suppressor of mec1 telomeric silencing defects.	Choline	43-50	phosphatidylinositol-binding protein SCS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	64-68
11333225-0	2001	The Saccharomyces cerevisiae suppressor of choline sensitivity (SCS2) gene is a multicopy Suppressor of mec1 telomeric silencing defects.	Choline	43-50	protein kinase MEC1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	104-108
11333225-4	2001	We identified SCS2 (suppressor of choline sensitivity), a gene previously isolated as a suppressor of defects in inositol synthesis.	Choline	34-41	phosphatidylinositol-binding protein SCS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	14-18
11290466-7	2001	When the pattern of MRS metabolites consisted of abnormally increased choline and decreased N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) resonances, histologic findings of the biopsy specimen invariably was positive for tumor.	Choline	70-77	sterile alpha motif domain containing 11	Homo sapiens	20-23
11388475-5	2001	The serum ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity was increased in the Wistar and Fischer strains by feeding with the choline-deficient diet.	Choline	118-125	ornithine transcarbamylase	Rattus norvegicus	10-40
11405099-2	2001	Inositol and choline repress transcription of the INO2 gene, and its target genes.	Choline	13-20	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	50-54
11264984-3	2001	These studies also indicate that ABCA1 is critically involved in cellular trafficking of cholesterol and choline-phospholipids and in total body lipid homeostasis, such as intestinal cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamin absorption and in the modulation of steroidogenesis.	Choline	105-112	ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 1	Mus musculus	33-38
11276099-10	2001	In addition, CHO:Cr ratios showed different behavior using short and long TE, indicating differences in relaxation times of choline compounds in SCA2.	Choline	124-131	ataxin 2	Homo sapiens	145-149
11279281-3	2001	Following a 96-h treatment, nerve growth factor (1--100 ng/mL) increased choline acetyltransferase activity (168--339% of control), acetylcholine content (141--185%), as well as constitutive (148--283%) and K(+)-stimulated (162--399%) acetylcholine release, but increased release was not accompanied by increased high-affinity choline uptake.	Choline	73-80	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	28-47
11279281-9	2001	In summary, long-term exposure (days) of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons to nerve growth factor, and in a less-potent fashion the other neurotrophins, enhanced the release of acetylcholine, which was dependent upon a vesicular pool and the availability of extracellular choline.	Choline	57-64	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	80-99
11084049-9	2001	In general agreement with the levels of mRNA expression, the choline exchange activity (contributed by PSS1, but not PSS2) was highest in brain, whereas serine and ethanolamine exchange activities were highest in testis and kidney.	Choline	61-68	phosphatidylserine synthase 1	Mus musculus	103-107
11273652-3	2001	Pharmacological analysis of a DEG-3/DES-2 receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes shows that this receptor is preferentially activated by choline.	Choline	136-143	Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-type deg-3	Caenorhabditis elegans	30-35
11223523-1	2001	Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT) catalyzes a reaction essential for regulation of methionine and homocysteine metabolism and the catabolism of choline in mammalian tissues.	Choline	158-165	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-40
11223523-1	2001	Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT) catalyzes a reaction essential for regulation of methionine and homocysteine metabolism and the catabolism of choline in mammalian tissues.	Choline	158-165	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	42-46
11436355-6	2001	The treatment with AxCAhGDNF after avulsion significantly prevented the loss of lesioned facial and C7 spinal motoneurons, ameliorated choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity, and suppressed the activity of nitric oxide synthase in these neurons.	Choline	135-142	glial cell derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	19-28
11251853-2	2001	Complete derepression of phospholipid biosynthetic gene expression in response to inositol/choline deprivation requires both INO2 and INO4.	Choline	91-98	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	125-129
11273652-3	2001	Pharmacological analysis of a DEG-3/DES-2 receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes shows that this receptor is preferentially activated by choline.	Choline	136-143	desmin, gene 2 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	36-41
11251853-2	2001	Complete derepression of phospholipid biosynthetic gene expression in response to inositol/choline deprivation requires both INO2 and INO4.	Choline	91-98	Ino4p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	134-138
11273652-4	2001	This choline sensitivity of the DEG-3/DES-2 channel can explain its role in neuronal degeneration, as shown by the toxic effects of choline on oocytes expressing the mutant DEG-3/DES-2 channel.	Choline	5-12	Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-type deg-3	Caenorhabditis elegans	32-37
11260477-1	2001	Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen and many interactions of this bacterium with its host appear to be mediated, directly or indirectly, by components of the bacterial cell wall, specifically by the phosphorylcholine residues which serve as anchors for surface-located choline-binding proteins and are also recognized by components of the host response, such as the human C-reactive protein, a class of myeloma proteins and PAF receptors.	Choline	224-231	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	387-405
11273652-4	2001	This choline sensitivity of the DEG-3/DES-2 channel can explain its role in neuronal degeneration, as shown by the toxic effects of choline on oocytes expressing the mutant DEG-3/DES-2 channel.	Choline	5-12	Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-type des-2	Caenorhabditis elegans	38-43
11273652-4	2001	This choline sensitivity of the DEG-3/DES-2 channel can explain its role in neuronal degeneration, as shown by the toxic effects of choline on oocytes expressing the mutant DEG-3/DES-2 channel.	Choline	5-12	Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-type deg-3	Caenorhabditis elegans	173-178
11273652-4	2001	This choline sensitivity of the DEG-3/DES-2 channel can explain its role in neuronal degeneration, as shown by the toxic effects of choline on oocytes expressing the mutant DEG-3/DES-2 channel.	Choline	5-12	Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-type des-2	Caenorhabditis elegans	179-184
11273652-4	2001	This choline sensitivity of the DEG-3/DES-2 channel can explain its role in neuronal degeneration, as shown by the toxic effects of choline on oocytes expressing the mutant DEG-3/DES-2 channel.	Choline	132-139	Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-type deg-3	Caenorhabditis elegans	32-37
11273652-4	2001	This choline sensitivity of the DEG-3/DES-2 channel can explain its role in neuronal degeneration, as shown by the toxic effects of choline on oocytes expressing the mutant DEG-3/DES-2 channel.	Choline	132-139	Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-type des-2	Caenorhabditis elegans	38-43
11273652-4	2001	This choline sensitivity of the DEG-3/DES-2 channel can explain its role in neuronal degeneration, as shown by the toxic effects of choline on oocytes expressing the mutant DEG-3/DES-2 channel.	Choline	132-139	Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-type deg-3	Caenorhabditis elegans	173-178
11273652-4	2001	This choline sensitivity of the DEG-3/DES-2 channel can explain its role in neuronal degeneration, as shown by the toxic effects of choline on oocytes expressing the mutant DEG-3/DES-2 channel.	Choline	132-139	Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-type des-2	Caenorhabditis elegans	179-184
11273652-6	2001	This localization is in agreement with a role for this receptor in chemosensation of choline, as inferred from a defect in chemotaxis for choline seen in deg-3 mutants.	Choline	85-92	Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-type deg-3	Caenorhabditis elegans	154-159
11273652-6	2001	This localization is in agreement with a role for this receptor in chemosensation of choline, as inferred from a defect in chemotaxis for choline seen in deg-3 mutants.	Choline	138-145	Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-type deg-3	Caenorhabditis elegans	154-159
11056195-1	2000	The alpha7-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) was recently found to be both fully activated and desensitized by choline, in addition to ACh.	Choline	32-39	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	50-55
11137575-2	2001	In this work we demonstrate the effect of IL-2 and IL-4 on [(3)H]choline uptake by retinal cells in vitro.	Choline	65-72	interleukin 2	Homo sapiens	42-46
11137575-2	2001	In this work we demonstrate the effect of IL-2 and IL-4 on [(3)H]choline uptake by retinal cells in vitro.	Choline	65-72	interleukin 4	Homo sapiens	51-55
11734063-1	2001	BACKGROUND: In cholinergic neurons, the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) by a phospholipase D (PLD)-type enzyme generates some of the precursor choline used for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh).	Choline	15-22	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	101-104
11734063-10	2001	CONCLUSIONS: These data identify PLD2 as the endogenous enzyme that hydrolyzes PC to generate choline for ACh synthesis in cholinergic cells, and indicate that in a model system choline generated by PLD1 may also be used for this purpose.	Choline	94-101	phospholipase D2	Mus musculus	33-37
11734063-10	2001	CONCLUSIONS: These data identify PLD2 as the endogenous enzyme that hydrolyzes PC to generate choline for ACh synthesis in cholinergic cells, and indicate that in a model system choline generated by PLD1 may also be used for this purpose.	Choline	123-130	phospholipase D2	Mus musculus	33-37
11509832-0	2001	Maternal choline availability alters the localization of p15Ink4B and p27Kip1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in the developing fetal rat brain hippocampus.	Choline	9-16	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B	Rattus norvegicus	57-65
11509832-0	2001	Maternal choline availability alters the localization of p15Ink4B and p27Kip1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in the developing fetal rat brain hippocampus.	Choline	9-16	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B	Rattus norvegicus	70-77
11509832-2	2001	Importantly, in adult male rats, feeding a choline-deficient diet increases the localization of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) in the liver, whereas young adult CDKI knockout mice (p15Ink4B or p27Kip1) exhibit behavioral abnormalities.	Choline	43-50	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B	Mus musculus	205-212
11509832-5	2001	In choline-supplemented animals compared to controls, the number of cells with nuclear immunoreactivity for p15Ink4b CDKI protein was decreased 2- to 3-fold in neuroepithelial ventricular zones and adjacent subventricular zones corresponding to the fimbria, primordial dentate gyrus and Ammon"s horn regions in the fetal hippocampus.	Choline	3-10	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B	Rattus norvegicus	108-116
11509832-8	2001	Maternal dietary choline supplementation decreased the cytoplasmic staining intensity for p27Kip1 throughout the fetal hippocampus compared to control animals.	Choline	17-24	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B	Rattus norvegicus	90-97
11509832-9	2001	Choline deficiency increased the staining intensity of p27Kip1 throughout the hippocampus in association with increased expression of MAP-1 and vimentin proteins.	Choline	0-7	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B	Rattus norvegicus	55-62
11509832-9	2001	Choline deficiency increased the staining intensity of p27Kip1 throughout the hippocampus in association with increased expression of MAP-1 and vimentin proteins.	Choline	0-7	Blood pressure QTL 196	Rattus norvegicus	134-139
11509832-9	2001	Choline deficiency increased the staining intensity of p27Kip1 throughout the hippocampus in association with increased expression of MAP-1 and vimentin proteins.	Choline	0-7	vimentin	Rattus norvegicus	144-152
11770124-5	2001	The choline moiety of CDP-choline appears to be essential for the neuroprotective properties of the drug.	Choline	4-11	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	22-25
11208899-2	2001	Ro31-8220, a PKC inhibitor, reduced TPA-stimulated release of choline- and ethanolamine-metabolites to basal levels.	Choline	62-69	protein kinase C, alpha	Rattus norvegicus	13-16
11090971-1	2000	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to produce phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline.	Choline	62-69	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
11090971-1	2000	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to produce phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline.	Choline	62-69	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
11087663-3	2000	BHMT uses betaine, an intermediate of choline oxidation, as a methyl donor and is expressed primarily in the liver and kidney.	Choline	38-45	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-4
10938271-3	2000	Taking advantage of the substrate specificity of PSS1, we showed that (i) MAM contain choline exchange activity, whereas this activity is very low in the bulk of the ER, (ii) serine exchange activity is inhibited by choline to a much greater extent in MAM than in ER, and (iii) MAM use phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as substrates for phosphatidylserine biosynthesis, whereas the ER utilizes only phosphatidylethanolamine.	Choline	86-93	phosphatidylserine synthase 1	Cricetulus griseus	49-53
10938271-3	2000	Taking advantage of the substrate specificity of PSS1, we showed that (i) MAM contain choline exchange activity, whereas this activity is very low in the bulk of the ER, (ii) serine exchange activity is inhibited by choline to a much greater extent in MAM than in ER, and (iii) MAM use phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as substrates for phosphatidylserine biosynthesis, whereas the ER utilizes only phosphatidylethanolamine.	Choline	216-223	phosphatidylserine synthase 1	Cricetulus griseus	49-53
11068039-7	2000	The hCHT1-mediated choline uptake increased with increasing concentrations of choline, Na(+) and Cl(-), with EC(50) values of 2.0 microM, 76 mM, and 48 mM, and with apparent Hill coefficients of 1, 2.5 and 2.3, respectively.	Choline	19-26	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	4-9
11068039-7	2000	The hCHT1-mediated choline uptake increased with increasing concentrations of choline, Na(+) and Cl(-), with EC(50) values of 2.0 microM, 76 mM, and 48 mM, and with apparent Hill coefficients of 1, 2.5 and 2.3, respectively.	Choline	78-85	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	4-9
11299326-7	2001	Also, the high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) in hippocampal synaptosomes from awake hAChE-Tg mice was accelerated but was reduced by halothane anaesthesia.	Choline	24-31	high affinity choline uptake	Mus musculus	40-44
11120777-5	2000	We demonstrate that TNF is upregulated during oval cell proliferation induced by a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented diet and that it is expressed by oval cells.	Choline	83-90	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	20-23
11056195-1	2000	The alpha7-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) was recently found to be both fully activated and desensitized by choline, in addition to ACh.	Choline	32-39	acyl-CoA thioesterase 12	Rattus norvegicus	51-54
11056195-4	2000	Currents evoked by equieffective concentrations of choline and ACh were very similar, except that choline-evoked currents decayed more quickly to the baseline after removal of the agonist, and that recovery from desensitization was faster with choline.	Choline	98-105	acyl-CoA thioesterase 12	Rattus norvegicus	63-66
11056195-4	2000	Currents evoked by equieffective concentrations of choline and ACh were very similar, except that choline-evoked currents decayed more quickly to the baseline after removal of the agonist, and that recovery from desensitization was faster with choline.	Choline	98-105	acyl-CoA thioesterase 12	Rattus norvegicus	63-66
11060354-4	2000	We have developed stable transfectants of BALB/3T3 cells, using a murine member of the organic cation transporter gene family (mOct1/Slc22a1), and used these cells to characterize the transport of the organic cation choline and model organic cation tetraethylammonium (TEA).	Choline	216-223	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	133-140
11027560-5	2000	Expression of hCHT cDNA in COS-7 cells results in saturable, Na(+)/Cl(-)-dependent choline uptake (K(m) = 1.2 microM) in membrane vesicles and [(3)H] HC-3 binding (K(d) = 4 nM) in membrane fractions, consistent with characteristics reported in mammalian cholinergic neurons.	Choline	83-90	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	14-18
10974208-0	2000	Effect of oral CDP-choline on plasma choline and uridine levels in humans.	Choline	19-26	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	15-18
11060354-4	2000	We have developed stable transfectants of BALB/3T3 cells, using a murine member of the organic cation transporter gene family (mOct1/Slc22a1), and used these cells to characterize the transport of the organic cation choline and model organic cation tetraethylammonium (TEA).	Choline	216-223	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	127-132
11060354-5	2000	Functional expression of mOct1/Slc22a1 in BALB/3T3 cells confers the saturable, temperature-dependent uptake of choline with a K(m) of 42 micrometer, and uptake of TEA with a K(m) of 43 micrometer.	Choline	112-119	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	25-30
11060354-5	2000	Functional expression of mOct1/Slc22a1 in BALB/3T3 cells confers the saturable, temperature-dependent uptake of choline with a K(m) of 42 micrometer, and uptake of TEA with a K(m) of 43 micrometer.	Choline	112-119	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	31-38
11060354-6	2000	We subsequently used our cell culture uptake system to kinetically define in HepG2 cells a high affinity choline uptake process, which transports choline with a K(m) similar to that of mOct1/Slc22a1 protein.	Choline	105-112	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	185-190
11060354-6	2000	We subsequently used our cell culture uptake system to kinetically define in HepG2 cells a high affinity choline uptake process, which transports choline with a K(m) similar to that of mOct1/Slc22a1 protein.	Choline	105-112	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens	191-198
11060354-6	2000	We subsequently used our cell culture uptake system to kinetically define in HepG2 cells a high affinity choline uptake process, which transports choline with a K(m) similar to that of mOct1/Slc22a1 protein.	Choline	146-153	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens	191-198
10966904-10	2000	Independent variables that were significant joint predictors of CD4(+) cell count in multiple regression analyses were hematocrit and plasma free choline and zinc concentrations.	Choline	146-153	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	64-67
11013300-7	2000	The loss of nuclear choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium was partially reversed by the calcium-independent phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)) inhibitor bromoenol lactone (BEL), suggesting that the loss of nuclear phospholipids during ischemia/reperfusion is mediated, in part, by iPLA(2).	Choline	20-27	phospholipase A2 group VI	Rattus norvegicus	138-176
11013300-7	2000	The loss of nuclear choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium was partially reversed by the calcium-independent phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)) inhibitor bromoenol lactone (BEL), suggesting that the loss of nuclear phospholipids during ischemia/reperfusion is mediated, in part, by iPLA(2).	Choline	20-27	phospholipase A2 group VI	Rattus norvegicus	178-185
11013300-7	2000	The loss of nuclear choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium was partially reversed by the calcium-independent phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)) inhibitor bromoenol lactone (BEL), suggesting that the loss of nuclear phospholipids during ischemia/reperfusion is mediated, in part, by iPLA(2).	Choline	20-27	phospholipase A2 group VI	Rattus norvegicus	325-332
11120451-1	2000	We have previously shown that the combination of caffeine, carnitine, and choline supplementation decreased body fat and serum leptin concentration in rats and was attributed to increased fat utilization for energy.	Choline	74-81	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	127-133
11044743-5	2000	Continuous exposure for 10-15 min of the neurons to nicotine (0.5-2.5 microM) inhibited alpha7 nAChR-mediated currents (IC(50)=640 nM) evoked by choline (10 mM).	Choline	145-152	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	95-100
11018469-8	2000	The present study shows: (1) PMA-stimulated PLD activity is dependent on a functional interaction between alpha/betaPKC and RACK1 in C3H/10T1/2 Cl8 fibroblasts; and (2) inhibition of PLD activity and PtdH formation did not reduce the cellular uptake and incorporation of labelled choline into PtdCho, indicating that these processes are not directly regulated by PtdCho-PLD activity in PMA-treated C3H/10T1/2 Cl8 fibroblasts.	Choline	280-287	Phospholipase D	Drosophila melanogaster	44-47
11018469-8	2000	The present study shows: (1) PMA-stimulated PLD activity is dependent on a functional interaction between alpha/betaPKC and RACK1 in C3H/10T1/2 Cl8 fibroblasts; and (2) inhibition of PLD activity and PtdH formation did not reduce the cellular uptake and incorporation of labelled choline into PtdCho, indicating that these processes are not directly regulated by PtdCho-PLD activity in PMA-treated C3H/10T1/2 Cl8 fibroblasts.	Choline	280-287	Receptor of activated protein kinase C 1	Drosophila melanogaster	124-129
10966938-9	2000	The substrate specificity of hOCTN2 differs from rOCT-1 and hOCT-2 as hOCTN2 showed only small currents with classic OCT substrates such as choline or tetraethylammonium; by contrast hOCTN2 mediated transport of betaine.	Choline	140-147	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	29-35
10966938-9	2000	The substrate specificity of hOCTN2 differs from rOCT-1 and hOCT-2 as hOCTN2 showed only small currents with classic OCT substrates such as choline or tetraethylammonium; by contrast hOCTN2 mediated transport of betaine.	Choline	140-147	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	49-55
10966938-9	2000	The substrate specificity of hOCTN2 differs from rOCT-1 and hOCT-2 as hOCTN2 showed only small currents with classic OCT substrates such as choline or tetraethylammonium; by contrast hOCTN2 mediated transport of betaine.	Choline	140-147	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	60-66
10966938-9	2000	The substrate specificity of hOCTN2 differs from rOCT-1 and hOCT-2 as hOCTN2 showed only small currents with classic OCT substrates such as choline or tetraethylammonium; by contrast hOCTN2 mediated transport of betaine.	Choline	140-147	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	70-76
10966938-9	2000	The substrate specificity of hOCTN2 differs from rOCT-1 and hOCT-2 as hOCTN2 showed only small currents with classic OCT substrates such as choline or tetraethylammonium; by contrast hOCTN2 mediated transport of betaine.	Choline	140-147	plexin A2	Homo sapiens	30-33
10966938-9	2000	The substrate specificity of hOCTN2 differs from rOCT-1 and hOCT-2 as hOCTN2 showed only small currents with classic OCT substrates such as choline or tetraethylammonium; by contrast hOCTN2 mediated transport of betaine.	Choline	140-147	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	70-76
11011072-0	2000	Role of phospholipase A(2) on the variations of the choline signal intensity observed by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in brain diseases.	Choline	52-59	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	8-25
10947968-11	2000	This is the first report to show that MRP1 has a role in the maintenance of the outwards orientation of endogenous choline-containing phospholipids in the erythrocyte membrane.	Choline	115-122	ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1	Homo sapiens	38-42
11465082-7	2000	Currently, the most promising non-invasive probe of in vivo human FMO3 functional activity is the formation of trimethylamine N-oxide from trimethylamine that comes from dietary choline.	Choline	178-185	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 3	Homo sapiens	66-70
10760824-1	2000	Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase(PEMT) is an enzyme in liver that catalyzes the stepwise methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine, in addition to the main pathway that synthesizes phosphatidylcholine directly from choline.	Choline	156-163	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	45-49
10941873-4	2000	L-FABP expression increased the masses of choline glycerophospholipids (ChoGpl) 1.5-fold, phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) 5.6-fold, ethanolamine glycerophospholipids 1.4-fold, sphingomyelin 1.7-fold, and phosphatidylinositol 2.6-fold.	Choline	42-49	fatty acid binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	0-6
10884065-1	2000	Cannabinoids which impair rat working memory appear to inhibit hippocampal extracellular acetylcholine (Ach) release and reduce choline uptake through an interaction with CB1 cannabinoid receptors.	Choline	95-102	cannabinoid receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	171-174
10987370-5	2000	The association of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase with the cytoskeleton may functionally integrate the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic compartments of choline degradation.	Choline	159-166	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	19-59
10839997-6	2000	Together, these steric and electrostatic properties of the active site of hVPLA(2) allow for effective binding and hydrolysis of a bulky cationic choline head group of phosphatidylcholine, which is unique among mammalian secretory PLA(2)s.	Choline	146-153	phospholipase A2 group V	Homo sapiens	74-82
10839997-6	2000	Together, these steric and electrostatic properties of the active site of hVPLA(2) allow for effective binding and hydrolysis of a bulky cationic choline head group of phosphatidylcholine, which is unique among mammalian secretory PLA(2)s.	Choline	146-153	phospholipase A2 group IIA	Homo sapiens	231-238
10781542-10	2000	We further report that the INO4 steady-state transcript levels and Ino4p levels are regulated twofold in response to inositol and choline, suggesting a posttranscriptional mechanism of regulation.	Choline	130-137	Ino4p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	27-31
10781542-10	2000	We further report that the INO4 steady-state transcript levels and Ino4p levels are regulated twofold in response to inositol and choline, suggesting a posttranscriptional mechanism of regulation.	Choline	130-137	Ino4p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	67-72
10787443-5	2000	Saponification of this apoB released phosphorus, choline, and saturated fatty acids in a molar ratio of 1.0:0.98:0.84.	Choline	49-56	apolipoprotein B	Homo sapiens	23-27
10649566-6	2000	The characteristics of CHT1-mediated choline uptake essentially match those of high-affinity choline uptake in rat brain synaptosomes.	Choline	37-44	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Rattus norvegicus	23-27
10747047-7	2000	Furthermore, INO1 expression in the opi1Delta ino4Delta strain was repressed in cells grown in medium fully supplemented with both inositol and choline.	Choline	144-151	inositol-3-phosphate synthase INO1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	13-17
10747047-7	2000	Furthermore, INO1 expression in the opi1Delta ino4Delta strain was repressed in cells grown in medium fully supplemented with both inositol and choline.	Choline	144-151	transcriptional regulator OPI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	36-40
10734122-2	2000	TNFalpha significantly inhibited [(3)H]choline incorporation into PtdCho after 24 h of exposure.	Choline	39-46	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	0-8
10734122-3	2000	TNFalpha reduced the activity of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT), the rate-regulatory enzyme within the CDP-choline pathway, by 40% compared with control, but it did not alter activities of choline kinase or cholinephosphotransferase.	Choline	44-51	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	0-8
10734122-3	2000	TNFalpha reduced the activity of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT), the rate-regulatory enzyme within the CDP-choline pathway, by 40% compared with control, but it did not alter activities of choline kinase or cholinephosphotransferase.	Choline	44-51	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1, choline, alpha isoform	Mus musculus	74-77
10734122-3	2000	TNFalpha reduced the activity of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT), the rate-regulatory enzyme within the CDP-choline pathway, by 40% compared with control, but it did not alter activities of choline kinase or cholinephosphotransferase.	Choline	44-51	cut-like homeobox 1	Mus musculus	118-121
10729625-0	2000	Choline plus cytidine stimulate phospholipid production, and the expression and secretion of amyloid precursor protein in rat PC12 cells.	Choline	0-7	amyloid beta precursor protein	Rattus norvegicus	93-118
10770998-3	2000	Application for 6 s of the alpha7 nicotinic receptor-selective agonist choline (> or =1 mM) to all CA1 interneurons tested triggered action potentials that were detected as fast current transients.	Choline	71-78	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	102-105
10770998-8	2000	These results altogether demonstrate that agonists interacting with alpha7 nicotinic receptors, including the natural transmitter acetylcholine and its metabolite choline, influence GABAergic transmission, not only by activating these receptors, but also by controlling the rate of Na(+)-channel inactivation and/or by inducing receptor desensitization.	Choline	136-143	sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 8	Rattus norvegicus	282-295
10843891-1	2000	Thrombin stimulation of rabbit ventricular myocytes activates a membrane-associated, Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) capable of hydrolyzing plasmenylcholine (choline plasmalogen), plasmanylcholine (alkylacyl choline phospholipid), and phosphatidylcholine substrates.	Choline	164-171	prothrombin	Oryctolagus cuniculus	0-8
10843891-1	2000	Thrombin stimulation of rabbit ventricular myocytes activates a membrane-associated, Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) capable of hydrolyzing plasmenylcholine (choline plasmalogen), plasmanylcholine (alkylacyl choline phospholipid), and phosphatidylcholine substrates.	Choline	164-171	phospholipase A2	Oryctolagus cuniculus	104-122
10843891-1	2000	Thrombin stimulation of rabbit ventricular myocytes activates a membrane-associated, Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) capable of hydrolyzing plasmenylcholine (choline plasmalogen), plasmanylcholine (alkylacyl choline phospholipid), and phosphatidylcholine substrates.	Choline	164-171	phospholipase A2	Oryctolagus cuniculus	124-130
10712678-10	2000	Following oral challenge, antilipopolysaccharide (LPS) and antiphosphoryl choline antibodies increased by more than 100-fold in both serum and faecal pellet extracts of IFNgamma-/- mice compared with wild-type mice.	Choline	74-81	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	169-177
10678986-6	2000	The effect of ChoP on resistance to killing by LL-37/hCAP18 was dependent on the salt concentration and was observed only when bacteria were grown in the presence of environmental choline, a requirement for the expression of ChoP on the LPS.	Choline	180-187	cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide	Homo sapiens	47-52
10678986-6	2000	The effect of ChoP on resistance to killing by LL-37/hCAP18 was dependent on the salt concentration and was observed only when bacteria were grown in the presence of environmental choline, a requirement for the expression of ChoP on the LPS.	Choline	180-187	cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide	Homo sapiens	53-59
10666303-1	2000	PDC-109, the major heparin-binding protein of bull seminal plasma, binds specifically to sperm choline lipids at ejaculation and mediates capacitation by stimulating cholesterol and phospholipid efflux.	Choline	95-102	azurocidin 1	Homo sapiens	19-42
10653964-3	2000	Although CD from both populations has a similar affinity for its substrate, choline (K(m) = 15.7 mM), CD V(max) from Atlantic oysters is twice that from Bay oysters.	Choline	76-83	choline dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	9-11
10677542-10	2000	These results establish a new family of genes for transporter-like proteins in eukaryotes and suggest that one of its members, CTL1, is involved in supplying choline to certain cell types, including a specific subset of cholinergic neurons.	Choline	158-165	polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	127-131
10676640-4	2000	We studied the PPARalpha-mediated response of primary oval cells isolated from rats fed a choline-deficient ethionine-supplemented diet (CDE diet, a regimen commonly used for the induction of oval cell proliferation in rodents) with or without cotreatment with WY14,643, a prototype PPARalpha-activator.	Choline	90-97	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	15-24
10711446-3	2000	Administration of a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet for six weeks with pig serum coadministration, after pretreatment with pig serum for eight weeks, led to the development of preneoplastic lesions that were positive for the placental form of glutathione S-transferase (GSTP).	Choline	20-27	hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase	Rattus norvegicus	262-287
10711446-3	2000	Administration of a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet for six weeks with pig serum coadministration, after pretreatment with pig serum for eight weeks, led to the development of preneoplastic lesions that were positive for the placental form of glutathione S-transferase (GSTP).	Choline	20-27	glutathione S-transferase pi 1	Rattus norvegicus	289-293
10649566-6	2000	The characteristics of CHT1-mediated choline uptake essentially match those of high-affinity choline uptake in rat brain synaptosomes.	Choline	93-100	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Rattus norvegicus	23-27
10612714-7	2000	The ratio hydrolysis without apo C II/hydrolysis with apo CII was different when other phospholipids than myrystoyl-phospatidylcholine were assayed: phosphatidyl-serine, ethanolamine, -choline, -glycerol, or diglycerides and butanoylglycerols.	Choline	127-134	apolipoprotein C2	Bos taurus	54-61
10639163-8	2000	Inhibition of ABCG1 protein expression using an antisense strategy resulted in reduced HDL(3)-dependent efflux of cholesterol and choline-phospholipids.	Choline	130-137	ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 1	Homo sapiens	14-19
10645886-6	2000	[(3)H]choline was released when natural surfactant containing [(3)H]choline-labeled DPPC was cycled with yeast phospholipase D but not with convertase or peanut and cabbage phospholipases D. Similarly, yeast phospholipase D hydrolyzed [(3)H]choline from [(3)H]choline-labeled DPPC after incubation in vitro, whereas convertase, liver esterase, or peanut and cabbage phospholipases D did not.	Choline	6-13	phospholipase D	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	111-126
10645886-6	2000	[(3)H]choline was released when natural surfactant containing [(3)H]choline-labeled DPPC was cycled with yeast phospholipase D but not with convertase or peanut and cabbage phospholipases D. Similarly, yeast phospholipase D hydrolyzed [(3)H]choline from [(3)H]choline-labeled DPPC after incubation in vitro, whereas convertase, liver esterase, or peanut and cabbage phospholipases D did not.	Choline	6-13	phospholipase D	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	208-223
10645886-6	2000	[(3)H]choline was released when natural surfactant containing [(3)H]choline-labeled DPPC was cycled with yeast phospholipase D but not with convertase or peanut and cabbage phospholipases D. Similarly, yeast phospholipase D hydrolyzed [(3)H]choline from [(3)H]choline-labeled DPPC after incubation in vitro, whereas convertase, liver esterase, or peanut and cabbage phospholipases D did not.	Choline	68-75	phospholipase D	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	111-126
10645886-6	2000	[(3)H]choline was released when natural surfactant containing [(3)H]choline-labeled DPPC was cycled with yeast phospholipase D but not with convertase or peanut and cabbage phospholipases D. Similarly, yeast phospholipase D hydrolyzed [(3)H]choline from [(3)H]choline-labeled DPPC after incubation in vitro, whereas convertase, liver esterase, or peanut and cabbage phospholipases D did not.	Choline	68-75	phospholipase D	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	111-126
10645886-6	2000	[(3)H]choline was released when natural surfactant containing [(3)H]choline-labeled DPPC was cycled with yeast phospholipase D but not with convertase or peanut and cabbage phospholipases D. Similarly, yeast phospholipase D hydrolyzed [(3)H]choline from [(3)H]choline-labeled DPPC after incubation in vitro, whereas convertase, liver esterase, or peanut and cabbage phospholipases D did not.	Choline	68-75	phospholipase D	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	111-126
10645893-6	2000	The incorporation of palmitate and choline into Sat PC was increased about twofold in CCSP-IL-4 mice.	Choline	35-42	interleukin 4	Mus musculus	91-95
10885072-5	2000	The use of a 0.5 ml min-1 flow rate enabled the measurement of choline by the membrane-based ECL biosensors in 8 or 5 min, with ABC or UltraBind membranes, respectively, whereas the measurement required only 3 min with the DEAE-PVA system.	Choline	63-70	ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 6 (Langereis blood group)	Homo sapiens	128-131
11193174-6	2000	These results show that long-term treatment with CDP-choline increases the K+ induced release DN and suggest, in accordance with previous research, that by providing exogenous choline and cytidine, CDP-choline modulates dopaminergic transmission.	Choline	53-60	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	49-52
11193174-6	2000	These results show that long-term treatment with CDP-choline increases the K+ induced release DN and suggest, in accordance with previous research, that by providing exogenous choline and cytidine, CDP-choline modulates dopaminergic transmission.	Choline	53-60	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	198-201
10627582-3	2000	The whole-cell mode of the patch-clamp technique was used to record responses triggered by U-tube application of the nonselective agonist ACh and of the alpha7-nAChR-selective agonist choline to interneurons visualized by means of infrared-assisted videomicroscopy in slices of the human cerebral cortex.	Choline	184-191	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	160-165
10720162-0	2000	Caffeine, carnitine and choline supplementation of rats decreases body fat and serum leptin concentration as does exercise.	Choline	24-31	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	85-91
10810252-0	2000	Effect of spleen-cell-conditioned medium on [3H]-choline uptake by retinal cells in vitro is mediated by IL-2.	Choline	49-56	interleukin 2	Rattus norvegicus	105-109
10810252-11	2000	Anti-interleukin-2 (IL-2) antibodies blocked the effect of both SCM and S-GCM on [3H]-choline uptake after 48 and 72 h. IL-2 (50 U/ml) elicited the same effect as that observed when the cells were maintained in the presence of SCM.	Choline	86-93	interleukin 2	Rattus norvegicus	5-18
10810252-11	2000	Anti-interleukin-2 (IL-2) antibodies blocked the effect of both SCM and S-GCM on [3H]-choline uptake after 48 and 72 h. IL-2 (50 U/ml) elicited the same effect as that observed when the cells were maintained in the presence of SCM.	Choline	86-93	interleukin 2	Rattus norvegicus	20-24
10810252-11	2000	Anti-interleukin-2 (IL-2) antibodies blocked the effect of both SCM and S-GCM on [3H]-choline uptake after 48 and 72 h. IL-2 (50 U/ml) elicited the same effect as that observed when the cells were maintained in the presence of SCM.	Choline	86-93	interleukin 2	Rattus norvegicus	120-124
10564187-5	1999	BLP (0.1-10 nM) stimulated type II cell differentiation in organ cultures as assessed by [(3)H]choline incorporation into surfactant phospholipids, electron microscopy, and increased surfactant protein (SP) A- and/or SP-C-immunopositive cells and SP-A mRNA.	Choline	95-102	dynein light chain roadblock-type 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
10593300-10	1999	Finally, there was only a modest correlation between Syn level and choline acetyltransferase activity (n = 25, r = 0.38, P = .06), which did not reach statistical significance.	Choline	67-74	synaptophysin	Homo sapiens	53-56
10619176-8	1999	We conclude that release of choline is a sensitive marker for NMDA-induced phospholipase A2 activation and phospholipid breakdown.	Choline	28-35	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	75-91
10671644-4	1999	Several independent investigators have now confirmed the original observation of an inverse relationship between apoE4 allele copy number and residual brain choline acetyltransferase activity and nicotinic-receptor binding sites in the brains of subjects with AD.	Choline	157-164	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	113-118
10411659-1	1999	In this study we have investigated the effect of interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) on the metabolism of cholesterol and choline-phospholipids in cultured fibroblasts, and also measured efflux of these lipids to lipid-free apo A-I as a function of IL-1beta treatment.	Choline	115-122	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	49-66
10485444-11	1999	A significant negative correlation was observed between plasma free choline concentration and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminostransferase (ALT) (r = -0.72, p = .04 and r = -0.80, p = .02, respectively).	Choline	68-75	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	94-120
10485444-11	1999	A significant negative correlation was observed between plasma free choline concentration and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminostransferase (ALT) (r = -0.72, p = .04 and r = -0.80, p = .02, respectively).	Choline	68-75	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	122-125
10507691-3	1999	The BK (10 microM) stimulation of cells brought about an increase in conjugated dienes and LDH release only after 4 h. Following 24 h treatment with 50 microM A beta peptide, the [Me-3H]choline incorporation into PtdCho strongly decreased while the [3H]choline release increased, indicating PtdCho hydrolysis.	Choline	186-193	amyloid beta precursor protein	Rattus norvegicus	159-165
10507691-3	1999	The BK (10 microM) stimulation of cells brought about an increase in conjugated dienes and LDH release only after 4 h. Following 24 h treatment with 50 microM A beta peptide, the [Me-3H]choline incorporation into PtdCho strongly decreased while the [3H]choline release increased, indicating PtdCho hydrolysis.	Choline	253-260	amyloid beta precursor protein	Rattus norvegicus	159-165
10507691-6	1999	Following long-term treatment, the action of 50 microM A beta on [3H]choline release was not enhanced by 10 microM BK.	Choline	69-76	amyloid beta precursor protein	Rattus norvegicus	55-61
10446376-8	1999	Replacement of tyrosine-337 in AChE with alanine (resembling the choline binding site of BChE) resulted in 630 times faster inhibition by bambuterol.	Choline	65-72	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	31-35
10446376-8	1999	Replacement of tyrosine-337 in AChE with alanine (resembling the choline binding site of BChE) resulted in 630 times faster inhibition by bambuterol.	Choline	65-72	butyrylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	89-93
10444535-5	1999	Syntaxin 1A is predominantly expressed by lipofibroblasts, which are required for bombesin-like peptide-induced surfactant phospholipid synthesis (choline uptake) by isolated type II cells.	Choline	147-154	syntaxin 1A	Rattus norvegicus	0-11
10444535-6	1999	In organ cultures, anti-syntaxin 1A antibody HPC-1 blocks choline uptake both at baseline and when induced by bombesin-like peptide or dexamethasone.	Choline	58-65	syntaxin 1A	Rattus norvegicus	24-35
10375402-2	1999	Purified human liver microsomal cytochromes P450 (P450)-P450 1A2 and P450 2E1-were shown to have appreciable PLD activity, hydrolyzing phosphatidylcholine but not other phospholipids, generating PA and choline.	Choline	147-154	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily B member 6	Homo sapiens	44-48
10375402-2	1999	Purified human liver microsomal cytochromes P450 (P450)-P450 1A2 and P450 2E1-were shown to have appreciable PLD activity, hydrolyzing phosphatidylcholine but not other phospholipids, generating PA and choline.	Choline	147-154	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily B member 6	Homo sapiens	50-54
10375402-2	1999	Purified human liver microsomal cytochromes P450 (P450)-P450 1A2 and P450 2E1-were shown to have appreciable PLD activity, hydrolyzing phosphatidylcholine but not other phospholipids, generating PA and choline.	Choline	147-154	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily B member 6	Homo sapiens	50-54
10375402-2	1999	Purified human liver microsomal cytochromes P450 (P450)-P450 1A2 and P450 2E1-were shown to have appreciable PLD activity, hydrolyzing phosphatidylcholine but not other phospholipids, generating PA and choline.	Choline	147-154	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily B member 6	Homo sapiens	50-54
10375402-2	1999	Purified human liver microsomal cytochromes P450 (P450)-P450 1A2 and P450 2E1-were shown to have appreciable PLD activity, hydrolyzing phosphatidylcholine but not other phospholipids, generating PA and choline.	Choline	147-154	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	109-112
10455264-1	1999	The effects of various phorbol-based protein kinase C (PKC) activators on the electrical stimulation-induced (S-I) release of serotonin and acetylcholine was studied in rat brain cortical slices pre-incubated with [3H]-serotonin or [3H]-choline to investigate possible structure-activity relationships.	Choline	146-153	protein kinase C, alpha	Rattus norvegicus	55-58
10501019-2	1999	The PKC activators, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), significantly decreased [3H]choline cotransport.	Choline	122-129	proline rich transmembrane protein 2	Homo sapiens	4-7
10501019-3	1999	Conversely, the PKC inhibitors, staurosporine (STAURO) and polymyxin B (PMB), each increased [3H]choline cotransport.	Choline	97-104	proline rich transmembrane protein 2	Homo sapiens	16-19
10373701-10	1999	When Na+ was replaced by choline, which is not transported, the SGLT1 Lp was indistinguishable from that in Na+ or Li+, but in this case water transport was less sensitive to phlorizin.	Choline	25-32	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	64-69
10385678-6	1999	Choline was transported exclusively by OCT1, with a rate of about 0.5 relative to MPP+.	Choline	0-7	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens	39-43
10397762-4	1999	We now report that, in addition to a dramatic accumulation of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, sac1 mutants also exhibit a specific acceleration of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis via the CDP-choline pathway.	Choline	161-168	phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphatase SAC1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	96-100
10407264-2	1999	The ICRE (inositol/choline-responsive element), which is necessary and sufficient for regulation by phospholipid precursors, functions as a binding site for the heterodimeric Ino2/Ino4 activator.	Choline	19-26	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	175-179
10407264-2	1999	The ICRE (inositol/choline-responsive element), which is necessary and sufficient for regulation by phospholipid precursors, functions as a binding site for the heterodimeric Ino2/Ino4 activator.	Choline	19-26	Ino4p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	180-184
10461922-5	1999	The rat brain iPLA2 also showed a head group preference for choline > or = ethanolamine >> inositol.	Choline	60-67	phospholipase A2 group VI	Rattus norvegicus	14-19
10463579-0	1999	Different frequencies and patterns of beta-catenin mutations in hepatocellular carcinomas induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine and a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet in rats.	Choline	129-136	catenin beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	38-50
10447683-7	1999	In pulse-chase experiments, radioactive choline and ethanolamine accumulated in CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine under the influence of C6-ceramide, suggesting that synthesis of both PtdCho and PtdEtn were inhibited at the final step in the CDP-pathways.	Choline	40-47	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	80-83
10447683-7	1999	In pulse-chase experiments, radioactive choline and ethanolamine accumulated in CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine under the influence of C6-ceramide, suggesting that synthesis of both PtdCho and PtdEtn were inhibited at the final step in the CDP-pathways.	Choline	40-47	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	96-99
10447683-7	1999	In pulse-chase experiments, radioactive choline and ethanolamine accumulated in CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine under the influence of C6-ceramide, suggesting that synthesis of both PtdCho and PtdEtn were inhibited at the final step in the CDP-pathways.	Choline	40-47	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	96-99
10517269-1	1999	In cholinergic neurons choline is directed to three main pathways; (1) conversion to phosphorylcholine (PCh) and cytidine diphosphate choline (CDP-choline) for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, (2) acylation to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and (3) oxidation to betaine for the formation of methionine.	Choline	3-10	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	143-146
10400628-4	1999	Replacement of all extracellular Na+ with either N-methyl-D-glucamine or choline chloride increased the ERK1/2 stimulation in response to shear stress by 1.89 +/- 0.1-fold.	Choline	73-89	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Homo sapiens	104-110
10383382-0	1999	Competitive, reversible inhibition of cytosolic phospholipase A2 at the lipid-water interface by choline derivatives that partially partition into the phospholipid bilayer.	Choline	97-104	phospholipase A2 group IVA	Homo sapiens	38-64
10501019-9	1999	Moreover, arachidonyltrifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3) and quinacrine (QUIN), both phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors, markedly decreased enhanced [3H]choline transport and [3H]HC-3 binding induced by antecedent exposure to depolarizing concentrations of potassium.	Choline	150-157	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	82-98
10501019-9	1999	Moreover, arachidonyltrifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3) and quinacrine (QUIN), both phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors, markedly decreased enhanced [3H]choline transport and [3H]HC-3 binding induced by antecedent exposure to depolarizing concentrations of potassium.	Choline	150-157	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	100-104
10501019-10	1999	These results suggest that PKC and PLA2 are involved in the regulation of [3H]choline cotransport but at different regulatory sites.	Choline	78-85	proline rich transmembrane protein 2	Homo sapiens	27-30
10501019-10	1999	These results suggest that PKC and PLA2 are involved in the regulation of [3H]choline cotransport but at different regulatory sites.	Choline	78-85	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	35-39
10407130-0	1999	Maternal dietary choline availability alters mitosis, apoptosis and the localization of TOAD-64 protein in the developing fetal rat septum.	Choline	17-24	dihydropyrimidinase-like 2	Rattus norvegicus	88-95
10378101-4	1999	Choline incorporation was significantly lower after a 4-hour pulse in low glucose (+/- insulin) than under continuing high glucose (+/- insulin) conditions (P < .01).	Choline	0-7	insulin	Homo sapiens	87-94
10378101-4	1999	Choline incorporation was significantly lower after a 4-hour pulse in low glucose (+/- insulin) than under continuing high glucose (+/- insulin) conditions (P < .01).	Choline	0-7	insulin	Homo sapiens	136-143
10411659-1	1999	In this study we have investigated the effect of interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) on the metabolism of cholesterol and choline-phospholipids in cultured fibroblasts, and also measured efflux of these lipids to lipid-free apo A-I as a function of IL-1beta treatment.	Choline	115-122	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	68-76
10341225-8	1999	ATP also stimulated a rapid increase in choline, and inhibition of phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis blocked ATP-evoked ERK activation.	Choline	40-47	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	117-120
11498983-3	1999	The results showed that: (1) ET-1 enhanced [3H] choline incorporation into AT II cells in a dose-dependent manner.	Choline	48-55	endothelin 1	Homo sapiens	29-33
11498983-5	1999	(3) Both ET-1 and PMA could increase the level of c-Fos protein, and H7 and c-fos antisense oligonucleotides (AS ODN) could inhibit the effects induced by ET-1 on Fos protein expression and [3H] choline incorporation.	Choline	195-202	endothelin 1	Homo sapiens	155-159
10320800-1	1999	We reported recently that the choline phospholipid-binding proteins (BSP-A1/-A2, BSP-A3 and BSP-30-kDa) of bovine seminal plasma (BSP) stimulate cholesterol and choline phospholipid efflux from fibroblasts.	Choline	30-37	seminal plasma protein A3	Bos taurus	81-87
10320800-1	1999	We reported recently that the choline phospholipid-binding proteins (BSP-A1/-A2, BSP-A3 and BSP-30-kDa) of bovine seminal plasma (BSP) stimulate cholesterol and choline phospholipid efflux from fibroblasts.	Choline	161-168	seminal plasma protein A3	Bos taurus	81-87
10329685-12	1999	Whereas the EKI1 gene product was primarily responsible for phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis via the CDP-ethanolamine pathway, the CKI1 gene product was primarily responsible for phosphatidylcholine synthesis via the CDP-choline pathway.	Choline	193-200	bifunctional choline kinase/ethanolamine kinase CKI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	133-137
10216278-5	1999	Alcohol precipitates of bovine seminal plasma (designated crude BSP, cBSP), purified BSP-A1/-A2, BSP-A3 and BSP-30-kDa proteins stimulated cellular cholesterol and choline phospholipid efflux from fibroblasts.	Choline	164-171	seminal plasma protein A3	Bos taurus	97-103
10191259-10	1999	In vivo, S. cerevisiae cells (HJ091, cpt1::LEU2 ept1-) expressing hCEPT1 efficiently incorporated both radiolabelled choline and ethanolamine into phospholipids, demonstrating that hCEPT1p has the ability to synthesize both choline- and ethanolamine- containing phospholipids in vitro and in vivo.	Choline	117-124	choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	66-72
10191259-10	1999	In vivo, S. cerevisiae cells (HJ091, cpt1::LEU2 ept1-) expressing hCEPT1 efficiently incorporated both radiolabelled choline and ethanolamine into phospholipids, demonstrating that hCEPT1p has the ability to synthesize both choline- and ethanolamine- containing phospholipids in vitro and in vivo.	Choline	224-231	choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	66-72
11593539-9	1999	Furthermore, choline, an inhibitor of phospholipase D (PLD), is first shown to partially inhibit ATP-induced apoptosis.	Choline	13-20	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	38-53
11593539-9	1999	Furthermore, choline, an inhibitor of phospholipase D (PLD), is first shown to partially inhibit ATP-induced apoptosis.	Choline	13-20	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	55-58
10087082-0	1999	Choline and selective antagonists identify two subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that modulate GABA release from CA1 interneurons in rat hippocampal slices.	Choline	0-7	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	125-128
10075673-1	1999	We previously showed that rat liver betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) mRNA content and activity increased 4-fold when rats were fed a methionine-deficient diet containing adequate choline, compared with rats fed the same diet with control levels of methionine (Park, E. I., Renduchintala, M. S., and Garrow, T. A.	Choline	192-199	betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	36-74
10082883-1	1999	Cytidine and choline, present in cytidine 5"-diphosphate choline (CDP-choline), are major precursors of the phosphatidylcholine found in cell membranes and important regulatory elements in phosphatide biosynthesis.	Choline	13-20	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	66-69
10082883-2	1999	Administration of CDP-choline to rats increases blood and brain cytidine and choline levels; this enhances the production of endogenous CDP-choline which then combines with fatty acids (as diacylglycerol), to yield phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	22-29	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	18-21
10082883-2	1999	Administration of CDP-choline to rats increases blood and brain cytidine and choline levels; this enhances the production of endogenous CDP-choline which then combines with fatty acids (as diacylglycerol), to yield phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	22-29	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	136-139
10082883-7	1999	The effects of choline and cytidine were enhanced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA, 1 microM), which activates CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT) and facilitates choline uptake.	Choline	15-22	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1A, choline	Rattus norvegicus	123-162
10075673-1	1999	We previously showed that rat liver betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) mRNA content and activity increased 4-fold when rats were fed a methionine-deficient diet containing adequate choline, compared with rats fed the same diet with control levels of methionine (Park, E. I., Renduchintala, M. S., and Garrow, T. A.	Choline	192-199	betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	76-80
10075673-9	1999	Similar to when betaine was added to a methionine-deficient diet, choline or sulfonium analogs of betaine induced BHMT expression.	Choline	66-73	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	114-118
10064869-6	1999	Using a combination of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling and an unbiased computer-assisted image analysis method, we found that modulation of dietary choline availability changed the distribution and migration of precursor cells born on E16 in the fimbria, primordial dentate gyrus, and Ammon"s horn of the fetal hippocampus.	Choline	150-157	solute carrier family 7 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	237-240
10052930-3	1999	We found that when choline or potassium were the major cations present, light caused a 70% inhibition of stimulated ROS-GC in native unstripped membranes.	Choline	19-26	guanylate cyclase 2D, retinal	Bos taurus	116-122
10087440-1	1999	Phospholipase D (PLD) is a phosphodiesterase that catalyses hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to produce phosphatidic acid and choline.	Choline	86-93	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
10030840-5	1999	KGF increased choline incorporation into DSPC in a dose-dependent manner up to 25 ng/ml (1.3 x 10(-9) M), and this effect was greater for surfactant than for nonsurfactant DSPC.	Choline	14-21	fibroblast growth factor 7	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
10087440-1	1999	Phospholipase D (PLD) is a phosphodiesterase that catalyses hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to produce phosphatidic acid and choline.	Choline	86-93	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
9989927-6	1999	Loading lymphocytes with intracellular choline+ by prior incubation of cells with ATP in isotonic choline chloride abolished both ATP-stimulated PLD activity and the ATP-induced permeability lesion.	Choline	39-46	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	145-148
9989927-6	1999	Loading lymphocytes with intracellular choline+ by prior incubation of cells with ATP in isotonic choline chloride abolished both ATP-stimulated PLD activity and the ATP-induced permeability lesion.	Choline	98-114	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	145-148
10050771-1	1999	PDC-109, the major heparin-binding protein of bull seminal plasma, binds to sperm choline lipids at ejaculation and modulates capacitation mediated by heparin.	Choline	82-89	seminal plasma protein PDC-109	Bos taurus	0-7
9927320-15	1999	Exposure of [3H]choline-labeled C6 cells to IL-1beta resulted in an increase in the [3H]LPC species as well as a decrease in [3H]phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	16-23	interleukin 1 beta	Rattus norvegicus	44-52
10233691-6	1999	However, when extracellular Na+ was substituted iso-osmotically with N-methyl-d-glucamine+ or with choline+, GM-CSF and IL-3 were able to trigger histamine release from either mixed leucocyte suspensions or purified human basophils.	Choline	99-106	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	109-115
9889387-10	1999	Preliminary evidence is presented suggesting that proteins of the AAAP family are distantly related to proteins of the large ubiquitous amino acid/polyamine/choline family (TC #2.3) as well as to those of two small bacterial amino acid transporter families, the ArAAP family (TC #2.42) and the STP family (TC #2.43).	Choline	157-164	thyroid hormone receptor interactor 10	Homo sapiens	294-297
9922707-6	1999	The N-nAChR are activated by nicotine and choline, and RAMIC are antagonized by methyllycaconitine and dihydro-beta-erythroidine.	Choline	42-49	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	6-11
9989927-7	1999	Addition of PLD but not phospholipase C to the extracellular medium increased lymphocyte permeability to propidium2+ and this effect was not observed in a choline medium.	Choline	155-162	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	12-15
9989927-8	1999	The cytolytic effect of exogenous PLD together with the inhibitory effect of choline, a product of the PLD reaction, suggests that sustained activation of intracellular PLD may be involved in the ATP-initiated cytolytic pathway.	Choline	77-84	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	103-106
9989927-8	1999	The cytolytic effect of exogenous PLD together with the inhibitory effect of choline, a product of the PLD reaction, suggests that sustained activation of intracellular PLD may be involved in the ATP-initiated cytolytic pathway.	Choline	77-84	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	103-106
10797864-10	1999	On the other hand, the overflow studies were carried out using radiolabeled ACh (rACh) obtained treating muscle fibers with radioactive choline (rCh).	Choline	136-143	acyl-CoA thioesterase 12	Rattus norvegicus	76-79
10797864-10	1999	On the other hand, the overflow studies were carried out using radiolabeled ACh (rACh) obtained treating muscle fibers with radioactive choline (rCh).	Choline	136-143	acyl-CoA thioesterase 12	Rattus norvegicus	81-85
9858502-3	1999	A family of major proteins of bovine seminal plasma designated BSP-A1/A2, BSP-A3, and BSP-30 kDa (collectively called BSP proteins) bind to the sperm surface upon ejaculation via their membrane choline phospholipids.	Choline	194-201	seminal plasma protein A3	Bos taurus	74-80
10338282-5	1999	Both hNT neurons and fetal striatal tissue express mRNAs for glutamic acid decarboxylase, choline acetyltransferase, and the D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.	Choline	90-97	ras responsive element binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	5-8
9915331-6	1999	The effects of propofol on vasopressin-induced activation of phosphoinositide-hydrolyzing phospholipase C and phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D were evaluated by measuring inositol phosphate formation and choline formation, respectively.	Choline	122-129	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	27-38
9888879-7	1999	HDL3- and apolipoprotein (apo) A-I-mediated cellular cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine efflux was examined by labeling cells with [3H]cholesterol and [3H]choline, respectively, during growth and cholesterol loading during growth arrest.	Choline	81-88	HDL3	Homo sapiens	0-4
9854020-8	1999	PEMT activity decreased, the levels of PEMT2 mRNA decreased and there was an increase in the activity of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, a key regulatory enzyme in the CDP-choline pathway of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.	Choline	116-123	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-4
10449981-0	1999	Prenatal availability of choline alters the development of acetylcholinesterase in the rat hippocampus.	Choline	25-32	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	59-79
11097029-6	1999	Using PEL-lacZ fusion genes it was demonstrated that Pel1p is a mitochondrial protein (expressed in response to myo-inositol and choline).	Choline	129-136	CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	53-58
10050072-10	1999	In [14C]choline-labelled vessels, [14C]phosphocholine levels were increased by ET-1 with a similar time course to DAG production.	Choline	8-15	endothelin 1	Rattus norvegicus	79-83
9843715-5	1998	Titration of NaCl into choline chloride- or sucrose-based media restored 17-kDa IL-1beta production.	Choline	23-39	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	80-88
10022256-2	1998	The use of the alpha7-nAChR-selective agonist choline and of nAChR-subtype-selective antagonists led to the conclusion that these responses can be mediated by alpha7 or alpha4beta2 nAChRs.	Choline	46-53	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	22-27
9813357-2	1998	In the presence of antagonists of muscarinic, AMPA, NMDA, GABAA, ATP, and 5-HT3 receptors, spontaneous and evoked postsynaptic currents (PSCs) recorded from CA1 interneurons were blocked by the alpha7 nAChR antagonists methyllycaconitine and alpha-bungarotoxin and by a desensitizing concentration of the alpha7 nAChR agonist choline.	Choline	326-333	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	157-160
9839943-1	1998	Sarcosine dehydrogenase (SarDH) is a mitochondrial flavoenzyme involved in the oxidative degradation of choline to glycine.	Choline	104-111	sarcosine dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	0-23
9813240-1	1998	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to generate phosphatidic acid and choline.	Choline	62-69	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
9815113-9	1998	In both control and dexamethasone-treated explants, TGF-beta1 (10 ng/ml) also decreased fatty acid synthetase mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity and the rate of [3H]choline incorporation into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	165-172	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	52-61
9839943-1	1998	Sarcosine dehydrogenase (SarDH) is a mitochondrial flavoenzyme involved in the oxidative degradation of choline to glycine.	Choline	104-111	sarcosine dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	25-30
9839943-4	1998	The deduced amino acid sequence of SarDH shares an overall similarity of 47% with dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (Me2GlyDH), another flavoenzyme involved in the mitochondrial choline catabolism with a similar FAD-binding domain.	Choline	174-181	sarcosine dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	35-40
9839943-4	1998	The deduced amino acid sequence of SarDH shares an overall similarity of 47% with dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (Me2GlyDH), another flavoenzyme involved in the mitochondrial choline catabolism with a similar FAD-binding domain.	Choline	174-181	dimethylglycine dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	113-121
9794908-2	1998	Administration of a choline deficient L-amino acid defined (CDAA) diet for 6 weeks with or without pig serum pretreatment led to the development of preneoplastic lesions that were positive for the placental form of glutathione S-transferase (GSTP).	Choline	20-27	hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase	Rattus norvegicus	215-240
9794908-2	1998	Administration of a choline deficient L-amino acid defined (CDAA) diet for 6 weeks with or without pig serum pretreatment led to the development of preneoplastic lesions that were positive for the placental form of glutathione S-transferase (GSTP).	Choline	20-27	glutathione S-transferase pi 1	Rattus norvegicus	242-246
10198821-7	1998	Subtoxic levels of A beta can also suppress choline acetyltransferase levels, and may thereby promote dysfunction of intact cholinergic circuits.	Choline	44-51	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	19-25
10198825-6	1998	This NGF decrease was paralleled to a similar decrease of choline acetyltransferase activity, which is regulated by NGF in the cholinergic basal forebrain.	Choline	58-65	nerve growth factor	Homo sapiens	116-119
9799363-3	1998	The expression of the PEL1-lacZ reporter gene was repressed in cells grown in the presence of inositol and choline, reduced in the ino2 and ino4 strains, but constitutive in the opi1 null-mutant strain.	Choline	107-114	CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	22-26
9755189-4	1998	The cho1+ gene disruption mutant (cho1Delta) is viable if choline is supplied and resembles the cho1 mutants isolated after mutagenesis.	Choline	58-65	CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
9755189-4	1998	The cho1+ gene disruption mutant (cho1Delta) is viable if choline is supplied and resembles the cho1 mutants isolated after mutagenesis.	Choline	58-65	CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	34-38
9755189-6	1998	Phospholipid methyltransferases encoded by a rat liver cDNA and the S. cerevisiae OPI3 gene are both able to complement the choline auxotrophy of the S. pombe cho1 mutants.	Choline	124-131	bifunctional phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase/phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	82-86
9755189-6	1998	Phospholipid methyltransferases encoded by a rat liver cDNA and the S. cerevisiae OPI3 gene are both able to complement the choline auxotrophy of the S. pombe cho1 mutants.	Choline	124-131	CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	159-163
9828151-7	1998	In the medium containing choline instead of sodium or the medium without potassium, an elevation of [Mg2+]i with addition of insulin/IGF-1 was moderately suppressed.	Choline	25-32	insulin	Homo sapiens	125-132
9828151-7	1998	In the medium containing choline instead of sodium or the medium without potassium, an elevation of [Mg2+]i with addition of insulin/IGF-1 was moderately suppressed.	Choline	25-32	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	133-138
9851655-8	1998	AChE activity produces protons and choline, possible microglial activators.	Choline	35-42	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	0-4
9873837-1	1998	Glycerophosphrylocholine (GPC) is a renal medullary compatible organic osmolyte that is derived from choline via phosphatidylcholine, which is catalyzed in part by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and its degradation by GPC: choline phosphodiesterase (GPC: choline PDE).	Choline	17-24	phospholipase A2 group IB	Canis lupus familiaris	164-180
9873837-1	1998	Glycerophosphrylocholine (GPC) is a renal medullary compatible organic osmolyte that is derived from choline via phosphatidylcholine, which is catalyzed in part by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and its degradation by GPC: choline phosphodiesterase (GPC: choline PDE).	Choline	17-24	phospholipase A2 group IB	Canis lupus familiaris	182-186
9987137-12	1999	Although the null mutant can grow on both fermentable and non-fermentable carbon sources at lower temperatures, it cannot form colonies at 37 degrees C. In conclusion, CRD1 expression is controlled by factors affecting mitochondrial development, but not by the phospholipid precursors inositol and choline.	Choline	298-305	cardiolipin synthase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	168-172
9811645-8	1998	These and other experiments (e.g., those to determine the expression of the gene and the growth ability of the das1Delta strain on media containing methylamine or choline as a nitrogen source) suggested that DAS1 is involved in assimilation rather than dissimilation or detoxification of formaldehyde in the cells.	Choline	163-170	SCF ubiquitin ligase complex subunit DAS1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	208-212
9765216-3	1998	We report that when Pempt-deficient mice were fed a choline-deficient diet for 3 days, severe liver pathology occurred apparently due to a lack of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.	Choline	52-59	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	20-25
9765216-6	1998	We suggest that the Pempt gene has been maintained during evolution to provide phosphatidylcholine when dietary choline is insufficient, as might occur during starvation or pregnancy.	Choline	91-98	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	20-25
9778051-5	1998	By contrast, relatively low levels of PCho (80 microM) or choline (20 microM) nearly doubled UV-induced AP-1 activity, while higher (2-20 mM) concentrations of PCho alone stimulated AP-1 activity 6-8-fold.	Choline	58-65	FosB proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Homo sapiens	104-108
9778051-6	1998	Importantly, HC-3 inhibited only the stimulatory effect of choline, but not of PCho, on AP-1 activity.	Choline	59-66	FosB proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Homo sapiens	88-92
9767089-1	1998	The cho1/pss mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is auxotrophic for choline or ethanolamine because of the deficiency in phosphatidylserine synthesis, grew in the presence of 0.05 mM phosphatidylcholine (PC) with octanoic acids (diC8PC) or decanoic acids (diC10PC), but not in the presence of PC with longer acyl residues.	Choline	74-81	CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
9767089-3	1998	Addition of 10 mM hemicholinium-3, a choline transport inhibitor, or disruption of the CTR gene, which encodes a choline transporter, inhibited the growth of the cho1/pss mutant in the presence of choline, but not in the presence of 0.1 mM diC8PC.	Choline	113-120	CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	162-166
9756519-8	1998	Feeding choline also blunted tumor necrosis factor-alpha production.	Choline	8-15	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	29-56
9732369-4	1998	Choline, a normal component of growth media, showed an efficacy comparable to acetylcholine and carbachol at Hm1(Ser388Tyr, Thr389Pro) receptors.	Choline	0-7	cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1	Homo sapiens	109-112
9732369-8	1998	All agonists, including choline and methylcarbachol, showed multiple affinity states at Hm1(Ser388Tyr, Thr389Pro) receptors in the absence of GppNHp.	Choline	24-31	cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1	Homo sapiens	88-91
9685390-7	1998	OCTN2-mediated L-[3H]carnitine transport was inhibited by the D-isomer, acetyl-D,L-carnitine, and gamma-butyrobetaine with high affinity and by glycinebetaine with lower affinity, whereas choline, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, lysine, and taurine were not inhibitory.	Choline	188-195	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	0-5
9729402-1	1998	The 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, ondansetron, MDL 72222 and granisetron (0.01-1 microM), produced a concentration-dependent increase of K+-evoked [3H]ACh efflux in slices from rat entorhinal cortex preloaded with [3H]choline.	Choline	216-223	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A	Rattus norvegicus	4-18
9733585-4	1998	However, disruption of lens structure and intracellular interactions by homogenization leads to a paradoxical change in enzymic properties, causing choline and ethanolamine to become competing alternative substrates of a single enzyme that resembles the purified choline/ethanolamine kinase from liver and other tissues.	Choline	148-155	choline kinase beta	Rattus norvegicus	263-290
9687576-1	1998	Recently, we cloned the human cation transporter hOCT2, a member of a new family of polyspecific transporters from kidney, and demonstrated electrogenic uptake of tetraethylammonium, choline, N1-methylnicotinamide, and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium.	Choline	183-190	POU class 2 homeobox 2	Homo sapiens	49-54
9642212-2	1998	Mutations (cki1, cct1, and cpt1) in the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine synthesis suppress the sec14 growth defect (2), permitting sec14(ts) cki1, sec14(ts) cct1, and sec14(ts) cpt1 strains to grow at the sec14(ts) restrictive temperature.	Choline	44-51	bifunctional choline kinase/ethanolamine kinase CKI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	11-15
9642212-2	1998	Mutations (cki1, cct1, and cpt1) in the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine synthesis suppress the sec14 growth defect (2), permitting sec14(ts) cki1, sec14(ts) cct1, and sec14(ts) cpt1 strains to grow at the sec14(ts) restrictive temperature.	Choline	44-51	choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	17-21
9642212-2	1998	Mutations (cki1, cct1, and cpt1) in the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine synthesis suppress the sec14 growth defect (2), permitting sec14(ts) cki1, sec14(ts) cct1, and sec14(ts) cpt1 strains to grow at the sec14(ts) restrictive temperature.	Choline	44-51	diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	27-31
9642212-2	1998	Mutations (cki1, cct1, and cpt1) in the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine synthesis suppress the sec14 growth defect (2), permitting sec14(ts) cki1, sec14(ts) cct1, and sec14(ts) cpt1 strains to grow at the sec14(ts) restrictive temperature.	Choline	44-51	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	107-112
9642212-2	1998	Mutations (cki1, cct1, and cpt1) in the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine synthesis suppress the sec14 growth defect (2), permitting sec14(ts) cki1, sec14(ts) cct1, and sec14(ts) cpt1 strains to grow at the sec14(ts) restrictive temperature.	Choline	44-51	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	143-148
9642212-2	1998	Mutations (cki1, cct1, and cpt1) in the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine synthesis suppress the sec14 growth defect (2), permitting sec14(ts) cki1, sec14(ts) cct1, and sec14(ts) cpt1 strains to grow at the sec14(ts) restrictive temperature.	Choline	44-51	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	143-148
9642212-2	1998	Mutations (cki1, cct1, and cpt1) in the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine synthesis suppress the sec14 growth defect (2), permitting sec14(ts) cki1, sec14(ts) cct1, and sec14(ts) cpt1 strains to grow at the sec14(ts) restrictive temperature.	Choline	44-51	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	143-148
9642212-2	1998	Mutations (cki1, cct1, and cpt1) in the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine synthesis suppress the sec14 growth defect (2), permitting sec14(ts) cki1, sec14(ts) cct1, and sec14(ts) cpt1 strains to grow at the sec14(ts) restrictive temperature.	Choline	44-51	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	143-148
9642212-4	1998	We now report that these choline and inositol excretion phenotypes are eliminated when the SPO14 (PLD1) gene encoding phospholipase D1 is deleted.	Choline	25-32	phospholipase D	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	91-96
9642212-4	1998	We now report that these choline and inositol excretion phenotypes are eliminated when the SPO14 (PLD1) gene encoding phospholipase D1 is deleted.	Choline	25-32	phospholipase D	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	98-102
9642212-6	1998	Thus, the PLD1 gene product appears to play an essential role in the suppression of the sec14(ts) defect by CDP-choline pathway mutations, indicating a role for phospholipase D1 in growth and secretion.	Choline	112-119	phospholipase D	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	10-14
9642212-6	1998	Thus, the PLD1 gene product appears to play an essential role in the suppression of the sec14(ts) defect by CDP-choline pathway mutations, indicating a role for phospholipase D1 in growth and secretion.	Choline	112-119	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	88-93
9639664-3	1998	Hydrolysis of PtdCho by phospholipase D (PLD) and resynthesis of PtdCho from labeled choline were stimulated 2- to 4-fold by PKC activation with the phorbol ester, 4beta-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (beta-TPA), in all cells except those from heterozygous X-ALD individuals.	Choline	85-92	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	41-44
9754716-3	1998	Stimulation of PMNs with formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine fMLP; 0.1 microM induced a weak elevation of mass choline (+25% of basal level) that was strongly potentiated in PMNs primed with cytochalasin B (+350% relative to the control value of 657+/-53 pmol/10(7) cells).	Choline	113-120	formyl peptide receptor 1	Homo sapiens	63-67
9754716-5	1998	Thereafter, the amount of tritiated PA declined strongly (40% of maximum by 3 min), whereas the elevated choline content induced by fMLP plateaued for at least 5 min.	Choline	105-112	formyl peptide receptor 1	Homo sapiens	132-136
9754716-8	1998	For longer treatment (10-20 min), fMLP stimulated a significant enhancement of PCHO level, which occurred concomitantly with a decrease in CHO level, suggesting that choline kinase rather than PLC may be activated.	Choline	80-83	formyl peptide receptor 1	Homo sapiens	34-38
9754716-10	1998	These data indicate that DG formation from PC in PMNs is mediated by PLD but not by PLC and show that chemiluminescence measurement of choline is a reliable index of PLD activation.	Choline	135-142	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	166-169
9630635-5	1998	The NMR measurements revealed that immediately after administration of TNF, choline transport was inhibited by 52+/-6%.	Choline	76-83	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	71-74
9693780-5	1998	In hippocampal slices preincubated with [3H]choline, the electrically evoked overflow of 3H at S1 increased from 0.11 (P3) to 0.81% of tissue 3H (P16), the latter value being still much lower than that of hippocampal slices from adult rats (2.89% of tissue 3H).	Choline	44-51	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A	Rattus norvegicus	146-149
9693781-6	1998	In septal slices preincubated with [3H]choline, the electrically evoked overflow of 3H at S1 increased from 0.31% (P3) to 2.10% of tissue 3H (P16), the latter value being still lower than that of septal slices from adult rats (3.46% of tissue 3H).	Choline	39-46	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A	Rattus norvegicus	142-145
9593849-5	1998	In NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and MCF-7/PKC-alpha cells, both expressing PKC-alpha and PLD activities at high levels, 10-100-nM PMA enhanced [14C]choline uptake only slightly (1.7- to 2.2-fold), while it had much greater (approximately 4-9-fold) stimulatory effects on PtdCho synthesis.	Choline	139-146	protein kinase C alpha	Homo sapiens	66-75
9581864-7	1998	Tiludronate suppressed the choline formation induced by NaF, known as an activator of heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein.	Choline	27-34	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	56-59
9789829-1	1998	The alpha 7-nicotinic receptor (nAChR)-selective agonist choline and nAChR-subtype-selective antagonists led to the discovery that activation of both alpha 7 and alpha 4 beta 2 nAChRs located in CA1 interneurons in slices taken from the rat hippocampus facilitates the tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).	Choline	57-64	cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	32-37
9789829-1	1998	The alpha 7-nicotinic receptor (nAChR)-selective agonist choline and nAChR-subtype-selective antagonists led to the discovery that activation of both alpha 7 and alpha 4 beta 2 nAChRs located in CA1 interneurons in slices taken from the rat hippocampus facilitates the tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).	Choline	57-64	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	195-198
9572678-3	1998	We now report effects of chronic lithium treatment on PLA2 activity in postnuclear supernatant from rat brain: Enzyme activity was determined by two assay methods, radiometric and fluorometric, and measured the release of the fatty acid on the second acyl position (sn2) from choline and ethanolamine phospholipids.	Choline	276-283	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	54-58
9593849-5	1998	In NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and MCF-7/PKC-alpha cells, both expressing PKC-alpha and PLD activities at high levels, 10-100-nM PMA enhanced [14C]choline uptake only slightly (1.7- to 2.2-fold), while it had much greater (approximately 4-9-fold) stimulatory effects on PtdCho synthesis.	Choline	139-146	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	80-83
9570791-5	1998	The NMDA-evoked increase in dialysate choline was calcium and concentration dependent and was prevented with 1 mM AP-5, a competitive NMDA antagonist, but was not altered by mepacrine, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor.	Choline	38-45	adaptor related protein complex 5 subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	114-118
9560313-1	1998	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyses the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine, generating phosphatidic acid and choline.	Choline	62-69	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
9473293-7	1998	Mouse ACBP also inhibited microsomal phospholipid acyl chain remodeling of choline-containing phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, by 50 and 64%, respectively.	Choline	75-82	diazepam binding inhibitor	Mus musculus	6-10
9572306-10	1998	However, the uptake of choline by striatal synaptosomes was altered only at high concentration of A beta (10(-6) M).	Choline	23-30	amyloid beta precursor protein	Rattus norvegicus	98-104
9572306-11	1998	Taken together, these results indicate that A beta peptides, under acute conditions, can decrease endogenous ACh release and the uptake of choline but exhibit no effect on ChAT activity.	Choline	139-146	amyloid beta precursor protein	Rattus norvegicus	44-50
9566595-1	1998	Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) activity was measured by a radioenzymatic assay in homogenates of brain and liver obtained from Sprague Dawley rats fed a choline-free or control (0.3 g/kg of choline chloride) diet for seven days.	Choline	174-181	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-44
9566595-1	1998	Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) activity was measured by a radioenzymatic assay in homogenates of brain and liver obtained from Sprague Dawley rats fed a choline-free or control (0.3 g/kg of choline chloride) diet for seven days.	Choline	174-181	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	46-50
9566595-1	1998	Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) activity was measured by a radioenzymatic assay in homogenates of brain and liver obtained from Sprague Dawley rats fed a choline-free or control (0.3 g/kg of choline chloride) diet for seven days.	Choline	211-227	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-44
9566595-1	1998	Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) activity was measured by a radioenzymatic assay in homogenates of brain and liver obtained from Sprague Dawley rats fed a choline-free or control (0.3 g/kg of choline chloride) diet for seven days.	Choline	211-227	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	46-50
9566595-2	1998	Choline deficiency increased PEMT activity in the liver of male rats by 34% but had no effect on hepatic PEMT in females.	Choline	0-7	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	29-33
9566595-3	1998	In contrast, brain PEMT activity was increased in brain of choline deficient females (by 49%) but was unaltered in males.	Choline	59-66	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	19-23
9566613-0	1998	Choline administration reverses hypotension in spinal cord transected rats: the involvement of vasopressin.	Choline	0-7	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	95-106
9566613-5	1998	choline was associated with an increase in plasma vasopressin.	Choline	0-7	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	50-61
9566613-7	1998	blocked the pressor, bradycardic and vasopressin responses to choline (150 microg).	Choline	62-69	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	37-48
9566613-12	1998	The vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist, (beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopenta-methylenepropionyl1, O-Me-Tyr2, Arg8)-vasopressin (10 microg/kg) administered intravenously 5 min after choline abolished the pressor response and attenuated the bradycardia-induced by choline.	Choline	180-187	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	114-125
9566613-12	1998	The vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist, (beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopenta-methylenepropionyl1, O-Me-Tyr2, Arg8)-vasopressin (10 microg/kg) administered intravenously 5 min after choline abolished the pressor response and attenuated the bradycardia-induced by choline.	Choline	261-268	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	114-125
9566613-15	1998	Increase in plasma vasopressin is involved in cardiovascular effects of choline.	Choline	72-79	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	19-30
9566614-0	1998	AF64A-induced changes in N-myc expression in the LA-N-2 human neuroblastoma cell line are modulated by choline and hemicholinium-3.	Choline	103-110	MYCN proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	25-30
9566614-9	1998	Presence of choline or hemicholinium-3 prevented the AF64A-induced decrease of N-myc levels by competing with, or inhibiting the choline transport mechanism by which AF64A enters the cell, respectively.	Choline	12-19	MYCN proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	79-84
9566614-9	1998	Presence of choline or hemicholinium-3 prevented the AF64A-induced decrease of N-myc levels by competing with, or inhibiting the choline transport mechanism by which AF64A enters the cell, respectively.	Choline	129-136	MYCN proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	79-84
9566615-0	1998	Choline availability modulates the expression of TGFbeta1 and cytoskeletal proteins in the hippocampus of developing rat brain.	Choline	0-7	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	49-57
9676747-3	1998	High-choline diet, hypoxia and treatment with nicotinamide increased brain choline availability through a central site of action and increased the CSF choline concentration.	Choline	5-12	colony stimulating factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	147-150
9676747-4	1998	CSF choline concentrations were more effectively elevated by nicotinamide treatment (20-25 microM) than by acute choline administration (13-15 microM).	Choline	4-11	colony stimulating factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
9676747-4	1998	CSF choline concentrations were more effectively elevated by nicotinamide treatment (20-25 microM) than by acute choline administration (13-15 microM).	Choline	113-120	colony stimulating factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
9676747-5	1998	Increases of CSF choline, due to brain choline mobilization, were consistently associated with a net release of choline from the brain as reflected by strongly negative arterio-venous differences (AVD) of brain choline.	Choline	17-24	colony stimulating factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	13-16
9676747-5	1998	Increases of CSF choline, due to brain choline mobilization, were consistently associated with a net release of choline from the brain as reflected by strongly negative arterio-venous differences (AVD) of brain choline.	Choline	39-46	colony stimulating factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	13-16
9676747-5	1998	Increases of CSF choline, due to brain choline mobilization, were consistently associated with a net release of choline from the brain as reflected by strongly negative arterio-venous differences (AVD) of brain choline.	Choline	39-46	colony stimulating factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	13-16
9676747-5	1998	Increases of CSF choline, due to brain choline mobilization, were consistently associated with a net release of choline from the brain as reflected by strongly negative arterio-venous differences (AVD) of brain choline.	Choline	39-46	colony stimulating factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	13-16
9675705-1	1998	The recovering effect of betaine (derivative of choline) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-injured liver was investigated by oral and intraperitoneal administration of betaine at 24 h after acute CCl4 intoxication.	Choline	48-55	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Homo sapiens	82-86
9593682-2	1998	A motif, Asp113-Gly114-(X)2-Ala117-Arg118-(X)8-Gly127+ ++-(X)3-Asp131-(X)3-Asp135, located within the CDP-choline binding region of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cholinephosphotransferase (CPT1 ?/Author: Please confirm that a gene is meant here.)	Choline	106-113	diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	184-188
9477066-7	1998	The effects of propofol on the endothelin-1-induced activation of phosphatidylinositol-hydrolyzing phospholipase C and phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D were evaluated by measuring the formation of inositol phosphates and choline, respectively.	Choline	131-138	endothelin 1	Homo sapiens	31-43
9477066-12	1998	Propofol inhibited the endothelin-1-induced formation of choline.	Choline	57-64	endothelin 1	Homo sapiens	23-35
9485066-5	1998	Minor decreases in the N-acetylaspartate/creatine ratio and the normal choline/creatine ratio were observed in the cerebellar hemisphere of the SCA1 carriers.	Choline	71-78	ataxin 1	Homo sapiens	144-148
9498371-0	1998	Hepatic and renal betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase activity in pigs as affected by dietary intakes of sulfur amino acids, choline, and betaine.	Choline	128-135	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Sus scrofa	18-56
9498371-5	1998	Hepatic betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) activity was increased (P < .05) by betaine and choline supplementation but was not affected by Met deficiency.	Choline	105-112	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Sus scrofa	8-46
9498371-5	1998	Hepatic betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) activity was increased (P < .05) by betaine and choline supplementation but was not affected by Met deficiency.	Choline	105-112	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Sus scrofa	48-52
9489531-9	1998	A slight but not significant rise in the Cho peak was also found in normal appearing white matter in the patient group undergoing treatment with IFN beta-1a.	Choline	41-44	interferon beta 1	Homo sapiens	145-153
9469583-10	1998	Labeling with [14C]choline and [14C]ethanolamine confirmed the increase in the rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis and the decreased rate of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis through their respective CDP pathways.	Choline	19-26	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	203-206
9493099-0	1998	Milk choline secretion as an indirect indicator of postruminal choline supply.	Choline	5-12	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	0-4
9493099-0	1998	Milk choline secretion as an indirect indicator of postruminal choline supply.	Choline	63-70	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	0-4
9493099-3	1998	Choline infusion increased milk choline secretion from 1.95 to 3.95 g/d during the 2-wk choline infusion period.	Choline	0-7	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	27-31
9493099-3	1998	Choline infusion increased milk choline secretion from 1.95 to 3.95 g/d during the 2-wk choline infusion period.	Choline	32-39	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	27-31
9493099-3	1998	Choline infusion increased milk choline secretion from 1.95 to 3.95 g/d during the 2-wk choline infusion period.	Choline	88-95	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	27-31
9493099-5	1998	Milk choline secretion was 2.56, 3.62, 3.72, and 3.82 g/d for the respective choline treatments.	Choline	5-12	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	0-4
9493099-5	1998	Milk choline secretion was 2.56, 3.62, 3.72, and 3.82 g/d for the respective choline treatments.	Choline	77-84	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	0-4
9493099-7	1998	Milk choline secretion was increased from 2.12 to 2.99 g/d with the supplemental choline.	Choline	5-12	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	0-4
9493099-7	1998	Milk choline secretion was increased from 2.12 to 2.99 g/d with the supplemental choline.	Choline	81-88	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	0-4
9493099-8	1998	Results of these experiments demonstrated that milk choline is responsive to postruminal choline supply and can be used as a qualitative indicator of choline absorption.	Choline	52-59	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	47-51
9493099-8	1998	Results of these experiments demonstrated that milk choline is responsive to postruminal choline supply and can be used as a qualitative indicator of choline absorption.	Choline	89-96	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	47-51
9493099-8	1998	Results of these experiments demonstrated that milk choline is responsive to postruminal choline supply and can be used as a qualitative indicator of choline absorption.	Choline	89-96	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	47-51
9580032-1	1998	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyses the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine, a major substrate, to phosphatidic acid and choline, and its activity is regulated by a variety of hormones, growth factors, and other extracellular signals in mammalian cells.	Choline	62-69	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
9580032-1	1998	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyses the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine, a major substrate, to phosphatidic acid and choline, and its activity is regulated by a variety of hormones, growth factors, and other extracellular signals in mammalian cells.	Choline	62-69	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
9395502-7	1997	A BLAST search of protein data bases revealed that PDPr is distantly related to the mitochondrial flavoprotein dimethylglycine dehydrogenase, which functions in choline degradation.	Choline	161-168	pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase regulatory subunit	Bos taurus	51-55
9405386-2	1997	rOCT1 is the first member of a new protein family comprising electrogenic and polyspecific cation transporters that transport hydrophilic cations like tetraethylammonium, choline, and monoamine neurotransmitters.	Choline	171-178	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
9330371-13	1997	However, neurotrophin-3 (10 micrograms/day) delivery into the striatum significantly increased [3H]GABA uptake, but only modestly affected [3H]choline uptake.	Choline	143-150	neurotrophin 3	Rattus norvegicus	9-23
9517478-1	1997	In the present study, we demonstrate that choline, a precursor of acetylcholine (ACh) and a product of acetylcholine hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acts as an efficient and relatively selective agonist of alpha7-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in neurons cultured from the rat hippocampus, olfactory bulb and thalamus as well as in PC12 cells.	Choline	42-49	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	153-157
9371769-10	1997	This experiment also demonstrated that the choline moiety derived from PEMT in the liver can be distributed via the plasma throughout the mouse where it is found as phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin.	Choline	43-50	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	71-75
9409754-4	1997	In situ hybridization analysis has shown that RST gene expression is restricted to the renal proximal tubule, where various organic cations such as endogenous catecholamines and choline or clinically used cationic drugs are known to be actively excreted.	Choline	178-185	solute carrier family 22 (organic anion/cation transporter), member 12	Mus musculus	46-49
9395070-0	1997	Ro31-8220 inhibits protein kinase C to block the phorbol ester-stimulated release of choline- and ethanolamine-metabolites from C6 glioma cells: p70 S6 kinase and MAPKAP kinase-1beta do not function downstream of PKC in activating PLD.	Choline	85-92	proline rich transmembrane protein 2	Homo sapiens	19-35
9395070-3	1997	Here we show that the phorbol ester-stimulated release of choline- and ethanolamine-metabolites from C6 glioma cells due to phospholipid hydrolysis by phospholipase D (PLD) is not inhibited by rapamycin or PD98059, specific inhibitors respectively of p70 S6 kinase and MAPKK (MEK) and thus of MAPKAP kinase-1beta but is still completely blocked by Ro31-8220.	Choline	58-65	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	151-166
9395070-3	1997	Here we show that the phorbol ester-stimulated release of choline- and ethanolamine-metabolites from C6 glioma cells due to phospholipid hydrolysis by phospholipase D (PLD) is not inhibited by rapamycin or PD98059, specific inhibitors respectively of p70 S6 kinase and MAPKK (MEK) and thus of MAPKAP kinase-1beta but is still completely blocked by Ro31-8220.	Choline	58-65	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	168-171
9437833-1	1997	C-reactive protein (C-RP) was purified from harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) serum by calcium dependant phosphoryl-choline and protein A affinity chromatography.	Choline	111-118	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	20-24
9388050-19	1997	An increase in plasma vasopressin levels seems to be involved in the pressor, but not in the bradycardic response, to choline.	Choline	118-125	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	22-33
9364001-1	1997	Previously, we have reported that aspirin, a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, can prevent the fibrosis, cirrhosis and generation of oxidative DNA damage, and the associated development of glutathione-S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive preneoplastic liver nodules, caused by a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet in rats.	Choline	286-293	glutathione S-transferase pi 1	Rattus norvegicus	187-234
9278388-0	1997	Nerve growth factor-independent reduction in choline acetyltransferase activity in PC12 cells expressing mutant presenilin-1.	Choline	45-52	presenilin 1	Rattus norvegicus	112-124
9326360-3	1997	The ACS2 upstream region contains an ICRE (inositol/choline-responsive element) as an activating sequence and requires the regulatory genes INO2 and INO4 for maximal expression.	Choline	52-59	acetate--CoA ligase ACS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
9326360-3	1997	The ACS2 upstream region contains an ICRE (inositol/choline-responsive element) as an activating sequence and requires the regulatory genes INO2 and INO4 for maximal expression.	Choline	52-59	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	140-144
9357957-5	1997	Choline could only partially relieve, even at high concentrations, the phospholipase A2 inhibition.	Choline	0-7	LOC104974671	Bos taurus	71-87
9370337-5	1997	The PSS/CHO1 gene encoding the enzyme was cloned by the complementation of the choline auxotrophic pss/cho1 mutant.	Choline	79-86	CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	8-12
9370337-5	1997	The PSS/CHO1 gene encoding the enzyme was cloned by the complementation of the choline auxotrophic pss/cho1 mutant.	Choline	79-86	CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	103-107
9370337-15	1997	The upstream regulatory region of the PSS/CHO1 gene responsible for the myo-inositol-choline regulation was identified.	Choline	85-92	CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	42-46
9148929-3	1997	CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the CDP-choline pathway of PC biosynthesis, which is utilized by all tissues and is the sole or major PC biosynthetic pathway in all non-hepatic cells.	Choline	11-18	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1, choline, alpha isoform	Mus musculus	0-2
9301662-0	1997	Synthesis and study of thiocarbonate derivatives of choline as potential inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase.	Choline	52-59	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	87-107
9301662-1	1997	Fourteen alkyl and aryl thiocarbonate derivatives of choline were synthesized and studied as potential inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE).	Choline	53-60	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	117-137
9301662-1	1997	Fourteen alkyl and aryl thiocarbonate derivatives of choline were synthesized and studied as potential inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE).	Choline	53-60	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	139-143
9284295-2	1997	According to the hypothesis, an increase in beta-amyloid concentration caused by proteolysis of the amyloid precursor protein results in an increase in the leakage of choline out of cells.	Choline	167-174	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	100-125
9302091-0	1997	Centrally administered choline increases plasma prolactin levels in conscious rats.	Choline	23-30	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	48-57
9302091-2	1997	administration of choline, a precursor of acetylcholine (ACh) increased plasma prolactin levels in a time and dose-dependent manner in conscious rats.	Choline	18-25	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	79-88
9302091-7	1997	), a high affinity choline uptake inhibitor, attenuated the choline-induced increase of plasma prolactin levels.	Choline	19-26	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	95-104
9302091-7	1997	), a high affinity choline uptake inhibitor, attenuated the choline-induced increase of plasma prolactin levels.	Choline	60-67	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	95-104
9302091-8	1997	These results show that choline increases plasma prolactin levels by activating muscarinic receptors via presynaptic mechanisms.	Choline	24-31	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	49-58
9305796-6	1997	We next examined the effect of calyculin A on products of the phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D (PLD) pathway by assaying the mass levels of phosphatidic acid (PA), choline and diacylglycerol (DAG).	Choline	74-81	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	91-106
9305796-6	1997	We next examined the effect of calyculin A on products of the phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D (PLD) pathway by assaying the mass levels of phosphatidic acid (PA), choline and diacylglycerol (DAG).	Choline	74-81	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	108-111
9295162-10	1997	The results suggest that angiotensin II stimulates phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis independent of AT1- and AT2-receptor activation and losartan inhibits phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis by reducing choline uptake in H9c2 cells.	Choline	63-70	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	25-39
9252414-1	1997	In yeast, mutations in the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis permit the cell to grow even when the SEC14 gene is completely deleted (Cleves, A., McGee, T., Whitters, E., Champion, K., Aitken, J., Dowhan, W., Goebl, M., and Bankaitis, V. (1991) Cell 64, 789-800).	Choline	31-38	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	122-127
9252414-2	1997	We report that strains carrying mutations in the CDP-choline pathway, such as cki1, exhibit a choline excretion phenotype due to production of choline during normal turnover of phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	53-60	bifunctional choline kinase/ethanolamine kinase CKI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	78-82
9252414-2	1997	We report that strains carrying mutations in the CDP-choline pathway, such as cki1, exhibit a choline excretion phenotype due to production of choline during normal turnover of phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	94-101	bifunctional choline kinase/ethanolamine kinase CKI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	78-82
9252414-2	1997	We report that strains carrying mutations in the CDP-choline pathway, such as cki1, exhibit a choline excretion phenotype due to production of choline during normal turnover of phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	94-101	bifunctional choline kinase/ethanolamine kinase CKI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	78-82
9252414-3	1997	Cells carrying cki1 in combination with sec14(ts), a temperature-sensitive allele in the gene encoding the phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transporter, have a dramatically increased choline excretion phenotype when grown at the sec14(ts)-restrictive temperature.	Choline	140-147	bifunctional choline kinase/ethanolamine kinase CKI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	15-19
9252414-3	1997	Cells carrying cki1 in combination with sec14(ts), a temperature-sensitive allele in the gene encoding the phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transporter, have a dramatically increased choline excretion phenotype when grown at the sec14(ts)-restrictive temperature.	Choline	140-147	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	40-45
9252414-4	1997	We show that the increased choline excretion in sec14(ts) cki1 cells is due to increased turnover of phosphatidylcholine via a mechanism consistent with phospholipase D-mediated turnover.	Choline	27-34	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	48-53
9252414-4	1997	We show that the increased choline excretion in sec14(ts) cki1 cells is due to increased turnover of phosphatidylcholine via a mechanism consistent with phospholipase D-mediated turnover.	Choline	27-34	bifunctional choline kinase/ethanolamine kinase CKI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	58-62
9252414-4	1997	We show that the increased choline excretion in sec14(ts) cki1 cells is due to increased turnover of phosphatidylcholine via a mechanism consistent with phospholipase D-mediated turnover.	Choline	27-34	phospholipase D	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	153-168
9271075-1	1997	Phospholipase D (PLD) is responsible for the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to produce phosphatidic acid and choline.	Choline	71-78	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
9271075-1	1997	Phospholipase D (PLD) is responsible for the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to produce phosphatidic acid and choline.	Choline	71-78	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
9267689-5	1997	BQ123 significantly suppressed the ET-1-induced formation of choline dose-dependently, however, BQ788 did not affect the choline formation.	Choline	61-68	endothelin 1	Mus musculus	35-39
9313859-2	1997	The pH-dependence of inactivation of thrombin by (-)-PMN is sigmoidal and consistent with the participation of a catalytic residue with a pKa of 8.0 +/- 0.1 in 0.15 M NaCl and a pKa of 7.4 +/- 0.2 in 0.15 M choline chloride in the nucleophilic attack of the catalytic Ser at phosphorus.	Choline	207-223	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	37-45
9288928-8	1997	In addition, although choline was an extremely poor substrate for COT, the k(cat)/Km ratio towards this substrate was increased fourfold as a result of the mutation.	Choline	22-29	carnitine O-octanoyltransferase	Bos taurus	66-69
9244277-1	1997	Expression of the hemolytic phospholipase C (PlcH) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is induced under phosphate starvation conditions or in the presence of the osmoprotectants choline and glycine betaine.	Choline	168-175	phospholipase C	Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1	28-43
9244277-1	1997	Expression of the hemolytic phospholipase C (PlcH) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is induced under phosphate starvation conditions or in the presence of the osmoprotectants choline and glycine betaine.	Choline	168-175	hemolytic phospholipase C	Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1	45-49
9244277-2	1997	Because choline and glycine betaine may serve as carbon and energy sources in addition to conferring osmoprotection to P. aeruginosa, it seemed possible that induction of plcH is subject to catabolite repression control (CRC) by tricarboxylic cycle intermediates such as succinate.	Choline	8-15	hemolytic phospholipase C	Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1	171-175
9224650-1	1997	Exposure of Chinese hamster CHO-K1 transfectant cells expressing mouse CD14 (CHO/CD14 cells) to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced rapid elevation of the cellular diacylglycerol (DAG) and choline/phosphocholine levels and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB).	Choline	186-193	CD14 antigen	Mus musculus	71-75
9224650-1	1997	Exposure of Chinese hamster CHO-K1 transfectant cells expressing mouse CD14 (CHO/CD14 cells) to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced rapid elevation of the cellular diacylglycerol (DAG) and choline/phosphocholine levels and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB).	Choline	186-193	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: monocyte differentiation antigen CD14	Cricetulus griseus	81-85
9260930-10	1997	In voltage-clamped hOCT2-expressing oocytes, inward currents were induced by superfusion with MPP, TEA, choline, quinine, d-tubocurarine, pancuronium, and cyanine863.	Choline	104-111	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	19-24
9211788-0	1997	Influence of gene dosage and autoregulation of the regulatory genes INO2 and INO4 on inositol/choline-repressible gene transcription in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Choline	94-101	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	68-72
9278775-11	1997	), blocked both the pressor and vasopressin responses to choline (150 micrograms).	Choline	57-64	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	32-43
9278775-24	1997	An elevation in plasma levels of both vasopressin and catecholamines (possibly released from the adrenal medulla) is involved in the pressor response to choline.	Choline	153-160	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	38-49
9235902-9	1997	These results suggested that the pssB cDNA encoded the second PtdSer synthase PSS II, which catalyzed the serine and ethanolamine base exchange, but not the choline base exchange.	Choline	157-164	phosphatidylserine synthase 2	Cricetulus griseus	33-37
9357148-0	1997	A placebo controlled trial of two dosages of LPC antagonist--choline in the management of bronchial asthma.	Choline	61-68	proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 7	Homo sapiens	45-48
9226256-0	1997	Regulation of the formate dehydrogenase gene, FDH1, in the methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii and growth characteristics of an FDH1-disrupted strain on methanol, methylamine, and choline.	Choline	182-189	formate dehydrogenase (NAD+)	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	46-50
9226256-0	1997	Regulation of the formate dehydrogenase gene, FDH1, in the methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii and growth characteristics of an FDH1-disrupted strain on methanol, methylamine, and choline.	Choline	182-189	formate dehydrogenase (NAD+)	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	130-134
9226256-4	1997	Expression of FDH1 was found to be induced by choline or methylamine (used as a nitrogen source), as well as by methanol (used as a carbon source).	Choline	46-53	formate dehydrogenase (NAD+)	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	14-18
9226256-5	1997	Induction of FDH1 was not repressed in the presence of glucose when cells were grown on methylamine, choline, or formate, and expression of FDH1 was shown to be regulated at the mRNA level.	Choline	101-108	formate dehydrogenase (NAD+)	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	13-17
9139830-2	1997	This requirement can be relieved by inactivation of the cytosine 5"-diphosphate (CDP)-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, indicating that Sec14p is an essential component of a regulatory pathway linking phospholipid metabolism with vesicle trafficking (the Sec14p pathway).	Choline	86-93	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	156-162
9109447-5	1997	LPL induction of lipoprotein uptake significantly increased the rates of choline incorporation into phosphatidylcholine (PC) and disaturated PC, and these effects were associated with a three-fold increase in the activity of the rate-regulatory enzyme for PC synthesis, cytidylyltransferase.	Choline	73-80	lipoprotein lipase	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
9038301-2	1997	Incorporated choline is in the form of phosphorylcholine (ChoP) based on the reactivity with the monoclonal antibody with specificity for this structure, TEPC-15.	Choline	13-20	DNA damage inducible transcript 3	Homo sapiens	58-62
9211788-0	1997	Influence of gene dosage and autoregulation of the regulatory genes INO2 and INO4 on inositol/choline-repressible gene transcription in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Choline	94-101	Ino4p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	77-81
9211788-2	1997	ICRE-dependent gene activation, requiring the regulatory genes INO2 and INO4, is repressed in the presence of the phospholipid precursors inositol and choline.	Choline	151-158	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	63-67
9211788-2	1997	ICRE-dependent gene activation, requiring the regulatory genes INO2 and INO4, is repressed in the presence of the phospholipid precursors inositol and choline.	Choline	151-158	Ino4p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	72-76
9211788-4	1997	However, an INO2 allele devoid of its ICRE functionally complemented an ino2 mutation and completely restored inositol/choline regulation of Ino2p-dependent reporter genes.	Choline	119-126	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	12-16
9111207-2	1997	CWSV-1 rat hepatocytes, in which p53 protein is inactivated by SV40 large T antigen, respond by inducing p53-independent apoptosis when acutely switched to medium containing low choline (16% apoptotic at 48 h in 5 microM choline) as compared with controls (1% apoptotic at 48 h in 70 microM choline).	Choline	221-228	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	33-36
9111207-2	1997	CWSV-1 rat hepatocytes, in which p53 protein is inactivated by SV40 large T antigen, respond by inducing p53-independent apoptosis when acutely switched to medium containing low choline (16% apoptotic at 48 h in 5 microM choline) as compared with controls (1% apoptotic at 48 h in 70 microM choline).	Choline	221-228	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	33-36
9099809-8	1997	The uncoupling of choline transport and acetylcholine synthesis in this situation represents a unique functional role for a subfraction of choline acetyltransferase.	Choline	18-25	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	139-164
9105895-8	1997	Oval cells, located periportally a few days after commencing a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented diet, co-express ALB and M2-PK.	Choline	63-70	albumin	Rattus norvegicus	122-125
8937895-3	1996	High-affinity choline uptake (HACU, the rate-limiting step in acetlcholine synthesis) and binding to [3H]-hemicholinium-3 (HC-3, a specific ligand for the choline transporter) were chosen as indicators of acetylcholine synthesis.	Choline	14-21	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	155-174
9101426-9	1997	Immunoblot analyses also showed that choline in the medium increased the secretion of apoBs 28 and 37 by 30-50% whereas the secretion of apoBs 15, 18, and 23 was unaffected over 24 h. As only carboxyl-terminal truncations with a size greater than 23% of apoB-100 are able to assemble a neutral lipid core (McLeod, R. S., Y. Zhao, S. L. Selby, J. Westerlund, and Z. Yao.	Choline	37-44	apolipoprotein B	Rattus norvegicus	254-262
9225308-5	1997	Manipulation of the Na+ gradient across the plasma membrane (replacing 60 mM NaCl with an equimolar concentration of KCl or choline) also induced [3H-]5-HT release from NMB-rSERT cells, which was inhibited by 0.3 microM citalopram.	Choline	124-131	neuromedin B	Rattus norvegicus	169-172
9225308-5	1997	Manipulation of the Na+ gradient across the plasma membrane (replacing 60 mM NaCl with an equimolar concentration of KCl or choline) also induced [3H-]5-HT release from NMB-rSERT cells, which was inhibited by 0.3 microM citalopram.	Choline	124-131	solute carrier family 6 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	173-178
9066980-8	1997	In contrast, TGF beta 1 did not alter the number of terminal left lung buds, inhibited choline incorporation into DSPC by 35% (P < 0.05), and had no effect on thymidine incorporation (87% of control).	Choline	87-94	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	13-23
9015080-6	1997	RESULTS: C-14 choline was metabolized to phosphoryl choline in glioma cells.	Choline	14-21	anti-Mullerian hormone receptor type 2	Rattus norvegicus	9-13
9015080-6	1997	RESULTS: C-14 choline was metabolized to phosphoryl choline in glioma cells.	Choline	52-59	anti-Mullerian hormone receptor type 2	Rattus norvegicus	9-13
9121684-1	1997	The expression of catalytic trkB gene, encoding for the high affinity brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5) receptor, was studied post mortem in the striatum and the nucleus basalis of Meynert of patients with Alzheimer"s disease (AD) and control subjects, using in situ hybridization coupled with choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry.	Choline	331-338	neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	28-32
9361818-3	1997	When grown in CD medium (5 microM or 0 microM choline) CWSV-1 rat hepatocytes immortalized with SV40 large T-antigen underwent p53-independent apoptosis (terminal dUTP end-labeling of fragmented DNA; laddering of DNA in agarose gel).	Choline	46-53	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	127-130
9361818-6	1997	Control (70 microM choline) and adapted cells, but not acutely deficient hepatocytes, could be induced to undergo apoptosis by neutralization of secreted TGF alpha.	Choline	19-26	transforming growth factor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	154-163
9361818-13	1997	Our results indicate that acute withdrawal of choline induces p53-independent programmed cell death in hepatocytes, whereas cells adapted to survive in low choline are resistant to this form of apoptosis, as well as to cell death induced by TGF beta 1.	Choline	46-53	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	62-65
9004219-9	1997	However, this mutant expressed several-fold higher levels of plcH message than strain PAO1 in the presence of choline, while the phosphate-starvation-dependent transcript of plcH could not be detected in this mutant.	Choline	110-117	hemolytic phospholipase C	Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1	61-65
9004219-14	1997	Also, consistent with a disruption of betB in Tn5G19, choline inhibited growth of this strain in media containing 0.7 M NaCl, while glycine-betaine restores growth to wild-type levels.	Choline	54-61	betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase	Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1	38-42
12219241-1	1997	The substrate choline was able to improve the pH stability of choline dehydrogenase (CDH).	Choline	14-21	choline dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	62-83
12219241-1	1997	The substrate choline was able to improve the pH stability of choline dehydrogenase (CDH).	Choline	14-21	choline dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	85-88
8955087-2	1996	rOCT1 induced highly active transport of a variety of cations, including the classical substrates for cation transport, such as N-1-methylnicotinamide, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), and tetraethylammonium (TEA), but also the physiologically important choline.	Choline	256-263	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
8955087-5	1996	In voltage-clamped oocytes, transport of TEA and choline via rOCT1 produced inwardly directed currents, which were independent of extracellular ion composition or pH.	Choline	49-56	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	61-66
8978464-6	1996	Sodium orthovanadate, an inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases, enhanced the bFGF-induced formation of choline.	Choline	108-115	fibroblast growth factor 2	Mus musculus	82-86
8978672-1	1996	The yeast phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (Sec14p) is required for biogenesis of Golgi-derived transport vesicles and cell viability, and this essential Sec14p requirement is abrogated by inactivation of the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.	Choline	218-225	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	49-55
8978672-1	1996	The yeast phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (Sec14p) is required for biogenesis of Golgi-derived transport vesicles and cell viability, and this essential Sec14p requirement is abrogated by inactivation of the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.	Choline	218-225	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	159-165
8978672-2	1996	These findings indicate that Sec14p functions to alleviate a CDP-choline pathway-mediated toxicity to yeast Golgi secretory function.	Choline	65-72	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	29-35
8982984-7	1996	Comparison of the maximal rate of decrease in choline concentration following the injections of 1 mM choline and 1 mM acetylcholine was used to estimate the rate of acetylcholine clearance from extracellular fluid through cholinesterase activity at approx.	Choline	46-53	butyrylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	222-236
8982984-7	1996	Comparison of the maximal rate of decrease in choline concentration following the injections of 1 mM choline and 1 mM acetylcholine was used to estimate the rate of acetylcholine clearance from extracellular fluid through cholinesterase activity at approx.	Choline	101-108	butyrylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	222-236
8968335-1	1996	The aim of this study was to assess the influence of endothelin-1 (ET-1) on cholinergic nerve-mediated contractions in rat isolated tracheal smooth muscle by use of electrical-field stimulation (EFS) and [3H]choline efflux studies.	Choline	76-83	endothelin 1	Rattus norvegicus	53-65
8968335-1	1996	The aim of this study was to assess the influence of endothelin-1 (ET-1) on cholinergic nerve-mediated contractions in rat isolated tracheal smooth muscle by use of electrical-field stimulation (EFS) and [3H]choline efflux studies.	Choline	76-83	endothelin 1	Rattus norvegicus	67-71
8954133-6	1996	Both EGF and insulin increased choline kinase activity equally and promoted the conversion of choline to cholinephosphate, accompanied by an expansion of the cholinephosphate pool in treated cells.	Choline	31-38	insulin	Homo sapiens	13-20
8973828-6	1996	Within 2 h after enzyme inactivation, extracellular choline levels fell significantly, suggesting that ACh degradation by acetylcholinesterase plays an important role in regulating the amount of choline in the extracellular space.	Choline	52-59	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	122-142
8950220-1	1996	Mutations of Ki-ras and p53 genes in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) induced by the choline deficient L-amino acid defined (CDAA) diet in rats were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis followed by direct sequencing.	Choline	85-92	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	13-19
8950220-1	1996	Mutations of Ki-ras and p53 genes in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) induced by the choline deficient L-amino acid defined (CDAA) diet in rats were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis followed by direct sequencing.	Choline	85-92	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	24-27
8944663-3	1996	In oocytes expressing SGLT-1, either addition of phlorizin to the medium or the replacement of Na+ by choline inhibited the uptake of methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, a specific substrate for SGLT-1, and returned oocyte Pf to its level in uninjected oocytes.	Choline	102-109	solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 1, gene 2 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	22-28
8944663-3	1996	In oocytes expressing SGLT-1, either addition of phlorizin to the medium or the replacement of Na+ by choline inhibited the uptake of methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, a specific substrate for SGLT-1, and returned oocyte Pf to its level in uninjected oocytes.	Choline	102-109	solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 1, gene 2 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	191-197
8936553-6	1996	The depolarization may decrease the influx of Ca2+ and the reuptake of choline+, as suggested by an observed synergism with tetraethylammonium CI and hemicholinium-3 Br, which antagonize the reuptake of choline+.	Choline	203-210	carbonic anhydrase 2	Rattus norvegicus	46-49
8978464-2	1996	bFGF stimulated both the formations of choline (EC50 was 30 ng/ml) and inositol phosphates (EC50 was 10 ng/ml).	Choline	39-46	fibroblast growth factor 2	Mus musculus	0-4
8978464-4	1996	bFGF stimulated the formation of choline also in PKC down regulated cells.	Choline	33-40	fibroblast growth factor 2	Mus musculus	0-4
8978464-5	1996	Genistein and methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate, inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinases, significantly suppressed the bFGF-induced formation of choline.	Choline	140-147	fibroblast growth factor 2	Mus musculus	114-118
8894140-5	1996	BAPTA/AM, a chelator of intracellular Ca2+, inhibited the formation of choline induced by FCS.	Choline	71-78	carbonic anhydrase 2	Mus musculus	38-41
8900132-4	1996	We found that transcription of the PIS1 gene was insensitive to inositol and choline and did not require the putative UASINO regulatory sequence or the cognate regulatory genes (INO2 and OPI1).	Choline	77-84	CDP-diacylglycerol--inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	35-39
8894140-6	1996	The depletion of extracellular Ca2+ by EGTA markedly reduced the FCS-induced formation of choline.	Choline	90-97	carbonic anhydrase 2	Mus musculus	31-34
8894140-7	1996	SK&F 96365, an inhibitor of receptor-operated Ca2+ entry, significantly inhibited the choline formation induced by FCS.	Choline	90-97	carbonic anhydrase 2	Mus musculus	50-53
8894140-9	1996	TMB-8, an inhibitor of Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular Ca2+ store, significantly inhibited FCS-induced choline formation.	Choline	108-115	carbonic anhydrase 2	Mus musculus	23-26
8894140-9	1996	TMB-8, an inhibitor of Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular Ca2+ store, significantly inhibited FCS-induced choline formation.	Choline	108-115	carbonic anhydrase 2	Mus musculus	60-63
8828503-12	1996	Hydrolysis of the structurally related choline-linked phospholipid sphingomyelin (SM) has been implicated in IL-1 beta action in certain cell types.	Choline	39-46	interleukin 1 beta	Rattus norvegicus	109-118
8855796-3	1996	The phospholipid target of this PLD was determined on 3H-choline prelabeled human thyroid slices by measuring 3H-choline release in incubation medium and slices and 3H-choline incorporation in phospholipids.	Choline	57-64	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	32-35
8902469-4	1996	Na+ removal from extracellular medium and its isosmotic substitution with choline chloride or with N-methyl-D-glucamine led to a significant increase of anti-IgE-, FMLP- and IL-3-induced histamine release in normal subjects, but not in allergic patients.	Choline	74-90	formyl peptide receptor 1	Homo sapiens	164-168
8902469-4	1996	Na+ removal from extracellular medium and its isosmotic substitution with choline chloride or with N-methyl-D-glucamine led to a significant increase of anti-IgE-, FMLP- and IL-3-induced histamine release in normal subjects, but not in allergic patients.	Choline	74-90	interleukin 3	Homo sapiens	174-178
8855796-3	1996	The phospholipid target of this PLD was determined on 3H-choline prelabeled human thyroid slices by measuring 3H-choline release in incubation medium and slices and 3H-choline incorporation in phospholipids.	Choline	113-120	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	32-35
8971697-5	1996	NGF, but not BDNF, improved spatial learning rate in aged rats and increased hippocampal choline uptake weeks after withdrawal of NGF.	Choline	89-96	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
8899632-11	1996	When AChE was inhibited, three treatments expected to block active choline (Ch) uptake into the presynaptic terminals decreased MEPC size: 1) elevating extracellular K+ to diminish the Na+ electrochemical gradient required for Ch uptake; 2) replacing extracellular Na+ with methylamine+; and 3) adding hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), an inhibitor of the Ch transporter.	Choline	67-74	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	5-9
8886403-5	1996	Incubation of hepatocytes in the presence of ethanol significantly alters the incorporation of radiolabel from [14C]-choline and [3H]-ethanolamine into the metabolic intermediates and the final products of the CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine pathways.	Choline	117-124	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	210-213
8805680-6	1996	Extracellular release of MPO, measured by an ELISA to provide an activity-independent assessment of the enzyme, was increased only in CF homozygotes, and was decreased by amiloride and choline buffer, but not by EIPA.	Choline	185-192	myeloperoxidase	Homo sapiens	25-28
8891595-5	1996	The pressor response to choline was associated with an increase in plasma vasopressin levels.	Choline	24-31	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	74-85
8891595-13	1996	It is concluded that the precursor of acetylcholine, choline, can increase blood pressure and reverse hypotension in alpha-adrenoceptor or ganglionic transmission blocked rats, by increasing plasma vasopressin.	Choline	44-51	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	198-209
8886403-5	1996	Incubation of hepatocytes in the presence of ethanol significantly alters the incorporation of radiolabel from [14C]-choline and [3H]-ethanolamine into the metabolic intermediates and the final products of the CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine pathways.	Choline	117-124	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	226-229
8906577-2	1996	In contrast to a general contention in the literature that SM synthase is absent from the brain, our data show that (choline-->CDP-choline-->phosphatidylcholine (PC)-->SM) is the major anabolic route with only a minor contribution to PC via methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE).	Choline	117-124	sphingomyelin synthase 2	Homo sapiens	59-70
9220406-3	1996	The change in NAA/Cho (for TE = 270 ms: 2.52 in patients vs. 1.96 in controls, p270 < 0.0001) can be explained by a significant difference in T2 values of choline compounds between patients and controls.	Choline	158-165	AT-rich interaction domain 1A	Homo sapiens	79-83
8718877-7	1996	Photolysis both of acetylcholinesterase and of butyrylcholinesterase, complexed with a 2-nitrobenzyl derivative of choline, resulted in regeneration of enzymic activity.	Choline	25-32	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	47-68
8888372-0	1996	Differential effect of CDP-choline on brain cytosolic choline levels in younger and older subjects as measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.	Choline	27-34	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	23-26
8888372-7	1996	Additional intracellular cytidine following the administration of CDP-choline should lead to the increased incorporation of choline already present in brain into membrane PtdCho, which is not MRS-visible, consequently lowering the brain choline resonance below that of pre-treatment values.	Choline	70-77	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	66-69
8888372-7	1996	Additional intracellular cytidine following the administration of CDP-choline should lead to the increased incorporation of choline already present in brain into membrane PtdCho, which is not MRS-visible, consequently lowering the brain choline resonance below that of pre-treatment values.	Choline	124-131	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	66-69
8718877-11	1996	In the latter case, choline was generated enzymatically, within the active site, concomitantly with carbamylation of the acetylcholinesterase.	Choline	20-27	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	121-141
8759379-0	1996	Hepatic betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase activity in the chicken is influenced by dietary intake of sulfur amino acids, choline and betaine.	Choline	126-133	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2	Gallus gallus	8-46
8759379-2	1996	Four chick assays were conducted to determine the effects of varying dietary sulfur amino acids, choline and betaine on the activity of hepatic betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), an enzyme likely to be important in modulating plasma homocysteine.	Choline	97-104	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2	Gallus gallus	144-182
8759379-2	1996	Four chick assays were conducted to determine the effects of varying dietary sulfur amino acids, choline and betaine on the activity of hepatic betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), an enzyme likely to be important in modulating plasma homocysteine.	Choline	97-104	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2	Gallus gallus	184-188
8759379-4	1996	Excess dietary methionine, or the combination of excess cystine with choline or betaine, caused a small increase (P < 0.05) in BHMT activity.	Choline	69-76	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2	Gallus gallus	130-134
8759379-7	1996	In Experiment 4, addition of both surfeit choline and surfeit betaine to the methionine-deficient corn-peanut meal diet caused an increase (P < 0.05) in BHMT activity relative to that observed in chicks fed the methionine-deficient basal diet.	Choline	42-49	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2	Gallus gallus	156-160
8759379-8	1996	These assays show that large increases in BHMT activity can be produced under methionine-deficient conditions, especially in the presence of excess choline or betaine.	Choline	148-155	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2	Gallus gallus	42-46
9009061-0	1996	The delay in rat liver regeneration by choline is associated to alteration in c-myc expression.	Choline	39-46	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	78-83
9009061-2	1996	We investigated if the effect of choline on the liver compensatory growth was associated to a modulation of the expression and methylation pattern of an early cell cycle dependent proto-oncogene, c-myc.	Choline	33-40	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	196-201
9009061-4	1996	Partial hepatectomy induced the expression of c-myc that was already maximal at 1 h. Choline reduced the c-myc expression and it shifted the maximum increase at 2 h. The methylation pattern of c-myc was studied with the Hpa II restriction enzyme.	Choline	85-92	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	46-51
9009061-4	1996	Partial hepatectomy induced the expression of c-myc that was already maximal at 1 h. Choline reduced the c-myc expression and it shifted the maximum increase at 2 h. The methylation pattern of c-myc was studied with the Hpa II restriction enzyme.	Choline	85-92	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	105-110
9009061-4	1996	Partial hepatectomy induced the expression of c-myc that was already maximal at 1 h. Choline reduced the c-myc expression and it shifted the maximum increase at 2 h. The methylation pattern of c-myc was studied with the Hpa II restriction enzyme.	Choline	85-92	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	105-110
8647917-2	1996	Thrombin stimulated the formation of choline dose dependently in the range between 0.01 and 1 U/ml, but not the phosphocholine formation.	Choline	37-44	coagulation factor II	Mus musculus	0-8
8770926-4	1996	We found that insulin provoked rapid increases in phospholipase D (PLD)-dependent hydrolysis of PC, as evidenced by increases in choline release and phosphatidylethanol production in cells incubated in the presence of ethanol.	Choline	129-136	insulin	Homo sapiens	14-21
8770926-4	1996	We found that insulin provoked rapid increases in phospholipase D (PLD)-dependent hydrolysis of PC, as evidenced by increases in choline release and phosphatidylethanol production in cells incubated in the presence of ethanol.	Choline	129-136	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	50-65
8770926-4	1996	We found that insulin provoked rapid increases in phospholipase D (PLD)-dependent hydrolysis of PC, as evidenced by increases in choline release and phosphatidylethanol production in cells incubated in the presence of ethanol.	Choline	129-136	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	67-70
8647917-4	1996	The combined effects of thrombin and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, a protein kinase C-activating phorbol ester, on the choline formation were additive.	Choline	127-134	coagulation factor II	Mus musculus	24-32
8647917-9	1996	The depletion of extracellular Ca2+ by EGTA exclusively reduced the thrombin-induced choline formation.	Choline	85-92	coagulation factor II	Mus musculus	68-76
8708554-11	1996	These studies suggest that the anti-lipogenic, insulin-antagonistic effects of GH involve both protein serine kinases and phosphatases, possibly including one or more isoforms of protein kinase C, and a phosphatidyl choline-specific phospholipase C. Comparison with studies by others on the GH enhancement of preadipocyte differentiation and prolactin stimulation of lipogenesis in mammary tissue suggests involvement of protein kinase C at an early stage in all three systems.	Choline	216-223	LOC105613195	Ovis aries	47-54
8766007-12	1996	A fourth parameter influencing the choline+ transporter is the presence of an OH group on the C atom next to that bearing the N atom (as in choline+) or an ester-OCOR group (acetylcholine+, butyrylcholine+) or a thioester-SCOR-group (acetylthiocholine+, butyrylthiocholine+); or an -OP(OH)2(OR) group (glycerylphosphoryl-choline+), resulting in app.Ki,l,choline+ values of 0.3-1.0 mmol x l-1.	Choline	140-147	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	35-55
8810039-1	1996	In yeast, INO1 and CHO2 gene expression is subject to repression in response to inositol and choline supplementation.	Choline	93-100	inositol-3-phosphate synthase INO1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	10-14
8810039-1	1996	In yeast, INO1 and CHO2 gene expression is subject to repression in response to inositol and choline supplementation.	Choline	93-100	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	19-23
8764154-4	1996	The ATPe-gated channel is selective for monovalent cations (Na+, choline, and methylglucamine), whereas on the contrary, permeability to Ca2+ is negligible.	Choline	65-72	ATP synthase F1 subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens	4-8
8766007-12	1996	A fourth parameter influencing the choline+ transporter is the presence of an OH group on the C atom next to that bearing the N atom (as in choline+) or an ester-OCOR group (acetylcholine+, butyrylcholine+) or a thioester-SCOR-group (acetylthiocholine+, butyrylthiocholine+); or an -OP(OH)2(OR) group (glycerylphosphoryl-choline+), resulting in app.Ki,l,choline+ values of 0.3-1.0 mmol x l-1.	Choline	140-147	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	35-55
8842517-4	1996	Subsequent inhibition of Na+/Ca2+ exchange by replacement of Na+ in the PSS with choline+ significantly increased aequorin-estimated [Ca2+]i but only minimally increased Fura-2 estimated [Ca2+]i, myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation and force.	Choline	81-88	myosin light chain 1	Sus scrofa	196-214
8842517-4	1996	Subsequent inhibition of Na+/Ca2+ exchange by replacement of Na+ in the PSS with choline+ significantly increased aequorin-estimated [Ca2+]i but only minimally increased Fura-2 estimated [Ca2+]i, myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation and force.	Choline	81-88	myosin light chain 1	Sus scrofa	216-219
8793911-2	1996	The selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) caused concentration-dependent inhibitions of the electrically evoked release of [3H]acetylcholine from myenteric plexus preparations that had been preincubated with [3H]choline.	Choline	212-219	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A	Cavia porcellus	14-20
8759249-4	1996	Calcium-independent phospholipase A2 activity in the lyophilized tissue was studied by measuring accumulation of lysophospholipids resulting from hydrolysis of both the choline diacylphospholipid and the choline plasmalogen pool.	Choline	169-176	acyl-protein thioesterase 1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	0-36
8843627-4	1996	Two injections of < or = 1 microgram of native PspA purified by use of a choline-Sepharose column are highly immunogenic in BALB/c and CBA/N mice, and even in the absence of adjuvant can elicit protection against otherwise fatal sepsis with 100 times the LD50 of S. pneumoniae.	Choline	76-83	surfactant associated protein A1	Mus musculus	50-54
8816991-11	1996	Therefore, we propose that the PC-PLC pathway may be temporarily inactivated for a short period of time by exposure to pulsed stimuli, and the PC-PLD pathway is up-regulated based on: (1) cellular release of [3H]choline; (2) rapid intracellular formation of [3H]PA followed by [3H]DAG; (3)active transphosphatidylation; and (4) blockade of DAG formation by propranolol.	Choline	212-219	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	146-149
8603541-5	1996	Na+ removal from the extracellular medium and its isosmotic replacement with choline chloride led to a significant increase of anti-IgE-and fMLP-induced histamine release in normal subjects, but not in SSc patients.	Choline	77-93	formyl peptide receptor 1	Homo sapiens	140-144
8609827-0	1996	Intraperitoneal insulin infusion improves the depletion in choline-containing phospholipids of lipoprotein B particles in type I diabetic patients.	Choline	59-66	insulin	Homo sapiens	16-23
8609827-1	1996	Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is characterized by altered composition of atherogenic lipoproteins, especially a depletion in choline-containing phospholipids (PL) of apolipoprotein (apo) B lipoproteins (LpB).	Choline	138-145	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
8612652-9	1996	In addition, when [3H]choline-labeled fibroblasts were treated under non-lytic conditions with bacterial phospholipase C to degrade the external pool of PtdCho, TNF was still able to stimulate the hydrolysis of PtdCho.	Choline	22-29	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	161-164
22097391-3	1996	First, PL D hydrolysis of stable 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC) films by PL D generated a stable 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (PA) film and water-soluble choline.	Choline	64-71	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	7-11
22097391-3	1996	First, PL D hydrolysis of stable 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC) films by PL D generated a stable 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (PA) film and water-soluble choline.	Choline	64-71	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	86-90
8678916-2	1996	Ang II dose-dependently stimulated the formation of choline and inositol phosphates.	Choline	52-59	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	0-6
8678916-3	1996	The effect of Ang II on the formation of inositol phosphates (EC50 was 0.249 +/- 0.091 nM) was more potent than that on the formation of choline (EC50 was 2.39 +/- 1.29 nM).	Choline	137-144	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	14-20
8678916-4	1996	A combination of Ang II and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), an activator of protein kinase C, additively stimulated the formation of choline.	Choline	145-152	angiogenin	Rattus norvegicus	17-20
8678916-7	1996	The depletion of extracellular Ca2+ by (ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)) tetraacetic acid (EGTA) significantly reduced the Ang II-induced formation of choline.	Choline	151-158	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	123-129
8678916-9	1996	Genistein and tyrphostin also suppressed the Ang II-induced formation of choline.	Choline	73-80	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	45-51
8631132-0	1996	Inhibition by acetylsalicylic acid, a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, and p-bromophenacylbromide, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor, of both cirrhosis and enzyme-altered nodules caused by a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined diet in rats.	Choline	180-187	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	95-111
8647350-1	1996	Immortalized CWSV-1 rat hepatocytes, in which p53 protein is inactivated by SV40 large T antigen, had increased numbers of cells with strand breaks in genomic DNA (terminal dUTP end labeling) when grown in 0 Micron choline (67-73% of cells) than when grown in 70 Micron choline (2-3% of cells).	Choline	215-222	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	46-49
8647350-1	1996	Immortalized CWSV-1 rat hepatocytes, in which p53 protein is inactivated by SV40 large T antigen, had increased numbers of cells with strand breaks in genomic DNA (terminal dUTP end labeling) when grown in 0 Micron choline (67-73% of cells) than when grown in 70 Micron choline (2-3% of cells).	Choline	270-277	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	46-49
8647350-3	1996	Cells treated with 0 or 5 Micron choline for 72h detached from the substrate in high numbers (58% of choline deficient cells vs. 1.4% of choline sufficient cells detached) exhibited a high incidence of apoptosis (apoptotic bodies were seen in 55-75% of cells; 67-73% had DNA strand breaks), and an absence of mitosis and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression.	Choline	33-40	proliferating cell nuclear antigen	Rattus norvegicus	321-355
8647350-3	1996	Cells treated with 0 or 5 Micron choline for 72h detached from the substrate in high numbers (58% of choline deficient cells vs. 1.4% of choline sufficient cells detached) exhibited a high incidence of apoptosis (apoptotic bodies were seen in 55-75% of cells; 67-73% had DNA strand breaks), and an absence of mitosis and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression.	Choline	33-40	proliferating cell nuclear antigen	Rattus norvegicus	357-361
8647350-6	1996	By 72h, the cells grown in 0 or 5 Micron choline were forming DNA much more slowly than control cells (assessed by thymidine incorporation, PCNA expression, and mitotic index).	Choline	41-48	proliferating cell nuclear antigen	Rattus norvegicus	140-144
8647350-8	1996	We conclude that choline deficiency kills CWSV-1 hepatocytes in culture by inducing apoptosis via what may be a p53-independent process, and that this process begins in viable cells before they detach from the culture dish.	Choline	17-24	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	112-115
8618683-5	1996	By contrast, a significant elevation in compounds containing choline was present in patients in the early stages of HIV infection of who had CD4 counts greater than 200/microliter, in patients with normal MRI scans, and in all AIDS dementia complex groups, including subjects with no or minimal cognitive impairment.	Choline	61-68	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	141-144
8602830-4	1996	Choline (1-5 mM) alone had no effect on DNA synthesis, but it increased the combined effects of lower concentrations of ethanolamine analogues and insulin.	Choline	0-7	insulin	Homo sapiens	147-154
8602830-5	1996	The synergistic effects of ethanolamine analogues, choline and insulin were considerably (1.7- to 1.9-fold) enhanced by GF 109203X (3 microM), a specific inhibitor of protein kinase C. The results suggest that ethanolamine analogues enhance insulin-induced DNA synthesis by a mechanism which is inhibited by the protein kinase C system.	Choline	51-58	insulin	Homo sapiens	241-248
8618683-6	1996	An elevated choline level also occurred in later stages of HIV infection (CD4 < 200/microliter).	Choline	12-19	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	74-77
8709678-2	1995	Upon oral or parenteral administration, CDP-choline releases its two principle components, cytidine and choline.	Choline	44-51	natriuretic peptide A	Homo sapiens	40-43
8592155-0	1996	Differential effects of nerve growth factor on expression of choline acetyltransferase and sodium-coupled choline transport in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in culture.	Choline	61-68	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	24-43
8592155-1	1996	Nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment of primary cultures of embryonic day 17 rat basal forebrain differentially altered activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and high-affinity choline transport; ChAT specific activity was increased by threefold in neurons grown in the presence of NGF for between 4 and 8 days, whereas high-affinity choline transport activity was not changed relative to control.	Choline	131-138	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	0-19
8592155-1	1996	Nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment of primary cultures of embryonic day 17 rat basal forebrain differentially altered activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and high-affinity choline transport; ChAT specific activity was increased by threefold in neurons grown in the presence of NGF for between 4 and 8 days, whereas high-affinity choline transport activity was not changed relative to control.	Choline	131-138	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	21-24
8592155-1	1996	Nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment of primary cultures of embryonic day 17 rat basal forebrain differentially altered activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and high-affinity choline transport; ChAT specific activity was increased by threefold in neurons grown in the presence of NGF for between 4 and 8 days, whereas high-affinity choline transport activity was not changed relative to control.	Choline	182-189	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	0-19
8592155-1	1996	Nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment of primary cultures of embryonic day 17 rat basal forebrain differentially altered activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and high-affinity choline transport; ChAT specific activity was increased by threefold in neurons grown in the presence of NGF for between 4 and 8 days, whereas high-affinity choline transport activity was not changed relative to control.	Choline	182-189	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	21-24
8592155-5	1996	This further suggests that intracellular pools of choline, which do not normally serve as substrate for ACh synthesis, may be made available for ACh synthesis in the presence of NGF.	Choline	50-57	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	178-181
7583579-3	1995	In [14C]lyso-PC-labeled or [14C]choline (Cho)-labeled cells, a biphasic activation of PC-specific phospholipase D (PLD) with peak maxima 30 to 60 seconds and 5 to 7 minutes after stimulation with 20 micrograms/mL HDL3 was shown by (1) a 1.5- to 3-fold increase in Cho release, and (3) transphosphatidylation of PC to phosphatidylbutanol in the presence of 0.3% butanol.	Choline	32-39	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	115-118
8622782-0	1995	GM1 and NGF synergism on choline acetyltransferase and choline uptake in aged brain.	Choline	25-32	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	8-11
7592635-4	1995	Substitution of NO3- for Cl- resulted in a 4-6-fold increase in the unidirectional influx and efflux of Rb+, and a 2-3-fold increase in the influx of choline via the induced pathways.	Choline	150-157	NBL1, DAN family BMP antagonist	Homo sapiens	16-19
8584016-7	1995	Alternatively, the labelled choline produced by vasopressin stimulation was released into the medium, thus reducing the recycling of label precursor back into the phospholipid and making the decrease in the labelling of phosphatidylcholine readily detectable.	Choline	28-35	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	48-59
8614269-4	1996	Isotonic substitution of choline chloride for NaCl induced a transient increase in [Ca2+]i.	Choline	25-41	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: carbonic anhydrase 2	Cavia porcellus	84-87
7488633-3	1995	Choline-containing, sn-2 acetylated phospholipids with sn-1 ether- or ester-linked fatty alcohol/acid moieties (alkyl-PAF or acyl-PAF, respectively) were evaluated after direct derivatization with pentafluorobenzoic (PFB) anhydride.	Choline	0-7	PCNA clamp associated factor	Homo sapiens	118-121
7488633-3	1995	Choline-containing, sn-2 acetylated phospholipids with sn-1 ether- or ester-linked fatty alcohol/acid moieties (alkyl-PAF or acyl-PAF, respectively) were evaluated after direct derivatization with pentafluorobenzoic (PFB) anhydride.	Choline	0-7	PCNA clamp associated factor	Homo sapiens	130-133
7472523-5	1995	When these mice were crossed with transgenic mice that overexpress human Bcl-2, there was a rescue of the facial motoneurons with a concomitant restoration of their normal soma size and expression of choline acetyltransferase.	Choline	200-207	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	73-78
8584016-5	1995	When the cells were pulse labelled with [3H]-choline, vasopressin stimulation caused a decrease in the labelled phosphatidylcholine with a corresponding increase in the labelled choline.	Choline	45-52	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	54-65
8584016-5	1995	When the cells were pulse labelled with [3H]-choline, vasopressin stimulation caused a decrease in the labelled phosphatidylcholine with a corresponding increase in the labelled choline.	Choline	124-131	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	54-65
8528579-16	1995	choline (150 micrograms) was associated with a several fold increase in plasma levels of vasopressin and adrenaline but not of noradrenaline and plasma renin.	Choline	0-7	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	89-100
7677741-4	1995	The administration of an excess of choline was able to modulate the protein kinase C isozyme pattern in females in relation to DNA synthesis and c-myc expression.	Choline	35-42	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	145-150
7573430-2	1995	9,11-Epithio-11,12-methanothromboxane A2 (STA2), a stable analogue of TxA2, stimulated the formations of both choline and inositol phosphates in a dose-dependent manner in the range between 10 nM and 10 microM.	Choline	110-117	sulfotransferase family 2A, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-preferring, member 2	Mus musculus	42-46
7573430-3	1995	The formation of choline stimulated by a combination of STA2 and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), a protein kinase C-activating phorbol ester, was not additive.	Choline	17-24	sulfotransferase family 2A, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-preferring, member 2	Mus musculus	56-60
7573430-4	1995	1-(5-Isoquinolinyl-sulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7), an inhibitor of protein kinases, suppressed the formation of choline induced by STA2 as well as that by TPA, but 20 microM N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide (HA-1004), a control for H-7 as a protein kinase C inhibitor, had little effect.	Choline	116-123	sulfotransferase family 2A, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-preferring, member 2	Mus musculus	135-139
7573430-5	1995	Calphostin C, a potent and specific inhibitor of protein kinase C, also suppressed the formation of choline induced by STA2.	Choline	100-107	sulfotransferase family 2A, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-preferring, member 2	Mus musculus	119-123
7573430-6	1995	The STA2-induced formation of choline was significantly reduced by chelating extracellular Ca2+ with ethylene glycol-bis(beta-amino-ethyl ether)-N,N,N",N"-tetraacetic acid.	Choline	30-37	sulfotransferase family 2A, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-preferring, member 2	Mus musculus	4-8
8528579-19	1995	choline (150 micrograms) was not altered by bilateral adrenalectomy, but was attenuated by systemic administration of either phentolamine (10 mg kg-1) or the vasopressin antagonist [beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopenta-methylenepropionyl1, O-Me-Tyr2,Arg8]-vasopressin (10 micrograms kg-1).	Choline	0-7	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	158-169
8528579-19	1995	choline (150 micrograms) was not altered by bilateral adrenalectomy, but was attenuated by systemic administration of either phentolamine (10 mg kg-1) or the vasopressin antagonist [beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopenta-methylenepropionyl1, O-Me-Tyr2,Arg8]-vasopressin (10 micrograms kg-1).	Choline	0-7	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	254-265
8528579-22	1995	Nicotinic receptor activation and an increase in plasma vasopressin and adrenaline level appear to be involved in this effect of choline.	Choline	129-136	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	56-67
7650054-0	1995	EGF-induced increase in diacylglycerol, choline release, and DNA synthesis is extracellular calcium dependent.	Choline	40-47	epidermal growth factor	Homo sapiens	0-3
7650054-5	1995	By contrast, treatment of T51B cells with EGF results in a slower, more prolonged extracellular Ca(2+)-dependent increase in both [3H]-glycerol radiolabeled diacyl-glycerol, and diacylglycerol mass, an increase in choline release into the extracellular medium, and eventually a substantial DNA synthesis.	Choline	214-221	epidermal growth factor	Homo sapiens	42-45
7650054-8	1995	Moreover, we have demonstrated that the extracellular Ca(2+)-dependent increase in diacylglycerol levels in response to EGF is associated with an increase in extracellular choline release, which is indicative of an activation of a phosphatidylcholine-linked phospholipase D. These results suggest that diacylglycerol sources other than PtdIns"s may be important in the extracellular Ca(2+)-dependent regulation of EGF-mediated cell replication.	Choline	172-179	epidermal growth factor	Homo sapiens	120-123
7650054-8	1995	Moreover, we have demonstrated that the extracellular Ca(2+)-dependent increase in diacylglycerol levels in response to EGF is associated with an increase in extracellular choline release, which is indicative of an activation of a phosphatidylcholine-linked phospholipase D. These results suggest that diacylglycerol sources other than PtdIns"s may be important in the extracellular Ca(2+)-dependent regulation of EGF-mediated cell replication.	Choline	172-179	epidermal growth factor	Homo sapiens	414-417
7616250-1	1995	We examined the effects of orally administered 5"-cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP-choline) on arterial plasma choline and cytidine levels and on brain phospholipid composition in rats.	Choline	67-74	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	76-79
7654258-6	1995	The different profile of data obtained following the previous pharmacological treatments in KCl-stimulated synaptosomes suggests that both cAMP and phospholipase A2 pathways may act synergistically to coordinate the neuronal choline incorporation.	Choline	225-232	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	148-164
7544380-6	1995	When extracellular Na+ was replaced isosmotically with choline, N-methyl-D-glucamine, or glucose, histamine release also was observed after direct stimulation with IL-3.	Choline	55-62	interleukin 3	Homo sapiens	164-168
7616250-3	1995	The area under the plasma choline curve at > 14 microM, i.e., at a concentration that induces a net influx of choline into the brain, was significantly correlated with CDP-choline dose.	Choline	26-33	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	171-174
7616250-3	1995	The area under the plasma choline curve at > 14 microM, i.e., at a concentration that induces a net influx of choline into the brain, was significantly correlated with CDP-choline dose.	Choline	113-120	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	171-174
7477743-3	1995	Exogenous administration of CDP-choline provides both choline and cytidine which access the brain and serve as substrates for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a primary neuronal membrane component; the choline also enhances brain acetylcholine synthesis.	Choline	32-39	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	28-31
7477743-3	1995	Exogenous administration of CDP-choline provides both choline and cytidine which access the brain and serve as substrates for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a primary neuronal membrane component; the choline also enhances brain acetylcholine synthesis.	Choline	54-61	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	28-31
7788800-3	1995	In phospholipid 2, the choline group (-CH2-CH2-NMe3) was replaced by an -CH2-CH2-N-(CH2-COOH)2 functionality.	Choline	23-30	NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 3	Homo sapiens	47-51
8537323-4	1995	Among them, one gene, designated as SCS2, also suppressed the choline-sensitive dominant mutation, CSE1 [Hosaka, K. et al.	Choline	62-69	phosphatidylinositol-binding protein SCS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	36-40
8537323-4	1995	Among them, one gene, designated as SCS2, also suppressed the choline-sensitive dominant mutation, CSE1 [Hosaka, K. et al.	Choline	62-69	importin-alpha export receptor	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	99-103
7564919-4	1995	We find that both GM-CSF and SLF induced increased phosphatidylcholine (PC) turnover rates (biosynthesis and degradation) as measured by increased [3H]-choline labelling, with SLF being more potent than GM-CSF after 6 h of stimulation, but equipotent at 24 h of stimulation.	Choline	63-70	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	18-24
7564919-4	1995	We find that both GM-CSF and SLF induced increased phosphatidylcholine (PC) turnover rates (biosynthesis and degradation) as measured by increased [3H]-choline labelling, with SLF being more potent than GM-CSF after 6 h of stimulation, but equipotent at 24 h of stimulation.	Choline	63-70	KIT ligand	Homo sapiens	29-32
7629063-4	1995	Substitution of a block of 76 residues from EAAT2 into EAAT1, in which 18 residues varied from EAAT1, conferred high affinity kainate binding to EAAT1, and application of kainate to oocytes expressing the chimeric transporter blocked a pre-existing monovalent cation conductance that displayed a permeability sequence K+ > Na+ > Li+ >> choline+.	Choline	348-355	solute carrier family 1 member 2	Homo sapiens	44-49
7629063-4	1995	Substitution of a block of 76 residues from EAAT2 into EAAT1, in which 18 residues varied from EAAT1, conferred high affinity kainate binding to EAAT1, and application of kainate to oocytes expressing the chimeric transporter blocked a pre-existing monovalent cation conductance that displayed a permeability sequence K+ > Na+ > Li+ >> choline+.	Choline	348-355	solute carrier family 1 member 3	Homo sapiens	55-60
7631833-8	1995	Substitution of Na+ by choline also attenuated basal renin secretion and renin secretion stimulated by lowering or raising [Ca2+]e. These findings suggest that, with respect to the dependency on permeable ions, at least two different pathways of regulated renin secretion from JG cells exist: a cation- and anion-dependent Ca(2+)-related pathway and a less ion-sensitive pathway for renin secretion activated by adenosine 3",5"-cyclic monophosphate and NO.	Choline	23-30	renin	Homo sapiens	53-58
7631833-8	1995	Substitution of Na+ by choline also attenuated basal renin secretion and renin secretion stimulated by lowering or raising [Ca2+]e. These findings suggest that, with respect to the dependency on permeable ions, at least two different pathways of regulated renin secretion from JG cells exist: a cation- and anion-dependent Ca(2+)-related pathway and a less ion-sensitive pathway for renin secretion activated by adenosine 3",5"-cyclic monophosphate and NO.	Choline	23-30	renin	Homo sapiens	73-78
7631833-8	1995	Substitution of Na+ by choline also attenuated basal renin secretion and renin secretion stimulated by lowering or raising [Ca2+]e. These findings suggest that, with respect to the dependency on permeable ions, at least two different pathways of regulated renin secretion from JG cells exist: a cation- and anion-dependent Ca(2+)-related pathway and a less ion-sensitive pathway for renin secretion activated by adenosine 3",5"-cyclic monophosphate and NO.	Choline	23-30	renin	Homo sapiens	73-78
7631833-8	1995	Substitution of Na+ by choline also attenuated basal renin secretion and renin secretion stimulated by lowering or raising [Ca2+]e. These findings suggest that, with respect to the dependency on permeable ions, at least two different pathways of regulated renin secretion from JG cells exist: a cation- and anion-dependent Ca(2+)-related pathway and a less ion-sensitive pathway for renin secretion activated by adenosine 3",5"-cyclic monophosphate and NO.	Choline	23-30	renin	Homo sapiens	73-78
7768909-5	1995	Adding cytochalasin B to fMLP led to some conversion of phosphatidic acid into diglyceride, and fMLP was then able to trigger choline incorporation into phosphatidylcholine, and cytidylyltransferase translocation from cytosol to membranes.	Choline	126-133	formyl peptide receptor 1	Homo sapiens	96-100
7591712-2	1995	The role of Na+ and HCO3- in the production of TNF-alpha by monocytes was investigated; it was observed that replacement of Na+ in the culture medium with sucrose or choline chloride inhibited TNF-alpha production completely.	Choline	166-182	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	47-56
7591712-2	1995	The role of Na+ and HCO3- in the production of TNF-alpha by monocytes was investigated; it was observed that replacement of Na+ in the culture medium with sucrose or choline chloride inhibited TNF-alpha production completely.	Choline	166-182	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	193-202
7763237-1	1995	The gating properties of the Ca2+ release channel in the heavy fraction of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (HSR) was monitored by measuring the choline permeation through the channel using a light scattering method.	Choline	139-146	HSR	Homo sapiens	103-106
7763237-2	1995	The choline permeation was increased by the treatment of the HSR vesicles with 4,4"-diisothiocyano-stilbene-2,2"-disulfonic acid (DIDS), and this effect was only observed at low extravesicular Ca2+ concentrations.	Choline	4-11	HSR	Homo sapiens	61-64
7665164-1	1995	Using the quantitative trait loci (QTL) approach, preliminary identification has been made of a region on mouse chromosome 17 that influences high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) in the mouse brain.	Choline	156-163	high affinity choline uptake	Mus musculus	172-176
7661856-0	1995	[Conformational differences in the sorption of choline ligands at the active site of acetylcholinesterase].	Choline	47-54	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	85-105
7720683-2	1995	In cells labelled with [methyl-14C]choline, TNF alpha induced a similar reduction in [14C]sphingomyelin content that was accompanied by a sustained elevation in [14C]phosphorylcholine levels.	Choline	35-42	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	44-53
7553784-7	1995	Replacement of extracellular Na+ by choline abolished thrombin-induced alkalinization, but had no effect on thrombin-induced [Ca2+]i elevation.	Choline	36-43	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	54-62
7891074-2	1995	CNTF markedly stimulated choline acetyltransferase activity and acetylcholine synthesis, whereas high-affinity choline transport was only slightly enhanced and acetylcholinesterase activity was unchanged.	Choline	25-32	ciliary neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	0-4
7609913-0	1995	Choline blocks large conductance KCa channels in mammalian sympathetic neurones.	Choline	0-7	casein kappa	Homo sapiens	33-36
7609913-1	1995	Using the outside-out configuration of the patch clamp technique, we examined the effects of externally applied choline chloride (ChCl) on the large-conductance calcium-dependent K+ (KCa) channel in sympathetic neurones of the rabbit coeliac ganglion.	Choline	112-128	casein kappa	Homo sapiens	183-186
7609913-1	1995	Using the outside-out configuration of the patch clamp technique, we examined the effects of externally applied choline chloride (ChCl) on the large-conductance calcium-dependent K+ (KCa) channel in sympathetic neurones of the rabbit coeliac ganglion.	Choline	130-134	casein kappa	Homo sapiens	183-186
7609913-2	1995	Isotonically replacing the bath sodium chloride by ChCl significantly decreased the unitary current amplitude of the KCa channels but did not affect their gating properties.	Choline	51-55	casein kappa	Homo sapiens	117-120
7609913-3	1995	The blocking effect was dose-dependent and required 24 mM ChCl to reach half-reduction of the KCa channel conductance (from 134 to 64 pS).	Choline	58-62	casein kappa	Homo sapiens	94-97
7609913-7	1995	We therefore conclude that KCa channels in sympathetic neurones are occluded by external choline chloride.	Choline	89-105	casein kappa	Homo sapiens	27-30
7624030-6	1995	These findings suggest that neurons of dorsal root ganglia, which are known to express cholinergic markers such as choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase and high affinity choline uptake, are also cholinoceptive.	Choline	87-94	choline O-acetyltransferase	Gallus gallus	115-140
7624030-6	1995	These findings suggest that neurons of dorsal root ganglia, which are known to express cholinergic markers such as choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase and high affinity choline uptake, are also cholinoceptive.	Choline	87-94	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Gallus gallus	142-162
7737113-4	1995	The central role of K+ depletion for inducing IL-1 beta maturation was demonstrated in cells permeabilized with alpha-toxin: processing of pro-IL-1 beta was totally blocked when cells were suspended in medium that contained high K+, but could be induced by replacing extracellular K+ with Na+, choline+ or sucrose.	Choline	294-302	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	139-152
12228394-1	1995	PCC7942 Transformed with Escherichia coli bet Genes Produces Glycine Betaine from Choline and Acquires Resistance to Salt Stress.	Choline	82-89	putative DNA recombination protein Bet	Escherichia coli	42-45
7565092-1	1995	The expression of many genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, such as ITR1, is regulated by inositol and choline.	Choline	101-108	myo-inositol transporter ITR1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	66-70
7706325-0	1995	Lysophosphatidylcholine and 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine inhibit the CDP-choline pathway of phosphatidylcholine synthesis at the CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase step.	Choline	16-23	cut-like homeobox 1	Mus musculus	94-97
7706325-0	1995	Lysophosphatidylcholine and 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine inhibit the CDP-choline pathway of phosphatidylcholine synthesis at the CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase step.	Choline	16-23	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1, choline, alpha isoform	Mus musculus	154-193
12228394-3	1995	PCC7942, a fresh water cyanobacterium, was transformed by a shuttle plasmid that contains a 9-kb fragment encoding the Escherichia coli bet gene cluster, i.e. betA (choline dehydrogenase), betB (betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase), betI (a putative regulatory protein), and betT (the choline transport system).	Choline	165-172	putative DNA recombination protein Bet	Escherichia coli	136-139
12228394-6	1995	Both control and bet-containing cyanobacterial cells were found to import choline in an energy-dependent process, although this import was restricted only to bet-containing cells in conditions of salt stress.	Choline	74-81	putative DNA recombination protein Bet	Escherichia coli	17-20
7853166-5	1995	Cholinergic markers in other brain areas studied were unaffected by the lesion or these treatments, except in the striatum in which exogenous NGF but not GM1 caused dose-dependent increases in ChAT activity and high-affinity choline uptake.	Choline	225-232	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	142-145
7883004-6	1995	Spin-labeled phospholipids with choline and serine polar heads were better substrates than glycerophosphoethanolamine analogues.	Choline	32-39	spindlin 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
7608126-8	1995	We conclude that SNF2/SWI2/GAM1/TYE3/RIC1 is a positive regulatory gene required for the expression of not only INO1 gene, but also of myo-inositol-choline-regulated genes in general.	Choline	148-155	SWI/SNF catalytic subunit SNF2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	17-21
7608126-8	1995	We conclude that SNF2/SWI2/GAM1/TYE3/RIC1 is a positive regulatory gene required for the expression of not only INO1 gene, but also of myo-inositol-choline-regulated genes in general.	Choline	148-155	SWI/SNF catalytic subunit SNF2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	22-26
7608126-8	1995	We conclude that SNF2/SWI2/GAM1/TYE3/RIC1 is a positive regulatory gene required for the expression of not only INO1 gene, but also of myo-inositol-choline-regulated genes in general.	Choline	148-155	SWI/SNF catalytic subunit SNF2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	27-31
7608126-8	1995	We conclude that SNF2/SWI2/GAM1/TYE3/RIC1 is a positive regulatory gene required for the expression of not only INO1 gene, but also of myo-inositol-choline-regulated genes in general.	Choline	148-155	SWI/SNF catalytic subunit SNF2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-36
7608126-8	1995	We conclude that SNF2/SWI2/GAM1/TYE3/RIC1 is a positive regulatory gene required for the expression of not only INO1 gene, but also of myo-inositol-choline-regulated genes in general.	Choline	148-155	Ric1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	37-41
7608126-8	1995	We conclude that SNF2/SWI2/GAM1/TYE3/RIC1 is a positive regulatory gene required for the expression of not only INO1 gene, but also of myo-inositol-choline-regulated genes in general.	Choline	148-155	inositol-3-phosphate synthase INO1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	112-116
7608137-0	1995	Isolation and characterization of a SCT1 gene which can suppress a choline-transport mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Choline	67-74	bifunctional glycerol-3-phosphate/glycerone-phosphate O-acyltransferase SCT1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	36-40
7608137-1	1995	The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses a choline-transport system encoded by the CTR1 gene.	Choline	47-54	high-affinity Cu transporter CTR1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	87-91
7862162-2	1995	In the absence of inositol and choline (derepressing), the products of the INO2 and INO4 genes form a heteromeric complex which binds to a 10-bp element, upstream activation sequence INO (UASINO), in the promoters of the phospholipid biosynthetic genes to activate their transcription.	Choline	31-38	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	75-79
7862162-2	1995	In the absence of inositol and choline (derepressing), the products of the INO2 and INO4 genes form a heteromeric complex which binds to a 10-bp element, upstream activation sequence INO (UASINO), in the promoters of the phospholipid biosynthetic genes to activate their transcription.	Choline	31-38	Ino4p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	84-88
7862162-3	1995	In the presence of inositol and choline (repressing), the product of the OPI1 gene represses transcription dictated by the UASINO element.	Choline	32-39	transcriptional regulator OPI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	73-77
7862162-6	1995	Using a cat reporter gene, we find that INO2-cat expression was regulated 12-fold in response to inositol and choline but that INO4-cat was constitutively expressed.	Choline	110-117	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	40-44
7864076-4	1995	The ANG II-stimulated release of the water-soluble metabolites of PC breakdown (phosphorylcholine and choline) was blocked by ANF and SNP.	Choline	90-97	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	4-10
7864076-4	1995	The ANG II-stimulated release of the water-soluble metabolites of PC breakdown (phosphorylcholine and choline) was blocked by ANF and SNP.	Choline	90-97	natriuretic peptide A	Rattus norvegicus	126-129
7663385-0	1995	Annexins I, II and III are specific choline binding proteins.	Choline	36-43	annexin A2	Homo sapiens	0-22
7663385-4	1995	Annexin II, however, had not previously been known for choline binding activity.	Choline	55-62	annexin A2	Homo sapiens	0-10
7608126-1	1995	Genes involved in the phospholipid synthesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, such as PEM1, PEM2, PSS, and INO1, are coordinately repressed by myo-inositol and choline.	Choline	156-163	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	82-86
7608126-1	1995	Genes involved in the phospholipid synthesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, such as PEM1, PEM2, PSS, and INO1, are coordinately repressed by myo-inositol and choline.	Choline	156-163	bifunctional phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase/phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	88-92
7608126-1	1995	Genes involved in the phospholipid synthesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, such as PEM1, PEM2, PSS, and INO1, are coordinately repressed by myo-inositol and choline.	Choline	156-163	inositol-3-phosphate synthase INO1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	103-107
7608126-2	1995	In order to investigate this regulation, we transformed wild-type yeast with a PEM1 promoter-lacZ fusion and isolated two mutants, named ric1 and ric2 (regulation by myo-inositol and choline), exhibiting decreased PEM1 expression.	Choline	183-190	Ric1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	137-141
7608126-2	1995	In order to investigate this regulation, we transformed wild-type yeast with a PEM1 promoter-lacZ fusion and isolated two mutants, named ric1 and ric2 (regulation by myo-inositol and choline), exhibiting decreased PEM1 expression.	Choline	183-190	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	214-218
7608126-4	1995	ric1 mutant was auxotrophic for myo-inositol, indicating that INO1 expression was also affected, whereas ric2 mutant required myo-inositol only in the presence of choline.	Choline	163-170	Ric1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
7608126-7	1995	Analysis using various lacZ fusion constructs containing promoters for genes in phospholipid synthesis revealed that the expression of myo-inositol-choline-regulated genes, PEM1, PEM2, PSS, CKI, and INO1, was markedly decreased in the snf2/swi2/gam1/tye3/ric1 background, but the expression of a constitutive gene, PIS, was not.	Choline	148-155	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	173-177
7608126-7	1995	Analysis using various lacZ fusion constructs containing promoters for genes in phospholipid synthesis revealed that the expression of myo-inositol-choline-regulated genes, PEM1, PEM2, PSS, CKI, and INO1, was markedly decreased in the snf2/swi2/gam1/tye3/ric1 background, but the expression of a constitutive gene, PIS, was not.	Choline	148-155	bifunctional phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase/phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	179-183
7608126-7	1995	Analysis using various lacZ fusion constructs containing promoters for genes in phospholipid synthesis revealed that the expression of myo-inositol-choline-regulated genes, PEM1, PEM2, PSS, CKI, and INO1, was markedly decreased in the snf2/swi2/gam1/tye3/ric1 background, but the expression of a constitutive gene, PIS, was not.	Choline	148-155	inositol-3-phosphate synthase INO1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	199-203
7608126-7	1995	Analysis using various lacZ fusion constructs containing promoters for genes in phospholipid synthesis revealed that the expression of myo-inositol-choline-regulated genes, PEM1, PEM2, PSS, CKI, and INO1, was markedly decreased in the snf2/swi2/gam1/tye3/ric1 background, but the expression of a constitutive gene, PIS, was not.	Choline	148-155	SWI/SNF catalytic subunit SNF2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	235-239
7608126-7	1995	Analysis using various lacZ fusion constructs containing promoters for genes in phospholipid synthesis revealed that the expression of myo-inositol-choline-regulated genes, PEM1, PEM2, PSS, CKI, and INO1, was markedly decreased in the snf2/swi2/gam1/tye3/ric1 background, but the expression of a constitutive gene, PIS, was not.	Choline	148-155	SWI/SNF catalytic subunit SNF2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	240-244
7608126-7	1995	Analysis using various lacZ fusion constructs containing promoters for genes in phospholipid synthesis revealed that the expression of myo-inositol-choline-regulated genes, PEM1, PEM2, PSS, CKI, and INO1, was markedly decreased in the snf2/swi2/gam1/tye3/ric1 background, but the expression of a constitutive gene, PIS, was not.	Choline	148-155	SWI/SNF catalytic subunit SNF2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	245-249
7608126-7	1995	Analysis using various lacZ fusion constructs containing promoters for genes in phospholipid synthesis revealed that the expression of myo-inositol-choline-regulated genes, PEM1, PEM2, PSS, CKI, and INO1, was markedly decreased in the snf2/swi2/gam1/tye3/ric1 background, but the expression of a constitutive gene, PIS, was not.	Choline	148-155	SWI/SNF catalytic subunit SNF2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	250-254
7608126-7	1995	Analysis using various lacZ fusion constructs containing promoters for genes in phospholipid synthesis revealed that the expression of myo-inositol-choline-regulated genes, PEM1, PEM2, PSS, CKI, and INO1, was markedly decreased in the snf2/swi2/gam1/tye3/ric1 background, but the expression of a constitutive gene, PIS, was not.	Choline	148-155	Ric1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	255-259
7816798-7	1995	The collective data suggest that the phosphatidylcholine-bound form of SEC14p effects an essential repression of CDP-choline pathway activity in Golgi membranes by inhibiting CCTase and that the phospholipid-binding/exchange activity of SEC14p represents a mechanism by which the regulatory activity of SEC14p is itself controlled.	Choline	49-56	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	71-77
7832781-0	1995	Phorbol ester stimulates choline uptake in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts following introduction of the gene encoding protein kinase C alpha.	Choline	25-32	protein kinase C, alpha	Mus musculus	109-131
7832781-3	1995	The results implicate protein kinase C (PKC) in the regulation of choline uptake.	Choline	66-73	protein kinase C, alpha	Mus musculus	40-43
7832781-7	1995	In control Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts, 1 microM PMA elevated choline levels by only 30%, whereas, in Swiss 3T3 cell lines that stably over-expressed PKC alpha, PMA caused a 5-fold enhancement in [14C]choline accumulation.	Choline	195-202	protein kinase C, alpha	Mus musculus	144-153
7832781-10	1995	These results implicate PKC alpha in the regulation of choline accumulation and phospholipid synthesis in fibroblasts.	Choline	55-62	protein kinase C, alpha	Mus musculus	24-33
7832781-11	1995	Although additional PKC subtypes appear to participate in the control of PtdCho synthesis in these cells, PMA-stimulated choline uptake in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts is almost entirely dependent on the presence of PKC alpha.	Choline	121-128	protein kinase C, alpha	Mus musculus	209-218
7544161-7	1995	RA enhanced the effect of epidermal growth factor on choline incorporation and prevented that of dexamethasone.	Choline	53-60	epidermal growth factor like 1	Rattus norvegicus	26-49
7893853-2	1995	In cholinergic neurons PLA2 controls the physico-chemical properties of neuronal membranes as well as the breakdown of phosphatidylcholine to produce choline for acetylcholine synthesis.	Choline	3-10	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	23-27
7756110-1	1995	Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) stimulated the formation of choline in a dose-dependent manner in the range between 10 nM and 10 microM.	Choline	52-59	prostaglandin D2 synthase	Homo sapiens	0-16
7756110-7	1995	W-7 and trifluoperazine dihydrochloride, antagonists of calmodulin, dose-dependently inhibited the PGD2-induced choline formation.	Choline	112-119	calmodulin 1	Homo sapiens	56-66
7706223-1	1994	The SCS3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cloned by functional complementation, using a conditional mutant exhibiting myo-inositol auxotrophy in the presence of choline, and sequenced.	Choline	165-172	Scs3p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
7862526-0	1995	Yeast transcriptional activator INO2 interacts as an Ino2p/Ino4p basic helix-loop-helix heteromeric complex with the inositol/choline-responsive element necessary for expression of phospholipid biosynthetic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Choline	126-133	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-36
7862526-0	1995	Yeast transcriptional activator INO2 interacts as an Ino2p/Ino4p basic helix-loop-helix heteromeric complex with the inositol/choline-responsive element necessary for expression of phospholipid biosynthetic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Choline	126-133	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	53-58
7862526-0	1995	Yeast transcriptional activator INO2 interacts as an Ino2p/Ino4p basic helix-loop-helix heteromeric complex with the inositol/choline-responsive element necessary for expression of phospholipid biosynthetic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Choline	126-133	Ino4p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	59-64
7816798-4	1995	We now report that SEC14p effects an in vivo depression of CDP-choline pathway activity by inhibiting choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (CCTase; EC 2.7.7.15), the rate-determining enzyme of the CDP-choline pathway.	Choline	63-70	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	19-25
7816798-4	1995	We now report that SEC14p effects an in vivo depression of CDP-choline pathway activity by inhibiting choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (CCTase; EC 2.7.7.15), the rate-determining enzyme of the CDP-choline pathway.	Choline	63-70	choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	102-140
7816798-4	1995	We now report that SEC14p effects an in vivo depression of CDP-choline pathway activity by inhibiting choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (CCTase; EC 2.7.7.15), the rate-determining enzyme of the CDP-choline pathway.	Choline	63-70	choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	142-148
7816798-4	1995	We now report that SEC14p effects an in vivo depression of CDP-choline pathway activity by inhibiting choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (CCTase; EC 2.7.7.15), the rate-determining enzyme of the CDP-choline pathway.	Choline	102-109	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	19-25
7816798-4	1995	We now report that SEC14p effects an in vivo depression of CDP-choline pathway activity by inhibiting choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (CCTase; EC 2.7.7.15), the rate-determining enzyme of the CDP-choline pathway.	Choline	102-109	choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	142-148
7869846-2	1995	As the product of the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine from choline, CDP-choline and its hydrolysis products (cytidine and choline) play important roles in generation of phospholipids involved in membrane formation and repair.	Choline	73-80	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	95-98
7869846-2	1995	As the product of the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine from choline, CDP-choline and its hydrolysis products (cytidine and choline) play important roles in generation of phospholipids involved in membrane formation and repair.	Choline	86-93	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	95-98
7949145-9	1994	Collectively, these data show that IL-8 stimulates the metabolism of choline-containing phosphoglycerides in human PMN and support a role for PA in the signaling mechanisms used by IL-8 to stimulate PMN function.	Choline	69-76	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	35-39
7964724-7	1994	The cerebellar cultures exhibited cholinergic neuronal traits: high-affinity choline uptake, and choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities.	Choline	34-41	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	97-122
7816798-7	1995	The collective data suggest that the phosphatidylcholine-bound form of SEC14p effects an essential repression of CDP-choline pathway activity in Golgi membranes by inhibiting CCTase and that the phospholipid-binding/exchange activity of SEC14p represents a mechanism by which the regulatory activity of SEC14p is itself controlled.	Choline	49-56	choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	175-181
7816798-7	1995	The collective data suggest that the phosphatidylcholine-bound form of SEC14p effects an essential repression of CDP-choline pathway activity in Golgi membranes by inhibiting CCTase and that the phospholipid-binding/exchange activity of SEC14p represents a mechanism by which the regulatory activity of SEC14p is itself controlled.	Choline	49-56	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	237-243
7816798-7	1995	The collective data suggest that the phosphatidylcholine-bound form of SEC14p effects an essential repression of CDP-choline pathway activity in Golgi membranes by inhibiting CCTase and that the phospholipid-binding/exchange activity of SEC14p represents a mechanism by which the regulatory activity of SEC14p is itself controlled.	Choline	49-56	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	237-243
7961735-5	1994	The CPT1 gene product was responsible for 95% of phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis via the CDP-choline pathway in vivo.	Choline	61-68	diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
7961831-4	1994	In membranes isolated from wild type and ept1 strains grown in the presence of inositol or inositol/choline, the CPT1-derived cholinephosphotransferase activities were reduced 40-50 and 65%, respectively.	Choline	100-107	bifunctional diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase/ethanolaminephosphotransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	41-45
7961831-4	1994	In membranes isolated from wild type and ept1 strains grown in the presence of inositol or inositol/choline, the CPT1-derived cholinephosphotransferase activities were reduced 40-50 and 65%, respectively.	Choline	100-107	diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	113-117
7961831-6	1994	The ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity of the EPT1 gene product in wild type cells was reduced 40% by exogenous inositol alone and 50% by inositol/choline.	Choline	152-159	bifunctional diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase/ethanolaminephosphotransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	51-55
7961831-9	1994	These results indicate that 1) a functional CPT1 gene or gene product is required for inositol-dependent regulation of phospholipid synthesis; 2) the enzyme activities of both the CPT1 and EPT1 gene products are repressed by inositol and inositol/choline, and require an intact CPT1 gene; 3) inositol mediates its regulatory effects on phospholipid synthesis via a transcriptional mechanism.	Choline	247-254	diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	44-48
7961831-9	1994	These results indicate that 1) a functional CPT1 gene or gene product is required for inositol-dependent regulation of phospholipid synthesis; 2) the enzyme activities of both the CPT1 and EPT1 gene products are repressed by inositol and inositol/choline, and require an intact CPT1 gene; 3) inositol mediates its regulatory effects on phospholipid synthesis via a transcriptional mechanism.	Choline	247-254	diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	180-184
7961831-9	1994	These results indicate that 1) a functional CPT1 gene or gene product is required for inositol-dependent regulation of phospholipid synthesis; 2) the enzyme activities of both the CPT1 and EPT1 gene products are repressed by inositol and inositol/choline, and require an intact CPT1 gene; 3) inositol mediates its regulatory effects on phospholipid synthesis via a transcriptional mechanism.	Choline	247-254	bifunctional diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase/ethanolaminephosphotransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	189-193
7961831-9	1994	These results indicate that 1) a functional CPT1 gene or gene product is required for inositol-dependent regulation of phospholipid synthesis; 2) the enzyme activities of both the CPT1 and EPT1 gene products are repressed by inositol and inositol/choline, and require an intact CPT1 gene; 3) inositol mediates its regulatory effects on phospholipid synthesis via a transcriptional mechanism.	Choline	247-254	diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	180-184
7961735-8	1994	Only chimeras expressing the CDP-aminoalcohol specificity region of CPT1 were capable of PC synthesis via the CDP-choline pathway in vivo.	Choline	114-121	diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	68-72
7961735-12	1994	The data also implicate the CPT1 gene product in PC biosynthesis from an endogenous source of choline derived from turnover of PC via the phosphatidylserine-dependent route for PC synthesis.	Choline	94-101	diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	28-32
7965073-6	1994	However, we have made two observations that are surprising in light of our knowledge concerning the vertebrate neuromuscular junction where released ACh is rapidly hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to choline, which is then taken up by a high-affinity uptake system.	Choline	184-191	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	200-204
7964734-8	1994	Addition of the calcium ionophore A23187 stimulated in vitro formation of PAF and lyso-PAF from [3H]-choline-labeled fetal brain phospholipids, suggesting that intracellular calcium may play a major stimulatory role in PAF production.	Choline	101-108	PCNA clamp associated factor	Rattus norvegicus	74-77
7964734-8	1994	Addition of the calcium ionophore A23187 stimulated in vitro formation of PAF and lyso-PAF from [3H]-choline-labeled fetal brain phospholipids, suggesting that intracellular calcium may play a major stimulatory role in PAF production.	Choline	101-108	PCNA clamp associated factor	Rattus norvegicus	87-90
7964734-8	1994	Addition of the calcium ionophore A23187 stimulated in vitro formation of PAF and lyso-PAF from [3H]-choline-labeled fetal brain phospholipids, suggesting that intracellular calcium may play a major stimulatory role in PAF production.	Choline	101-108	PCNA clamp associated factor	Rattus norvegicus	87-90
7853148-6	1994	The substrates of serine-exchange enzyme I are phosphatidylcholine, and either choline, serine, or ethanolamine, while those of serine-exchange enzyme II are phosphatidylethanolamine, and serine or ethanolamine but not choline.	Choline	59-66	phosphatidylserine synthase 1	Homo sapiens	18-42
8043301-4	1994	In contrast, the rate of incorporation of labeled choline into PC, presumably via CDP-choline, was virtually identical in cells that had been preincubated in the presence or absence of 1 mM choline.	Choline	50-57	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	82-85
7853148-6	1994	The substrates of serine-exchange enzyme I are phosphatidylcholine, and either choline, serine, or ethanolamine, while those of serine-exchange enzyme II are phosphatidylethanolamine, and serine or ethanolamine but not choline.	Choline	79-86	phosphatidylserine synthase 1	Homo sapiens	18-42
7853361-0	1994	Choline derivatives and sodium fluoride protect acetylcholinesterase against irreversible inhibition and aging by DFP and paraoxon.	Choline	0-7	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	48-68
7520996-2	1994	Uptake of choline and HN2 is impaired in mutant alleles of HNM1/CTR, leading to a HN2 hyper-resistant phenotype.	Choline	10-17	Hnm1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	59-63
7520996-2	1994	Uptake of choline and HN2 is impaired in mutant alleles of HNM1/CTR, leading to a HN2 hyper-resistant phenotype.	Choline	10-17	calcitonin receptor	Homo sapiens	64-67
7520996-2	1994	Uptake of choline and HN2 is impaired in mutant alleles of HNM1/CTR, leading to a HN2 hyper-resistant phenotype.	Choline	10-17	MT-RNR2 like 2 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	82-85
8200096-8	1994	In initiated as well as in uninitiated males on a CD diet the expression of the c-myc gene was 3- to 4-fold higher when compared with males fed a choline-supplemented diet at the time of PH.	Choline	146-153	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	80-85
8051988-5	1994	CDP-choline (cytidine-5-diphosphate-choline) participates in the phospholipid metabolism pathway incorporating free choline into phosphatidyl-choline and choline plasmalogens in several tissues, including the central nervous system.	Choline	4-11	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
8051988-5	1994	CDP-choline (cytidine-5-diphosphate-choline) participates in the phospholipid metabolism pathway incorporating free choline into phosphatidyl-choline and choline plasmalogens in several tissues, including the central nervous system.	Choline	36-43	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
7859925-2	1994	ET-1 stimulated the formation of choline (EC50 10 nM) as well as that of inositol phosphates (EC50 1.2 nM).	Choline	33-40	endothelin 1	Mus musculus	0-4
7859925-4	1994	Staurosporine enhanced the ET-1-induced formation of choline.	Choline	53-60	endothelin 1	Mus musculus	27-31
7925441-3	1994	A deletion analysis of the FAS1 promoter lacking the previously characterized inositol/choline-responsive-element motif defined a region (nucleotides -760 to -850) responsible for most of the remaining activation potency.	Choline	87-94	tetrafunctional fatty acid synthase subunit FAS1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	27-31
7931078-10	1994	In contrast, exogenous PLD induced an increase in chol and concomitant loss of membrane PC.	Choline	50-54	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	23-26
7760585-1	1994	CDP-choline participates in brain phospholipid metabolism and acts as an endogenous intermediate in a biosynthetic pathway incorporating free choline into phosphatidylcholine and choline plasmalogens in several tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS).	Choline	4-11	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
7760585-1	1994	CDP-choline participates in brain phospholipid metabolism and acts as an endogenous intermediate in a biosynthetic pathway incorporating free choline into phosphatidylcholine and choline plasmalogens in several tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS).	Choline	142-149	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
7532302-4	1994	Isosmotic replacement of Na+ in the extracellular medium with the nonpermeant Na+ analogue choline+ or with glucose led to a significant increase in anti-IgE- (1/5000: 43.7 +/- 7.3% in high Na+ vs 68.9 +/- 7.3% in low Na+, mean +/- SEM, n = 8, P < 0.001), FMLP- (1 microM: 37.9 +/- 2.3% vs 49.5 +/- 4.3%, n = 8, P < 0.01) and PMA-(160 nM: 12.7 +/- 0.9% vs 27.3 +/- 4.3%, n = 8, P < 0.05) induced histamine release, whereas A23187-induced histamine release was reduced (1 microM: 90.4 +/- 2.4% vs 45.4 +/- 3.4%, n = 8, P < 0.0001).	Choline	91-98	formyl peptide receptor 1	Homo sapiens	259-263
8063717-2	1994	The Saccharomyces cerevisiae CPT1 and EPT1 genes represent structural genes that encode distinct choline- and choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferases, respectively.	Choline	97-104	diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	29-33
8063717-2	1994	The Saccharomyces cerevisiae CPT1 and EPT1 genes represent structural genes that encode distinct choline- and choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferases, respectively.	Choline	97-104	bifunctional diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase/ethanolaminephosphotransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	38-42
7953692-4	1994	Incubation of SCG for 120 min with PTH or calcitonin resulted in dose-dependent augmentation or inhibition of K(+)-induced increase of high affinity [3H]choline uptake, respectively, with a maximal effect at 10(-8) M concentration (PTH) and 10(-9) M concentration (calcitonin) and declining at higher concentrations.	Choline	153-160	calcitonin-related polypeptide alpha	Rattus norvegicus	42-52
7958722-13	1994	The results of the present work suggest that CDP-choline is acting by increasing choline levels in the cholinergic nerve terminals of the ICB, increasing the synthesis and/or release of ACh.	Choline	49-56	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	45-48
8070052-7	1994	Compared with the effect of either agent alone, the simultaneous application of 3.8 x 10(-11) M NGF and 3 x 10(-11) M free-HCNP (maximal stimulation) to medial septal nucleus culture resulted in a more than additive enhancement of AcCho synthesis, an additive increase in ChoATase activity, and a significant increase in Cho uptake.	Choline	233-236	phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	123-127
7921778-7	1994	This receptor model suggests that the positively charged choline moiety of PAF is attracted to this negatively charged site by electrostatic forces and that PAF may induce conformational changes in the receptor, leading to G-protein activation.	Choline	57-64	PCNA clamp associated factor	Homo sapiens	75-78
7921778-7	1994	This receptor model suggests that the positively charged choline moiety of PAF is attracted to this negatively charged site by electrostatic forces and that PAF may induce conformational changes in the receptor, leading to G-protein activation.	Choline	57-64	PCNA clamp associated factor	Homo sapiens	157-160
8043301-4	1994	In contrast, the rate of incorporation of labeled choline into PC, presumably via CDP-choline, was virtually identical in cells that had been preincubated in the presence or absence of 1 mM choline.	Choline	86-93	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	82-85
8025717-5	1994	NGF also rapidly increases the high-affinity choline transport into synaptosomes.	Choline	45-52	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
8144590-6	1994	The overall structure of cholinesterases was conserved in ACE-1 as indicated by the conserved sequence positions of Ser-216, His-468, and Glu-346 (S200, H440, E327 in Torpedo (AChE) as components of the catalytic triad, of the six cysteines which form three intrachain disulfide bonds, and of Trp-99(84), a critical side chain in the choline binding site.	Choline	25-32	ACE1	Drosophila melanogaster	58-63
8150107-4	1994	Mononuclear cells obtained from the patients at laparoscopy were immediately separated by a Ficoll-Paque technique, lysed by nitrogen cavitation, and stored at -80 degrees C. INTERVENTIONS: Phospholipase A2 activity was measured by Dole assay using 1-palmitoyl-2-[1-14C] palmitoyl phosphatidyl choline and assessed on a protein basis and a cell number basis.	Choline	294-301	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	190-206
8166243-4	1994	Inhibition of Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange by removal of external sodium, which was replaced by choline, augmented the ANG II-induced [Ca2+]i increase to 174 +/- 26 nM (n = 11; P < 0.05 compared with control).	Choline	87-94	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	110-116
8207327-1	1994	Choline acetyltransferase catalyzes the synthesis of acetylcholine from choline and acetylcoenzyme A (ACoA) in both nervous and non-nervous tissues.	Choline	59-66	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-25
8207327-6	1994	Choline acetyltransferase and carnitine acetyltransferase activities were assayed by transferring of [14C]acetyl group from [14C]ACoA to choline or carnitine and estimating [14C]-acetylcholine or [14C]acetylcarnitine.	Choline	137-144	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-25
8207327-6	1994	Choline acetyltransferase and carnitine acetyltransferase activities were assayed by transferring of [14C]acetyl group from [14C]ACoA to choline or carnitine and estimating [14C]-acetylcholine or [14C]acetylcarnitine.	Choline	137-144	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	30-57
8147852-1	1994	Gating properties of the Ca2+ channel in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) were monitored by measuring the choline permeation of the heavy fraction of SR (HSR) vesicles by the light scattering method.	Choline	101-108	HSR	Homo sapiens	149-152
8147852-2	1994	Increase of choline permeation by micromolar Ca2+, which refers to Ca2+ response, was lost when HSR vesicles were incubated overnight with EDTA or EGTA.	Choline	12-19	HSR	Homo sapiens	96-99
7817653-1	1994	In reaction of hydrolysis of choline and thiocholine esters of carbonic acids at 25 degrees C, cholinesterase activity of the blood serum from the fish A. ballerus has been studied by modified Ellman"s method and potentiometric titration method.	Choline	29-36	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	95-109
8203749-1	1994	We have developed an assay for studying myocardial phospholipase A2 activity by measuring accumulation of lysophospholipids resulting from hydrolysis of the endogenous choline glycerophospholipid pool.	Choline	168-175	phospholipase A2	Oryctolagus cuniculus	51-67
8203755-0	1994	Quantitation of the diacyl, alkylacyl, and alk-1-enylacyl subclasses of choline glycerophospholipids by chemical dephosphorylation and benzoylation.	Choline	72-79	secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor	Homo sapiens	43-48
8127678-4	1994	The expression of FAS3-lacZ reporter genes and the measurement of mRNA levels in regulatory mutants of phospholipid biosynthesis clearly indicated that FAS3 is regulated by inositol and choline.	Choline	186-193	acetyl-CoA carboxylase ACC1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	152-156
8305444-9	1994	The temperature dependence of 1H spin-lattice (T1) relaxation time measurements revealed that the motional activation energies increased from the choline headgroup to the end of the acyl chains of AC2 molecules in the AC2 lipid particles formed by sonication.	Choline	146-153	adenylate cyclase 2	Homo sapiens	197-200
7516254-13	1994	In preparations prelabelled with [3H]-choline, SP produced a concentration-dependent increase in tritium overflow, an index of [3H]-acetylcholine release, while an inverse relationship was found with NKB.	Choline	38-45	tachykinin-3	Cavia porcellus	200-203
8305444-9	1994	The temperature dependence of 1H spin-lattice (T1) relaxation time measurements revealed that the motional activation energies increased from the choline headgroup to the end of the acyl chains of AC2 molecules in the AC2 lipid particles formed by sonication.	Choline	146-153	adenylate cyclase 2	Homo sapiens	218-221
8004402-2	1994	The effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on [3H]-acetylcholine ([3H]-ACh) release from motor nerve endings and its interaction with presynaptic facilitatory A2a-adenosine and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors was studied on rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations loaded with [3H]-choline.	Choline	67-74	calcitonin-related polypeptide alpha	Rattus norvegicus	14-45
8004402-2	1994	The effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on [3H]-acetylcholine ([3H]-ACh) release from motor nerve endings and its interaction with presynaptic facilitatory A2a-adenosine and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors was studied on rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations loaded with [3H]-choline.	Choline	67-74	calcitonin-related polypeptide alpha	Rattus norvegicus	47-51
8294937-1	1994	In search of the molecular mechanisms underlying the broad substrate and inhibitor specificities of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), we employed site-directed mutagenesis to modify the catalytic triad residue Ser198, the acyl pocket Leu286 and adjacent Phe329 residues, and Met437 and Tyr440 located near the choline binding site.	Choline	107-114	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	123-128
8306341-6	1994	Prelabeling cells with [3H]glycerol or [3H]-choline demonstrated rapid release of [3H]phosphorylcholine and a decrease in [3H]glycerol-labeled phosphatidylcholine in response to IL-3 stimulation.	Choline	44-51	interleukin 3	Homo sapiens	178-182
8174763-5	1994	Intestinal ALP hydrolyzes PC the most and has higher affinity for choline as a transphosphorylating acceptor than the other ALPs.	Choline	66-73	alkaline phosphatase, placental	Homo sapiens	11-14
8174763-8	1994	The present results suggest that PC is a unique substrate for human intestinal ALP, which may be related to the metabolism of PC or choline as part of phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	132-139	alkaline phosphatase, placental	Homo sapiens	79-82
7920972-9	1994	Physiological concentrations of CT decreased, and those of PTH increased, in vitro cholinergic activity in rat SCG, measured as specific choline uptake, and acetylcholine synthesis and release.	Choline	83-90	calcitonin-related polypeptide alpha	Rattus norvegicus	32-34
8294512-3	1994	The data demonstrate that SEC14p specifically functions to maintain a reduced phosphatidylcholine content in Golgi membranes and indicate that overproduction of SEC14p markedly reduces the apparent rate of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis via the CDP-choline pathway in vivo.	Choline	90-97	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	26-32
8294512-3	1994	The data demonstrate that SEC14p specifically functions to maintain a reduced phosphatidylcholine content in Golgi membranes and indicate that overproduction of SEC14p markedly reduces the apparent rate of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis via the CDP-choline pathway in vivo.	Choline	90-97	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	161-167
8294512-4	1994	We suggest that SEC14p serves as a sensor of Golgi membrane phospholipid composition through which the activity of the CDP-choline pathway in Golgi membranes is regulated such that a phosphatidylcholine content that is compatible with the essential secretory function of these membranes is maintained.	Choline	123-130	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	16-22
8188619-6	1994	An scs1/ino2 null mutant constructed by gene replacement was viable, but auxotrophic for inositol and choline, and used for determination of the mRNA levels of various phospholipid-synthesizing enzymes.	Choline	102-109	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	8-12
7512434-4	1994	Isosmotic replacement of extracellular Na+ either with choline+, a non-permeant Na+ analogue, or glucose significantly increased spontaneous and anti-IgE-induced histamine release.	Choline	55-63	immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon	Homo sapiens	150-153
8188619-7	1994	In agreement with the reported data for ino2 mutants the disruptant showed decreased expression of the INO1 and PSS genes, which are known to be regulated by inositol and choline.	Choline	171-178	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	40-44
8188619-7	1994	In agreement with the reported data for ino2 mutants the disruptant showed decreased expression of the INO1 and PSS genes, which are known to be regulated by inositol and choline.	Choline	171-178	inositol-3-phosphate synthase INO1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	103-107
8188619-8	1994	In addition, we newly found that the disruption of SCS1/INO2 also caused a decrease in the expression of the CKI, PEM1, and PEM2 genes, which we previously showed to belong to the inositol-choline-regulated gene family.	Choline	189-196	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	56-60
8188619-8	1994	In addition, we newly found that the disruption of SCS1/INO2 also caused a decrease in the expression of the CKI, PEM1, and PEM2 genes, which we previously showed to belong to the inositol-choline-regulated gene family.	Choline	189-196	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	114-118
8188619-8	1994	In addition, we newly found that the disruption of SCS1/INO2 also caused a decrease in the expression of the CKI, PEM1, and PEM2 genes, which we previously showed to belong to the inositol-choline-regulated gene family.	Choline	189-196	bifunctional phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase/phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	124-128
8188619-9	1994	These results confirm and strengthen the conclusion that the SCS1/INO2 gene is required for expression of inositol-choline-regulated genes in phospholipid synthesis.	Choline	115-122	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	66-70
8139391-0	1994	Biphasic modulation of choline uptake and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis by vasopressin in rat cardiac myocytes.	Choline	23-30	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	78-89
8139391-1	1994	The effect of vasopressin on choline uptake and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in isolated rat heart myocytes was investigated.	Choline	29-36	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	14-25
8139391-2	1994	Myocytes were incubated with labelled choline in the presence of 0.05-1.0 microM vasopressin.	Choline	38-45	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	81-92
8139391-3	1994	Uptake of choline was enhanced (25%) by a low concentration (0.2 microM) of vasopressin, but was attenuated (19%) by a higher vasopressin concentration (1.0 microM).	Choline	10-17	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	76-87
8139391-3	1994	Uptake of choline was enhanced (25%) by a low concentration (0.2 microM) of vasopressin, but was attenuated (19%) by a higher vasopressin concentration (1.0 microM).	Choline	10-17	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	126-137
7903254-2	1993	The chimeric enzyme, built up by the fusion of the N-terminal domain of the pneumococcal LYTA amidase and the C-terminal domain of the clostridial LYC lysozyme, exhibited an amidase activity capable of hydrolyzing choline-containing clostridial cell walls with an efficiency 250-times higher than when tested on pneumococcal cell walls.	Choline	214-221	231	Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824	94-101
7903254-2	1993	The chimeric enzyme, built up by the fusion of the N-terminal domain of the pneumococcal LYTA amidase and the C-terminal domain of the clostridial LYC lysozyme, exhibited an amidase activity capable of hydrolyzing choline-containing clostridial cell walls with an efficiency 250-times higher than when tested on pneumococcal cell walls.	Choline	214-221	231	Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824	174-181
8261513-1	1993	The hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine by phospholipase D (PLD) results in the production of phosphatidic acid and choline.	Choline	30-37	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	41-56
8118702-4	1993	We conclude that hypoxia leads to a selective activation of phospholipase A2 in the brain and, consequently, to a net loss of choline-containing phospholipids and membrane structures.	Choline	126-133	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	60-76
8261513-1	1993	The hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine by phospholipase D (PLD) results in the production of phosphatidic acid and choline.	Choline	30-37	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	58-61
7505579-0	1993	Steel factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor act together to enhance choline-lipid turnover during synergistically stimulated proliferation of the human factor dependent cell line, M07E.	Choline	90-97	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	17-65
7505579-4	1993	Therefore a choline lipid signal transduction pathway may operate as part of the series of events leading to synergistic growth induced by the combination of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and steel factor.	Choline	12-19	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	158-206
8245812-8	1993	Cholinesterase inhibitors, which block the decrease in choline acetyltransferase activity associated with Alzheimer"s disease, appear promising.	Choline	55-62	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	0-14
8297012-1	1993	Choline (Ch) and acetylcholine (Ach) microenzyme sensors were developed based on the immobilization of choline oxidase (ChO) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) at the tip of a 25-micron Pt wire sealed in glass.	Choline	0-7	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	151-155
8136015-5	1993	AChE was marginally protected from thermal inactivation by the "nonspecific salts" ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride and to a greater extent by the "active site-specific salts" choline chloride, sodium acetate, and acetylcholine iodide.	Choline	180-196	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	0-4
7934871-3	1993	The results show that the expression of the two ITR genes is differently regulated: ITR1 was repressed by inositol and choline whereas ITR2 was constitutive.	Choline	119-126	myo-inositol transporter ITR1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	84-88
7934871-3	1993	The results show that the expression of the two ITR genes is differently regulated: ITR1 was repressed by inositol and choline whereas ITR2 was constitutive.	Choline	119-126	myo-inositol transporter ITR2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	135-139
7934871-4	1993	Deletion analysis of the ITR1 upstream region and comparison with the upstream regions of other genes involved in phospholipid synthesis indicate that the octamer sequence 5"-TTCACATG-3" is important for the expression and inositol/choline regulation of the ITR1 gene.	Choline	232-239	myo-inositol transporter ITR1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	25-29
7934871-4	1993	Deletion analysis of the ITR1 upstream region and comparison with the upstream regions of other genes involved in phospholipid synthesis indicate that the octamer sequence 5"-TTCACATG-3" is important for the expression and inositol/choline regulation of the ITR1 gene.	Choline	232-239	myo-inositol transporter ITR1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	258-262
8264542-5	1993	Expression of the CTR/HNM1 gene in wild-type cells is regulated by the phospholipid precursors inositol and choline; no such influence is seen in cells bearing mutations in the phospholipid regulatory genes INO2, INO4, and OPI1.	Choline	108-115	Hnm1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	22-26
8227061-5	1993	No change in the amount of apolipoprotein B in the lumina of the endoplasmic reticulum was observed, but there was a 40-50% decrease of apolipoprotein B in the lumina of the Golgi from choline-deficient compared with control rats.	Choline	185-192	apolipoprotein B	Rattus norvegicus	136-152
8227061-6	1993	Incubation of microsomes, derived from choline-deficient and -supplemented hepatocytes, with trypsin showed similar degradation of apolipoprotein B, indicating similar quantities of this protein are present on the surface and within the lumina.	Choline	39-46	apolipoprotein B	Rattus norvegicus	131-147
8227061-8	1993	Incubation of plasma VLDL with proteases demonstrated that the apolipoprotein B of plasma VLDL particles from choline-deficient animals had a different susceptibility to digestion than did VLDL from choline-supplemented animals.	Choline	110-117	apolipoprotein B	Rattus norvegicus	63-79
8297012-1	1993	Choline (Ch) and acetylcholine (Ach) microenzyme sensors were developed based on the immobilization of choline oxidase (ChO) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) at the tip of a 25-micron Pt wire sealed in glass.	Choline	0-2	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	151-155
7906471-2	1993	We have therefore studied the NPY-induced release of [3H]-GABA, [3H]-glycine, [3H]-dopamine, [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine, and [3H]-choline chloride-derived radioactivity in the rabbit and chicken retina.	Choline	128-144	neuropeptide Y	Oryctolagus cuniculus	30-33
8282084-4	1993	IGF-I was found to prevent the loss of choline acetyltransferase activity in embryonic spinal cord cultures, as well as to reduce the programmed cell death of motor neurons in vivo during normal development or following axotomy or spinal transection.	Choline	39-46	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
8228993-1	1993	Choline acetyltransferase catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from choline and acetyl-CoA in cholinergic neurons.	Choline	59-66	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-25
7906471-3	1993	NPY affected the release of [3H]-glycine, [3H]-dopamine, [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine, and [3H]-choline chloride-derived radioactivity in rabbit retina and of [3H]-GABA, [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine and [3H]-choline chloride-derived radioactivity in chicken retina in an energy requiring, NA+K(+)-ATPase dependent and calcium dependent manner.	Choline	92-108	neuropeptide Y	Oryctolagus cuniculus	0-3
7906471-3	1993	NPY affected the release of [3H]-glycine, [3H]-dopamine, [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine, and [3H]-choline chloride-derived radioactivity in rabbit retina and of [3H]-GABA, [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine and [3H]-choline chloride-derived radioactivity in chicken retina in an energy requiring, NA+K(+)-ATPase dependent and calcium dependent manner.	Choline	200-216	neuropeptide Y	Oryctolagus cuniculus	0-3
7691709-8	1993	Hepatic methionine levels are unchanged by ethanol, however, and this may be explained by a dramatic increase in the turnover of the methyl groups of choline and betaine in response to ethanol (times 3.6 and 4.2, respectively, p < 0.003), suggesting greatly increased use of the choline oxidation pathway to remethylate homocysteine through betaine homocysteine methyltransferase.	Choline	150-157	betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	344-382
8238300-3	1993	ANG II released choline and increased phosphatidylethanol (PEt) via PC-phospholipase D (PC-PLD).	Choline	16-23	angiotensinogen	Homo sapiens	0-6
8238300-3	1993	ANG II released choline and increased phosphatidylethanol (PEt) via PC-phospholipase D (PC-PLD).	Choline	16-23	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	91-94
8237421-0	1993	Breakdown of membrane choline-phospholipids induced by endogenous and exogenous muscarinic agonist is potentiated by VIP in rat submandibular gland.	Choline	22-29	vasoactive intestinal peptide	Rattus norvegicus	117-120
8340064-3	1993	One of these recognized an epitope, designated BD1, which was expressed on intrahepatic bile ducts in 16-day fetal and adult rat liver and in liver from rats fed a choline-deficient diet containing ethionine and rats treated with 2-acetylaminofluorine, but was absent from morphologically defined oval cells induced by a choline-deficient diet containing ethionine or by 2-acetylaminofluorine.	Choline	164-171	defensin beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	47-50
8340064-3	1993	One of these recognized an epitope, designated BD1, which was expressed on intrahepatic bile ducts in 16-day fetal and adult rat liver and in liver from rats fed a choline-deficient diet containing ethionine and rats treated with 2-acetylaminofluorine, but was absent from morphologically defined oval cells induced by a choline-deficient diet containing ethionine or by 2-acetylaminofluorine.	Choline	321-328	defensin beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	47-50
8504157-8	1993	The PA synthesis caused by the two stimulators was similarly inhibited by staurosporine and by a chronic treatment with PMA (100 nM for 24 h), suggesting that the activation of PLD is linked to the action of protein kinase C. With the cells labeled with radioactive choline and ethanolamine, we found that the amniotic PLD hydrolyzed almost equally phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine.	Choline	266-273	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	177-180
8376990-3	1993	These dChAT-expressing cells were then implanted into the intact hippocampus of adult rats and in vivo microdialysis was performed 7-10 days after grafting to assess the ability of the cells to produce ACh and respond to exogenous choline in vivo.	Choline	231-238	Choline acetyltransferase	Drosophila melanogaster	6-11
8376990-5	1993	Localized choline infusion (200 microM) through the dialysis probes was found to induce a selective twofold increase in ACh release only from the dChAT-expressing fibroblasts.	Choline	10-17	Choline acetyltransferase	Drosophila melanogaster	146-151
8276134-8	1993	hFSH-beta-(34-37) significantly reduced basal uptake of 45Ca2+ in choline-containing buffer, but was without effect in buffer containing 135 mM NaCl.	Choline	66-73	follicle stimulating hormone subunit beta	Homo sapiens	0-9
8366354-2	1993	The objective of the present study was to determine whether stimulations of the cholinergic neuronal markers ChAT and high-affinity choline uptake are reflected in enhanced synthesis and release of ACh.	Choline	80-87	acyl-CoA thioesterase 12	Rattus norvegicus	198-201
8366354-6	1993	In young adult rats, increased ChAT and choline uptake activities were accompanied by enhanced ACh synthesis, basal and depolarization-induced release of both endogenous and newly synthesized transmitter, with the largest effect generally being observed in striatum.	Choline	40-47	acyl-CoA thioesterase 12	Rattus norvegicus	95-98
8393484-9	1993	Replacement of external sodium (80%) with Tris or choline caused (1) an outward current with a decrease in input conductance and (2) an approximately 50% decrease in the met-ENK-induced outward current with a shift in its reversal potential toward EK.	Choline	50-57	proenkephalin	Rattus norvegicus	174-177
7687997-7	1993	Thus, choline, which enters the cells through the BzATP-induced pores, can act to inhibit P2z receptor-stimulated PLD activity but not pore formation.	Choline	6-13	purinergic receptor P2X 7	Homo sapiens	90-102
7687997-7	1993	Thus, choline, which enters the cells through the BzATP-induced pores, can act to inhibit P2z receptor-stimulated PLD activity but not pore formation.	Choline	6-13	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	114-117
8504126-17	1993	The slowest, and probably rate-limiting reaction of GPC synthesis from choline may be the reaction of phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase generating CDP choline, since no radioactive CDP choline could be detected under any conditions.	Choline	71-78	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	149-152
8324883-0	1993	Effect of exogenous CDP-choline on choline metabolism in isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.	Choline	24-31	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	20-23
8392813-3	1993	The developmental profile of the enzymes of the CDP-choline pathway suggests that CTP:choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase catalyses a rate regulatory step in de novo phosphatidylcholine synthesis by fetal type II cells.	Choline	52-59	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	48-51
8224783-2	1993	Alkenylacyl-glycerophosphocholine (choline plasmalogen) BLM typically show larger values of E perpendicular and eta as compared to their analogs, suggesting a tighter packing of their hydrophobic regions.	Choline	26-33	endothelin receptor type A	Homo sapiens	112-115
8324883-1	1993	The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exogenous CDP-choline on choline metabolism and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in adult rat ventricular myocytes.	Choline	69-76	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	65-68
8324883-3	1993	CDP-choline in the medium produced a concentration dependent reduction in the amount of radio-label in phosphocholine and phospholipid but it did not alter choline uptake into the myocytes.	Choline	4-11	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
8324883-5	1993	These results indicate that the exogenous administration of CDP-choline alters choline metabolism in the heart by reducing the formation of phosphocholine and phosphatidylcholine without altering choline uptake and suggest an effect of a CDP-choline metabolite on choline metabolism which is not effective in opposing the effect of hypoxia on phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.	Choline	64-71	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	60-63
8324883-5	1993	These results indicate that the exogenous administration of CDP-choline alters choline metabolism in the heart by reducing the formation of phosphocholine and phosphatidylcholine without altering choline uptake and suggest an effect of a CDP-choline metabolite on choline metabolism which is not effective in opposing the effect of hypoxia on phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.	Choline	64-71	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	238-241
8324883-5	1993	These results indicate that the exogenous administration of CDP-choline alters choline metabolism in the heart by reducing the formation of phosphocholine and phosphatidylcholine without altering choline uptake and suggest an effect of a CDP-choline metabolite on choline metabolism which is not effective in opposing the effect of hypoxia on phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.	Choline	79-86	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	60-63
8324883-5	1993	These results indicate that the exogenous administration of CDP-choline alters choline metabolism in the heart by reducing the formation of phosphocholine and phosphatidylcholine without altering choline uptake and suggest an effect of a CDP-choline metabolite on choline metabolism which is not effective in opposing the effect of hypoxia on phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.	Choline	79-86	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	60-63
8098706-7	1993	ACC1 transcription was repressed 3-fold by lipid precursors, inositol and choline, and was also controlled by regulatory factors Ino2p, Ino4p, and Opi1p, providing evidence that the key step of fatty acid synthesis is regulated in conjunction with phospholipid synthesis at the level of gene expression.	Choline	74-81	acetyl-CoA carboxylase ACC1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
8098706-8	1993	The 5"-untranslated region of the ACC1 gene contains a sequence reminiscent of an inositol/choline-responsive element identified in genes encoding phospholipid biosynthetic enzymes.	Choline	91-98	acetyl-CoA carboxylase ACC1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	34-38
8327793-6	1993	Choline-deficient diets significantly decreased the AChE activity from homogenates of lung parenchymal tissues (P < 0.01).	Choline	0-7	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	52-56
8467907-5	1993	The resulting data gave a flux control coefficient over choline oxidation of 0.9 for the choline transporter.	Choline	56-63	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	89-108
8472746-0	1993	Effects of a novel thyrotropin-releasing hormone analogue, JTP-2942, on extracellular acetylcholine and choline levels in the rat frontal cortex and hippocampus.	Choline	92-99	thyrotropin releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	19-48
16843274-8	1993	Elevations in ALT and AST were significantly correlated with plasma free choline (r = -0.34, p = 0.03, r = -0.37, p = 0.02 respectively) but not with phospholipid bound choline.	Choline	73-80	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	22-25
8012448-2	1993	Mutant strains in which the INO2 chromosomal locus has been deleted show pleiotropic phenotypes under growth conditions of inositol/choline availability.	Choline	132-139	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	28-32
1281979-16	1992	fMLP-induced beta-glucuronidase release and O2- production were substantially reduced by replacement of extracellular CaCl2 or NaCl by ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetra-acetic acid and choline chloride respectively.	Choline	188-204	formyl peptide receptor 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
1281979-16	1992	fMLP-induced beta-glucuronidase release and O2- production were substantially reduced by replacement of extracellular CaCl2 or NaCl by ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetra-acetic acid and choline chloride respectively.	Choline	188-204	glucuronidase beta	Homo sapiens	13-31
1292682-3	1992	The elevation of pHi was slow and sustained, but depended on the dose of endothelin: IC50 was about 3 x 10(-8) M. Na+/H+ exchange inhibition by EIPA (10(-7) M) or by equimolar replacement of external Na+ by choline abolished the pHi increase by enhancing the first phase of cytoplasm acidification.	Choline	207-214	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Rattus norvegicus	17-20
8327793-1	1993	Rats fed with choline-deficient diets are known as a model of aging and learning impairments due to acetylcholine (ACh) deficiency in the brain which may be associated with a decrease in acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7).	Choline	14-21	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	187-207
8327793-1	1993	Rats fed with choline-deficient diets are known as a model of aging and learning impairments due to acetylcholine (ACh) deficiency in the brain which may be associated with a decrease in acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7).	Choline	14-21	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	209-213
8389981-2	1993	The final step in the de novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a major component of lung surfactant, by the CDP-choline pathway, requires the enzyme cholinephosphotransferase (CPT).	Choline	55-62	cholinephosphotransferase 1	Cavia porcellus	150-175
8389981-2	1993	The final step in the de novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a major component of lung surfactant, by the CDP-choline pathway, requires the enzyme cholinephosphotransferase (CPT).	Choline	55-62	cholinephosphotransferase 1	Cavia porcellus	177-180
8243501-3	1993	alpha-GPC was labelled with [14C]-glycerol ([14G]-GPC) or [14C]-choline ([14C]-GPC).	Choline	64-71	glycophorin C	Rattus norvegicus	6-9
8314679-5	1993	These results suggest that a choline base exchange enzyme was stimulated in TPA exposed cells.	Choline	29-36	plasminogen activator, tissue type	Homo sapiens	76-79
8453727-0	1993	p53 mutations in hepatocellular carcinomas induced by a choline-devoid diet in male Fischer 344 rats.	Choline	56-63	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
8441007-5	1993	These observations, allied with the similar half-saturation constants and Vmax values of CAT and choline kinase for intracellular choline, suggest that growing sympathetic neurons are poised to allocate choline symmetrically between the synthesis of ACh and phosphatidylcholine in the neurites.	Choline	130-137	catalase	Homo sapiens	89-92
8398050-1	1993	A choline amperometric biosensor was assembled and used to measure the anticholinesterase activity due to compounds (which have the property to inhibit cholinesterase enzymes) present in water samples.	Choline	2-9	butyrylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	75-89
8382989-1	1993	We demonstrate that three integral membrane receptors of mammals--the ecotropic retroviral leukemia receptor (ERR), the human retroviral receptor (HRR), and the T-cell early activator (Tea)--are homologous to a family of transporters specific for amino acids, polyamines, and choline (APC), which catalyze solute uniport, solute:cation symport, or solute:solute antiport in yeast, fungi, and eubacteria.	Choline	276-283	solute carrier family 7 member 1	Homo sapiens	70-108
8382989-1	1993	We demonstrate that three integral membrane receptors of mammals--the ecotropic retroviral leukemia receptor (ERR), the human retroviral receptor (HRR), and the T-cell early activator (Tea)--are homologous to a family of transporters specific for amino acids, polyamines, and choline (APC), which catalyze solute uniport, solute:cation symport, or solute:solute antiport in yeast, fungi, and eubacteria.	Choline	276-283	solute carrier family 7 member 1	Homo sapiens	110-113
1334847-1	1992	Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) stimulated rapid (seconds) hydrolysis of sphingomyelin in HL-60 cells, formation of phosphocholine (PCho) and a decrease in choline.	Choline	131-138	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	0-27
1334847-1	1992	Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) stimulated rapid (seconds) hydrolysis of sphingomyelin in HL-60 cells, formation of phosphocholine (PCho) and a decrease in choline.	Choline	131-138	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	29-38
1334753-2	1992	The effect of agents which interact with the histamine H3 receptor on potassium-stimulated tritium release from slices of rat entorhinal cortex preloaded with [3H]-choline is described.	Choline	164-171	histamine receptor H3	Rattus norvegicus	45-66
1484881-2	1992	The rats had received choline chloride in their tap water for about 9 months before they acquired responding on a differential reinforcement of low-rate schedule with a critical delay of 8 s (DRL-8").	Choline	22-38	nuclear RNA export factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	48-51
1398030-2	1992	Choline which was accumulated in bet mutants defective in betaine synthesis was shown to be excreted in response to betaine uptake.	Choline	0-7	putative DNA recombination protein Bet	Escherichia coli	33-36
1427663-7	1992	Feeding a choline-deficient diet for 1 to 6 wk led to gradual increases in the levels of hepatocyte growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta 1 messenger RNAs in the liver.	Choline	10-17	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	89-185
1284077-4	1992	Increasing [Ca2+]o from 2.5 to 5 mM or above and substituting external sodium with either sucrose, choline or Li+ induced an oscillatory transient inward current (TI) which peaked 200-300 ms after repolarization from a previous depolarizing pulse.	Choline	99-106	carbonic anhydrase 2	Oryctolagus cuniculus	12-15
1448201-4	1992	In animals chronically treated with nerve growth factor, the levels of endogenous choline, endogenous acetylcholine, [2H4]choline and [2H4]acetylcholine accumulated in the hippocampus on the lesioned side were not significantly different from those on the contralateral unlesioned side or from values measured in animals treated with cytochrome c, a control protein.	Choline	82-89	nerve growth factor	Homo sapiens	36-55
1448201-4	1992	In animals chronically treated with nerve growth factor, the levels of endogenous choline, endogenous acetylcholine, [2H4]choline and [2H4]acetylcholine accumulated in the hippocampus on the lesioned side were not significantly different from those on the contralateral unlesioned side or from values measured in animals treated with cytochrome c, a control protein.	Choline	108-115	nerve growth factor	Homo sapiens	36-55
1448201-6	1992	First, in nerve growth factor-treated animals administered the general stimulant pentylenetetrazole (10 mg/kg) 2 min prior to measuring in vivo cholinergic parameters, we observed a significant increase in the hippocampal content of [2H4]choline in both lesioned and unlesioned hippocampi.	Choline	144-151	nerve growth factor	Homo sapiens	10-29
1448201-8	1992	Although chronic recombinant human nerve growth factor treatment induced increases of hippocampal [2H4]choline levels, there were no concomitant increases in the level of [2H4]acetylcholine.	Choline	103-110	nerve growth factor	Homo sapiens	35-54
1530638-3	1992	The binding mode of n-C12PC to the PLA2 was clearly indicated, where the dodecyl chain was stably held by the hydrophobic contacts with the N-terminal region of PLA2 (Leu-2, Phe-5, and Ile-9), and the choline moiety was contacted with the hydrophobic space created by the side chains of Lys-53 and 56.	Choline	201-208	LOC104974671	Bos taurus	35-39
1530638-3	1992	The binding mode of n-C12PC to the PLA2 was clearly indicated, where the dodecyl chain was stably held by the hydrophobic contacts with the N-terminal region of PLA2 (Leu-2, Phe-5, and Ile-9), and the choline moiety was contacted with the hydrophobic space created by the side chains of Lys-53 and 56.	Choline	201-208	LOC104974671	Bos taurus	161-165
1323272-7	1992	Vasopressin stimulated an increase in formation of choline, but not of phosphocholine, suggesting that PLD was the major catalytic route of PtdCho hydrolysis in this cell line.	Choline	51-58	arginine vasopressin	Homo sapiens	0-11
1494919-1	1992	In physiological conditions, there is a net transport of choline from brain to blood, despite the fact that the choline concentration is higher in plasma than in CSF.	Choline	112-119	colony stimulating factor 2	Bos taurus	162-165
1432975-4	1992	Incorporation of label from alkylacetyl-glycerol and choline chloride into lyso-PAF was also observed, suggesting a role for lyso-PAF in the metabolism of embryo-derived PAF.	Choline	53-69	patchy fur	Mus musculus	80-83
1323272-7	1992	Vasopressin stimulated an increase in formation of choline, but not of phosphocholine, suggesting that PLD was the major catalytic route of PtdCho hydrolysis in this cell line.	Choline	51-58	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	103-106
1511334-7	1992	As previously, cholinergic differentiation was measured by two markers: choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and high-affinity choline uptake.	Choline	15-22	choline O-acetyltransferase	Gallus gallus	72-97
1338897-0	1992	Actions of ginsenoside Rb1 on choline uptake in central cholinergic nerve endings.	Choline	30-37	RB transcriptional corepressor 1	Rattus norvegicus	23-26
1338897-3	1992	In the present studies, analysis of choline uptake kinetics indicated that Rb1 increased the maximum velocity of choline uptake, while the affinity of the choline uptake carrier for choline (Km) was not significantly altered.	Choline	36-43	RB transcriptional corepressor 1	Rattus norvegicus	75-78
1338897-3	1992	In the present studies, analysis of choline uptake kinetics indicated that Rb1 increased the maximum velocity of choline uptake, while the affinity of the choline uptake carrier for choline (Km) was not significantly altered.	Choline	113-120	RB transcriptional corepressor 1	Rattus norvegicus	75-78
1338897-3	1992	In the present studies, analysis of choline uptake kinetics indicated that Rb1 increased the maximum velocity of choline uptake, while the affinity of the choline uptake carrier for choline (Km) was not significantly altered.	Choline	113-120	RB transcriptional corepressor 1	Rattus norvegicus	75-78
1338897-3	1992	In the present studies, analysis of choline uptake kinetics indicated that Rb1 increased the maximum velocity of choline uptake, while the affinity of the choline uptake carrier for choline (Km) was not significantly altered.	Choline	113-120	RB transcriptional corepressor 1	Rattus norvegicus	75-78
1338897-5	1992	However, chronic (3 day) administration of Rb1 did increase the number of choline uptake sites in the hippocampus, and to a lesser extent in the cortex.	Choline	74-81	RB transcriptional corepressor 1	Rattus norvegicus	43-46
1633856-4	1992	Expression of in vitro transcribed CHOT1 RNA in Xenopus oocytes generated Na(+)-dependent choline uptake, which was not seen in control oocytes.	Choline	90-97	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	35-40
1504265-7	1992	The conformation of AChE-bound choline must be gauche to support our suggestion that hemicholiniums are conformationally constrained analogues of choline.	Choline	31-38	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	20-24
1573390-0	1992	Effects of choline and quiescence on Drosophila choline acetyltransferase expression and acetylcholine production by transduced rat fibroblasts.	Choline	11-18	Choline acetyltransferase	Drosophila melanogaster	48-73
1573390-8	1992	These results indicate that Rat-1 fibroblasts can be genetically modified to produce ACh and that ACh release can be controlled by introducing choline into the culture medium.	Choline	143-150	Rat1 5'-3' exoribonuclease	Drosophila melanogaster	28-33
1497415-1	1992	Acetylcholinesterase (AChe) hydrolyses acetylcholine to choline and acetate, thereby inactivating the neurotransmitter.	Choline	6-13	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	22-26
1504265-7	1992	The conformation of AChE-bound choline must be gauche to support our suggestion that hemicholiniums are conformationally constrained analogues of choline.	Choline	146-153	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	20-24
1504265-12	1992	18, 292-300] that the active site of AChE has ample space for rotation about the C-C bond in choline.	Choline	93-100	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	37-41
1567834-1	1992	The amino acid sequence of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH), a phosphatidyl-choline-dependent enzyme, has been determined for the enzyme from rat liver by a combination of nucleotide sequencing of cDNA clones and amino acid sequencing of the purified protein.	Choline	86-93	3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	27-63
1567834-1	1992	The amino acid sequence of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH), a phosphatidyl-choline-dependent enzyme, has been determined for the enzyme from rat liver by a combination of nucleotide sequencing of cDNA clones and amino acid sequencing of the purified protein.	Choline	86-93	3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	65-68
1560381-0	1992	Impaired expression of microsomal cytochrome P450 2C11 in choline-deficient rat liver during the development of cirrhosis.	Choline	58-65	cytochrome P450, subfamily 2, polypeptide 11	Rattus norvegicus	34-54
1602966-7	1992	The osmoprotective derivatives of phosphorylcholine which induce the synthesis of PLC in P. aeruginosa include choline, glycine betaine, and dimethylglycine, but not sarcosine (monomethylglycine) or glycine.	Choline	44-51	heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2	Homo sapiens	82-85
1313419-18	1992	These results suggest that the choline base exchange activity of liver PM is regulated by a pertussis toxin-insensitive G-protein linked to P2Y purinergic receptors.	Choline	31-38	purinergic receptor P2Y1	Rattus norvegicus	140-143
1311273-5	1992	Removal of Na+ (choline substitution) from the serosal perfusate during acid exposure likewise caused a significant decrease in pHi, as did serosal addition of an inhibitor of Na+/H+ antiport, 1 mmol/L amiloride.	Choline	16-23	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Homo sapiens	128-131
1313970-1	1992	A 34 base-pair (bp) fragment spanning sequences -154 to -120 of the promoter of the CHO1 gene (structural gene for phosphatidylserine synthase) from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been shown to place transcription of a promoter-less Escherichia coli lacZ gene under control of the phospholipid precursors inositol and choline.	Choline	326-333	CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	84-88
1625817-3	1992	We studied the relationship between the dominant occipital rhythm of the lifetime EEG and the choline acetyltransferase activity (ChAT) and monoamine concentrations in the postmortem thalamus of 20 histologically verified AD patients.	Choline	94-101	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	130-134
1587797-4	1992	In CSE1, the level of inositol-1-phosphate synthase was low and was greatly repressed on the addition of choline alone.	Choline	105-112	importin-alpha export receptor	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	3-7
1587797-5	1992	In accordance with this, INO1 mRNA encoding the enzyme was low even under the depressed conditions and was profoundly decreased by choline in CSE1.	Choline	131-138	inositol-3-phosphate synthase INO1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	25-29
1587797-5	1992	In accordance with this, INO1 mRNA encoding the enzyme was low even under the depressed conditions and was profoundly decreased by choline in CSE1.	Choline	131-138	importin-alpha export receptor	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	142-146
1587797-8	1992	lacZ expression was repressed not only by inositol, but also by choline in CSE1, whereas it was repressed by inositol, but only slightly by choline in the wild type.	Choline	64-71	importin-alpha export receptor	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	75-79
1729418-5	1992	When endogenous adenosine was degraded by addition of adenosine deaminase, the light-evoked release of radioactivity derived from [3H]choline was significantly increased compared with control values.	Choline	134-141	adenosine deaminase	Oryctolagus cuniculus	54-73
1354733-4	1992	However, on replacement of all but 20 mM Na+ with either Li+ or choline, the THP- or carbachol-induced relaxation was inhibited.	Choline	64-71	uromodulin	Rattus norvegicus	77-80
1539683-8	1992	Desensitization of protein kinase C by overnight treatment of cells with PMA blocked subsequent VP-stimulated formation of phosphatidylethanol and release of [3H]choline.	Choline	162-169	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	96-98
1539683-9	1992	When cells were simultaneously treated with VP and PMA, additive effects on phosphatidylethanol formation and [3H]choline release were observed.	Choline	114-121	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	44-46
1327185-4	1992	It is supposed that choline-containing plasmalogenic and acyl PAF analogs may act as specific lipid mediators of the neutrophil function.	Choline	20-27	PCNA clamp associated factor	Homo sapiens	62-65
1542430-4	1992	The DAP was blocked when choline replaced all extracellular Na+; there was a hyperpolarizing shift in apparent reversal potential when extracellular Na+ was lowered.	Choline	25-32	death associated protein	Homo sapiens	4-7
1541325-3	1992	This delayed peak of 1,2-diacylglycerol generation was associated with a concomitant increase in choline formation, suggesting that stimulation of mesangial cells with angiotensin II causes a phospholipase D-mediated phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis.	Choline	97-104	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	168-182
1541325-5	1992	The production of choline and phosphatidylethanol stimulated by angiotensin II was completely blocked by the angiotensin II AT1 receptor-selective antagonist DuP 753 with an IC50 value of 8 nM, but not by the angiotensin II AT2 receptor selective ligand CGP 42112A.	Choline	18-25	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	64-78
1541325-5	1992	The production of choline and phosphatidylethanol stimulated by angiotensin II was completely blocked by the angiotensin II AT1 receptor-selective antagonist DuP 753 with an IC50 value of 8 nM, but not by the angiotensin II AT2 receptor selective ligand CGP 42112A.	Choline	18-25	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	109-123
1541325-5	1992	The production of choline and phosphatidylethanol stimulated by angiotensin II was completely blocked by the angiotensin II AT1 receptor-selective antagonist DuP 753 with an IC50 value of 8 nM, but not by the angiotensin II AT2 receptor selective ligand CGP 42112A.	Choline	18-25	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	109-123
1451237-5	1992	Both SRI and HPC were slowly metabolised by phospholipase D to their alkyl phosphates and choline, and the alkyl phosphates were subsequently metabolised by phosphatase to yield the alcohols and inorganic phosphate.	Choline	90-97	sorcin	Rattus norvegicus	5-8
1662619-4	1991	Three lines of evidence indicate phospholipase A2 activity to be involved in arachidonic acid release: (a) its inhibition by mepacrine, (b) the concomitant generation of lysophosphatidylcholine from [3H]choline-labeled cells and (c) an increase in arachidonic acid release from 14C-labeled phosphatidylcholine in particulate fractions from PMA-treated and bradykinin-treated keratinocytes.	Choline	186-193	phospholipase A2, group IB, pancreas	Mus musculus	33-49
1777989-3	1991	Acetylcholine or butyrylcholine, in the presence of samples containing acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase are specifically hydrolyzed, the formation of choline being detected vs time by the sensor with no need for a selective inhibitor.	Choline	6-13	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	71-91
1777989-3	1991	Acetylcholine or butyrylcholine, in the presence of samples containing acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase are specifically hydrolyzed, the formation of choline being detected vs time by the sensor with no need for a selective inhibitor.	Choline	6-13	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	95-116
1819700-2	1991	Detailed quantitative hapten inhibition studies showed specificity for the acetyl group at C-2 of PAF, a requirement for the ether linkage at C-1 and some tolerance for substituents on the choline nitrogen.	Choline	189-196	PCNA clamp associated factor	Homo sapiens	98-101
1816325-16	1991	More subtle effects of the ethanolamine/choline analogue, for example interference by the increased amount of phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, in the process of assembly of lipids with apoB remain a possibility.	Choline	40-47	apolipoprotein B	Rattus norvegicus	188-192
1657994-3	1991	When acini were incubated with [3H]choline in the presence of 1 nM CCK-octapeptide (CCK8) for 60 min, the incorporations of [3H]choline into both water-soluble choline metabolites and PC in acini were reduced by CCK8 to 74 and 41% of control, respectively.	Choline	35-42	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	67-70
1657994-3	1991	When acini were incubated with [3H]choline in the presence of 1 nM CCK-octapeptide (CCK8) for 60 min, the incorporations of [3H]choline into both water-soluble choline metabolites and PC in acini were reduced by CCK8 to 74 and 41% of control, respectively.	Choline	128-135	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	67-70
1657994-3	1991	When acini were incubated with [3H]choline in the presence of 1 nM CCK-octapeptide (CCK8) for 60 min, the incorporations of [3H]choline into both water-soluble choline metabolites and PC in acini were reduced by CCK8 to 74 and 41% of control, respectively.	Choline	128-135	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	67-70
1667338-4	1991	The electrically evoked [3H]acetylcholine release from jejunal longitudinal muscle strips with myenteric plexus attached of the guinea-pig, which were incubated with [3H]choline, was concentration-dependently inhibited by CGRP.	Choline	34-41	calcitonin related polypeptide alpha	Homo sapiens	222-226
1657994-16	1991	These results indicate that CCK inhibits PC synthesis by inducing both the reduction of choline uptake into acini and the inhibition of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase activity.	Choline	88-95	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	28-31
1954254-3	1991	The addition of choline to inositol-containing growth medium repressed the levels of CHO2 mRNA and OPI3 mRNA abundance in wild-type cells.	Choline	16-23	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	85-89
1954254-3	1991	The addition of choline to inositol-containing growth medium repressed the levels of CHO2 mRNA and OPI3 mRNA abundance in wild-type cells.	Choline	16-23	bifunctional phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase/phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	99-103
1954254-7	1991	CHO2 mRNA and OPI3 mRNA were regulated by inositol plus choline in opi3 and cho2 mutants, respectively.	Choline	56-63	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
1954254-7	1991	CHO2 mRNA and OPI3 mRNA were regulated by inositol plus choline in opi3 and cho2 mutants, respectively.	Choline	56-63	bifunctional phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase/phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	14-18
1954254-7	1991	CHO2 mRNA and OPI3 mRNA were regulated by inositol plus choline in opi3 and cho2 mutants, respectively.	Choline	56-63	bifunctional phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase/phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	67-71
1954254-7	1991	CHO2 mRNA and OPI3 mRNA were regulated by inositol plus choline in opi3 and cho2 mutants, respectively.	Choline	56-63	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	76-80
1954254-9	1991	This analysis showed that the regulation of CHO2 mRNA and OPI3 mRNA abundance by inositol required phosphatidylcholine synthesis by the CDP-choline-based pathway.	Choline	111-118	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	44-48
1954254-9	1991	This analysis showed that the regulation of CHO2 mRNA and OPI3 mRNA abundance by inositol required phosphatidylcholine synthesis by the CDP-choline-based pathway.	Choline	111-118	bifunctional phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase/phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	58-62
1659382-8	1991	Down-regulation of protein kinase C (PKC), by pre-treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, abolished both [3H]choline and [3H]PtdBut formation, suggesting that PLD-catalysed PtdCho hydrolysis may be dependent on PKC activation, supporting its dependence on prior PtdIns(4,5)P2 hydrolysis.	Choline	117-124	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	167-170
1656217-3	1991	Consistent with this observation, v-Src increased the level of intracellular choline.	Choline	77-84	Rous sarcoma oncogene	Mus musculus	36-39
1910818-1	1991	Epidermal growth factor (EGF) increases the rate of choline incorporation into disaturated phosphatidylcholine in cultured fetal rat type II cells via an indirect mechanism.	Choline	52-59	epidermal growth factor like 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-23
1910818-1	1991	Epidermal growth factor (EGF) increases the rate of choline incorporation into disaturated phosphatidylcholine in cultured fetal rat type II cells via an indirect mechanism.	Choline	52-59	epidermal growth factor like 1	Rattus norvegicus	25-28
1892885-8	1991	The activity of phospholipase A in cytosol, mitochondria and microsomes isolated from choline-deficient rat liver was similar to the activity in control liver, when determined with [3H]PC vesicles as the substrate.	Choline	86-93	phospholipase A and acyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	16-31
1892885-9	1991	Measurement of the activity of phospholipase A with endogenously [3H]choline-labeled PC showed that the formation of lysoPC in mitochondria isolated form choline-supplemented cells was 40% lower than in choline-deficient cells.	Choline	69-76	phospholipase A and acyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	31-46
1892885-9	1991	Measurement of the activity of phospholipase A with endogenously [3H]choline-labeled PC showed that the formation of lysoPC in mitochondria isolated form choline-supplemented cells was 40% lower than in choline-deficient cells.	Choline	154-161	phospholipase A and acyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	31-46
1892885-9	1991	Measurement of the activity of phospholipase A with endogenously [3H]choline-labeled PC showed that the formation of lysoPC in mitochondria isolated form choline-supplemented cells was 40% lower than in choline-deficient cells.	Choline	154-161	phospholipase A and acyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	31-46
1892886-6	1991	Supplementation of choline-deficient rat hepatocytes, prelabeled with [3H]choline, with dimethylethanolamine increased the catabolism of PC by 1.6-fold after 6 h. This effect was accompanied by a 2.5-fold increase in the production of [3H]glycerophosphocholine (GPC).	Choline	19-26	glycophorin C	Rattus norvegicus	262-265
1649743-7	1991	The increase in pHi was dependent upon the presence of Na+o, since the EGF effect was attenuated when Na+o was substituted with equimolar concentrations of nonpermeant choline chloride.	Choline	168-184	epidermal growth factor	Gallus gallus	71-74
1652451-8	1991	Second, we added apolipoprotein-B (apo-B) in phosphatidyl choline vesicles to the cells and observed a concentration-dependent increase in dye transfer (maximum effect at 2.5 micrograms protein/ml) and a fivefold increase in the number of aggregated gap junction particles per cell.	Choline	58-65	apolipoprotein B	Homo sapiens	17-33
1788877-3	1991	The rate of disappearance of labelled phosphatidylcholine in adrenocortical cells prelabelled with [3H] choline was lower in cells obtained from PRL-treated animals.	Choline	50-57	prolactin	Cavia porcellus	145-148
1650460-4	1991	Formation of the INO2/INO4-dependent complexes was increased when extracts prepared from cells grown under derepressing conditions (i.e. absence of inositol and choline).	Choline	161-168	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	17-21
1650460-4	1991	Formation of the INO2/INO4-dependent complexes was increased when extracts prepared from cells grown under derepressing conditions (i.e. absence of inositol and choline).	Choline	161-168	Ino4p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	22-26
1854804-1	1991	The major route of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) biosynthesis in mammalian cells is the sequence: choline (Cho)----phosphocholine (PCho)----cytidinediphosphate choline (CDP-Cho)----PtdCho.	Choline	31-38	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	168-171
2061317-1	1991	The major route of phosphatidylcholine (Ptd-choline) biosynthesis in mammalian cells is the CDP-choline pathway which involves stepwise conversion of choline to phosphocholine (P-choline), cytidine diphosphate choline (CDP-choline), and Ptd-choline.	Choline	31-38	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	92-95
2061317-1	1991	The major route of phosphatidylcholine (Ptd-choline) biosynthesis in mammalian cells is the CDP-choline pathway which involves stepwise conversion of choline to phosphocholine (P-choline), cytidine diphosphate choline (CDP-choline), and Ptd-choline.	Choline	31-38	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	219-222
1708903-7	1991	Suppression of renin secretion was seen when most of the Na was replaced by Rb or choline, but not when Cl was replaced with isethionate or acetate.	Choline	82-89	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: renin	Oryctolagus cuniculus	15-20
2072091-3	1991	Moreover, the choline concentration in the CSF and brain tissue was doubled.	Choline	14-21	colony stimulating factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	43-46
2061317-9	1991	In EP cells incubated at 1.8 mM Ca2+ the water-soluble products of choline metabolism (choline, P-choline, CDP-choline, and glycerophosphocholine) were retained at 37 degrees C; in contrast, in the presence of 100 nM Ca2+ there was uniform leakage of these metabolites.	Choline	67-74	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	107-110
2061317-11	1991	These results suggest that channeling of intermediates in the CDP-choline pathway of Ptd-choline biosynthesis in glioma cells is mediated by intracellular Ca2+ levels that may coordinately regulate the steps involved in conversion of choline to Ptd-choline.	Choline	66-73	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	62-65
2061317-11	1991	These results suggest that channeling of intermediates in the CDP-choline pathway of Ptd-choline biosynthesis in glioma cells is mediated by intracellular Ca2+ levels that may coordinately regulate the steps involved in conversion of choline to Ptd-choline.	Choline	89-96	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	62-65
2061317-11	1991	These results suggest that channeling of intermediates in the CDP-choline pathway of Ptd-choline biosynthesis in glioma cells is mediated by intracellular Ca2+ levels that may coordinately regulate the steps involved in conversion of choline to Ptd-choline.	Choline	89-96	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	62-65
1920900-2	1991	When acini were incubated with [3H] choline in the presence of 1 nM CCK-octapeptide (CCK8) for 60 min, the incorporations of [3H] choline to both water soluble choline metabolites and PC in acini were reduced by CCK8 to 74% and 41% of control, respectively.	Choline	36-43	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	68-71
1920900-2	1991	When acini were incubated with [3H] choline in the presence of 1 nM CCK-octapeptide (CCK8) for 60 min, the incorporations of [3H] choline to both water soluble choline metabolites and PC in acini were reduced by CCK8 to 74% and 41% of control, respectively.	Choline	130-137	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	68-71
1920900-2	1991	When acini were incubated with [3H] choline in the presence of 1 nM CCK-octapeptide (CCK8) for 60 min, the incorporations of [3H] choline to both water soluble choline metabolites and PC in acini were reduced by CCK8 to 74% and 41% of control, respectively.	Choline	130-137	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	68-71
1920900-6	1991	These results suggest that CCK inhibits PC synthesis by inducing both the reduction of choline uptake into acini and the inhibition of CTP: phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase activity.	Choline	87-94	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	27-30
1710985-2	1991	Dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (Me2GlyDH), an enzyme of choline catabolism specifically expressed in the mammalian liver, was analyzed in rat hepatocytes in culture.	Choline	55-62	dimethylglycine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-29
1710985-2	1991	Dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (Me2GlyDH), an enzyme of choline catabolism specifically expressed in the mammalian liver, was analyzed in rat hepatocytes in culture.	Choline	55-62	dimethylglycine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	31-39
19215464-6	1991	IL cells incubated in the presence of [(14)C]choline (1 muM) were able to synthesize [(14)C]ACh and the accumulation of the new ACh was inhibited by hemicholinium-3 (30 muM), a competitive inhibitor of high affinity choline uptake at cholinergic nerve terminals.	Choline	45-52	latexin	Homo sapiens	56-59
2037586-6	1991	Stimulation with BK resulted in the rapid and synchronous formation of [3H]choline and [3H]myristoyl-PA from the correspondingly prelabeled PC, indicative of phospholipase D (PLD) activity.	Choline	75-82	kininogen 1	Homo sapiens	17-19
2037586-6	1991	Stimulation with BK resulted in the rapid and synchronous formation of [3H]choline and [3H]myristoyl-PA from the correspondingly prelabeled PC, indicative of phospholipase D (PLD) activity.	Choline	75-82	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	158-173
2058696-4	1991	pHi recovered in the presence of Na+ with an initial rate (dpHi/dt) of 0.15 min-1, which was reduced by 67% when Na+ was replaced by choline, unaffected by substitution of gluconate for Cl-, reduced 40% in the presence of 4,4"-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2"-disulfonic acid (DIDS, 500 microM), and unchanged by amiloride (1 mM).	Choline	133-140	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Homo sapiens	0-3
1933404-4	1991	BEP, as well as BETA, was a linear noncompetitive inhibitor of ChA with respect to both substrates, acetylcoenzyme A and choline.	Choline	121-128	choline O-acetyltransferase	Bos taurus	63-66
1878995-4	1991	Gene disruption of HNM1 revealed that this gene is non-essential for cells prototrophic for choline (CHO1) but lethal for cells with a cho1 genotype.	Choline	92-99	Hnm1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	19-23
1878995-5	1991	Sensitivity to nitrogen mustard of wild-type HNM1, but not of hnm1 mutants, depends on the choline content of the growth medium, with cells grown in choline-free medium exhibiting the highest sensitivity.	Choline	91-98	Hnm1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	45-49
1878995-5	1991	Sensitivity to nitrogen mustard of wild-type HNM1, but not of hnm1 mutants, depends on the choline content of the growth medium, with cells grown in choline-free medium exhibiting the highest sensitivity.	Choline	149-156	Hnm1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	45-49
1878995-6	1991	Sequencing of a 300 bp DNA fragment of HNM1 revealed the identity of this gene with the CTR locus, which is responsible for choline transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Choline	124-131	Hnm1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	39-43
19215464-6	1991	IL cells incubated in the presence of [(14)C]choline (1 muM) were able to synthesize [(14)C]ACh and the accumulation of the new ACh was inhibited by hemicholinium-3 (30 muM), a competitive inhibitor of high affinity choline uptake at cholinergic nerve terminals.	Choline	216-223	latexin	Homo sapiens	56-59
19215464-6	1991	IL cells incubated in the presence of [(14)C]choline (1 muM) were able to synthesize [(14)C]ACh and the accumulation of the new ACh was inhibited by hemicholinium-3 (30 muM), a competitive inhibitor of high affinity choline uptake at cholinergic nerve terminals.	Choline	45-52	latexin	Homo sapiens	169-172
1903932-8	1991	The protein kinase C activator phorbol myristate acetate also stimulated a large release of choline after a 5 min lag, which was unaffected by the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin, but was additive with AngII stimulation.	Choline	92-99	angiotensinogen	Homo sapiens	195-200
1935836-7	1991	An inhibition of [3H]choline uptake and incorporation into phospholipids of fetal human lung explants and fetal lung type II pneumonocytes was induced by PAF.	Choline	21-28	PCNA clamp associated factor	Homo sapiens	154-157
2036453-1	1991	The previous claims by others of a novel choline transfer reaction involving CDP-choline and leading to the conversion of [U-14C]glycero-3-phosphate to glycero-3-phosphocholine in liver sub-cellular fractions could not be confirmed.	Choline	41-48	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	77-80
1956285-0	1991	DNA sequence and analysis of the bet genes encoding the osmoregulatory choline-glycine betaine pathway of Escherichia coli.	Choline	71-78	putative DNA recombination protein Bet	Escherichia coli	33-36
1908432-2	1991	The onset of the PRL stimulation of radiolabeled-precursor incorporation into lipids occurred between 1 and 4 hours after PRL addition to Nb2 cells; precursors employed included [14C]-acetate, [3H]-glycerol, [32P]O4, [3H]-choline, [3H]-ethanolamine, [3H]-serine and [3H]-myoinositol.	Choline	222-229	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	17-20
1713998-15	1991	Intracerebroventricular choline (150 micrograms) increased plasma vasopressin (VP) levels from 2.2 +/- 0.4 to 25.6 +/- 2.5 pg/ml.	Choline	24-31	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	66-77
1713998-15	1991	Intracerebroventricular choline (150 micrograms) increased plasma vasopressin (VP) levels from 2.2 +/- 0.4 to 25.6 +/- 2.5 pg/ml.	Choline	24-31	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	79-81
1880270-1	1991	Two experiments were conducted to test the effects of graded amounts of rumen-protected choline on milk yield and composition in lactating dairy cows fed 40% corn silage and 60% concentrate diets (DM basis).	Choline	88-95	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	99-103
1880270-3	1991	Increasing choline had no effect on DMI and tended to increase milk yield only from 1 to 2.2 kg/d.	Choline	11-18	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	63-67
1880270-4	1991	Milk fat percentage was reduced in the .078% choline treatment and increased to control levels thereafter with .156 and .234% choline.	Choline	45-52	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	0-4
1880270-4	1991	Milk fat percentage was reduced in the .078% choline treatment and increased to control levels thereafter with .156 and .234% choline.	Choline	126-133	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	0-4
1880270-8	1991	Increasing dietary choline to .24% linearly increased milk yield 2.6 kg/d, although it had no consistent effects on milk fat or protein percentage.	Choline	19-26	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	54-58
1880270-9	1991	There was only a slight tendency for greater responses in milk yield to dietary choline with lower dietary CP.	Choline	80-87	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	58-62
1880270-10	1991	Data from these experiments confirm earlier results with postruminal choline infusions, suggesting that choline may be a limiting nutrient for milk production.	Choline	104-111	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	143-147
1956285-1	1991	The sequence was determined of 6493 nucleotides encompassing the bet genes of Escherichia coli which encode the osmoregulatory choline-glycine betaine pathway.	Choline	127-134	putative DNA recombination protein Bet	Escherichia coli	65-68
1956285-2	1991	Four open reading frames were identified: betA encoding choline dehydrogenase, a flavoprotein of 61.9kDa; betB encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (52.8kDa); betT encoding a proton-motive-force-driven, high-affinity transport system for choline (75.8kDa); and betl, capable of encoding a protein of 21.8kDa, implicated as a repressor involved in choline regulation of the bet genes.	Choline	56-63	putative DNA recombination protein Bet	Escherichia coli	42-45
1956285-2	1991	Four open reading frames were identified: betA encoding choline dehydrogenase, a flavoprotein of 61.9kDa; betB encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (52.8kDa); betT encoding a proton-motive-force-driven, high-affinity transport system for choline (75.8kDa); and betl, capable of encoding a protein of 21.8kDa, implicated as a repressor involved in choline regulation of the bet genes.	Choline	241-248	putative DNA recombination protein Bet	Escherichia coli	42-45
2016306-7	1991	The 1-lyso-2-acetyl-GPC formed in this reaction is then further degraded to glycerophosphocholine, choline, or phosphocholine.	Choline	90-97	glycophorin C (Gerbich blood group)	Homo sapiens	20-23
2027776-5	1991	All INO1 fusion constructs that retained regulation in response to the phospholipid precursors inositol and choline, contained at least one copy of a nine bp repeated element (consensus, 5"-ATGTG-AAAT-3").	Choline	108-115	inositol-3-phosphate synthase INO1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
2012204-6	1991	Addition of choline chloride decreased renin secretion from 42.7 to 16.6 nGU/min, and RbCl decreased renin secretion from 54.9 to 17.0 nGU/min.	Choline	12-28	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: renin	Oryctolagus cuniculus	39-44
1829383-1	1991	The activities of PLD and PLC were examined in purified mast cells by quantitating the mass of the water-soluble hydrolysis products choline and phosphorylcholine, respectively.	Choline	133-140	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	18-21
1903932-4	1991	AngII induced a concentration-dependent release of choline from VSMC that was significant at 2 min and was sustained over 20 min.	Choline	51-58	angiotensinogen	Homo sapiens	0-5
2010061-9	1991	In the choline-deficient group, serum alanine aminotransferase activity increased steadily from a mean of 0.42 mukat/liter to a mean of 0.62 mukat/liter during the 3-wk period when a choline-deficient diet was ingested; no such change occurred in the control group.	Choline	7-14	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	38-62
2010061-9	1991	In the choline-deficient group, serum alanine aminotransferase activity increased steadily from a mean of 0.42 mukat/liter to a mean of 0.62 mukat/liter during the 3-wk period when a choline-deficient diet was ingested; no such change occurred in the control group.	Choline	183-190	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	38-62
1829383-3	1991	Activating mast cells by crosslinking its immunoglobulin E receptor (Fc epsilon-RI) resulted in an increase in cellular choline from 13.1 +/- 1.2 pmol/10(6) mast cells (mean +/- SE in unstimulated cells) to levels 5- to 10-fold higher, peaking 20 s after stimulation and rapidly returning toward baseline.	Choline	120-127	Fc epsilon receptor Ia	Homo sapiens	69-82
2019995-0	1991	Hemicholinium-3 derivatives A-4 and A-5 alter choline metabolism in NB41A3 neuroblastoma cells.	Choline	46-53	laminin, alpha 5	Mus musculus	36-39
2019995-1	1991	A-4, A-5 and HC-3 are experimental bis tertiary and quaternary amines which have been shown to be potent inhibitors of the sodium-dependent, high affinity choline uptake system.	Choline	155-162	ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit A4	Mus musculus	0-3
2019995-1	1991	A-4, A-5 and HC-3 are experimental bis tertiary and quaternary amines which have been shown to be potent inhibitors of the sodium-dependent, high affinity choline uptake system.	Choline	155-162	laminin, alpha 5	Mus musculus	5-8
2019995-2	1991	When incubated with neuroblastoma cells, experimental compounds A-4, A-5 and HC-3 inhibit choline metabolism.	Choline	90-97	ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit A4	Mus musculus	64-67
2019995-2	1991	When incubated with neuroblastoma cells, experimental compounds A-4, A-5 and HC-3 inhibit choline metabolism.	Choline	90-97	laminin, alpha 5	Mus musculus	69-72
2019995-3	1991	Over a 24-hr incubation, A-4, A-5 and HC-3 produced a significant decrease in total choline accumulation, choline incorporation into phospholipid and free choline content.	Choline	84-91	ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit A4	Mus musculus	25-28
2019995-3	1991	Over a 24-hr incubation, A-4, A-5 and HC-3 produced a significant decrease in total choline accumulation, choline incorporation into phospholipid and free choline content.	Choline	84-91	laminin, alpha 5	Mus musculus	30-33
2019995-3	1991	Over a 24-hr incubation, A-4, A-5 and HC-3 produced a significant decrease in total choline accumulation, choline incorporation into phospholipid and free choline content.	Choline	106-113	ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit A4	Mus musculus	25-28
2019995-3	1991	Over a 24-hr incubation, A-4, A-5 and HC-3 produced a significant decrease in total choline accumulation, choline incorporation into phospholipid and free choline content.	Choline	106-113	laminin, alpha 5	Mus musculus	30-33
2019995-3	1991	Over a 24-hr incubation, A-4, A-5 and HC-3 produced a significant decrease in total choline accumulation, choline incorporation into phospholipid and free choline content.	Choline	106-113	ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit A4	Mus musculus	25-28
2019995-3	1991	Over a 24-hr incubation, A-4, A-5 and HC-3 produced a significant decrease in total choline accumulation, choline incorporation into phospholipid and free choline content.	Choline	106-113	laminin, alpha 5	Mus musculus	30-33
2019995-8	1991	A-4, A-5 and HC-3 produce significant decreases in choline metabolism; however, the cells are able to maintain membrane integrity by decreasing turnover of phosphatidylcholine and increasing phosphatidylcholine synthesis through the methylation pathway.	Choline	51-58	ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit A4	Mus musculus	0-3
2019995-8	1991	A-4, A-5 and HC-3 produce significant decreases in choline metabolism; however, the cells are able to maintain membrane integrity by decreasing turnover of phosphatidylcholine and increasing phosphatidylcholine synthesis through the methylation pathway.	Choline	51-58	laminin, alpha 5	Mus musculus	5-8
2040077-11	1991	Insulin also stimulated choline uptake but only after a two day delay, suggesting that the normal program for cholinergic differentiation in the chick retina was induced by insulin.	Choline	24-31	insulin	Gallus gallus	0-7
1672313-4	1991	This experimental rearrangement of domains might mimic the process that have generated the choline-dependent CPL1 lysozyme of phage Cp-1 during evolution, providing additional support to the modular theory of protein evolution.	Choline	91-98	lysozyme	Streptococcus phage Cp1	109-113
2040077-11	1991	Insulin also stimulated choline uptake but only after a two day delay, suggesting that the normal program for cholinergic differentiation in the chick retina was induced by insulin.	Choline	24-31	insulin	Gallus gallus	173-180
1872466-8	1991	N. naja phospholipase A2 showed less preference for phosphatidylethanolamine than -choline as liposomes or yeast phospholipid as compared to human synovial fluid phospholipase A2 which clearly preferred phosphatidylethanolamine to -choline as a liposome or yeast phospholipid.	Choline	83-90	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	8-24
1847919-3	1991	A haploid cpt1 ept1 double null mutant lacked detectable choline- and ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity but was viable for growth, establishing that these enzymes are nonessential.	Choline	57-64	diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	10-14
1847919-3	1991	A haploid cpt1 ept1 double null mutant lacked detectable choline- and ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity but was viable for growth, establishing that these enzymes are nonessential.	Choline	57-64	bifunctional diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase/ethanolaminephosphotransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	15-19
1847919-7	1991	The EPT1 gene product utilized CDP-ethanolamine, -monomethylethanolamine, -dimethylethanolamine, and -choline to significant extents, while the CPT1 gene product manifested relative specificity for CDP-choline and -dimethylethanolamine.	Choline	102-109	bifunctional diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase/ethanolaminephosphotransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
2042942-10	1991	Choline acetyltransferase activities correlated significantly with the KL/KH ratios (r = 0.73, p less than 0.001).	Choline	0-7	klotho	Homo sapiens	71-73
2054651-0	1991	Effects of calmodulin antagonists on sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake.	Choline	68-75	calmodulin 1	Rattus norvegicus	11-21
2065716-0	1991	Hemicholinium-3 derivatives A-4 and A-5 affect choline and acetylcholine metabolism.	Choline	47-54	ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit A4	Mus musculus	28-31
1997207-4	1991	The antagonistic action of the CKI gene product on SEC14p function revealed a previously unsuspected influence of biosynthetic activities of the CDP-choline pathway for PC biosynthesis on yeast Golgi function and indicated that SEC14p controls the phospholipid content of yeast Golgi membranes in vivo.	Choline	149-156	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	51-57
2065716-0	1991	Hemicholinium-3 derivatives A-4 and A-5 affect choline and acetylcholine metabolism.	Choline	47-54	laminin, alpha 5	Mus musculus	36-39
2065716-2	1991	A-4, A-5 and HC-3 produce dose-dependent inhibition of high-affinity choline transport in NG108-15 cells.	Choline	69-76	ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit A4	Mus musculus	0-3
2065716-2	1991	A-4, A-5 and HC-3 produce dose-dependent inhibition of high-affinity choline transport in NG108-15 cells.	Choline	69-76	laminin, alpha 5	Mus musculus	5-8
2065716-4	1991	However, when additional inhibitor was added during the 24 h incubation, significant decreases in choline accumulation were produced by A-4 and A-5.	Choline	98-105	ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit A4	Mus musculus	136-139
2065716-4	1991	However, when additional inhibitor was added during the 24 h incubation, significant decreases in choline accumulation were produced by A-4 and A-5.	Choline	98-105	laminin, alpha 5	Mus musculus	144-147
2065716-5	1991	Following 24 h exposure to each compound, only A-4 was able to significantly affect free choline content.	Choline	89-96	ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit A4	Mus musculus	47-50
1650774-11	1991	Hence CATRTGAA was concluded to play an important role in the myo-inositol-choline regulation of PEM1 and PEM2.	Choline	75-82	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	97-101
2029609-2	1991	In a choline-free medium, 3,4-DAP increased basal and stimulated ACh release while lowering the net efflux of choline; thus while the sum of ACh plus choline released remained constant, the ratio of released ACh to that of choline was increased.	Choline	5-12	death-associated protein	Rattus norvegicus	30-33
2029609-2	1991	In a choline-free medium, 3,4-DAP increased basal and stimulated ACh release while lowering the net efflux of choline; thus while the sum of ACh plus choline released remained constant, the ratio of released ACh to that of choline was increased.	Choline	110-117	death-associated protein	Rattus norvegicus	30-33
2029609-2	1991	In a choline-free medium, 3,4-DAP increased basal and stimulated ACh release while lowering the net efflux of choline; thus while the sum of ACh plus choline released remained constant, the ratio of released ACh to that of choline was increased.	Choline	110-117	death-associated protein	Rattus norvegicus	30-33
2029609-2	1991	In a choline-free medium, 3,4-DAP increased basal and stimulated ACh release while lowering the net efflux of choline; thus while the sum of ACh plus choline released remained constant, the ratio of released ACh to that of choline was increased.	Choline	110-117	death-associated protein	Rattus norvegicus	30-33
2029609-4	1991	In a choline-containing medium, 3,4-DAP potentiated the enhancement by choline of both basal and electrically stimulated ACh release.	Choline	5-12	death-associated protein	Rattus norvegicus	36-39
2029609-4	1991	In a choline-containing medium, 3,4-DAP potentiated the enhancement by choline of both basal and electrically stimulated ACh release.	Choline	71-78	death-associated protein	Rattus norvegicus	36-39
2029609-7	1991	Calcium-dependent activation of high-affinity choline uptake may underlie the observed effects of 3,4-DAP.	Choline	46-53	death-associated protein	Rattus norvegicus	102-105
2059659-4	1991	Inactivation of alpha-thrombin after 1 h of stimulation resulted in 1) an immediate and reversible decline in 1,2-diacylglycerol levels, 2) elimination of the sustained phase of 1,2-diacylglycerol production, 3) inhibition of the alpha-thrombin-stimulated generation of choline metabolites, and 4) a blunted mitogenic response to alpha-thrombin.	Choline	270-277	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	22-30
1650774-11	1991	Hence CATRTGAA was concluded to play an important role in the myo-inositol-choline regulation of PEM1 and PEM2.	Choline	75-82	bifunctional phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase/phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	106-110
1999479-8	1991	In cells labelled with [3H]choline, the water soluble phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis products, phosphorylcholine and choline, were increased 2-fold within 5 minutes of addition of EGF.	Choline	27-34	epidermal growth factor	Homo sapiens	180-183
1999479-8	1991	In cells labelled with [3H]choline, the water soluble phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis products, phosphorylcholine and choline, were increased 2-fold within 5 minutes of addition of EGF.	Choline	66-73	epidermal growth factor	Homo sapiens	180-183
1846517-5	1991	When phospholipid synthesis was monitored by measuring [CH3-3H]choline incorporation into PC, the rate of labeling increased slowly during the first 35 h, but more substantially between 35 and 90 h. The incorporation of labeled choline into PC was drastically reduced by 5"-deoxy-5"-isobutylthio-3-deazaadenosine, an inhibitor of CDP-choline synthesis, indicating that the incorporation of radiolabeled choline is primarily a measurement of the rate of de novo synthesis of PC.	Choline	228-235	cut-like homeobox 1	Mus musculus	330-333
1846099-3	1991	The action of ionomycin on pHi was abolished by preincubating the cells with 100 microM amiloride or by replacing extracellular Na+ with choline+, indicating that the change in pHi was probably due to activation of Na+/H+ exchange.	Choline	137-144	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Rattus norvegicus	27-30
1648354-1	1991	Interaction of micellar complexes apolipoprotein A1--phosphatidyl choline (apoA1--DMPC and apoA1--EPC) with complex components: apoA1 (dansyl-A1) and phosphatydil cholines (DMPC, EPC and spin labelled PC) was studied in the absence of lipoproteins and plasma components.	Choline	66-73	apolipoprotein A1	Homo sapiens	34-51
1648354-1	1991	Interaction of micellar complexes apolipoprotein A1--phosphatidyl choline (apoA1--DMPC and apoA1--EPC) with complex components: apoA1 (dansyl-A1) and phosphatydil cholines (DMPC, EPC and spin labelled PC) was studied in the absence of lipoproteins and plasma components.	Choline	66-73	apolipoprotein A1	Homo sapiens	75-80
1846099-3	1991	The action of ionomycin on pHi was abolished by preincubating the cells with 100 microM amiloride or by replacing extracellular Na+ with choline+, indicating that the change in pHi was probably due to activation of Na+/H+ exchange.	Choline	137-144	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Rattus norvegicus	177-180
2048133-3	1991	Kinins are neurotoxic components of wasp and ant venoms, causing in the insect CNS a presynaptic block of the cholinergic transmission by means of an irreversible depletion, probably caused by a non-competitive inhibition of choline uptake.	Choline	110-117	WASP actin nucleation promoting factor	Homo sapiens	36-40
1901090-7	1991	GPC is synthesized from choline, and the amount retained apparently may be controlled by the activity of GPC diesterase, an enzyme that catabolizes GPC.	Choline	24-31	glycophorin C (Gerbich blood group)	Homo sapiens	0-3
1901090-7	1991	GPC is synthesized from choline, and the amount retained apparently may be controlled by the activity of GPC diesterase, an enzyme that catabolizes GPC.	Choline	24-31	glycophorin C (Gerbich blood group)	Homo sapiens	105-108
1901090-7	1991	GPC is synthesized from choline, and the amount retained apparently may be controlled by the activity of GPC diesterase, an enzyme that catabolizes GPC.	Choline	24-31	glycophorin C (Gerbich blood group)	Homo sapiens	105-108
1956513-0	1991	Effect of recombinant human nerve growth factor on presynaptic cholinergic function in rat hippocampal slices following partial septohippocampal lesions: measures of [3H]acetylcholine synthesis, [3H]acetylcholine release and choline acetyltransferase activity.	Choline	63-70	nerve growth factor	Homo sapiens	28-47
2048133-3	1991	Kinins are neurotoxic components of wasp and ant venoms, causing in the insect CNS a presynaptic block of the cholinergic transmission by means of an irreversible depletion, probably caused by a non-competitive inhibition of choline uptake.	Choline	110-117	solute carrier family 25 member 6	Homo sapiens	45-48
2280671-9	1990	The temporal production of phosphatidate and diacylglycerol as well as the release of choline to the culture medium are consistent with vasopressin activating phospholipase D. In addition, vasopressin stimulates a transphosphatidylation reaction that is characteristic of phospholipase D. The transphosphatidylation reaction is detected by the production of phosphatidylethanol that occurs when A-10 cells are incubated with ethanol and stimulated with vasopressin.	Choline	86-93	arginine vasopressin	Homo sapiens	136-147
2125219-2	1990	Addition of growth hormone to Ob1771 cells prelabelled with [3H]glycerol or [3H]choline led to a rapid, transient and stoechiometric formation of labelled diacylglycerol and phosphocholine, respectively.	Choline	80-87	growth hormone	Mus musculus	12-26
2176212-6	1990	Treatment of 1321N1 cells with carbachol results in increases in radiolabeled choline, phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylethanol (PEt), metabolites that are products of phospholipase D (PLD) action on PC.	Choline	78-85	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	174-189
2280671-9	1990	The temporal production of phosphatidate and diacylglycerol as well as the release of choline to the culture medium are consistent with vasopressin activating phospholipase D. In addition, vasopressin stimulates a transphosphatidylation reaction that is characteristic of phospholipase D. The transphosphatidylation reaction is detected by the production of phosphatidylethanol that occurs when A-10 cells are incubated with ethanol and stimulated with vasopressin.	Choline	86-93	arginine vasopressin	Homo sapiens	189-200
2280671-9	1990	The temporal production of phosphatidate and diacylglycerol as well as the release of choline to the culture medium are consistent with vasopressin activating phospholipase D. In addition, vasopressin stimulates a transphosphatidylation reaction that is characteristic of phospholipase D. The transphosphatidylation reaction is detected by the production of phosphatidylethanol that occurs when A-10 cells are incubated with ethanol and stimulated with vasopressin.	Choline	86-93	arginine vasopressin	Homo sapiens	189-200
2173584-3	1990	In cells stimulated with either TRH or TPA after choline, pHi increased 0.15 +/- 0.05 and 0.14 +/- 0.03 pH units, respectively (mean +/- SD).	Choline	49-56	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Rattus norvegicus	58-61
2271963-0	1990	Corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist blocks microwave-induced decreases in high-affinity choline uptake in the rat brain.	Choline	94-101	corticotropin releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	0-30
2224852-7	1990	Furthermore, among the AML patients both the percentage of the choline-containing phosphoglyceride fraction (PC) which is alkyl linked and the nmoles alkyl-PC/10(6) cells differ significantly by FAB subtype.	Choline	63-70	FA complementation group B	Homo sapiens	195-198
2123404-5	1990	Choline- and ethanolamine-containing glycerophospholipids showed a broad distribution throughout the gradient, with preponderance in the denser part of the gradient, where the intracellular organelle phospholipase A2 activities were located.	Choline	0-7	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	200-216
2078629-7	1990	Preliminary dissipation of the membrane potential (delta psi = -86 mV) in Mg2(+)-free isotonic (with respect of K+ and choline+) media containing ATP and Ca2+ resulted in the inhibition of Mg2+, ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport induced by subsequent addition of Mg2+.	Choline	119-127	mucin 7, secreted	Homo sapiens	74-77
2078629-7	1990	Preliminary dissipation of the membrane potential (delta psi = -86 mV) in Mg2(+)-free isotonic (with respect of K+ and choline+) media containing ATP and Ca2+ resulted in the inhibition of Mg2+, ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport induced by subsequent addition of Mg2+.	Choline	119-127	carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens	154-157
2078629-7	1990	Preliminary dissipation of the membrane potential (delta psi = -86 mV) in Mg2(+)-free isotonic (with respect of K+ and choline+) media containing ATP and Ca2+ resulted in the inhibition of Mg2+, ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport induced by subsequent addition of Mg2+.	Choline	119-127	mucin 7, secreted	Homo sapiens	189-192
2078629-7	1990	Preliminary dissipation of the membrane potential (delta psi = -86 mV) in Mg2(+)-free isotonic (with respect of K+ and choline+) media containing ATP and Ca2+ resulted in the inhibition of Mg2+, ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport induced by subsequent addition of Mg2+.	Choline	119-127	mucin 7, secreted	Homo sapiens	189-192
2168329-15	1990	When cells were suspended in a choline chloride (pHo 7.4) solution, pHi averaged 7.29 +/- 0.06 (n = 10) (P less than 0.0025 compared with Nao+).	Choline	31-47	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Oryctolagus cuniculus	68-71
2213567-0	1990	Characterization of the effect of two 4-methyl piperidine derivatives of hemicholinium-3, A-4 and A-5, on choline transport.	Choline	106-113	immunoglobulin kappa variable 1D-27 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	90-93
1981788-5	1990	Compared to naive PC12 cells, K-ras infected PC12 cells had (a) higher activities of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase, two enzymes involved in acetylcholine metabolism; (b) enhanced activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis; (c) a higher, evoked norepinephrine release; and (d) similar levels of sodium-dependent uptake of both choline and norepinephrine.	Choline	91-98	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	30-35
2173584-5	1990	The effect was abolished by replacing extracellular Na+ with choline+, and by pretreatment of the cells with amiloride, indicating that the change in pHi probably was dependent on activation of Na+/H+ exchange.	Choline	61-69	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Rattus norvegicus	150-153
2253041-0	1990	Effects of noise on high-affinity choline uptake in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of the rat are blocked by intracerebroventricular injection of corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist.	Choline	34-41	corticotropin releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	150-180
2146369-2	1990	Because of these findings, the cholinergic function in HD was studied by measuring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) choline levels and AChE activity during a randomized, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled clinical trial of isoniazid.	Choline	31-38	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	128-132
2390263-5	1990	In mouse fetal lung organ cultures, the addition of bombesin led to accelerated uptake of [3H]thymidine into DNA, [3H]leucine into protein, and [3H]choline into SPC, indicating that increased growth and maturation may be direct effects.	Choline	148-155	gastrin releasing peptide	Homo sapiens	52-60
2390263-7	1990	A monoclonal antibody to bombesin (2A11) prevented bombesin-induced increases in choline and thymidine incorporation in lung organ cultures and also blocked baseline automaturation of control lung organ cultures in serum-free medium.	Choline	81-88	gastrin releasing peptide	Homo sapiens	25-33
2390263-7	1990	A monoclonal antibody to bombesin (2A11) prevented bombesin-induced increases in choline and thymidine incorporation in lung organ cultures and also blocked baseline automaturation of control lung organ cultures in serum-free medium.	Choline	81-88	gastrin releasing peptide	Homo sapiens	51-59
2384747-1	1990	The objective of this study was to determine the effect of age and chronic intracerebral administration of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the activity of the presynaptic cholinergic neuronal markers hemicholinium-sensitive high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the brain of Fisher 344 male rats.	Choline	168-175	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	261-286
1697379-1	1990	In the present studies we have shown that angiotensin II (AT II), in a concentration-dependent manner in rat tissue (10(-9)-10(-5) M) or at a single concentration in human tissue (10(-6) M), can inhibit potassium-stimulated release of [3H]acetylcholine ( [3H]Ach) from slices of rat entorhinal cortex and human temporal cortex preloaded with [3H]choline for the biochemical analyses.	Choline	245-252	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	42-56
1697379-1	1990	In the present studies we have shown that angiotensin II (AT II), in a concentration-dependent manner in rat tissue (10(-9)-10(-5) M) or at a single concentration in human tissue (10(-6) M), can inhibit potassium-stimulated release of [3H]acetylcholine ( [3H]Ach) from slices of rat entorhinal cortex and human temporal cortex preloaded with [3H]choline for the biochemical analyses.	Choline	245-252	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	58-63
2213567-0	1990	Characterization of the effect of two 4-methyl piperidine derivatives of hemicholinium-3, A-4 and A-5, on choline transport.	Choline	106-113	immunoglobulin kappa variable 2D-26	Homo sapiens	98-101
2213567-2	1990	Previous work in this laboratory has shown A-4 and A-5 to be inhibitors of the sodium-dependent, high affinity choline uptake system (SDHACU).	Choline	111-118	immunoglobulin kappa variable 1D-27 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	43-46
2213567-2	1990	Previous work in this laboratory has shown A-4 and A-5 to be inhibitors of the sodium-dependent, high affinity choline uptake system (SDHACU).	Choline	111-118	immunoglobulin kappa variable 2D-26	Homo sapiens	51-54
2213567-5	1990	A-4, A-5 and HC-3 decreased 5 microM choline transport in a dose-dependent fashion.	Choline	37-44	immunoglobulin kappa variable 1D-27 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	0-3
2213567-5	1990	A-4, A-5 and HC-3 decreased 5 microM choline transport in a dose-dependent fashion.	Choline	37-44	immunoglobulin kappa variable 2D-26	Homo sapiens	5-8
2213567-9	1990	Dose-response curves for inhibition of choline transport by A-5 and HC-3 were not changed by a 24-hr pre-exposure of the cells to each inhibitor.	Choline	39-46	immunoglobulin kappa variable 2D-26	Homo sapiens	60-63
2164068-9	1990	Exposure of [3H]choline-labeled macrophages to IFN-gamma resulted in an increase in the basal level of aqueous [3H]choline metabolites as well as potentiating the production of [3H]choline in response to PAF, PMA, and ionomycin.	Choline	16-23	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	47-56
2116482-12	1990	UVA stimulated an increase of [3H] choline metabolites glycerophosphorylcholine and phosphorylcholine in media extracts suggesting UVA activation of phospholipase C and phospholipase A2 or diacylglyceride lipase.	Choline	35-42	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	169-185
2164068-9	1990	Exposure of [3H]choline-labeled macrophages to IFN-gamma resulted in an increase in the basal level of aqueous [3H]choline metabolites as well as potentiating the production of [3H]choline in response to PAF, PMA, and ionomycin.	Choline	16-23	patchy fur	Mus musculus	204-207
2164068-9	1990	Exposure of [3H]choline-labeled macrophages to IFN-gamma resulted in an increase in the basal level of aqueous [3H]choline metabolites as well as potentiating the production of [3H]choline in response to PAF, PMA, and ionomycin.	Choline	115-122	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	47-56
2164068-9	1990	Exposure of [3H]choline-labeled macrophages to IFN-gamma resulted in an increase in the basal level of aqueous [3H]choline metabolites as well as potentiating the production of [3H]choline in response to PAF, PMA, and ionomycin.	Choline	115-122	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	47-56
2155223-2	1990	When 50-g rats were placed on a choline-deficient diet for 3 days, the activity of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT) was increased 2-fold in the microsomes and decreased proportionately in the cytosol.	Choline	32-39	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1A, choline	Rattus norvegicus	83-122
2358751-4	1990	In macrophages labeled with [3H]-choline, LPS stimulated both the incorporation of label into PC and the release of incorporated label into the medium.	Choline	33-40	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	42-45
2168611-9	1990	The resulting protein was 22,000 molecular weight, lacked the 74 N-terminal amino acids and was capable of complementing the choline auxotrophy of a cho 1 null-mutant.	Choline	125-132	CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	149-154
2189597-0	1990	The effect of menhaden oil on choline-deficiency-induced hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity and hepatocyte insulin receptor binding.	Choline	30-37	ornithine decarboxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	65-88
2332429-2	1990	PtdSer synthase, PtdEtn methyltransferase, and CDP-choline:diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase activities were present in the crude mitochondrial preparation but were absent from highly purified mitochondria and could be attributed to the presence of a membrane fraction, X.	Choline	51-58	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	47-50
2160828-3	1990	Unlike TSH, which was without effect on the pHi of FRTL-5 cells for up to 15 min after addition, IGF-I (1000 micrograms/l) caused a rapid and sustained increase within 3 min, which was abolished in medium in which Na+ had been replaced with an iso-osmotic level of choline chloride.	Choline	265-281	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	97-102
2155224-1	1990	The mechanism for the increased association of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT) with membranes of hepatocytes derived from choline-deficient, compared with choline-supplemented rats, has been investigated.	Choline	135-142	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1A, choline	Rattus norvegicus	47-86
2310017-2	1990	Acetylcholine and choline eluting from the LC column are introduced into a reactor containing immobilized acetylcholinesterase, which hydrolyzes acetylcholine to choline.	Choline	6-13	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	106-126
2107183-5	1990	The action of ATP on the release of choline metabolites was reproduced by bradykinin (1 microM), the tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 50 nM), and the calcium ionophore A23187 (0.5 microM).	Choline	36-43	kininogen 1	Bos taurus	74-84
2155031-7	1990	Incubation of hepatocytes in the presence of phospholipase A2 (0.9 units/dish) for 10 min prior to pulse-chase experiments resulted in an increase in radiolabel incorporation into phosphatidylcholine (from 2.4 +/- 0.02.10(-5) dpm/dish to 3.1 +/- 0.1.10(-5) dpm/dish) and a corresponding decrease in radiolabel associated with the choline (from 2.5 +/- 0.05.10(-5) to 1.4 +/- 0.03.10(-5) dpm) and phosphocholine fractions (from 8.5 +/- 0.07.10(-5) to 6.9 +/- 0.05.10(-5) dpm).	Choline	192-199	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	45-61
2102782-3	1990	In cells prelabelled with [3H]choline or CDP [14C]choline, prolactin diminished the rate of reduction of the radioactive PRC pool after 60-90 min incubation without any change in the rate of PTC biosynthesis.	Choline	30-37	prolactin	Cavia porcellus	59-68
2102782-3	1990	In cells prelabelled with [3H]choline or CDP [14C]choline, prolactin diminished the rate of reduction of the radioactive PRC pool after 60-90 min incubation without any change in the rate of PTC biosynthesis.	Choline	50-57	prolactin	Cavia porcellus	59-68
2310017-2	1990	Acetylcholine and choline eluting from the LC column are introduced into a reactor containing immobilized acetylcholinesterase, which hydrolyzes acetylcholine to choline.	Choline	18-25	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	106-126
2154180-2	1990	Replacement with choline+, K+, N-methylglucamine+ (which abolished the thrombin-induced pHi rise) or Li+ (which allowed a normal thrombin-induced pHi rise) significantly decreased arachidonate release in response to all concentrations (threshold to supra-maximal) of thrombin and collagen.	Choline	17-25	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	71-79
2110129-0	1990	Effects of a choline-deficient diet and a hypolipidemic agent on single glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive hepatocytes in rat liver.	Choline	13-20	hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase	Rattus norvegicus	72-97
2337775-1	1990	Angiotensin II was shown to inhibit potassium-stimulated release of [3H]acetylcholine from slices of fresh human temporal cortex, obtained at surgery, and subsequently loaded with [3H]choline for the biochemical analyses.	Choline	78-85	angiotensinogen	Homo sapiens	0-14
1973356-5	1990	AHF generated by Wy-14,643, ciprofibrate, and a choline/methionine-deficient dietary regimen also showed decreased Cx32 expression.	Choline	48-55	gap junction protein, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	115-119
2299401-0	1990	Phospholipase A2 and 3H-hemicholinium-3 binding sites in rat brain: a potential second-messenger role for fatty acids in the regulation of high-affinity choline uptake.	Choline	153-160	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
2222780-3	1990	In all of the DAT brains there were abundant neuritic plaques (e.g. superficial layers of left frontal cortex; 35 +/- 7 plaques/mm2), and a marked reduction of choline acetyltransferase activity, (by 30-60% relative to controls), in both frontal cortex and the hippocampus.	Choline	160-167	solute carrier family 6 member 3	Homo sapiens	14-17
2299401-10	1990	These results support the involvement of PLA2 and subsequent fatty acid release in the increase of 3H-HCh-3 binding in cholinergic neurons and suggest that activation of PLA2 may be the penultimate step in regulating the velocity of sodium-dependent choline transport.	Choline	119-126	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	170-174
2299401-1	1990	The involvement of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and fatty acid release in the regulation of sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake in rat brain was assessed in vitro through the use of the specific binding of 3H-hemicholinium-3 (3H-HCh-3).	Choline	118-125	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	19-35
2299401-1	1990	The involvement of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and fatty acid release in the regulation of sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake in rat brain was assessed in vitro through the use of the specific binding of 3H-hemicholinium-3 (3H-HCh-3).	Choline	118-125	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	37-41
2299401-10	1990	These results support the involvement of PLA2 and subsequent fatty acid release in the increase of 3H-HCh-3 binding in cholinergic neurons and suggest that activation of PLA2 may be the penultimate step in regulating the velocity of sodium-dependent choline transport.	Choline	119-126	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	41-45
20504663-3	1990	In all regions of rat nervous system, the pool size of CDP-choline was much smaller than that of free choline, whereas GroPCho was present in a relatively higher content.	Choline	59-66	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	55-58
32466342-5	2020	CTL1-mediated choline uptake is associated with cell viability, and the functional inhibition of CTL1 by Amb4269951 may promote apoptotic cell death via ceramide-induced suppression of the expression of survivin, an apoptotic inhibitory factor.	Choline	14-21	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
2215931-2	1990	In previous investigations, we showed that this compound binds irreversibly to the choline carrier thereby inhibiting choline transport into nerve terminals; it also acts as both a substrate and inhibitor of the acetylcholine biosynthetic enzyme choline acetyltransferase.	Choline	83-90	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	246-271
2215931-2	1990	In previous investigations, we showed that this compound binds irreversibly to the choline carrier thereby inhibiting choline transport into nerve terminals; it also acts as both a substrate and inhibitor of the acetylcholine biosynthetic enzyme choline acetyltransferase.	Choline	118-125	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	246-271
32797252-0	2021	Choline in cystic fibrosis: relations to pancreas insufficiency, enterohepatic cycle, PEMT and intestinal microbiota.	Choline	0-7	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	86-90
33812253-0	2021	BMP9 promotes methionine- and choline-deficient diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in non-obese mice by enhancing NF-kappaB dependent macrophage polarization.	Choline	30-37	growth differentiation factor 2	Mus musculus	0-4
33034050-8	2021	CRYM counteracted thyroid and androgen signaling and blocked intracellular choline uptake.	Choline	75-82	crystallin mu	Homo sapiens	0-4
33235894-5	2020	RESULTS: Double immunofluorescence revealed immunolocalization of HCN1 and HCN4 subtype with calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), choline acetyl transferase and gap junction proteins in mucosa and detrusor.	Choline	133-140	hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated potassium channel 1	Homo sapiens	66-70
33235894-5	2020	RESULTS: Double immunofluorescence revealed immunolocalization of HCN1 and HCN4 subtype with calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), choline acetyl transferase and gap junction proteins in mucosa and detrusor.	Choline	133-140	hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated potassium channel 4	Homo sapiens	75-79
32466342-8	2020	These results may lead to the development of novel anticancer drugs targeting the choline transporter CTL1, which has a different mechanism of action than conventional anticancer drugs against gliomas.	Choline	82-89	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	102-106
10947823-5	2000	Conversely, the alpha7-subunit-selective agonist choline (10 mM) caused a methyllycaconitine-sensitive increase in intracellular Ca2+ level both in wild-type and beta2-/- mutant mice.	Choline	49-56	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	16-22
30170631-7	2018	Pathway analysis revealed alterations in various metabolic pathways (e.g., glycine, choline and methionine degradation, dipthamide biosynthesis and glycolysis pathways, among others) between IDH-mutant and IDH-wildtype gliomas.	Choline	84-91	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	191-194
10947823-5	2000	Conversely, the alpha7-subunit-selective agonist choline (10 mM) caused a methyllycaconitine-sensitive increase in intracellular Ca2+ level both in wild-type and beta2-/- mutant mice.	Choline	49-56	hemoglobin, beta adult minor chain	Mus musculus	162-167
34878648-3	2022	Incubation with (3H)choline elicited efficient uptake via high-affinity choline transporter-1, resulting in accumulation of (3H)choline and (3H)ACh.	Choline	20-27	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Rattus norvegicus	58-93
1713571-5	1990	When leukocytes were suspended in isotonic choline chloride solutions (choline is a nonpermeant monovalent cation), an enhancement of anti-IgE- and FMLP-induced histamine release was observed.	Choline	43-59	formyl peptide receptor 1	Homo sapiens	148-152
1713571-5	1990	When leukocytes were suspended in isotonic choline chloride solutions (choline is a nonpermeant monovalent cation), an enhancement of anti-IgE- and FMLP-induced histamine release was observed.	Choline	43-50	formyl peptide receptor 1	Homo sapiens	148-152
1713571-7	1990	At high choline chloride concentrations, FMLP-, but not anti-IgE-induced histamine release was inhibited.	Choline	8-24	formyl peptide receptor 1	Homo sapiens	41-45
34878648-3	2022	Incubation with (3H)choline elicited efficient uptake via high-affinity choline transporter-1, resulting in accumulation of (3H)choline and (3H)ACh.	Choline	128-135	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Rattus norvegicus	58-93
34994167-13	2021	Our data showed that miR-574 was upregulated in the Choline group while miR-378 was upregulated in the Choline + Omega-3 group in comparison to the control group (p < 0.05).	Choline	52-59	microRNA 574	Sus scrofa	21-28
34562520-0	2022	Choline-induced SLC5A7 impairs colorectal cancer growth by stabilizing p53 protein.	Choline	0-7	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	16-22
34562520-0	2022	Choline-induced SLC5A7 impairs colorectal cancer growth by stabilizing p53 protein.	Choline	0-7	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	71-74
34994167-10	2021	To elucidate the potential molecular mechanism of choline on these improved ovarian phenotypes, the expression of a group of genes that are involved in ovarian development, including cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1 (CYP11A1), follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FHSR) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), was analyzed using RT-qPCR.	Choline	50-57	cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1	Sus scrofa	183-229
34994167-10	2021	To elucidate the potential molecular mechanism of choline on these improved ovarian phenotypes, the expression of a group of genes that are involved in ovarian development, including cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1 (CYP11A1), follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FHSR) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), was analyzed using RT-qPCR.	Choline	50-57	cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1	Sus scrofa	231-238
34655866-2	2022	The new bi-functionalized cellulose derivative (MC3) was produced by chemical modification of cellulose with succinic anhydride and choline chloride to introduce carboxylic and quaternary ammonium functional groups on the cellulose surface.	Choline	132-148	melanocortin 3 receptor	Homo sapiens	48-51
34994167-13	2021	Our data showed that miR-574 was upregulated in the Choline group while miR-378 was upregulated in the Choline + Omega-3 group in comparison to the control group (p < 0.05).	Choline	103-110	microRNA 378-1	Sus scrofa	72-79
34994167-10	2021	To elucidate the potential molecular mechanism of choline on these improved ovarian phenotypes, the expression of a group of genes that are involved in ovarian development, including cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1 (CYP11A1), follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FHSR) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), was analyzed using RT-qPCR.	Choline	50-57	follicle stimulating hormone receptor	Sus scrofa	241-278
34715589-2	2021	We showed previously that choline or cytidine-5"-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) provides beneficial effects in experimental endotoxin shock in dogs.	Choline	26-33	cut like homeobox 1	Canis lupus familiaris	67-70
34994167-10	2021	To elucidate the potential molecular mechanism of choline on these improved ovarian phenotypes, the expression of a group of genes that are involved in ovarian development, including cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1 (CYP11A1), follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FHSR) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), was analyzed using RT-qPCR.	Choline	50-57	lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone receptor-like	Sus scrofa	290-318
34994167-10	2021	To elucidate the potential molecular mechanism of choline on these improved ovarian phenotypes, the expression of a group of genes that are involved in ovarian development, including cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1 (CYP11A1), follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FHSR) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), was analyzed using RT-qPCR.	Choline	50-57	lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone receptor-like	Sus scrofa	320-323
34994167-11	2021	The expression of both LHR and CYP11A1 was significantly upregulated in the choline-supplemented group (p < 0.05), while there are no differences in FSHR expression among all the groups.	Choline	76-83	lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone receptor-like	Sus scrofa	23-26
34994167-11	2021	The expression of both LHR and CYP11A1 was significantly upregulated in the choline-supplemented group (p < 0.05), while there are no differences in FSHR expression among all the groups.	Choline	76-83	cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1	Sus scrofa	31-38
34960080-0	2021	Prenatal Iron Deficiency and Choline Supplementation Interact to Epigenetically Regulate Jarid1b and Bdnf in the Rat Hippocampus into Adulthood.	Choline	29-36	lysine demethylase 5B	Rattus norvegicus	89-96
34960080-0	2021	Prenatal Iron Deficiency and Choline Supplementation Interact to Epigenetically Regulate Jarid1b and Bdnf in the Rat Hippocampus into Adulthood.	Choline	29-36	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	101-105
34948275-7	2021	Additionally, we found that GPC supplementation led to an increased relative abundance of choline trimethylamine lyase (cutC)-encoding bacteria via qPCR.	Choline	90-97	cutC copper transporter	Mus musculus	120-124
34886790-9	2022	Noteworthy, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated a strong overlapping between the (18F)choline uptake and the proliferation index (Ki67 expression).	Choline	92-99	antigen identified by monoclonal antibody Ki 67	Mus musculus	136-140
34780171-3	2021	Here, we present the first implementation of zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction chromatography with the exposed choline group (ZIC-cHILIC) in StageTip for simultaneous enrichment and fractionation of intact glycopeptides.	Choline	114-121	Zic family member 1	Homo sapiens	129-132
34849527-8	2021	Estrogen is critical for inducing endogenous choline synthesis via the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) pathway of phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis.	Choline	45-52	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	71-115
34884651-4	2021	In the present article, we reviewed the pathological role of gut microbial metabolites including gaseous products, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) products, aromatic amino acids (AAAs) products, bile acids (BA) products, choline products and bacterial toxins in regulating insulin sensitivity in T2D.	Choline	224-231	insulin	Homo sapiens	276-283
34746944-0	2021	The molecular mechanism behind the stabilization of insulin by choline and geranate (CAGE) ionic liquids - computational insights into oral insulin drug formulation.	Choline	63-70	insulin	Homo sapiens	52-59
34899214-9	2021	Results: Our results revealed a significant decrease in choline/creatine (glycerophosphocholine (GPC) + phosphocholine (PCh)/creatine (tCr)) in both the posterior parietal cortex and DLPFC in hyperthyroid patients, and these changes were reversible after antithyroid treatment.	Choline	56-63	T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	135-138
34662824-5	2021	Dissolution of 20 wt% native beta-CD in the choline chloride ((Ch+)(Cl-)):2Urea DES resulted in a significant increase in the extraction efficiencies of target analytes compared to the neat (Ch+)(Cl-):2Urea DES.	Choline	44-60	ACD shelterin complex subunit and telomerase recruitment factor	Homo sapiens	29-36
34746944-0	2021	The molecular mechanism behind the stabilization of insulin by choline and geranate (CAGE) ionic liquids - computational insights into oral insulin drug formulation.	Choline	63-70	insulin	Homo sapiens	140-147
34746944-4	2021	Choline and geranate (CAGE) ILs enhance the stability and oral efficacy of insulin delivery.	Choline	0-7	insulin	Homo sapiens	75-82
34746944-9	2021	It is found from our calculations that the first solvation shell of insulin is readily occupied by choline and geranate ions in the presence of water.	Choline	99-106	insulin	Homo sapiens	68-75
34711912-5	2021	Using the methionine- and choline-deficient diet to mimic liver fibrosis, we demonstrate that loss of Flcn reduced triglyceride accumulation, fibrosis, and inflammation in mice.	Choline	26-33	folliculin	Mus musculus	102-106
34699241-8	2021	Metabolomic results show that bFGF remodeled metabolic phenotypes of the colon, cecum, and small intestine in db/db mice, including energy metabolism, short chain fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and choline metabolism.	Choline	213-220	fibroblast growth factor 2	Mus musculus	30-34
34690739-3	2021	Using the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS, our group has demonstrated that supplementing the maternal diet with additional choline (4-5 x standard levels) during pregnancy and lactation improves spatial cognition, attention, and emotion regulation in the adult offspring.	Choline	116-123	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	10-16
34492674-0	2021	Enterobacter aerogenes ZDY01 inhibits choline-induced atherosclerosis through CDCA-FXR-FGF15 axis.	Choline	38-45	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4	Mus musculus	83-86
34492674-0	2021	Enterobacter aerogenes ZDY01 inhibits choline-induced atherosclerosis through CDCA-FXR-FGF15 axis.	Choline	38-45	fibroblast growth factor 15	Mus musculus	87-92
34492674-4	2021	Here, we demonstrated that E. aerogenes ZDY01 inhibited choline-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice fed with 1.3% choline by reducing cecal TMA and modulating CDCA-FXR/FGF15 axis.	Choline	56-63	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4	Mus musculus	168-171
34492674-4	2021	Here, we demonstrated that E. aerogenes ZDY01 inhibited choline-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice fed with 1.3% choline by reducing cecal TMA and modulating CDCA-FXR/FGF15 axis.	Choline	56-63	fibroblast growth factor 15	Mus musculus	172-177
34492674-4	2021	Here, we demonstrated that E. aerogenes ZDY01 inhibited choline-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice fed with 1.3% choline by reducing cecal TMA and modulating CDCA-FXR/FGF15 axis.	Choline	118-125	apolipoprotein E	Mus musculus	91-95
34492674-4	2021	Here, we demonstrated that E. aerogenes ZDY01 inhibited choline-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice fed with 1.3% choline by reducing cecal TMA and modulating CDCA-FXR/FGF15 axis.	Choline	118-125	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4	Mus musculus	168-171
34492674-4	2021	Here, we demonstrated that E. aerogenes ZDY01 inhibited choline-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice fed with 1.3% choline by reducing cecal TMA and modulating CDCA-FXR/FGF15 axis.	Choline	118-125	fibroblast growth factor 15	Mus musculus	172-177
34343482-7	2021	Structurally diverse ATX inhibitors with different binding modes were characterized in both cell-based assay variants and were also tested in the well-established biochemical choline release assay.	Choline	175-182	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	21-24
34284675-8	2021	Methionine, choline, and cysteine were additionally associated with the mean methylation of the entire CD40L (beta = 9.5 (1.0-18.0), p = 0.04; beta = 1.6 (0.4-3.0), p = 0.04; and beta = 4.3 (0.9-7.7), p = 0.02, respectively).	Choline	12-19	CD40 ligand	Homo sapiens	103-108
34849527-8	2021	Estrogen is critical for inducing endogenous choline synthesis via the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) pathway of phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis.	Choline	45-52	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	117-121
34849527-9	2021	PEMT is dramatically induced in response to estrogen, producing not only a PC molecule and source of choline for the brain but also a key source of the long-chain omega-3 fatty acid, DHA.	Choline	101-108	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-4
34271329-0	2021	The anion of choline-based ionic liquids tailored interactions between ionic liquids and bovine serum albumin, MCF-7 cells, and bacteria.	Choline	13-20	albumin	Homo sapiens	96-109
34224573-9	2021	Metabolite changes consistent with repartitioning choline to support Met cycling included reduced pools of lipids derived via phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase and enhanced fatty acid oxidation.	Choline	50-57	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Canis lupus familiaris	126-170
34375927-7	2021	At the molecular level, active YAP induced expression of the genes encoding glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1 (GPCPD1) and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), which are involved in choline metabolism.	Choline	198-205	glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1	Canis lupus familiaris	76-117
34245896-2	2021	We measured activities of lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) in plasma and lipid phosphate phosphatase (LPP) in blood by determining choline and inorganic phosphate, respectively.	Choline	128-135	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Rattus norvegicus	26-45
34375927-7	2021	At the molecular level, active YAP induced expression of the genes encoding glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1 (GPCPD1) and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), which are involved in choline metabolism.	Choline	198-205	glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1	Canis lupus familiaris	119-125
34375927-7	2021	At the molecular level, active YAP induced expression of the genes encoding glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1 (GPCPD1) and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), which are involved in choline metabolism.	Choline	198-205	lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase	Canis lupus familiaris	131-167
34375927-7	2021	At the molecular level, active YAP induced expression of the genes encoding glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1 (GPCPD1) and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), which are involved in choline metabolism.	Choline	198-205	lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase	Canis lupus familiaris	169-173
34193978-8	2021	One was enriched for mutations in cohesin/DNA damage-related genes (NPM1/cohesin-mut AML) and showed increased serum choline + trimethylamine-N-oxide and leucine, higher mutation load, transcriptomic signatures of reduced inflammatory status and better ex-vivo response to EGFR and MET inhibition.	Choline	117-124	nucleophosmin 1	Homo sapiens	68-72
34454163-3	2021	We report that CCL7 expression was up-regulated in the liver by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection (acute liver injury) or methionine-and-choline-deficient (MCD) diet feeding (chronic liver injury) paralleling increased macrophage infiltration.	Choline	138-145	C-C motif chemokine ligand 7	Homo sapiens	15-19
34245896-2	2021	We measured activities of lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) in plasma and lipid phosphate phosphatase (LPP) in blood by determining choline and inorganic phosphate, respectively.	Choline	128-135	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Rattus norvegicus	47-54
34174557-11	2021	For males, higher maternal choline competed with the negative association of maternal CRP on Processing Speed.	Choline	27-34	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	86-89
34631692-8	2021	Application of 1 muM ws-Lypd6 significantly inhibited (up to ~28%) choline-evoked current at alpha7-nAChRs in rat hippocampal slices.	Choline	67-74	LY6/PLAUR domain containing 6	Rattus norvegicus	24-29
34575930-6	2021	Intervention with a methyl-modulator diet (folate, VB12, choline, betaine, and zinc) immediately before or one week after delivery reversed the expression level of Gas5 lncRNA in the pituitary of the offspring.	Choline	57-64	growth arrest specific 5	Rattus norvegicus	164-168
34421831-3	2021	Two PC synthesis pathways are known in prokaryotes: the PmtA-catalyzed trimethylation of phosphatidylethanolamine and the direct linkage of choline to CDP-diacylglycerol catalyzed by the PC synthase Pcs.	Choline	140-147	PCS	Homo sapiens	199-202
34385322-6	2021	Its choline moiety is stabilized by cation-pi interactions with an essential tryptophan residue, rationalizing the specificity of ABCB4 for phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	4-11	ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 4	Homo sapiens	130-135
34217074-8	2021	The patient was homozygous for rs12325817, a frequent single-nucleotide polymorphism in the PEMT gene, associated with severe hepatosteatosis in response to choline deficiency.	Choline	157-164	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	92-96
34504645-0	2021	Activation of the M3AChR and Notch1/HSF1 Signaling Pathway by Choline Alleviates Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis.	Choline	62-69	notch receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	29-35
34504645-0	2021	Activation of the M3AChR and Notch1/HSF1 Signaling Pathway by Choline Alleviates Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis.	Choline	62-69	heat shock transcription factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	36-40
34504645-0	2021	Activation of the M3AChR and Notch1/HSF1 Signaling Pathway by Choline Alleviates Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis.	Choline	62-69	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	81-95
34504645-4	2021	Choline promoted heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) nuclear translocation and the intracellular domain of Notch1 (NICD) expression.	Choline	0-7	heat shock transcription factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	17-50
34504645-4	2021	Choline promoted heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) nuclear translocation and the intracellular domain of Notch1 (NICD) expression.	Choline	0-7	heat shock transcription factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	52-56
34504645-4	2021	Choline promoted heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) nuclear translocation and the intracellular domain of Notch1 (NICD) expression.	Choline	0-7	notch receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	112-118
34504645-6	2021	Indeed, downregulation of M3AChR or Notch1 blocked choline-mediated upregulation of NICD and nuclear HSF1 expression, as well as inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, indicating that M3AChR and Notch1/HSF1 activation confer the protective effects of choline.	Choline	51-58	notch receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	36-42
34504645-6	2021	Indeed, downregulation of M3AChR or Notch1 blocked choline-mediated upregulation of NICD and nuclear HSF1 expression, as well as inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, indicating that M3AChR and Notch1/HSF1 activation confer the protective effects of choline.	Choline	51-58	heat shock transcription factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	101-105
34504645-6	2021	Indeed, downregulation of M3AChR or Notch1 blocked choline-mediated upregulation of NICD and nuclear HSF1 expression, as well as inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, indicating that M3AChR and Notch1/HSF1 activation confer the protective effects of choline.	Choline	51-58	notch receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	227-233
34504645-6	2021	Indeed, downregulation of M3AChR or Notch1 blocked choline-mediated upregulation of NICD and nuclear HSF1 expression, as well as inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, indicating that M3AChR and Notch1/HSF1 activation confer the protective effects of choline.	Choline	51-58	heat shock transcription factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	234-238
34504645-6	2021	Indeed, downregulation of M3AChR or Notch1 blocked choline-mediated upregulation of NICD and nuclear HSF1 expression, as well as inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, indicating that M3AChR and Notch1/HSF1 activation confer the protective effects of choline.	Choline	283-290	notch receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	36-42
34504645-6	2021	Indeed, downregulation of M3AChR or Notch1 blocked choline-mediated upregulation of NICD and nuclear HSF1 expression, as well as inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, indicating that M3AChR and Notch1/HSF1 activation confer the protective effects of choline.	Choline	283-290	heat shock transcription factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	101-105
34504645-6	2021	Indeed, downregulation of M3AChR or Notch1 blocked choline-mediated upregulation of NICD and nuclear HSF1 expression, as well as inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, indicating that M3AChR and Notch1/HSF1 activation confer the protective effects of choline.	Choline	283-290	notch receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	227-233
34504645-6	2021	Indeed, downregulation of M3AChR or Notch1 blocked choline-mediated upregulation of NICD and nuclear HSF1 expression, as well as inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, indicating that M3AChR and Notch1/HSF1 activation confer the protective effects of choline.	Choline	283-290	heat shock transcription factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	234-238
34504645-8	2021	The results showed that choline alleviated cardiac remodeling and apoptosis of Ang II-infused rats in a manner related to activation of the Notch1/HSF1 pathway, consistent with the in vitro findings.	Choline	24-31	notch receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	140-146
34504645-8	2021	The results showed that choline alleviated cardiac remodeling and apoptosis of Ang II-infused rats in a manner related to activation of the Notch1/HSF1 pathway, consistent with the in vitro findings.	Choline	24-31	heat shock transcription factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	147-151
34504645-9	2021	Taken together, our results reveal that choline impedes oxidative damage and cardiomyocyte apoptosis by activating M3AChR and Notch1/HSF1 antioxidant signaling, and suggest a novel role for the Notch1/HSF1 signaling pathway in the modulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis.	Choline	40-47	notch receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	126-132
34504645-9	2021	Taken together, our results reveal that choline impedes oxidative damage and cardiomyocyte apoptosis by activating M3AChR and Notch1/HSF1 antioxidant signaling, and suggest a novel role for the Notch1/HSF1 signaling pathway in the modulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis.	Choline	40-47	heat shock transcription factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	133-137
34504645-9	2021	Taken together, our results reveal that choline impedes oxidative damage and cardiomyocyte apoptosis by activating M3AChR and Notch1/HSF1 antioxidant signaling, and suggest a novel role for the Notch1/HSF1 signaling pathway in the modulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis.	Choline	40-47	notch receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	194-200
34504645-9	2021	Taken together, our results reveal that choline impedes oxidative damage and cardiomyocyte apoptosis by activating M3AChR and Notch1/HSF1 antioxidant signaling, and suggest a novel role for the Notch1/HSF1 signaling pathway in the modulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis.	Choline	40-47	heat shock transcription factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	201-205
34232662-3	2021	Here, we present a comprehensive validation of three biomolecular force fields (CHARMM, Amber, and OPLS) for simulations of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in DESs composed of choline chloride and glycerol/ethylene glycol with varying water contents.	Choline	172-188	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1	Homo sapiens	124-145
34421831-8	2021	Unexpectedly, the experimentally verified ChoXWV dysfunction in B. canis did not abrogate PC synthesis in a PmtA-deficient mutant, which suggests the presence of an unknown mechanism for obtaining choline for the Pcs pathway in Brucella.	Choline	197-204	PCS	Homo sapiens	213-216
34389700-7	2021	Metformin was positively correlated with the enrichment of different intestinal bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia and a lower cutC (a choline utilization gene) abundance.	Choline	149-156	cutC copper transporter	Mus musculus	141-145
34448864-12	2021	In contrast, betaine and choline concentrations were associated with greater insulin sensitivity (mean difference in Gutt ISI comparing fifth with first quintiles: 6.46 (95% CI, 4.32-8.60) and 2.27 (95% CI, 0.16-4.38), respectively).	Choline	25-32	insulin	Homo sapiens	77-84
34448864-16	2021	The metabolites TMAO, carnitine, gamma-butyrobetaine, and crotonobetaine may be associated with insulin resistance, and betaine and choline may be associated with greater insulin sensitivity, but temporality of the associations was not established.	Choline	132-139	insulin	Homo sapiens	171-178
34128468-3	2021	Nearly all extrahypothalamic GnRH neurons expressed the cholinergic marker enzyme choline acetyltransferase.	Choline	82-89	gonadotropin releasing hormone 1	Homo sapiens	29-33
34139173-5	2021	Furthermore, employing multiple murine stroke models and transplantation of defined microbial communities with genetically engineered human commensals into germ-free mice, we demonstrate that the microbial cutC gene (an enzymatic source of choline-to-TMA transformation) is sufficient to transmit TMA/TMAO production, heighten cerebral infarct size, and lead to functional impairment.	Choline	240-247	cutC copper transporter	Mus musculus	206-210
34395382-4	2021	Furthermore, based on this catalytic reaction, taken together with the two enzymatic catalytic systems of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline oxidase (CHO), a highly sensitive multi-catalytic sensing system could be successfully developed for organophosphorus (OPs) pesticides such as dimethoate, DDVP, and parathion-methyl.	Choline	138-145	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	106-126
34279477-0	2021	Adiponectin Modulation by Genotype and Maternal Choline Supplementation in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome and Alzheimer"s Disease.	Choline	48-55	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Mus musculus	0-11
34202989-6	2021	Of clinical importance, increased choline metabolism and CHKalpha activity can be detected by non-invasive magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) or positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging with radiolabeled choline analogs for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of cancer patients.	Choline	232-239	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	57-65
34841334-0	2021	The gene expression and bioinformatic analysis of choline trimethylamine-lyase (CutC) and its activating enzyme (CutD) for gut microbes and comparison with their TMA production levels.	Choline	50-57	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	80-84
34841334-1	2021	Recent studies revealed that some intestinal microorganisms anaerobically convert choline to trimethylamine (TMA) by choline TMA-lyase (cutC).	Choline	82-89	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	136-140
34841334-8	2021	Bioinformatic analysis of the CutC protein showed conserved choline binding site residues; cutD showed conserved S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and two CX2-CX2-CX3 motifs.	Choline	60-67	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	30-34
34098115-9	2021	PCA and choline partially restored HDAC4/5 and H3K9ac/H3K27ac to C3H levels.	Choline	8-15	histone deacetylase 4	Mus musculus	35-42
34452207-1	2021	Hypoxia is a complex microenvironmental condition known to regulate choline kinase alpha (CHKA) activity and choline transport through transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and, therefore, may confound the uptake of choline radiotracer (18F)fluoromethyl-(1,2-2H4)-choline ((18F)-D4-FCH).	Choline	109-116	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	156-187
34452207-1	2021	Hypoxia is a complex microenvironmental condition known to regulate choline kinase alpha (CHKA) activity and choline transport through transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and, therefore, may confound the uptake of choline radiotracer (18F)fluoromethyl-(1,2-2H4)-choline ((18F)-D4-FCH).	Choline	109-116	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	189-199
34452207-1	2021	Hypoxia is a complex microenvironmental condition known to regulate choline kinase alpha (CHKA) activity and choline transport through transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and, therefore, may confound the uptake of choline radiotracer (18F)fluoromethyl-(1,2-2H4)-choline ((18F)-D4-FCH).	Choline	244-251	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	68-88
34452207-9	2021	Hypoxia/HIF-1alpha increases the efflux of phosphorylated radiolabelled choline species, thus supporting the consideration of efflux in the modelling of radiotracer dynamics.	Choline	72-79	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	8-18
34068146-0	2021	Choline-Sigma-1R as an Additional Mechanism for Potentiation of Orexin by Cocaine.	Choline	0-7	hypocretin neuropeptide precursor	Homo sapiens	64-70
34068146-7	2021	Our results support an additional signaling mechanism for orexin A-OX1 via choline-Sigma-1R and a critical role for Sigma-1R in the cocaine-orexin A interaction in nucleus accumbens neurons.	Choline	75-82	sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens	83-91
34563519-3	2021	Mttp-IKO mice fed a methionine/choline deficient (MCD) diet exhibited reduced hepatic triglycerides (TG), inflammation and fibrosis, associated with reduced oxidative stress and downstream activation of JNK and NFkappaB signaling pathways.	Choline	31-38	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	203-206
34331935-0	2021	Differential contributions of choline phosphotransferases CPT1 and CEPT1 to the biosynthesis of choline phospholipid.	Choline	30-37	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	58-62
34563519-3	2021	Mttp-IKO mice fed a methionine/choline deficient (MCD) diet exhibited reduced hepatic triglycerides (TG), inflammation and fibrosis, associated with reduced oxidative stress and downstream activation of JNK and NFkappaB signaling pathways.	Choline	31-38	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	211-219
34331935-8	2021	LC-MS/MS analysis of newly synthesized lipid molecular species from deuterium-labeled choline also showed that these enzymes have similar preference for the synthesis of PC molecular species, but that CPT1 had higher preference for plasmanyl-PC with PUFA than did CEPT1.	Choline	86-93	pumilio RNA binding family member 3	Homo sapiens	250-254
34331935-10	2021	These results suggest that CEPT1 accounts for most choline PL biosynthesis activity, and that both enzymes are responsible for the production of different lipid molecular species in distinct organelles.	Choline	51-58	choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	27-32
34331935-0	2021	Differential contributions of choline phosphotransferases CPT1 and CEPT1 to the biosynthesis of choline phospholipid.	Choline	30-37	choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	67-72
35381375-5	2022	BHK-ABCA7(low) cells exhibited significant efflux only of choline-phospholipid and phosphatidylinositol.	Choline	58-65	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phospholipid-transporting ATPase ABCA7	Mesocricetus auratus	4-9
34331935-0	2021	Differential contributions of choline phosphotransferases CPT1 and CEPT1 to the biosynthesis of choline phospholipid.	Choline	96-103	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	58-62
34331935-0	2021	Differential contributions of choline phosphotransferases CPT1 and CEPT1 to the biosynthesis of choline phospholipid.	Choline	96-103	choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	67-72
34331935-2	2021	These lipids are biosynthesized in mammals in the final step of the CDP-choline pathway by the choline phosphotransferases CPT1 and CEPT1.	Choline	95-102	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	68-71
34331935-2	2021	These lipids are biosynthesized in mammals in the final step of the CDP-choline pathway by the choline phosphotransferases CPT1 and CEPT1.	Choline	95-102	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	123-127
34331935-2	2021	These lipids are biosynthesized in mammals in the final step of the CDP-choline pathway by the choline phosphotransferases CPT1 and CEPT1.	Choline	95-102	choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	132-137
34331935-6	2021	Enzyme assays and metabolic labeling with radiolabeled choline demonstrated that loss of CEPT1 dramatically decreases choline PL biosynthesis.	Choline	55-62	choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	89-94
34331935-6	2021	Enzyme assays and metabolic labeling with radiolabeled choline demonstrated that loss of CEPT1 dramatically decreases choline PL biosynthesis.	Choline	118-125	choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	89-94
35398024-1	2022	Choline alphoscerate (alpha-GPC) is a choline-based compound and acetylcholine precursor commonly found in the brain; it has been known to be effective in treating neuronal injury and increasing the levels of acetylcholine (Ach) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) which in turn enhances memory and cognitive function.	Choline	38-45	glycophorin C	Rattus norvegicus	28-31
35530033-6	2022	In the present study strategically, we performed the blind molecular docking of antiviral drug (Abacavir, Acyclovir, and Galidesivir)-choline based ILs conjugates with the target protein (Mpro protease).	Choline	134-141	NEWENTRY	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus	188-192
35507043-6	2022	They exhibited choline-mimetic potential, such as compound 23, 31 and 44 inhibited AChE enzyme (IC50 value of 240, 174, and 134 microM, respectively) and BChE enzyme (IC50 value of 203, 134 and 97 microM, respectively).	Choline	15-22	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	83-87
35231605-2	2022	The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of L. micdadei to utilize extracellular choline for phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis and its consequences for the phospholipid composition of its membrane system and the interaction with the human LL-37 peptide.	Choline	93-100	cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide	Homo sapiens	252-257
35231605-7	2022	Bacteria cultured with exogenous choline were more sensitive to the LL-37 peptide when compared to the standard culture condition.	Choline	33-40	cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide	Homo sapiens	68-73
35416329-3	2022	The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and promoter-reporter activity revealed a substantial reduction in OPI3 expression and was supported with decreased phosphatidylcholine (PC) level that is rescued with exogenous choline supplementation in gcr1  cells.	Choline	231-238	bifunctional phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase/phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	120-124
35416329-3	2022	The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and promoter-reporter activity revealed a substantial reduction in OPI3 expression and was supported with decreased phosphatidylcholine (PC) level that is rescued with exogenous choline supplementation in gcr1  cells.	Choline	231-238	transcription regulator GCR1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	258-262
35575618-1	2022	BACKGROUND: Dietary methyl donors (e.g., choline) support the activity of the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) pathway, which generates phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecules enriched in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that are exported from the liver and made available to extrahepatic tissues.	Choline	41-48	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	78-122
35575618-1	2022	BACKGROUND: Dietary methyl donors (e.g., choline) support the activity of the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) pathway, which generates phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecules enriched in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that are exported from the liver and made available to extrahepatic tissues.	Choline	41-48	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	124-128
35575618-11	2022	CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal choline supplementation improves hepatic DHA export and biomarkers of DHA status by bolstering methyl group supply for PEMT activity among pregnant participants consuming supplemental DHA Clinical Trial Registry: Synergy BetweenCholine and DHA; NCT03194659 (www.clinicaltrials.gov).	Choline	22-29	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	141-145
35604518-11	2022	KEGG pathway analysis presented that NR3C2-correlated genes were mainly clustered in choline metabolism in cancer and apoptosis.	Choline	85-92	nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2	Homo sapiens	37-42
35630613-2	2022	Inhibition of AChE slows down the hydrolysis of acetycholine and increases choline levels, improving the cognitive function.	Choline	75-82	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	14-18
34985768-4	2022	Among the changes, the choline metabolism profile was the most significantly altered by FGFR1 ablation.	Choline	23-30	fibroblast growth factor receptor 1	Homo sapiens	88-93
34985768-5	2022	Detailed characterization revealed that ablation of FGFR1 altered expression of multiple choline metabolism enzymes.	Choline	89-96	fibroblast growth factor receptor 1	Homo sapiens	52-57
34985768-6	2022	Among the changes of FGFR1-regulated choline metabolic enzymes, downregulation of choline kinase alpha (CHKA) is the most prominent changes, which phosphorylates free choline to phosphocholine.	Choline	37-44	fibroblast growth factor receptor 1	Homo sapiens	21-26
35232764-0	2022	Disrupted choline clearance and sustained acetylcholine release in vivo by a common choline transporter coding variant associated with poor attentional control in humans.	Choline	10-17	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	84-103
34985768-6	2022	Among the changes of FGFR1-regulated choline metabolic enzymes, downregulation of choline kinase alpha (CHKA) is the most prominent changes, which phosphorylates free choline to phosphocholine.	Choline	37-44	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	82-102
34985768-6	2022	Among the changes of FGFR1-regulated choline metabolic enzymes, downregulation of choline kinase alpha (CHKA) is the most prominent changes, which phosphorylates free choline to phosphocholine.	Choline	37-44	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	104-108
34985768-6	2022	Among the changes of FGFR1-regulated choline metabolic enzymes, downregulation of choline kinase alpha (CHKA) is the most prominent changes, which phosphorylates free choline to phosphocholine.	Choline	167-174	fibroblast growth factor receptor 1	Homo sapiens	21-26
34985768-6	2022	Among the changes of FGFR1-regulated choline metabolic enzymes, downregulation of choline kinase alpha (CHKA) is the most prominent changes, which phosphorylates free choline to phosphocholine.	Choline	167-174	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	82-102
34985768-6	2022	Among the changes of FGFR1-regulated choline metabolic enzymes, downregulation of choline kinase alpha (CHKA) is the most prominent changes, which phosphorylates free choline to phosphocholine.	Choline	167-174	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	104-108
35272516-4	2022	Liver injury induced by a choline-deficient and ethionine-supplemented diet is reversible if followed by an additional dietary stop interval and enabled us to study the expression of Nope during the induction of chronic liver injury and during subsequent liver regeneration.	Choline	26-33	immunoglobulin superfamily, DCC subclass, member 4	Mus musculus	183-187
35486169-2	2022	METHODS: Under the guidance of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis Diagnostic Test Accuracy guidelines, literature that assessed the detection rates (DRs) of choline, fluciclovine, and PSMA in prostate cancer biochemical recurrence was searched in PubMed and EMBASE databases for our systematic review from 2012 to July 15, 2021.	Choline	193-200	folate hydrolase 1	Homo sapiens	220-224
35566132-1	2022	Amyloid-beta (Abeta) accumulation and tauopathy are considered the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer"s disease (AD), but attenuation in choline signaling, including decreased nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), is evident in the early phase of AD.	Choline	138-145	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	0-12
35566132-1	2022	Amyloid-beta (Abeta) accumulation and tauopathy are considered the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer"s disease (AD), but attenuation in choline signaling, including decreased nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), is evident in the early phase of AD.	Choline	138-145	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	14-19
35232764-1	2022	Transport of choline via the neuronal high-affinity choline transporter (CHT; SLC5A7) is essential for cholinergic terminals to synthesize and release acetylcholine (ACh).	Choline	13-20	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	52-71
35232764-1	2022	Transport of choline via the neuronal high-affinity choline transporter (CHT; SLC5A7) is essential for cholinergic terminals to synthesize and release acetylcholine (ACh).	Choline	13-20	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	73-76
35232764-1	2022	Transport of choline via the neuronal high-affinity choline transporter (CHT; SLC5A7) is essential for cholinergic terminals to synthesize and release acetylcholine (ACh).	Choline	13-20	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	78-84
35232764-3	2022	Here, we used a CRISPR/Cas9 approach to generate mice expressing the I89V substitution and assessed, in vivo, CHT-mediated choline transport, and ACh release.	Choline	123-130	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	110-113
35232764-4	2022	Relative to wild type (WT) mice, CHT-mediated clearance of choline in male and female mice expressing one or two Val89 alleles was reduced by over 80% cortex and over 50% in striatum.	Choline	59-66	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	33-36
35232764-5	2022	Choline clearance in CHT Val89 mice was further reduced by neuronal inactivation.	Choline	0-7	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	21-24
35232764-9	2022	Structural modeling revealed that Val89 may attenuate choline transport by altering conformational changes of CHT that support normal transport rates.	Choline	54-61	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	110-113
35232764-13	2022	Here, we find that mice engineered to express the Val89 variant exhibit reduced CHT-mediated choline clearance and a diminished capacity to sustain ACh release.	Choline	93-100	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	80-83
35231468-4	2022	We detected increased expansion of HPCs and elevated levels of YB-1 in HPCs from patients with hepatitis B virus-related fibrosis and choline-deficient ethionine-supplemented or 5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine diet-induced mice compared with those in control groups.	Choline	134-141	Y-box binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	63-67
35457022-0	2022	Dietary Choline Alleviates High-Fat Diet-Induced Hepatic Lipid Dysregulation via UPRmt Modulated by SIRT3-Mediated mtHSP70 Deacetylation.	Choline	8-15	sirtuin 3	Homo sapiens	100-105
35418161-9	2022	RESULTS: We found that the levels of choline (Cho) in the basal forebrain were markedly higher compared to other brain regions and that its decrease along with N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) levels in the hippocampus was accompanied by memory deficits in APP/PS1 mice aged 4, 6, and 8 months.	Choline	37-44	presenilin 1	Mus musculus	253-256
35418161-9	2022	RESULTS: We found that the levels of choline (Cho) in the basal forebrain were markedly higher compared to other brain regions and that its decrease along with N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) levels in the hippocampus was accompanied by memory deficits in APP/PS1 mice aged 4, 6, and 8 months.	Choline	46-49	presenilin 1	Mus musculus	253-256
35457022-0	2022	Dietary Choline Alleviates High-Fat Diet-Induced Hepatic Lipid Dysregulation via UPRmt Modulated by SIRT3-Mediated mtHSP70 Deacetylation.	Choline	8-15	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 9	Homo sapiens	115-122
35457022-11	2022	(3) Choline alleviated HFD-induced UPRmt via up-regulating the localization of SIRT3 into the mitochondrion, which in turn led to the subsequent ameliorating effect on HFD-induced hepatic lipid dysregulation.	Choline	4-11	sirtuin 3	Homo sapiens	79-84
35457022-12	2022	Through SIRT3-mediated mtHSP70 deacetylation, dietary choline alleviates HFD-induced hepatic lipid dysregulation via UPRmt.	Choline	54-61	sirtuin 3	Homo sapiens	8-13
35457022-12	2022	Through SIRT3-mediated mtHSP70 deacetylation, dietary choline alleviates HFD-induced hepatic lipid dysregulation via UPRmt.	Choline	54-61	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 9	Homo sapiens	23-30
35474820-1	2022	OBJECTIVE: The elevated choline transporters (ChT), choline kinase (ChK), choline uptake, and phosphorylation in certain tumor cells have influenced the development of radiolabeled choline derivatives as diagnostic probes for imaging cell membrane proliferation.	Choline	181-188	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	24-44
35474820-1	2022	OBJECTIVE: The elevated choline transporters (ChT), choline kinase (ChK), choline uptake, and phosphorylation in certain tumor cells have influenced the development of radiolabeled choline derivatives as diagnostic probes for imaging cell membrane proliferation.	Choline	181-188	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	46-49
35474820-1	2022	OBJECTIVE: The elevated choline transporters (ChT), choline kinase (ChK), choline uptake, and phosphorylation in certain tumor cells have influenced the development of radiolabeled choline derivatives as diagnostic probes for imaging cell membrane proliferation.	Choline	181-188	choline kinase alpha	Mus musculus	52-66
35474820-1	2022	OBJECTIVE: The elevated choline transporters (ChT), choline kinase (ChK), choline uptake, and phosphorylation in certain tumor cells have influenced the development of radiolabeled choline derivatives as diagnostic probes for imaging cell membrane proliferation.	Choline	181-188	choline kinase alpha	Mus musculus	68-71
35474820-2	2022	We, therefore, aimed to develop a choline-based moiety for imaging choline kinase-overexpressed tumors by single-photon emission tomography (SPECT).	Choline	34-41	choline kinase alpha	Mus musculus	67-81
35474820-3	2022	A novel choline-based diagnostic probe was synthesized and evaluated preclinically in various ChT- and ChK-overexpressed tumor models for SPECT imaging applications.	Choline	8-15	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	94-97
35474820-3	2022	A novel choline-based diagnostic probe was synthesized and evaluated preclinically in various ChT- and ChK-overexpressed tumor models for SPECT imaging applications.	Choline	8-15	choline kinase alpha	Mus musculus	103-106
35422894-0	2022	Choline Protects the Heart from Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity through Vagal Activation and Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway.	Choline	0-7	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	96-100
35422894-0	2022	Choline Protects the Heart from Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity through Vagal Activation and Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway.	Choline	0-7	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	101-105
35422894-5	2022	Levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which are antioxidant markers, were lowered by DOX and upregulated by choline.	Choline	160-167	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	10-53
35422894-5	2022	Levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which are antioxidant markers, were lowered by DOX and upregulated by choline.	Choline	160-167	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	55-59
35422894-5	2022	Levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which are antioxidant markers, were lowered by DOX and upregulated by choline.	Choline	160-167	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	65-81
35422894-5	2022	Levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which are antioxidant markers, were lowered by DOX and upregulated by choline.	Choline	160-167	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	83-87
35208411-1	2022	According to the current model of nerve propagation, the function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is to terminate synaptic transmission of nerve signals by hydrolyzing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) in the synaptic cleft to acetic acid (acetate) and choline.	Choline	259-266	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	69-89
35352282-4	2022	RESULTS: The TrIL formed by choline and Tr at the molar ratio of 2:1 (2(Ch)(Tr)), was found to have prominent solubility, stability as well as permeability.	Choline	28-35	TLR4 interactor with leucine rich repeats	Homo sapiens	13-17
35461705-10	2022	Expression levels of the genes and related proteins of the beta1 adrenergic, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways were higher in patients with a higher tyrosine hydroxylase/choline acetyltransferase ratio.	Choline	216-223	BCL2 related protein A1	Homo sapiens	59-64
35273169-9	2022	In vivo studies further showed that treatment of L. saccharolyticum and choline promoted a significant increase in TMAO level in the serum of ApoE-/- mice with obvious accumulation of aortic plaque in same.	Choline	72-79	apolipoprotein E	Mus musculus	142-146
35255883-4	2022	Deep-Eutectic Solvents composed of choline chloride and malonic acid had the best extraction efficiency, with the optimal extraction conditions being as follows: a solid-liquid ratio of 40 mg/mL, an extraction temperature of 55  C, an extraction time of 70 min and a DES with 20% water content.	Choline	35-51	thrombopoietin	Mus musculus	192-194
35450377-1	2022	Phospholipase D (PLD) is a phospholipase enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing phosphatidylcholine into the lipid signaling molecule, phosphatidic acid, and choline.	Choline	154-161	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
35450377-1	2022	Phospholipase D (PLD) is a phospholipase enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing phosphatidylcholine into the lipid signaling molecule, phosphatidic acid, and choline.	Choline	154-161	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
35214160-4	2022	Moreover, the choline transporter CTL1 has been shown to be highly expressed in several tumour cell lines.	Choline	14-21	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	34-38
35214160-6	2022	In addition, we illustrate that the predominant mechanism of cellular choline uptake in these cells is mediated by the CTL1 choline transporter.	Choline	70-77	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	119-123
35214160-6	2022	In addition, we illustrate that the predominant mechanism of cellular choline uptake in these cells is mediated by the CTL1 choline transporter.	Choline	124-131	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	119-123
35168606-11	2022	Decreased expressions of GPCPD1 and GDE1 in choline metabolism led to an increased GPC levels in the PTX-resistant EOCs, which was observed as an elevated total choline (tCho) on in vivo 1H-MRS.	Choline	44-51	glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1	Homo sapiens	25-31
35168606-11	2022	Decreased expressions of GPCPD1 and GDE1 in choline metabolism led to an increased GPC levels in the PTX-resistant EOCs, which was observed as an elevated total choline (tCho) on in vivo 1H-MRS.	Choline	44-51	glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase 1	Homo sapiens	36-40
35168606-11	2022	Decreased expressions of GPCPD1 and GDE1 in choline metabolism led to an increased GPC levels in the PTX-resistant EOCs, which was observed as an elevated total choline (tCho) on in vivo 1H-MRS.	Choline	44-51	glycophorin C (Gerbich blood group)	Homo sapiens	83-86
35167910-9	2022	Finally, mice lacking CPT1A specifically in HSCs are protected against fibrosis, induced by a choline-deficient high fat diet, a methionine- and choline-deficient diet, or treatment with carbon tetrachloride.	Choline	94-101	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a, liver	Mus musculus	22-27
35167910-9	2022	Finally, mice lacking CPT1A specifically in HSCs are protected against fibrosis, induced by a choline-deficient high fat diet, a methionine- and choline-deficient diet, or treatment with carbon tetrachloride.	Choline	145-152	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a, liver	Mus musculus	22-27
35140065-4	2022	Myeloid-specific FSTL1-knockout (FSTL1M-KO) mice were constructed to explore the function and mechanism of macrophage FSTL1 in 3 murine models of liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride injection, bile duct ligation or a methionine-deficient and choline-deficient diet.	Choline	253-260	follistatin-like 1	Mus musculus	118-123
35159102-0	2022	ATP8B1 Knockdown Activated the Choline Metabolism Pathway and Induced High-Level Intracellular REDOX Homeostasis in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma.	Choline	31-38	ATPase phospholipid transporting 8B1	Homo sapiens	0-6
35159102-5	2022	Secondly, ATP8B1 knockdown promoted glutathione synthesis via upregulation of the CHKA-dependent choline metabolism pathway, therefore producing and maintaining high-level intracellular REDOX homeostasis to aggravate carcinogenesis and progression of LUSC.	Choline	97-104	ATPase, class I, type 8B, member 1	Mus musculus	10-16
35159102-5	2022	Secondly, ATP8B1 knockdown promoted glutathione synthesis via upregulation of the CHKA-dependent choline metabolism pathway, therefore producing and maintaining high-level intracellular REDOX homeostasis to aggravate carcinogenesis and progression of LUSC.	Choline	97-104	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	82-86
35187037-2	2022	Phosphatidylcholine (PC), a form of choline mostly found in eggs, has been shown to beneficially modulate T-cell responses during the lactation period by increasing the production of IL-2.	Choline	36-43	interleukin 2	Rattus norvegicus	183-187
34727391-10	2022	Subcutaneous administration of Ch attenuated MS-induced cognitive deficits and enhanced the learning and memory of MS rats.	Choline	31-33	5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	45-47
34727391-10	2022	Subcutaneous administration of Ch attenuated MS-induced cognitive deficits and enhanced the learning and memory of MS rats.	Choline	31-33	5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	115-117
35053491-7	2022	RESULTS: Amb544925 inhibited cell viability and increased caspase-3/7 activity at concentrations that inhibited choline uptake.	Choline	112-119	caspase 3	Mus musculus	58-69
34978418-3	2022	Herein, considering the widely existing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and choline transporters (ChTs) on the surface of BBB, a choline analogue 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) is employed to fabricate the BBB-crossing copolymer via free-radical polymerization, followed by conjugation with antiprogrammed death-ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1) via a pH-sensitive traceless linker.	Choline	140-147	CD274 molecule	Homo sapiens	354-359
34985768-7	2022	Ablation of FGFR1 blunted the activity of choline to promote cell proliferation and survival.	Choline	42-49	fibroblast growth factor receptor 1	Homo sapiens	12-17
34985768-10	2022	Together with the previous report that ectopic FGFR1 contributes to PCa progression and metastasis, our results here unravel a novel mechanism by which FGFR1 promotes PCa progression by dysregulating choline metabolism, and that the crosstalk between FGFR1-choline metabolism can be a potential target for managing PCa progression.	Choline	200-207	fibroblast growth factor receptor 1	Homo sapiens	152-157
34985768-10	2022	Together with the previous report that ectopic FGFR1 contributes to PCa progression and metastasis, our results here unravel a novel mechanism by which FGFR1 promotes PCa progression by dysregulating choline metabolism, and that the crosstalk between FGFR1-choline metabolism can be a potential target for managing PCa progression.	Choline	257-264	fibroblast growth factor receptor 1	Homo sapiens	152-157
35516840-0	2022	CD44 expression in the bile duct epithelium is related to hepatic fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis rats induced by a choline-deficient, methionine-lowered, L-amino acid diet.	Choline	125-132	CD44 molecule (Indian blood group)	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
35406476-5	2022	In vivo silencing of TIA1 using AAV8-delivered shRNAs in mice worsens hepatic steatosis and fibrosis induced by a methionine and choline-deficient diet and increases the hepatic tumor burden in liver-specific PTEN knockout (LPTENKO) mice.	Choline	129-136	cytotoxic granule-associated RNA binding protein 1	Mus musculus	21-25
35310896-8	2022	The alteration of the choline-PAF pathway is an intriguing finding recognized by several groups.	Choline	22-29	PCNA clamp associated factor	Homo sapiens	30-33
35310936-3	2022	It has been shown that gene knockout of OPA1, a mitochondrial dynamin-related GTPase that mediates mitochondrial fusion, prevents megamitochondria formation and liver damage in a NASH mouse model induced by a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet.	Choline	220-227	OPA1, mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase	Mus musculus	40-44
35199353-6	2022	Our analysis proposed that AMP interferes with the CDP-choline pathway in hepatocytes via the inhibition of one or more enzymes integral to the pathway and/or the replacement of choline in the assembly of the phospholipid unit.	Choline	178-185	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	51-54
35168606-11	2022	Decreased expressions of GPCPD1 and GDE1 in choline metabolism led to an increased GPC levels in the PTX-resistant EOCs, which was observed as an elevated total choline (tCho) on in vivo 1H-MRS.	Choline	161-168	glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1	Homo sapiens	25-31
35168606-11	2022	Decreased expressions of GPCPD1 and GDE1 in choline metabolism led to an increased GPC levels in the PTX-resistant EOCs, which was observed as an elevated total choline (tCho) on in vivo 1H-MRS.	Choline	161-168	glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase 1	Homo sapiens	36-40
35168606-11	2022	Decreased expressions of GPCPD1 and GDE1 in choline metabolism led to an increased GPC levels in the PTX-resistant EOCs, which was observed as an elevated total choline (tCho) on in vivo 1H-MRS.	Choline	161-168	glycophorin C (Gerbich blood group)	Homo sapiens	83-86
35084335-5	2022	In subsequent studies, we treated mice with non-lethal bacterial choline TMA lyase (CutC/D) inhibitors to blunt gut microbe-dependent production of TMA in the context of chronic ethanol administration.	Choline	65-72	cutC copper transporter	Mus musculus	84-88
35084335-8	2022	We show the gut microbial choline metabolite trimethylamine (TMA) is elevated in AH patients and correlates with reduced hepatic expression of the TMA oxygenase flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3).	Choline	26-33	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 3	Homo sapiens	196-200
35141305-11	2021	In addition, bacterial observed species and richness (Chao 1 and ACE) at day 110 of gestation decreased as dietary choline levels increased (P < 0.05).	Choline	115-122	angiotensin I converting enzyme	Homo sapiens	65-68
35011544-7	2022	We found that the DEG-3/DES-2 channel was more sensitive to betaine than ACh and choline, but insensitive to monepantel and monepantel sulfone when used as direct agonists and as allosteric modulators in co-application with betaine.	Choline	81-88	Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-type deg-3	Caenorhabditis elegans	18-23
35011544-7	2022	We found that the DEG-3/DES-2 channel was more sensitive to betaine than ACh and choline, but insensitive to monepantel and monepantel sulfone when used as direct agonists and as allosteric modulators in co-application with betaine.	Choline	81-88	desmin, gene 2 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	24-29
34662392-7	2022	GLP-1R staining was seen in nerve fibers within the choline acetyl transferase- and nitric oxide-positive myenteric plexuses from the gastric corpus to the distal large intestine being strongest in the mid- and hindgut area.	Choline	52-59	glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Mus musculus	0-6
35613310-9	2022	Consistently, PSRC1-knockout mice exhibited higher plasma TMAO levels with a choline-supplemented diet, which was gut microbiota dependent, as evidenced by antibiotic treatment.	Choline	77-84	proline/serine-rich coiled-coil 1	Mus musculus	14-19
35208411-1	2022	According to the current model of nerve propagation, the function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is to terminate synaptic transmission of nerve signals by hydrolyzing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) in the synaptic cleft to acetic acid (acetate) and choline.	Choline	259-266	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	91-95
2751648-3	1989	The precursor molecule [3H] choline was incorporated into phosphatidylcholine after pulse labeling in TPA/D609-treated cells.	Choline	28-35	plasminogen activator, tissue type	Homo sapiens	102-105
2684401-8	1989	Immunoprecipitation analysis of PHC induced by ethionine or diethylnitrosamine and choline-deficient diet showed that one of four PHC was expressing an altered form of cell-CAM 105 with the more basic pI characteristic of the THC form of this molecule.	Choline	83-90	CEA cell adhesion molecule 1	Rattus norvegicus	168-180
2604718-13	1989	In cells loaded with quin2 and incubated in the presence of choline or tetramethylammonium chloride, a small decrease in the basal intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was observed, and the increase in [Ca2+]i caused by the addition of vasopressin was considerably diminished when compared with cells incubated in the presence of NaCl.	Choline	60-67	arginine vasopressin	Homo sapiens	247-258
2604718-14	1989	In cells loaded with quin2, replacement of NaCl by choline chloride caused a decrease in Ca2+ inflow in the presence of vasopressin, as measured by using quin2 or 45Ca2+ exchange, whereas no change in Ca2+ inflow was observed in the absence of vasopressin.	Choline	51-67	arginine vasopressin	Homo sapiens	120-131
2604718-14	1989	In cells loaded with quin2, replacement of NaCl by choline chloride caused a decrease in Ca2+ inflow in the presence of vasopressin, as measured by using quin2 or 45Ca2+ exchange, whereas no change in Ca2+ inflow was observed in the absence of vasopressin.	Choline	51-67	arginine vasopressin	Homo sapiens	244-255
2514005-4	1989	Substitution (80%) of Na+ with choline or Tris reduced the VIP-elicited inward current by approximately 75%.	Choline	31-38	vasoactive intestinal peptide	Homo sapiens	59-62
2804687-5	1989	Double-staining experiments revealed that many of the nbM CaBP-immunoreactive neurones contained choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity, so that CaBP is an alternative marker for the nbM cholinergic neurones in the human fore-brain.	Choline	97-104	S100 calcium binding protein G	Homo sapiens	58-62
2794143-4	1989	The development of specific uptake mechanisms for choline and dopamine and receptors was studied by means of quantitative autoradiography of the specific binding of [3H]-hemicholinium-3 [( 3H]-HC3) and [3H]-mazindol [( 3H]-MAZ) to the choline and dopamine uptake systems, respectively.	Choline	50-57	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: myc-associated zinc finger protein	Papio anubis	223-226
2620292-5	1989	Choline and nitrogen mustard (HN2) share a plasma membrane carrier but the intracellular distribution of HN2 into DNA, RNA and protein, contrasts with that of choline, into phospholipid.	Choline	0-7	MT-RNR2 like 2 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	105-108
2760058-1	1989	Prior studies demonstrated that 1,2-diacylglycerols stimulated degradation of the choline-containing phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, in GH3 pituitary cells by a phospholipase A2 and a sphingomyelinase, respectively (Kolesnick, R. N. (1987) J. Biol.	Choline	82-89	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	183-199
2803252-4	1989	Accordingly, both EGF and IGF-I increased acute [3H]glycerol labelling of DAG (and other lipids) and [3H]choline labelling of phosphocholine.	Choline	105-112	epidermal growth factor	Homo sapiens	18-21
2803252-4	1989	Accordingly, both EGF and IGF-I increased acute [3H]glycerol labelling of DAG (and other lipids) and [3H]choline labelling of phosphocholine.	Choline	105-112	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	26-31
2808321-1	1989	The structures of intact choline phospholipids were determined by positive and negative ion mode fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, and B2/E and B/E constant linked scan mass spectrometry.	Choline	25-32	immunoglobulin kappa variable 5-2	Homo sapiens	168-178
2760844-2	1989	Release was monitored by measuring endogenous ACh when acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was inhibited with physostigmine (30 microM) or by measuring endogenous choline when AChE activity was left intact.	Choline	61-68	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	77-81
2515070-3	1989	Monovalent cations (Na+ greater than Li+ greater than K+ greater than choline+) markedly inhibited the binding of the radiolabeled oligopeptide [3H]FMLP by specifically reducing the number of receptors in the high-affinity state.	Choline	70-77	formyl peptide receptor 1	Homo sapiens	148-152
2818589-3	1989	Treatment of these cells with interleukin 3 rapidly stimulated both the release of water-soluble choline metabolites and the resynthesis of phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	97-104	interleukin 3	Mus musculus	30-43
2572173-3	1989	The excitatory effect of somatostatin was associated with an increase in the release of [3H]acetylcholine (ACh) from the preparations preloaded with [3H]choline.	Choline	98-105	somatostatin	Cavia porcellus	25-37
2675833-1	1989	In neonatal rat islet cells prelabelled with [14C-methyl] choline, the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate rapidly activated a phospholipase D-like mechanism as suggested by the accumulation in cells and medium of choline (but not of phosphorylcholine or glycerophosphorylcholine, markers for phospholipase C and phospholipase A2 action on phosphatidylcholine).	Choline	58-65	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	328-344
2585933-5	1989	Both high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) and binding of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) were reduced 20 min after a single injection without any effect on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity.	Choline	19-26	high affinity choline uptake	Mus musculus	35-39
2546795-2	1989	Substitution of [Na+]e with choline+ of K+ resulted in a significant enhancement of 5HT secretion induced by thrombin, collagen, U46619 and the protein kinase C activators, PMA and diC8.	Choline	28-35	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	109-117
2751648-5	1989	However, the xanthate exerted an inhibitory effect on the TPA-stimulated liberation of [3H] phosphorylcholine from [3H] phosphatidylcholine in cells prelabeled with [3H] choline.	Choline	102-109	plasminogen activator, tissue type	Homo sapiens	58-61
2715183-2	1989	The complex, which is identical to the VLA-2 complex of lymphocytes and other cells and contains subunits of 160 and 130 kD on SDS-PAGE, was labeled with 125I and incorporated into phosphatidyl choline liposomes.	Choline	194-201	integrin subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	39-44
2761299-2	1989	The assay is based upon the reactions: (1) hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetate, catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase.	Choline	63-70	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	108-128
2569343-9	1989	In vitro concentrations of choline, MEC, and NAD, similar to the estimated concentration obtained in vivo in the acute toxicity study, produced mixed inhibition of mouse brain acetylcholinesterase.	Choline	27-34	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	176-196
2732947-1	1989	Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) treatment has been shown previously to stimulate the sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake system as assessed by both the specific binding of [3H]hemicholinium-3 ([ 3H]HCh-3) and the uptake of [3H]choline.	Choline	108-115	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	0-16
2732947-1	1989	Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) treatment has been shown previously to stimulate the sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake system as assessed by both the specific binding of [3H]hemicholinium-3 ([ 3H]HCh-3) and the uptake of [3H]choline.	Choline	108-115	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	18-22
2732947-1	1989	Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) treatment has been shown previously to stimulate the sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake system as assessed by both the specific binding of [3H]hemicholinium-3 ([ 3H]HCh-3) and the uptake of [3H]choline.	Choline	229-236	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	0-16
2732947-1	1989	Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) treatment has been shown previously to stimulate the sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake system as assessed by both the specific binding of [3H]hemicholinium-3 ([ 3H]HCh-3) and the uptake of [3H]choline.	Choline	229-236	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	18-22
2548215-9	1989	The depolarizing agents choline (EC50 = 1 mM) and carbamoylcholine (EC50 = 1 microM), acting through nicotinic cholinergic receptors, also rescued NGF-deprived neurons.	Choline	24-31	nerve growth factor	Homo sapiens	147-150
2732947-11	1989	These results support the hypothesis that PLA2 might be involved in the regulation of the sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake.	Choline	121-128	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	42-46
2647288-1	1989	In rats maintained on a carcinogenic diet (choline deficient containing 0.1% ethionine), the levels of c-myc and p53 mRNAs increased by 4 wk after animals were placed on the diet.	Choline	43-50	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	103-108
2539730-2	1989	Replacement of extracellular Na+ with choline or N-methylglucamine reduced thrombin-stimulated PG secretion but did not significantly affect either ATP- or A23187-stimulated PG secretion.	Choline	38-45	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	75-83
2539730-6	1989	Since manipulations known to inhibit Na+ -H+ exchange (EIPA, HMA, replacement of Na+ with choline or N-methylglucamine) reduced thrombin-stimulated RCME cell PG release, we conclude that activation of Na+ -H+ exchange is involved in the coupling of thrombin interaction with RCME cells to subsequent phospholipase activation and PG release.	Choline	90-97	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	128-136
2758074-4	1989	The incorporation into micelles of a non-hydrolyzable by PLA2 sphinogomyelin which, similar to PC, has a choline group, resulted in an increase of PLA2 specificity towards PL that are known to be devoid of this group: PE greater than PI greater than PG greater than PC.	Choline	105-112	phospholipase A2 group IIA	Homo sapiens	57-61
2758074-4	1989	The incorporation into micelles of a non-hydrolyzable by PLA2 sphinogomyelin which, similar to PC, has a choline group, resulted in an increase of PLA2 specificity towards PL that are known to be devoid of this group: PE greater than PI greater than PG greater than PC.	Choline	105-112	phospholipase A2 group IIA	Homo sapiens	147-151
2649891-0	1989	c-myc gene amplification during hepatocarcinogenesis by a choline-devoid diet.	Choline	58-65	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
2649891-4	1989	Amplification of c-myc was larger in tumors of rats fed a choline-devoid diet followed by a choline-supplemented diet than in tumors from animals fed a choline-devoid diet exclusively.	Choline	58-65	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	17-22
2649891-4	1989	Amplification of c-myc was larger in tumors of rats fed a choline-devoid diet followed by a choline-supplemented diet than in tumors from animals fed a choline-devoid diet exclusively.	Choline	92-99	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	17-22
2649891-4	1989	Amplification of c-myc was larger in tumors of rats fed a choline-devoid diet followed by a choline-supplemented diet than in tumors from animals fed a choline-devoid diet exclusively.	Choline	92-99	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	17-22
2647288-1	1989	In rats maintained on a carcinogenic diet (choline deficient containing 0.1% ethionine), the levels of c-myc and p53 mRNAs increased by 4 wk after animals were placed on the diet.	Choline	43-50	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	113-116
20504454-7	1989	Although the K(m) of choline acetyltransferase for choline chloride did not change in any region tested, the K(m) for acetyl coenzyme A decreased in the hippocampus (24 vs 12 months), but increased (4 vs 12 months) and then decreased (12 vs 24 months) in the striatum.	Choline	51-67	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	21-46
2712287-1	1989	We developed a continuous spectrophotometric assay of the phospholipase A2 activity specific for choline plasmalogen using rat liver lysoplasmalogenase and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase as coupling enzymes and Naja naja venom phospholipase A2 as a source of the phospholipase A2 activity.	Choline	97-104	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	58-74
2712287-1	1989	We developed a continuous spectrophotometric assay of the phospholipase A2 activity specific for choline plasmalogen using rat liver lysoplasmalogenase and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase as coupling enzymes and Naja naja venom phospholipase A2 as a source of the phospholipase A2 activity.	Choline	97-104	transmembrane protein 86B	Rattus norvegicus	133-151
2712287-1	1989	We developed a continuous spectrophotometric assay of the phospholipase A2 activity specific for choline plasmalogen using rat liver lysoplasmalogenase and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase as coupling enzymes and Naja naja venom phospholipase A2 as a source of the phospholipase A2 activity.	Choline	97-104	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	230-246
2712287-1	1989	We developed a continuous spectrophotometric assay of the phospholipase A2 activity specific for choline plasmalogen using rat liver lysoplasmalogenase and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase as coupling enzymes and Naja naja venom phospholipase A2 as a source of the phospholipase A2 activity.	Choline	97-104	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	230-246
2712287-2	1989	In these coupling reactions, choline lysoplasmalogen is hydrolyzed by lysoplasmalogenase to glycerophosphocholine and free aldehyde.	Choline	29-36	transmembrane protein 86B	Rattus norvegicus	70-88
2493385-10	1989	The changes in P-choline, choline, and ATP could all be prevented in the presence of an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI).	Choline	17-24	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	88-104
2713652-0	1989	Interaction between nerve growth factor and GM1 monosialoganglioside in preventing cortical choline acetyltransferase and high affinity choline uptake decrease after lesion of the nucleus basalis.	Choline	92-99	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	20-39
2643346-4	1989	Choline dehydrogenase is the enzyme that catalyzes the first of two successive oxidation steps in the biosynthetic conversion of choline to betaine.	Choline	129-136	choline dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-21
2575538-1	1989	Chronic administration to rats of a diet in which all choline is replaced by NADe, an unnatural choline analog, results in a classical hypocholinergic syndrome characterized by progressive loss of learning and memory, hyperkinesis, hyperreactivity and hyperalgesia.	Choline	96-103	brain expressed X-linked 3	Rattus norvegicus	77-81
2562358-3	1989	A main finding is the function of NGF in the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain, expressing NGF receptors and responding to the factor by increased activity of choline acetyltransferase, and the production of NGF in cortical areas and hippocampus comprising terminal areas for the cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain.	Choline	45-52	nerve growth factor	Homo sapiens	34-37
2562358-3	1989	A main finding is the function of NGF in the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain, expressing NGF receptors and responding to the factor by increased activity of choline acetyltransferase, and the production of NGF in cortical areas and hippocampus comprising terminal areas for the cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain.	Choline	45-52	nerve growth factor	Homo sapiens	100-103
2562358-3	1989	A main finding is the function of NGF in the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain, expressing NGF receptors and responding to the factor by increased activity of choline acetyltransferase, and the production of NGF in cortical areas and hippocampus comprising terminal areas for the cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain.	Choline	45-52	nerve growth factor	Homo sapiens	100-103
3223955-3	1988	The only known mammalian pathway for the synthesis de novo of choline molecules is catalysed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PeMT), which synthesizes phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) via sequential methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) using S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) as a methyl donor.	Choline	62-69	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	96-140
2913283-2	1989	CCK and gastrin induced the Ca++-dependent and tetrodotoxin-sensitive release of [3H]ACh from the LM-MP preparations preloaded with [3H]choline.	Choline	136-143	cholecystokinin	Cavia porcellus	0-3
2913283-2	1989	CCK and gastrin induced the Ca++-dependent and tetrodotoxin-sensitive release of [3H]ACh from the LM-MP preparations preloaded with [3H]choline.	Choline	136-143	gastrin	Cavia porcellus	8-15
3202903-2	1988	The choline phospholipids (11 mumol/g) maintained a constant efflux of choline of about 1.5 nmol g-1 min-1 into the perfusate.	Choline	4-11	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	101-106
3202903-2	1988	The choline phospholipids (11 mumol/g) maintained a constant efflux of choline of about 1.5 nmol g-1 min-1 into the perfusate.	Choline	71-78	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	101-106
2849934-1	1988	The ability of bradykinin to stimulate phosphodiesteratic cleavage of phosphatidylcholine (PC) was investigated in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells prelabeled with [3H]choline and [3H]myristic acid.	Choline	82-89	kininogen 1	Bos taurus	15-25
2462362-8	1988	NKA, NKB, and SP caused a dose-dependent, tetrodotoxin-sensitive increase in [3H]acetylcholine release from strips preincubated with [3H]choline.	Choline	87-94	tachykinin precursor 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
2462362-8	1988	NKA, NKB, and SP caused a dose-dependent, tetrodotoxin-sensitive increase in [3H]acetylcholine release from strips preincubated with [3H]choline.	Choline	87-94	tachykinin precursor 3	Homo sapiens	5-8
3223955-3	1988	The only known mammalian pathway for the synthesis de novo of choline molecules is catalysed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PeMT), which synthesizes phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) via sequential methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) using S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) as a methyl donor.	Choline	62-69	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	142-146
2854123-6	1988	The CHO1-disrupted mutant, when grown on choline, accumulated phosphatidylethanolamine to a significant level even after extensive dilution of the initial culture.	Choline	41-48	CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
3235960-1	1988	A two-step colorimetric method that overcomes the difficulties of the classic 240 nm benzoylcholine assay for plasma cholinesterase has been adapted to a Cobas-Fara centrifugal analyser, using choline oxidase coupled with peroxidase/phenol/aminoantipyrine for detection of the choline produced.	Choline	92-99	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	117-131
2846697-3	1988	In Lettre cells, damage is restricted and reversible: little lactate dehydrogenase leaks from cells that leak substantial amounts of Na+, K+, and phosphoryl[3H]choline; at low amounts of cytolysin, membrane potential and intracellular content of Na+ and K+ recover within minutes.	Choline	160-167	Lactate dehydrogenase	Drosophila melanogaster	61-82
3196359-1	1988	We have examined the effects of exogenous phospholipase A2 (PLA2) on the sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake mechanism as assessed by the specific binding of [3H]hemicholinium-3 ([3H]HCh-3).	Choline	104-111	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	42-58
3237311-9	1988	Acetylcholine formation in the presence of choline and AcCoA was stimulated in cells that had been grown in the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF).	Choline	6-13	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	124-143
3237311-9	1988	Acetylcholine formation in the presence of choline and AcCoA was stimulated in cells that had been grown in the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF).	Choline	6-13	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	145-148
3146971-10	1988	In addition to increases in [3H]glycerol labelling of PC/PE, insulin rapidly (within 30 s) increased PC/PE labelling by [3H]arachidonic acid, [3H]myristic acid, and [14C]choline.	Choline	170-177	insulin	Homo sapiens	61-68
3196359-1	1988	We have examined the effects of exogenous phospholipase A2 (PLA2) on the sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake mechanism as assessed by the specific binding of [3H]hemicholinium-3 ([3H]HCh-3).	Choline	104-111	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	60-64
3196359-5	1988	Choline and N-butylcholine inhibited the specific binding of [3H]HCh-3 in both control and PLA2-treated membranes with similar potency.	Choline	0-7	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	91-95
3196359-6	1988	When a low concentration of PLA2 was incubated with the striatal synaptosomes, a small but significant increase in high-affinity [3H]choline uptake was observed.	Choline	133-140	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	28-32
3196359-7	1988	However, higher concentrations of PLA2, which further increased the specific binding of [3H]HCh-3, caused a reduction of [3H]choline uptake, apparently due to disruption of synaptosomal integrity by PLA2.	Choline	125-132	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	34-38
3196359-9	1988	These results suggest a possible role for endogenous PLA2 in the calcium-dependent regulation of sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake.	Choline	128-135	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	53-57
2846391-12	1988	Thus, islet PC turnover and CDP-choline pathway activity appear to be modulated by glucose metabolism and membrane phospholipid hydrolysis.	Choline	32-39	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	28-31
3141381-0	1988	lac fusion analysis of the bet genes of Escherichia coli: regulation by osmolarity, temperature, oxygen, choline, and glycine betaine.	Choline	105-112	putative DNA recombination protein Bet	Escherichia coli	27-30
3141381-1	1988	The synthesis of glycine betaine, a powerful osmoprotectant, from its precursor, choline, is a function of the bet genes.	Choline	81-88	putative DNA recombination protein Bet	Escherichia coli	25-28
3141381-2	1988	The bet genes code for the high-affinity transport of choline and the enzymes for its conversion to glycine betaine.	Choline	54-61	putative DNA recombination protein Bet	Escherichia coli	4-7
3199820-3	1988	GR was present at least 2 days prior to gestational day 18, from which day maternal betamethasone administration stimulated choline chloride incorporation into phosphatidylcholine, the major phospholipid in surfactant.	Choline	124-140	nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-2
2843345-4	1988	The pHi declined to 6.87 +/- 0.02 when equimolar concentrations of choline+ replaced Na+ in the incubation medium, but was restored when cells were placed in a medium containing 50 mM Na+.	Choline	67-74	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Rattus norvegicus	4-7
2850468-5	1988	In cho2 and opi3 mutants, which are blocked in phosphatidylcholine synthesis, inositol-mediated repression of PGPS did not occur unless choline was added to the media.	Choline	59-66	bifunctional phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase/phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	12-16
3418419-0	1988	Choline-deficient diet increases Z protein concentration in rat liver.	Choline	0-7	fatty acid binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	33-42
3220975-3	1988	Concurrent histochemical and immunological staining demonstrated that all choline-acetyltransferase-positive NB neurons in the human brain also contain acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity.	Choline	74-81	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	152-172
3044366-1	1988	Insulin was found to provoke simultaneous, rapid, biphasic increases in [3H]choline-labeling of phosphatidylcholine and phosphocholine in BC3H-1 myocytes.	Choline	76-83	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
3418419-1	1988	Feeding rats a diet deficient in choline results in fatty liver within 1 d. We studied the effect of short-term (1-3 d) choline deficiency on rat liver Z protein (fatty acid-binding protein).	Choline	120-127	fatty acid binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	152-161
3418419-6	1988	One day of choline-deficient diet increased Z protein concentration threefold, reaching a plateau on the second and third day.	Choline	11-18	fatty acid binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	44-53
3409952-3	1988	The order of potency for choline uptake inhibition of piperidine substituted HC-3 molecule was as follows: 4-methylpiperidine (A-5 and CA-5) much greater than HC-3 much greater than unsubstituted piperidines (CA-1 and A-1) much greater than 2- or 3-methylpiperidine (A-2 and A-3) and 4-hydroxypiperidine (A-7).	Choline	25-32	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	209-221
3399080-3	1988	All dementia cases with a premortem diagnosis of DAT or PD showed large numbers of HLA-DR-positive reactive microglia and significant plaque and tangle counts in the hippocampus, as well as reduced cortical choline acetyltransferase activity.	Choline	207-214	solute carrier family 6 member 3	Homo sapiens	49-52
3390904-2	1988	The substrate succinylcholine is hydrolyzed by plasma cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8), and the choline produced is oxidized by choline oxidase (EC 11.3.17) in the presence of peroxidase, 4-aminophenazone and phenol, to yield a chromagen with maximum absorbance at 500 nm.	Choline	22-29	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	54-68
3065456-0	1988	Molecular cloning, physical mapping and expression of the bet genes governing the osmoregulatory choline-glycine betaine pathway of Escherichia coli.	Choline	97-104	putative DNA recombination protein Bet	Escherichia coli	58-61
3065456-1	1988	An analysis of the bet genes governing the osmoregulatory choline-glycine betaine pathway of Escherichia coli was performed.	Choline	58-65	putative DNA recombination protein Bet	Escherichia coli	19-22
3404192-4	1988	A subgroup of demented subjects with Alzheimer"s disease had a relatively preserved basal nucleus, and frontal lobe (CAT) choline acetyltransferase activities similar to those in control subjects, but significantly more neuronal loss in the locus caeruleus.	Choline	122-129	catalase	Homo sapiens	117-120
3365241-1	1988	Vasopressin stimulates phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis in REF52 cells, and this phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis results in increases in choline containing metabolites in the culture medium (2.3 x control levels) and accumulation of cellular diacylglycerol (6.5 x control levels).	Choline	35-42	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	0-11
2836231-3	1988	When extracellular Na+ was substituted by equimolar choline+, pHi decreased by about 0.2 units.	Choline	52-60	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Homo sapiens	62-65
3355592-1	1988	Total cytochrome P-450 levels decreased to about 80% of control in hepatic microsomes from female rats maintained for 30 weeks on a choline-deficient diet.	Choline	132-139	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily g, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	6-22
3065456-7	1988	Salmonella typhimurium, which carried the bet region of E. coli in the broad-host-range vector pRK293 expressed the three Bet activities and displayed increased osmotic tolerance in the presence of choline.	Choline	198-205	putative DNA recombination protein Bet	Escherichia coli	42-45
3065456-7	1988	Salmonella typhimurium, which carried the bet region of E. coli in the broad-host-range vector pRK293 expressed the three Bet activities and displayed increased osmotic tolerance in the presence of choline.	Choline	198-205	putative DNA recombination protein Bet	Escherichia coli	122-125
3126267-5	1988	Inhibition of [3H]choline uptake by arachidonic acid was reversed by bovine serum albumin.	Choline	18-25	albumin	Rattus norvegicus	76-89
3379442-2	1988	In the control subjects, Michaelis constants (Km) of ChAT for choline were lower in the caudate nucleus and putamen than in other regions examined, whereas Km values for acetyl-CoA in these two regions were higher.	Choline	62-69	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	53-57
3379442-6	1988	These results suggest that the binding site of ChAT for choline is sensitive to the pathological process of ATD, whereas the binding site for acetyl-CoA is resistant.	Choline	56-63	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	47-51
3355555-1	1988	1-O-Alk-1"-enyl analog of platelet-activating factor (PAF, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, alkylacetyl-GPC) was prepared semi-synthetically from choline plasmalogens of beef heart muscle.	Choline	98-105	PCNA clamp associated factor	Homo sapiens	54-57
2830903-6	1988	Experiments employing REF52 cells prelabeled with [3H]choline demonstrated that both TPA and vasopressin induce the hydrolysis of cellular choline-containing glycerophospholipids; this was measured by both a decrease in cell-associated phosphatidylcholine radioactivity and an increase in the production of water-soluble [3H]choline-containing metabolites in the culture medium.	Choline	54-61	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	93-104
2830903-6	1988	Experiments employing REF52 cells prelabeled with [3H]choline demonstrated that both TPA and vasopressin induce the hydrolysis of cellular choline-containing glycerophospholipids; this was measured by both a decrease in cell-associated phosphatidylcholine radioactivity and an increase in the production of water-soluble [3H]choline-containing metabolites in the culture medium.	Choline	139-146	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	93-104
2830903-6	1988	Experiments employing REF52 cells prelabeled with [3H]choline demonstrated that both TPA and vasopressin induce the hydrolysis of cellular choline-containing glycerophospholipids; this was measured by both a decrease in cell-associated phosphatidylcholine radioactivity and an increase in the production of water-soluble [3H]choline-containing metabolites in the culture medium.	Choline	139-146	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	93-104
2830903-9	1988	These data demonstrate that tumor-promoting phorbol esters (agonists of protein kinase C), serum and vasopressin, increase the levels of cellular diacylglycerol by stimulating the hydrolysis of choline-containing glycerophospholipids.	Choline	194-201	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	101-112
2893798-4	1988	The limiting step in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis was the formation of CDP-choline catalyzed by CTP:choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.15) as monitored by the decrease in phosphocholine labeling following phospholipase C treatment of cells prelabeled with [3H]choline.	Choline	33-40	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	75-78
3348386-3	1988	Choline chloride significantly enhanced ANG II-stimulated aldosterone secretion when used in place of 25 mM NaCl, but sodium methylsulfate did not.	Choline	0-16	ANG	Canis lupus familiaris	40-43
3345583-1	1988	The effect of 30 week intake of a choline-deficient (CD) diet on cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was investigated in rats of both sexes.	Choline	34-41	hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase	Rattus norvegicus	75-100
3345583-1	1988	The effect of 30 week intake of a choline-deficient (CD) diet on cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was investigated in rats of both sexes.	Choline	34-41	hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase	Rattus norvegicus	102-105
2828363-9	1988	Incubation of [methyl-3H]choline-labeled cells in the presence of 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol caused an enhanced incorporation of the label into the fraction co-migrating as PAF, and this incorporation was synergistically enhanced by TPA.	Choline	25-32	PCNA clamp associated factor	Homo sapiens	181-184
3336410-0	1988	Prevention by choline of the depletion of membrane phosphatidylcholine by a cholinesterase inhibitor.	Choline	14-21	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	76-90
2827496-3	1988	Oval cells that proliferate in the liver of animals receiving a carcinogenic diet (choline-deficient, containing 0.05% ethionine) contained G6Pase activity; 50-60% of nonparenchymal epithelial cells isolated from these livers by centrifugal elutriation contained G6Pase activity; and oval cell cultures displayed intense G6Pase activity at confluence but did not have detectable enzyme activity during exponential growth.	Choline	83-90	glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Rattus norvegicus	140-146
2827914-2	1988	This is based on GPC hydrolysis by a phosphodiesterase (PDE), free choline being then determined by the choline oxidase method.	Choline	67-74	glycophorin C (Gerbich blood group)	Homo sapiens	17-20
3355592-3	1988	Steroid hydroxylase activities were assessed in microsomes of female rats that received the choline-deficient diet and it was noted that the activity of the cytochrome P-450 UT-F-mediated steroid 7 alpha-hydroxylase was decreased to about 50% of the activity present in choline-supplemented control rat microsomes.	Choline	92-99	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily g, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	157-173
3355592-3	1988	Steroid hydroxylase activities were assessed in microsomes of female rats that received the choline-deficient diet and it was noted that the activity of the cytochrome P-450 UT-F-mediated steroid 7 alpha-hydroxylase was decreased to about 50% of the activity present in choline-supplemented control rat microsomes.	Choline	270-277	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily g, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	157-173
3213578-4	1988	The analyses revealed that the ratio of (n-3) to (n-6) PUFA was significantly increased in ethanolamine (EPG) and in choline phosphoglycerides, as it is in EPG in the foetal T-21 brain.	Choline	117-124	pumilio RNA binding family member 3	Homo sapiens	55-59
3243693-3	1988	These results demonstrate for the first time that vitamin B12 involved as coenzyme in biochemical reactions related to the liberation of methyl synthesis synthesis through the bioavailability of choline, the enzyme substrate of choline acetyltransferase.	Choline	195-202	choline O-acetyltransferase	Felis catus	228-253
3355592-7	1988	Thus, in hepatic microsomes from choline-deficient female rats, it appears likely that levels of the non-sexually differentiated cytochromes P-450 UT-F and ISF-G are decreased.	Choline	33-40	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily a, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	141-151
2964552-2	1988	Although the release of ANF was stimulated by Na ion, choline chloride, and glucose in concentration-dependent manners, the release was more sensitive to a change in concentration of Na ion than to those of choline chloride and glucose.	Choline	54-70	natriuretic peptide A	Rattus norvegicus	24-27
2964552-2	1988	Although the release of ANF was stimulated by Na ion, choline chloride, and glucose in concentration-dependent manners, the release was more sensitive to a change in concentration of Na ion than to those of choline chloride and glucose.	Choline	207-223	natriuretic peptide A	Rattus norvegicus	24-27
3073389-0	1988	TPA stimulates both release of choline and ethanolamine and synthesis of PGI2 in C-9 cells.	Choline	31-38	plasminogen activator, tissue type	Homo sapiens	0-3
3677088-7	1987	1H-NMR analyses of Friend leukemia cell tumor extracts also indicated, 6 h after tumor injection with TNF: (a) elevated choline levels (9X); (b) a 19-fold increase in the ratio [choline]/[phosporylcholine]; (c) elevated (1.4X) levels of lactic acid; and (d) a 1.6-fold decrease in the [taurine]/[glycine] ratio.	Choline	120-127	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	102-105
3677088-7	1987	1H-NMR analyses of Friend leukemia cell tumor extracts also indicated, 6 h after tumor injection with TNF: (a) elevated choline levels (9X); (b) a 19-fold increase in the ratio [choline]/[phosporylcholine]; (c) elevated (1.4X) levels of lactic acid; and (d) a 1.6-fold decrease in the [taurine]/[glycine] ratio.	Choline	178-185	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	102-105
3119709-8	1987	All glycerol-derived cell membrane phospholipids examined (phosphatidylethanolamine, -inositol, -choline, and -serine) incorporated labeled AA which was releasable by treatment with PLA2.	Choline	97-104	phospholipase A2, group IB, pancreas	Mus musculus	182-186
3444378-2	1987	Metabolic studies in both Raji and L1210 leukemic cells on OM-GPC, 3H-labeled in the methyl groups of the choline moiety, showed a (diacyl)-phosphatidylcholine as the only labeled metabolite.	Choline	106-113	glycophorin C (Gerbich blood group)	Homo sapiens	62-65
3444378-4	1987	One of these compounds, hexadecylphosphocholine (He-PC), which was 3H-labeled in the methyl-choline groups, showed a formation of labeled (diacyl)-phosphatidylcholine similar to that found with OM-GPC.	Choline	40-47	glycophorin C (Gerbich blood group)	Homo sapiens	197-200
3117787-1	1987	Evidence for stimulation via protein kinase C. Phorbol esters have been shown to stimulate phosphatidylcholine synthesis via the CDP-choline pathway.	Choline	103-110	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	129-132
3117787-7	1987	In this study, TPA is shown to activate choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.15), the regulatory enzyme of the CDP-choline pathway, by stimulating redistribution of the inactive cytosolic form of the enzyme to the membrane.	Choline	40-47	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	123-126
2820701-6	1987	Complete replacement of Na+ by choline chloride gave a marginal increase in the rate of H+ efflux upon addition of hPRL.	Choline	31-47	prolactin	Homo sapiens	115-119
3654606-9	1987	The role of alkylacetyl-GPC in normal rat uterus is uncertain, but it coexists in situ with two kinds of endogenous inhibitors, choline containing lysoglycerophospholipids and sphingophospholipids.	Choline	128-135	glycophorin C	Rattus norvegicus	24-27
2445504-7	1987	Modifications of anti-choline IgE were observed in five of nineteen patients (26%).	Choline	22-29	immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon	Homo sapiens	30-33
2445504-9	1987	This study demonstrates the reliability of skin tests, leucocyte histamine release and detection of anti-choline IgE to diagnose allergic reactions to suxamethonium, even when they are performed a long time after the initial anaphylactic reaction.	Choline	105-112	immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon	Homo sapiens	113-116
2887563-2	1987	The regulation of pineal phospholipase A2 activity was studied indirectly by measuring the release of [3H]arachidonic acid from [3H]arachidonic acid-labeled tissue in organ culture and the formation of radiolabeled lysophosphatidylcholine by glands labeled with 32Pi or [14C]choline.	Choline	231-238	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	25-41
2887563-10	1987	The effects of norepinephrine, A23187, and protein kinase C activators appear to be mediated by phospholipase A2 because the effects of these compounds on [3H]arachidonic acid release are blocked by an established inhibitor of this enzyme, mepacrine, and because these compounds stimulate the formation of 32P- and 14C-labeled lysophosphatidylcholine by glands incubated with 32Pi or [14C]choline.	Choline	343-350	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	96-112
2441757-4	1987	In media with Cs+, choline and tetramethylammonium, it inhibited the aggregations induced by both ADP and thrombin.	Choline	19-26	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Bos taurus	106-114
2826690-2	1988	The exposure of rat hippocampal slices to VIP increased [3H]acetylcholine ([3H]ACh) synthesis from the precursor [3H]choline when tissue was incubated in normal or in high K+ medium; the maximal effect was apparent at 10(-8) M VIP and 10(-7) M VIP, respectively.	Choline	66-73	vasoactive intestinal peptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-45
2826690-2	1988	The exposure of rat hippocampal slices to VIP increased [3H]acetylcholine ([3H]ACh) synthesis from the precursor [3H]choline when tissue was incubated in normal or in high K+ medium; the maximal effect was apparent at 10(-8) M VIP and 10(-7) M VIP, respectively.	Choline	66-73	acyl-CoA thioesterase 12	Rattus norvegicus	79-82
3111278-4	1987	After administration of the choline esterase inhibitor edrophonium, the peak GH response was 14 ng/ml in healthy elderly control subjects and only 2 ng/ml in Alzheimer"s patients.	Choline	28-35	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	77-79
2959278-9	1987	Li+ and choline+ decrease ATPase activity.	Choline	8-15	dynein axonemal heavy chain 8	Homo sapiens	26-32
3593714-1	1987	Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (2H-NMR) was used to investigate the structure and dynamics of the sn-2 hydrocarbon chain of semi-synthetical choline and ethanolamine plasmalogen in bilayers containing 0, 30, and 50 mol% cholesterol.	Choline	147-154	solute carrier family 38 member 5	Homo sapiens	104-108
3593391-9	1987	It is suggested that the choline carrier of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells exhibits a binding site for DMA similar to the one on the Na+/H+ antiporter.	Choline	25-32	solute carrier family 9 (sodium/hydrogen exchanger), member 1	Mus musculus	130-147
3031212-0	1987	Effects of extracellular choline concentration and K+ depolarization on choline kinase and choline acetyltransferase activities in superior cervical sympathetic ganglia excised from rats.	Choline	25-32	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	91-116
3032677-2	1987	Endogenous CDP-choline, synthesized via the CMP-driven back reaction of phosphorylcholine transferase, is also shown to be a choline donor for this glycerophosphorylcholine synthetase.	Choline	15-22	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	11-14
3031661-5	1987	Additional studies with muscle slices incubated with [3H]norepinephrine or [3H]choline showed that neuropeptide Y stimulated norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerves, which, in turn, inhibited the release of acetylcholine via alpha 2 receptors located on postganglionic nerves.	Choline	79-86	pro-neuropeptide Y	Cavia porcellus	99-113
3104710-8	1987	), an inhibitor of choline uptake, also prevented the increase in blood pressure induced by TRH (10 micrograms, i.c.v.).	Choline	19-26	thyrotropin releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	92-95
3029130-15	1987	The data indicate that the cloned CPT1 gene represents the yeast cholinephosphotransferase structural gene, that the yeast choline- and ethanolaminephosphotransferase activities are encoded by different genes, and that the CPT1 gene is nonessential for growth.	Choline	65-72	diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	34-38
3029099-3	1987	Removing extracellular Na+, while maintaining isotonicity with choline+, reduced the secretion of both functional and antigenic tPA in a linear fashion.	Choline	63-71	chromosome 20 open reading frame 181	Homo sapiens	128-131
3109389-4	1987	Preincubation with amiloride or replacing the extracellular Na+ with choline+ completely blocked the elevations stimulated by TRH or TPA, consistent with an activation of the Na+/H+ antiport mechanism.	Choline	69-76	thyrotropin releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	126-129
3567460-6	1987	Neurotensin evoked the release of [3H]-ACh from strips preloaded with [3H]-choline and this release was Ca2+-dependent and tetrodotoxin-sensitive.	Choline	75-82	neurotensin/neuromedin N	Cavia porcellus	0-11
3558493-5	1987	Pretreatment of cells with phorbol-12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBu) for 24 h depleted cellular protein kinase C activity and inhibited the ability of TPA to induce these effects suggesting a direct involvement of protein kinase C. Similarly the bombesin stimulation of 32Pi into PC and of [3H]choline and [3H]phosphocholine release was inhibited by PDBu pretreatment.	Choline	285-292	gastrin releasing peptide	Homo sapiens	237-245
3107544-2	1987	Notch phenocopies were induced by inhibitors of enzyme activities in two biochemical pathways: the de novo pyrimidine synthesis by 5-methylorotate (inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase) and the choline shunt by amobarbital (inhibits choline dehydrogenase) and methoxyacetate (inhibits sarcosine dehydrogenase).	Choline	199-206	Notch	Drosophila melanogaster	0-5
2433069-0	1987	alpha-Fetoprotein gene methylation and hepatocarcinogenesis in rats fed a choline-devoid diet.	Choline	74-81	alpha-fetoprotein	Rattus norvegicus	0-17
3812695-4	1987	Total replacement of bath Na+ with choline also depolarized Vbl and reduced pHi, and these changes were also inhibited by SITS.	Choline	35-42	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Oryctolagus cuniculus	76-79
3268142-1	1987	Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the enzyme responsible for the formation of ACh from choline and acetyl-coenzyme A, is a marker of cholinergic function and is significantly depressed in the brains of Alzheimer patients.	Choline	87-94	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-25
3268142-1	1987	Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the enzyme responsible for the formation of ACh from choline and acetyl-coenzyme A, is a marker of cholinergic function and is significantly depressed in the brains of Alzheimer patients.	Choline	87-94	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	27-31
3268142-4	1987	This activity was choline-dependent, inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide (a known ChAT inhibitor), and was characterized by kinetic parameters consistent with values for the neuronal enzyme.	Choline	18-25	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	76-80
3110173-6	1987	Cells prelabeled with 3H-choline released choline, choline phosphate and CDP-choline upon TPA but not upon A 23187 treatment.	Choline	25-32	cut-like homeobox 1	Mus musculus	73-76
2455181-6	1987	Cardiac tissues were weighed and subsequently analyzed for activities of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), two enzymes catalyzing the biosynthesis of catecholamines (CAs), and of choline acetyltransferase (CAT), a marker of parasympathetic activity, as well as for norepinephrine (NE).	Choline	208-215	dopamine beta-hydroxylase	Cavia porcellus	130-133
3031455-2	1987	In this report a 2.8-kb subclone was shown to complement the ethanolamine-choline auxotrophy and to repair the defect in the synthesis of phosphatidylserine, both of which are characteristic of cho1 mutants.	Choline	74-81	CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	194-198
3543647-1	1987	Total microsomal cytochrome P-450 levels were decreased, to about 50% of control, in liver of male rats made cirrhotic by the prolonged intake of a choline-deficient diet.	Choline	148-155	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily g, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	17-33
20501174-5	1987	Among subjects receiving three doses (2g each) at two-hour intervals, plasma choline peaked (30% over baseline) 4 h after the initial CDP-choline dose, while plasma cytidine levels continued to increase for at lest 6 h, at which time they were five times basal levels (P &lt; 0.01).	Choline	77-84	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	134-137
20501174-3	1987	)-diphosphocholine</compound-id> (CDP-choline) on plasma levels of cytidine, choline, and unchanged CDP-choline among normal volunteers receiving the substance orally or intravenously, and rats receiving it intravenously.	Choline	11-18	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	34-37
3590210-5	1987	Fifty per cent inhibition was obtained at 10 nM CbII after 20 min preincubation of the synaptosomes at 37 degrees C. Choline uptake was inhibited under conditions of minimal leakage of lactate dehydrogenase and probably very low phospholipase A2 activity (in the absence of Ca2+ with Sr2+ or with EGTA).	Choline	117-124	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	229-245
3772370-1	1986	The relationships between presynaptic acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) were investigated using a monolayer of rat cortex synaptosomes in superfusion conditions.	Choline	44-51	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	60-64
3772382-1	1986	The effects of several gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic drugs on sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) were investigated in the hippocampus.	Choline	100-107	high affinity choline uptake	Mus musculus	116-120
20501174-7	1987	In humans given the CDP-choline by infusion over 30 min, plasma CDP-choline fell to undetectable levels almost immediately after the end of the infusion period; plasma choline and cytidine peaked at that time, but their concentrations remained significantly elevated for at least 6 h. In rats given a bolus injection of CDP-choline, five minutes earlier, the unchanged compound was also undetectable in plasma, while plasma cytidine levels increased markedly and remained elevated for at least 60 min.	Choline	24-31	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	20-23
20501174-7	1987	In humans given the CDP-choline by infusion over 30 min, plasma CDP-choline fell to undetectable levels almost immediately after the end of the infusion period; plasma choline and cytidine peaked at that time, but their concentrations remained significantly elevated for at least 6 h. In rats given a bolus injection of CDP-choline, five minutes earlier, the unchanged compound was also undetectable in plasma, while plasma cytidine levels increased markedly and remained elevated for at least 60 min.	Choline	24-31	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	64-67
20501174-7	1987	In humans given the CDP-choline by infusion over 30 min, plasma CDP-choline fell to undetectable levels almost immediately after the end of the infusion period; plasma choline and cytidine peaked at that time, but their concentrations remained significantly elevated for at least 6 h. In rats given a bolus injection of CDP-choline, five minutes earlier, the unchanged compound was also undetectable in plasma, while plasma cytidine levels increased markedly and remained elevated for at least 60 min.	Choline	24-31	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	64-67
20501174-8	1987	These observations show that CDP-choline is converted to at least two major circulating metabolites, choline and cytidine.	Choline	33-40	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	29-32
3792454-0	1986	Arginine vasopressin innoculates against age-related increases in sodium-dependent high affinity choline uptake and discrepancies in the content of temporal memory.	Choline	97-104	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	9-20
3490297-3	1986	Dose response curves carried out in the presence of low doses of choline (200 microM) were shifted to the right and the apparent dissociation constant for ACh was increased without affecting the Hill coefficient or the maximum conductance at the endplate.	Choline	65-72	acyl-CoA thioesterase 12	Rattus norvegicus	155-158
3024743-3	1986	The results indicate that the activity of neutral sphingomyelinase in liver plasma membranes depends upon phosphatidyl choline presence in the membrane bilayer and not upon membrane fluidity.	Choline	119-126	sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 2	Rattus norvegicus	42-66
3025587-11	1986	Inositol and choline together were required for repression of the INO1 transcript in these cells, providing evidence for a regulatory link between the synthesis of inositol- and choline-containing lipids.	Choline	13-20	inositol-3-phosphate synthase INO1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	66-70
3025587-6	1986	The level of INO1 RNA was repressed 12-fold when the cells were grown in medium containing inositol, and it was repressed 33-fold when the cells were grown in the presence of inositol and choline together.	Choline	188-195	inositol-3-phosphate synthase INO1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	13-17
3025587-11	1986	Inositol and choline together were required for repression of the INO1 transcript in these cells, providing evidence for a regulatory link between the synthesis of inositol- and choline-containing lipids.	Choline	178-185	inositol-3-phosphate synthase INO1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	66-70
3768708-1	1986	Rat hippocampal minces were loaded with N-methyl-[3H]acetylcholine ([3H]ACh) in the presence of the "poorly penetrating" acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7, AChE) inhibitor echothiophate and the effect of the depolarizing agent veratridine determined on the subcellular storage and release of [3H]ACh and [3H]choline.	Choline	59-66	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	121-141
3753519-2	1986	The role of cholinergic and non-cholinergic mechanisms in mediating organophosphate cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor-induced elevations in choline levels in brain was investigated.	Choline	12-19	butyrylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	100-103
3092867-1	1986	In stimulated neutrophils the production of eicosinoids and the lipid mediator, platelet-activating factor, is thought to be initiated by the activation of a phospholipase A2 which cleaves arachidonic acid from choline-containing glycerophospholipids.	Choline	211-218	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	158-174
3768315-1	1986	Rhodopsin, isolated from bovine retinal rod outer segment disk membranes, has been reconstituted into bilayers of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine which was deuterated in the terminal methyl groups of the choline polar head group.	Choline	150-157	rhodopsin	Bos taurus	0-9
3728677-4	1986	VIP (10(-10) to 10(-6) M) induced a concentration-dependent increase in the release of [3H]ACh from LM preparations preloaded with [3H]choline.	Choline	135-142	VIP peptides	Cavia porcellus	0-3
3748278-5	1986	Finally, mChAT was applied to a CoA-Sepharose column equilibrated with buffer containing 100 mM choline chloride and was specifically eluted with buffer containing acetyl-CoA.	Choline	96-112	choline acetyltransferase	Mus musculus	9-14
3022496-1	1986	1H NMR studies on DPPC vesicles labeled with the spin labels (1,14) or (12,3) have shown that both of the spin labels influence the fatty acid side chains as well as the choline head groups.	Choline	170-177	spindlin 1	Homo sapiens	49-53
3022496-1	1986	1H NMR studies on DPPC vesicles labeled with the spin labels (1,14) or (12,3) have shown that both of the spin labels influence the fatty acid side chains as well as the choline head groups.	Choline	170-177	spindlin 1	Homo sapiens	106-110
3935895-1	1985	It has been shown previously that in vitro renin secretion is inhibited by partial replacement of extracellular NaCl with either mannitol or choline chloride; the inhibitory effect is attributed to an increase in intracellular Ca, resulting from a decreased rate of Ca efflux via Na-Ca exchange.	Choline	141-157	renin	Rattus norvegicus	43-48
3794747-6	1986	A significant correlation was observed between maximum activity of ChAT and the affinity for choline or acetyl-CoA.	Choline	93-100	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	67-71
3718530-1	1986	Selective changes in cytochrome P-450 isozymes in the choline-deficient rat model.	Choline	54-61	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily g, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	21-37
3718530-2	1986	The effect of a choline-deficient diet on microsomal cytochrome P-450 and mixed-function oxidase (MFO) activity was investigated in relation to the development of nutritional cirrhosis.	Choline	16-23	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily g, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	53-69
3718530-12	1986	These data strongly suggest that cirrhosis produced in rats by a choline-deficient diet is associated with selective decreases in oxidative drug metabolism and individual cytochrome P-450 isozymes.	Choline	65-72	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily g, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	171-187
3487454-5	1986	Among different phospholipid mixtures tested, P-glycerol/P-choline vesicles were found most effective for C4b binding.	Choline	59-66	complement C4B (Chido blood group)	Homo sapiens	106-109
3009450-13	1986	3) In vesicles containing choline, K+, Na+, or Li+, the rate of E2(T1)----E1Na increases in the order given.	Choline	26-33	cystatin 12, pseudogene	Homo sapiens	64-78
3084470-9	1986	There are at least two kinds of serine-exchange enzymes in CHO cells; one (serine-exchange enzyme I) can catalyze the base-exchange reactions of phospholipids with serine, choline, and ethanolamine while the other (serine-exchange enzyme II) does not use the choline as a substrate.	Choline	172-179	phosphatidylserine synthase 2	Cricetulus griseus	215-240
3084470-9	1986	There are at least two kinds of serine-exchange enzymes in CHO cells; one (serine-exchange enzyme I) can catalyze the base-exchange reactions of phospholipids with serine, choline, and ethanolamine while the other (serine-exchange enzyme II) does not use the choline as a substrate.	Choline	259-266	phosphatidylserine synthase 2	Cricetulus griseus	215-240
3487067-2	1986	We have examined the effects of this growth factor on the biochemical development of explants of fetal rat lung, cultured in serum-free medium for 48 h. EGF enhanced the rate of choline incorporation into phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine in a dose dependent fashion.	Choline	178-185	epidermal growth factor like 1	Rattus norvegicus	153-156
3727472-1	1986	Level of fructose-1-monophosphate aldolase was decreased in blood serum after administration of phosphatidyl choline-containing liposomes into male rats with experimental toxic hepatitis caused by treatment with hepatotropic poison CCl4 at a dose of 0.25 ml/100 g of body mass.	Choline	109-116	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	232-236
3456745-6	1986	This inhibition reduces the production of cell membrane lyso-phosphatidylcholine (PC) and arachidonic acid from PC, which is produced by transmethylation of PE and cytidine diphosphate (CDP) choline pathway of which the last reaction to PC is mediated by CPT.	Choline	73-80	choline phosphotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	255-258
3746287-3	1986	Rats received water for three days; then CDP-choline (100 mg/kg) or equimolar doses of choline for five days; then water again for three more days.	Choline	45-52	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	41-44
3746287-6	1986	CDP-choline, but not choline, also elevated urinary MHPG significantly in rats (p less than 0.01).	Choline	4-11	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
3746287-7	1986	These data suggest that CDP-choline enhances norepinephrine release, and that this action may be mediated by more than just its choline content.	Choline	28-35	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	24-27
3944656-0	1986	Choline, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin in human and bovine milk and infant formulas.	Choline	0-7	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	67-71
3944656-3	1986	The major choline-containing compounds of human milk (unesterified choline, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin) were measured in samples obtained from mothers of full-term infants.	Choline	10-17	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	48-52
3944656-3	1986	The major choline-containing compounds of human milk (unesterified choline, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin) were measured in samples obtained from mothers of full-term infants.	Choline	67-74	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	48-52
3944656-9	1986	Milk contained no phospholipase activity capable of forming free choline from phosphatidylcholine or sphingomyelin.	Choline	65-72	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	0-4
3959130-0	1986	Metabolism of choline in brain of the aged CBF-1 mouse.	Choline	14-21	recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region	Mus musculus	43-48
3712294-3	1986	The RBC choline level is increased and the Vmax of the RBC choline uptake system is decreased in samples from lithium-free bipolar patients during manic episodes.	Choline	8-15	RNA, 7SL, cytoplasmic 263, pseudogene	Homo sapiens	4-7
3712294-3	1986	The RBC choline level is increased and the Vmax of the RBC choline uptake system is decreased in samples from lithium-free bipolar patients during manic episodes.	Choline	59-66	RNA, 7SL, cytoplasmic 263, pseudogene	Homo sapiens	55-58
3712294-6	1986	Lithium treatment increases the RBC choline concentration to more than ten-times control levels and reduces the Vmax and the affinity for choline of the RBC choline transport system.	Choline	36-43	RNA, 7SL, cytoplasmic 263, pseudogene	Homo sapiens	32-35
3712294-6	1986	Lithium treatment increases the RBC choline concentration to more than ten-times control levels and reduces the Vmax and the affinity for choline of the RBC choline transport system.	Choline	36-43	RNA, 7SL, cytoplasmic 263, pseudogene	Homo sapiens	153-156
3712294-6	1986	Lithium treatment increases the RBC choline concentration to more than ten-times control levels and reduces the Vmax and the affinity for choline of the RBC choline transport system.	Choline	138-145	RNA, 7SL, cytoplasmic 263, pseudogene	Homo sapiens	153-156
3712294-6	1986	Lithium treatment increases the RBC choline concentration to more than ten-times control levels and reduces the Vmax and the affinity for choline of the RBC choline transport system.	Choline	138-145	RNA, 7SL, cytoplasmic 263, pseudogene	Homo sapiens	153-156
20493088-4	1986	An increase in AChE activity was observed 2 and 7 h after the application of stress but normal levels were found after 4 h. Increases in CAT activity and acid output were also observed following administration of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG), but no changes in ACh and choline contents or AChE activity were observed.	Choline	265-272	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	15-19
20493110-2	1986	Acetylcholine and choline are first separated by HPLC then react in a mini-column with acetylcholinesterase and choline oxidase immobilized on Sepharose.	Choline	6-13	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	87-107
3086294-6	1986	Treatment with calmodulin antagonists caused a marked decrease in the content of endogenous free serine with concomitant increase in the contents of endogenous free ethanolamine and choline.	Choline	182-189	calmodulin	Oryctolagus cuniculus	15-25
3511973-6	1986	Insulin also stimulated the incorporation of choline and glucose into phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	45-52	insulin	Oryctolagus cuniculus	0-7
3945172-2	1986	The mean erythrocyte choline in the Alzheimer group was 50.1 nmol ml-1 compared to 15.5 nmol ml-1 in the controls.	Choline	21-28	interleukin 17F	Homo sapiens	66-70
3001226-2	1986	Induction of the oligodendroglial enzyme, 2",3"-cyclic nucleotide 3"-phosphohydrolase (CNP), was determined after alteration of the polar head group composition of phospholipids by exposure of the cells to choline analogues, especially N,N"-dimethylethanolamine.	Choline	206-213	2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3' phosphodiesterase	Homo sapiens	42-85
3001226-2	1986	Induction of the oligodendroglial enzyme, 2",3"-cyclic nucleotide 3"-phosphohydrolase (CNP), was determined after alteration of the polar head group composition of phospholipids by exposure of the cells to choline analogues, especially N,N"-dimethylethanolamine.	Choline	206-213	2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3' phosphodiesterase	Homo sapiens	87-90
3942870-3	1986	The decrease in AChE activity was correlated with a decrease in choline acetyltransferase activity thought to reflect lesion of cholinergic neurones in the substantia innominata which innervate the cerebral cortex.	Choline	64-71	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	16-20
2431858-5	1986	When the level of myo-inositol was maintained, either by feeding myo-inositol or by the inhibition of aldose reductase, the development of defective axonal transport of choline acetyltransferase and choline-containing lipids was prevented.	Choline	169-176	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	102-118
3455604-3	1986	The first step of cholinergic expression occurs early in development and its characterized by a sudden and large increase in choline acetyltransferase activity, whereas the high affinity choline uptake mechanism remains undetectable and few muscarinic receptors are detectable.	Choline	18-25	choline O-acetyltransferase	Gallus gallus	125-150
3935895-2	1985	In the present experiments, we confirmed that partially replacing NaCl with choline chloride inhibited renin secretion from rat renal cortical slices, but we found that atropine completely blocked the effect, suggesting cholinergic mediation.	Choline	76-92	renin	Rattus norvegicus	103-108
3935895-4	1985	Moreover, the stimulatory effect of Ca chelation on renin secretion was antagonized by either mannitol- or choline chloride -containing incubation media.	Choline	107-123	renin	Rattus norvegicus	52-57
3004416-6	1985	The Km value of cytidylyltransferase for CTP (but not phosphocholine) was lower in choline-depleted cells than in choline-repleted cells.	Choline	83-90	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1A, choline	Rattus norvegicus	41-44
4086572-2	1985	It is based on the separation of acetylcholine and choline on an octadecylsilane reversed-phase column, followed by their enzymatic conversion into hydrogen peroxide through the post-column reaction with immobilized AChE and choline oxidase.	Choline	39-46	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	216-220
2933035-2	1985	The osmotic pressure, when produced by pharmacologically inactive choline chloride, also increased the release of ANP but substantially less than the sodium ion.	Choline	66-82	natriuretic peptide A	Rattus norvegicus	114-117
4045719-1	1985	The false cholinergic precursor [2H4]N-amino-N,N-dimethylaminoethanol (N-aminodeanol, NADe) was fed ad libitum to weanling rats in a low choline (Ch), low methionine synthetic diet.	Choline	10-17	brain expressed X-linked 3	Rattus norvegicus	86-90
4037093-4	1985	Replacement of luminal Na+ with choline quickly (within 1 min) decreased pHi from 7.25 +/- 0.05 to 7.10 +/- 0.05 (P less than 0.001).	Choline	32-39	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Homo sapiens	73-76
4094149-0	1985	Evaluation of BCMA as a new color reagent for the choline and spermine tests.	Choline	50-57	TNF receptor superfamily member 17	Homo sapiens	14-18
3983221-1	1985	High-affinity choline uptake (HACU) appears to be the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.	Choline	14-21	high affinity choline uptake	Mus musculus	30-34
3919461-1	1985	Effects of various calmodulin antagonists and calmodulin on the incorporation of serine, ethanolamine and choline into the corresponding phospholipids, such as phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine by Ca2+-stimulated base-exchange reactions in rabbit platelet membranes were studied.	Choline	106-113	calmodulin	Oryctolagus cuniculus	19-29
3919461-1	1985	Effects of various calmodulin antagonists and calmodulin on the incorporation of serine, ethanolamine and choline into the corresponding phospholipids, such as phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine by Ca2+-stimulated base-exchange reactions in rabbit platelet membranes were studied.	Choline	106-113	calmodulin	Oryctolagus cuniculus	46-56
3919461-8	1985	Although platelet membranes contained endogenous calmodulin (0.3-0.6 microgram/mg of membrane protein), the addition of exogenous calmodulin inhibited choline exchange activity but had no or little effect on serine or ethanolamine exchange activity.	Choline	151-158	calmodulin	Oryctolagus cuniculus	130-140
3919461-9	1985	The results suggest that in the presence of low Ca2+ concentrations, these drugs markedly stimulate base-exchange activities, and choline exchange activity may be regulated by calmodulin.	Choline	130-137	calmodulin	Oryctolagus cuniculus	176-186
3978310-1	1985	The effects of several anticonvulsant drugs on sodium-dependent high affinity choline uptake (HACU) in mouse hippocampal synaptosomes was investigated.	Choline	78-85	high affinity choline uptake	Mus musculus	94-98
2578062-1	1985	The sidedness of CDP-choline:1,2-diradylglycerol choline phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.2) and of the choline base-exchange activity has been studied in rat brain microsomal vesicles.	Choline	21-28	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	17-20
2578062-4	1985	It is therefore concluded that CDP-choline:1,2-diradylglycerol choline phosphotransferase and the choline base-exchange activity are localized on the outer surface of rat brain microsomal vesicles.	Choline	35-42	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	31-34
6524446-4	1984	Increased area of gamma-GTP-positive foci was also observed in the 12th week in DEN-injected rats fed a choline-devoid died alone or treated with repeated doses of CCl4 alone.	Choline	104-111	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	18-27
6543245-1	1984	Experiments were performed to determine whether exogenous cytidine(5")diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) could modify release of dopamine in the striatum and behavior dependent on dopamine, perhaps by providing supplemental choline for synthesis of acetylcholine.	Choline	79-86	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	88-91
6543245-7	1984	One mechanism by which CDP-choline may affect behavior involves contributing choline to enhance synthesis of acetylcholine.	Choline	27-34	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	23-26
6508788-0	1984	Synaptosomal phospholipase D: potential role in providing choline for acetylcholine synthesis.	Choline	58-65	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	13-28
6508788-4	1984	The potential role of SM PLD liberating choline from lecithin into the synaptic cleft is discussed in relationship to acetylcholine formation.	Choline	40-47	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	25-28
6548908-11	1984	Choline-depletion of cells resulted in an increase in the specific activity of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase in cell homogenates (from 0.40 +/- 0.15 to 1.31 +/- 0.20 nmol X min-1 X mg of protein-1).	Choline	0-7	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1A, choline	Rattus norvegicus	79-118
6548908-13	1984	The choline-depleted type II pneumonocyte provides a new model for investigating the regulation of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase activity.	Choline	4-11	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1A, choline	Rattus norvegicus	99-138
6436057-1	1984	Platelet-activating factor(PAF) induced the rapid hydrolysis of phospholipids in Swiss mouse 3T3 fibroblasts prelabeled with [3H]arachidonic acid or [3H]choline.	Choline	153-160	patchy fur	Mus musculus	0-31
6434535-8	1984	In related studies, cells were labeled with 1-O-hexadecyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPC containing a [methyl-14C] choline moiety.	Choline	103-110	glycophorin C (Gerbich blood group)	Homo sapiens	73-76
6512497-5	1984	Acta 80, 87-94 (1977]: choline, liberated from benzoylcholine by pseudocholinesterase, is oxidized by choline-oxidase (EC 1.1.3.17) to betaine with the simultaneous production of hydrogen peroxide, which oxidatively couples with 4-aminoantipyrine and phenol in the presence of peroxidase to yield a coloured compound with maximal absorbance at 500 nm.	Choline	23-30	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	65-85
6596584-1	1984	In a prospective study we have observed a shift in distribution of red blood cell (RBC)/plasma choline ratios among patients with probable dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), compared with healthy controls and depressed patients.	Choline	95-102	solute carrier family 6 member 3	Homo sapiens	171-174
6596584-2	1984	Fifteen of 22 DAT patients (68%) showed RBC/plasma choline ratios greater than 1.9, in contrast to 9 of 26 healthy controls (35%) and 7 of 20 depressives (35%).	Choline	51-58	solute carrier family 6 member 3	Homo sapiens	14-17
6596584-4	1984	The subgroup of DAT patients with elevated RBC/plasma choline ratios is older and more cognitively impaired, shows later onset of dementia, and has less rapid eye movement (REM) sleep than the DAT subgroup with normal RBC/plasma choline ratios.	Choline	54-61	solute carrier family 6 member 3	Homo sapiens	16-19
6596584-4	1984	The subgroup of DAT patients with elevated RBC/plasma choline ratios is older and more cognitively impaired, shows later onset of dementia, and has less rapid eye movement (REM) sleep than the DAT subgroup with normal RBC/plasma choline ratios.	Choline	229-236	solute carrier family 6 member 3	Homo sapiens	16-19
6596584-5	1984	Within the entire group of DAT patients, moreover, the RBC/plasma choline ratio shows a significant inverse correlation with REM sleep latency.	Choline	66-73	solute carrier family 6 member 3	Homo sapiens	27-30
6493223-2	1984	Further purification on Dicap-MP sepharose 4B, a choline analog compound, led to ACHR preparations with specific activities of 2-7 nmol/mg protein.	Choline	49-56	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 2 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	81-85
3945941-9	1986	These results suggest that ACh synthesis and high-affinity choline uptake may be in a suppressed state when ACh concentration, especially intraterminal ACh, is increased and AChE activity is decreased in the brain cholinergic system of rats poisoned with DDVP.	Choline	59-66	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	174-178
3935299-6	1985	The results suggest that the binding of rat PCBP and rabbit CRP to the P-choline moiety is not a sufficient requirement, and it now appears that the sialic acid moiety must also be present on these proteins to observe the inhibition of lipoprotein precipitation.	Choline	73-80	C-reactive protein	Oryctolagus cuniculus	60-63
4005286-15	1985	This choline was derived, in part, from the degradation of phosphatidylcholine, and we suggest that phospholipase A activity was the primary initiator of choline release from this phospholipid.	Choline	5-12	phospholipase A and acyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	100-115
4005286-15	1985	This choline was derived, in part, from the degradation of phosphatidylcholine, and we suggest that phospholipase A activity was the primary initiator of choline release from this phospholipid.	Choline	71-78	phospholipase A and acyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	100-115
3998733-4	1985	The incubation of microsomes with CDP-[14C]choline or [14C]choline showed that most of the newly synthesized phosphatidylcholine molecules were localized in the external leaflet.	Choline	43-50	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	34-37
2859108-0	1985	Lipid peroxidation of liver microsome membranes induced by choline-deficient diets and its relationship to the diet-induced promotion of the induction of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive foci.	Choline	59-66	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	154-182
2859108-1	1985	The effects of varying the type of dietary fat in the choline-deficient (CD) diet on the development of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)-positive foci in the liver of carcinogen-treated rats were investigated, and the results were correlated with the extent of membrane lipid peroxidation induced by the diets.	Choline	54-61	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	134-137
3989571-1	1985	Although a potent irreversible inhibitor of high-affinity choline transport in rat brain synaptosomes, choline mustard aziridinium ion (ChM Az) appeared to be a relatively weak inhibitor of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in rat brain homogenates, and evidence for irreversible binding of this compound to the enzyme had not been established.	Choline	103-110	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	190-215
2987726-6	1985	The grooming induced by ACTH was also inhibited by prior intracerebroventricular administration of hemicholinium-3, a cholinergic antagonist that acts presynaptically by inhibiting the uptake of choline and hence, the synthesis of acetylcholine.	Choline	118-125	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	24-28
2982418-1	1985	Exposure of fetal type II pneumocytes to phospholipase A2 inhibitors led to significantly reduced choline uptake and decreased synthesis of total and disaturated phosphatidylcholines from both [methyl-14C]choline and [9,10(n)-3H]palmitate precursors.	Choline	98-105	phospholipase A2	Oryctolagus cuniculus	41-57
2982418-6	1985	However, when melittin (a phospholipase A2 activator) was added to the cultures, greater incorporation of both palmitate and choline was observed, along with a significant increase in the percentage of total cellular radioactivity in 14C-labeled lipids, indicating also stimulation of phosphatidylcholine synthesis.	Choline	125-132	phospholipase A2	Oryctolagus cuniculus	26-42
4037093-8	1985	Replacement of bath Na+ with choline also reversibly reduced pHi from 7.27 +/- 0.02 to 7.15 +/- 0.02 (P less than 0.001), but this change was totally blocked by the presence of 1 mM SITS.	Choline	29-36	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Homo sapiens	61-64
6204745-4	1984	gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity was demonstrated both biochemically and histochemically to be the most constant marker for evaluating the oval cell-enriched population isolated at various times over the 6 to 12 weeks of the choline-deficient/DL-ethionine dietary regimen.	Choline	231-238	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-29
6733139-10	1984	Furthermore, mammalian cultured cell membranes, which contain increased amounts of PDE by in vivo modification with N,N"-dimethylethanolamine, bound more Ca2+ than those prepared from choline-treated control cells.	Choline	184-191	aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family member A1	Homo sapiens	83-86
6722939-7	1984	This is demonstrated by the fact that the choline substrate Km-value for the neuronal or true ChAc from mouse brain is 0.73 +/- 0.06 mM while the Km-value of choline substrate for purified CarAc from pigeon breast muscle is 108 +/- 4 mM.	Choline	42-49	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	94-98
6722939-7	1984	This is demonstrated by the fact that the choline substrate Km-value for the neuronal or true ChAc from mouse brain is 0.73 +/- 0.06 mM while the Km-value of choline substrate for purified CarAc from pigeon breast muscle is 108 +/- 4 mM.	Choline	42-49	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	189-194
6722939-7	1984	This is demonstrated by the fact that the choline substrate Km-value for the neuronal or true ChAc from mouse brain is 0.73 +/- 0.06 mM while the Km-value of choline substrate for purified CarAc from pigeon breast muscle is 108 +/- 4 mM.	Choline	158-165	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	94-98
6722939-7	1984	This is demonstrated by the fact that the choline substrate Km-value for the neuronal or true ChAc from mouse brain is 0.73 +/- 0.06 mM while the Km-value of choline substrate for purified CarAc from pigeon breast muscle is 108 +/- 4 mM.	Choline	158-165	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	189-194
6722939-9	1984	The rat heart ChAc was measured in previous studies utilizing a concentration of 30 mM choline substrate.	Choline	87-94	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	14-18
6722939-10	1984	While saturation of neuronal ChAc is observed at 2-5 mM choline, saturation of the rat heart CarAc enzyme is not reached until over 800 mM.	Choline	56-63	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	29-33
6722939-11	1984	Purified CarAc significantly synthesizes AcCh at 30 mM choline.	Choline	55-62	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	9-14
6423371-5	1984	Basal PRL release was slightly but significantly reduced by replacing sodium by choline in the incubation medium and was almost completely suppressed when isoosmolar concentrations of glucose were substituted for sodium.	Choline	80-87	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	6-9
6325586-2	1984	Cells that were acid-loaded with nigericin in choline+ media recovered normal pHi upon addition of extracellular Na+ (Nao+).	Choline	46-53	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Rattus norvegicus	78-81
6199041-8	1984	Replacement of 120 mM KCl with either 120 mM choline chloride, 240 mM sucrose, or H2O reduced maximal calcium sequestration by LSR, but had less effect on LSR calcium release rate constants.	Choline	45-61	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor	Oryctolagus cuniculus	127-130
3977858-6	1985	The acetylcholinesterase activity is measured by monitoring the increase in light emission produced by the accumulation of choline or by determining the amount of choline generated after a short interval.	Choline	123-130	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	4-24
6477593-1	1984	Horse serum Cholinesterase hydrolyzes choline and p-nitrophenol esters at different rates.	Choline	38-45	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	12-26
6697191-5	1984	Under these conditions, veratridine also stimulated the Ca2+ independent release of choline, and this increase exceeded that obtained for the Ca2+-independent release of ACh.	Choline	84-91	carbonic anhydrase 2	Mus musculus	56-59
6435609-2	1984	Via choline dimethylaminoethanol might run, like orotic acid, into a CDP-choline pool, the generation of which is able to be facilitated by piracetam which in turn increases the phosphorylation potential.	Choline	4-11	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	69-72
6708133-9	1984	As a consequence, the (3H)/(14C) ratio in total lipid and in isolated phosphatidylcholine and choline plasmalogen increased after CDP-choline treatment.	Choline	82-89	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	130-133
6313070-2	1983	Nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite formation was inhibited upon substitution of choline chloride for NaCl under normal culture conditions.	Choline	87-103	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	0-19
6140015-0	1983	The effects of Al3+, Cd2+ and Mn2+ on human erythrocyte choline transport.	Choline	56-63	CD2 molecule	Homo sapiens	21-24
6140015-4	1983	The effects of Cd2+ and Mn2+ (but not Al3+) on choline accumulation were reversed by removing the cations from the extracellular medium by washing.	Choline	47-54	CD2 molecule	Homo sapiens	15-18
6140015-8	1983	These results suggest that inhibition of choline accumulation and efflux in erythrocytes by Al3+, Cd2+ and Mn2+ is not explicable solely in terms of either inhibition of Ca-Mg-ATPase, or inhibition of Na-K-ATPase causing reduced intracellular K+.	Choline	41-48	CD2 molecule	Homo sapiens	98-101
6313070-2	1983	Nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite formation was inhibited upon substitution of choline chloride for NaCl under normal culture conditions.	Choline	87-103	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	21-24
6354838-11	1983	Treatment of intact chicken embryos with CORT or E2 for two days stimulated incorporation of [14C]choline into PC and DSPC (the most surface-active component of PC) in the lungs of Day 17 embryos.	Choline	98-105	CORT	Gallus gallus	41-45
6403792-0	1983	Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and its analog (DN-1417): interaction with pentobarbital in choline uptake and acetylcholine synthesis of rat brain slices.	Choline	96-103	thyrotropin releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	0-29
6887013-2	1983	In the heart, the phospholipase A2 inhibitor mepacrine (10(-4) M) reduced the choline efflux (1.1 nmol g-1 min-1) by 51 +/- 5% (N = 3), whereas several cholinesterase inhibitors (physostigmine, neostigmine and diisopropylfluorophosphate) and muscarinic agonists (acetylcholine, oxotremorine and bethanechol) caused an increase.	Choline	78-85	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	18-34
6860942-6	1983	We conclude that: (1) choline accumulation is directly related to choline acetyltransferase activity in hippocampal synaptosomes; (2) maximum cholinergic muscarinic binding capacity is inversely related to the above two presynaptic activities and (3) immobilization stress results in a decreased choline accumulation and may lead to an increased QNB binding.	Choline	22-29	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	66-91
6349697-8	1983	The addition of 400 microunits/ml of insulin to media containing 20 mM glucose, however, resulted in a 20% decrease in choline incorporation into surfactant phosphatidylcholine but had no effect on choline incorporation into residual phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	119-126	insulin	Homo sapiens	37-44
6349697-8	1983	The addition of 400 microunits/ml of insulin to media containing 20 mM glucose, however, resulted in a 20% decrease in choline incorporation into surfactant phosphatidylcholine but had no effect on choline incorporation into residual phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	169-176	insulin	Homo sapiens	37-44
6191833-1	1983	The possibility that cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain project to the spinal cord was investigated utilizing the retrograde transport of bisbenzimide and [3H]choline as well as acetylcholinesterase histochemistry.	Choline	21-28	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	186-206
6403792-0	1983	Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and its analog (DN-1417): interaction with pentobarbital in choline uptake and acetylcholine synthesis of rat brain slices.	Choline	96-103	thyrotropin releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	31-34
6403792-5	1983	TRH (10(-6)-10(-4)M) or DN-1417 (10(-7)-10(-5)M) caused significant increases in the uptake of [3H]-choline into striatal slices.	Choline	100-107	thyrotropin releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
6403792-6	1983	TRH(10(-4)M) or DN-1417(10(-5)M) also stimulated the conversion of [3H]-choline to [3H]-acetylcholine in striatal slices.	Choline	72-79	thyrotropin releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
6403792-12	1983	These results provide neurochemical evidence that the antagonistic effects of TRH and DN-1417 on pentobarbital-induced narcosis are closely related to alterations in the rat brain choline uptake and acetylcholine synthesis, which are considered to be measures of the activity of cholinergic neurons.	Choline	180-187	thyrotropin releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	78-81
7121721-4	1982	Our results suggest that: 1) the synthesis of non-surplus synaptosomal ACh is dependent on high affinity choline transport; and 2) choline is equally likely to be phosphorylated after being taken up by low or high affinity transport.	Choline	105-112	acyl-CoA thioesterase 12	Rattus norvegicus	71-74
6187744-4	1983	The increase in the proportion of AFP mRNA in polysomal RNA is relatively small during liver regeneration (2-4-fold) but is larger (30-50-fold) in preneoplastic livers of rats fed a choline-deficient diet containing 0.1% ethionine.	Choline	182-189	alpha-fetoprotein	Rattus norvegicus	34-37
6827372-1	1983	The level of betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase increases in the livers of rats fed diets supplemented with betaine or choline.	Choline	123-130	betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	13-51
6827372-4	1983	Since betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase catalyzes a reaction which is essential for the catabolism of betaine, these changes provide a means for adaptation to excessive levels of dietary choline and betaine.	Choline	192-199	betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	6-44
16662890-4	1983	Phosphatidylcholine labeled more slowly than [unk] choline, choline, and betaine, and behaved as a minor end product.	Choline	51-58	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	46-49
16662890-6	1983	When [(14)C][unk] MME was supplied, a small amount was hydrolyzed to the free base but the major fate was conversion to [unk] DME, [unk] choline, free choline, and betaine; label also accumulated slowly in phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	137-144	membrane metalloendopeptidase	Homo sapiens	18-21
16662890-6	1983	When [(14)C][unk] MME was supplied, a small amount was hydrolyzed to the free base but the major fate was conversion to [unk] DME, [unk] choline, free choline, and betaine; label also accumulated slowly in phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	151-158	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	13-16
16662890-6	1983	When [(14)C][unk] MME was supplied, a small amount was hydrolyzed to the free base but the major fate was conversion to [unk] DME, [unk] choline, free choline, and betaine; label also accumulated slowly in phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	151-158	membrane metalloendopeptidase	Homo sapiens	18-21
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	33-40	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	28-31
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	33-40	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	193-196
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	33-40	membrane metalloendopeptidase	Homo sapiens	198-201
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	33-40	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	193-196
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	33-40	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	193-196
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	33-40	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	193-196
16662890-9	1983	Computer modeling of the experimental data pointed strongly to regulation at the [unk] choline --&gt; choline step, and also indicated that the rate of [unk] choline synthesis is subject to feedback inhibition by [unk] choline.	Choline	102-109	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	153-156
16662890-9	1983	Computer modeling of the experimental data pointed strongly to regulation at the [unk] choline --&gt; choline step, and also indicated that the rate of [unk] choline synthesis is subject to feedback inhibition by [unk] choline.	Choline	102-109	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	82-85
16662890-9	1983	Computer modeling of the experimental data pointed strongly to regulation at the [unk] choline --&gt; choline step, and also indicated that the rate of [unk] choline synthesis is subject to feedback inhibition by [unk] choline.	Choline	102-109	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	153-156
16662890-9	1983	Computer modeling of the experimental data pointed strongly to regulation at the [unk] choline --&gt; choline step, and also indicated that the rate of [unk] choline synthesis is subject to feedback inhibition by [unk] choline.	Choline	102-109	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	153-156
6337128-11	1983	Based upon incorporation of choline into phosphatidylcholine, it is concluded that the opi3-3 mutant has no defect in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine from exogenous choline.	Choline	28-35	bifunctional phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase/phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	87-93
6337128-11	1983	Based upon incorporation of choline into phosphatidylcholine, it is concluded that the opi3-3 mutant has no defect in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine from exogenous choline.	Choline	53-60	bifunctional phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase/phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	87-93
6684453-0	1983	Dissimilar effects in acute toxicity studies of CDP-choline and choline.	Choline	52-59	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	48-51
6684453-3	1983	It should be emphasized that when the quantity of choline contained in CDP-choline administered was identical to that of choline with which the animal group was treated showing signs of cholinergic crisis, the animals corresponding to CDP-choline did not show any of these symptoms.	Choline	50-57	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	71-74
6684453-3	1983	It should be emphasized that when the quantity of choline contained in CDP-choline administered was identical to that of choline with which the animal group was treated showing signs of cholinergic crisis, the animals corresponding to CDP-choline did not show any of these symptoms.	Choline	75-82	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	71-74
6684453-4	1983	Objective evaluation showed that CDP-choline by oral and intravenous route does not behave like a choline groups donator, at least not with an intensity which would make us believe that its only action was due to the increased levels of choline; this proves that CDP-choline administration yields clearly differentiated metabolic consequences from those yielded by choline administration.	Choline	37-44	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	33-36
7142998-3	1982	The cholinergic structure develops first in the archicerebellum, which displays high levels of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, acetylcholine, and sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake.	Choline	4-11	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	95-120
7142998-3	1982	The cholinergic structure develops first in the archicerebellum, which displays high levels of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, acetylcholine, and sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake.	Choline	4-11	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	122-142
6293641-0	1982	Choline and PAH transport across blood-CSF barriers: the effect of lithium.	Choline	0-7	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	39-42
6293641-1	1982	The components of the blood-CSF barrier responsible for the transport of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) and choline from CSF to blood were identified using in vitro preparations of frog choroid plexus and arachnoid membranes.	Choline	104-111	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	28-31
6293641-1	1982	The components of the blood-CSF barrier responsible for the transport of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) and choline from CSF to blood were identified using in vitro preparations of frog choroid plexus and arachnoid membranes.	Choline	104-111	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	117-120
7171591-9	1982	Half of the IgG1 was exported to the extracellular medium 1-1.5 h and 2-3 h after synthesis by choline- and dimethylethanolamine-supplemented cells, respectively.	Choline	95-102	LOC105243590	Mus musculus	12-16
7171591-12	1982	Half of the newly synthesized IgG1 acquired resistance to endoglycosidase H after 30-45 min, 1-1.5 h and 2-3 h in choline-, dimethylethanolamine- and monomethylethanolamine-supplemented cells, respectively.	Choline	114-121	LOC105243590	Mus musculus	30-34
7171591-13	1982	Thus, the transport of IgG1 was markedly retarded by the modification with choline analogues, dimethylethanolamine or monomethylethanolamine, at least in the following two processes, from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex and from the Golgi to the outside of cells.	Choline	75-82	LOC105243590	Mus musculus	23-27
6290734-6	1982	Large extracellular deposits of fibronectin were seen in areas of oval cell proliferation in livers of rats treated with N-2-fluorenylacetamide (2-FAA) while being fed a choline-deficient diet.	Choline	170-177	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	32-43
6187438-2	1983	Rapid elevations of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) occur after feeding N-2-fluorenylacetamide in a choline-devoid diet; no elevations of AFP are seen during 4,4"-diaminodiphenylmethane feeding.	Choline	98-105	alpha-fetoprotein	Rattus norvegicus	26-43
6187438-2	1983	Rapid elevations of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) occur after feeding N-2-fluorenylacetamide in a choline-devoid diet; no elevations of AFP are seen during 4,4"-diaminodiphenylmethane feeding.	Choline	98-105	alpha-fetoprotein	Rattus norvegicus	45-48
6304446-2	1983	The labeling of choline glycerophospholipid (CGP) from radioactive cytidine-5"-diphosphate choline (CDP-choline) in vitro shows a maximum at pH 8.0 (using Hepes [4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazine-1-ethane-2-sulfonic acid] as a buffer) and is stimulated by Mn2+, Mg2+ and diacylglycerol.	Choline	16-23	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	100-103
7121721-4	1982	Our results suggest that: 1) the synthesis of non-surplus synaptosomal ACh is dependent on high affinity choline transport; and 2) choline is equally likely to be phosphorylated after being taken up by low or high affinity transport.	Choline	131-138	acyl-CoA thioesterase 12	Rattus norvegicus	71-74
6126269-0	1982	Effects of varying the fat content of a choline-devoid diet on promotion of the emergence of gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase positive foci in the liver carcinogen-treated rats.	Choline	40-47	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	93-122
7110505-3	1982	The choline influx into neuraminidase treated cells and organelles was reduced by 30--50% but the efflux was unmodified.	Choline	4-11	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	24-37
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	28-31
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	193-196
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	membrane metalloendopeptidase	Homo sapiens	198-201
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	193-196
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	193-196
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	193-196
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	28-31
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	193-196
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	membrane metalloendopeptidase	Homo sapiens	198-201
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	193-196
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	193-196
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	193-196
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	28-31
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	193-196
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	membrane metalloendopeptidase	Homo sapiens	198-201
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	193-196
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	193-196
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	193-196
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	28-31
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	193-196
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	membrane metalloendopeptidase	Homo sapiens	198-201
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	193-196
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	193-196
16662890-7	1983	Label from supplied [(14)C][unk] choline entered choline and betaine rapidly, while phosphatidylcholine labeled only slowly and to a small extent.These results are consistent with the pathway [unk] MME --&gt;[unk] DME --&gt; [unk] choline --&gt; choline --&gt; --&gt; betaine, with a minor side branch leading from [unk] choline into phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	49-56	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	193-196
16662890-9	1983	Computer modeling of the experimental data pointed strongly to regulation at the [unk] choline --&gt; choline step, and also indicated that the rate of [unk] choline synthesis is subject to feedback inhibition by [unk] choline.	Choline	87-94	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	82-85
16662890-9	1983	Computer modeling of the experimental data pointed strongly to regulation at the [unk] choline --&gt; choline step, and also indicated that the rate of [unk] choline synthesis is subject to feedback inhibition by [unk] choline.	Choline	87-94	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	153-156
16662890-9	1983	Computer modeling of the experimental data pointed strongly to regulation at the [unk] choline --&gt; choline step, and also indicated that the rate of [unk] choline synthesis is subject to feedback inhibition by [unk] choline.	Choline	87-94	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	153-156
16662890-9	1983	Computer modeling of the experimental data pointed strongly to regulation at the [unk] choline --&gt; choline step, and also indicated that the rate of [unk] choline synthesis is subject to feedback inhibition by [unk] choline.	Choline	102-109	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	82-85
16662890-9	1983	Computer modeling of the experimental data pointed strongly to regulation at the [unk] choline --&gt; choline step, and also indicated that the rate of [unk] choline synthesis is subject to feedback inhibition by [unk] choline.	Choline	102-109	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	153-156
16662890-9	1983	Computer modeling of the experimental data pointed strongly to regulation at the [unk] choline --&gt; choline step, and also indicated that the rate of [unk] choline synthesis is subject to feedback inhibition by [unk] choline.	Choline	102-109	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	153-156
16662890-9	1983	Computer modeling of the experimental data pointed strongly to regulation at the [unk] choline --&gt; choline step, and also indicated that the rate of [unk] choline synthesis is subject to feedback inhibition by [unk] choline.	Choline	102-109	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	82-85
16662890-9	1983	Computer modeling of the experimental data pointed strongly to regulation at the [unk] choline --&gt; choline step, and also indicated that the rate of [unk] choline synthesis is subject to feedback inhibition by [unk] choline.	Choline	102-109	unk zinc finger	Homo sapiens	153-156
7110505-7	1982	Choline uptake was unaffected by pretreatment of cells and organelles with tetanus toxin suggesting that the effect of neuraminidase on the choline uptake were either mediated through glycoproteins or through gangliosides other than those which bind to tetanus toxin (GD1b and GT1b).	Choline	140-147	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	119-132
7110505-8	1982	Several speculative models for explaining the effect of neuraminidase on choline uptake are proposed.	Choline	73-80	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	56-69
7046573-8	1982	In addition CRP has another binding site accounting for its ability to react with depyruvylated type 4 pneumococcal polysaccharide which does not contain phosphate or choline.	Choline	167-174	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	12-15
7073400-3	1982	The effects of these agents on high affinity choline uptake (HACU), a rate-limiting, regulatory step in ACh synthesis, were also examined.	Choline	45-52	high affinity choline uptake	Mus musculus	61-65
6128081-1	1982	The promoting action of four barbiturates, and their modulation of the promoting action of a choline-devoid (CD) diet was investigated by quantitating the gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)-positive foci which developed in the liver of rats exposed to a single injection of diethylnitrosamine.	Choline	93-100	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	155-183
7295818-0	1981	[Effect of phospholipase A2 from the venoms of bee and Middle Asian cobra on choline uptake by synaptosomes].	Choline	77-84	phospholipase A2	Oryctolagus cuniculus	11-27
7176209-2	1982	Choline-induced secretion of CA was accompanied by release of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, but not by that of phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase, indicating that an exocytotic mechanism is involved in the secretion.	Choline	0-7	dopamine beta-hydroxylase	Homo sapiens	62-87
7295818-1	1981	The effect of purified phospholipase A2 from venom of the bee Apis mellifica and from venom of the cobra Naja naja oxiana on the Na+-dependent high affinity choline transport into the synaptosomes of rabbit corpus striatum (active uptake) was studied.	Choline	157-164	phospholipase A2	Apis mellifera	23-39
7019229-5	1981	Cortisol (0.2 micrograms/ml) plus PRL (2.5 micrograms/ml), when added to the medium from the beginning of the culture period, caused a 2- to 3-fold increase in the rate of choline incorporation into phosphatidylcholine, as measured on the second, fourth, sixth, and eighth days of incubation, as well as an increase in the phosphatidylcholine content of the explants.	Choline	172-179	prolactin	Homo sapiens	34-37
6171471-0	1981	Rapid development of large numbers of alpha-fetoprotein-containing "oval" cells in the liver of rats fed N-2-fluorenylacetamide in a choline-devoid diet.	Choline	133-140	alpha-fetoprotein	Rattus norvegicus	38-55
7219528-5	1981	We now report that rat brain synaptosomal preparations can also metabolize the PC generated by PeMT to liberate free choline.	Choline	117-124	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	95-99
7217052-5	1981	The order of potency of monovalent cations in stimulating Ca2+-induced CA2+ efflux is K+ approximately Li+ greater than choline+.	Choline	120-127	carbonic anhydrase 2	Canis lupus familiaris	58-61
7217052-5	1981	The order of potency of monovalent cations in stimulating Ca2+-induced CA2+ efflux is K+ approximately Li+ greater than choline+.	Choline	120-127	carbonic anhydrase 2	Canis lupus familiaris	71-74
7463088-0	1981	Acetylation of choline and homocholine by membrane-bound choline-O-acetyltransferase in mouse forebrain nerve endings.	Choline	15-22	choline acetyltransferase	Mus musculus	57-84
6779878-10	1981	Thrombin also decreased the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine when choline was used as the radiolabeled substrate.	Choline	53-60	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	0-8
7013841-2	1981	Reversing the Na+ free energy gradient by substituting either Mg2+ or choline for extracellular Na+ converts the effect of insulin to a decrease in pHi, indicating that the action of insulin upon pHi is determined by the Na+ free energy gradient.	Choline	70-77	insulin	Homo sapiens	123-130
7013841-2	1981	Reversing the Na+ free energy gradient by substituting either Mg2+ or choline for extracellular Na+ converts the effect of insulin to a decrease in pHi, indicating that the action of insulin upon pHi is determined by the Na+ free energy gradient.	Choline	70-77	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Homo sapiens	148-151
7326436-11	1981	Replacing all the Na+ in the solution with either Tris or choline resulted in loss of the response to AII, and in some cells a hyperpolarization was actually seen on addition of the AII.	Choline	58-65	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	102-105
7219664-3	1981	Choline plasmalogen and the corresponding alkyl derivative were cleaved at similar rates by the phospholipase A2 from both glia and neurons.	Choline	0-7	phospholipase A2	Oryctolagus cuniculus	96-112
6780228-2	1980	Acetylcholine is hydrolysed by acetylcholinesterase; the choline liberated is oxidized by choline oxidase to betaine; the H2O2 generated triggers the luminescence of luminol in presence of peroxidase.	Choline	6-13	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	31-51
6778966-1	1980	The involvement of calmodulin in the choline, ethanolamine, and serine exchange activities of rat brain microsomes was investigated.	Choline	37-44	calmodulin 1	Rattus norvegicus	19-29
6778966-2	1980	Calmodulin stimulated choline exchange activity to a greater extent than ethanolamine and serine exchange activities.	Choline	22-29	calmodulin 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-10
7119055-5	1982	This choline-containing phospholipid monitoring method not only resolves lipoprotein peaks of the major classes (chylomicron + VLDL, LDL, HDL2 and HDL3) quantitatively, but also detects the presence of abnormal lipoproteins containing a large amount of choline-containing phospholipids.	Choline	5-12	junctophilin 3	Homo sapiens	138-142
7119055-5	1982	This choline-containing phospholipid monitoring method not only resolves lipoprotein peaks of the major classes (chylomicron + VLDL, LDL, HDL2 and HDL3) quantitatively, but also detects the presence of abnormal lipoproteins containing a large amount of choline-containing phospholipids.	Choline	5-12	HDL3	Homo sapiens	147-151
7205247-2	1981	Choline significantly enhanced the increase in growth hormone secretion induced by apomorphine HCl (0.5 mg s.c.).	Choline	0-7	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	47-61
6117834-3	1981	Feeding a choline-deficient diet containing 0.05% ethionine caused a large increase in hepatic GGT activity which persisted throughout the feeding period of 23 weeks.	Choline	10-17	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	95-98
6133246-3	1980	Small, but significant reductions in the activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase, ATP-citrate lyase and acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase were found in post mortem brain tissue from cases of Alzheimer"s disease, and the decrease in pyruvate dehydrogenase appeared to be related to the extent of the cholinergic defect (as indicated by loss of choline acetyltransferase).	Choline	287-294	ATP citrate lyase	Homo sapiens	79-96
6133246-3	1980	Small, but significant reductions in the activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase, ATP-citrate lyase and acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase were found in post mortem brain tissue from cases of Alzheimer"s disease, and the decrease in pyruvate dehydrogenase appeared to be related to the extent of the cholinergic defect (as indicated by loss of choline acetyltransferase).	Choline	287-294	acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	101-125
7350912-8	1980	Evidence is presented that human carboxyl ester hydrolase is the lyophosphatidyl-choline-hydrolyzing enzyme corresponding to bovine lysophospholipase.	Choline	81-88	carboxyl ester lipase	Homo sapiens	33-57
6782795-3	1980	In contrast, the uptake in the presence of choline differed when the RBCs were incubated with the two compounds, being reduced in AET-treated RBCs and increased in 2-MPG-treated ones.	Choline	43-50	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	166-169
7460796-6	1980	The regulation of the biosynthetic mechanism for acetylcholine through choline uptake and choline acetyltransferase activity in the developing nerve terminal have been examined.	Choline	55-62	choline O-acetyltransferase	Gallus gallus	90-115
231173-0	1979	Ethanolamine kinase activity and compositions of diacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines in livers of choline-deficient rats.	Choline	78-85	choline kinase beta	Rattus norvegicus	0-19
231173-7	1979	Ethanolamine kinase activities were equal in choline-deficient and choline-supplemented rats.	Choline	45-52	choline kinase beta	Rattus norvegicus	0-19
231173-7	1979	Ethanolamine kinase activities were equal in choline-deficient and choline-supplemented rats.	Choline	67-74	choline kinase beta	Rattus norvegicus	0-19
396613-5	1979	However, a greater rise in renin is achieved in control experiments if choline chloride increases the osmolarity from 300 to 350 mOs/l.	Choline	71-87	renin	Rattus norvegicus	27-32
500638-3	1979	The apparent [3H]STX equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd*) was strongly affected by the cationic environment:choline ion had little effect; cesium ion increased the mammalian axolemma Kd* in a simple competitive manner.	Choline	111-118	ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	17-20
226631-7	1979	In contrast, there was a progressive decrease in themagnitude of the FMLP-induced increase in 45Ca2+ uptake as the Na+ concentration was reduced by replacement with choline+ or glucose.	Choline	165-173	formyl peptide receptor 1	Homo sapiens	69-73
468844-2	1979	Isolation of microsomal and lamellar body fractions from adenomas after a 20-min pulse with [methyl-3H]choline demonstrates that Sat2PC first appears in the microsomal fraction, and after a short lag subsequently appears in the lamellar body fraction.	Choline	103-110	spermidine/spermine N1-acetyl transferase 2	Mus musculus	129-133
89859-0	1979	Induction of foci of altered, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive hepatocytes in carcinogen-treated rats fed a choline-deficient diet.	Choline	113-120	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	30-58
89859-1	1979	A series of experiments was performed to investigate whether, after exposure of rats to a chemical hepatocarcinogen, feeding a choline-deficient (CD) diet would promote the proliferation of initiated liver cells, and their evolution to foci of altered gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)-positive hepatocytes, without subjecting the animals to further experimental manipulations.Diethylnitrosamine (DEN), in single doses of 15-150 mg/kg body weight, was injected into male, Sprague-Dawley rats, either intact or 18 h after a partial hepatectomy (PH).	Choline	127-134	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	252-280
454594-6	1979	From the initial velocity rate, the time required for the phosphatidylcholine pool to double was about 12 h. Agarose-linked phospholipase A2 was used to measure the relative composition of choline- and dimethylethanolamine-phosphoglycerides in the outer surface of vesicles prepared from cells with different degrees of polar head group substitution.	Choline	70-77	phospholipase A2 group IB	Homo sapiens	124-140
480786-5	1979	There were also increments in the Vmax of the choline kinase reaction, which converts entering [14C]-choline into [14C]-phosphorylcholine, and of the cholinephosphotransferase reaction in which [14C]-CDP-choline is incorporated into [14C]-phosphatidylcholine, whereas the apparent Km of each reaction was unchanged.	Choline	46-53	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	200-203
154926-2	1979	The first enzyme in the oxidation pathway for choline, choline dehydrogenase, was assayed using a newly developed spectrophotometric assay and freshly isolated intact rat liver mitochondria.	Choline	46-53	choline dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	55-76
423701-0	1979	The origin of CSF choline and its relation to acetylcholine metabolism in brain.	Choline	18-25	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	14-17
1269044-3	1976	Chromatographic analysis of the products (and derivatives) formed after treatment of the (C14) phosphatidylcholine with phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) and phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.3) demonstrated that 89% of the radioactivity was in the choline moiety.	Choline	107-114	anti-Mullerian hormone receptor type 2	Rattus norvegicus	90-93
358843-1	1978	Choline acetyltransferase (CAT) catalyzes the biosynthesis of acetylcholine according to the chemical equation: Acetyl-CoA + Choline in equilibrium Acetylcholine + CoA.	Choline	0-7	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	27-30
365254-3	1978	The novel method described depends on the measurement of changes in chemical shift of the 1H-NMR choline head-group signals as Pr3+ is transported from outside to inside the vesicles.	Choline	97-104	proteinase 3	Homo sapiens	127-130
359207-5	1978	Succinylcholine is hydrolyzed by the serum cholinesterase into succinylmonocholine and choline.	Choline	8-15	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	43-57
618734-7	1978	These findings suggest that some esterase having an anionic site and an esteratic site, probably cholinesterase, may mediate in the uterine contractions induced by acetate esters in the presence of choline, and that inhibition by organophosphates, carbamates and quaternary ammonium compounds of cholinesterase activity in the preparation may impede the initiation of contractions by the acetate esters in the presence of choline.	Choline	97-104	butyrylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	296-310
618734-7	1978	These findings suggest that some esterase having an anionic site and an esteratic site, probably cholinesterase, may mediate in the uterine contractions induced by acetate esters in the presence of choline, and that inhibition by organophosphates, carbamates and quaternary ammonium compounds of cholinesterase activity in the preparation may impede the initiation of contractions by the acetate esters in the presence of choline.	Choline	198-205	butyrylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	97-111
925077-7	1977	The ability of neurons to produce acetylcholine (ACh) from choline was also dependent on the level of exogenous NGF.	Choline	40-47	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	112-115
20253-2	1977	Choline, which is liberated from benzoylcholine as substrate by cholinesterase, is oxidized by choline oxidase to betaine with the simultaneous production of hydrogen peroxide, which oxidatively couples with 4-aminoantipyrine and phenol in the presence of peroxidase to yield a chromogen with maximal absorbance at 500 nm.	Choline	0-7	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	64-78
910910-7	1977	In contrast, the Vmax of [14C]choline phosphoglyceride formation from [14C]CDP-choline was increased, whereas the apparent Km for this reaction was unchanged.	Choline	30-37	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	75-78
910910-8	1977	These results indicate that increased renal choline phosphoglyceride formation during potassium depletion can occur via the Kennedy pathway and appears to be mediated by increases in choline uptake and the rate of CDP-choline incorporation into phospholipid, the first and last steps of the pathway.	Choline	44-51	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	214-217
21171-4	1977	It was shown that n-alkanes stimulated one of three enzymic steps of lecithin biosynthesis from choline; that is, the formulation of CDP-choline catalyzed by CTP: cholinephosphate cytidyltransferase [EC 2.7.7.15], an enzyme on the microsomal membrane.	Choline	96-103	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	133-136
24272055-1	1977	The purified choline acetyltransferase from human striatal tissue was found to have aK m value of 8 muM for acetyl-coenzyme A and 250 muM for choline.	Choline	13-20	latexin	Homo sapiens	100-103
24272055-1	1977	The purified choline acetyltransferase from human striatal tissue was found to have aK m value of 8 muM for acetyl-coenzyme A and 250 muM for choline.	Choline	13-20	latexin	Homo sapiens	134-137
1009427-5	1976	The development of the uptake of [3H]choline parallels that of CAT.	Choline	37-44	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	63-66
991389-2	1976	The utility of the mixed carboxylic-sulfonic acid anhydride stearoyl p-toluenesulfonate as a powerful, mild acylating agent for lipid synthesis is shown by the synthesis of rac 1,2-distearoyl-3-iodopropane, lecithin and a spin-labeled choline derivative from the corresponding alcohols.	Choline	235-242	Rac family small GTPase 1	Homo sapiens	173-178
894241-11	1977	The concentrations of choline introduced by intraneuronal injection into both cell body and axon were, however, greater than those normally available to choline acetyltransferase in the cholinergic neuron; nevertheless, these large concentrations were efficiently converted into the transmitter.	Choline	22-29	choline acetyltransferase	Aplysia californica	153-178
842651-5	1977	Phospholipid synthesis for new membrane formation in regenerating cells was studied by using [14C] choline as a precursor of phosphorylcholine and cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP-choline), which are intermediates in the synthesis of renal choline-containing phospholipid.	Choline	99-106	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	174-177
842651-9	1977	The entire increment in choline radioactivity in regenerating tissue 2 and 3 days after mercury administration was in phospholipid or CDP-choline, which suggests that the increased number of choline molecules entering the growing cells were trapped in these two forms.	Choline	24-31	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	134-137
842651-9	1977	The entire increment in choline radioactivity in regenerating tissue 2 and 3 days after mercury administration was in phospholipid or CDP-choline, which suggests that the increased number of choline molecules entering the growing cells were trapped in these two forms.	Choline	138-145	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	134-137
11370244-2	1976	In addition, it has been shown that acetylcholine, acetyl-beta-methylcholine and choline increase the acetylcholinesterase content of the cultures.	Choline	42-49	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Gallus gallus	102-122
1035847-1	1976	Hydrolysis of ethers of saturated and unsaturated alcohols and ethers, e.g. phenol and choline, under the action of horse blood serum cholinesterase, was studied.	Choline	87-94	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	134-148
1032897-3	1976	Mean free choline concentration in plasma of azotemic subjects receiving hemodialysis was found to be 37 muM, which is about twice that of normal persons.	Choline	10-17	latexin	Homo sapiens	105-108
1269044-3	1976	Chromatographic analysis of the products (and derivatives) formed after treatment of the (C14) phosphatidylcholine with phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) and phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.3) demonstrated that 89% of the radioactivity was in the choline moiety.	Choline	107-114	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	120-136
1082511-5	1976	Acryl-DMA was capable of inhibiting ChAc extracted from rat brain with I50 of 5.02 x 10(-4) M. The inhibition was reversible and displayed uncompetitive kinetics with respect to both substrates, choline and acetyl-CoA.	Choline	195-202	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	36-40
61657-0	1976	Alpha-fetoprotein and liver cell proliferation in rats fed choline-deficient diet.	Choline	59-66	alpha-fetoprotein	Rattus norvegicus	0-17
178361-4	1976	The nitroxide spin label was placed either on the beta acyl chain or on the choline group.	Choline	76-83	spindlin 1	Homo sapiens	14-18
58609-0	1975	[Nutritional needs of adult Drosophila: influence of lecithins and of choline chloride on the fecundity, the fertility and the size of ova].	Choline	70-86	pumilio	Drosophila melanogaster	135-138
1123345-5	1975	The rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis via the CDP-ester pathway responded in a way analogous to that of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis upon the addition of choline and fatty acid, except that a 10- to 20-fold higher concentration of choline was required for maximal stimulation, probably due to the rapid oxidation of choline to betaine.	Choline	24-31	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	50-53
1123345-5	1975	The rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis via the CDP-ester pathway responded in a way analogous to that of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis upon the addition of choline and fatty acid, except that a 10- to 20-fold higher concentration of choline was required for maximal stimulation, probably due to the rapid oxidation of choline to betaine.	Choline	164-171	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	50-53
1123345-5	1975	The rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis via the CDP-ester pathway responded in a way analogous to that of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis upon the addition of choline and fatty acid, except that a 10- to 20-fold higher concentration of choline was required for maximal stimulation, probably due to the rapid oxidation of choline to betaine.	Choline	164-171	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	50-53
165868-8	1975	Although difficult to prove with the rat diaphragm it is possible that acetylcholinesterase of this preparation could hydrolyze acetylcholine mustard aziridinium ion at the neurotransmitter site and the resultant choline mustard aziridinium ion would interfere with the uptake of choline and eventually prevent neuromuscular transmission.	Choline	134-141	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	71-91
1117284-8	1975	The maximal velocity was 300 pmol of acetylcholine/cell/h and the Michaelis constant was 5.9 mM [3H] choline; these values agreed well with those previously reported for choline acetyltransferase assayed in extracts of Aplysia nervous tissue.	Choline	43-50	choline acetyltransferase	Aplysia californica	170-195
1120141-0	1975	Substrate-selectivity of rat liver microsomal 1,2-diacylglycerol: CDP-choline(ethanolamine) choline(ethanolamine)phosphotransferase in utilizing endogenous substrates.	Choline	70-77	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	66-69
1123727-4	1975	Simple choline analogs with substituents on the beta-carbon atom were found to be very poor substrates for ChAc.	Choline	7-14	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	107-111
1240604-0	1975	Different inhibitory effect of nitrogen mustard (HN2) and TS-160 (HN3) on choline transport in L 5178Y lymphoblasts.	Choline	74-81	MT-RNR2 like 2 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	49-52
1240604-0	1975	Different inhibitory effect of nitrogen mustard (HN2) and TS-160 (HN3) on choline transport in L 5178Y lymphoblasts.	Choline	74-81	MT-RNR2 like 3 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	66-69
1240604-1	1975	The inhibitory effect of the alkylating agents nitrogen mustard (HN2) and TS-160 (HN3) on the choline transport in L 5178Y lymphoblasts was studied.	Choline	94-101	MT-RNR2 like 2 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	65-68
1240604-1	1975	The inhibitory effect of the alkylating agents nitrogen mustard (HN2) and TS-160 (HN3) on the choline transport in L 5178Y lymphoblasts was studied.	Choline	94-101	MT-RNR2 like 3 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	82-85
1240604-3	1975	Competitive inhibition of choline transport by HN2 was confirmed, whereas the noncompetitive inhibition by the less efficient inhibitor HN3 has been found.	Choline	26-33	MT-RNR2 like 2 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	47-50
1240604-4	1975	The results achieved indicate that in spite of the structural similarity between HN2 and HN3 only the former is transported into L 5178Y lymphoblasts by the choline transport carrier.	Choline	157-164	MT-RNR2 like 2 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	81-84
1240604-4	1975	The results achieved indicate that in spite of the structural similarity between HN2 and HN3 only the former is transported into L 5178Y lymphoblasts by the choline transport carrier.	Choline	157-164	MT-RNR2 like 3 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	89-92
1035847-0	1976	[Study of hydrolysis of aminoalcohol ethers, phenol and choline under the action of horse blood serum cholinesterase].	Choline	56-63	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	102-116
176035-8	1976	The dicholine compounds are acetylated at varying rates by partially purified choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) although all are acetylated less readily than choline.	Choline	6-13	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	78-103
176035-8	1976	The dicholine compounds are acetylated at varying rates by partially purified choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) although all are acetylated less readily than choline.	Choline	6-13	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	105-109
177158-8	1975	It is concluded that acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) of red cells rapidly hydrolyzes acetylcholine mustard aziridinium ion to acetate and choline mustard aziridinium and the latter compound can act as a potent inhibitor of choline transport.	Choline	93-100	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	21-41
126238-7	1975	The increased Ca2+ permeability upon incorporation of the transport ATPase into the lipid phase is accompanied by similar increase in the permeability of the vesicles for sucrose, Na+, choline, and SO42- indicating that the transport ATPase does not act as a specific Ca2+ channel.	Choline	185-192	dynein axonemal heavy chain 8	Homo sapiens	68-74
126238-7	1975	The increased Ca2+ permeability upon incorporation of the transport ATPase into the lipid phase is accompanied by similar increase in the permeability of the vesicles for sucrose, Na+, choline, and SO42- indicating that the transport ATPase does not act as a specific Ca2+ channel.	Choline	185-192	dynein axonemal heavy chain 8	Homo sapiens	234-240
1055634-6	1975	Transport of HN2, hydrolyzed derivative of HN2 and choline by L5178Y lymphoblasts in vitro was not competitively inhibited by any of the other alkylating agents, suggesting that transport of these compounds was by an independent mechanism.	Choline	51-58	MT-RNR2 like 2 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	13-16
234276-3	1975	This method is based on the preliminary purification of the choline esters by liquid cation exchange, separation of choline and ACh on thin layer chromatography plates, hydrolysis of ACh then reactylation of the choline moiety with a purified and stabilized rat brain choline acetyltransferase.	Choline	60-67	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	268-293
4472155-5	1974	It was mediated by a heat-stable nondialyzable factor which separated with C-reactive protein (CRP) during fractionation and purification, correlated with serum CRP levels, and, like other known reactivities of CRP, was inhibited by phosphoryl choline.	Choline	244-251	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	75-93
4472155-5	1974	It was mediated by a heat-stable nondialyzable factor which separated with C-reactive protein (CRP) during fractionation and purification, correlated with serum CRP levels, and, like other known reactivities of CRP, was inhibited by phosphoryl choline.	Choline	244-251	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	95-98
4472155-5	1974	It was mediated by a heat-stable nondialyzable factor which separated with C-reactive protein (CRP) during fractionation and purification, correlated with serum CRP levels, and, like other known reactivities of CRP, was inhibited by phosphoryl choline.	Choline	244-251	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	161-164
4472155-5	1974	It was mediated by a heat-stable nondialyzable factor which separated with C-reactive protein (CRP) during fractionation and purification, correlated with serum CRP levels, and, like other known reactivities of CRP, was inhibited by phosphoryl choline.	Choline	244-251	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	161-164
4817354-3	1974	If most of the K(c) is replaced by tetramethylammonium or choline, both ouabain-sensitive Na efflux and K influx are significantly increased even with Na(c) below normal.	Choline	58-65	X-linked Kx blood group	Homo sapiens	151-156
4804805-0	1973	[Proceedings: Effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on the kinetics of choline incorporation in a clone culture of mouse neuroblastoma].	Choline	30-37	Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 16	Mus musculus	125-138
4148642-0	1973	A lipotrope-dependent increase of histidase and urocanase in the livers of choline-deficient rats and in the Reuber H-35 transplanted hepatoma.	Choline	75-82	histidine ammonia lyase	Rattus norvegicus	34-43
4673860-0	1972	[Inhibition by choline and tetraethylammonium of hydrolysis by cholinesterase of acetylcholine and phenylacetate].	Choline	15-22	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	63-77
4098371-0	1970	Inhibition of anti-tumour effect of L-asparaginase by methionine and choline.	Choline	69-76	asparaginase and isoaspartyl peptidase 1	Homo sapiens	36-50
5073744-19	1972	The apparent K(m) for choline of choline acetyltransferase from rat, cat and guinea-pig brain was 0.8mm, whereas for the pigeon enzyme it was 0.4mm.	Choline	22-29	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	33-58
5726197-3	1968	The results indicated that initial phosphorylation of the free choline followed by the formation of CDP-choline and the subsequent transfer of the phosphorylcholine to a diglyceride is one of the principal routes by which choline lipids in brain are formed.	Choline	63-70	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	100-103
5726197-3	1968	The results indicated that initial phosphorylation of the free choline followed by the formation of CDP-choline and the subsequent transfer of the phosphorylcholine to a diglyceride is one of the principal routes by which choline lipids in brain are formed.	Choline	104-111	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	100-103
13323024-0	1956	Effect of growth hormone and testosterone on induction of cardiovascular changes in choline-deficient rats.	Choline	84-91	gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	10-24
4386540-0	1968	Effect of HC-3 on choline uptake by the isolated diaphragm.	Choline	18-25	CYCS pseudogene 24	Homo sapiens	10-14
5870874-0	1965	[On the mechanism of inhibition by choline of acetylcholine hydrolysis by horse serum cholinesterase].	Choline	35-42	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	86-100
14439241-0	1959	[Decrease of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity prevented by choline in the liver of rats on high fat diet].	Choline	69-76	glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	13-46
13665937-0	1959	[Changes in the level of prothrombin and fibrinogen of the blood in atherosclerosis in treatment with ascorbic acid, choline and iodine preparations].	Choline	117-124	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	25-36
16654910-0	1956	Identification of Phosphoryl Choline as an Important Constituent of Plant Sap.	Choline	29-36	SH2 domain containing 1A	Homo sapiens	74-77
14367322-0	1955	The influence of vitamin B12 on the biosynthesis of the methyl group of choline from methanol.	Choline	72-79	NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B3	Homo sapiens	25-28
13184360-0	1954	The utilization by vitamin B12-deficient chicks of monomethylaminoethanol, homocystine and betaine as precursors of choline and methionine.	Choline	116-123	NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B3	Homo sapiens	27-30
13093729-0	1953	[Kinetics of benzoylcholine decomposition by serum cholinesterase and effect of choline].	Choline	20-27	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	51-65
13000503-0	1952	The effect of vitamin B12 upon the utilization of choline and betaine by the young poult.	Choline	50-57	NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B3	Homo sapiens	22-25
13034375-0	1952	Studies on the rhodopsin of liber extirpated animals and effects of choline on rhodopsin regeneration.	Choline	68-75	rhodopsin	Homo sapiens	79-88
14851045-0	1951	The effect of vitamin B12 on the response of chicks to betaine and choline.	Choline	67-74	NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B3	Homo sapiens	22-25
34050617-3	2021	Choline-based ionic liquids (ILs) such as choline geranate and choline glycolate (CGLY) have recently been shown to be effective in enhancing the intestinal absorption of macromolecules such as insulin and immunoglobulin (IgG), respectively.	Choline	0-7	insulin	Homo sapiens	194-220
34050617-5	2021	Choline-based ILs significantly increase the diffusion rates of cationic dextrans through mucin solution.	Choline	0-7	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	90-95
34058595-15	2021	Compared to the control group, TMA accumulated in the rumen fluid, and the abundance of Mmc 16S rRNA gene and choline-degrading bacterial cutC gene increased in the rumen content in the choline group (P < 0.050).	Choline	110-117	cutC copper transporter	Bos taurus	138-142
34058595-15	2021	Compared to the control group, TMA accumulated in the rumen fluid, and the abundance of Mmc 16S rRNA gene and choline-degrading bacterial cutC gene increased in the rumen content in the choline group (P < 0.050).	Choline	186-193	cutC copper transporter	Bos taurus	138-142
34041574-4	2021	The choline chloride-glycerol-based resin (DES1-R) with the highest adsorption amounts was selected and the adsorption behavior of it was studied with static adsorption and the dynamic adsorption performance; the adsorption process followed Freundlich isotherm (R2 >= 0.9337) and pseudo-second-order (R2 >= 0.9951).	Choline	4-11	delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 1	Homo sapiens	43-47
14851092-0	1951	The influence of vitamin B12 on the utilization of choline precursors by the chick.	Choline	51-58	Major histocompatibility complex class I antigen BF2	Gallus gallus	25-28
14820796-0	1951	The effect of vitamin B12 on the conversion of glycine to choline.	Choline	58-65	NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B3	Homo sapiens	22-25
19992415-14	1941	The latter is the usual condition obvious in disease.Work has also been done which suggests that other lipotropic factors-choline, lipocaic, &amp;c., exert an influence on carbohydrate-fat balance, more specifically the glycogen-fat balance in the liver.In America attention has been drawn to the frequent and persistenzt occurrence of fatty enlargement of the liver in diabetic children.	Choline	122-129	FAT atypical cadherin 1	Homo sapiens	185-188
33951550-1	2021	In proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) studies, aberrant levels of choline-containing compounds that include glycerophosphocholine plus phosphocholine (GPC+PC), can signify alterations in the metabolism of cellular membrane phospholipids (MPLs) from a healthy baseline.	Choline	79-86	glycophorin C (Gerbich blood group)	Homo sapiens	164-167
34047945-0	2021	TLR4 Knockout Attenuates BDL-induced Liver Cholestatic Injury through Amino Acid and Choline Metabolic Pathways.	Choline	85-92	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	0-4
34047945-6	2021	The metabolite analysis results showed that TLR4 KO could maintain the metabolisms of amino acids- and choline-related metabolites.	Choline	103-110	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	44-48
34047945-8	2021	In conclusion, TLR4 KO could attenuate BDL-induced liver cholestatic injury through regulating amino acid and choline metabolic pathways.	Choline	110-117	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	15-19
34028515-1	2021	In Caenorhabditis elegans, the cha-1 gene encodes choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the enzyme that synthesizes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.	Choline	50-57	Choline O-acetyltransferase	Caenorhabditis elegans	31-36
34022514-0	2021	Choline attenuates heat stress-induced oxidative injury and apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells by modulating PERK/Nrf-2 signaling pathway.	Choline	0-7	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Bos taurus	124-129
34022514-8	2021	The HS + choline group inhibited heat stress-induced phosphorylation of PERK, nuclear translocation of Nrf-2 and the protein expression of GRP78.	Choline	9-16	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Bos taurus	103-108
34022514-8	2021	The HS + choline group inhibited heat stress-induced phosphorylation of PERK, nuclear translocation of Nrf-2 and the protein expression of GRP78.	Choline	9-16	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Bos taurus	139-144
34022514-9	2021	In addition, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and the expression of caspase-3 were significantly reduced in HS + choline group, thereby reduced the HS-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in MAC-T cells.	Choline	103-110	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Bos taurus	26-29
34022514-9	2021	In addition, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and the expression of caspase-3 were significantly reduced in HS + choline group, thereby reduced the HS-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in MAC-T cells.	Choline	103-110	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Bos taurus	30-35
34022514-9	2021	In addition, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and the expression of caspase-3 were significantly reduced in HS + choline group, thereby reduced the HS-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in MAC-T cells.	Choline	103-110	caspase 3	Bos taurus	58-67
34022514-10	2021	In conclusion, choline attenuates heat stress-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis of MAC-T cells by modulating PERK/Nrf-2 pathway.	Choline	15-22	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Bos taurus	119-124
33975230-10	2021	Taken together, the results reveal that JWX-A0108 improved the learning and memory function of APP/PS1 mice by enhancing the anti-inflammatory effect of the endogenous choline system through alpha7 nAChR, inhibited the activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway by inhibiting IkappaB phosphorylation, and ultimately inhibited inflammatory responses.	Choline	168-175	presenilin 1	Mus musculus	99-102
33975230-10	2021	Taken together, the results reveal that JWX-A0108 improved the learning and memory function of APP/PS1 mice by enhancing the anti-inflammatory effect of the endogenous choline system through alpha7 nAChR, inhibited the activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway by inhibiting IkappaB phosphorylation, and ultimately inhibited inflammatory responses.	Choline	168-175	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	191-203
33975230-10	2021	Taken together, the results reveal that JWX-A0108 improved the learning and memory function of APP/PS1 mice by enhancing the anti-inflammatory effect of the endogenous choline system through alpha7 nAChR, inhibited the activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway by inhibiting IkappaB phosphorylation, and ultimately inhibited inflammatory responses.	Choline	168-175	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	237-246
33640406-1	2021	The high-affinity choline transporter CHT 1 mediates choline uptake, the rate-limiting and regulatory step in acetylcholine synthesis at cholinergic presynaptic terminals.	Choline	18-25	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	38-43
33640406-1	2021	The high-affinity choline transporter CHT 1 mediates choline uptake, the rate-limiting and regulatory step in acetylcholine synthesis at cholinergic presynaptic terminals.	Choline	53-60	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	38-43
33640406-2	2021	CHT1-medated choline uptake is specifically inhibited by hemicholinium-3, which is a type of choline analog that acts as a competitive inhibitor.	Choline	13-20	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	0-4
33640406-2	2021	CHT1-medated choline uptake is specifically inhibited by hemicholinium-3, which is a type of choline analog that acts as a competitive inhibitor.	Choline	93-100	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	0-4
33640406-3	2021	Although the substrate choline and the inhibitor hemicholinium-3 are well-established ligands of CHT 1, few potent ligands other than choline analogs have been reported.	Choline	23-30	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	97-102
33640406-6	2021	We found that morantel as well as other tetrahydropyrimidines, pyrantel and oxantel, potently inhibits the high-affinity choline uptake activity of CHT 1 in a competitive manner similar to the inhibitor hemicholinium-3.	Choline	121-128	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	148-153
33640406-10	2021	Our results reveal that tetrahydropyrimidine anthelmintics are novel CHT 1 ligands that inhibit the high-affinity choline uptake for acetylcholine synthesis in cholinergic neurons.	Choline	114-121	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Rattus norvegicus	69-74
33876196-0	2021	Polymorphisms in SLC44A1 are associated with cognitive improvement in children diagnosed with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: an exploratory study of oral choline supplementation.	Choline	156-163	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	17-24
33306506-10	2021	By using an additive model of inheritance, our moderation analysis showed that PNPLA3 rs738409 significantly modulates the relationship between carbohydrate (%), n-3 PUFAs, total isoflavones, methionine, and choline intakes and fibrosis severity in a dose-dependent, genotype manner.	Choline	208-215	patatin like phospholipase domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	79-85
33427318-7	2021	AChE converts acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid, thus causing the return of a cholinergic neuron to its resting state.	Choline	20-27	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	0-4
33932306-3	2021	APPROACH & RESULTS: Following 2-week injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) or 5-week methionine- and choline-deficient diet, liver fibrosis was more aggravated in mGluR5 knockout (KO) mice with significantly decreased frequency of NK cells compared with wild type mice.	Choline	105-112	glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 1	Mus musculus	167-173
33892733-0	2021	The association between RGS4 and choline in cardiac fibrosis.	Choline	33-40	regulator of G-protein signaling 4	Mus musculus	24-28
33892733-11	2021	The protective effect of choline against cardiac fibrosis was counteracted by overexpression of RGS4 in vitro and in vivo.	Choline	25-32	regulator of G-protein signaling 4	Mus musculus	96-100
33892733-12	2021	Moreover, choline inhibited the protein level of TGF-beta1, p-Smad2/3, p-p38 and p-ERK1/2 in CFs treated with TGF-beta1, which were restored by RGS4 overexpression.	Choline	10-17	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Mus musculus	49-58
33923230-0	2021	High Choline Intake during Pregnancy Reduces Characteristics of the Metabolic Syndrome in Male Wistar Rat Offspring Fed a High Fat But Not a Normal Fat Post-Weaning Diet.	Choline	5-12	FAT atypical cadherin 1	Rattus norvegicus	127-130
33876196-7	2021	RESULTS: When stratified by intervention (choline vs. placebo), 14-16 SNPs within the cellular choline transporter gene solute carrier family 44 member 1 (SLC44A1) were significantly associated with performance in an elicited imitation sequential memory task, wherein the effect alleles were associated with the greatest pre-/postintervention improvement.	Choline	42-49	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	155-162
33876196-7	2021	RESULTS: When stratified by intervention (choline vs. placebo), 14-16 SNPs within the cellular choline transporter gene solute carrier family 44 member 1 (SLC44A1) were significantly associated with performance in an elicited imitation sequential memory task, wherein the effect alleles were associated with the greatest pre-/postintervention improvement.	Choline	95-102	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	155-162
33876196-11	2021	CONCLUSIONS: These SLC44A1 variants were previously associated with greater vulnerability to choline deficiency.	Choline	93-100	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	19-26
33863898-3	2021	Here, we show that BBR attenuated TMA/TMAO production in the C57BL/6J and ApoE KO mice fed with choline-supplemented chow diet, and mitigated atherosclerotic lesion areas in ApoE KO mice.	Choline	96-103	apolipoprotein E	Mus musculus	74-78
33936095-3	2021	The cholinergic system includes the neurotransmitter\ molecule, acetylcholine (ACh), cholinergic receptors (AChRs), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) enzyme, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme.	Choline	4-11	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	183-187
32944877-0	2021	Supplementation of fenugreek with choline-docosahexaenoic acid attenuates menopause induced memory loss, BDNF and dendritic arborization in ovariectomized rats.	Choline	34-41	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	105-109
33892733-12	2021	Moreover, choline inhibited the protein level of TGF-beta1, p-Smad2/3, p-p38 and p-ERK1/2 in CFs treated with TGF-beta1, which were restored by RGS4 overexpression.	Choline	10-17	SMAD family member 2	Mus musculus	62-69
33892733-12	2021	Moreover, choline inhibited the protein level of TGF-beta1, p-Smad2/3, p-p38 and p-ERK1/2 in CFs treated with TGF-beta1, which were restored by RGS4 overexpression.	Choline	10-17	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	73-76
33892733-12	2021	Moreover, choline inhibited the protein level of TGF-beta1, p-Smad2/3, p-p38 and p-ERK1/2 in CFs treated with TGF-beta1, which were restored by RGS4 overexpression.	Choline	10-17	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Mus musculus	83-89
33892733-12	2021	Moreover, choline inhibited the protein level of TGF-beta1, p-Smad2/3, p-p38 and p-ERK1/2 in CFs treated with TGF-beta1, which were restored by RGS4 overexpression.	Choline	10-17	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Mus musculus	110-119
33892733-12	2021	Moreover, choline inhibited the protein level of TGF-beta1, p-Smad2/3, p-p38 and p-ERK1/2 in CFs treated with TGF-beta1, which were restored by RGS4 overexpression.	Choline	10-17	regulator of G-protein signaling 4	Mus musculus	144-148
33892733-13	2021	CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that RGS4 promoted cardiac fibrosis and attenuated the anti-cardiac fibrosis of choline.	Choline	116-123	regulator of G-protein signaling 4	Mus musculus	41-45
33892733-14	2021	RGS4 may weaken anti-cardiac fibrosis of choline through TGF-beta1/Smad and MAPK signaling pathways.	Choline	41-48	regulator of G-protein signaling 4	Mus musculus	0-4
33892733-14	2021	RGS4 may weaken anti-cardiac fibrosis of choline through TGF-beta1/Smad and MAPK signaling pathways.	Choline	41-48	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Mus musculus	57-66
33666613-2	2021	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is one of the most important bioactive substances and plays a major part in choline changes in the aging process.	Choline	6-13	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	22-26
33657115-11	2021	Higher choline, carnitine and the weighted sum score of the four metabolites were associated with higher risk of decline in eGFR (n = 106) (adjusted p = 0.001, p = 0.03 and p<0.001, respectively).	Choline	7-14	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	124-128
33529929-4	2021	On the other hand, AChE can catalyze the hydrolysis of Myr into choline and myristic acid.	Choline	64-71	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	19-23
33516698-0	2021	Prolyl endopeptidase disruption reduces hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress in methionine-choline-deficient diet-induced steatohepatitis.	Choline	96-103	prolyl endopeptidase	Mus musculus	0-20
33789160-1	2021	The membrane phospholipids phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are synthesized de novo by the CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine (Kennedy) pathway, in which the extracellular substrates choline and ethanolamine are transported into the cell, phosphorylated, and coupled with diacylglycerol to form the final phospholipid product.	Choline	39-46	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	112-115
33789160-1	2021	The membrane phospholipids phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are synthesized de novo by the CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine (Kennedy) pathway, in which the extracellular substrates choline and ethanolamine are transported into the cell, phosphorylated, and coupled with diacylglycerol to form the final phospholipid product.	Choline	39-46	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	128-131
33722607-0	2021	Choline restores respiration in Psd1-deficient yeast by replenishing mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine.	Choline	0-7	phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-36
33722607-3	2021	Using a combination of yeast genetics, lipid biochemistry, and cell biological approaches, we uncover the mechanism by showing that Cho rescues mitochondrial respiration by partially replenishing mitochondrial PE levels in yeast cells lacking the mitochondrial PE-biosynthetic enzyme Psd1.	Choline	132-135	phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	284-288
33722607-7	2021	Cho-mediated elevation in mitochondrial PE is dependent on Vps39, which has been recently implicated in PE trafficking to the mitochondria.	Choline	0-3	Vam6p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	59-64
33722607-8	2021	Accordingly, epistasis experiments placed Vps39 downstream of Psd2 in choline-based rescue.	Choline	70-77	Vam6p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	42-47
33722607-8	2021	Accordingly, epistasis experiments placed Vps39 downstream of Psd2 in choline-based rescue.	Choline	70-77	phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	62-66
32944877-5	2021	Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of fenugreek seed extract (FG) either alone or in combination with choline-DHA on BDNF and dendritic arborization of pyramidal neurons in CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus in ovariectomized rats.	Choline	164-171	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	179-183
32944877-11	2021	OVX rats supplemented with FG with choline-DHA showed significantly improved BDNF levels, dendritic branching points and dendritic intersections.	Choline	35-42	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	77-81
33716987-7	2021	In vitro exposure of the ovary to NGF (100 ng/ml for 3 h) increased both choline acetyl transferase and vesicular ACh transporter expression in the ovary, with no effect in ACh level.	Choline	73-80	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	34-37
33434562-4	2021	Thus, the use of PPAR-  agonists, such as fibrates (fenofibrate and choline-fenofibrate), currently used in dyslipidemia treatment, could represent an interesting therapeutic approach in PIPN.	Choline	68-75	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	17-21
33649466-7	2021	Moreover, choline ameliorated circadian rhythm disruption, reduced the upregulated protein levels of STIM1, Orai1, and TRPC6, and alleviated cardiac dysfunction and remodeling (evidenced by attenuated cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and apoptosis) in AAC rats.	Choline	10-17	stromal interaction molecule 1	Rattus norvegicus	101-106
33649466-7	2021	Moreover, choline ameliorated circadian rhythm disruption, reduced the upregulated protein levels of STIM1, Orai1, and TRPC6, and alleviated cardiac dysfunction and remodeling (evidenced by attenuated cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and apoptosis) in AAC rats.	Choline	10-17	ORAI calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1	Rattus norvegicus	108-113
33649466-7	2021	Moreover, choline ameliorated circadian rhythm disruption, reduced the upregulated protein levels of STIM1, Orai1, and TRPC6, and alleviated cardiac dysfunction and remodeling (evidenced by attenuated cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and apoptosis) in AAC rats.	Choline	10-17	transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 6	Rattus norvegicus	119-124
33649466-8	2021	In vitro analyses showed that choline ameliorated calcium overload, downregulated STIM1, Orai1, and TRPC6, and inhibited thapsigargin-induced store-operated Ca2+ entry and 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol-induced receptor-operated Ca2+ entry in angiotensin II-treated cardiomyocytes.	Choline	30-37	stromal interaction molecule 1	Rattus norvegicus	82-87
33649466-8	2021	In vitro analyses showed that choline ameliorated calcium overload, downregulated STIM1, Orai1, and TRPC6, and inhibited thapsigargin-induced store-operated Ca2+ entry and 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol-induced receptor-operated Ca2+ entry in angiotensin II-treated cardiomyocytes.	Choline	30-37	ORAI calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1	Rattus norvegicus	89-94
33649466-8	2021	In vitro analyses showed that choline ameliorated calcium overload, downregulated STIM1, Orai1, and TRPC6, and inhibited thapsigargin-induced store-operated Ca2+ entry and 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol-induced receptor-operated Ca2+ entry in angiotensin II-treated cardiomyocytes.	Choline	30-37	transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 6	Rattus norvegicus	100-105
33649466-8	2021	In vitro analyses showed that choline ameliorated calcium overload, downregulated STIM1, Orai1, and TRPC6, and inhibited thapsigargin-induced store-operated Ca2+ entry and 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol-induced receptor-operated Ca2+ entry in angiotensin II-treated cardiomyocytes.	Choline	30-37	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	242-256
32940938-12	2021	RESULTS: The 2-HG amplitudes, 2-HG/NAA, and 2-HG/Cho were higher for IDH-mutant gliomas than IDH-wildtype gliomas (P < 0.007).	Choline	49-52	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	69-72
33186817-3	2021	This is because that MnO2 NS have oxidized characteristic, and they can react with choline (TCh), which is the product of acetylthiocholine (ATCh) catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE).	Choline	83-90	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	182-186
33325460-6	2021	Electroenzymatic choline sensors constructed with a ~5 mum-thick crosslinked ChOx layer atop 200 nm-thick permselective films (poly(m-phenylenediamine) and Nafion) exhibited unprecedented sensitivity and response time of 660 +- 40 nA muM-1 cm-2 at 37  C and 0.36 +- 0.05 s, respectively, while maintaining excellent selectivity.	Choline	17-24	PWWP domain containing 3A, DNA repair factor	Homo sapiens	234-239
33533968-3	2021	TMAO production results from the fermentation by the gut microbiota of dietary nutrients such as choline and carnitine, which are transformed to trimethylamine (TMA) and converted into TMAO in the liver by flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 and 3 (FMO1 and FMO3).	Choline	97-104	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	206-245
33533968-3	2021	TMAO production results from the fermentation by the gut microbiota of dietary nutrients such as choline and carnitine, which are transformed to trimethylamine (TMA) and converted into TMAO in the liver by flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 and 3 (FMO1 and FMO3).	Choline	97-104	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	247-251
33533968-3	2021	TMAO production results from the fermentation by the gut microbiota of dietary nutrients such as choline and carnitine, which are transformed to trimethylamine (TMA) and converted into TMAO in the liver by flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 and 3 (FMO1 and FMO3).	Choline	97-104	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 3	Homo sapiens	256-260
33540681-3	2021	The enzymatic chimera formed by DAAO bound to the choline-binding domain of N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase (CLytA) induces cytotoxicity in several pancreatic and colorectal carcinoma and glioblastoma cell models.	Choline	50-57	D-amino acid oxidase	Homo sapiens	32-36
33153893-3	2021	We have used FX2C and FX2N Tracerlab modules for the synthesis of the [11C]methionine, [18F]choline and [18F]fluorodopa via nucleophilic pathway in FX2C/N module.	Choline	92-99	frataxin	Homo sapiens	148-154
32772476-2	2021	Bacterial trimethylamine (TMA)-lyase (CutC) is expressed in gut bacteria and catalyzes the conversion of choline to TMA.	Choline	105-112	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	38-42
32329085-6	2021	The inhibition of GPR55 and ACCalpha blocked the effects of LPI, and the in vivo knockdown of GPR55 was sufficient to improve liver damage in mice fed a high fat diet and mice fed a methionine-choline-deficient diet.	Choline	193-200	G protein-coupled receptor 55	Mus musculus	94-99
33658354-8	2021	We showed that supplementation of the culture medium with choline (a soluble phospholipid precursor) restored the cellular lipidome to its basal state in APOE4-expressing human iPSC-derived astrocytes and in yeast expressing human APOE4 Our study illuminates key molecular disruptions in lipid metabolism that may contribute to the disease risk linked to the APOE4 genotype.	Choline	58-65	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	154-159
33658354-8	2021	We showed that supplementation of the culture medium with choline (a soluble phospholipid precursor) restored the cellular lipidome to its basal state in APOE4-expressing human iPSC-derived astrocytes and in yeast expressing human APOE4 Our study illuminates key molecular disruptions in lipid metabolism that may contribute to the disease risk linked to the APOE4 genotype.	Choline	58-65	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	231-236
33658354-8	2021	We showed that supplementation of the culture medium with choline (a soluble phospholipid precursor) restored the cellular lipidome to its basal state in APOE4-expressing human iPSC-derived astrocytes and in yeast expressing human APOE4 Our study illuminates key molecular disruptions in lipid metabolism that may contribute to the disease risk linked to the APOE4 genotype.	Choline	58-65	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	231-236
33615478-5	2021	Moreover, 8-week exercise and choline intervention have enhanced parasympathetic function and promoted the expression of M2 AChR.	Choline	30-37	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 2 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	124-128
33615478-6	2021	In addition, 8-week exercise and choline intervention also inhibited the protein expression of myocardial MFN2, PERK/eIF2alpha/ATF4, and NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1beta signaling pathways, thereby effectively reducing mitochondrial fusion, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation.	Choline	33-40	mitofusin 2	Rattus norvegicus	106-110
33615478-6	2021	In addition, 8-week exercise and choline intervention also inhibited the protein expression of myocardial MFN2, PERK/eIF2alpha/ATF4, and NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1beta signaling pathways, thereby effectively reducing mitochondrial fusion, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation.	Choline	33-40	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A	Rattus norvegicus	117-126
33615478-6	2021	In addition, 8-week exercise and choline intervention also inhibited the protein expression of myocardial MFN2, PERK/eIF2alpha/ATF4, and NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1beta signaling pathways, thereby effectively reducing mitochondrial fusion, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation.	Choline	33-40	activating transcription factor 4	Rattus norvegicus	127-131
33615478-6	2021	In addition, 8-week exercise and choline intervention also inhibited the protein expression of myocardial MFN2, PERK/eIF2alpha/ATF4, and NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1beta signaling pathways, thereby effectively reducing mitochondrial fusion, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation.	Choline	33-40	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Rattus norvegicus	137-142
33615478-6	2021	In addition, 8-week exercise and choline intervention also inhibited the protein expression of myocardial MFN2, PERK/eIF2alpha/ATF4, and NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1beta signaling pathways, thereby effectively reducing mitochondrial fusion, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation.	Choline	33-40	caspase 1	Rattus norvegicus	143-152
33615478-6	2021	In addition, 8-week exercise and choline intervention also inhibited the protein expression of myocardial MFN2, PERK/eIF2alpha/ATF4, and NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1beta signaling pathways, thereby effectively reducing mitochondrial fusion, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation.	Choline	33-40	interleukin 1 alpha	Rattus norvegicus	153-161
33672580-8	2021	We conclude that CTL1 is responsible for extracellular choline uptake, and CTL2 may uptake choline in the mitochondria and be involved in DNA methylation via choline oxidation.	Choline	55-62	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	17-21
33672580-8	2021	We conclude that CTL1 is responsible for extracellular choline uptake, and CTL2 may uptake choline in the mitochondria and be involved in DNA methylation via choline oxidation.	Choline	91-98	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	75-79
33672580-8	2021	We conclude that CTL1 is responsible for extracellular choline uptake, and CTL2 may uptake choline in the mitochondria and be involved in DNA methylation via choline oxidation.	Choline	91-98	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	75-79
33608051-0	2021	The PD-L1 metabolic interactome intersects with choline metabolism and inflammation.	Choline	48-55	CD274 molecule	Homo sapiens	4-9
33600604-0	2021	Visfatin exacerbates hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in a methionine-choline-deficient diet mouse model.	Choline	71-78	nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase	Mus musculus	0-8
32827859-3	2021	In the double-enzymes reactions, acetylcholine chloride (ACh) can be catalyzed to produce choline by AChE, which is successively hydrolyzed to betaine and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by CHO.	Choline	39-46	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	101-105
33300271-6	2021	There was an inverse correlation between placental DNA methylation at the retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRA) gene and maternal plasma choline level (r = -0.188 to r = -0.452, P = 0.043 to P < 1E-3 at three points).	Choline	132-139	retinoid X receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	74-99
33051974-6	2021	Known target-site resistance mutations were identified in acetyl-choline esterase, chitin synthase 1 and NDUFS7/psst, but also discovered putative novel resistance mutations in targets such as the glutamate-gated chloride channel subunit 3.	Choline	65-72	uncharacterized LOC107359084	Tetranychus urticae	83-100
31787129-7	2021	Higher maternal choline levels partly mitigated the effect of CRP in male offspring.	Choline	16-23	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	62-65
33574830-4	2020	Liver tissues from mice fed a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet exhibited increased expression of NEAT1 and PEG3 along with lower miR-129-5p expression.	Choline	41-48	nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (non-protein coding)	Mus musculus	104-109
33574830-4	2020	Liver tissues from mice fed a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet exhibited increased expression of NEAT1 and PEG3 along with lower miR-129-5p expression.	Choline	41-48	paternally expressed 3	Mus musculus	114-118
33039858-1	2021	Herein, self-supported Ni3S2 spherical clusters packed with well-defined nanosheets developed on Ni foam (NF) were rationally fabricated via a novel low-temperature solvothermal sulfurization approach in a choline chloride/ethylene glycol (Ethaline)-based deep eutectic solvent (DES).	Choline	206-222	neurofascin	Homo sapiens	106-108
32935652-18	2021	At lower prostate specific antigen levels the detection rate of prostate specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computerized tomography is lower (33.7% for levels below 0.2 ng/ml and 50% for levels 0.2 to 0.49 ng/ml), despite being better than "older" tracers such as choline based positron emission tomography or computerized tomography/bone scintigraphy.	Choline	284-291	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	9-34
33300271-6	2021	There was an inverse correlation between placental DNA methylation at the retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRA) gene and maternal plasma choline level (r = -0.188 to r = -0.452, P = 0.043 to P < 1E-3 at three points).	Choline	132-139	retinoid X receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	101-105
33300271-9	2021	CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the association between maternal choline status and placental RXRA methylation represents a potential fetal programing mechanism contributing to fetal growth.	Choline	70-77	retinoid X receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	99-103
33079431-4	2021	The adduct is deeply buried in the active site tunnel of ChAT and interactions with a hydrophobic pocket near the choline binding site have major implications for the molecular recognition of inhibitors.	Choline	114-121	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	57-61
33250374-0	2021	Presynaptic congenital myasthenic syndrome due to three novel mutations in SLC5A7 encoding the sodium-dependant high-affinity choline transporter.	Choline	126-133	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	75-81
33296468-8	2021	Choline, cotinine, gamma-butyrobetaine, and 36:3 phosphatidylserine plasmalogen were positively associated with GI and GL, whereas they were negatively associated with CQI.	Choline	0-7	G protein subunit alpha i1	Homo sapiens	112-114
33394284-2	2021	A PSMA ligand, [18F]DCFPyL (2-(3-{1-carboxy-5-[(6-[18F]fluoro-pyridine-3-carbonyl)-amino]-pentyl}-ureido)-pentanedioic acid), is better than choline-based [18F]FCH (fluorocholine) in detecting and localizing DIL because of higher tumour contrast, particularly when imaging is delayed to 1 h post-injection.	Choline	141-148	folate hydrolase 1	Homo sapiens	2-6
33401680-4	2021	Metabolomics profiling analysis showed that the level of acetylcholine was significantly decreased in SAMP1/Klotho -/- mice, although the corresponding levels of acetylcholine precursors, acetyl-CoA and choline, increased.	Choline	63-70	transmembrane protein 201	Mus musculus	102-107
33401680-4	2021	Metabolomics profiling analysis showed that the level of acetylcholine was significantly decreased in SAMP1/Klotho -/- mice, although the corresponding levels of acetylcholine precursors, acetyl-CoA and choline, increased.	Choline	63-70	klotho	Mus musculus	108-114
33205621-2	2021	Choline and geranic acid (CAGE) in particular, has been successfully formulated to orally deliver insulin and hydrophobic therapeutics such as sorafenib (SRF).	Choline	0-7	insulin	Homo sapiens	98-105
33045547-5	2021	The results showed that HBD hydrophilic ability, HBD polarity, HBD acidity, HBD ability to form hydrogen bonds, molar ratio of HBD to choline chloride and pretreatment severity had great influence on the Choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents pretreatment effect.	Choline	134-150	HBD	Homo sapiens	24-27
33045547-5	2021	The results showed that HBD hydrophilic ability, HBD polarity, HBD acidity, HBD ability to form hydrogen bonds, molar ratio of HBD to choline chloride and pretreatment severity had great influence on the Choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents pretreatment effect.	Choline	204-220	HBD	Homo sapiens	24-27
33045547-5	2021	The results showed that HBD hydrophilic ability, HBD polarity, HBD acidity, HBD ability to form hydrogen bonds, molar ratio of HBD to choline chloride and pretreatment severity had great influence on the Choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents pretreatment effect.	Choline	204-220	HBD	Homo sapiens	49-52
33045547-5	2021	The results showed that HBD hydrophilic ability, HBD polarity, HBD acidity, HBD ability to form hydrogen bonds, molar ratio of HBD to choline chloride and pretreatment severity had great influence on the Choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents pretreatment effect.	Choline	204-220	HBD	Homo sapiens	49-52
33045547-5	2021	The results showed that HBD hydrophilic ability, HBD polarity, HBD acidity, HBD ability to form hydrogen bonds, molar ratio of HBD to choline chloride and pretreatment severity had great influence on the Choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents pretreatment effect.	Choline	204-220	HBD	Homo sapiens	49-52
33274576-0	2021	Low Maternal Dietary Intake of Choline Regulates Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression Via Histone H3K27me3 in Foetal Mouse Neural Progenitor Cells.	Choline	31-38	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	49-69
33250374-1	2021	SLC5A7 encodes the presynaptic sodium-dependant high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT), which uptakes choline to the presynaptic nerve terminal following the breakdown of acetylcholine by the acetylcholinesterase within the synaptic cleft.	Choline	62-69	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	85-88
33457479-5	2021	The data provided in this manuscript have been analyzed and discussed in the research article entitled "Metabolomic analysis revealed mitochondrial dysfunction and aberrant choline metabolism in MPP+-exposed SH-SY5Y cells" [1].	Choline	173-180	M-phase phosphoprotein 6	Homo sapiens	195-198
32778895-12	2020	The low PEMT activity, which is the only pathway for endogenous choline synthesis and is responsible for hormonally regulated export of PUFAs from adult liver, strongly supports increased supplementation of preterm parenteral nutrition with both choline and PUFAs.	Choline	64-71	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	8-12
32778895-12	2020	The low PEMT activity, which is the only pathway for endogenous choline synthesis and is responsible for hormonally regulated export of PUFAs from adult liver, strongly supports increased supplementation of preterm parenteral nutrition with both choline and PUFAs.	Choline	246-253	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	8-12
33390181-1	2021	BACKGROUND: Choline kinase-alpha (ChoKalpha/CHKA) overexpression and hyper-activation sustain altered choline metabolism conferring the cholinic phenotype to epithelial ovarian cancer (OC), the most lethal gynecological tumor.	Choline	102-109	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	12-32
33390181-1	2021	BACKGROUND: Choline kinase-alpha (ChoKalpha/CHKA) overexpression and hyper-activation sustain altered choline metabolism conferring the cholinic phenotype to epithelial ovarian cancer (OC), the most lethal gynecological tumor.	Choline	102-109	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	44-48
32987153-6	2021	RESULTS: Our data demonstrate that TTP loss in vivo strongly restrains development of hepatic steatosis and inflammation/fibrosis in mice fed a methionine/choline-deficient diet, as well as HCC development induced by the carcinogen DEN.	Choline	155-162	zinc finger protein 36	Mus musculus	35-38
33340828-9	2021	Nicotine, choline, RgIA, and Vc1.1 induced Ca2+ transients in BM-PMNs, enhanced cell adhesiveness and decreased production of ROS indicating involvement of alpha9, possibly co-assembled with alpha10, nAChRs in the BM-PMN activity for recruitment and cytotoxicity.	Choline	10-17	UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide A6B	Mus musculus	156-162
33952843-4	2021	We found for the first time that Cx32 has play suppressive roles in inflammation and fibrosis of NASH using Cx32DeltaTg received methionine-choline deficient diet (MCDD).	Choline	140-147	gap junction protein, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	33-37
33276105-2	2021	Choline is also a selective agonist of some neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes.	Choline	0-7	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	53-85
33276105-2	2021	Choline is also a selective agonist of some neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes.	Choline	0-7	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	87-92
33276105-4	2021	We found that U87MG and GBM5 cells express similar nAChR subtypes, and choline and nicotine increase their proliferation rate and activate the anti-apoptotic AKT and pro-proliferative ERK pathways.	Choline	71-78	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	158-161
33276105-4	2021	We found that U87MG and GBM5 cells express similar nAChR subtypes, and choline and nicotine increase their proliferation rate and activate the anti-apoptotic AKT and pro-proliferative ERK pathways.	Choline	71-78	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	184-187
33276105-6	2021	siRNA-mediated silencing of alpha7 or alpha9 subunit expression also selectively prevents the effects of nicotine and choline on GBM cell proliferation.	Choline	118-125	immunoglobulin kappa variable 2D-24 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	28-44
33276105-7	2021	Our findings indicate that nicotine and choline activate the signalling pathways involved in the proliferation of GBM cells, and that these effects are mediated by alpha7 and alpha9-containing nAChRs.	Choline	40-47	immunoglobulin kappa variable 2D-24 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	164-181
32711187-0	2021	The GLP-1R agonist liraglutide limits hepatic lipotoxicity and inflammatory response in mice fed a methionine-choline deficient diet.	Choline	110-117	glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Mus musculus	4-10
33378413-0	2020	A CD209 ligand and a sialidase inhibitor differentially modulate adipose tissue and liver macrophage populations and steatosis in mice on the Methionine and Choline-Deficient (MCD) diet.	Choline	157-164	CD209a antigen	Mus musculus	2-7
33377087-3	2020	Pro-cholinergic differentiation (with upregulation of choline acetyltransferase) of both lines can be achieved using neurokines such as ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF).	Choline	4-11	ciliary neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	136-163
33377087-3	2020	Pro-cholinergic differentiation (with upregulation of choline acetyltransferase) of both lines can be achieved using neurokines such as ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF).	Choline	4-11	ciliary neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	165-169
31852298-6	2020	Herein, we constructed NAFLD mice model by high-fat (HF) and methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet and found that OPN is upregulated in livers of NAFLD mice.	Choline	61-79	secreted phosphoprotein 1	Mus musculus	116-119
33250374-1	2021	SLC5A7 encodes the presynaptic sodium-dependant high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT), which uptakes choline to the presynaptic nerve terminal following the breakdown of acetylcholine by the acetylcholinesterase within the synaptic cleft.	Choline	62-69	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	0-6
33160274-3	2020	More intriguingly, the disruption of p53 in hESCs leads to dramatic upregulation of phosphatidylcholine and decrease of total choline in both pluripotent and differentiated state of hESCs, suggesting abnormal choline metabolism in the absence of p53.	Choline	96-103	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	37-40
32687900-3	2020	The maximum solubility of lignin in the sample DES-2 (ChCl:Gly:PEG-400 = 1:2:2) could up to 66.70 g/100 g solvent at 60  C due to the hydrogen bonds are the main driving force, which was confirmed by the largest hydrogen bond basicity parameter beta value and disappearance of crystalline peak.	Choline	54-58	delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 2	Homo sapiens	47-52
33128578-1	2020	Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and choline.	Choline	69-76	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Mus musculus	0-9
33128578-1	2020	Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and choline.	Choline	69-76	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Mus musculus	11-14
33038610-1	2020	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) hydrolyses acetylcholine to choline and acetate, playing an important role in terminating the neurotransmission in brain and muscle.	Choline	6-13	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	22-26
33160274-0	2020	p53 coordinates glucose and choline metabolism during the mesendoderm differentiation of human embryonic stem cells.	Choline	28-35	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	0-3
33160274-3	2020	More intriguingly, the disruption of p53 in hESCs leads to dramatic upregulation of phosphatidylcholine and decrease of total choline in both pluripotent and differentiated state of hESCs, suggesting abnormal choline metabolism in the absence of p53.	Choline	126-133	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	37-40
33084670-5	2020	While the thermal stability of BSA was dramatically enhanced in the presence of choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) namely ChCl-urea (DES1) and ChCl-glycerol (DES2), the order of stability was (DES1) > (DES2).	Choline	80-96	delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 1	Homo sapiens	158-162
33266425-10	2020	In summary, we identified a novel miR-1-FAM83A axis could partially modulate the EGFR/choline phospholipid metabolism signaling pathway, which suppressed lung cancer growth and motility.	Choline	86-93	fibronectin type III and SPRY domain containing 1	Homo sapiens	34-39
33266425-10	2020	In summary, we identified a novel miR-1-FAM83A axis could partially modulate the EGFR/choline phospholipid metabolism signaling pathway, which suppressed lung cancer growth and motility.	Choline	86-93	family with sequence similarity 83 member A	Homo sapiens	40-46
33266425-10	2020	In summary, we identified a novel miR-1-FAM83A axis could partially modulate the EGFR/choline phospholipid metabolism signaling pathway, which suppressed lung cancer growth and motility.	Choline	86-93	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	81-85
33239899-3	2020	Purpose: To evaluate the contribution of multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms across genes related to NAFLD and choline metabolism, in predicting insulin resistance in children with obesity.	Choline	116-123	insulin	Homo sapiens	150-157
33239899-9	2020	Children with insulin resistance presented significantly higher values for standardized body mass index, triglycerides, transaminases and plasma choline when compared to those without insulin resistance.	Choline	145-152	insulin	Homo sapiens	14-21
33239899-13	2020	Conclusion: The interaction between genotypes in CHDH and PNPLA3 genes, modulated by choline and alanine aminotransferase levels, predicted insulin-resistance status in children with obesity.	Choline	85-92	choline dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	49-53
33239899-13	2020	Conclusion: The interaction between genotypes in CHDH and PNPLA3 genes, modulated by choline and alanine aminotransferase levels, predicted insulin-resistance status in children with obesity.	Choline	85-92	patatin like phospholipase domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	58-64
33239899-13	2020	Conclusion: The interaction between genotypes in CHDH and PNPLA3 genes, modulated by choline and alanine aminotransferase levels, predicted insulin-resistance status in children with obesity.	Choline	85-92	insulin	Homo sapiens	140-147
33084670-5	2020	While the thermal stability of BSA was dramatically enhanced in the presence of choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) namely ChCl-urea (DES1) and ChCl-glycerol (DES2), the order of stability was (DES1) > (DES2).	Choline	80-96	delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 2	Homo sapiens	183-187
33084670-5	2020	While the thermal stability of BSA was dramatically enhanced in the presence of choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) namely ChCl-urea (DES1) and ChCl-glycerol (DES2), the order of stability was (DES1) > (DES2).	Choline	80-96	delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 1	Homo sapiens	218-222
33084670-5	2020	While the thermal stability of BSA was dramatically enhanced in the presence of choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) namely ChCl-urea (DES1) and ChCl-glycerol (DES2), the order of stability was (DES1) > (DES2).	Choline	80-96	delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 2	Homo sapiens	227-231
33084670-5	2020	While the thermal stability of BSA was dramatically enhanced in the presence of choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) namely ChCl-urea (DES1) and ChCl-glycerol (DES2), the order of stability was (DES1) > (DES2).	Choline	98-102	delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 1	Homo sapiens	158-162
33084670-5	2020	While the thermal stability of BSA was dramatically enhanced in the presence of choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) namely ChCl-urea (DES1) and ChCl-glycerol (DES2), the order of stability was (DES1) > (DES2).	Choline	98-102	delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 2	Homo sapiens	183-187
33084670-5	2020	While the thermal stability of BSA was dramatically enhanced in the presence of choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) namely ChCl-urea (DES1) and ChCl-glycerol (DES2), the order of stability was (DES1) > (DES2).	Choline	98-102	delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 1	Homo sapiens	218-222
33084670-5	2020	While the thermal stability of BSA was dramatically enhanced in the presence of choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) namely ChCl-urea (DES1) and ChCl-glycerol (DES2), the order of stability was (DES1) > (DES2).	Choline	98-102	delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 2	Homo sapiens	227-231
33198289-1	2020	The combination of the choline binding domain of the amidase N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine (CLytA)-D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) (CLytA-DAAO) and D-Alanine induces cell death in several pancreatic and colorectal carcinoma and glioblastoma cell lines.	Choline	23-30	D-amino acid oxidase	Homo sapiens	95-116
32427278-10	2020	In addition, negative correlations were noted between the decline in mRNA expression levels of ATP7A and the increased Cho/Cr ratios of the left PWM, right PWM and right ACC in MDD patients.	Choline	119-122	ATPase copper transporting alpha	Homo sapiens	95-100
32427278-11	2020	A positive correlation between elevated ceruloplasmin levels and increased Cho/Cr ratio of the left PWM was noted in MDD patients.	Choline	75-78	ceruloplasmin	Homo sapiens	40-53
33177546-0	2020	PPARalpha agonist and metformin co-treatment ameliorates NASH in mice induced by a choline-deficient, amino acid-defined diet with 45% fat.	Choline	83-90	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	0-9
32735879-4	2020	Insulin is mixed with ILs/DES made from Choline and Geranic acid (CAGE) to form a viscoelastic CAGE gel and sandwiched between two layers of a biodegradable polymer.	Choline	40-47	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
33106137-1	2020	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of peroxiredoxin1 (Prdx1) on the methionine-choline deficient (MCD)- induced mice model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).	Choline	81-88	peroxiredoxin 1	Mus musculus	40-54
32952025-10	2020	Compared with PMN receiving 0 mug of Chol/mL, heat-stressed PMN supplemented with Chol at 400 or 800 mug/mL had greater fold-change in abundance of CBS, CSAD, GSS, GSR, and GPX1.	Choline	82-86	cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase	Bos taurus	153-157
32952025-10	2020	Compared with PMN receiving 0 mug of Chol/mL, heat-stressed PMN supplemented with Chol at 400 or 800 mug/mL had greater fold-change in abundance of CBS, CSAD, GSS, GSR, and GPX1.	Choline	82-86	glutathione peroxidase 1	Bos taurus	173-177
32952025-11	2020	Among genes associated with inflammation and immune function, fold-change in abundance of TLR2, TLR4, IRAK1, IL1B, and IL10 increased with 400 and 800 mug of Chol/mL compared with PMN receiving 0 mug of Chol/mL.	Choline	158-162	toll like receptor 2	Bos taurus	90-94
32952025-11	2020	Among genes associated with inflammation and immune function, fold-change in abundance of TLR2, TLR4, IRAK1, IL1B, and IL10 increased with 400 and 800 mug of Chol/mL compared with PMN receiving 0 mug of Chol/mL.	Choline	158-162	toll like receptor 4	Bos taurus	96-100
32952025-11	2020	Among genes associated with inflammation and immune function, fold-change in abundance of TLR2, TLR4, IRAK1, IL1B, and IL10 increased with 400 and 800 mug of Chol/mL compared with PMN receiving 0 mug of Chol/mL.	Choline	158-162	interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase 1	Bos taurus	102-107
32952025-11	2020	Among genes associated with inflammation and immune function, fold-change in abundance of TLR2, TLR4, IRAK1, IL1B, and IL10 increased with 400 and 800 mug of Chol/mL compared with PMN receiving 0 mug of Chol/mL.	Choline	158-162	interleukin 1 beta	Bos taurus	109-113
32952025-11	2020	Among genes associated with inflammation and immune function, fold-change in abundance of TLR2, TLR4, IRAK1, IL1B, and IL10 increased with 400 and 800 mug of Chol/mL compared with PMN receiving 0 mug of Chol/mL.	Choline	158-162	interleukin-10	Bos taurus	119-123
32952025-11	2020	Among genes associated with inflammation and immune function, fold-change in abundance of TLR2, TLR4, IRAK1, IL1B, and IL10 increased with 400 and 800 mug of Chol/mL compared with PMN receiving 0 mug of Chol/mL.	Choline	203-207	toll like receptor 2	Bos taurus	90-94
32952025-11	2020	Among genes associated with inflammation and immune function, fold-change in abundance of TLR2, TLR4, IRAK1, IL1B, and IL10 increased with 400 and 800 mug of Chol/mL compared with PMN receiving 0 mug of Chol/mL.	Choline	203-207	interleukin-10	Bos taurus	119-123
32952025-14	2020	Although increasing Chol supply upregulated BAX, BCL2, and HSP70, increased Met supply only upregulated BAX.	Choline	20-24	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Bos taurus	44-47
32991778-0	2020	Methionine- and Choline-Deficient Diet Enhances Adipose Lipolysis and Leptin Release in aP2-Cre Fatp4-Knockout Mice.	Choline	16-23	leptin	Mus musculus	70-76
32991778-0	2020	Methionine- and Choline-Deficient Diet Enhances Adipose Lipolysis and Leptin Release in aP2-Cre Fatp4-Knockout Mice.	Choline	16-23	transcription factor AP-2, alpha	Mus musculus	88-91
32991778-0	2020	Methionine- and Choline-Deficient Diet Enhances Adipose Lipolysis and Leptin Release in aP2-Cre Fatp4-Knockout Mice.	Choline	16-23	solute carrier family 27 (fatty acid transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	96-101
32804916-2	2020	Our aim was to retrospectively analyse negative choline in a cohort of BCR-patients with high prostate-specific antigen (PSA).	Choline	48-55	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	94-119
33184653-8	2021	Lower maternal choline was associated with offsprings" lower gestational age at birth and with decreased auditory P50 inhibition, a marker of inhibitory neuron development.	Choline	15-22	renin binding protein	Homo sapiens	73-76
32938216-0	2020	Activation of M3AchR (Type 3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor) and Nrf2 (Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2) Signaling by Choline Alleviates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching and Vascular Remodeling.	Choline	132-139	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	68-72
32938216-0	2020	Activation of M3AchR (Type 3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor) and Nrf2 (Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2) Signaling by Choline Alleviates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching and Vascular Remodeling.	Choline	132-139	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	74-117
32938216-4	2020	Approach and Results: In cultured VSMCs, choline promoted Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) nuclear translocation, inducing the expression of HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) and NQO-1 (NAD[P]H quinone oxidoreductase-1).	Choline	41-48	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	58-62
32938216-4	2020	Approach and Results: In cultured VSMCs, choline promoted Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) nuclear translocation, inducing the expression of HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) and NQO-1 (NAD[P]H quinone oxidoreductase-1).	Choline	41-48	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	64-107
32938216-4	2020	Approach and Results: In cultured VSMCs, choline promoted Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) nuclear translocation, inducing the expression of HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) and NQO-1 (NAD[P]H quinone oxidoreductase-1).	Choline	41-48	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	159-163
32938216-4	2020	Approach and Results: In cultured VSMCs, choline promoted Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) nuclear translocation, inducing the expression of HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) and NQO-1 (NAD[P]H quinone oxidoreductase-1).	Choline	41-48	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	165-181
32938216-4	2020	Approach and Results: In cultured VSMCs, choline promoted Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) nuclear translocation, inducing the expression of HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) and NQO-1 (NAD[P]H quinone oxidoreductase-1).	Choline	41-48	NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	187-192
32938216-4	2020	Approach and Results: In cultured VSMCs, choline promoted Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) nuclear translocation, inducing the expression of HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) and NQO-1 (NAD[P]H quinone oxidoreductase-1).	Choline	41-48	NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	194-226
32938216-5	2020	Consequently, choline ameliorated Ang II (angiotensin II)-induced increases in NOX (NAD[P]H oxidase) expression and the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species level, thereby attenuating Ang II-induced VSMC phenotypic switching, proliferation, and migration, presumably via M3AchR (type 3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors).	Choline	14-21	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	42-56
32938216-6	2020	Downregulation of M3AChR or Nrf2 diminished choline-mediated upregulation of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1 expression, as well as inhibition of VSMC phenotypic transformation, suggesting that M3AChR and Nrf2 activation are responsible for the protective effects of choline.	Choline	44-51	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 2 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	20-24
32938216-6	2020	Downregulation of M3AChR or Nrf2 diminished choline-mediated upregulation of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1 expression, as well as inhibition of VSMC phenotypic transformation, suggesting that M3AChR and Nrf2 activation are responsible for the protective effects of choline.	Choline	44-51	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	28-32
32938216-6	2020	Downregulation of M3AChR or Nrf2 diminished choline-mediated upregulation of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1 expression, as well as inhibition of VSMC phenotypic transformation, suggesting that M3AChR and Nrf2 activation are responsible for the protective effects of choline.	Choline	44-51	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	77-81
32938216-6	2020	Downregulation of M3AChR or Nrf2 diminished choline-mediated upregulation of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1 expression, as well as inhibition of VSMC phenotypic transformation, suggesting that M3AChR and Nrf2 activation are responsible for the protective effects of choline.	Choline	44-51	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	83-87
32938216-6	2020	Downregulation of M3AChR or Nrf2 diminished choline-mediated upregulation of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1 expression, as well as inhibition of VSMC phenotypic transformation, suggesting that M3AChR and Nrf2 activation are responsible for the protective effects of choline.	Choline	44-51	NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	93-98
32938216-6	2020	Downregulation of M3AChR or Nrf2 diminished choline-mediated upregulation of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1 expression, as well as inhibition of VSMC phenotypic transformation, suggesting that M3AChR and Nrf2 activation are responsible for the protective effects of choline.	Choline	44-51	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	77-81
32938216-6	2020	Downregulation of M3AChR or Nrf2 diminished choline-mediated upregulation of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1 expression, as well as inhibition of VSMC phenotypic transformation, suggesting that M3AChR and Nrf2 activation are responsible for the protective effects of choline.	Choline	257-264	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 2 subunit	Rattus norvegicus	20-24
32938216-6	2020	Downregulation of M3AChR or Nrf2 diminished choline-mediated upregulation of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1 expression, as well as inhibition of VSMC phenotypic transformation, suggesting that M3AChR and Nrf2 activation are responsible for the protective effects of choline.	Choline	257-264	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	28-32
32938216-8	2020	In a rat model of abdominal aortic constriction in vivo, choline attenuated VSMC phenotypic transformation and vascular remodeling in a manner related to activation of the Nrf2 pathway.	Choline	57-64	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	172-176
32938216-9	2020	CONCLUSIONS: These results reveal that choline impedes VSMC phenotypic switching, proliferation, migration, and vascular remodeling by activating M3AChR and Nrf2-antioxidant signaling and suggest a novel role for Nrf2 in VSMC phenotypic modulation.	Choline	39-46	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	157-161
32938216-9	2020	CONCLUSIONS: These results reveal that choline impedes VSMC phenotypic switching, proliferation, migration, and vascular remodeling by activating M3AChR and Nrf2-antioxidant signaling and suggest a novel role for Nrf2 in VSMC phenotypic modulation.	Choline	39-46	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	213-217
32492133-2	2020	The catalytic activity of 12S-lipoxygenase which was hardly observed in liver cytosol of normal chow-fed mice was clearly detectable in that of NASH model mice prepared by feeding a methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) diet.	Choline	197-204	arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase	Mus musculus	26-42
32896407-7	2020	Treatment of embryos with 1.3 mM ChCl (but not other concentrations) increased expression in blastocysts of 11 of 165 genes examined (AMOT, NANOG, HDAC8, HNF4A, STAT1, MBNL3, SOX2, STAT3, KDM2B, SAV1, and GPAM) and decreased expression of one gene (ASS1).	Choline	33-37	angiomotin	Bos taurus	134-138
32896407-7	2020	Treatment of embryos with 1.3 mM ChCl (but not other concentrations) increased expression in blastocysts of 11 of 165 genes examined (AMOT, NANOG, HDAC8, HNF4A, STAT1, MBNL3, SOX2, STAT3, KDM2B, SAV1, and GPAM) and decreased expression of one gene (ASS1).	Choline	33-37	homeobox protein NANOG	Bos taurus	140-145
32896407-7	2020	Treatment of embryos with 1.3 mM ChCl (but not other concentrations) increased expression in blastocysts of 11 of 165 genes examined (AMOT, NANOG, HDAC8, HNF4A, STAT1, MBNL3, SOX2, STAT3, KDM2B, SAV1, and GPAM) and decreased expression of one gene (ASS1).	Choline	33-37	histone deacetylase 8	Bos taurus	147-152
32896407-7	2020	Treatment of embryos with 1.3 mM ChCl (but not other concentrations) increased expression in blastocysts of 11 of 165 genes examined (AMOT, NANOG, HDAC8, HNF4A, STAT1, MBNL3, SOX2, STAT3, KDM2B, SAV1, and GPAM) and decreased expression of one gene (ASS1).	Choline	33-37	hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha	Bos taurus	154-159
32896407-7	2020	Treatment of embryos with 1.3 mM ChCl (but not other concentrations) increased expression in blastocysts of 11 of 165 genes examined (AMOT, NANOG, HDAC8, HNF4A, STAT1, MBNL3, SOX2, STAT3, KDM2B, SAV1, and GPAM) and decreased expression of one gene (ASS1).	Choline	33-37	signal transducer and activator of transcription 1	Bos taurus	161-166
32896407-7	2020	Treatment of embryos with 1.3 mM ChCl (but not other concentrations) increased expression in blastocysts of 11 of 165 genes examined (AMOT, NANOG, HDAC8, HNF4A, STAT1, MBNL3, SOX2, STAT3, KDM2B, SAV1, and GPAM) and decreased expression of one gene (ASS1).	Choline	33-37	muscleblind like splicing regulator 3	Bos taurus	168-173
32896407-7	2020	Treatment of embryos with 1.3 mM ChCl (but not other concentrations) increased expression in blastocysts of 11 of 165 genes examined (AMOT, NANOG, HDAC8, HNF4A, STAT1, MBNL3, SOX2, STAT3, KDM2B, SAV1, and GPAM) and decreased expression of one gene (ASS1).	Choline	33-37	SRY-box transcription factor 2	Bos taurus	175-179
32896407-7	2020	Treatment of embryos with 1.3 mM ChCl (but not other concentrations) increased expression in blastocysts of 11 of 165 genes examined (AMOT, NANOG, HDAC8, HNF4A, STAT1, MBNL3, SOX2, STAT3, KDM2B, SAV1, and GPAM) and decreased expression of one gene (ASS1).	Choline	33-37	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Bos taurus	181-186
32896407-7	2020	Treatment of embryos with 1.3 mM ChCl (but not other concentrations) increased expression in blastocysts of 11 of 165 genes examined (AMOT, NANOG, HDAC8, HNF4A, STAT1, MBNL3, SOX2, STAT3, KDM2B, SAV1, and GPAM) and decreased expression of one gene (ASS1).	Choline	33-37	lysine demethylase 2B	Bos taurus	188-193
32896407-7	2020	Treatment of embryos with 1.3 mM ChCl (but not other concentrations) increased expression in blastocysts of 11 of 165 genes examined (AMOT, NANOG, HDAC8, HNF4A, STAT1, MBNL3, SOX2, STAT3, KDM2B, SAV1, and GPAM) and decreased expression of one gene (ASS1).	Choline	33-37	salvador family WW domain containing protein 1	Bos taurus	195-199
32896407-7	2020	Treatment of embryos with 1.3 mM ChCl (but not other concentrations) increased expression in blastocysts of 11 of 165 genes examined (AMOT, NANOG, HDAC8, HNF4A, STAT1, MBNL3, SOX2, STAT3, KDM2B, SAV1, and GPAM) and decreased expression of one gene (ASS1).	Choline	33-37	glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, mitochondrial	Bos taurus	205-209
32896407-7	2020	Treatment of embryos with 1.3 mM ChCl (but not other concentrations) increased expression in blastocysts of 11 of 165 genes examined (AMOT, NANOG, HDAC8, HNF4A, STAT1, MBNL3, SOX2, STAT3, KDM2B, SAV1, and GPAM) and decreased expression of one gene (ASS1).	Choline	33-37	argininosuccinate synthase 1	Bos taurus	249-253
32768485-0	2020	Modulation of sodium-coupled choline transporter CHT function in health and disease.	Choline	29-36	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	49-52
32768485-1	2020	The sodium-coupled high-affinity choline transporter CHT plays a critical role in acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis by taking up the substrate choline from the synaptic cleft after neurotransmitter release; this conservation mechanism is the rate-limiting step for production of ACh, thereby facilitating communication by subsequent action potentials.	Choline	33-40	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	53-56
32768485-3	2020	Choline uptake activity is regulated dynamically by CHT proteins undergoing rapid trafficking between subcellular compartments and the plasma membrane where they are functionally active.	Choline	0-7	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	52-55
33106137-1	2020	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of peroxiredoxin1 (Prdx1) on the methionine-choline deficient (MCD)- induced mice model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).	Choline	81-88	peroxiredoxin 1	Mus musculus	56-61
33092598-9	2020	However, the decreased serum choline levels in Phospho1-/- mice were normalised by feeding a 2% choline rich diet resulting in a normalisation in insulin sensitivity and fat mass.	Choline	29-36	phosphatase, orphan 1	Mus musculus	47-55
33092598-9	2020	However, the decreased serum choline levels in Phospho1-/- mice were normalised by feeding a 2% choline rich diet resulting in a normalisation in insulin sensitivity and fat mass.	Choline	96-103	phosphatase, orphan 1	Mus musculus	47-55
32500071-5	2020	We report here that mice with hepatocyte-specific knockout (CKO) of Brg1, a chromatin remodeling protein, exhibit reduced levels of hepatic cholesterol compared to the wild type (WT) littermates when placed on a high-fact diet (HFD) or a methionine-and-choline-deficient diet (MCD).	Choline	253-260	SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 4	Mus musculus	68-72
33068461-3	2021	APPROACH & RESULTS: Here we demonstrate that hepatic LOXL4 expression was increased during the liver carcinogenesis in mice concomitantly fed a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet.	Choline	144-151	lysyl oxidase-like 4	Mus musculus	53-58
32758621-8	2020	KEY FINDINGS: The results showed that choline supplementation decreased serum LDL level, while increased the activities of serum AST and ALT in normal BALB/c mice.	Choline	38-45	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	129-132
32758621-8	2020	KEY FINDINGS: The results showed that choline supplementation decreased serum LDL level, while increased the activities of serum AST and ALT in normal BALB/c mice.	Choline	38-45	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	137-140
32758621-10	2020	Moreover, choline markedly enhanced the concentrations of inflammatory factors including LPS, CRP, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and CXCL1 in H. pylori-infected mice.	Choline	10-17	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	94-97
32758621-10	2020	Moreover, choline markedly enhanced the concentrations of inflammatory factors including LPS, CRP, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and CXCL1 in H. pylori-infected mice.	Choline	10-17	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	99-103
32758621-10	2020	Moreover, choline markedly enhanced the concentrations of inflammatory factors including LPS, CRP, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and CXCL1 in H. pylori-infected mice.	Choline	10-17	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	105-114
32758621-10	2020	Moreover, choline markedly enhanced the concentrations of inflammatory factors including LPS, CRP, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and CXCL1 in H. pylori-infected mice.	Choline	10-17	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1	Homo sapiens	120-125
32319527-6	2020	RESULTS: In tissue samples obtained from the CEL, elevated relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) was associated with the presence of recurrent tumor pathology (p<0.03), while increases in normalized choline (nCho) and choline-to-NAA index (CNI) were associated with the presence of recurrent tumor pathology in NEL tissue samples (p<0.008).	Choline	199-206	carboxyl ester lipase	Homo sapiens	45-48
32319527-6	2020	RESULTS: In tissue samples obtained from the CEL, elevated relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) was associated with the presence of recurrent tumor pathology (p<0.03), while increases in normalized choline (nCho) and choline-to-NAA index (CNI) were associated with the presence of recurrent tumor pathology in NEL tissue samples (p<0.008).	Choline	218-225	carboxyl ester lipase	Homo sapiens	45-48
33066009-0	2020	Choline Intake as Supplement or as a Component of Eggs Increases Plasma Choline and Reduces Interleukin-6 without Modifying Plasma Cholesterol in Participants with Metabolic Syndrome.	Choline	0-7	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	92-105
33066009-11	2020	In contrast, interleukin-6 was reduced, with both sources of choline compared to baseline, while eggs also had an effect on lowering C-reactive protein, insulin, and insulin resistance compared to baseline.	Choline	61-68	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	13-26
32804429-1	2020	Glutaric acidemia type 2 (GA2), also called multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, is an autosomal recessive disorder of fatty acid, amino acid, and choline metabolism resulting in excretion of multiple organic acids and glycine conjugates as well as elevation of various plasma acylcarnitine species (C4-C18).	Choline	154-161	electron transfer flavoprotein subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	0-24
32804429-1	2020	Glutaric acidemia type 2 (GA2), also called multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, is an autosomal recessive disorder of fatty acid, amino acid, and choline metabolism resulting in excretion of multiple organic acids and glycine conjugates as well as elevation of various plasma acylcarnitine species (C4-C18).	Choline	154-161	electron transfer flavoprotein subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	26-29
32949859-8	2020	Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that Cho/Cr and mI/Cr measurements exhibited moderate discrimination ability between NHE and MHE.	Choline	61-64	solute carrier family 9 member C1	Homo sapiens	141-144
32780887-3	2020	Here, we present data showing the b-ZIP transcription factor E4BP4 in both the hepatocytes and the mouse liver is potently induced by the chemical ER stress inducer tunicamycin or by high-fat, low-methionine, and choline-deficient (HFLMCD) diet.	Choline	213-220	nuclear factor, interleukin 3, regulated	Mus musculus	61-66
31919231-11	2020	S100A11 downregulation in vivo significantly restrains the development of inflammation and fibrosis in mice fed a choline/methionine-deficient diet.	Choline	114-121	S100 calcium binding protein A11	Mus musculus	0-7
32621646-9	2020	Importantly, N-acetylaspartate and total choline correlated with NFL and MPB, respectively, in Q135 mice.	Choline	41-48	neurofilament, light polypeptide	Mus musculus	65-68
32621646-11	2020	CONCLUSIONS: N-acetylaspartate, myo-inositol, and total choline levels in the cerebellum are candidate biomarkers of neuroaxonal and oligodendrocyte pathology in SCA3, aspects of pathology that are reversible by RNAi therapy.	Choline	56-63	ataxin 3	Mus musculus	162-166
32857077-9	2020	Relaxation times as a function of viscosity show a break point at the ChCl : HBD : H2O ratio equal to 1 : 2 : 4.	Choline	70-74	HBD	Homo sapiens	77-80
32948746-0	2020	The influence of choline treatment on behavioral and neurochemical autistic-like phenotype in Mthfr-deficient mice.	Choline	17-24	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Mus musculus	94-99
32948746-5	2020	Here we tested the potential of choline supplementation to Mthfr-deficient mice at young-adulthood to reduce behavioral and neurochemical changes reminiscent of autism characteristics.	Choline	32-39	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Mus musculus	59-64
32948746-7	2020	Choline supplementation to adult offspring of Mthfr+/- mothers for 14 days counteracted characteristics related to repetitive behavior and anxiety both in males and in females and improved social behavior solely in male mice.	Choline	0-7	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Mus musculus	46-51
32948746-9	2020	The results demonstrate that choline supplementation even at adulthood, not tested previously, to offspring of Mthfr-deficient mothers, attenuates the autistic-like phenotype.	Choline	29-36	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Mus musculus	111-116
31705800-6	2020	Treatment with interleukin (IL)-22, a cytokine with multiple targets, ameliorated CXCL1/HFD-induced NASH or methionine-choline deficient diet-induced NASH in mice.	Choline	108-126	interleukin 22	Mus musculus	15-34
31694365-0	2020	Downregulation of GNAI3 Promotes the Pathogenesis of Methionine/Choline-Deficient Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.	Choline	64-71	G protein subunit alpha i3	Homo sapiens	18-23
32492766-3	2020	Loss of Cygb accelerates liver fibrosis and cancer development in mouse models of chronic liver injury including diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma, bile duct ligation-induced cholestasis, thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis, and choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.	Choline	250-257	cytoglobin	Mus musculus	8-12
32917955-3	2020	By performing H3-lysine-27 acetylation (H3K27ac) ChIP-seq in Enz-resistant CRPC cells, we identified a group of super enhancers (SEs) that are abnormally activated in Enz-resistant CRPC cells and associated with enhanced transcription of a subset of tumor promoting genes such as CHPT1, which catalyzes phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) synthesis and regulates choline metabolism.	Choline	315-322	choline phosphotransferase 1	Mus musculus	280-285
32585250-3	2020	We detected significant choline-producing enzymatic activity toward an exogenous LPC in AF at the middle stage of pregnancy, about half of which was ascribable to ATX.	Choline	24-31	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	163-166
32585250-4	2020	In AF collected after parturition, the ATX-independent choline-producing activity of glycerophosphcholine phosphodiesterase coupled to lysophospholipase A activity was increased in relative to the lysophospholipase D activity of ATX.	Choline	55-62	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	39-42
32585250-4	2020	In AF collected after parturition, the ATX-independent choline-producing activity of glycerophosphcholine phosphodiesterase coupled to lysophospholipase A activity was increased in relative to the lysophospholipase D activity of ATX.	Choline	55-62	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	229-232
32111661-3	2020	Here is a diagnosed case of MEN-1 syndrome with interesting incidental imaging findings showing 99mTc-sestamibi and 18F-choline uptakes in addition to 68Ga-DOTANOC uptake in metastatic mediastinal and cervical lymph nodes arising from gastro-entro-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (GEP NET).	Choline	120-127	menin 1	Homo sapiens	28-33
32096991-2	2020	AChE is important for neurotransmission at neuromuscular junctions and cholinergic brain synapses by hydrolyzing acetylcholine into acetate and choline.	Choline	71-78	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	0-4
32707889-7	2020	These results suggest that the uptake of extracellular choline in MIA PaCa-2 cells is mediated by CTL1.	Choline	55-62	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	98-102
32707889-8	2020	Choline deficiency and HC-3 treatment inhibited cell viability and increased caspase 3/7 activity, suggesting that the inhibition of CTL1 function, which is responsible for choline transport, leads to apoptosis-induced cell death.	Choline	173-180	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	133-137
32661250-0	2020	The choline transporter Slc44a2 controls platelet activation and thrombosis by regulating mitochondrial function.	Choline	4-11	solute carrier family 44, member 2	Mus musculus	24-31
32661250-6	2020	We discover that Slc44a2 mediates choline transport into mitochondria, where choline metabolism leads to an increase in mitochondrial oxygen consumption and ATP production.	Choline	34-41	solute carrier family 44, member 2	Mus musculus	17-24
32661250-6	2020	We discover that Slc44a2 mediates choline transport into mitochondria, where choline metabolism leads to an increase in mitochondrial oxygen consumption and ATP production.	Choline	77-84	solute carrier family 44, member 2	Mus musculus	17-24
32661250-8	2020	Taken together, our data suggest that mitochondria require choline for maximum function, demonstrate the importance of mitochondrial metabolism to platelet activation, and reveal a mechanism by which Slc44a2 influences thrombosis.	Choline	59-66	solute carrier family 44, member 2	Mus musculus	200-207
32298691-1	2020	Citicoline or CDP-choline is a drug, made up by a cytidine 5"-diphosphate moiety and choline, which upon adsorption is rapidly hydrolyzed into cytidine 5"-diphosphate and choline, easily bypassing the blood-brain barrier.	Choline	18-25	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	14-17
32298691-1	2020	Citicoline or CDP-choline is a drug, made up by a cytidine 5"-diphosphate moiety and choline, which upon adsorption is rapidly hydrolyzed into cytidine 5"-diphosphate and choline, easily bypassing the blood-brain barrier.	Choline	85-92	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	14-17
32305523-11	2020	In vivo, knockout of CSE gene stimulated more hepatic acetyl-CoA and lipid accumulation in mice induced by high-fat choline-deficient diet.	Choline	116-123	cystathionase (cystathionine gamma-lyase)	Mus musculus	21-24
31044529-8	2020	CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that choline and folate intakes might interact with MTHFR, BHMT and PEMT polymorphisms to determine tHcy and GSH blood concentrations in healthy pregnant women.	Choline	38-45	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	92-96
31044529-8	2020	CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that choline and folate intakes might interact with MTHFR, BHMT and PEMT polymorphisms to determine tHcy and GSH blood concentrations in healthy pregnant women.	Choline	38-45	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	101-105
32554489-1	2020	Phosphocholine phosphatase-1 (PHOSPHO1) is a phosphocholine phosphatase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphocholine (PC) to choline.	Choline	7-14	phosphatase, orphan 1	Mus musculus	30-38
32695095-4	2020	Here, we found significantly elevated gene expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components (NLRP3, pro-interleukin-1beta, and pro-interleukin-18) and the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome significantly elevated during murine chronic liver injury induced by a bile duct ligation operation, a methionine-choline-deficient and high-fat diet, or carbon tetrachloride intraperitoneal injection.	Choline	297-304	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	57-62
32695095-4	2020	Here, we found significantly elevated gene expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components (NLRP3, pro-interleukin-1beta, and pro-interleukin-18) and the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome significantly elevated during murine chronic liver injury induced by a bile duct ligation operation, a methionine-choline-deficient and high-fat diet, or carbon tetrachloride intraperitoneal injection.	Choline	297-304	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	88-93
32695095-4	2020	Here, we found significantly elevated gene expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components (NLRP3, pro-interleukin-1beta, and pro-interleukin-18) and the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome significantly elevated during murine chronic liver injury induced by a bile duct ligation operation, a methionine-choline-deficient and high-fat diet, or carbon tetrachloride intraperitoneal injection.	Choline	297-304	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	88-93
32412761-2	2020	Mass spectrometry and the 1H NMR chemical shift reveal that CAGE-oct is a dynamic system, with metathesis (the exchange of interacting ions) and hydrogen exchange occurring between hydrogen-bonded/ionic complexes such as [(choline)(geranate)(H)(octanoate)], [(choline)(octanoate)2(H)] and [(choline)(geranate)2(H)].	Choline	223-230	plexin A2	Homo sapiens	65-68
32521649-10	2020	Reduced MTHFR protein in the livers of FASD mothers and male pups resulted in choline/methyl metabolite disruptions in offspring liver (decreased betaine) and brain (decreased glycerophosphocholine and sphingomyelin in male pups, and decreased phosphatidylcholine in both sexes).	Choline	78-85	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Mus musculus	8-13
32582754-5	2020	Deficiency of protein and choline has been shown to upregulate DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), especially 1 and 3a; these can then methylate promoter region of PTEN and suppress its expression.	Choline	26-33	DNA methyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	63-85
32582754-5	2020	Deficiency of protein and choline has been shown to upregulate DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), especially 1 and 3a; these can then methylate promoter region of PTEN and suppress its expression.	Choline	26-33	DNA methyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	87-91
32582754-5	2020	Deficiency of protein and choline has been shown to upregulate DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), especially 1 and 3a; these can then methylate promoter region of PTEN and suppress its expression.	Choline	26-33	phosphatase and tensin homolog	Homo sapiens	159-163
31517566-2	2020	Using 13C-labeled choline and 13C-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and western blotting, we show increased de novo choline phospholipid (ChoPL) production and activation of PCYT1A (phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1, choline, alpha), the rate-limiting enzyme of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) synthesis, during autophagy.	Choline	18-25	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1, choline, alpha isoform	Mus musculus	172-178
32317079-8	2020	Further, NASH fibrosis induced by choline-deficient amino acid defined, high fat diet (CDAHFD) feeding was significantly accelerated by knockdown of GPx7, as evidenced by up-regulated liver fibrosis and inflammation compared with CDAHFD control mice.	Choline	34-41	glutathione peroxidase 7	Mus musculus	149-153
31822964-5	2020	The aim of this review is to summarize and interconnect recent findings that illustrate how changes in glycolysis, mitochondrial, lipid and choline metabolism coincide and functionally contribute to TGFbeta-induced EMT.	Choline	140-147	transforming growth factor alpha	Homo sapiens	199-206
32296880-2	2020	We investigated whether inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl 4-hydroxylase-2 (HIF-P4H-2), a key cellular oxygen sensor whose inhibition stabilizes HIF, would protect from NAFLD by subjecting HIF-P4H-2-deficient (Hif-p4h-2gt/gt) mice to a high-fat, high-fructose (HFHF) or high-fat, methionine-choline-deficient (HF-MCD) diet.	Choline	302-309	egl-9 family hypoxia-inducible factor 1	Mus musculus	38-85
32044264-9	2020	Additionally, choline supplementation prevented altered expression of RZRbeta and Id2, two genes implicated in postmitotic patterning of neocortex, and global DNA hypomethylation within developing neocortex.	Choline	14-21	RAR-related orphan receptor beta	Mus musculus	70-85
32412761-2	2020	Mass spectrometry and the 1H NMR chemical shift reveal that CAGE-oct is a dynamic system, with metathesis (the exchange of interacting ions) and hydrogen exchange occurring between hydrogen-bonded/ionic complexes such as [(choline)(geranate)(H)(octanoate)], [(choline)(octanoate)2(H)] and [(choline)(geranate)2(H)].	Choline	222-230	plexin A2	Homo sapiens	65-68
31758724-6	2020	The improvement was more remarkable for imidazolium salt: beta-cyclodextrin and choline chloride: urea, where the denatured lysozyme was reactivated and recovered up to 85% of its initial activity by enhancing their concentrations from 1 to 5% (V/V).	Choline	80-96	lysozyme	Homo sapiens	124-132
32296880-2	2020	We investigated whether inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl 4-hydroxylase-2 (HIF-P4H-2), a key cellular oxygen sensor whose inhibition stabilizes HIF, would protect from NAFLD by subjecting HIF-P4H-2-deficient (Hif-p4h-2gt/gt) mice to a high-fat, high-fructose (HFHF) or high-fat, methionine-choline-deficient (HF-MCD) diet.	Choline	302-309	egl-9 family hypoxia-inducible factor 1	Mus musculus	87-96
32411189-0	2020	Loss of Hepatocyte-Specific PPARgamma Expression Ameliorates Early Events of Steatohepatitis in Mice Fed the Methionine and Choline-Deficient Diet.	Choline	124-131	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	28-37
32097007-3	2020	Here we use Small Angle X-ray Scattering to show that deep eutectic solvent Reline (Choline Chloride : Urea=1:2) succeeds in dissolving large amounts of beta-CD (up to 800 mg/mL, to be compared with solubility in water of 18 mg/mL), without aggregation phenomena occurring.	Choline	84-100	ACD shelterin complex subunit and telomerase recruitment factor	Homo sapiens	153-160
32186954-6	2020	Choline depletion of cells also caused CCTalpha translocation to the NE and S319 dephosphorylation.	Choline	0-7	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1A, choline	Homo sapiens	39-47
32035198-8	2020	There was a significant positive correlation between the Cho/NAA ratio and MIB-1 index (r = 0.46, P = 0.04).	Choline	57-60	MIB E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1	Homo sapiens	75-80
32035198-9	2020	Cho level (P = 0.003) and Cho/NAA ratio (P = 0.002) were significantly higher in VOIs that were MIB-1-positive than in those that were MIB-1-negative.	Choline	0-3	MIB E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1	Homo sapiens	96-101
32035198-9	2020	Cho level (P = 0.003) and Cho/NAA ratio (P = 0.002) were significantly higher in VOIs that were MIB-1-positive than in those that were MIB-1-negative.	Choline	26-29	MIB E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1	Homo sapiens	96-101
32035198-10	2020	Detection of a Cho level >1.074 mM and a Cho/NAA ratio >0.48 using iMRS resulted in high diagnostic accuracy for MIB-1-positive remnants (Cho level: sensitivity 86%, specificity 100%; Cho/NAA ratio: sensitivity 79%, specificity 100%).	Choline	15-18	MIB E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1	Homo sapiens	113-118
32035198-10	2020	Detection of a Cho level >1.074 mM and a Cho/NAA ratio >0.48 using iMRS resulted in high diagnostic accuracy for MIB-1-positive remnants (Cho level: sensitivity 86%, specificity 100%; Cho/NAA ratio: sensitivity 79%, specificity 100%).	Choline	41-44	MIB E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1	Homo sapiens	113-118
32035198-10	2020	Detection of a Cho level >1.074 mM and a Cho/NAA ratio >0.48 using iMRS resulted in high diagnostic accuracy for MIB-1-positive remnants (Cho level: sensitivity 86%, specificity 100%; Cho/NAA ratio: sensitivity 79%, specificity 100%).	Choline	41-44	MIB E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1	Homo sapiens	113-118
32035198-10	2020	Detection of a Cho level >1.074 mM and a Cho/NAA ratio >0.48 using iMRS resulted in high diagnostic accuracy for MIB-1-positive remnants (Cho level: sensitivity 86%, specificity 100%; Cho/NAA ratio: sensitivity 79%, specificity 100%).	Choline	41-44	MIB E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1	Homo sapiens	113-118
32004600-3	2020	In the present study, we generated the active-targeted hyaluronate (HA) recoated N, N, N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles (NPs) to deliver IL-6- and STAT3-specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to the CD44-expressing cancer cells.	Choline	87-98	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	145-149
31881192-2	2020	Prior studies have shown that the combination of NASH and Oatp1b2 knockout synergistically reduces the clearance of pravastatin (PRAV) in the methionine and choline deficient (MCD) mouse model of NASH, and the current study therefore aimed to determine the impact of NASH and genetic heterozygosity of Oatp1b2 on PRAV clearance, modeling the overlap between the 24% of the human population who are heterozygous for non-functioning OATP1B1, and the ~15% with NASH, potentially placing these people at higher risk of statin-induced myopathy.	Choline	157-164	solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 1b2	Mus musculus	58-65
31576785-8	2020	RESULTS: When examining Frascati versus Meyer criteria, discordant Frascati(Imp)/Meyer(Un) individuals had less cortical gray matter, greater sulcal cerebrospinal fluid volume, and greater evidence of neuroinflammation (i.e., choline) than concordant Frascati(Un)/Meyer(Un) individuals.	Choline	226-233	inositol monophosphatase 1	Homo sapiens	76-79
31385202-5	2020	Significant differences were observed in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels in the magnesium and choline-magnesium groups (p &lt; 0.05).	Choline	111-118	serpin family E member 1	Homo sapiens	41-74
31385202-5	2020	Significant differences were observed in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels in the magnesium and choline-magnesium groups (p &lt; 0.05).	Choline	111-118	serpin family E member 1	Homo sapiens	76-81
31385202-6	2020	Moreover, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) levels increased in choline-magnesium groups (p &lt; 0.001).	Choline	65-72	chromosome 20 open reading frame 181	Homo sapiens	10-38
31385202-6	2020	Moreover, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) levels increased in choline-magnesium groups (p &lt; 0.001).	Choline	65-72	chromosome 20 open reading frame 181	Homo sapiens	40-43
31385202-7	2020	When adjusted for potential confounders, a significant decrease in PAI-1 (p = 0.03) and a marginally significant increase in tPA (p = 0.054) were found in the choline-magnesium group compared with the other groups.	Choline	159-166	serpin family E member 1	Homo sapiens	67-72
31385202-7	2020	When adjusted for potential confounders, a significant decrease in PAI-1 (p = 0.03) and a marginally significant increase in tPA (p = 0.054) were found in the choline-magnesium group compared with the other groups.	Choline	159-166	chromosome 20 open reading frame 181	Homo sapiens	125-128
32051143-5	2020	Hepatic expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) was up-regulated in three models of NAFLD, including HFD-fed mice, methionine/choline-deficient diet (MCD)-fed mice, and genetically obese (ob/ob) mice.	Choline	125-132	vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor	Mus musculus	22-40
32051143-5	2020	Hepatic expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) was up-regulated in three models of NAFLD, including HFD-fed mice, methionine/choline-deficient diet (MCD)-fed mice, and genetically obese (ob/ob) mice.	Choline	125-132	vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor	Mus musculus	42-45
32003601-13	2020	In a swine model of pediatric nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), we show that the uncoupling of intestinal FXR-FGF19 signaling and a decrease in FGF19 levels are associated with a choline-deficient phenotype of NASH and increased choline excretion in the gut, with the subsequent dysbiosis, colonic hyperplasia, and accumulation of trimethylamine-N-oxide in the liver.	Choline	182-189	nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 4	Homo sapiens	109-112
32003601-13	2020	In a swine model of pediatric nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), we show that the uncoupling of intestinal FXR-FGF19 signaling and a decrease in FGF19 levels are associated with a choline-deficient phenotype of NASH and increased choline excretion in the gut, with the subsequent dysbiosis, colonic hyperplasia, and accumulation of trimethylamine-N-oxide in the liver.	Choline	182-189	fibroblast growth factor 19	Sus scrofa	113-118
32003601-13	2020	In a swine model of pediatric nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), we show that the uncoupling of intestinal FXR-FGF19 signaling and a decrease in FGF19 levels are associated with a choline-deficient phenotype of NASH and increased choline excretion in the gut, with the subsequent dysbiosis, colonic hyperplasia, and accumulation of trimethylamine-N-oxide in the liver.	Choline	182-189	fibroblast growth factor 19	Sus scrofa	147-152
32003601-13	2020	In a swine model of pediatric nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), we show that the uncoupling of intestinal FXR-FGF19 signaling and a decrease in FGF19 levels are associated with a choline-deficient phenotype of NASH and increased choline excretion in the gut, with the subsequent dysbiosis, colonic hyperplasia, and accumulation of trimethylamine-N-oxide in the liver.	Choline	232-239	nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 4	Homo sapiens	109-112
32003601-13	2020	In a swine model of pediatric nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), we show that the uncoupling of intestinal FXR-FGF19 signaling and a decrease in FGF19 levels are associated with a choline-deficient phenotype of NASH and increased choline excretion in the gut, with the subsequent dysbiosis, colonic hyperplasia, and accumulation of trimethylamine-N-oxide in the liver.	Choline	232-239	fibroblast growth factor 19	Sus scrofa	147-152
31693854-13	2020	Identification of this CTL1-mediated choline transport system in prostate cancer cells provides a potential new therapeutic target for the treatment of this disease.	Choline	37-44	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	23-27
31355949-3	2020	In the liver, distinct subsets of phosphatidylcholine species are generated by two different pathways: choline addition to phosphatidic acid through the Kennedy pathway and trimethylation of phosphatidylethanolamine through phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyl transferase (PEMT).	Choline	46-53	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	224-269
31355949-3	2020	In the liver, distinct subsets of phosphatidylcholine species are generated by two different pathways: choline addition to phosphatidic acid through the Kennedy pathway and trimethylation of phosphatidylethanolamine through phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyl transferase (PEMT).	Choline	46-53	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	271-275
32121031-0	2020	Assay of Phospholipase D Activity by an Amperometric Choline Oxidase Biosensor.	Choline	53-60	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	9-24
32121031-1	2020	A novel electrochemical method to assay phospholipase D (PLD) activity is proposed based on the employment of a choline biosensor realized by immobilizing choline oxidase through co-crosslinking on an overoxidized polypyrrole film previously deposited on a platinum electrode.	Choline	112-119	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	40-55
32121031-1	2020	A novel electrochemical method to assay phospholipase D (PLD) activity is proposed based on the employment of a choline biosensor realized by immobilizing choline oxidase through co-crosslinking on an overoxidized polypyrrole film previously deposited on a platinum electrode.	Choline	112-119	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	57-60
32121031-1	2020	A novel electrochemical method to assay phospholipase D (PLD) activity is proposed based on the employment of a choline biosensor realized by immobilizing choline oxidase through co-crosslinking on an overoxidized polypyrrole film previously deposited on a platinum electrode.	Choline	155-162	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	40-55
32121031-1	2020	A novel electrochemical method to assay phospholipase D (PLD) activity is proposed based on the employment of a choline biosensor realized by immobilizing choline oxidase through co-crosslinking on an overoxidized polypyrrole film previously deposited on a platinum electrode.	Choline	155-162	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	57-60
32032285-8	2020	OCT2 was also expressed in cholinergic DRG neurons identified by choline acetyltransferase promoter-derived Cre expression.	Choline	27-34	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	0-4
32024191-4	2020	Briefly, we observed that: 1) hNGF1-14 peptides engage the NGF pathway through TrkA phosphorylation at tyrosine 490 (Y490), and activation of ShcC/PI3K and Plc-gamma/MAPK signalling, promoting AKT-dependent survival and CREB-driven neuronal activity, as seen by levels of the immediate early gene c-Fos, of the cholinergic marker Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT), and of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF); 2) their NGF mimetic activity is lost upon selective TrkA inhibition by means of GW441756; 3) hNGF1-14 peptides are able to sustain DRG survival and differentiation in absence of NGF.	Choline	330-337	neurotrophin 3	Homo sapiens	30-38
32024191-4	2020	Briefly, we observed that: 1) hNGF1-14 peptides engage the NGF pathway through TrkA phosphorylation at tyrosine 490 (Y490), and activation of ShcC/PI3K and Plc-gamma/MAPK signalling, promoting AKT-dependent survival and CREB-driven neuronal activity, as seen by levels of the immediate early gene c-Fos, of the cholinergic marker Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT), and of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF); 2) their NGF mimetic activity is lost upon selective TrkA inhibition by means of GW441756; 3) hNGF1-14 peptides are able to sustain DRG survival and differentiation in absence of NGF.	Choline	330-337	nerve growth factor	Homo sapiens	31-34
32024191-4	2020	Briefly, we observed that: 1) hNGF1-14 peptides engage the NGF pathway through TrkA phosphorylation at tyrosine 490 (Y490), and activation of ShcC/PI3K and Plc-gamma/MAPK signalling, promoting AKT-dependent survival and CREB-driven neuronal activity, as seen by levels of the immediate early gene c-Fos, of the cholinergic marker Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT), and of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF); 2) their NGF mimetic activity is lost upon selective TrkA inhibition by means of GW441756; 3) hNGF1-14 peptides are able to sustain DRG survival and differentiation in absence of NGF.	Choline	330-337	nerve growth factor	Homo sapiens	59-62
32024191-4	2020	Briefly, we observed that: 1) hNGF1-14 peptides engage the NGF pathway through TrkA phosphorylation at tyrosine 490 (Y490), and activation of ShcC/PI3K and Plc-gamma/MAPK signalling, promoting AKT-dependent survival and CREB-driven neuronal activity, as seen by levels of the immediate early gene c-Fos, of the cholinergic marker Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT), and of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF); 2) their NGF mimetic activity is lost upon selective TrkA inhibition by means of GW441756; 3) hNGF1-14 peptides are able to sustain DRG survival and differentiation in absence of NGF.	Choline	330-337	nerve growth factor	Homo sapiens	59-62
31917144-12	2020	CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the amelioration of epilepsy, comorbid depression, and memory deficit by alpha7 nAChR agonist choline chloride in PTZ-kindled mice model.	Choline	152-168	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	131-143
31552690-2	2020	PDC-109, the major bovine seminal plasma protein, contains two FnII domains that bind to choline phospholipids on sperm plasma membrane and induce lipid efflux crucial for successful fertilization.	Choline	89-96	seminal plasma protein PDC-109	Bos taurus	0-7
31821902-1	2020	Pyranose oxidase (POx) is an FAD-dependent oxidoreductase, and like glucose oxidase (GOx) it is a member of the glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) superfamily of oxidoreductases.	Choline	129-136	proline dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-16
31821902-1	2020	Pyranose oxidase (POx) is an FAD-dependent oxidoreductase, and like glucose oxidase (GOx) it is a member of the glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) superfamily of oxidoreductases.	Choline	129-136	proline dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	18-21
31821902-1	2020	Pyranose oxidase (POx) is an FAD-dependent oxidoreductase, and like glucose oxidase (GOx) it is a member of the glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) superfamily of oxidoreductases.	Choline	129-136	hydroxyacid oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	68-83
31821902-1	2020	Pyranose oxidase (POx) is an FAD-dependent oxidoreductase, and like glucose oxidase (GOx) it is a member of the glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) superfamily of oxidoreductases.	Choline	129-136	hydroxyacid oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	85-88
32052941-0	2020	Choline ameliorates ethanol induced alterations in tyrosine phosphorylation and distribution in detergent-resistant membrane microdomains of L1 cell adhesion molecule in vivo.	Choline	0-7	L1 cell adhesion molecule	Rattus norvegicus	141-166
30993588-7	2020	The microarray data analyzed by IPA indicated the top 5 ingenuity canonical pathways, which were unfolded protein response, NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response, retinoate biosynthesis I, choline biosynthesis III, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma signaling.	Choline	191-198	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	124-128
32256673-9	2020	The favorable associations between serum choline and LCSS and OS were only existed among patients with CRP >=3.0 mg/L.	Choline	41-48	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	103-106
33062182-3	2020	Here, we use information about the structure and mechanism of the bacterial enzyme choline TMA-lyase (CutC) to develop a cyclic choline analog that inhibits the conversion of choline to TMA in bacterial whole cells and in a complex gut microbial community.	Choline	83-90	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	102-106
33062182-3	2020	Here, we use information about the structure and mechanism of the bacterial enzyme choline TMA-lyase (CutC) to develop a cyclic choline analog that inhibits the conversion of choline to TMA in bacterial whole cells and in a complex gut microbial community.	Choline	128-135	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	102-106
33062182-3	2020	Here, we use information about the structure and mechanism of the bacterial enzyme choline TMA-lyase (CutC) to develop a cyclic choline analog that inhibits the conversion of choline to TMA in bacterial whole cells and in a complex gut microbial community.	Choline	128-135	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	102-106
32161197-10	2020	The increase in phospholipids and decrease in fibrosis are opposite to features of choline-deficient models of liver disease and suggest HSD17B13 as an attractive therapeutic target.	Choline	83-90	hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 13	Homo sapiens	137-145
32123215-3	2020	Here, using a diet-induced liver fibrosis murine model (choline-deficient amino acid-defined, high fat diet), we characterized a specific population of HSCs organized as clusters presenting simultaneously hypertrophy of retinoid droplets, quiescent and activated HSC markers.	Choline	56-63	fucosyltransferase 1 (H blood group)	Homo sapiens	152-155
32053129-5	2020	Under the catalysis of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline oxidase (CHO), H2O2 was produced by using acetylcholine chloride (ACh) as a substrate, which was sensitive to the proposed CL system.	Choline	29-36	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	45-49
32158763-0	2020	Attenuation of the Hepatoprotective Effects of Ileal Apical Sodium Dependent Bile Acid Transporter (ASBT) Inhibition in Choline-Deficient L-Amino Acid-Defined (CDAA) Diet-Fed Mice.	Choline	120-127	solute carrier family 10, member 2	Mus musculus	100-104
31863325-4	2020	Here we encapsulated AgNP in a dipalmitoyl-phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) liposome (forming Lipo-AgNP) to suppress AgNP-induced ROS and enhance its cytotoxicity against THP1-differentiated macrophages (TDM).	Choline	31-63	GLI family zinc finger 2	Homo sapiens	166-170
31863325-4	2020	Here we encapsulated AgNP in a dipalmitoyl-phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) liposome (forming Lipo-AgNP) to suppress AgNP-induced ROS and enhance its cytotoxicity against THP1-differentiated macrophages (TDM).	Choline	65-69	GLI family zinc finger 2	Homo sapiens	166-170
31529091-4	2020	Furthermore, some studies have shown an association between excess dietary choline, plasma TMAO concentrations, and atherosclerotic lesion size in apoE knockout (Apoe-/-) mice.	Choline	75-82	apolipoprotein E	Mus musculus	147-151
31529091-10	2020	RESULTS: In Ldlr-/- mice, dietary supplementation for 8 wk with choline or TMAO increased plasma TMAO concentrations by 1.6- and 4-fold, respectively.	Choline	64-71	low density lipoprotein receptor	Mus musculus	12-16
31941432-2	2021	In this paper, the abilities of three different kinds of DESs for crude oil removal from contaminated soils were compared and it was found the DES formed by phenylpropionic acid and choline chloride (mole ratio = 2:1) had the best performance.	Choline	182-198	desmin	Homo sapiens	57-60
31974614-10	2020	The results of current study indicated that extracellular choline is primarily transported via CTL1, relying on a direct H+ gradient that functions as a driving force in Fa2N-4 cells.	Choline	58-65	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	95-99
31974614-11	2020	Furthermore, it was hypothesized that CTL1 and the choline uptake system are strongly associated with cell survival, and that the choline uptake system is modulated by PKC signaling via increased CTL1 expression on the cell surface.	Choline	130-137	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	196-200
31941432-3	2021	The effects of extraction time, temperature and the solvent-soil ratio on phenylpropionic acid/choline chloride DES performance were evaluated.	Choline	95-111	desmin	Homo sapiens	112-115
31941432-6	2021	This finding suggested that choline-based DES extraction was a promising technology for crude oil removal from contaminated soil.	Choline	28-35	desmin	Homo sapiens	42-45
31767724-2	2020	Our previous work reported a pneumococcal-specific chimeric lysin, ClyJ, which combines the CHAP (cysteine, histidine-dependent amidohydrolase/peptidase) enzymatically active domain (EAD) from the PlyC lysin and the cell-wall binding domain (CBD) from the phage SPSL1 lysin, which imparts choline binding specificity.	Choline	289-296	synaptopodin 2-like	Mus musculus	92-96
32038274-11	2019	In vitro, the Nrf2 protein level was downregulated in mpkCCD cells after NaCl treatment for 24 h. Interestingly, sodium gluconate had a similar effect on downregulating Nrf2 expression as NaCl, whereas neither Choline-Cl nor mannitol changed Nrf2 expression.	Choline	210-217	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	14-18
31876137-4	2020	This method uses phospholipase D (PLD) to catalyze the in-situ exchange of choline by alkyne in the native EV phospha-tidylcholine.	Choline	75-82	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-32
31876137-4	2020	This method uses phospholipase D (PLD) to catalyze the in-situ exchange of choline by alkyne in the native EV phospha-tidylcholine.	Choline	75-82	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	34-37
32038274-12	2019	Meanwhile, the mRNA levels of Nrf2 target genes were downregulated by NaCl and/or sodium gluconate, while some of them were also regulated by Choline-Cl, indicating a more complex regulation of these genes under a high salt condition.	Choline	142-149	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	30-34
31783002-2	2020	Herein, we report that choline, a 7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7nAChRs) agonist, prevents carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia without affecting inflammatory parameters (neutrophil migration or cytokine/chemokines production) or inducing sedation or even motor impairment.	Choline	23-30	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 7 subunit	Homo sapiens	32-68
31770533-13	2020	Furthermore, transformation from choline to phosphatidylcholine regulated by miR-106a-5p was also disrupted, resulting in phosphatidic choline synthesis disorder and reduced cell membrane synthesis.	Choline	33-40	microRNA 106a	Homo sapiens	77-85
31770533-13	2020	Furthermore, transformation from choline to phosphatidylcholine regulated by miR-106a-5p was also disrupted, resulting in phosphatidic choline synthesis disorder and reduced cell membrane synthesis.	Choline	56-63	microRNA 106a	Homo sapiens	77-85
31969808-7	2019	In addition, Reelin intermediolateral neurons colocalize with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) only in macaque whilst motor neurons also colocalize Reelin and ChAT in macaque, ferret and rat spinal cord.	Choline	62-69	reelin	Homo sapiens	13-19
31826940-0	2020	Elevated Choline Kinase alpha-Mediated Choline Metabolism Supports the Prolonged Survival of TRAF3-Deficient B Lymphocytes.	Choline	9-16	TNF receptor-associated factor 3	Mus musculus	93-98
31826940-4	2020	We found that multiple metabolites, lipids, and enzymes regulated by TRAF3 in B cells are clustered in the choline metabolic pathway.	Choline	107-114	TNF receptor-associated factor 3	Mus musculus	69-74
31826940-8	2020	Our findings suggest that TRAF3-regulated choline metabolism has diagnostic and therapeutic value for B cell malignancies with TRAF3 deletions or relevant mutations.	Choline	42-49	TNF receptor associated factor 3	Homo sapiens	26-31
31826940-8	2020	Our findings suggest that TRAF3-regulated choline metabolism has diagnostic and therapeutic value for B cell malignancies with TRAF3 deletions or relevant mutations.	Choline	42-49	TNF receptor associated factor 3	Homo sapiens	127-132
31998260-3	2019	In this study, we applied gene-targeted assays in order to quantify (qPCR) and characterize (MiSeq) bacterial genes encoding enzymes responsible for TMA production, namely choline-TMA lyase (CutC), carnitine oxygenase (CntA) and betaine reductase (GrdH) in 89 fecal samples derived from various mammals spanning three dietary groups (carnivores, omnivores and herbivores) and four host orders (Carnivora, Primates, Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla).	Choline	172-179	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	191-195
31907339-2	2020	Given that probiotics can alleviate AD symptoms by inhibiting the synthesis of TMAO, here we investigated the correlation between TMAO and cognitive deterioration by measuring TMAO levels in the plasma of choline-treated APP/PS1 mice (an AD mouse model) with and without probiotic treatments.	Choline	205-212	presenilin 1	Mus musculus	225-228
33503637-7	2020	There was a significant interaction between maternal choline intake and PEMT rs7946 (p for interaction = 0.04), where the AA genotype carriers who consumed the energy-adjusted choline <255.01 mg/day had aOR for preterm birth of 3.75 (95% CI [1.24, 11.35]), compared to those with GG genotype and choline intake >255.01 mg/day during pregnancy.	Choline	53-60	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	72-76
33503637-7	2020	There was a significant interaction between maternal choline intake and PEMT rs7946 (p for interaction = 0.04), where the AA genotype carriers who consumed the energy-adjusted choline <255.01 mg/day had aOR for preterm birth of 3.75 (95% CI [1.24, 11.35]), compared to those with GG genotype and choline intake >255.01 mg/day during pregnancy.	Choline	176-183	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	72-76
33503637-7	2020	There was a significant interaction between maternal choline intake and PEMT rs7946 (p for interaction = 0.04), where the AA genotype carriers who consumed the energy-adjusted choline <255.01 mg/day had aOR for preterm birth of 3.75 (95% CI [1.24, 11.35]), compared to those with GG genotype and choline intake >255.01 mg/day during pregnancy.	Choline	176-183	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	72-76
33503637-9	2020	CONCLUSION: The AA genotype of PEMT rs7946 may be associated with increased preterm birth in these Han Chinese women with low choline intake during pregnancy.	Choline	126-133	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	31-35
31541319-3	2020	One such important enzyme is phospholipase D (PLD), which cleaves phosphatidylcholine to yield phosphatidic acid and choline.	Choline	78-85	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	29-44
32640966-6	2020	Undifferentiated cells expressed low levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and higher levels of the high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1).	Choline	112-119	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	133-137
32086667-5	2020	In all cases, the water-soluble product of these PLD activities is choline.	Choline	67-74	phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	49-52
31541319-3	2020	One such important enzyme is phospholipase D (PLD), which cleaves phosphatidylcholine to yield phosphatidic acid and choline.	Choline	78-85	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	46-49
31902355-11	2020	AChE hydrolyses of ACh to acetate and choline as an important neurotransmitter substance.	Choline	38-45	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	0-4
31868291-8	2020	RESULTS: GLM analysis showed that maximum Cho/NAA and Cho/Cr in the tVOI were significantly (P &lt; .05) higher in IDH mutant lesions as compared to wild-type.	Choline	42-45	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	115-118
31868291-8	2020	RESULTS: GLM analysis showed that maximum Cho/NAA and Cho/Cr in the tVOI were significantly (P &lt; .05) higher in IDH mutant lesions as compared to wild-type.	Choline	54-57	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	115-118
31868291-9	2020	In the pVOI, mean Cho/Cr was found to be significantly different among IDH mutant and wild-type gliomas.	Choline	18-21	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	71-74
31868291-13	2020	CONCLUSION: IDH mutation"s effect in gliomas show an increase in Cho in the tumor and perilesional regions as compared to wild-type lesions but do not show widespread changes across the brain.	Choline	65-68	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	12-15
32653817-5	2020	MR spectroscopy data showed significant changes in glutamate + glutamine (Glx) and choline levels in the motor cortex and hindbrain of TDP-43A315T mice compared to controls.	Choline	83-90	TAR DNA binding protein	Mus musculus	135-141
31777189-8	2020	Among metabolites most strongly inversely associated with BMI, the choline-containing plasmalogen (O-16:0/18:1) (beta = -0.30, P = 6.62 x 10-32 ) was also inversely associated with c-peptide and positively associated with adiponectin.	Choline	67-74	insulin	Homo sapiens	181-190
31777189-8	2020	Among metabolites most strongly inversely associated with BMI, the choline-containing plasmalogen (O-16:0/18:1) (beta = -0.30, P = 6.62 x 10-32 ) was also inversely associated with c-peptide and positively associated with adiponectin.	Choline	67-74	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Homo sapiens	222-233
31881690-0	2019	Urinary TMAO Levels Are Associated with the Taxonomic Composition of the Gut Microbiota and with the Choline TMA-Lyase Gene (cutC) Harbored by Enterobacteriaceae.	Choline	101-108	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	125-129
31881690-2	2019	The aim of this study was to verify whether TMAO urinary levels may be associated with the fecal relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa and the bacterial choline TMA-lyase gene cutC.	Choline	161-168	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	184-188
31881690-11	2019	In conclusion, this preliminary method-development study suggests the existence of a relationship between TMAO excreted in urine, specific fecal bacterial OTUs, and a cutC subgroup ascribable to the choline-TMA conversion enzymes of Enterobacteriaceae.	Choline	199-206	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	167-171
31288869-6	2019	After adjustments, we found that individuals consuming more choline had worse lipid profile and glucose homeostasis, but lower CRP levels (p &amp;lt; 0 001 for all comparisons) with no significant differences in anthropometric parameters and blood pressure.	Choline	60-67	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	127-130
31817833-2	2019	Choline kinase alpha (ChoKalpha) is an enzyme that phosphorylates choline, an essential step in membrane synthesis.	Choline	66-73	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	0-32
31890722-10	2019	In HIV+ ART+ individuals, the metabolites xanthosine and uridine, from nucleotide metabolism, and g-butyrobetaine, from lysine/dietary choline degradation, were also positively or negatively associated with c-IMT and/or cca-IMT (all P < .01), but not its evolution.	Choline	135-142	CIMT	Homo sapiens	207-212
31835339-0	2019	Acupuncture on ST36, CV4 and KI1 Suppresses the Progression of Methionine- and Choline-Deficient Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice.	Choline	79-86	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 8	Mus musculus	29-32
31790421-8	2019	RESULTS: In CHOW-fed mice, AAV8.Ucn2 gene transfer (vs. saline) altered the metabolites in glycolysis, pentose phosphate, glycogen synthesis, glycogenolysis, and choline-folate-methionine signaling pathways.	Choline	162-169	urocortin 2	Mus musculus	32-36
31560162-6	2019	Choline is also the precursor for acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter which activates the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7nAchR), and also acts as an agonist for the Sigma-1 R (sigma1R).	Choline	0-7	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	129-140
31560162-6	2019	Choline is also the precursor for acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter which activates the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7nAchR), and also acts as an agonist for the Sigma-1 R (sigma1R).	Choline	0-7	sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Mus musculus	179-188
31560162-6	2019	Choline is also the precursor for acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter which activates the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7nAchR), and also acts as an agonist for the Sigma-1 R (sigma1R).	Choline	0-7	sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Mus musculus	190-197
31560162-11	2019	Lifelong choline supplementation significantly reduced amyloid-beta plaque load and improved spatial memory in APP/PS1 mice.	Choline	9-16	presenilin 1	Mus musculus	115-118
31550630-4	2019	In the absence of OPs, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) hydrolyzed acetylcholine chloride (ATCh) into choline (TCh) and acetate.	Choline	29-36	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	45-49
31442583-6	2019	Fos-choline 12 solubilized target protein was obtained with a purity of &gt;95% and a yield of 1.2 mg L-1 culture in autoinduction medium.	Choline	4-11	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Homo sapiens	0-3
31302720-11	2019	In addition, the Type II alpha7 nAChR PAM PNU120596 attenuated nicotine reward suggesting that endogenous acetylcholine/choline tone is sufficient to reduce nicotine CPP.	Choline	112-119	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	32-37
31795496-3	2019	Indeed, Pin1-deficient mice are highly resistant to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) development by either a high-fat diet or methionine-choline-deficient diet feeding.	Choline	130-148	peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase, NIMA-interacting 1	Mus musculus	8-12
31767912-6	2019	Double immunofluorescence revealed co-expression of choline acetyltransferase with structural (cytokeratin 18, villin, advillin) tuft cell markers and eicosanoid signaling (cyclooxygenase 1, hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase, 5-lipoxygenase activating protein) biomolecules.	Choline	52-59	keratin 18	Homo sapiens	95-109
31767912-6	2019	Double immunofluorescence revealed co-expression of choline acetyltransferase with structural (cytokeratin 18, villin, advillin) tuft cell markers and eicosanoid signaling (cyclooxygenase 1, hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase, 5-lipoxygenase activating protein) biomolecules.	Choline	52-59	advillin	Homo sapiens	119-127
31767912-6	2019	Double immunofluorescence revealed co-expression of choline acetyltransferase with structural (cytokeratin 18, villin, advillin) tuft cell markers and eicosanoid signaling (cyclooxygenase 1, hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase, 5-lipoxygenase activating protein) biomolecules.	Choline	52-59	prostaglandin D2 synthase	Homo sapiens	205-229
31849653-0	2019	Choline Attenuates Cardiac Fibrosis by Inhibiting p38MAPK Signaling Possibly by Acting on M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor.	Choline	0-7	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	50-57
31849653-16	2019	Furthermore, the TGF-beta1/Smad2/3 and the p38MAPK pathways were both suppressed by choline.	Choline	84-91	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Mus musculus	17-26
31849653-16	2019	Furthermore, the TGF-beta1/Smad2/3 and the p38MAPK pathways were both suppressed by choline.	Choline	84-91	SMAD family member 2	Mus musculus	27-34
31849653-16	2019	Furthermore, the TGF-beta1/Smad2/3 and the p38MAPK pathways were both suppressed by choline.	Choline	84-91	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	43-50
31849653-17	2019	In summary, choline produced an anti-fibrotic effect both in vivo and in vitro by regulating the TGF-beta1/Smad2/3 and p38MAPK pathways.	Choline	12-19	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Mus musculus	97-106
31849653-17	2019	In summary, choline produced an anti-fibrotic effect both in vivo and in vitro by regulating the TGF-beta1/Smad2/3 and p38MAPK pathways.	Choline	12-19	SMAD family member 2	Mus musculus	107-114
31849653-17	2019	In summary, choline produced an anti-fibrotic effect both in vivo and in vitro by regulating the TGF-beta1/Smad2/3 and p38MAPK pathways.	Choline	12-19	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	119-126
31745227-1	2019	Choline kinase alpha is a 457-residue protein that catalyzes the reaction between ATP and choline to yield ADP and phosphocholine.	Choline	90-97	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	0-20
31398432-9	2019	The difference in ADC was found to be statistically significant for the creatines, cholines, N-acetylaspartate, myo-inositol, and glutamate.	Choline	83-91	antizyme inhibitor 2	Homo sapiens	18-21
33499937-5	2019	RESULTS: Screens of metagenomic data using the protein domains of choline trimethylamine lyase (CutC), and activator protein (CutD) found good matches only to Olsenella umbonata and to Caecibacter, while the Hungate1000 genomes and metagenome assembled genomes from the cattle rumen found bacteria within the phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria.	Choline	66-73	cutC copper transporter	Bos taurus	96-100
31447151-8	2019	The PMNL incubated without Chol experienced a specific state of inflammatory mediation [greater interleukin-1beta (IL1B), myeloperoxidase (MPO), IL10, and IL6] and oxidative stress [greater cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD), cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH), glutathione reductase (GSR), and glutathione synthase (GSS)].	Choline	27-31	interleukin 1 beta	Bos taurus	96-113
31680310-7	2019	The expressions of liver X recptoer alpha (LXR-alpha) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) were decreased by choline and Met, while only the decrease of LXR-alpha was blocked by BML.	Choline	132-139	nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 3	Bos taurus	43-52
31680310-9	2019	Choline and Met regulate PPAR-alpha and LXR-alpha transcriptional activity through AMPK-alpha phosphorylation and regulate SREBP-1c independently of AMPK-alpha to promote lipid oxidation and transport in NEFAs-treated hepatocytes.	Choline	0-7	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Bos taurus	25-35
31680310-9	2019	Choline and Met regulate PPAR-alpha and LXR-alpha transcriptional activity through AMPK-alpha phosphorylation and regulate SREBP-1c independently of AMPK-alpha to promote lipid oxidation and transport in NEFAs-treated hepatocytes.	Choline	0-7	nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 3	Bos taurus	40-49
31447151-8	2019	The PMNL incubated without Chol experienced a specific state of inflammatory mediation [greater interleukin-1beta (IL1B), myeloperoxidase (MPO), IL10, and IL6] and oxidative stress [greater cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD), cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH), glutathione reductase (GSR), and glutathione synthase (GSS)].	Choline	27-31	interleukin 1 beta	Bos taurus	115-119
31447151-8	2019	The PMNL incubated without Chol experienced a specific state of inflammatory mediation [greater interleukin-1beta (IL1B), myeloperoxidase (MPO), IL10, and IL6] and oxidative stress [greater cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD), cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH), glutathione reductase (GSR), and glutathione synthase (GSS)].	Choline	27-31	myeloperoxidase	Bos taurus	122-137
31447151-8	2019	The PMNL incubated without Chol experienced a specific state of inflammatory mediation [greater interleukin-1beta (IL1B), myeloperoxidase (MPO), IL10, and IL6] and oxidative stress [greater cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD), cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH), glutathione reductase (GSR), and glutathione synthase (GSS)].	Choline	27-31	myeloperoxidase	Bos taurus	139-142
31447151-8	2019	The PMNL incubated without Chol experienced a specific state of inflammatory mediation [greater interleukin-1beta (IL1B), myeloperoxidase (MPO), IL10, and IL6] and oxidative stress [greater cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD), cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH), glutathione reductase (GSR), and glutathione synthase (GSS)].	Choline	27-31	interleukin-10	Bos taurus	145-149
31447151-8	2019	The PMNL incubated without Chol experienced a specific state of inflammatory mediation [greater interleukin-1beta (IL1B), myeloperoxidase (MPO), IL10, and IL6] and oxidative stress [greater cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD), cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH), glutathione reductase (GSR), and glutathione synthase (GSS)].	Choline	27-31	interferon beta-2	Bos taurus	155-158
31447151-11	2019	At the lowest level of supplemental Chol, Met downregulated GSS, GSR, IL1B, and IL6, suggesting it could reduce cellular inflammation and enhance antioxidant status.	Choline	36-40	interleukin 1 beta	Bos taurus	70-74
31447151-11	2019	At the lowest level of supplemental Chol, Met downregulated GSS, GSR, IL1B, and IL6, suggesting it could reduce cellular inflammation and enhance antioxidant status.	Choline	36-40	interferon beta-2	Bos taurus	80-83
31615442-6	2019	Expression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was measured by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot.	Choline	20-27	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	36-40
31615812-0	2019	Editor"s Note: Estrogen Receptor alpha Promotes Breast Cancer by Reprogramming Choline Metabolism.	Choline	79-86	estrogen receptor 1	Homo sapiens	15-38
31614564-6	2019	Also, linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation between 18F-choline uptake and the number of vimentin, RANKL, VDR, or PTX3 positive prostate cancer cells.	Choline	78-85	vimentin	Homo sapiens	111-119
31614564-6	2019	Also, linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation between 18F-choline uptake and the number of vimentin, RANKL, VDR, or PTX3 positive prostate cancer cells.	Choline	78-85	TNF superfamily member 11	Homo sapiens	121-126
31614564-6	2019	Also, linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation between 18F-choline uptake and the number of vimentin, RANKL, VDR, or PTX3 positive prostate cancer cells.	Choline	78-85	vitamin D receptor	Homo sapiens	128-131
31614564-6	2019	Also, linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation between 18F-choline uptake and the number of vimentin, RANKL, VDR, or PTX3 positive prostate cancer cells.	Choline	78-85	pentraxin 3	Homo sapiens	136-140
31532667-5	2019	Upon the addition of AChE and choline oxidase, acetylcholine was catalyzed to produce choline that was further oxidized to produce H2O2.	Choline	53-60	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	21-25
31251986-5	2019	Dietary supplementation of TMAO or its precursor choline increased hepatic FMO3 expression and plasma TMAO levels and induced hepatic canalicular cholesterol transporters ATP binding cassette (Abc) g5 and g8 expression in mice.	Choline	49-56	flavin containing monooxygenase 3	Mus musculus	75-79
31351129-3	2019	Here we generated a Sesn3 knockout mouse model and induced HCC development by a combination of a single dose of diethylnitrosamine and chronic feeding of a choline deficient-high fat diet.	Choline	156-163	sestrin 3	Mus musculus	20-25
31158798-4	2019	The so realized biosensor showed notably analytical performances, displaying linear choline responses up to 100 muM, a sensitivity of 156 nA mM-1 mm-2 and a limit of detection, calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio equal to 3, of 1 muM; further, the within-a-day coefficients of variation for replicate (n = 3) were 2.7% and 1.2% at 100 muM and 10 muM choline levels, respectively.	Choline	84-91	latexin	Homo sapiens	112-115
31158798-4	2019	The so realized biosensor showed notably analytical performances, displaying linear choline responses up to 100 muM, a sensitivity of 156 nA mM-1 mm-2 and a limit of detection, calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio equal to 3, of 1 muM; further, the within-a-day coefficients of variation for replicate (n = 3) were 2.7% and 1.2% at 100 muM and 10 muM choline levels, respectively.	Choline	84-91	latexin	Homo sapiens	232-235
31158798-4	2019	The so realized biosensor showed notably analytical performances, displaying linear choline responses up to 100 muM, a sensitivity of 156 nA mM-1 mm-2 and a limit of detection, calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio equal to 3, of 1 muM; further, the within-a-day coefficients of variation for replicate (n = 3) were 2.7% and 1.2% at 100 muM and 10 muM choline levels, respectively.	Choline	84-91	latexin	Homo sapiens	232-235
31158798-4	2019	The so realized biosensor showed notably analytical performances, displaying linear choline responses up to 100 muM, a sensitivity of 156 nA mM-1 mm-2 and a limit of detection, calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio equal to 3, of 1 muM; further, the within-a-day coefficients of variation for replicate (n = 3) were 2.7% and 1.2% at 100 muM and 10 muM choline levels, respectively.	Choline	84-91	latexin	Homo sapiens	232-235
31158798-4	2019	The so realized biosensor showed notably analytical performances, displaying linear choline responses up to 100 muM, a sensitivity of 156 nA mM-1 mm-2 and a limit of detection, calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio equal to 3, of 1 muM; further, the within-a-day coefficients of variation for replicate (n = 3) were 2.7% and 1.2% at 100 muM and 10 muM choline levels, respectively.	Choline	352-359	latexin	Homo sapiens	232-235
31158798-4	2019	The so realized biosensor showed notably analytical performances, displaying linear choline responses up to 100 muM, a sensitivity of 156 nA mM-1 mm-2 and a limit of detection, calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio equal to 3, of 1 muM; further, the within-a-day coefficients of variation for replicate (n = 3) were 2.7% and 1.2% at 100 muM and 10 muM choline levels, respectively.	Choline	352-359	latexin	Homo sapiens	232-235
31158798-4	2019	The so realized biosensor showed notably analytical performances, displaying linear choline responses up to 100 muM, a sensitivity of 156 nA mM-1 mm-2 and a limit of detection, calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio equal to 3, of 1 muM; further, the within-a-day coefficients of variation for replicate (n = 3) were 2.7% and 1.2% at 100 muM and 10 muM choline levels, respectively.	Choline	352-359	latexin	Homo sapiens	232-235
31299140-2	2019	A central component of the NMJ is the sodium-dependent high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1), a solute carrier protein (gene symbol SLC5A7), responsible for the reuptake of choline into nerve termini has recently been implicated as one of several autosomal recessive causes of CMS.	Choline	69-76	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	92-96
31299140-2	2019	A central component of the NMJ is the sodium-dependent high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1), a solute carrier protein (gene symbol SLC5A7), responsible for the reuptake of choline into nerve termini has recently been implicated as one of several autosomal recessive causes of CMS.	Choline	69-76	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	137-143
31473512-9	2019	The 4x choline dose decreased serum homocysteine concentrations in both NSA and Dlx3+/- mice (~36% and~43% respectively, P&lt;=.015).	Choline	7-14	distal-less homeobox 3	Mus musculus	80-84
31778176-9	2019	The utilization of extracellular choline by the four Legionella species leads to changes not only in the lipid components but also in proteins, and the interactions between these components lead to changes in cell surface properties, which result in a decline in induction of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-6).	Choline	33-40	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	303-312
31778176-9	2019	The utilization of extracellular choline by the four Legionella species leads to changes not only in the lipid components but also in proteins, and the interactions between these components lead to changes in cell surface properties, which result in a decline in induction of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-6).	Choline	33-40	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	317-321
30896190-6	2019	As a cellular mechanism potentially responsible for the attentional impairment in CHT+/- mice, we found that rmCc nearly completely attenuated performance-associated, CHT-mediated choline transport.	Choline	180-187	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	167-170
31547050-6	2019	They include (I) polyspecific organic cation transporters (OCT1-3: SLC22A1-3) with a low affinity for choline, (II) high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1: SLC5A7), and (III) choline transporter-like proteins (CTL1-5: SLC44A1-5).	Choline	102-109	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens	59-63
31547050-6	2019	They include (I) polyspecific organic cation transporters (OCT1-3: SLC22A1-3) with a low affinity for choline, (II) high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1: SLC5A7), and (III) choline transporter-like proteins (CTL1-5: SLC44A1-5).	Choline	102-109	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	153-157
31547050-6	2019	They include (I) polyspecific organic cation transporters (OCT1-3: SLC22A1-3) with a low affinity for choline, (II) high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1: SLC5A7), and (III) choline transporter-like proteins (CTL1-5: SLC44A1-5).	Choline	130-137	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	153-157
31547050-6	2019	They include (I) polyspecific organic cation transporters (OCT1-3: SLC22A1-3) with a low affinity for choline, (II) high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1: SLC5A7), and (III) choline transporter-like proteins (CTL1-5: SLC44A1-5).	Choline	130-137	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	159-165
31547050-6	2019	They include (I) polyspecific organic cation transporters (OCT1-3: SLC22A1-3) with a low affinity for choline, (II) high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1: SLC5A7), and (III) choline transporter-like proteins (CTL1-5: SLC44A1-5).	Choline	130-137	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	153-157
31547050-6	2019	They include (I) polyspecific organic cation transporters (OCT1-3: SLC22A1-3) with a low affinity for choline, (II) high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1: SLC5A7), and (III) choline transporter-like proteins (CTL1-5: SLC44A1-5).	Choline	130-137	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	159-165
31547050-7	2019	Brain microvascular endothelial cells, which comprise part of the blood-brain barrier, take up extracellular choline via intermediate-affinity choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) and low-affinity CTL2 transporters.	Choline	109-116	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	143-177
31547050-7	2019	Brain microvascular endothelial cells, which comprise part of the blood-brain barrier, take up extracellular choline via intermediate-affinity choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) and low-affinity CTL2 transporters.	Choline	109-116	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	179-183
31547050-7	2019	Brain microvascular endothelial cells, which comprise part of the blood-brain barrier, take up extracellular choline via intermediate-affinity choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) and low-affinity CTL2 transporters.	Choline	109-116	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	202-206
31547050-8	2019	CTL2 is responsible for excreting a high concentration of choline taken up by the brain microvascular endothelial cells on the brain side of the blood-brain barrier.	Choline	58-65	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
31547050-9	2019	CTL2 is also highly expressed in mitochondria and may be involved in the oxidative pathway of choline metabolism.	Choline	94-101	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
31547050-10	2019	Therefore, CTL1- and CTL2-mediated choline transport to the brain through the blood-brain barrier plays an essential role in various functions of the central nervous system by acting as the rate-limiting step of cholinergic neuronal activity.	Choline	35-42	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	11-15
31547050-10	2019	Therefore, CTL1- and CTL2-mediated choline transport to the brain through the blood-brain barrier plays an essential role in various functions of the central nervous system by acting as the rate-limiting step of cholinergic neuronal activity.	Choline	35-42	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	21-25
31012803-7	2019	Also, significant changes were observed in interleukin (IL)-6 levels in magnesium and choline-magnesium groups (p &lt; 0.05).	Choline	86-93	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	43-61
31012803-8	2019	Moreover, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) levels decreased in choline and choline-magnesium groups (p &lt; 0.05).	Choline	73-80	vascular cell adhesion molecule 1	Homo sapiens	10-43
31012803-8	2019	Moreover, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) levels decreased in choline and choline-magnesium groups (p &lt; 0.05).	Choline	73-80	vascular cell adhesion molecule 1	Homo sapiens	45-51
31012803-8	2019	Moreover, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) levels decreased in choline and choline-magnesium groups (p &lt; 0.05).	Choline	85-92	vascular cell adhesion molecule 1	Homo sapiens	10-43
31012803-8	2019	Moreover, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) levels decreased in choline and choline-magnesium groups (p &lt; 0.05).	Choline	85-92	vascular cell adhesion molecule 1	Homo sapiens	45-51
31012803-9	2019	When adjusted for potential confounders, inflammation and endothelial factors (IL-6 and VCAM-1) decreased significantly in the choline-magnesium group as compared to other groups (p &lt; 0.05).	Choline	127-134	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	79-83
31012803-9	2019	When adjusted for potential confounders, inflammation and endothelial factors (IL-6 and VCAM-1) decreased significantly in the choline-magnesium group as compared to other groups (p &lt; 0.05).	Choline	127-134	vascular cell adhesion molecule 1	Homo sapiens	88-94
31329297-4	2019	METHODS: We conducted a series of studies to determine DNA methylation changes in stress regulatory genes proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and period 2 (PER2) using biological samples from 3 separate cohorts of patients: (i) pregnant women who consumed moderate-to-high levels of alcohol or low/unexposed controls, (ii) children with PAE and non-alcohol-exposed controls, and (iii) children with PAE treated with or without choline.	Choline	418-425	period circadian regulator 2	Homo sapiens	147-151
31329297-9	2019	Choline supplementation reduced DNA hypermethylation and increased expression of POMC and PER2 in children with PAE.	Choline	0-7	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	81-85
31329297-9	2019	Choline supplementation reduced DNA hypermethylation and increased expression of POMC and PER2 in children with PAE.	Choline	0-7	period circadian regulator 2	Homo sapiens	90-94
31152956-4	2019	In co-solvent consisting of choline chloride (ChCl):glycol-buffer (7:3, v/v), conversion of 7-ACCA was 94%, synthesis to hydrolysis ratio was 1.8, and yield of cefaclor reached 91%, higher than that in aqueous buffer with optimized yield of 84%, showing the great potential of DES as organic solvent alternative.	Choline	28-44	G protein-coupled receptor 3	Homo sapiens	94-98
31152956-4	2019	In co-solvent consisting of choline chloride (ChCl):glycol-buffer (7:3, v/v), conversion of 7-ACCA was 94%, synthesis to hydrolysis ratio was 1.8, and yield of cefaclor reached 91%, higher than that in aqueous buffer with optimized yield of 84%, showing the great potential of DES as organic solvent alternative.	Choline	46-50	G protein-coupled receptor 3	Homo sapiens	94-98
31180719-0	2019	Long-term effects of maternal choline supplementation on CA1 pyramidal neuron gene expression in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome and Alzheimer"s disease.	Choline	30-37	carbonic anhydrase 1	Mus musculus	57-60
31180719-0	2019	Long-term effects of maternal choline supplementation on CA1 pyramidal neuron gene expression in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome and Alzheimer"s disease.	Choline	30-37	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	101-107
31194980-0	2019	Hepatocellular Carcinomas With Mutational Activation of Beta-Catenin Require Choline and Can Be Detected by Positron Emission Tomography.	Choline	77-84	catenin (cadherin associated protein), beta 1	Mus musculus	56-68
31695245-13	2019	variants in genes namely phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) and oxysterol-binding protein-related protein10 (OSBPL10) that have roles in dietary choline intake and regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, respectively, were identified (discovery set).	Choline	162-169	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	25-69
31695245-13	2019	variants in genes namely phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) and oxysterol-binding protein-related protein10 (OSBPL10) that have roles in dietary choline intake and regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, respectively, were identified (discovery set).	Choline	162-169	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	71-75
31695245-13	2019	variants in genes namely phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) and oxysterol-binding protein-related protein10 (OSBPL10) that have roles in dietary choline intake and regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, respectively, were identified (discovery set).	Choline	162-169	oxysterol binding protein like 10	Homo sapiens	81-124
31695245-13	2019	variants in genes namely phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) and oxysterol-binding protein-related protein10 (OSBPL10) that have roles in dietary choline intake and regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, respectively, were identified (discovery set).	Choline	162-169	oxysterol binding protein like 10	Homo sapiens	126-133
31056334-0	2019	Choline supply during negative nutrient balance alters hepatic cystathionine beta-synthase, intermediates of the methionine cycle and transsulfuration pathway, and liver function in Holstein cows.	Choline	0-7	cystathionine beta-synthase	Bos taurus	63-90
31056334-2	2019	Our objectives were to investigate the effects of postruminal choline supply during a feed restriction-induced NNB on (1) hepatic activity cystathionine beta-synthase and transcription of enzymes in the transsulfuration pathway and Met cycle; (2) hepatic metabolites in the Met cycle and the transsulfuration pathway, bile acids, and energy metabolism; and 3) plasma biomarkers of liver function, inflammation, and oxidative stress.	Choline	62-69	cystathionine beta-synthase	Bos taurus	139-166
31056334-7	2019	Activity of cystathionine beta-synthase was lower with R (CONT1) and decreased linearly with choline.	Choline	93-100	cystathionine beta-synthase	Bos taurus	12-39
31301838-0	2019	Hepatic betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase and methionine synthase activity and intermediates of the methionine cycle are altered by choline supply during negative energy balance in Holstein cows.	Choline	137-144	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Bos taurus	8-46
31301838-0	2019	Hepatic betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase and methionine synthase activity and intermediates of the methionine cycle are altered by choline supply during negative energy balance in Holstein cows.	Choline	137-144	5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase	Bos taurus	51-70
31301838-2	2019	The objective was to investigate effects of postruminal choline supply during NEB on hepatic activity of betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), methionine synthase (MTR), methionine adenosyltransferase, transcription of enzymes, and metabolite concentrations in the methionine cycle.	Choline	56-63	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Bos taurus	105-143
31301838-10	2019	Activity and mRNA abundance of BHMT were greater with R (CONT1) and increased with choline (L).	Choline	83-90	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Bos taurus	31-35
31301838-14	2019	The mRNA abundance of CPT1A, SLC22A5, APOA5, and APOB, genes associated with fatty acid oxidation and lipoprotein metabolism, was upregulated by choline (Q).	Choline	145-152	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Bos taurus	22-27
31301838-14	2019	The mRNA abundance of CPT1A, SLC22A5, APOA5, and APOB, genes associated with fatty acid oxidation and lipoprotein metabolism, was upregulated by choline (Q).	Choline	145-152	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Bos taurus	29-36
31301838-14	2019	The mRNA abundance of CPT1A, SLC22A5, APOA5, and APOB, genes associated with fatty acid oxidation and lipoprotein metabolism, was upregulated by choline (Q).	Choline	145-152	apolipoprotein A5	Bos taurus	38-43
31301838-14	2019	The mRNA abundance of CPT1A, SLC22A5, APOA5, and APOB, genes associated with fatty acid oxidation and lipoprotein metabolism, was upregulated by choline (Q).	Choline	145-152	apolipoprotein B	Bos taurus	49-53
31301838-15	2019	Overall, enhanced supply of choline during NEB increases hepatic activity of BHMT and MTR to regenerate methionine and PC, partly to help clear TAG.	Choline	28-35	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Bos taurus	77-81
31239285-8	2019	The choline head groups show visibilities of 43%, 75%, and 87% for LDL, HDL2, and HDL3, respectively.	Choline	4-11	junctophilin 3	Homo sapiens	72-76
31239285-8	2019	The choline head groups show visibilities of 43%, 75%, and 87% for LDL, HDL2, and HDL3, respectively.	Choline	4-11	HDL3	Homo sapiens	82-86
31299216-16	2019	CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac function and cardiac fibrosis were significantly exacerbated in mice fed diets supplemented with either choline or TMAO, probably through accelerating the transformation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, indicating activation of TGF-betaRI/Smad2 pathway.	Choline	125-132	SMAD family member 2	Mus musculus	263-268
31298459-0	2019	Choline Supplementation Ameliorates Behavioral Deficits and Alzheimer"s Disease-Like Pathology in Transgenic APP/PS1 Mice.	Choline	0-7	presenilin 1	Mus musculus	113-116
31298459-7	2019	As compared to WT mice, APP/PS1 mice on the control diet are characterized by the reduction in the number of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain, reduced cholinergic fiber staining intensity in the amygdala, and reduced hippocampal and cerebral cortical levels of choline and acetylcholine.	Choline	109-116	presenilin 1	Mus musculus	28-31
31442911-6	2019	We report that compared to wild type littermates HSC-conditional SRF knockout (CKO) mice exhibited a mortified phenotype of liver fibrosis induced by thioacetamide (TAA) injection or feeding with a methionine-and-choline deficient diet (MCD).	Choline	213-220	serum response factor	Mus musculus	65-68
31470934-2	2019	Newer tracers such as F-18 Fluciclovine and C-11 Choline, are in theory subject to metabolic shifts and changes based on patients" insulin levels, and also require attention to achieving optimum patient preparation.	Choline	49-56	insulin	Homo sapiens	131-138
31426430-2	2019	Supplementation of rumen-protected choline (RPC) has attracted major research efforts during the last decade, assuming that choline improves liver function by increasing very low-density lipoprotein exportation from the liver, thereby improving metabolic profiles, milk production, and reproduction.	Choline	35-42	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	265-269
31062393-0	2019	Molecular dynamics simulation study on the inhibitory effects of choline-O-sulfate on hIAPP protofibrilation.	Choline	65-82	islet amyloid polypeptide	Homo sapiens	86-91
31062393-2	2019	It was reported experimentally that choline-O-sulfate (COS), a small organic molecule having a tertiary amino group and sulfate group, can prevent the aggregation of human amylin without providing the mechanism of the action of COS in the inhibition process.	Choline	36-53	islet amyloid polypeptide	Homo sapiens	172-178
31062393-2	2019	It was reported experimentally that choline-O-sulfate (COS), a small organic molecule having a tertiary amino group and sulfate group, can prevent the aggregation of human amylin without providing the mechanism of the action of COS in the inhibition process.	Choline	55-58	islet amyloid polypeptide	Homo sapiens	172-178
31409057-2	2019	We previously showed that iPla2beta-/- mice fed with a methionine-choline-deficient diet (MCD) exhibited exaggerated liver fibrosis.	Choline	66-73	phospholipase A2, group VI	Mus musculus	26-35
31100281-5	2019	Docking studies revealed that the quinoline group within the AChE active site was positioned in the choline binding site, while the C(4)-amino group substituents, depending on their lipophilicity, could establish hydrogen bonds or pi-interactions with residues of the peripheral anionic site.	Choline	100-107	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	61-65
30803039-7	2019	KEGG analysis showed that these differential metabolites were in various pathways, including Chagas disease, fatty acid biosynthesis, primary bile acid biosynthesis, Salmonella infection, ABC transporters, glycerophospholipid metabolism and choline metabolism.	Choline	241-248	ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 6 (Langereis blood group)	Homo sapiens	188-191
31349186-9	2019	High serum choline concentration is associated with an improvement in response to LPS administration in calves treated with choline, probably by preventing the imbalances between oxidative stress and anti-oxidant capacity, preventing the serum BChE and PON1 decreases, and inhibition/attenuation of acute phase reaction and hepato-muscular injury in calves with endotoxemia.	Choline	11-18	butyrylcholinesterase	Bos taurus	244-248
31349186-9	2019	High serum choline concentration is associated with an improvement in response to LPS administration in calves treated with choline, probably by preventing the imbalances between oxidative stress and anti-oxidant capacity, preventing the serum BChE and PON1 decreases, and inhibition/attenuation of acute phase reaction and hepato-muscular injury in calves with endotoxemia.	Choline	124-131	butyrylcholinesterase	Bos taurus	244-248
31091977-8	2019	Increased RPC cell cycle length, and associated reduction in neurofibromin 2/Merlin protein, an upstream regulator of the Hippo signaling pathway, at least in part, explain aberrant neurogenesis in low choline retinas.	Choline	202-209	neurofibromin 2	Mus musculus	61-76
31091977-8	2019	Increased RPC cell cycle length, and associated reduction in neurofibromin 2/Merlin protein, an upstream regulator of the Hippo signaling pathway, at least in part, explain aberrant neurogenesis in low choline retinas.	Choline	202-209	neurofibromin 2	Mus musculus	77-83
30941414-5	2019	Choline affected serum VLDL, liver total lipid, triglyceride and apoB 100 at weeks 58 and 68 of age and hepatic GSH-Px activity, T-AOC and MDA at week 68 of age quadratically (P &lt; 0.05), whereas it influenced total lipid and phosphatidylcholine of egg yolk linearly (P &lt; 0.05) and quadratically (P &lt; 0.05).	Choline	0-7	very low density lipoprotein receptor	Gallus gallus	23-27
30941414-6	2019	In conclusion, dietary choline supplementation elevated yolk total lipid and phosphatidylcholine and serum VLDL, reduced liver total lipid and triglyceride, and enhanced hepatic GSH-Px activity and T-AOC in laying hens.	Choline	23-30	very low density lipoprotein receptor	Gallus gallus	107-111
31120189-0	2019	Maternal Choline Supplementation Alters Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neuron Gene Expression in the Ts65Dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome.	Choline	9-16	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	98-104
30951375-3	2019	In this study, Prf1null mice showed significantly higher plasma alanine transaminase levels, with increased liver fat accumulation, lobular inflammation, and focal necrosis compared with wild-type (WT) mice after 4 wk of feeding on a methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCD) or 16 wk of feeding on a high-fat diet.	Choline	250-257	perforin 1 (pore forming protein)	Mus musculus	15-19
31222577-12	2019	The central metabolite impacting the most cancerogenic genes (AKT, EGFR, MAPK3) in early stage is D-glucose, while late-stage BCa is characterized by significant fold changes in several metabolites: glycerol, choline, 13(S)-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, 2"-fucosyllactose.	Choline	209-216	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	62-65
30877512-2	2019	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyses the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to produce phosphatidic acid and choline.	Choline	62-69	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
30877512-2	2019	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyses the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to produce phosphatidic acid and choline.	Choline	62-69	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
31459894-0	2019	Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Systems in Sequential Friedlander Reaction and Palladium-Catalyzed sp3 CH Functionalization of Methyl Ketones.	Choline	0-16	Sp3 transcription factor	Homo sapiens	104-107
30982734-0	2019	Choline Uptake and Metabolism Modulate Macrophage IL-1beta and IL-18 Production.	Choline	0-7	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	50-58
30982734-0	2019	Choline Uptake and Metabolism Modulate Macrophage IL-1beta and IL-18 Production.	Choline	0-7	interleukin 18	Homo sapiens	63-68
30982734-2	2019	We found that Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation enhances choline uptake by macrophages and microglia through induction of the choline transporter CTL1.	Choline	59-66	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	148-152
30982734-3	2019	Inhibition of CTL1 expression or choline phosphorylation attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1beta and IL-18 production in stimulated macrophages.	Choline	33-40	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	68-73
30982734-3	2019	Inhibition of CTL1 expression or choline phosphorylation attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1beta and IL-18 production in stimulated macrophages.	Choline	33-40	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	102-110
30982734-4	2019	Mechanistically, reduced choline uptake altered mitochondrial lipid profile, attenuated mitochondrial ATP synthesis, and activated the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK).	Choline	25-32	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	149-177
30982734-4	2019	Mechanistically, reduced choline uptake altered mitochondrial lipid profile, attenuated mitochondrial ATP synthesis, and activated the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK).	Choline	25-32	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	179-183
30220058-4	2019	We found that 13 mg/day (1.7 x required daily intake) of postnatal choline treatment to Mecp2-conditional knockout mice rescued not only deficits in motor coordination, but also their anxiety-like behaviour and reduced social preference.	Choline	67-74	methyl CpG binding protein 2	Mus musculus	88-93
30220058-5	2019	Cortical neurons in the brains of Mecp2-conditional knockout mice supplemented with choline showed enhanced neuronal morphology and increased density of dendritic spines.	Choline	84-91	methyl CpG binding protein 2	Mus musculus	34-39
30220058-6	2019	Modelling RTT in vitro by knocking down the expression of the MeCP2 protein with shRNA, we found that choline supplementation to MeCP2-knockdown neurons increased their soma sizes and the complexity of their dendritic arbors.	Choline	102-109	methyl CpG binding protein 2	Mus musculus	62-67
30220058-6	2019	Modelling RTT in vitro by knocking down the expression of the MeCP2 protein with shRNA, we found that choline supplementation to MeCP2-knockdown neurons increased their soma sizes and the complexity of their dendritic arbors.	Choline	102-109	methyl CpG binding protein 2	Mus musculus	129-134
30220058-7	2019	Rescue of the morphological defects could lead to enhanced neurotransmission, as suggested by an observed trend of increased expression of synaptic proteins and restored miniature excitatory postsynaptic current frequency in choline-supplemented MeCP2-knockdown neurons.	Choline	225-232	methyl CpG binding protein 2	Mus musculus	246-251
30220058-8	2019	Through the use of specific inhibitors targeting each of the known physiological pathways of choline, synthesis of phosphatidylcholine from choline was found to be essential in bringing about the changes seen in the choline-supplemented MeCP2-knockdown neurons.	Choline	93-100	methyl CpG binding protein 2	Mus musculus	237-242
30220058-8	2019	Through the use of specific inhibitors targeting each of the known physiological pathways of choline, synthesis of phosphatidylcholine from choline was found to be essential in bringing about the changes seen in the choline-supplemented MeCP2-knockdown neurons.	Choline	127-134	methyl CpG binding protein 2	Mus musculus	237-242
30220058-8	2019	Through the use of specific inhibitors targeting each of the known physiological pathways of choline, synthesis of phosphatidylcholine from choline was found to be essential in bringing about the changes seen in the choline-supplemented MeCP2-knockdown neurons.	Choline	127-134	methyl CpG binding protein 2	Mus musculus	237-242
30288696-6	2019	We observed short-term memory impairment measured by the novel object paradigm, altered transcriptional levels of synaptic markers and epigenetic enzymes, as well as impaired choline metabolism due to the Mthfr+/- genotype in cortex or hippocampus.	Choline	175-182	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Mus musculus	205-210
31048784-0	2019	Choline uptake is vital for IL-1beta-driven inflammation.	Choline	0-7	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	28-36
31070104-1	2019	Background Recent studies have revealed sexually dimorphic associations between the carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1 locus, intermediates of the metabolic pathway leading from choline to urea, and risk of coronary artery disease ( CAD ) in women.	Choline	174-181	carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1	Homo sapiens	84-114
31459894-1	2019	A volatile organic solvent-free and choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic system (DES)-mediated sp3-CH functionalization of acetophenones 1 with benzyl alcohols 2 to the corresponding alpha, beta-saturated ketones 3 is accounted for.	Choline	36-52	Sp3 transcription factor	Homo sapiens	102-105
31459894-1	2019	A volatile organic solvent-free and choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic system (DES)-mediated sp3-CH functionalization of acetophenones 1 with benzyl alcohols 2 to the corresponding alpha, beta-saturated ketones 3 is accounted for.	Choline	54-58	Sp3 transcription factor	Homo sapiens	102-105
31139496-7	2019	Significant difference of DR was found only in patients with PSA &lt;= 1 ng/ml [the DR of radiolabelled choline and PSMA PET/CT were 27% (95% CI: 17-39%) and 54% (95% CI: 43-65%), respectively].	Choline	104-111	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	61-64
30776907-0	2019	Choline transport for phospholipid synthesis: An emerging role of choline transporter-like protein 1.	Choline	0-7	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	66-100
30593843-12	2019	Our results provide strong evidence that Dox-targeted mitochondrial damage and levels of brain choline-containing metabolites, as well as phospholipases changes decreased in the CNS are associated with oxidative stress mediated by TNF-alpha.	Choline	95-102	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	231-240
31011651-0	2019	Changes in urinary metabolome related to body fat involve intermediates of choline processing by gut microbiota.	Choline	75-82	CD36 molecule	Mus musculus	46-49
31011651-8	2019	These metabolites derive from choline processing by gut microbiota and may be prospective biomarkers indicative of accumulation of body fat in obesity.	Choline	30-37	CD36 molecule	Mus musculus	136-139
31788037-6	2019	Finally, genetic validation for the specificity of the method consisted of the downregulation of two biosynthetic enzymes responsible for the production of PE and PC, choline kinase A (CHKA) and ethanolamine kinase 1 (ETNK1).	Choline	167-174	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	185-189
30588580-13	2019	Furthermore, our study suggests that the expression of GLUT1 and CTL1 has cell cycle dependence, and the changes of 18F-FDG and 11C-choline accumulation seem to be caused by the above properties of these transporters.	Choline	132-139	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Homo sapiens	55-60
30588580-13	2019	Furthermore, our study suggests that the expression of GLUT1 and CTL1 has cell cycle dependence, and the changes of 18F-FDG and 11C-choline accumulation seem to be caused by the above properties of these transporters.	Choline	132-139	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	65-69
30911014-7	2019	In this work, we demonstrate that EB-3D and EB-3P interfere with phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis via both CDP-choline pathway and choline uptake by the cell.	Choline	77-84	natriuretic peptide A	Homo sapiens	107-110
30576736-0	2019	Insight into impact of choline-based ionic liquids on bovine beta-lactoglobulin structural analysis: Unexpected high thermal stability of protein.	Choline	23-30	beta-lactoglobulin	Bos taurus	61-79
30576736-5	2019	On the other hand, choline hydroxide [Chn][OH] acts as complete destabilizer for beta-LG native structure as no Tm is obtained in its presence.	Choline	19-36	beta-lactoglobulin	Bos taurus	81-88
30990755-11	2019	These results suggest that suitable levels of methionine and choline are essential for the maintenance of hippocampal neurogenesis in mice and affect NSC proliferation and differentiation through phosphorylation of CREB.	Choline	61-68	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Mus musculus	215-219
30957452-1	2019	OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of cluster needling at the scalp points on the expression of choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) and choline cholinesterase (AchE).	Choline	95-102	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	123-127
32255162-2	2019	Herein, we designed a colorimetric strategy for the facile and accurate detection of AChE based on tandem catalysis with a multi-enzyme system, which is constituted by cobalt oxyhydroxide nanoflakes (CoOOH NFs) and choline oxidase (CHO).	Choline	215-222	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	85-89
30165480-0	2019	Choline ameliorates cardiac hypertrophy by regulating metabolic remodelling and UPRmt through SIRT3-AMPK pathway.	Choline	0-7	sirtuin 3	Rattus norvegicus	94-99
30165480-0	2019	Choline ameliorates cardiac hypertrophy by regulating metabolic remodelling and UPRmt through SIRT3-AMPK pathway.	Choline	0-7	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Rattus norvegicus	100-104
30165480-7	2019	Moreover, choline inhibited myocardial metabolic dysfunction by promoting the expression of proteins involved in ketone body and fatty acid metabolism in response to pressure overload, accompanied by the activation of sirtuin 3/AMP-activated protein kinase (SIRT3-AMPK) signalling.	Choline	10-17	sirtuin 3	Rattus norvegicus	218-227
30165480-7	2019	Moreover, choline inhibited myocardial metabolic dysfunction by promoting the expression of proteins involved in ketone body and fatty acid metabolism in response to pressure overload, accompanied by the activation of sirtuin 3/AMP-activated protein kinase (SIRT3-AMPK) signalling.	Choline	10-17	sirtuin 3	Rattus norvegicus	258-263
30165480-7	2019	Moreover, choline inhibited myocardial metabolic dysfunction by promoting the expression of proteins involved in ketone body and fatty acid metabolism in response to pressure overload, accompanied by the activation of sirtuin 3/AMP-activated protein kinase (SIRT3-AMPK) signalling.	Choline	10-17	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Rattus norvegicus	264-268
30165480-8	2019	In vitro analyses demonstrated that SIRT3 siRNA diminished choline-mediated activation of ketone body metabolism and UPRmt, as well as inhibition of hypertrophic signals.	Choline	59-66	sirtuin 3	Rattus norvegicus	36-41
30165480-9	2019	Intriguingly, serum from choline-treated abdominal aorta banding models (where beta-hydroxybutyrate was increased) attenuated Ang II-induced myocyte hypertrophy, which indicates that beta-hydroxybutyrate is important for the cardioprotective effects of choline.	Choline	25-32	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	126-132
30165480-9	2019	Intriguingly, serum from choline-treated abdominal aorta banding models (where beta-hydroxybutyrate was increased) attenuated Ang II-induced myocyte hypertrophy, which indicates that beta-hydroxybutyrate is important for the cardioprotective effects of choline.	Choline	253-260	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	126-132
30165480-10	2019	CONCLUSION: Choline attenuated cardiac dysfunction by modulating the expression of proteins involved in ketone body and fatty acid metabolism, and induction of UPRmt; this was likely mediated by activation of the SIRT3-AMPK pathway.	Choline	12-19	sirtuin 3	Rattus norvegicus	213-218
30165480-10	2019	CONCLUSION: Choline attenuated cardiac dysfunction by modulating the expression of proteins involved in ketone body and fatty acid metabolism, and induction of UPRmt; this was likely mediated by activation of the SIRT3-AMPK pathway.	Choline	12-19	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Rattus norvegicus	219-223
30521373-0	2019	MicroRNA-129-5p is regulated by choline availability and controls EGF receptor synthesis and neurogenesis in the cerebral cortex.	Choline	32-39	microRNA 1295a	Homo sapiens	0-15
30521373-2	2019	In this study, we demonstrated that cortical NPC self-renewal is controlled by choline via the expression of a microRNA (miR-129-5p), whose role in the developing brain has not been examined, and which, in turn, inhibits synthesis of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein.	Choline	79-86	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	238-270
30521373-2	2019	In this study, we demonstrated that cortical NPC self-renewal is controlled by choline via the expression of a microRNA (miR-129-5p), whose role in the developing brain has not been examined, and which, in turn, inhibits synthesis of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein.	Choline	79-86	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	272-276
30521373-3	2019	Specifically, we found that low choline (LC) availability led to the upregulation of miR-129-5p expression in cortical NPCs in vitro and in vivo, causing the downregulation of EGFR and thereby disrupting NPC self-renewal and cortical neurogenesis.	Choline	32-39	microRNA 1295a	Homo sapiens	85-95
30521373-3	2019	Specifically, we found that low choline (LC) availability led to the upregulation of miR-129-5p expression in cortical NPCs in vitro and in vivo, causing the downregulation of EGFR and thereby disrupting NPC self-renewal and cortical neurogenesis.	Choline	32-39	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	176-180
30364970-3	2019	Among the compounds investigated, choline chloride-oxalic acid-water of DESs-H2O with various molar ratios with 1:0.1-1:50 showed the greatest change in viscosity with 3617-2 mPa s, and effectively extracted most of the target compounds of polyphenols (52.1 mug mL-1 for protocatechuic acid, 7.3 mug mL-1 for catechins, 34.0 mug mL-1 for epicatechin and 6.2 mug mL-1 for caffeic acid) from samples.	Choline	34-50	L1 cell adhesion molecule	Mus musculus	262-266
30364970-3	2019	Among the compounds investigated, choline chloride-oxalic acid-water of DESs-H2O with various molar ratios with 1:0.1-1:50 showed the greatest change in viscosity with 3617-2 mPa s, and effectively extracted most of the target compounds of polyphenols (52.1 mug mL-1 for protocatechuic acid, 7.3 mug mL-1 for catechins, 34.0 mug mL-1 for epicatechin and 6.2 mug mL-1 for caffeic acid) from samples.	Choline	34-50	L1 cell adhesion molecule	Mus musculus	300-304
30364970-3	2019	Among the compounds investigated, choline chloride-oxalic acid-water of DESs-H2O with various molar ratios with 1:0.1-1:50 showed the greatest change in viscosity with 3617-2 mPa s, and effectively extracted most of the target compounds of polyphenols (52.1 mug mL-1 for protocatechuic acid, 7.3 mug mL-1 for catechins, 34.0 mug mL-1 for epicatechin and 6.2 mug mL-1 for caffeic acid) from samples.	Choline	34-50	L1 cell adhesion molecule	Mus musculus	300-304
30364970-3	2019	Among the compounds investigated, choline chloride-oxalic acid-water of DESs-H2O with various molar ratios with 1:0.1-1:50 showed the greatest change in viscosity with 3617-2 mPa s, and effectively extracted most of the target compounds of polyphenols (52.1 mug mL-1 for protocatechuic acid, 7.3 mug mL-1 for catechins, 34.0 mug mL-1 for epicatechin and 6.2 mug mL-1 for caffeic acid) from samples.	Choline	34-50	L1 cell adhesion molecule	Mus musculus	300-304
30681159-8	2019	This mini review will provide a summary of the biochemical pathways, in which choline is involved and their respective inborn errors of metabolism (caused by mutations in SLC5A7, CHAT, SLC44A1, CHKB, PCYT1A, CEPT1, CAD; DHODH, UMPS, FMO3, DMGDH, and GNMT).	Choline	78-85	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	171-177
30681159-8	2019	This mini review will provide a summary of the biochemical pathways, in which choline is involved and their respective inborn errors of metabolism (caused by mutations in SLC5A7, CHAT, SLC44A1, CHKB, PCYT1A, CEPT1, CAD; DHODH, UMPS, FMO3, DMGDH, and GNMT).	Choline	78-85	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	179-183
30681159-8	2019	This mini review will provide a summary of the biochemical pathways, in which choline is involved and their respective inborn errors of metabolism (caused by mutations in SLC5A7, CHAT, SLC44A1, CHKB, PCYT1A, CEPT1, CAD; DHODH, UMPS, FMO3, DMGDH, and GNMT).	Choline	78-85	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	185-192
30681159-8	2019	This mini review will provide a summary of the biochemical pathways, in which choline is involved and their respective inborn errors of metabolism (caused by mutations in SLC5A7, CHAT, SLC44A1, CHKB, PCYT1A, CEPT1, CAD; DHODH, UMPS, FMO3, DMGDH, and GNMT).	Choline	78-85	choline kinase beta	Homo sapiens	194-198
30681159-8	2019	This mini review will provide a summary of the biochemical pathways, in which choline is involved and their respective inborn errors of metabolism (caused by mutations in SLC5A7, CHAT, SLC44A1, CHKB, PCYT1A, CEPT1, CAD; DHODH, UMPS, FMO3, DMGDH, and GNMT).	Choline	78-85	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1A, choline	Homo sapiens	200-206
30681159-8	2019	This mini review will provide a summary of the biochemical pathways, in which choline is involved and their respective inborn errors of metabolism (caused by mutations in SLC5A7, CHAT, SLC44A1, CHKB, PCYT1A, CEPT1, CAD; DHODH, UMPS, FMO3, DMGDH, and GNMT).	Choline	78-85	choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	208-213
30681159-8	2019	This mini review will provide a summary of the biochemical pathways, in which choline is involved and their respective inborn errors of metabolism (caused by mutations in SLC5A7, CHAT, SLC44A1, CHKB, PCYT1A, CEPT1, CAD; DHODH, UMPS, FMO3, DMGDH, and GNMT).	Choline	78-85	aconitate decarboxylase 1	Homo sapiens	215-218
30681159-8	2019	This mini review will provide a summary of the biochemical pathways, in which choline is involved and their respective inborn errors of metabolism (caused by mutations in SLC5A7, CHAT, SLC44A1, CHKB, PCYT1A, CEPT1, CAD; DHODH, UMPS, FMO3, DMGDH, and GNMT).	Choline	78-85	dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)	Homo sapiens	220-225
30681159-8	2019	This mini review will provide a summary of the biochemical pathways, in which choline is involved and their respective inborn errors of metabolism (caused by mutations in SLC5A7, CHAT, SLC44A1, CHKB, PCYT1A, CEPT1, CAD; DHODH, UMPS, FMO3, DMGDH, and GNMT).	Choline	78-85	uridine monophosphate synthetase	Homo sapiens	227-231
30681159-8	2019	This mini review will provide a summary of the biochemical pathways, in which choline is involved and their respective inborn errors of metabolism (caused by mutations in SLC5A7, CHAT, SLC44A1, CHKB, PCYT1A, CEPT1, CAD; DHODH, UMPS, FMO3, DMGDH, and GNMT).	Choline	78-85	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 3	Homo sapiens	233-237
30681159-8	2019	This mini review will provide a summary of the biochemical pathways, in which choline is involved and their respective inborn errors of metabolism (caused by mutations in SLC5A7, CHAT, SLC44A1, CHKB, PCYT1A, CEPT1, CAD; DHODH, UMPS, FMO3, DMGDH, and GNMT).	Choline	78-85	dimethylglycine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	239-244
30681159-8	2019	This mini review will provide a summary of the biochemical pathways, in which choline is involved and their respective inborn errors of metabolism (caused by mutations in SLC5A7, CHAT, SLC44A1, CHKB, PCYT1A, CEPT1, CAD; DHODH, UMPS, FMO3, DMGDH, and GNMT).	Choline	78-85	glycine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	250-254
30507748-14	2019	CONCLUSION: This study confirms that PSA robustly predicts positive PET/CT result with radiolabeled choline.	Choline	100-107	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	37-40
29383928-6	2019	The present review has been conceived in order to discuss the current role of radiolabeled choline PET/CT in the era of new agents for prostate cancer, in particular in the era of radiolabeled PSMA.	Choline	91-98	folate hydrolase 1	Homo sapiens	193-197
32255162-3	2019	In this sensor, AChE catalytically hydrolyzed acetylcholine (ACh) to produce choline, which was further efficiently oxidized by CHO to yield H2O2.	Choline	52-59	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	16-20
30791611-10	2019	IDH2 mutant gliomas have a higher level of 2-HG/tCho (total choline=phosphocholine+glycerylphosphorylcholine) (2.48 +- 1.01vs.0.72 +- 0.38, Pc &lt; 0.001) and myo-Inositol/tCho (2.70 +- 0.90 vs. 1.46 +- 0.51, Pc = 0.011) compared to IDH1 mutation gliomas.	Choline	60-67	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
30823604-1	2019	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) catalyzes the hydrolysis of neurotransmitter acetylcholine to acetate and choline in a synaptic cleft.	Choline	6-13	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	22-26
29860242-5	2019	RESULTS: Greater decreases in choline and L-carnitine were significantly (p&lt;0.05) associated with greater improvements in fasting insulin concentrations and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) at 6 months.	Choline	30-37	insulin	Homo sapiens	133-140
30759768-2	2019	We previously showed that maternal choline supplementation (4X versus 1X choline) in the Dlx3+/- mouse increased fetal and placental growth in mid-gestation.	Choline	35-42	distal-less homeobox 3	Mus musculus	89-93
30759768-2	2019	We previously showed that maternal choline supplementation (4X versus 1X choline) in the Dlx3+/- mouse increased fetal and placental growth in mid-gestation.	Choline	73-80	distal-less homeobox 3	Mus musculus	89-93
30759768-7	2019	Choline supplementation decreased (p &lt; 0.05) expression of pro-angiogenic genes Eng (E10.5, E12.5, and E15.5), and Vegf (E12.5, E15.5); and pro-inflammatory genes Il1b (at E15.5 and 18.5), Tnfalpha (at E12.5) and Nfkappab (at E15.5) in a fetal sex-dependent manner.	Choline	0-7	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Mus musculus	118-122
30759768-7	2019	Choline supplementation decreased (p &lt; 0.05) expression of pro-angiogenic genes Eng (E10.5, E12.5, and E15.5), and Vegf (E12.5, E15.5); and pro-inflammatory genes Il1b (at E15.5 and 18.5), Tnfalpha (at E12.5) and Nfkappab (at E15.5) in a fetal sex-dependent manner.	Choline	0-7	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	166-170
30759768-7	2019	Choline supplementation decreased (p &lt; 0.05) expression of pro-angiogenic genes Eng (E10.5, E12.5, and E15.5), and Vegf (E12.5, E15.5); and pro-inflammatory genes Il1b (at E15.5 and 18.5), Tnfalpha (at E12.5) and Nfkappab (at E15.5) in a fetal sex-dependent manner.	Choline	0-7	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	192-200
30462540-2	2019	This study showed that decreased GDE5 expression results in accumulation of intracellular glycerophosphocholine (GPC), showing that GDE5 is actively involved in GPC/choline metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.	Choline	104-111	glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1	Homo sapiens	33-37
30462540-2	2019	This study showed that decreased GDE5 expression results in accumulation of intracellular glycerophosphocholine (GPC), showing that GDE5 is actively involved in GPC/choline metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.	Choline	104-111	glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1	Homo sapiens	132-136
29860242-10	2019	CONCLUSION: Our findings underscore the importance of changes in TMAO, choline and L-carnitine in improving insulin sensitivity during a weight-loss intervention for obese patients.	Choline	71-78	insulin	Homo sapiens	108-115
30048033-10	2019	Interestingly, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha promoted hepatocyte death under choline-deficient conditions, which was suppressed by homocysteine supplementation.	Choline	80-87	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	15-36
30048033-10	2019	Interestingly, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha promoted hepatocyte death under choline-deficient conditions, which was suppressed by homocysteine supplementation.	Choline	80-87	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	38-47
30048033-11	2019	Hepatic macrophages increased the production of TNFalpha under choline-deficient conditions whereas supplementation of SAM reduced the TNFalpha production.	Choline	63-70	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	48-56
30102772-4	2019	In this study, we found increased HIF-1alpha levels in hepatic macrophages in methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet-fed mice and in macrophages of patients with NASH compared with controls.	Choline	89-96	hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit	Mus musculus	34-44
30820432-5	2019	Results: Choline-containing phospholipids, in particular PC, bind to mucin 2 as main scaffold protein of intestinal mucus to establish a hydrophobic barrier towards microbiota in the intestinal lumen.	Choline	9-16	mucin 2, oligomeric mucus/gel-forming	Homo sapiens	69-76
30604254-4	2019	First, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy showed that Atg5 and beta-catenin were highly expressed in human fibrotic liver and mouse liver injury induced by feeding a 50% choline-deficient diet plus 0.15% ethionine solution in drinking water (CDE diet) for 21 days; in addition, these factors were expressed in CK19-positive HPCs.	Choline	200-207	autophagy related 5	Homo sapiens	84-88
30604254-4	2019	First, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy showed that Atg5 and beta-catenin were highly expressed in human fibrotic liver and mouse liver injury induced by feeding a 50% choline-deficient diet plus 0.15% ethionine solution in drinking water (CDE diet) for 21 days; in addition, these factors were expressed in CK19-positive HPCs.	Choline	200-207	catenin beta 1	Homo sapiens	93-105
30291908-2	2019	Several lines of evidence show that lung cancer cells express all of the proteins required for the uptake of choline (choline transporter 1, choline transporter-like proteins) synthesis of ACh (choline acetyltransferase, carnitine acetyltransferase), transport of ACh (vesicular acetylcholine transport, OCTs, OCTNs) and degradation of ACh (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase).	Choline	109-116	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	189-192
30291908-2	2019	Several lines of evidence show that lung cancer cells express all of the proteins required for the uptake of choline (choline transporter 1, choline transporter-like proteins) synthesis of ACh (choline acetyltransferase, carnitine acetyltransferase), transport of ACh (vesicular acetylcholine transport, OCTs, OCTNs) and degradation of ACh (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase).	Choline	109-116	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	264-267
30291908-2	2019	Several lines of evidence show that lung cancer cells express all of the proteins required for the uptake of choline (choline transporter 1, choline transporter-like proteins) synthesis of ACh (choline acetyltransferase, carnitine acetyltransferase), transport of ACh (vesicular acetylcholine transport, OCTs, OCTNs) and degradation of ACh (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase).	Choline	109-116	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	264-267
30291908-2	2019	Several lines of evidence show that lung cancer cells express all of the proteins required for the uptake of choline (choline transporter 1, choline transporter-like proteins) synthesis of ACh (choline acetyltransferase, carnitine acetyltransferase), transport of ACh (vesicular acetylcholine transport, OCTs, OCTNs) and degradation of ACh (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase).	Choline	109-116	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	341-361
30291908-2	2019	Several lines of evidence show that lung cancer cells express all of the proteins required for the uptake of choline (choline transporter 1, choline transporter-like proteins) synthesis of ACh (choline acetyltransferase, carnitine acetyltransferase), transport of ACh (vesicular acetylcholine transport, OCTs, OCTNs) and degradation of ACh (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase).	Choline	109-116	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	363-384
30684890-6	2019	Knockout of adropin significantly exacerbated hepatic steatosis, inflammatory responses and fibrosis in mice after either methionine-choline deficient diet (MCD) or western diet (WD) feeding.	Choline	133-140	energy homeostasis associated	Mus musculus	12-19
30522902-1	2019	BACKGROUND: Serum cholinesterase (ChE) a serine hydrolase that catalyses the hydrolysis of esters of choline, is involved in cellular proliferation and differentiation, therefore affecting carcinogenesis.	Choline	18-25	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	34-37
30264384-2	2019	Recently, F-18 choline positron emission tomography computed tomography (choline PET/CT) has been shown promising results for the diagnostic work up of primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) suggesting superiority over conventional scintigraphy using Tc99m sestamibi based protocols using planar dual-phase imaging, SPECT or SPECT/CT.	Choline	15-22	mastermind like domain containing 1	Homo sapiens	10-14
30264384-2	2019	Recently, F-18 choline positron emission tomography computed tomography (choline PET/CT) has been shown promising results for the diagnostic work up of primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) suggesting superiority over conventional scintigraphy using Tc99m sestamibi based protocols using planar dual-phase imaging, SPECT or SPECT/CT.	Choline	73-80	mastermind like domain containing 1	Homo sapiens	10-14
30604783-2	2019	In this work, we report a novel enzyme-responsive supramolecular assembly directly constructed using biocompatible sulfato-beta-cyclodextrin (SCD) and an anti-cancer prodrug, i.e. choline modified anti-cancer drug chlorambucil (QA-Cbl).	Choline	180-187	stearoyl-CoA desaturase	Homo sapiens	115-146
30625315-4	2019	Phospholipase D (PLD) cleaves phosphatidylcholine to choline and phosphatidic acid (PA), with PA assumed to mediate all downstream signaling.	Choline	42-49	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
30625315-4	2019	Phospholipase D (PLD) cleaves phosphatidylcholine to choline and phosphatidic acid (PA), with PA assumed to mediate all downstream signaling.	Choline	42-49	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
30625315-6	2019	Choline binds to Sig-1Rs, it mimics other Sig-1R agonists by potentiating Ca2+ signals evoked by IP3Rs, and it is deactivated by metabolism.	Choline	0-7	sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens	17-23
30625315-7	2019	Receptors, by stimulating PLC and PLD, deliver two signals to IP3Rs: IP3 activates IP3Rs, and choline potentiates their activity through Sig-1Rs.	Choline	94-101	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	34-37
29665708-0	2019	Cho/Cr ratio at MR spectroscopy as a biomarker for cellular proliferation activity and prognosis in glioma: correlation with the expression of minichromosome maintenance protein 2.	Choline	0-3	minichromosome maintenance complex component 2	Homo sapiens	143-179
29665708-8	2019	RESULTS: Significant correlation was observed between the Cho/Cr ratio and MCM2 LI ( r = 0.522, P &lt; 0.01); however, there was no correlation between MCM2 LI and the Cho/NAA or NAA/Cr ratios ( r = 0.295, P = 0.55 and r = -0.042, P = 0.788, respectively).	Choline	58-61	minichromosome maintenance complex component 2	Homo sapiens	75-79
29665708-11	2019	CONCLUSION: Cho/Cr ratio has a potential in predicting the expression of MCM2 and can evaluate cell proliferative activity noninvasively.	Choline	12-15	minichromosome maintenance complex component 2	Homo sapiens	73-77
29860242-5	2019	RESULTS: Greater decreases in choline and L-carnitine were significantly (p&lt;0.05) associated with greater improvements in fasting insulin concentrations and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) at 6 months.	Choline	30-37	insulin	Homo sapiens	192-199
30843003-31	2019	However, the performance of choline PET/CT seems to be dependent of the levels of the PSA, in cases of biochemical recurrence and reaches about 75%% in those PCa patients with PSA levels &gt;3ng/mL, with a poor performance when the PSA level is low.	Choline	28-35	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	86-89
30843003-31	2019	However, the performance of choline PET/CT seems to be dependent of the levels of the PSA, in cases of biochemical recurrence and reaches about 75%% in those PCa patients with PSA levels &gt;3ng/mL, with a poor performance when the PSA level is low.	Choline	28-35	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	176-179
30843003-31	2019	However, the performance of choline PET/CT seems to be dependent of the levels of the PSA, in cases of biochemical recurrence and reaches about 75%% in those PCa patients with PSA levels &gt;3ng/mL, with a poor performance when the PSA level is low.	Choline	28-35	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	176-179
30391262-6	2019	RESULTS: Immunostaining of choline acetyltransferase and myelin basic protein can be combined together and results show a good contrast between the light brown of the choline acetyltransferase reaction product and the green of myelin basic protein reaction product.	Choline	27-34	myelin basic protein	Homo sapiens	227-247
30391262-6	2019	RESULTS: Immunostaining of choline acetyltransferase and myelin basic protein can be combined together and results show a good contrast between the light brown of the choline acetyltransferase reaction product and the green of myelin basic protein reaction product.	Choline	167-174	myelin basic protein	Homo sapiens	57-77
31218614-6	2019	The method is described in detail taking the major protein of the bovine seminal plasma, PDC-109, which exhibits a high preference for interaction with choline-containing lipids, as an example.	Choline	152-159	seminal plasma protein PDC-109	Bos taurus	89-96
30316602-14	2018	Similarly, abundance of cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD), glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit (GCLC), and glutathione reductase (GSR) was greater in response to Met compared with control or Chol.	Choline	210-214	glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit	Bos taurus	115-119
30010856-3	2018	Previously, we demonstrated that maternal choline supplementation in the Jackson toxic milk (tx-j) mouse model of WD corrected higher thioredoxin 1 (TNX1) transcript levels in fetal liver.	Choline	42-49	thioredoxin 1	Mus musculus	134-147
30010856-5	2018	Tx-j Atp7b genotype-dependent differences in DNA methylation were corrected by choline for genes including, but not exclusive to, oxidative stress pathways.	Choline	79-86	ATPase, Cu++ transporting, beta polypeptide	Mus musculus	5-10
30010856-7	2018	Hepatic transcript levels of TXN1 and peroxiredoxin 1 (Prdx1) were significantly higher in mice receiving maternal and continued choline with or without PCA treatment compared to untreated mice.	Choline	129-136	thioredoxin 1	Mus musculus	29-33
30010856-7	2018	Hepatic transcript levels of TXN1 and peroxiredoxin 1 (Prdx1) were significantly higher in mice receiving maternal and continued choline with or without PCA treatment compared to untreated mice.	Choline	129-136	peroxiredoxin 1	Mus musculus	38-53
30010856-7	2018	Hepatic transcript levels of TXN1 and peroxiredoxin 1 (Prdx1) were significantly higher in mice receiving maternal and continued choline with or without PCA treatment compared to untreated mice.	Choline	129-136	peroxiredoxin 1	Mus musculus	55-60
30010856-10	2018	In summary, Atp7b deficiency and choline supplementation have a genome-wide impact, including on TXN system-related genes, in tx-j mice.	Choline	33-40	thioredoxin 1	Mus musculus	97-100
30224518-7	2018	Since Gdpd3 has lysophospholipase D activity that results in the formation of choline, a precursor of PC, Gdpd3 downregulation could lead to the low PC levels.	Choline	78-85	glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 3	Mus musculus	6-11
30224518-7	2018	Since Gdpd3 has lysophospholipase D activity that results in the formation of choline, a precursor of PC, Gdpd3 downregulation could lead to the low PC levels.	Choline	78-85	glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 3	Mus musculus	106-111
30224518-11	2018	More-detailed knowledge of how Hip1 deficiency leads to low PC will improve our understanding of HIP1 in choline metabolism in normal and disease states.	Choline	105-112	huntingtin interacting protein 1	Mus musculus	97-101
30404141-3	2018	Due to the stabilisation of an i-motif structure by the choline cation, a unique fluorescence emission-that was not seen in an aqueous buffer-was observed in choline dhp and remained stable for more than 30 days.	Choline	56-63	dihydropyrimidinase	Homo sapiens	166-169
30404141-3	2018	Due to the stabilisation of an i-motif structure by the choline cation, a unique fluorescence emission-that was not seen in an aqueous buffer-was observed in choline dhp and remained stable for more than 30 days.	Choline	158-165	dihydropyrimidinase	Homo sapiens	166-169
30404141-5	2018	A turn-on sensing platform in choline dhp was built for the detection of the BRCA1 gene, which is related to familial breast and ovarian cancers.	Choline	30-37	dihydropyrimidinase	Homo sapiens	38-41
30404141-5	2018	A turn-on sensing platform in choline dhp was built for the detection of the BRCA1 gene, which is related to familial breast and ovarian cancers.	Choline	30-37	BRCA1 DNA repair associated	Homo sapiens	77-82
30404141-6	2018	This platform showed better sensitivity and selectivity in distinguishing a target sequence from a mutant sequence in choline dhp than in the aqueous buffer.	Choline	118-125	dihydropyrimidinase	Homo sapiens	126-129
30455469-3	2019	Here, we report that many choline-utilizing gut microorganisms can hydrolyse PC using a phospholipase D (PLD) enzyme and further convert the released choline to TMA.	Choline	26-33	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	88-103
30455469-3	2019	Here, we report that many choline-utilizing gut microorganisms can hydrolyse PC using a phospholipase D (PLD) enzyme and further convert the released choline to TMA.	Choline	26-33	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	105-108
30455469-3	2019	Here, we report that many choline-utilizing gut microorganisms can hydrolyse PC using a phospholipase D (PLD) enzyme and further convert the released choline to TMA.	Choline	150-157	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	88-103
30455469-3	2019	Here, we report that many choline-utilizing gut microorganisms can hydrolyse PC using a phospholipase D (PLD) enzyme and further convert the released choline to TMA.	Choline	150-157	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	105-108
30380560-0	2019	Tetanic Facilitation of Neuromuscular Transmission by Adenosine A2A and Muscarinic M1 Receptors is Dependent on the Uptake of Choline via High-Affinity Transporters.	Choline	126-133	immunoglobulin kappa variable 2D-29	Homo sapiens	64-95
30376410-9	2019	Additionally, choline/creatine and lipid/creatine ratios were respectively significantly associated with Bax-positive grade.	Choline	14-21	apoptosis regulator BAX	Oryctolagus cuniculus	105-108
30316602-10	2018	Compared with control, greater expression of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (MTR), betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH), and choline dehydrogenase (CHDH) was observed in cells supplemented with Met and Chol.	Choline	228-232	5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase	Bos taurus	45-100
30316602-11	2018	However, Chol led to the greatest mRNA abundance of CHDH.	Choline	9-13	choline dehydrogenase	Bos taurus	52-56
30316602-13	2018	In the transsulfuration pathway, mRNA and protein abundance of cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) was greater in PHEP treated with Met compared with control or Chol.	Choline	159-163	cystathionine beta-synthase	Bos taurus	63-90
30316602-14	2018	Similarly, abundance of cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD), glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit (GCLC), and glutathione reductase (GSR) was greater in response to Met compared with control or Chol.	Choline	210-214	cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase	Bos taurus	62-66
30572522-4	2018	DIAGNOSIS: C-11 choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) demonstrated a choline-avid soft tissue nodule associated with a laparoscopic port site in the right rectus abdominis muscle, with correlative findings on prior magnetic resonance imaging, and biopsy confirming a prostate adenocarcinoma metastasis.	Choline	16-23	RNA polymerase III subunit K	Homo sapiens	11-15
30572522-9	2018	C-11 choline PET, among other prostate-specific PET probes, has become an important tool in evaluating patients with biochemically recurrent prostate adenocarcinoma, identifying site-specific metastases in a majority of patients.	Choline	5-12	RNA polymerase III subunit K	Homo sapiens	0-4
30483387-6	2018	The significant metabolites in the PTC group compared to healthy subjects also included scyllo- and myo-inositol, tryptophan, propionate, lactate, homocysteine, 3-methyl glutaric acid, asparagine, aspartate, choline, and acetamide.	Choline	208-215	coiled-coil domain containing 6	Homo sapiens	35-38
30172410-7	2018	Compared with CON, PMNL adhesion and migration-related genes (ITGAM, ITGB2, ITGA4) were downregulated in response to MET and CHOL.	Choline	125-129	integrin subunit alpha M	Bos taurus	62-67
30172410-7	2018	Compared with CON, PMNL adhesion and migration-related genes (ITGAM, ITGB2, ITGA4) were downregulated in response to MET and CHOL.	Choline	125-129	integrin subunit beta 2	Bos taurus	69-74
30172410-7	2018	Compared with CON, PMNL adhesion and migration-related genes (ITGAM, ITGB2, ITGA4) were downregulated in response to MET and CHOL.	Choline	125-129	integrin subunit alpha 4	Bos taurus	76-81
30172410-9	2018	In contrast, compared with CON cows, the expression of ICAM1 was lower in CHOL but not MET cows.	Choline	74-78	intercellular adhesion molecule 1	Bos taurus	55-60
30172410-10	2018	Similar to adhesion and migration-related genes, cows receiving MET- or CHOL-supplemented diets had lower expression of inflammation-related genes (IL1beta, IL10RA, NFKB1, STAT3, TLR2).	Choline	72-76	interleukin 1 beta	Bos taurus	148-155
30172410-10	2018	Similar to adhesion and migration-related genes, cows receiving MET- or CHOL-supplemented diets had lower expression of inflammation-related genes (IL1beta, IL10RA, NFKB1, STAT3, TLR2).	Choline	72-76	interleukin 10 receptor subunit alpha	Bos taurus	157-163
30172410-10	2018	Similar to adhesion and migration-related genes, cows receiving MET- or CHOL-supplemented diets had lower expression of inflammation-related genes (IL1beta, IL10RA, NFKB1, STAT3, TLR2).	Choline	72-76	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Bos taurus	165-170
30172410-10	2018	Similar to adhesion and migration-related genes, cows receiving MET- or CHOL-supplemented diets had lower expression of inflammation-related genes (IL1beta, IL10RA, NFKB1, STAT3, TLR2).	Choline	72-76	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Bos taurus	172-177
30172410-10	2018	Similar to adhesion and migration-related genes, cows receiving MET- or CHOL-supplemented diets had lower expression of inflammation-related genes (IL1beta, IL10RA, NFKB1, STAT3, TLR2).	Choline	72-76	toll like receptor 2	Bos taurus	179-183
30172410-13	2018	In agreement with plasma taurine, oxidative stress-related genes (CBS, CTH, GPX1, GSS, SOD2) in PMNL were lower in response to MET and to CHOL supply.	Choline	138-142	glutathione peroxidase 1	Bos taurus	76-80
30172410-13	2018	In agreement with plasma taurine, oxidative stress-related genes (CBS, CTH, GPX1, GSS, SOD2) in PMNL were lower in response to MET and to CHOL supply.	Choline	138-142	glutathione synthetase	Bos taurus	82-85
30172410-13	2018	In agreement with plasma taurine, oxidative stress-related genes (CBS, CTH, GPX1, GSS, SOD2) in PMNL were lower in response to MET and to CHOL supply.	Choline	138-142	superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial	Bos taurus	87-91
30328321-0	2018	S100A4 Gene is Crucial for Methionine-Choline-Deficient Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice.	Choline	38-45	S100 calcium binding protein A4	Mus musculus	0-6
29934672-5	2018	Compounds with para-substituted chalcone fragments in which the substituents were choline-like had potent activity against AChE and poor activity against BChE, while ortho-substituted analogs exhibited an opposite effect.	Choline	82-89	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	123-127
29934672-5	2018	Compounds with para-substituted chalcone fragments in which the substituents were choline-like had potent activity against AChE and poor activity against BChE, while ortho-substituted analogs exhibited an opposite effect.	Choline	82-89	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	154-158
29934672-9	2018	Overall, the results show that coumarin-chalcone hybrids with choline-like side-chains have promising activity and selectivity against AChE and be promising therapeutic leads for Alzheimer"s disease.	Choline	62-69	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	135-139
30099202-10	2018	Two key chromatin remodeling genes, Smarca2 and Bahcc1, exhibited inversely correlated changes in methylation and expression due to nicotine exposure; this was reversed by choline.	Choline	172-179	SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 2	Mus musculus	36-43
30099202-10	2018	Two key chromatin remodeling genes, Smarca2 and Bahcc1, exhibited inversely correlated changes in methylation and expression due to nicotine exposure; this was reversed by choline.	Choline	172-179	BAH domain and coiled-coil containing 1	Mus musculus	48-54
30226501-1	2018	High performance microprobes for combined sensing of glucose and choline were fabricated using microcontact printing (muCP) to transfer choline oxidase (ChOx) and glucose oxidase (GOx) onto targeted sites on microelectrode arrays (MEAs).	Choline	65-72	hydroxyacid oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	163-178
30359185-2	2018	Microbiota-dependent generation of trimethylamine (TMA)-the precursor to TMAO-is rate limiting in the metaorganismal TMAO pathway in most humans and is catalyzed by several distinct microbial choline TMA-lyases, including the proteins encoded by the cutC/D (choline utilization C/D) genes in multiple human commensals.	Choline	192-199	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	250-254
30347638-2	2018	Gut microbial metabolism of choline and l-carnitine results in the formation of trimethylamine (TMA) and concomitant conversion into trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) by liver flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3).	Choline	28-35	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 3	Homo sapiens	172-194
30347638-2	2018	Gut microbial metabolism of choline and l-carnitine results in the formation of trimethylamine (TMA) and concomitant conversion into trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) by liver flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3).	Choline	28-35	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 3	Homo sapiens	196-200
30226501-1	2018	High performance microprobes for combined sensing of glucose and choline were fabricated using microcontact printing (muCP) to transfer choline oxidase (ChOx) and glucose oxidase (GOx) onto targeted sites on microelectrode arrays (MEAs).	Choline	65-72	hydroxyacid oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	180-183
30226501-8	2018	Using constant potential amperometry, the combined sensing microprobe was confirmed to have high sensitivity for choline and glucose (286 and 117 muA mM cm-2, respectively) accompanied by low detection limits (1 and 3 muM, respectively) and rapid response times (&lt;=2 s).	Choline	113-120	latexin	Homo sapiens	218-221
30377337-8	2018	CONCLUSION: This MRS study suggests that choline metabolites detected in response to AKT inhibition are time and microenvironment-dependent, and may have potential as non-invasive biomarkers for monitoring response to AKT inhibitors in selected cancer types.	Choline	41-48	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	85-88
30222967-3	2018	By using isogenic pairs of cancer cell lines, we report here that the genetic loss of LKB1 was associated with increased intracellular levels of total choline containing metabolites and, under oxidative stress, it impaired maintenance of glutathione (GSH) levels.	Choline	151-158	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	86-90
30377337-8	2018	CONCLUSION: This MRS study suggests that choline metabolites detected in response to AKT inhibition are time and microenvironment-dependent, and may have potential as non-invasive biomarkers for monitoring response to AKT inhibitors in selected cancer types.	Choline	41-48	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	218-221
30114731-0	2018	Assessment of cytotoxicity of choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents against human HEK-293 cells: A QSAR analysis.	Choline	30-46	EPH receptor A3	Homo sapiens	98-101
30026081-0	2018	Transdermal insulin delivery using choline-based ionic liquids (CAGE).	Choline	35-42	insulin	Homo sapiens	12-19
30242180-0	2018	HIF-1-dependent lipin1 induction prevents excessive lipid accumulation in choline-deficient diet-induced fatty liver.	Choline	74-81	lipin 1	Mus musculus	16-22
31819726-0	2018	Transcriptional enhancement of a bacterial choline oxidase A gene by an HSP terminator improves the glycine betaine production and salinity stress tolerance of Eucalyptus camaldulensis trees.	Choline	43-50	heat shock protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	72-75
29890136-0	2018	Hepatocyte-specific deletion of Brg1 alleviates methionine-and-choline-deficient diet (MCD) induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice.	Choline	63-70	SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 4	Mus musculus	32-36
28753806-16	2018	PATIENT SUMMARY: Choline positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) can detect sites of recurrent prostate cancer in an earlier phase of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence than bone scans and CT scans, but choline PET/CT is rarely positive for patients with restaging PSA levels under 1 ng/ml.	Choline	17-24	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	154-185
28753806-16	2018	PATIENT SUMMARY: Choline positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) can detect sites of recurrent prostate cancer in an earlier phase of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence than bone scans and CT scans, but choline PET/CT is rarely positive for patients with restaging PSA levels under 1 ng/ml.	Choline	17-24	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	181-184
28753806-16	2018	PATIENT SUMMARY: Choline positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) can detect sites of recurrent prostate cancer in an earlier phase of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence than bone scans and CT scans, but choline PET/CT is rarely positive for patients with restaging PSA levels under 1 ng/ml.	Choline	231-238	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	181-184
29802948-8	2018	RESULTS: P2X4 genetic invalidation or pharmacological inhibition protected mice from liver fibrosis and hMF accumulation after bile duct ligation or methionine- and choline-deficient diet.	Choline	165-172	purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel 4	Mus musculus	9-13
30242180-3	2018	When exposed to a choline-deficient diet (CDD) for 4 weeks, the loss of hepatic Hif-1alpha gene accelerated liver steatosis with enhanced triglyceride accumulation in the liver compared to wild-type (WT) livers.	Choline	18-25	hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit	Mus musculus	80-90
30242180-7	2018	Moreover, forced Lipin1 expression restored the aberrant lipid accumulation caused by Hif-1alpha deletion in cells incubated in a choline-deficient medium.	Choline	130-137	lipin 1	Mus musculus	17-23
30242180-7	2018	Moreover, forced Lipin1 expression restored the aberrant lipid accumulation caused by Hif-1alpha deletion in cells incubated in a choline-deficient medium.	Choline	130-137	hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit	Mus musculus	86-96
29534802-8	2018	The limit of detection (LOD) obtained using both ionic liquids for IL-6 was 0.2 pg mL-1 with cross-reactivity studies indicating better performance of IL-6 detection using Choline[DHP] and no response to cross-reactive molecule.	Choline	172-179	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	151-155
30055775-9	2018	Birth weight was higher in the G allele homozygotes of the CHDH rs2289205 than in the minor allele carriers: GG: 3398 +- 64 g; GA+AA: 3193 +- 76 g. Our study shows that choline intake in Polish pregnant women is inadequate and that polymorphisms of PEMT rs12325817 and PCYT1A rs7639752 are associated with betaine but not choline concentrations.	Choline	169-176	choline dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	59-63
30075744-11	2018	Alanine/aspartate/glutamate metabolism and choline-derived metabolites correlated with TNF-alpha synovial expression.	Choline	43-50	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	87-96
29794161-3	2018	In this work, we described the influx kinetics of fluorocholine mediated by the organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2, SLC22A2) and compared with that of choline.	Choline	56-63	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	80-108
29794161-3	2018	In this work, we described the influx kinetics of fluorocholine mediated by the organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2, SLC22A2) and compared with that of choline.	Choline	56-63	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	110-114
29794161-3	2018	In this work, we described the influx kinetics of fluorocholine mediated by the organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2, SLC22A2) and compared with that of choline.	Choline	56-63	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	116-123
29751997-8	2018	Central injection of nesfatin-1 increased the acetylcholine and choline levels in the posterior hypothalamus, as shown in microdialysis studies.	Choline	52-59	nucleobindin 2	Rattus norvegicus	21-31
30055775-9	2018	Birth weight was higher in the G allele homozygotes of the CHDH rs2289205 than in the minor allele carriers: GG: 3398 +- 64 g; GA+AA: 3193 +- 76 g. Our study shows that choline intake in Polish pregnant women is inadequate and that polymorphisms of PEMT rs12325817 and PCYT1A rs7639752 are associated with betaine but not choline concentrations.	Choline	169-176	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	249-253
30055775-9	2018	Birth weight was higher in the G allele homozygotes of the CHDH rs2289205 than in the minor allele carriers: GG: 3398 +- 64 g; GA+AA: 3193 +- 76 g. Our study shows that choline intake in Polish pregnant women is inadequate and that polymorphisms of PEMT rs12325817 and PCYT1A rs7639752 are associated with betaine but not choline concentrations.	Choline	169-176	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1A, choline	Homo sapiens	269-275
30055775-9	2018	Birth weight was higher in the G allele homozygotes of the CHDH rs2289205 than in the minor allele carriers: GG: 3398 +- 64 g; GA+AA: 3193 +- 76 g. Our study shows that choline intake in Polish pregnant women is inadequate and that polymorphisms of PEMT rs12325817 and PCYT1A rs7639752 are associated with betaine but not choline concentrations.	Choline	322-329	choline dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	59-63
29571487-4	2018	A binary DES named HC-6, which was composed of 1,6-hexanediol:choline chloride (molar ratio 7:1) was designed to produce the highest efficiency.	Choline	62-78	CYCS pseudogene 52	Homo sapiens	19-23
29880645-8	2018	Chronic pharmacological or CTL1 antibody-mediated inhibition of choline uptake resulted in altered cytokine secretion in response to LPS, which was associated with increased levels of diacylglycerol and activation of protein kinase C. These experiments establish a previously unappreciated link between choline phospholipid metabolism and macrophage immune responsiveness, highlighting a critical and regulatory role for macrophage choline uptake via the CTL1 transporter.	Choline	64-71	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	27-31
29880645-8	2018	Chronic pharmacological or CTL1 antibody-mediated inhibition of choline uptake resulted in altered cytokine secretion in response to LPS, which was associated with increased levels of diacylglycerol and activation of protein kinase C. These experiments establish a previously unappreciated link between choline phospholipid metabolism and macrophage immune responsiveness, highlighting a critical and regulatory role for macrophage choline uptake via the CTL1 transporter.	Choline	64-71	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	455-459
29880645-8	2018	Chronic pharmacological or CTL1 antibody-mediated inhibition of choline uptake resulted in altered cytokine secretion in response to LPS, which was associated with increased levels of diacylglycerol and activation of protein kinase C. These experiments establish a previously unappreciated link between choline phospholipid metabolism and macrophage immune responsiveness, highlighting a critical and regulatory role for macrophage choline uptake via the CTL1 transporter.	Choline	303-310	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	27-31
29880645-8	2018	Chronic pharmacological or CTL1 antibody-mediated inhibition of choline uptake resulted in altered cytokine secretion in response to LPS, which was associated with increased levels of diacylglycerol and activation of protein kinase C. These experiments establish a previously unappreciated link between choline phospholipid metabolism and macrophage immune responsiveness, highlighting a critical and regulatory role for macrophage choline uptake via the CTL1 transporter.	Choline	303-310	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	27-31
29223141-8	2018	Choline uptake inhibitors and choline deficiency each inhibited cell viability and increased caspase-3/7 activity.	Choline	0-7	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	93-102
30008113-2	2018	The rapid hydrolysis of the principal neurotransmitter into choline and acetate by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at synapses causes the loss of cognitive response that becomes the real cause of AD.	Choline	60-67	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	83-103
30008113-2	2018	The rapid hydrolysis of the principal neurotransmitter into choline and acetate by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at synapses causes the loss of cognitive response that becomes the real cause of AD.	Choline	60-67	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	105-109
29941553-3	2018	Here we report the development of a highly effective oral insulin formulation using choline and geranate (CAGE) ionic liquid.	Choline	84-91	insulin	Homo sapiens	58-65
30116142-3	2018	The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of folic acid, choline, vitamin B12, and a combination of all on preventing the lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced inflammatory response in human THP-1 monocyte/macrophage cells.	Choline	65-72	GLI family zinc finger 2	Homo sapiens	196-201
30116142-5	2018	Folic acid and choline decreased C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) mRNA levels.	Choline	15-22	C-C motif chemokine ligand 2	Homo sapiens	33-61
30116142-5	2018	Folic acid and choline decreased C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) mRNA levels.	Choline	15-22	C-C motif chemokine ligand 2	Homo sapiens	63-67
29223141-9	2018	We conclude that extracellular choline is mainly transported via a CTL1.	Choline	31-38	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	67-71
29223141-11	2018	Furthermore, CTL2 may be involved in choline uptake in mitochondria, which is the rate-limiting step in S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthesis and DNA methylation.	Choline	37-44	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	13-17
29223141-12	2018	Identification of this CTL1- and CTL2-mediated choline transport system provides a potential new target for esophageal cancer therapy.	Choline	47-54	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	23-27
29223141-12	2018	Identification of this CTL1- and CTL2-mediated choline transport system provides a potential new target for esophageal cancer therapy.	Choline	47-54	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	33-37
29988809-1	2018	Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of fatty acid, amino acid, and choline metabolism caused by mutations in EFTA, EFTB, or ETFDH.	Choline	116-123	electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	173-178
29550277-6	2018	LysoPLD acted on LysoPAF, and the hydrolytically released choline was detected by choline oxidase.	Choline	58-65	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	0-7
29716960-2	2018	Plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC), the major phospholipid of circulating lipoproteins, is synthesized in human liver by two biologically diverse pathways: the cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP):choline and phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) pathways.	Choline	19-26	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	201-245
29266399-5	2018	Experiments performed in mice carrying hepatocyte-specific deletion of HIF-2alpha and related control littermates fed either a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined or a methionine/choline-deficient diet showed that HIF-2alpha deletion ameliorated the evolution of NAFLD by decreasing parenchymal injury, fatty liver, lobular inflammation, and the development of liver fibrosis.	Choline	182-189	endothelial PAS domain protein 1	Mus musculus	71-81
29716960-2	2018	Plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC), the major phospholipid of circulating lipoproteins, is synthesized in human liver by two biologically diverse pathways: the cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP):choline and phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) pathways.	Choline	19-26	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	247-251
29567174-2	2018	This sensing strategy involves the reaction of acetylcholine chloride (ACh) with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to form choline that is in turn catalytically oxidized by choline oxidase (ChOx) to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), thus L-Cys-Ag(I) CP possesses the electro-catalytic property to H2O2 reduction.	Choline	53-60	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	81-101
29567174-2	2018	This sensing strategy involves the reaction of acetylcholine chloride (ACh) with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to form choline that is in turn catalytically oxidized by choline oxidase (ChOx) to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), thus L-Cys-Ag(I) CP possesses the electro-catalytic property to H2O2 reduction.	Choline	53-60	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	103-107
29867401-7	2018	At age 7, lower CD4/CD8 ratio at enrollment was associated with lower choline levels.	Choline	70-77	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	16-19
29760499-4	2018	Our data indicate that chemokine Ccl5 is one of the HSC-secreted mediators in early NASH in humans and in mice fed with choline-deficient, L-amino acid defined, high fat diet.	Choline	120-127	C-C motif chemokine ligand 5	Homo sapiens	33-37
29867401-7	2018	At age 7, lower CD4/CD8 ratio at enrollment was associated with lower choline levels.	Choline	70-77	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	20-23
27221247-8	2018	Gene expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) was higher (p&lt;0.05) in the IC group than in the other groups, and choline supplementation decreased (p&lt;0.05) FAS and acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha expression in the livers of the IUGR pigs.	Choline	114-121	fatty acid synthase	Sus scrofa	160-163
29501870-2	2018	Both choline and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) mediated robust concentration-dependent increases in ERK phosphorylation in the SH-SY5Y cells, exhibiting EC50 values in good agreement with those reported for the agonists at recombinant alpha7 nAChRs and NMDARs, respectively.	Choline	5-12	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	98-101
29501870-3	2018	Importantly, the responses evoked by choline (10 mM) and by NMDA (50 muM) were significantly inhibited by the alpha7-selective antagonist alpha-bungarotoxin (100 nM) and by the NMDAR-selective antagonist MK-801 (50 muM), respectively.	Choline	37-44	latexin	Homo sapiens	215-218
29501870-4	2018	The increased ERK phosphorylation levels observed upon co-application of choline (1, 3, 10 mM) and NMDA (50 muM) compared to those produced by the two agonists on their own were fully reconcilable with additive effects and did not reveal substantial synergy between alpha7 nAChR and NMDAR signaling.	Choline	73-80	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	14-17
29501870-4	2018	The increased ERK phosphorylation levels observed upon co-application of choline (1, 3, 10 mM) and NMDA (50 muM) compared to those produced by the two agonists on their own were fully reconcilable with additive effects and did not reveal substantial synergy between alpha7 nAChR and NMDAR signaling.	Choline	73-80	latexin	Homo sapiens	108-111
29501870-5	2018	Interestingly, however, the responses evoked by the "choline (10 mM) - NMDA (50 muM)" combination were almost completely inhibited by alpha-bungarotoxin (100 nM) as well as by MK-801 (50 muM), suggesting some sort of a link between alpha7 nAChR- and NMDAR-mediated ERK phosphorylation.	Choline	53-60	latexin	Homo sapiens	80-83
29501870-5	2018	Interestingly, however, the responses evoked by the "choline (10 mM) - NMDA (50 muM)" combination were almost completely inhibited by alpha-bungarotoxin (100 nM) as well as by MK-801 (50 muM), suggesting some sort of a link between alpha7 nAChR- and NMDAR-mediated ERK phosphorylation.	Choline	53-60	latexin	Homo sapiens	187-190
29501870-5	2018	Interestingly, however, the responses evoked by the "choline (10 mM) - NMDA (50 muM)" combination were almost completely inhibited by alpha-bungarotoxin (100 nM) as well as by MK-801 (50 muM), suggesting some sort of a link between alpha7 nAChR- and NMDAR-mediated ERK phosphorylation.	Choline	53-60	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	265-268
29501870-6	2018	Finally, oligomeric amyloid-beta1-42 peptide (1000 nM) mediated robust inhibition of the ERK phosphorylation induced by choline (10 mM), NMDA (50 muM) and the "choline (10 mM) - NMDA (50 muM)" combination.	Choline	120-127	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	89-92
29501870-6	2018	Finally, oligomeric amyloid-beta1-42 peptide (1000 nM) mediated robust inhibition of the ERK phosphorylation induced by choline (10 mM), NMDA (50 muM) and the "choline (10 mM) - NMDA (50 muM)" combination.	Choline	120-127	latexin	Homo sapiens	187-190
29550345-1	2018	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are key cholinesterase enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid, an essential process for the restoration of the cholinergic neuron.	Choline	6-13	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	22-26
29550345-1	2018	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are key cholinesterase enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid, an essential process for the restoration of the cholinergic neuron.	Choline	6-13	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	55-59
27221247-9	2018	The expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A) was lower (p&lt;0.05) in the IC group than in the other groups, and choline supplementation increased (p&lt;0.05) the expression of CPT1A in the liver of the IUGR pigs and decreased (p&lt;0.01) the expression of hormone-sensitive lipase in both types of pigs.	Choline	129-136	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Sus scrofa	193-198
27221247-10	2018	The gene expression of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) was higher (p&lt;0.05) in the IC group than in the other groups, and choline supplementation significantly reduced (p&lt;0.05) PEMT expression in the liver of the IUGR pigs.	Choline	144-151	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Sus scrofa	69-73
27221247-10	2018	The gene expression of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) was higher (p&lt;0.05) in the IC group than in the other groups, and choline supplementation significantly reduced (p&lt;0.05) PEMT expression in the liver of the IUGR pigs.	Choline	144-151	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Sus scrofa	202-206
29394516-0	2018	CA1 pyramidal neuron gene expression mosaics in the Ts65Dn murine model of Down syndrome and Alzheimer"s disease following maternal choline supplementation.	Choline	132-139	carbonic anhydrase 1	Mus musculus	0-3
29394516-0	2018	CA1 pyramidal neuron gene expression mosaics in the Ts65Dn murine model of Down syndrome and Alzheimer"s disease following maternal choline supplementation.	Choline	132-139	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	52-58
29394516-4	2018	We further examined a therapeutic intervention, maternal choline supplementation (MCS), which has been previously shown to lessen dysfunction in spatial cognition and attention, and have protective effects on the survival of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in the Ts65Dn mouse model.	Choline	57-64	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	268-274
29674728-1	2018	Two major phospholipase D (PLD) isozymes in mammals, PLD1 and PLD2, hydrolyze the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine to choline and the lipid messenger phosphatidic acid.	Choline	116-123	phospholipase D1	Mus musculus	53-57
29674728-1	2018	Two major phospholipase D (PLD) isozymes in mammals, PLD1 and PLD2, hydrolyze the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine to choline and the lipid messenger phosphatidic acid.	Choline	116-123	phospholipase D2	Mus musculus	62-66
31304256-6	2018	Decreased levels of the microbial choline metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide in the MFGM-supplemented group (both male and female infants) suggest a functional perturbation in the intestinal microbiota.	Choline	34-41	milk fat globule EGF and factor V/VIII domain containing	Homo sapiens	83-87
29636428-7	2018	EVs from encapsulated pneumococci were recognized by serum proteins, resulting in C3b deposition and formation of C5b-9 membrane attack complexes as well as factor H recruitment, depending on the presence of the choline binding protein PspC.	Choline	212-219	surfactant protein C	Homo sapiens	236-240
29849603-2	2018	Cholinergic system involves in the development of visceral hypersensitivity, and high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1) is of crucial importance in choline uptake system.	Choline	95-102	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Rattus norvegicus	116-120
29682188-6	2018	In vivo1H-MRS showed that in sensitive melanoma xenografts, a significant blockage of ERK phosphorylation, but not a decrease in cell proliferation, was required to affect total choline (tCho) levels, thus suggesting that tCho could serve as a pharmacodynamic (PD) marker for agents targeting the MAPK cascade.	Choline	178-185	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	86-89
29378798-2	2018	Pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC), a highly variable virulence protein that binds complement factor H to evade C3 opsonization, is divided into two subgroups: choline-bound subgroup I and LPxTG-anchored subgroup II.	Choline	163-170	surfactant protein C	Homo sapiens	32-36
29549312-1	2018	Blood choline has been proposed as a predictor of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), however different testing procedures might affect the choline concentration because the lysophospholipase D activity of autotaxin (ATX) can convert lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and choline in human blood.	Choline	135-142	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	212-215
29178478-4	2018	In this pathway, choline is converted to phosphocholine by choline kinase, phosphocholine is metabolized to CDP-choline by the rate-determining enzyme for this pathway, CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, and cholinephosphotransferase condenses CDP-choline with diacylglycerol to produce PC.	Choline	17-24	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	108-111
29178478-4	2018	In this pathway, choline is converted to phosphocholine by choline kinase, phosphocholine is metabolized to CDP-choline by the rate-determining enzyme for this pathway, CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, and cholinephosphotransferase condenses CDP-choline with diacylglycerol to produce PC.	Choline	17-24	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	250-253
29391132-3	2018	In the present study, we investigated the effects of EtOH (5 g/kg/day) and/or Chol (100 mg/kg/day) on morphometric parameters of CA1 pyramidal neurons by Golgi-Cox staining followed by Neurolucida tracing and analysis.	Choline	78-82	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	129-132
29391132-8	2018	In conclusion, EtOH increases while Chol decreases dendritic length and arborization of hippocampal CA1 neurons in PD9 rats.	Choline	36-40	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	100-103
29549312-1	2018	Blood choline has been proposed as a predictor of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), however different testing procedures might affect the choline concentration because the lysophospholipase D activity of autotaxin (ATX) can convert lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and choline in human blood.	Choline	135-142	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	201-210
29549312-1	2018	Blood choline has been proposed as a predictor of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), however different testing procedures might affect the choline concentration because the lysophospholipase D activity of autotaxin (ATX) can convert lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and choline in human blood.	Choline	135-142	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	212-215
29549312-4	2018	Serum LPA and choline concentrations dramatically increased after incubation depending on the presence of ATX, while their concentrations in plasma under several conditions were differently modulated.	Choline	14-21	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	106-109
29549312-7	2018	Our study revealed that ATX increased the choline concentrations after blood sampling but was not correlated with the choline concentrations in vivo; therefore, strict sample preparation will be necessary to investigate the possible use of choline as a biomarker.	Choline	42-49	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	24-27
29745082-13	2018	Cho/NAA and Cho/Cr in the tumor were positively correlated with p53 in the tumor, but negatively correlated with PTEN in the tumor.	Choline	0-3	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	64-67
29086237-7	2018	The glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase-encoding gene SFA1 was found to be absolutely essential for growth on all methylated amines tested while deletion of the S-formylglutathione hydrolase gene FGH1 caused a pronounced growth lag on dimethylamine, trimethylamine and choline.	Choline	282-289	bifunctional alcohol dehydrogenase/S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	67-71
29506599-10	2018	CONCLUSIONS: This report describes the clinical history of autosomal dominant Kufs disease, the genetic mutation within the DNAJC5 gene, and the neuropathological findings demonstrating depletion of choline acetyltransferase in the brain.	Choline	199-206	DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C5	Homo sapiens	124-130
29105957-0	2018	Supplementary choline attenuates olive oil lipid emulsion-induced enterocyte apoptosis through suppression of CELF1/AIF pathway.	Choline	14-21	CUGBP Elav-like family member 1	Homo sapiens	110-115
29105957-0	2018	Supplementary choline attenuates olive oil lipid emulsion-induced enterocyte apoptosis through suppression of CELF1/AIF pathway.	Choline	14-21	apoptosis inducing factor mitochondria associated 1	Homo sapiens	116-119
29105957-4	2018	In a rat model of TPN, substantial reduction in apoptotic rate along with decreased expression of CELF1 was observed when supplementary choline was added to OOLE.	Choline	136-143	CUGBP, Elav-like family member 1	Rattus norvegicus	98-103
29105957-5	2018	In cultured Caco-2 cells, supplementary choline attenuated OOLE-induced apoptosis and mitochondria dysfunction by suppressing CELF1/AIF pathway.	Choline	40-47	CUGBP Elav-like family member 1	Homo sapiens	126-131
29105957-5	2018	In cultured Caco-2 cells, supplementary choline attenuated OOLE-induced apoptosis and mitochondria dysfunction by suppressing CELF1/AIF pathway.	Choline	40-47	apoptosis inducing factor mitochondria associated 1	Homo sapiens	132-135
29105957-6	2018	Compared to OOLE alone, the expression of CELF1 and AIF was significantly decreased by supplementary choline, whereas the expression of Bcl-2 was evidently increased.	Choline	101-108	CUGBP Elav-like family member 1	Homo sapiens	42-47
29105957-6	2018	Compared to OOLE alone, the expression of CELF1 and AIF was significantly decreased by supplementary choline, whereas the expression of Bcl-2 was evidently increased.	Choline	101-108	apoptosis inducing factor mitochondria associated 1	Homo sapiens	52-55
29105957-8	2018	Mechanistically, supplementary choline repressed the expression of CELF1 by increasing the recruitment of CELF1 mRNA to processing bodies, thus resulting in suppression of its protein translation.	Choline	31-38	CUGBP Elav-like family member 1	Homo sapiens	67-72
29105957-8	2018	Mechanistically, supplementary choline repressed the expression of CELF1 by increasing the recruitment of CELF1 mRNA to processing bodies, thus resulting in suppression of its protein translation.	Choline	31-38	CUGBP Elav-like family member 1	Homo sapiens	106-111
29745082-13	2018	Cho/NAA and Cho/Cr in the tumor were positively correlated with p53 in the tumor, but negatively correlated with PTEN in the tumor.	Choline	0-3	phosphatase and tensin homolog	Homo sapiens	113-117
29745082-13	2018	Cho/NAA and Cho/Cr in the tumor were positively correlated with p53 in the tumor, but negatively correlated with PTEN in the tumor.	Choline	12-15	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	64-67
27856995-10	2018	Choline supplementation elevated hepatic choline and PC levels and enhanced plasma choline, betaine, and PC concentrations but reduced hepatic betaine level, reversed PPARalpha promoter hypermethylation, and upregulated PPARalpha and CPT1 mRNA and protein expression in PN-fed rats, compared with rats receiving PN alone.	Choline	0-7	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	220-229
29549312-1	2018	Blood choline has been proposed as a predictor of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), however different testing procedures might affect the choline concentration because the lysophospholipase D activity of autotaxin (ATX) can convert lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and choline in human blood.	Choline	6-13	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	201-210
29549312-1	2018	Blood choline has been proposed as a predictor of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), however different testing procedures might affect the choline concentration because the lysophospholipase D activity of autotaxin (ATX) can convert lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and choline in human blood.	Choline	6-13	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	212-215
29549312-1	2018	Blood choline has been proposed as a predictor of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), however different testing procedures might affect the choline concentration because the lysophospholipase D activity of autotaxin (ATX) can convert lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and choline in human blood.	Choline	135-142	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	201-210
29581869-0	2018	Trigger pSA predicting recurrence from positive choline PET/CT with prostate cancer after initial treatment.	Choline	48-55	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	8-11
29581869-1	2018	Purpose: To assess the relationship between the diagnostic accuracy of Choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and the trigger prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level in patients with a biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer.	Choline	71-78	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	153-184
29581869-7	2018	Conclusions: Trigger PSA is an important risk factor for positive findings of Choline PET/CT and the detection rate of Choline PET/CT for recurrent prostate cancer increased in parallel with raises in PSA-values.	Choline	78-85	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	21-24
29581869-7	2018	Conclusions: Trigger PSA is an important risk factor for positive findings of Choline PET/CT and the detection rate of Choline PET/CT for recurrent prostate cancer increased in parallel with raises in PSA-values.	Choline	119-126	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	201-204
29623856-9	2018	Choline uptake inhibition by hemicholinium did increase the AChE activity but not in the erythroid differentiated K562 cell line.	Choline	0-7	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	60-64
29560749-2	2018	In this study, we observed low microRNA 146 b (miR-146 b) expression in NAFLD mice model induced by methionine-choline-deficient diet (MCD) compared with control group.	Choline	111-118	microRNA 146b	Mus musculus	47-56
29128353-5	2018	Here, we demonstrated a novel of PDK4 in NASH by regulating hepatic steatosis and insulin signaling pathway in methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet induced NASH model.	Choline	126-133	pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isoenzyme 4	Mus musculus	33-37
30196290-11	2018	The M3-mAChR agonist choline reduced the increase in caspase-1 in cardiomyocytes induced by D-galactose, which was reversed by the M3-mAChR antagonist 4-DAMP.	Choline	21-28	caspase 1	Mus musculus	53-62
29099733-0	2017	Effective Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen-Based 18F-DCFPyL-Guided Cryoablation of a Single Positive Site in a Patient Believed to Be More Metastatic on 11C-Choline PET/CT.	Choline	159-166	folate hydrolase 1	Homo sapiens	10-50
27856995-10	2018	Choline supplementation elevated hepatic choline and PC levels and enhanced plasma choline, betaine, and PC concentrations but reduced hepatic betaine level, reversed PPARalpha promoter hypermethylation, and upregulated PPARalpha and CPT1 mRNA and protein expression in PN-fed rats, compared with rats receiving PN alone.	Choline	0-7	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	167-176
30109649-3	2018	However, most PLD assays developed so far are either discontinuous or based on the indirect determination of choline released upon phosphatidylcholine (PC) hydrolysis.	Choline	109-116	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	14-17
28436303-9	2018	Choline supplementation also significantly attenuated the LPS-induced increase in serum and placental inflammatory cytokines, decreased the expression of placental alpha7nAChR, lowered the activation of NF-kappaB signaling in placenta mononuclear cells, and inhibited placental AKT phosphorylation.	Choline	0-7	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	278-281
30853754-0	2018	Upregulation of non-canonical Wnt ligands and oxidative glucose metabolism in NASH induced by methionine-choline deficient diet.	Choline	105-112	wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 3A	Mus musculus	30-33
29417057-4	2017	Scs3p was initially identified because deletion leads to inositol auxotrophy, with an unusual sensitivity to addition of choline.	Choline	121-128	Scs3p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
28942147-4	2017	Under phosphate starvation, the double knockout mutant of PECP1 and PS2 showed reduced content of choline but no severe growth phenotype, which suggests that phosphocholine dephosphorylation is not likely a major source of internal phosphate reserve.	Choline	98-105	inorganic pyrophosphatase 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	68-71
28844958-0	2017	Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45alpha protects against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by methionine- and choline-deficient diet.	Choline	120-127	growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 alpha	Mus musculus	0-46
29533930-0	2018	Choline Inhibits Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Cardiomyocyte Autophagy in Rat Myocardium by Activating Akt/mTOR Signaling.	Choline	0-7	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	102-105
29533930-0	2018	Choline Inhibits Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Cardiomyocyte Autophagy in Rat Myocardium by Activating Akt/mTOR Signaling.	Choline	0-7	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Rattus norvegicus	106-110
29533930-11	2018	Choline treatment significantly ameliorated myocardial IR-induced autophagic activity characterized by repression of beclin-1 over-activation, the reduction of autophagosomes, the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, and p62 protein abundance.	Choline	0-7	beclin 1	Rattus norvegicus	117-125
29533930-11	2018	Choline treatment significantly ameliorated myocardial IR-induced autophagic activity characterized by repression of beclin-1 over-activation, the reduction of autophagosomes, the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, and p62 protein abundance.	Choline	0-7	microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha	Homo sapiens	180-183
29533930-11	2018	Choline treatment significantly ameliorated myocardial IR-induced autophagic activity characterized by repression of beclin-1 over-activation, the reduction of autophagosomes, the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, and p62 protein abundance.	Choline	0-7	microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha	Homo sapiens	187-190
29533930-11	2018	Choline treatment significantly ameliorated myocardial IR-induced autophagic activity characterized by repression of beclin-1 over-activation, the reduction of autophagosomes, the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, and p62 protein abundance.	Choline	0-7	KH RNA binding domain containing, signal transduction associated 1	Rattus norvegicus	204-207
29533930-12	2018	In addition, IR-induced downregulation of p-Akt/mTOR cascade was increased by choline.	Choline	78-85	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	44-47
29533930-12	2018	In addition, IR-induced downregulation of p-Akt/mTOR cascade was increased by choline.	Choline	78-85	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Rattus norvegicus	48-52
29533930-14	2018	CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that choline plays a protective role against myocardial IR injury by inhibiting excessive autophagy, which might be associated with the activation of Akt/mTOR pathway.	Choline	40-47	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	185-188
29533930-14	2018	CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that choline plays a protective role against myocardial IR injury by inhibiting excessive autophagy, which might be associated with the activation of Akt/mTOR pathway.	Choline	40-47	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Rattus norvegicus	189-193
30509042-8	2018	RESULTS: Brain MDA levels were significantly increased in PMSS rats at day 30, 60 (p &lt; 0.001), 90 (p &lt; 0.01) and attenuated in PMSS pups supplemented with choline with DHA and CTR at day 30, 60 (p &lt; 0.01), 90 (p &lt; 0.01, p &lt; 0.05) and 360 (p &lt; 0.001) when compared to the same in age-matched controls and PMSS rats, respectively.	Choline	161-168	calcitonin receptor	Rattus norvegicus	182-185
29483823-6	2018	The serum metabonomics study showed that the LDLR-/- ,PSGL-1-/- mice had higher levels of HDL, valine, acetate, pyruvate, choline, PC, GPC and glycine, and lower levels of LDL+VLDL and lactate at the early stage of atherosclerosis, while lactate, citrate and glutamine showed statistical significance at the late stage of atherosclerosis.	Choline	122-129	low density lipoprotein receptor	Mus musculus	45-49
29483823-6	2018	The serum metabonomics study showed that the LDLR-/- ,PSGL-1-/- mice had higher levels of HDL, valine, acetate, pyruvate, choline, PC, GPC and glycine, and lower levels of LDL+VLDL and lactate at the early stage of atherosclerosis, while lactate, citrate and glutamine showed statistical significance at the late stage of atherosclerosis.	Choline	122-129	selectin, platelet (p-selectin) ligand	Mus musculus	54-60
32055153-5	2018	Compared with the other treatments, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved in the 280Chol and control+ groups in Trials 1 and 2 (P&lt;0.05).	Choline	91-95	FCR	Gallus gallus	63-66
30097105-1	2018	Anaerobic choline deamination catalyzed by the glycyl radical enzyme choline trimethylamine-lyase (CutC) has emerged as a major route for trimethylamine (TMA) production within anaerobic environments, including the human gut.	Choline	10-17	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	99-103
30097105-5	2018	In addition, we present the methods we have developed to characterize the activity of CutD and utilize this enzyme in conjunction with purified CutC to gain an unprecedented insight into the anaerobic C-N cleavage of choline.	Choline	217-224	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	144-148
28994223-1	2017	Expression of phospholipid biosynthetic genes in yeast requires activator protein Ino2 which can bind to the UAS element inositol/choline-responsive element (ICRE) and trigger activation of target genes, using two separate transcriptional activation domains, TAD1 and TAD2.	Choline	130-137	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	82-86
29122468-3	2017	The ETF and ETFDH are forming the electron transport pathway for many mitochondrial flavoprotein dehydrogenases involved in fatty acid, amino acid and choline metabolism.	Choline	151-158	electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	12-17
28994223-1	2017	Expression of phospholipid biosynthetic genes in yeast requires activator protein Ino2 which can bind to the UAS element inositol/choline-responsive element (ICRE) and trigger activation of target genes, using two separate transcriptional activation domains, TAD1 and TAD2.	Choline	130-137	tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	259-263
28994223-1	2017	Expression of phospholipid biosynthetic genes in yeast requires activator protein Ino2 which can bind to the UAS element inositol/choline-responsive element (ICRE) and trigger activation of target genes, using two separate transcriptional activation domains, TAD1 and TAD2.	Choline	130-137	tRNA(adenine34) deaminase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	268-272
29333958-7	2017	Tumors were delineated with Ga-68-prostate-specific membrane antigen or F18-choline positron emission tomography in combination with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging.	Choline	76-83	mastermind like domain containing 1	Homo sapiens	72-75
29138500-1	2017	The association between choline uptake and androgen receptor (AR) expression is suggested by the upregulation of choline kinase-alpha in prostate cancer.	Choline	24-31	androgen receptor	Homo sapiens	43-60
29138500-1	2017	The association between choline uptake and androgen receptor (AR) expression is suggested by the upregulation of choline kinase-alpha in prostate cancer.	Choline	24-31	androgen receptor	Homo sapiens	62-64
29138500-1	2017	The association between choline uptake and androgen receptor (AR) expression is suggested by the upregulation of choline kinase-alpha in prostate cancer.	Choline	24-31	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	113-133
29138500-8	2017	AR gain appeared significantly correlated with choline uptake represented mainly by TLA.	Choline	47-54	androgen receptor	Homo sapiens	0-2
28924045-0	2017	Interaction between repressor Opi1p and ER membrane protein Scs2p facilitates transit of phosphatidic acid from the ER to mitochondria and is essential for INO1 gene expression in the presence of choline.	Choline	196-203	transcriptional regulator OPI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	30-35
28924045-0	2017	Interaction between repressor Opi1p and ER membrane protein Scs2p facilitates transit of phosphatidic acid from the ER to mitochondria and is essential for INO1 gene expression in the presence of choline.	Choline	196-203	phosphatidylinositol-binding protein SCS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	60-65
28924045-0	2017	Interaction between repressor Opi1p and ER membrane protein Scs2p facilitates transit of phosphatidic acid from the ER to mitochondria and is essential for INO1 gene expression in the presence of choline.	Choline	196-203	inositol-3-phosphate synthase INO1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	156-160
29163036-3	2017	The high-affinity choline transporter (CHT) is present at the presynaptic cholinergic nerve terminal and is responsible for the reuptake of choline produced by hydrolysis of ACh following its release.	Choline	18-25	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	39-42
29163036-4	2017	Disruption of CHT function leads to decreased choline uptake and ACh synthesis, leading to impaired cholinergic neurotransmission.	Choline	46-53	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	14-17
29096620-8	2017	The higher concentrations of amino acids, glycolytic and glutaminolytic participators in SW1990 and choline-contain metabolites in Panc-1 relative to other PDAC cells were demonstrated, which may be served as potential indicators for tumor differentiation.	Choline	100-107	pancreas protein 1	Mus musculus	131-137
29069098-3	2017	Lactate correlated positively with alanine, glutamate with glutamine; creatine + phosphocreatine (tCr) correlated positively with lactate, alanine and choline + phosphocholine + glycerophosphocholine (tCho), and tCho correlated positively with lactate; fatty acids correlated negatively with lactate, glutamate + glutamine (tGlut), tCr and tCho.	Choline	151-158	T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	98-101
28759122-11	2017	We found a decrease in the numerical density of surfactant protein positive cells, as well as a reduction in mRNA expression of surfactant proteins (SFTP-A, -B and -C), a rate limiting enzyme in surfactant phospholipid synthesis (phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1, choline, alpha; PCYT1A), and glucose transporters (SLC2A1 and SLC2A4) in the fetal lung.	Choline	264-271	pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B	Ovis aries	149-166
28121199-9	2017	Various organic cations, HC-3 and choline deficiency inhibited both [3H]choline uptake and cell viability, and enhanced the caspase-3/7 activity.	Choline	34-41	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	124-133
28121199-12	2017	CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that CTL1 (high-affinity) and CTL2 (low-affinity) are highly expressed in RASFs and choline may be transported by a choline/H+ antiport system.	Choline	119-126	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	40-44
28121199-12	2017	CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that CTL1 (high-affinity) and CTL2 (low-affinity) are highly expressed in RASFs and choline may be transported by a choline/H+ antiport system.	Choline	119-126	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	65-69
28121199-12	2017	CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that CTL1 (high-affinity) and CTL2 (low-affinity) are highly expressed in RASFs and choline may be transported by a choline/H+ antiport system.	Choline	151-158	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	40-44
28121199-12	2017	CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that CTL1 (high-affinity) and CTL2 (low-affinity) are highly expressed in RASFs and choline may be transported by a choline/H+ antiport system.	Choline	151-158	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	65-69
28121199-13	2017	Identification of this CTL1- and CTL2-mediated choline transport system should provide a potential new target for RA therapy.	Choline	47-54	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	23-27
28121199-13	2017	Identification of this CTL1- and CTL2-mediated choline transport system should provide a potential new target for RA therapy.	Choline	47-54	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	33-37
28855256-5	2017	The research in my lab and others demonstrated that the regulated and rate-limiting step in the choline pathway for PC biosynthesis was catalyzed by CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase.	Choline	96-103	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1, choline, alpha isoform	Mus musculus	149-188
29062606-4	2017	Using choline as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist, we found that nAChR stimulation was sufficient to protect SH-SY5Y cells against cell death from MPP+.	Choline	6-13	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	19-51
29062606-4	2017	Using choline as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist, we found that nAChR stimulation was sufficient to protect SH-SY5Y cells against cell death from MPP+.	Choline	6-13	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	53-58
29062606-4	2017	Using choline as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist, we found that nAChR stimulation was sufficient to protect SH-SY5Y cells against cell death from MPP+.	Choline	6-13	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	83-88
29042830-7	2017	Serum free choline was found to be elevated in the two A-GPC groups as compared to placebo (132% and 59% respectively).	Choline	11-18	glycophorin C (Gerbich blood group)	Homo sapiens	57-60
29340224-0	2017	CaMKII Is Involved in the Choline-Induced Downregulation of Acetylcholine Release in Mouse Motor Synapses.	Choline	26-33	calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha	Mus musculus	0-6
29340224-1	2017	We investigated the involvement of calcium-dependent enzymes, protein kinase C (PKC) and calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), in the signaling pathway triggered by the activation of presynaptic alpha7-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by exogenous choline, leading to downregulation of the evoked acetylcholine (ACh) release in mouse motor synapses.	Choline	242-249	calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha	Mus musculus	89-135
29340224-1	2017	We investigated the involvement of calcium-dependent enzymes, protein kinase C (PKC) and calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), in the signaling pathway triggered by the activation of presynaptic alpha7-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by exogenous choline, leading to downregulation of the evoked acetylcholine (ACh) release in mouse motor synapses.	Choline	242-249	calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha	Mus musculus	137-143
28700094-4	2017	Hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) at concentrations less than 1 muM, selectively inhibited the uptake of [3 H]choline by the high affinity-choline transporter 1 and had no effect on basal and electrically evoked [3 H]efflux in superfusion experiments.	Choline	99-106	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Rattus norvegicus	114-149
29340224-3	2017	The CaMKII blocker KN-62 did not affect synaptic activity but fully prevented the choline-induced downregulation of ACh release.	Choline	82-89	calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha	Mus musculus	4-10
28701543-3	2017	Under specific conditions, P2X2 purinoceptors acquire permeability to large cations, such as N-methyl-d-glucamine, and therefore potentially could act as a noncanonical pathway for choline entry into neurons.	Choline	181-188	purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel, 2	Mus musculus	27-31
28701543-12	2017	Accordingly, P2X2 purinoceptors expressed in HEK-293T cells were permeable to choline and similarly functioned as a choline uptake pathway.	Choline	78-85	purinergic receptor P2X 2	Homo sapiens	13-17
28701543-12	2017	Accordingly, P2X2 purinoceptors expressed in HEK-293T cells were permeable to choline and similarly functioned as a choline uptake pathway.	Choline	116-123	purinergic receptor P2X 2	Homo sapiens	13-17
28701543-13	2017	Our physiological and pharmacological findings support the hypothesis that P2 purinoceptors, including P2X2 purinoceptors, function as a novel choline transport pathway and may provide a new regulatory mechanism for cholinergic signaling transmission at synapses in OFF-cholinergic amacrine cells of the mouse retina.NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY Choline transport across the membrane is exerted by both the high-affinity and low-affinity choline transporters.	Choline	143-150	purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel, 2	Mus musculus	103-107
28701543-13	2017	Our physiological and pharmacological findings support the hypothesis that P2 purinoceptors, including P2X2 purinoceptors, function as a novel choline transport pathway and may provide a new regulatory mechanism for cholinergic signaling transmission at synapses in OFF-cholinergic amacrine cells of the mouse retina.NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY Choline transport across the membrane is exerted by both the high-affinity and low-affinity choline transporters.	Choline	338-345	purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel, 2	Mus musculus	103-107
28701543-14	2017	We found that choline can permeate P2 purinergic receptors, including P2X2 purinoceptors, in cholinergic neurons of the retina.	Choline	14-21	purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel, 2	Mus musculus	70-74
28701543-16	2017	Our findings also indicate that the permeability of P2X2 purinergic receptors to choline observed in the heterologous expression system may have a physiological relevance in vivo.	Choline	81-88	purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel, 2	Mus musculus	52-56
29158819-15	2017	In addition, inhibition of CXCR3 by CXCR3 specific antagonists SCH546738 and AMG487 restored mitochondrial function and inhibited mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in the liver of WT mice fed with methionine and choline deficient diet.	Choline	212-219	chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3	Mus musculus	27-32
29158819-15	2017	In addition, inhibition of CXCR3 by CXCR3 specific antagonists SCH546738 and AMG487 restored mitochondrial function and inhibited mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in the liver of WT mice fed with methionine and choline deficient diet.	Choline	212-219	chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3	Mus musculus	36-41
28559181-3	2017	Mice homozygous for a loss of Mthfd1 via a gene-trap mutation are not viable, and heterozygotes, though they appear healthy, have metabolic imbalances in the folate- and choline-mediated 1-carbon metabolic pathways.	Choline	170-177	methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent), methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, formyltetrahydrofolate synthase	Mus musculus	30-36
28887481-7	2017	Methionine and choline-deficient diet (MCD)-induced collagen deposition and HSC activation were attenuated in Gal-1-null mice compared to wild-type mice.	Choline	15-22	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 1	Mus musculus	110-115
28577989-0	2017	Hemicholinium-3 sensitive choline transport in human T lymphocytes: Evidence for use as a proxy for brain choline transporter (CHT) capacity.	Choline	26-33	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	106-125
28577989-1	2017	The synaptic uptake of choline via the high-affinity, hemicholinium-3-dependent choline transporter (CHT) strongly influences the capacity of cholinergic neurons to sustain acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and release.	Choline	23-30	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	80-99
28577989-1	2017	The synaptic uptake of choline via the high-affinity, hemicholinium-3-dependent choline transporter (CHT) strongly influences the capacity of cholinergic neurons to sustain acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and release.	Choline	23-30	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	101-104
28577989-3	2017	Next, we demonstrated CHT-mediated choline transport in human T cells.	Choline	35-42	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	22-25
28577989-5	2017	Choline uptake capacity in T cells from CHT-OXP mice was two-fold higher than in wild type mice, mirroring the impact of CHT over-expression on synaptosomal CHT-mediated choline uptake.	Choline	0-7	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	40-43
28577989-5	2017	Choline uptake capacity in T cells from CHT-OXP mice was two-fold higher than in wild type mice, mirroring the impact of CHT over-expression on synaptosomal CHT-mediated choline uptake.	Choline	0-7	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	121-124
28577989-5	2017	Choline uptake capacity in T cells from CHT-OXP mice was two-fold higher than in wild type mice, mirroring the impact of CHT over-expression on synaptosomal CHT-mediated choline uptake.	Choline	170-177	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	121-124
29033246-10	2017	In vitro studies demonstrate that choline administered concurrent with LPS activation did not significantly suppress TNF-alpha expression but that treatment of cells with choline 10 minutes prior to LPS activation did significantly suppress TNF-alpha expression.	Choline	171-178	tumor necrosis factor	Ovis aries	241-250
29033246-11	2017	Choline pretreated cells expressed 23.99 +- 4.52 ng mg-1 TNF-alpha while LPS only control cells expressed 33.83 +- 3.20 ng mg-1.	Choline	0-7	tumor necrosis factor	Ovis aries	57-66
28820499-7	2017	mRNA levels of lipogenic genes such as Acc1, Fads1, and Elovl5, as well as the transcription factor Srebp1c that favors lipogenesis were downregulated (p &lt; 0.05) by maternal choline supplementation in the HFCS group, which may serve as a mechanism to reduce fat accumulation in the fetal liver during maternal HF feeding.	Choline	177-184	acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase alpha	Mus musculus	39-43
28820499-7	2017	mRNA levels of lipogenic genes such as Acc1, Fads1, and Elovl5, as well as the transcription factor Srebp1c that favors lipogenesis were downregulated (p &lt; 0.05) by maternal choline supplementation in the HFCS group, which may serve as a mechanism to reduce fat accumulation in the fetal liver during maternal HF feeding.	Choline	177-184	fatty acid desaturase 1	Mus musculus	45-50
28820499-7	2017	mRNA levels of lipogenic genes such as Acc1, Fads1, and Elovl5, as well as the transcription factor Srebp1c that favors lipogenesis were downregulated (p &lt; 0.05) by maternal choline supplementation in the HFCS group, which may serve as a mechanism to reduce fat accumulation in the fetal liver during maternal HF feeding.	Choline	177-184	ELOVL family member 5, elongation of long chain fatty acids (yeast)	Mus musculus	56-62
28820499-7	2017	mRNA levels of lipogenic genes such as Acc1, Fads1, and Elovl5, as well as the transcription factor Srebp1c that favors lipogenesis were downregulated (p &lt; 0.05) by maternal choline supplementation in the HFCS group, which may serve as a mechanism to reduce fat accumulation in the fetal liver during maternal HF feeding.	Choline	177-184	sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1	Mus musculus	100-107
28337858-2	2017	Here, the authors report the use of a deep eutectic solvent, choline and geranate (CAGE), to enhance topical delivery of proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA, molecular weight:  66 kDa), ovalbumin (OVA, molecular weight:  45 kDa) and insulin (INS, molecular weight: 5.8 kDa).	Choline	61-68	albumin	Rattus norvegicus	145-158
28687713-1	2017	Background and aims: TLR9 deletion protects against steatohepatitis due to choline-amino acid depletion and high-fat diet.	Choline	75-82	toll-like receptor 9	Mus musculus	21-25
28175933-2	2017	We have previously shown that the negative regulator Opi1 of yeast phospholipid biosynthesis inhibits transcription by recruiting corepressors Sin3 and Cyc8 in the presence of precursor molecules inositol and choline.	Choline	209-216	transcriptional regulator OPI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	53-57
28175933-2	2017	We have previously shown that the negative regulator Opi1 of yeast phospholipid biosynthesis inhibits transcription by recruiting corepressors Sin3 and Cyc8 in the presence of precursor molecules inositol and choline.	Choline	209-216	transcriptional regulator SIN3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	143-147
28175933-2	2017	We have previously shown that the negative regulator Opi1 of yeast phospholipid biosynthesis inhibits transcription by recruiting corepressors Sin3 and Cyc8 in the presence of precursor molecules inositol and choline.	Choline	209-216	transcription regulator CYC8	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	152-156
28654865-7	2017	mRNA levels of choline kinase alpha (ChKalpha), which converts Cho to PC, were reduced following doxorubicin treatment.	Choline	63-66	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	15-35
28654865-7	2017	mRNA levels of choline kinase alpha (ChKalpha), which converts Cho to PC, were reduced following doxorubicin treatment.	Choline	63-66	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	37-45
28642069-4	2017	Two groups, control and choline, received tap water and choline bitartrate, respectively at the dose equivalent to adequate intake for five weeks.	Choline	24-31	nuclear RNA export factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	42-45
28704425-7	2017	Our results show that our in vitro NMR-detected changes in lactate and choline metabolites may have potential as non-invasive biomarkers for monitoring response to combination of PI3K/mTOR inhibitors with TMZ during clinical trials in children with glioblastoma, subject to further in vivo validation.	Choline	71-78	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	184-188
29238438-2	2017	Hydrogenation of a synthesized unsaturated 15N-labeled precursor (neurine) with parahydrogen (p-H2) over Rh/TiO2 heterogeneous catalysts yielded a hyperpolarized structural analog of choline.	Choline	183-190	polyhomeotic homolog 2	Homo sapiens	94-98
28718809-8	2017	Placental mRNA expression of Igf1 was downregulated by 4X (versus 1X) choline at E10.5.	Choline	70-77	insulin-like growth factor 1	Mus musculus	29-33
28587634-7	2017	Moreover, Arabidopsis mutants deficient in either abscisic acid deficient 2 (ABA2) or abscisic acid insensitive 3 (ABI3) displayed increased expression of the sinapoylglucose:choline sinapoyltransferase (SCT) and sinapoylcholine esterase (SCE) genes with sinapic acid treatment.	Choline	175-182	NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	77-81
28686226-0	2017	MYC is a positive regulator of choline metabolism and impedes mitophagy-dependent necroptosis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.	Choline	31-38	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	0-3
28686226-2	2017	Here, in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), serum metabolomic analysis revealed that oncogenic MYC could induce aberrant choline metabolism by transcriptionally activating the key enzyme phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1 choline-alpha (PCYT1A).	Choline	125-132	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	99-102
28686226-2	2017	Here, in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), serum metabolomic analysis revealed that oncogenic MYC could induce aberrant choline metabolism by transcriptionally activating the key enzyme phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1 choline-alpha (PCYT1A).	Choline	224-231	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	99-102
28686226-4	2017	In DLBCL patients, overexpression of PCYT1A was in parallel with an increase in tumor MYC, as well as a decrease in serum choline metabolite phosphatidylcholine levels and an International Prognostic Index, indicating intermediate-high or high risk.	Choline	122-129	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1A, choline	Homo sapiens	37-43
29060657-5	2017	We found a positive correlation between the dACC fractional anisotropy (FA) value and choline concentration in patients.	Choline	86-93	Acetyl-CoA carboxylase	Drosophila melanogaster	44-48
28447479-1	2017	INTRODUCTION: Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and choline.	Choline	83-90	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	14-23
28447479-1	2017	INTRODUCTION: Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and choline.	Choline	83-90	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	25-28
29450391-2	2017	Exogenous Citicoline, administered by ingestion or injection, is hydrolyzed and dephosphorylated in order to form cytidine and choline, which resynthesize CDP-choline inside brain cells.	Choline	127-134	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	155-158
28644401-0	2017	The Investigation of Electrochemistry Behaviors of Tyrosinase Based on Directly-Electrodeposited Grapheneon Choline-Gold Nanoparticles.	Choline	108-115	tyrosinase	Homo sapiens	51-61
28644401-1	2017	A novel catechol (CA) biosensor was developed by embedding tyrosinase (Tyr) onto in situ electrochemical reduction graphene (EGR) on choline-functionalized gold nanoparticle (AuNPs-Ch) film.	Choline	133-140	tyrosinase	Homo sapiens	59-69
28644401-1	2017	A novel catechol (CA) biosensor was developed by embedding tyrosinase (Tyr) onto in situ electrochemical reduction graphene (EGR) on choline-functionalized gold nanoparticle (AuNPs-Ch) film.	Choline	133-140	tyrosinase	Homo sapiens	71-74
28686226-6	2017	Collectively, PCYT1A was upregulated by MYC, which resulted in the induction of aberrant choline metabolism and the inhibition of B-lymphoma cell necroptosis.	Choline	89-96	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1A, choline	Homo sapiens	14-20
28686226-6	2017	Collectively, PCYT1A was upregulated by MYC, which resulted in the induction of aberrant choline metabolism and the inhibition of B-lymphoma cell necroptosis.	Choline	89-96	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	40-43
28587634-7	2017	Moreover, Arabidopsis mutants deficient in either abscisic acid deficient 2 (ABA2) or abscisic acid insensitive 3 (ABI3) displayed increased expression of the sinapoylglucose:choline sinapoyltransferase (SCT) and sinapoylcholine esterase (SCE) genes with sinapic acid treatment.	Choline	175-182	AP2/B3-like transcriptional factor family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	115-119
27638130-4	2017	DESIGN: Compound libraries were screened using an LPC coupled enzyme assay that measures the amount of choline released from LPC by the action of autotaxin.	Choline	103-110	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Rattus norvegicus	146-155
28515075-4	2017	We show that the major adhesin of the pneumococcal pilus-1, RrgA, binds both receptors, whereas the choline binding protein PspC binds, but to a lower extent, only pIgR.	Choline	100-107	polymeric immunoglobulin receptor	Mus musculus	164-168
28533512-0	2017	Is there an association between enhanced choline and beta-catenin pathway in breast cancer?	Choline	41-48	catenin beta 1	Homo sapiens	53-65
28176016-3	2017	In this study, we determined how choline affects action potentials and excitatory synaptic transmission using extracellular and intracellular recording techniques in CA1 area of hippocampal slices obtained from both mice and rats.	Choline	33-40	carbonic anhydrase 1	Mus musculus	166-169
28395994-6	2017	Further experiments in SH-EP1 cells expressing human alpha7 nACh receptor indicated that thujone suppressed choline induced Ca2+ transients in a concentration-dependent manner.	Choline	108-115	carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens	124-127
28611584-7	2017	Choline or N-methyl-D-glucamine replacement of external Na+ ions significantly reduced or abolished substrate-independent EAAT channel activity in EAAT3 and EAAT4 yet has no effect on EAAT1 or EAAT2.	Choline	0-7	solute carrier family 1 member 1	Homo sapiens	147-152
28611584-7	2017	Choline or N-methyl-D-glucamine replacement of external Na+ ions significantly reduced or abolished substrate-independent EAAT channel activity in EAAT3 and EAAT4 yet has no effect on EAAT1 or EAAT2.	Choline	0-7	solute carrier family 1 member 6	Homo sapiens	157-162
28132498-4	2017	Through manipulating different regulators including Ino2p, Ino4p, Opi1p, and a series of synthetic Ino2p variants, combining with studying the inositol and choline effect, the engineered strain achieved a 9-fold increase of the titer of malonyl-CoA-derived product 3-hydroxypropionic acid, which is among the highest improvement relative to previously reported strategies.	Choline	156-163	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	52-57
28132498-4	2017	Through manipulating different regulators including Ino2p, Ino4p, Opi1p, and a series of synthetic Ino2p variants, combining with studying the inositol and choline effect, the engineered strain achieved a 9-fold increase of the titer of malonyl-CoA-derived product 3-hydroxypropionic acid, which is among the highest improvement relative to previously reported strategies.	Choline	156-163	Ino4p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	59-64
28132498-4	2017	Through manipulating different regulators including Ino2p, Ino4p, Opi1p, and a series of synthetic Ino2p variants, combining with studying the inositol and choline effect, the engineered strain achieved a 9-fold increase of the titer of malonyl-CoA-derived product 3-hydroxypropionic acid, which is among the highest improvement relative to previously reported strategies.	Choline	156-163	transcriptional regulator OPI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	66-71
28132498-4	2017	Through manipulating different regulators including Ino2p, Ino4p, Opi1p, and a series of synthetic Ino2p variants, combining with studying the inositol and choline effect, the engineered strain achieved a 9-fold increase of the titer of malonyl-CoA-derived product 3-hydroxypropionic acid, which is among the highest improvement relative to previously reported strategies.	Choline	156-163	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	99-104
28539281-8	2017	The mice pretreated with LPS expressed obviously increased levels of IBA-1 protein, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta in the hippocampus (P&lt;0.01), and choline pretreatment significantly lowered the expressions of IBA-1 protein and IL-1beta (P&lt;0.05).	Choline	144-151	induction of brown adipocytes 1	Mus musculus	206-211
28539281-8	2017	The mice pretreated with LPS expressed obviously increased levels of IBA-1 protein, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta in the hippocampus (P&lt;0.01), and choline pretreatment significantly lowered the expressions of IBA-1 protein and IL-1beta (P&lt;0.05).	Choline	144-151	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	224-232
28539281-9	2017	The phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK increased significantly after LPS pretreatment (P&lt;0.05), and was reduced by choline pretreatment (P&lt;0.05); alpha 7nAchR expression increased significantly in choline intervention group as compared with that in the other 3 groups (P&lt;0.05).	Choline	117-124	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	29-37
28539281-9	2017	The phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK increased significantly after LPS pretreatment (P&lt;0.05), and was reduced by choline pretreatment (P&lt;0.05); alpha 7nAchR expression increased significantly in choline intervention group as compared with that in the other 3 groups (P&lt;0.05).	Choline	117-124	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	151-163
28539281-9	2017	The phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK increased significantly after LPS pretreatment (P&lt;0.05), and was reduced by choline pretreatment (P&lt;0.05); alpha 7nAchR expression increased significantly in choline intervention group as compared with that in the other 3 groups (P&lt;0.05).	Choline	202-209	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	29-37
28539281-9	2017	The phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK increased significantly after LPS pretreatment (P&lt;0.05), and was reduced by choline pretreatment (P&lt;0.05); alpha 7nAchR expression increased significantly in choline intervention group as compared with that in the other 3 groups (P&lt;0.05).	Choline	202-209	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	151-163
28539281-10	2017	CONCLUSION: Choline can probably antagonize LPS-induced hippocampal p38 MAPK phosphorylation in mice via the alpha 7nAchR signaling pathway to protective against LPS-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in mice.	Choline	12-19	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	68-71
28539281-10	2017	CONCLUSION: Choline can probably antagonize LPS-induced hippocampal p38 MAPK phosphorylation in mice via the alpha 7nAchR signaling pathway to protective against LPS-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in mice.	Choline	12-19	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	109-121
28611447-5	2017	Chronic liver injury by CCl4 administration or by feeding a methionine/choline deficient diet to transgenic mice over-expressing human SerpinB3 in hepatocytes confirmed that SerpinB3 over-expression significantly increased the mRNA levels of pro-fibrogenic genes, collagen deposition and alphaSMA-positive HSC/MFs as compared to wild-type mice, without affecting parenchymal damage.	Choline	71-78	serpin family B member 3	Homo sapiens	174-182
28306608-7	2017	Varying degrees of COX-2 expression have positive correlation with the Cho/Cr values in tumor zone (r=0.49, P=0.013), and showed not significant correlation with sex, age, and tumor location.	Choline	71-74	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Homo sapiens	19-24
28466895-1	2017	A neutral molecular complex, Zn(ZnCl4)2(Cho)2, has been isolated from the well-known choline chloride/ZnCl2 deep eutectic system (DES) and its crystal structure has been determined.	Choline	85-101	EBP cholestenol delta-isomerase	Homo sapiens	40-45
27421062-1	2017	AIM: Low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR-KO) mice fed a modified choline-deficient and amino acid-defined (mCDAA) diet show non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-like pathophysiology.	Choline	77-84	low density lipoprotein receptor	Mus musculus	5-37
27421062-1	2017	AIM: Low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR-KO) mice fed a modified choline-deficient and amino acid-defined (mCDAA) diet show non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-like pathophysiology.	Choline	77-84	low density lipoprotein receptor	Mus musculus	48-52
28468239-2	2017	Diet intake of choline can modulate methylation because, via betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), this nutrient (and its metabolite, betaine) regulate the concentrations of S-adenosylhomocysteine and S-adenosylmethionine.	Choline	15-22	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	61-99
28487022-5	2017	Specifically, 4X (versus 1X) choline reduced the transcript (P &lt;= 0.05) and protein (P &lt;= 0.06) expression of TNF-a and IL-1beta in the male placentas at E10.5 and E18.5, respectively.	Choline	29-36	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	116-121
28487022-5	2017	Specifically, 4X (versus 1X) choline reduced the transcript (P &lt;= 0.05) and protein (P &lt;= 0.06) expression of TNF-a and IL-1beta in the male placentas at E10.5 and E18.5, respectively.	Choline	29-36	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	126-134
28487022-6	2017	In the female placentas, 4X (versus 1X) choline modulated the transcript expression of Il1b in a biphasic pattern with reduced Il1b at E12.5 (P = 0.045) and E18.5 (P = 0.067) but increased Il1b at E15.5 (P = 0.031).	Choline	40-47	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	87-91
28487022-6	2017	In the female placentas, 4X (versus 1X) choline modulated the transcript expression of Il1b in a biphasic pattern with reduced Il1b at E12.5 (P = 0.045) and E18.5 (P = 0.067) but increased Il1b at E15.5 (P = 0.031).	Choline	40-47	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	127-131
28487022-6	2017	In the female placentas, 4X (versus 1X) choline modulated the transcript expression of Il1b in a biphasic pattern with reduced Il1b at E12.5 (P = 0.045) and E18.5 (P = 0.067) but increased Il1b at E15.5 (P = 0.031).	Choline	40-47	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	127-131
28468239-5	2017	When choline metabolism is disrupted by deleting the gene Bhmt, DNA methylation is affected (especially in a region of chromosome 13), expression of specific genes is suppressed, and liver cancers develop.	Choline	5-12	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	58-62
28292932-5	2017	Although the overall fold and catalytic center are conserved relative to other NPPs, alk-SMase recognizes the choline moiety of its substrates via an NPP7-specific aromatic box composed of tyrosine residues.	Choline	110-117	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 7	Homo sapiens	85-94
28292932-5	2017	Although the overall fold and catalytic center are conserved relative to other NPPs, alk-SMase recognizes the choline moiety of its substrates via an NPP7-specific aromatic box composed of tyrosine residues.	Choline	110-117	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 7	Homo sapiens	150-154
28232186-5	2017	Suv39h2 knockout (KO) mice developed a less severe form of steatosis fed on a methione-and-choline deficient (MCD) diet, compared to wild type (WT) littermates, as evidenced by reduced levels of plasma ALT, down-regulated expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, and decreased infiltration of macrophages.	Choline	91-98	suppressor of variegation 3-9 2	Mus musculus	0-7
28244322-3	2017	However, when in combination with doxorubicin and methotrexate, Pd2Spm induced strong metabolic deviations on lipids, choline compounds, amino acids, nucleotides, and compounds related to antioxidative mechanisms (e.g., glutathione, inositol, hypoxanthine), similarly to the cDDP cocktail.	Choline	118-125	PAF1 homolog, Paf1/RNA polymerase II complex component	Homo sapiens	64-67
28106328-1	2017	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme of the serine hydrolase superfamily, is a mediator of signal transmission at cholinergic synapses by catalyzing acetylcholine cleavage into acetate and choline.	Choline	6-13	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	22-26
28468239-2	2017	Diet intake of choline can modulate methylation because, via betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), this nutrient (and its metabolite, betaine) regulate the concentrations of S-adenosylhomocysteine and S-adenosylmethionine.	Choline	15-22	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	101-105
27967267-1	2017	INTRODUCTION: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the major enzyme that hydrolyzes acetylcholine, a key neurotransmitter for synaptic transmission, into acetic acid and choline.	Choline	20-27	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	36-40
28063004-3	2017	In mice that are fed with a methionine-choline deficient diet for two weeks to induce advanced murine NASH, we do see increased hepatic levels of TUBA8 protein.	Choline	39-46	tubulin, alpha 8	Mus musculus	146-151
28065789-1	2017	BACKGROUND &amp; AIMS: Choline kinase alpha (CHKA) catalyzes conversion of choline to phosphocholine and can contribute to carcinogenesis.	Choline	75-82	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	23-43
28065789-1	2017	BACKGROUND &amp; AIMS: Choline kinase alpha (CHKA) catalyzes conversion of choline to phosphocholine and can contribute to carcinogenesis.	Choline	75-82	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	45-49
28161170-6	2017	Greater abundance on d 4 and 14 of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2 (BHMT2), adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY; also known as SAHH), and cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS) in MET calves indicated alterations in Met, choline, and homocysteine metabolism.	Choline	220-227	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2	Bos taurus	35-77
28334015-0	2017	Correction: Perinatal Choline Supplementation Reduces Amyloidosis and Increases Choline Acetyltransferase Expression in the Hippocampus of the APPswePS1dE9 Alzheimer"s Disease Model Mice.	Choline	22-29	choline acetyltransferase	Mus musculus	80-105
28153301-4	2017	Under optimized conditions, the BPEs array was successfully applied for the determination of glucose, lactate and choline in the ranges of 0.01-1mM, 0.01-1mM and 0.02-5mM, with the LOD of 7.57muM, 8.25muM and 43.19muM, respectively.	Choline	114-121	latexin	Homo sapiens	192-195
28068143-0	2017	Adaptations to excess choline in insulin resistant and Pcyt2 deficient skeletal muscle.	Choline	22-29	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 2, ethanolamine	Mus musculus	55-60
28068143-1	2017	It was hypothesized that choline supplementation in insulin resistant (IR) CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase deficient (Pcyt2+/-) mice would ameliorate muscle function by remodeling glucose and fatty acid (FA) metabolism.	Choline	25-32	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 2, ethanolamine	Mus musculus	131-136
28068143-6	2017	Choline reduced the expression of genes for FA and TAG formation (Scd1, Fas, Srebp1c, Dgat1/2), upregulated the genes for FA oxidation (Cpt1, Pparalpha, Pgc1alpha), and had minor effects on phospholipid and lipolysis genes.	Choline	0-7	stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase 1	Mus musculus	66-70
28068143-6	2017	Choline reduced the expression of genes for FA and TAG formation (Scd1, Fas, Srebp1c, Dgat1/2), upregulated the genes for FA oxidation (Cpt1, Pparalpha, Pgc1alpha), and had minor effects on phospholipid and lipolysis genes.	Choline	0-7	sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1	Mus musculus	77-84
28068143-6	2017	Choline reduced the expression of genes for FA and TAG formation (Scd1, Fas, Srebp1c, Dgat1/2), upregulated the genes for FA oxidation (Cpt1, Pparalpha, Pgc1alpha), and had minor effects on phospholipid and lipolysis genes.	Choline	0-7	diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1	Mus musculus	86-93
28068143-6	2017	Choline reduced the expression of genes for FA and TAG formation (Scd1, Fas, Srebp1c, Dgat1/2), upregulated the genes for FA oxidation (Cpt1, Pparalpha, Pgc1alpha), and had minor effects on phospholipid and lipolysis genes.	Choline	0-7	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	136-140
28068143-6	2017	Choline reduced the expression of genes for FA and TAG formation (Scd1, Fas, Srebp1c, Dgat1/2), upregulated the genes for FA oxidation (Cpt1, Pparalpha, Pgc1alpha), and had minor effects on phospholipid and lipolysis genes.	Choline	0-7	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	142-151
28068143-6	2017	Choline reduced the expression of genes for FA and TAG formation (Scd1, Fas, Srebp1c, Dgat1/2), upregulated the genes for FA oxidation (Cpt1, Pparalpha, Pgc1alpha), and had minor effects on phospholipid and lipolysis genes.	Choline	0-7	peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha	Mus musculus	153-162
28068143-7	2017	Pcyt2+/- muscle had reduced insulin signaling (IRS1), autophagy (LC3), and choline transport (CTL1) proteins that were restored by choline treatment.	Choline	75-82	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 2, ethanolamine	Mus musculus	0-5
28068143-7	2017	Pcyt2+/- muscle had reduced insulin signaling (IRS1), autophagy (LC3), and choline transport (CTL1) proteins that were restored by choline treatment.	Choline	131-138	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 2, ethanolamine	Mus musculus	0-5
28068143-7	2017	Pcyt2+/- muscle had reduced insulin signaling (IRS1), autophagy (LC3), and choline transport (CTL1) proteins that were restored by choline treatment.	Choline	131-138	cytotoxic T lymphocyte response 1	Mus musculus	94-98
28068143-8	2017	Additionally, choline activated AMPK and Akt while inhibiting mTORC1 phosphorylation.	Choline	14-21	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	41-44
28068143-8	2017	Additionally, choline activated AMPK and Akt while inhibiting mTORC1 phosphorylation.	Choline	14-21	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	62-68
28068143-9	2017	These data established that choline supplementation could restore muscle glucose metabolism by reducing lipogenesis and improving mitochondrial and intracellular signaling for protein and energy metabolism in insulin resistant Pcyt2 deficient mice.	Choline	28-35	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 2, ethanolamine	Mus musculus	227-232
27914899-1	2017	Choline Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography for Selection of Patients for Salvage Strategies After Primary Local Treatment of Prostate Cancer and Rising Prostate-specific Antigen: Ready for Prime Time?	Choline	0-7	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	166-191
28119456-0	2017	Nectin-like 4 Complexes with Choline Transporter-like Protein-1 and Regulates Schwann Cell Choline Homeostasis and Lipid Biogenesis in Vitro.	Choline	29-36	cell adhesion molecule 4	Homo sapiens	0-13
28119456-6	2017	We show that intracellular choline levels are significantly elevated in NECL4-deficient Schwann cells.	Choline	27-34	cell adhesion molecule 4	Homo sapiens	72-77
28119456-7	2017	The analysis of extracellular d9-choline uptake revealed a deficit in the amount of d9-choline found inside NECL4-deficient Schwann cells, suggestive of either reduced transport capabilities or increased metabolization of transported choline.	Choline	33-40	cell adhesion molecule 4	Homo sapiens	108-113
28119456-8	2017	An extensive lipidomic screen of choline derivatives showed that total phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol (but not diacylglycerol or sphingomyelin) are significantly elevated in NECL4-deficient Schwann cells, particularly specific subspecies of phosphatidylcholine carrying very long polyunsaturated fatty acid chains.	Choline	33-40	cell adhesion molecule 4	Homo sapiens	188-193
28119456-9	2017	Finally, CTL1-deficient Schwann cells are significantly impaired in their ability to myelinate neurites in vitro To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a bona fide cell adhesion molecule, NECL4, regulating choline homeostasis and lipid biogenesis.	Choline	220-227	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	9-13
28119456-9	2017	Finally, CTL1-deficient Schwann cells are significantly impaired in their ability to myelinate neurites in vitro To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a bona fide cell adhesion molecule, NECL4, regulating choline homeostasis and lipid biogenesis.	Choline	220-227	cell adhesion molecule 4	Homo sapiens	202-207
28087695-8	2017	[14C]Choline and [3H]palmitate tracking shows that SMS1 overexpression apparently affects the partitioning of palmitate-enriched diacylglycerol between the phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerol pathways, to the benefit of the former.	Choline	5-12	sphingomyelin synthase 1	Homo sapiens	51-55
28276527-4	2017	The FOS-choline 14 purified tetrameric hNCT exhibits a proper folding with 31% alpha-helix and 23% beta-sheet content.	Choline	8-15	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Homo sapiens	4-7
27104782-1	2017	OBJECTIVE: To report the 3-year toxicity and outcomes of carbon 11 (11C)-choline-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT)-guided radiotherapy (RT), delivered via helical tomotherapy (HTT; Tomotherapy  Hi-Art II  Treatment System, Accuray Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) after lymph node (LN) relapses in patients with prostate cancer.	Choline	73-80	huntingtin	Homo sapiens	202-205
27842722-0	2017	Choline Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography for Selection of Patients for Salvage Strategies After Primary Local Treatment of Prostate Cancer and Rising Prostate-specific Antigen: Ready for Prime Time?	Choline	0-7	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	166-191
28132510-10	2017	This indicates that due to the tight packing of lipid molecules, particularly the head parts, in the gel phase, HN3 molecules mostly stay near the choline group of lipid and interact with water molecules in the vicinity of choline groups.	Choline	223-230	MT-RNR2 like 3 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	112-115
28069796-14	2017	MTHFR protein and mRNA were reduced in embryonic liver, with lower concentrations of choline, betaine and phosphocholine.	Choline	85-92	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Mus musculus	0-5
28347224-2	2017	Our study revealed that crocodile choline led to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase through attenuating the expressions of cyclins, Cyclin B1, and CDK-1.	Choline	34-41	cyclin B1	Homo sapiens	124-131
28347224-2	2017	Our study revealed that crocodile choline led to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase through attenuating the expressions of cyclins, Cyclin B1, and CDK-1.	Choline	34-41	cyclin B1	Homo sapiens	133-142
28347224-2	2017	Our study revealed that crocodile choline led to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase through attenuating the expressions of cyclins, Cyclin B1, and CDK-1.	Choline	34-41	cyclin dependent kinase 1	Homo sapiens	148-153
28347224-3	2017	Furthermore, crocodile choline accelerated apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway with the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, the increase in reactive oxygen species production and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and the activation of caspase-3 along with the release of cytochrome c.	Choline	23-30	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	207-210
28347224-3	2017	Furthermore, crocodile choline accelerated apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway with the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, the increase in reactive oxygen species production and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and the activation of caspase-3 along with the release of cytochrome c.	Choline	23-30	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	211-216
28347224-3	2017	Furthermore, crocodile choline accelerated apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway with the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, the increase in reactive oxygen species production and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and the activation of caspase-3 along with the release of cytochrome c.	Choline	23-30	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	246-255
28347224-3	2017	Furthermore, crocodile choline accelerated apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway with the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, the increase in reactive oxygen species production and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and the activation of caspase-3 along with the release of cytochrome c.	Choline	23-30	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	282-294
28347224-6	2017	Notch1 short interfering RNA sensitized and potentiated the capability of crocodile choline to suppress the cell progression and invasion of gastric cancer.	Choline	84-91	notch receptor 1	Homo sapiens	0-6
28289374-3	2017	High affinity choline uptake (HACU) into acetylcholine (ACh)-synthesizing neurons is critically mediated by the sodium- and pH-dependent high-affinity choline transporter (CHT, encoded by the SLC5A7 gene).	Choline	14-21	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	151-170
28289374-3	2017	High affinity choline uptake (HACU) into acetylcholine (ACh)-synthesizing neurons is critically mediated by the sodium- and pH-dependent high-affinity choline transporter (CHT, encoded by the SLC5A7 gene).	Choline	14-21	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	172-175
28289374-3	2017	High affinity choline uptake (HACU) into acetylcholine (ACh)-synthesizing neurons is critically mediated by the sodium- and pH-dependent high-affinity choline transporter (CHT, encoded by the SLC5A7 gene).	Choline	14-21	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	192-198
28132510-10	2017	This indicates that due to the tight packing of lipid molecules, particularly the head parts, in the gel phase, HN3 molecules mostly stay near the choline group of lipid and interact with water molecules in the vicinity of choline groups.	Choline	147-154	MT-RNR2 like 3 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	112-115
28225018-8	2017	Choline downregulated expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha and upregulated IL-10 in the mesenteric arteries of SHRs, possibly because of the inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4.	Choline	0-7	interleukin 10	Rattus norvegicus	104-109
28225018-8	2017	Choline downregulated expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha and upregulated IL-10 in the mesenteric arteries of SHRs, possibly because of the inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4.	Choline	0-7	toll-like receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	184-204
28193693-4	2017	First, we found that electrical stimulation of the basal forebrain increased cortical choline transporter (CHT)-mediated choline transport in GTs, paralleled by a redistribution of CHTs to the synaptic plasma membrane.	Choline	86-93	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	107-110
27368532-5	2017	The RT-PCR results show that the expression of the Aggrecan (Acan), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta1), and Aggrecanases-1 gene were abnormal in the high fluoride (HiF) group, and treatments with choline reversed this phenomenon.	Choline	205-212	aggrecan	Mus musculus	51-59
27368532-5	2017	The RT-PCR results show that the expression of the Aggrecan (Acan), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta1), and Aggrecanases-1 gene were abnormal in the high fluoride (HiF) group, and treatments with choline reversed this phenomenon.	Choline	205-212	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Mus musculus	101-110
27769579-2	2017	Choline kinases possess enzyme activity that catalyses the conversion of choline to phosphocholine, which is further converted to cytidine diphosphate-coline (CDP-choline) in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC).	Choline	73-80	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	159-162
27743455-2	2017	Gene expression is stimulated by the heterodimeric activator Ino2/Ino4, which binds to ICRE (inositol/choline-responsive element) promoter sequences.	Choline	102-109	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	61-65
27743455-2	2017	Gene expression is stimulated by the heterodimeric activator Ino2/Ino4, which binds to ICRE (inositol/choline-responsive element) promoter sequences.	Choline	102-109	Ino4p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	66-70
27982588-1	2017	Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to the bioactive lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and choline.	Choline	87-94	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	0-9
27982588-1	2017	Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to the bioactive lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and choline.	Choline	87-94	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	11-14
28103298-0	2017	Perinatal Choline Supplementation Reduces Amyloidosis and Increases Choline Acetyltransferase Expression in the Hippocampus of the APPswePS1dE9 Alzheimer"s Disease Model Mice.	Choline	10-17	choline acetyltransferase	Mus musculus	68-93
27823929-5	2017	In the cervical segment of the spinal cord, SPP1 was principally expressed in choline acetyltransferase-positive motor neurons in lamina IX.	Choline	78-85	secreted phosphoprotein 1	Homo sapiens	44-48
27738720-3	2017	Within 1 h, 49 mM CDP-choline was produced, for a molar yield of 89.9 and 68.4 % based on CMP and choline chloride, respectively; the utilization efficiency of energy (UEE) was 79.5 %.	Choline	98-114	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	18-21
27840230-2	2017	Our prior studies demonstrated that maternal choline supplementation (MCS) improves attention and spatial cognition in Ts65Dn offspring, normalizes hippocampal neurogenesis, and lessens BFCN degeneration in the medial septal nucleus (MSN).	Choline	45-52	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	119-125
28013291-4	2017	SH-SY5Y cells transfected with SLC44A4 showed higher choline uptake and acetylcholine release than that of cells transfected with mutant SLC44A4.	Choline	53-60	solute carrier family 44 member 4	Homo sapiens	31-38
28013291-5	2017	We concluded that mutation of SLC44A4 may cause defects in the Choline- acetylcholine system, which is crucial to the efferent innervation of hair cells in the olivocochlear bundle for the maintenance of physiological function of outer hair cells and the protection of hair cells from acoustic injury, leading to hearing loss.	Choline	63-70	solute carrier family 44 member 4	Danio rerio	30-37
27840230-4	2017	Ts65Dn dams were fed either a choline-supplemented or standard diet during pregnancy and lactation.	Choline	30-37	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	0-6
27864277-1	2017	Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes phospholipids to generate a free polar head group (e.g., choline) and a second messenger phosphatidic acid and plays diverse roles in plant growth and development, including seed germination, leaf senescence, root hair growth, and hypocotyl elongation.	Choline	90-97	phospholipase D gamma 1	Gossypium hirsutum	0-15
27864277-1	2017	Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes phospholipids to generate a free polar head group (e.g., choline) and a second messenger phosphatidic acid and plays diverse roles in plant growth and development, including seed germination, leaf senescence, root hair growth, and hypocotyl elongation.	Choline	90-97	phospholipase D gamma 1	Gossypium hirsutum	17-20
29782589-7	2017	The PSA level showed a tight connection with the true positivity/negativity of Choline scan.	Choline	79-86	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	4-7
27677362-3	2017	In the present case-control association study, we investigated the relationship of three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) rs12325817, choline dehydrogenase (CHDH) rs12676 and homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) rs3733890) of choline metabolism with risk for DS.	Choline	193-200	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	175-179
27677362-8	2017	We also observed an epistatic interaction between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) rs1801133 and choline metabolic pathway gene variants.	Choline	108-115	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	50-85
27677362-8	2017	We also observed an epistatic interaction between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) rs1801133 and choline metabolic pathway gene variants.	Choline	108-115	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	87-92
29782589-10	2017	Conclusions: This study shows that an even mild focal uptake of Choline in the PB and BUJ along midline must be considered suspicious for LR in patients radically treated for PCa, especially if they are presenting with PSA level &gt; 1 ng/ml.	Choline	64-71	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	219-222
28509322-2	2017	The proper activity of this metabolism could be determined by genetic variants involved in choline pathway e.g. CHKA (gene encoding choline kinase alpha), PCYT1A (gene encoding CCTalpha) and CHDH (gene encoding choline dehydrogenase).	Choline	91-98	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	112-116
28509322-2	2017	The proper activity of this metabolism could be determined by genetic variants involved in choline pathway e.g. CHKA (gene encoding choline kinase alpha), PCYT1A (gene encoding CCTalpha) and CHDH (gene encoding choline dehydrogenase).	Choline	91-98	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	132-152
28509322-2	2017	The proper activity of this metabolism could be determined by genetic variants involved in choline pathway e.g. CHKA (gene encoding choline kinase alpha), PCYT1A (gene encoding CCTalpha) and CHDH (gene encoding choline dehydrogenase).	Choline	91-98	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1A, choline	Homo sapiens	155-161
28509322-2	2017	The proper activity of this metabolism could be determined by genetic variants involved in choline pathway e.g. CHKA (gene encoding choline kinase alpha), PCYT1A (gene encoding CCTalpha) and CHDH (gene encoding choline dehydrogenase).	Choline	91-98	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1A, choline	Homo sapiens	177-185
28509322-2	2017	The proper activity of this metabolism could be determined by genetic variants involved in choline pathway e.g. CHKA (gene encoding choline kinase alpha), PCYT1A (gene encoding CCTalpha) and CHDH (gene encoding choline dehydrogenase).	Choline	91-98	choline dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	191-195
28509322-2	2017	The proper activity of this metabolism could be determined by genetic variants involved in choline pathway e.g. CHKA (gene encoding choline kinase alpha), PCYT1A (gene encoding CCTalpha) and CHDH (gene encoding choline dehydrogenase).	Choline	91-98	choline dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	211-232
28286520-4	2017	AChE degrades acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid which causes color change of acid-base indicator.	Choline	20-27	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	0-4
27663419-10	2017	The benefits of PARPi treatment were confirmed in mice fed with a methionine- and choline-deficient diet and in mice with lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis; PARP activation was attenuated and the development of hepatic injury was delayed in both models.	Choline	82-89	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	16-20
27881594-0	2017	Hepatic Activity and Transcription of Betaine-Homocysteine Methyltransferase, Methionine Synthase, and Cystathionine Synthase in Periparturient Dairy Cows Are Altered to Different Extents by Supply of Methionine and Choline.	Choline	216-223	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Bos taurus	38-76
27881594-3	2017	OBJECTIVE: This study sought to characterize hepatic BHMT, MTR, and CBS transcription and activity in response to Met and choline supplementation.	Choline	122-129	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Bos taurus	53-57
27881594-3	2017	OBJECTIVE: This study sought to characterize hepatic BHMT, MTR, and CBS transcription and activity in response to Met and choline supplementation.	Choline	122-129	cystathionine beta-synthase	Bos taurus	68-71
27770878-3	2017	The cationic-beta-cyclodextrin (Cat-beta-CD) polymer cores were synthesized using beta-CD, epichlorohydrin and choline chloride via a one-step polycondensation process.	Choline	111-127	beta-carotene oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	36-43
27908547-0	2017	High dietary choline and betaine intake is associated with low insulin resistance in the Newfoundland population.	Choline	13-20	insulin	Homo sapiens	63-70
27936185-8	2016	Our in vivo results show that EZH2 KO mice fed the choline-deficient, ethanolamine supplemented (CDE) diet have an exaggerated cholangiocyte expansion associated with more robust ductular reaction and increased peri-portal fibrosis.	Choline	51-58	enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit	Mus musculus	30-34
26992446-3	2017	METHODS: Low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice were fed a modified choline-deficient amino acid-defined diet, including 1 w/w% cholesterol and 41 kcal% fat, and was comprehensively profiled over 1 year.	Choline	76-83	low density lipoprotein receptor	Mus musculus	9-41
28117010-3	2017	Here in this study we focus on the inhibitory effects of cationic osmolyte molecules acetylcholine chloride, and choline on an aggregation prone 10 amino acid p53 mutant peptide WRPILTIITL, and the corresponding wildtype peptide RRPILTIITL in vitro.	Choline	91-98	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	159-162
27696134-0	2016	GDPD5, a choline-generating enzyme and its novel role in tumor cell migration.	Choline	9-16	glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5	Homo sapiens	0-5
26864149-4	2016	3.1.1.7) is intimately associated with the normal neurotransmission by catalysing the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to acetate and choline and acts in combination with butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) to remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft.	Choline	106-113	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	166-187
27502364-2	2016	B cell-specific deletion of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase alpha (CCTalpha), the rate-limiting enzyme in the CDP-choline pathway, led to augmented IgM secretion and reduced IgG production, suggesting that PtdCho synthesis is required for germinal center reactions.	Choline	39-46	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1, choline, alpha isoform	Mus musculus	75-83
27705917-5	2016	Using high resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) on GBM cell cultures we provide evidence that the expression of well-known EMT activators of the ZEB, TWIST and SNAI families and EMT target genes N-cadherin and VIMENTIN is associated with aberrant choline metabolism.	Choline	277-284	cadherin 2	Homo sapiens	225-235
27705917-7	2016	Both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the cardinal choline metabolism regulator choline kinase alpha (CHKalpha) significantly reduces the cell viability, invasiveness, clonogenicity, and expression of EMT associated genes in GBM cells.	Choline	60-67	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	89-109
27705917-7	2016	Both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the cardinal choline metabolism regulator choline kinase alpha (CHKalpha) significantly reduces the cell viability, invasiveness, clonogenicity, and expression of EMT associated genes in GBM cells.	Choline	60-67	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	111-119
27808173-4	2016	Moreover, bFGF treatment corrected diabetes-induced reductions in citrate, lactate, choline, glycine, creatine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and glutamine in serum.	Choline	84-91	fibroblast growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	10-14
27638261-16	2016	Supplemental CHOL led to greater blood glucose and insulin concentrations with lower glucose:insulin ratio.	Choline	13-17	insulin	Bos taurus	51-58
27664006-0	2016	Choline supplementation alleviates fluoride-induced testicular toxicity by restoring the NGF and MEK expression in mice.	Choline	0-7	midkine	Mus musculus	97-100
27664006-7	2016	Taken together, our findings suggest that choline supplementation alleviates fluoride-induced testicular toxicity by restoring the NGF and phosphor-MEK expression.	Choline	42-49	midkine	Mus musculus	148-151
27282405-4	2016	Gab2 expression in hepatocytes responded to various disease factor stimulations, and Gab2 knockout mice exhibited resistance to fat-induced obesity, fat- or alcohol-stimulated hepatic steatosis, as well as methionine and choline deficiency-induced steatohepatitis.	Choline	221-228	growth factor receptor bound protein 2-associated protein 2	Mus musculus	85-89
27568932-7	2016	Down-regulation of several electron carrier proteins, which shuttle electrons to reduce ubiquinone at complex III, in the Pink1-knockouts suggests disruption of the linkage between fatty acid, amino acid, and choline metabolism and the mitochondrial respiratory system.	Choline	209-216	PTEN induced kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	122-127
27881346-9	2016	CONCLUSION: Choline and parecoxib sodium has a synergistic analgesic effect, and their interactions may involve the in vivo expression of NF-kappaB.	Choline	12-19	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	138-147
26864149-4	2016	3.1.1.7) is intimately associated with the normal neurotransmission by catalysing the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to acetate and choline and acts in combination with butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) to remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft.	Choline	106-113	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	189-193
27651065-8	2016	Together, our results demonstrated that the polyspecific cation transporter OCT2 is distributed in cholinergic and monoaminergic terminals in various forebrain regions, suggesting that OCT2 could play a role in regulating presynaptic reuptake and recycling of choline and monoamines.	Choline	99-106	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	76-80
27651065-8	2016	Together, our results demonstrated that the polyspecific cation transporter OCT2 is distributed in cholinergic and monoaminergic terminals in various forebrain regions, suggesting that OCT2 could play a role in regulating presynaptic reuptake and recycling of choline and monoamines.	Choline	99-106	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	185-189
27729955-3	2016	Agtr1a methylation levels were measured in the livers of CDAA- and control choline-sufficient amino acid (CSAA)-fed rats for 8 and 12 wk using quantitative methylation-specific PCR.	Choline	75-82	angiotensin II receptor, type 1a	Rattus norvegicus	0-6
27642068-1	2016	Deamination of choline catalyzed by the glycyl radical enzyme choline trimethylamine-lyase (CutC) has emerged as an important route for the production of trimethylamine, a microbial metabolite associated with both human disease and biological methane production.	Choline	15-22	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	92-96
27642068-2	2016	Here, we have determined five high-resolution X-ray structures of wild-type CutC and mechanistically informative mutants in the presence of choline.	Choline	140-147	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	76-80
27642068-3	2016	Within an unexpectedly polar active site, CutC orients choline through hydrogen bonding with a putative general base, and through close interactions between phenolic and carboxylate oxygen atoms of the protein scaffold and the polarized methyl groups of the trimethylammonium moiety.	Choline	55-62	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	42-46
27721459-5	2016	We demonstrate that IGF-I significantly ameliorated steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in a NASH model, methionine-choline-deficient diet-fed db/db mice and ameliorated fibrosis in cirrhotic model, dimethylnitrosamine-treated mice.	Choline	118-125	insulin-like growth factor 1	Mus musculus	20-25
27541142-9	2016	FDR-significant gene-choline interactions were found for offspring SNPs rs10489810 and rs9966612 located in MTHFD1L and TYMS, respectively, with maternal choline dietary intake dichotomized at the first quartile.	Choline	21-28	methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 1 like	Homo sapiens	108-115
27503542-6	2016	Average limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) for choline, betaine, and dimethylglycine were, respectively, 0.43, 0.62, and 0.31 mumol/L and 1.52, 2.11, and 0.97 mumol/L.	Choline	75-82	TARBP2 subunit of RISC loading complex	Homo sapiens	65-69
27457520-0	2016	Estrogen Receptor alpha Promotes Breast Cancer by Reprogramming Choline Metabolism.	Choline	64-71	estrogen receptor 1	Danio rerio	0-23
27457520-3	2016	We employed an integrated approach, combining genome-wide mapping of chromatin-bound ERalpha with estrogen-induced transcript and metabolic profiling, to demonstrate that ERalpha reprograms metabolism upon estrogen stimulation, including changes in aerobic glycolysis, nucleotide and amino acid synthesis, and choline (Cho) metabolism.	Choline	310-317	estrogen receptor 1	Danio rerio	171-178
27457520-3	2016	We employed an integrated approach, combining genome-wide mapping of chromatin-bound ERalpha with estrogen-induced transcript and metabolic profiling, to demonstrate that ERalpha reprograms metabolism upon estrogen stimulation, including changes in aerobic glycolysis, nucleotide and amino acid synthesis, and choline (Cho) metabolism.	Choline	319-322	estrogen receptor 1	Danio rerio	171-178
27457520-4	2016	Cho phosphotransferase CHPT1, identified as a direct ERalpha-regulated gene, was required for estrogen-induced effects on Cho metabolism, including increased phosphatidylcholine synthesis.	Choline	0-3	choline phosphotransferase 1	Danio rerio	23-28
27457520-4	2016	Cho phosphotransferase CHPT1, identified as a direct ERalpha-regulated gene, was required for estrogen-induced effects on Cho metabolism, including increased phosphatidylcholine synthesis.	Choline	0-3	estrogen receptor 1	Danio rerio	53-60
27541142-9	2016	FDR-significant gene-choline interactions were found for offspring SNPs rs10489810 and rs9966612 located in MTHFD1L and TYMS, respectively, with maternal choline dietary intake dichotomized at the first quartile.	Choline	21-28	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	120-124
27541142-9	2016	FDR-significant gene-choline interactions were found for offspring SNPs rs10489810 and rs9966612 located in MTHFD1L and TYMS, respectively, with maternal choline dietary intake dichotomized at the first quartile.	Choline	154-161	methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 1 like	Homo sapiens	108-115
27541142-9	2016	FDR-significant gene-choline interactions were found for offspring SNPs rs10489810 and rs9966612 located in MTHFD1L and TYMS, respectively, with maternal choline dietary intake dichotomized at the first quartile.	Choline	154-161	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	120-124
27277279-14	2016	In patients with a PSA value &lt;1.16 ng/mL, 26.8 % of 1,426 (11)C-choline PET/CT scans were positive, with oligometastatic disease in 84.7 % of positive scans.	Choline	67-74	aminopeptidase puromycin sensitive	Homo sapiens	19-22
27438680-5	2016	The LPC in the digestive tract is further catabolized into lysophosphatidic acid and choline via autotaxin-mediated and autotaxin-independent mechanisms.	Choline	85-92	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	97-106
27438680-5	2016	The LPC in the digestive tract is further catabolized into lysophosphatidic acid and choline via autotaxin-mediated and autotaxin-independent mechanisms.	Choline	85-92	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	120-129
27342765-5	2016	Choline intakes of 930 mg/d restored partitioning of dietary choline between betaine and CDP-PC among NP (MTHFR rs1801133 and MTR rs1805087 WT) and lactating (MTHFD1 rs2236225) women with risk genotypes.	Choline	0-7	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	106-111
27342765-5	2016	Choline intakes of 930 mg/d restored partitioning of dietary choline between betaine and CDP-PC among NP (MTHFR rs1801133 and MTR rs1805087 WT) and lactating (MTHFD1 rs2236225) women with risk genotypes.	Choline	0-7	methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, cyclohydrolase and formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase 1	Homo sapiens	159-165
27634173-10	2016	Furthermore, its role as an Nrf2 activator was supported by methione- and choline- deficient (MCD) diet-induced NASH mouse model, showing that ezetimibe decreased the susceptibility of the liver to oxidative injury.	Choline	74-81	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	28-32
27534992-7	2016	Methionine/choline-deficient (MCD) diet increased hepatic inflammation, free cholesterol, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fibrosis in CYP7A1-deficient (Cyp7a1-/-) mice compared with WT mice.	Choline	11-18	cytochrome P450, family 7, subfamily a, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	135-141
27534992-7	2016	Methionine/choline-deficient (MCD) diet increased hepatic inflammation, free cholesterol, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fibrosis in CYP7A1-deficient (Cyp7a1-/-) mice compared with WT mice.	Choline	11-18	cytochrome P450, family 7, subfamily a, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	153-159
30462393-8	2016	The substrates of BHMT and CTH, such as betaine, choline and cystathionine, were decreased in SKO liver while their products including hydrogen sulfide and cysteine were increased.	Choline	49-56	betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase	Mus musculus	18-22
27747192-5	2016	Upregulation of choline kinase-alpha, an enzyme of the Kennedy pathway that phosphorylates free choline (Cho) to phosphocholine (PCho), is a major contributor to the increased PCho content detected in TNBCs.	Choline	105-108	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	16-36
27486859-1	2016	The human dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (hDMGDH) is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)- and tetrahydrofolate (THF)-dependent, mitochondrial matrix enzyme taking part in choline degradation, one-carbon metabolism and electron transfer to the respiratory chain.	Choline	170-177	dimethylglycine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	10-39
27486859-1	2016	The human dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (hDMGDH) is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)- and tetrahydrofolate (THF)-dependent, mitochondrial matrix enzyme taking part in choline degradation, one-carbon metabolism and electron transfer to the respiratory chain.	Choline	170-177	dimethylglycine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	41-47
27658304-1	2016	Glycerophosphodiesterase 5 (GDE5) selectively hydrolyses glycerophosphocholine to choline and is highly expressed in type II fiber-rich skeletal muscles.	Choline	71-78	glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1	Mus musculus	28-32
27646125-11	2016	Choline treatment attenuated actin alpha cardiac muscle-1 overexpression after LPS.	Choline	0-7	actin alpha cardiac muscle 1	Bos taurus	29-57
27618041-3	2016	AChE splits acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid, which changes the pH of a medium, resulting in a phenol red color change.	Choline	18-25	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	0-4
27423041-3	2016	The key enzyme responsible for acetylcholine synthesis, choline acetyltransferase, is known to be unselective as regards the fatty acid used for esterification of choline.	Choline	37-44	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	56-81
25904588-9	2016	In addition, PN reduced mRNA and protein expression of mSCF and c-Kit, which were inversed under choline administration.	Choline	97-104	kit ligand	Mus musculus	55-59
27488260-2	2016	Functional polymorphisms in genes encoding choline-related one-carbon metabolism enzymes, including phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT), choline dehydrogenase (CHDH) and betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), have important roles in choline metabolism and may thus interact with dietary choline and betaine intake to modify breast cancer risk.	Choline	43-50	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	100-144
27488260-2	2016	Functional polymorphisms in genes encoding choline-related one-carbon metabolism enzymes, including phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT), choline dehydrogenase (CHDH) and betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), have important roles in choline metabolism and may thus interact with dietary choline and betaine intake to modify breast cancer risk.	Choline	43-50	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	146-150
27488260-2	2016	Functional polymorphisms in genes encoding choline-related one-carbon metabolism enzymes, including phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT), choline dehydrogenase (CHDH) and betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), have important roles in choline metabolism and may thus interact with dietary choline and betaine intake to modify breast cancer risk.	Choline	43-50	choline dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	153-174
27488260-2	2016	Functional polymorphisms in genes encoding choline-related one-carbon metabolism enzymes, including phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT), choline dehydrogenase (CHDH) and betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), have important roles in choline metabolism and may thus interact with dietary choline and betaine intake to modify breast cancer risk.	Choline	43-50	choline dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	176-180
27488260-2	2016	Functional polymorphisms in genes encoding choline-related one-carbon metabolism enzymes, including phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT), choline dehydrogenase (CHDH) and betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), have important roles in choline metabolism and may thus interact with dietary choline and betaine intake to modify breast cancer risk.	Choline	43-50	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	186-224
27488260-2	2016	Functional polymorphisms in genes encoding choline-related one-carbon metabolism enzymes, including phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT), choline dehydrogenase (CHDH) and betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), have important roles in choline metabolism and may thus interact with dietary choline and betaine intake to modify breast cancer risk.	Choline	43-50	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	226-230
27488260-3	2016	This study aimed to investigate the interactive effect of polymorphisms in PEMT, BHMT and CHDH genes with choline/betaine intake on breast cancer risk among Chinese women.	Choline	106-113	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	75-79
27488260-3	2016	This study aimed to investigate the interactive effect of polymorphisms in PEMT, BHMT and CHDH genes with choline/betaine intake on breast cancer risk among Chinese women.	Choline	106-113	choline dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	90-94
27488260-9	2016	Significant interactions were observed between choline intake and SNP PEMT rs7946 (P interaction=0 029) and BHMT rs3733890 (P interaction=0 006) in relation to breast cancer risk.	Choline	47-54	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	70-74
27488260-10	2016	Our results suggest that SNP PEMT rs7946 and BHMT rs3733890 may interact with choline intake on breast cancer risk.	Choline	78-85	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	29-33
27488260-10	2016	Our results suggest that SNP PEMT rs7946 and BHMT rs3733890 may interact with choline intake on breast cancer risk.	Choline	78-85	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	45-49
27404793-4	2016	As the capacity of the CHT to import choline into the neuron is a major, presynaptic determinant of cholinergic neuromodulation, we hypothesize that genetically-imposed CHT capacity variation impacts the balance of bottom-up versus top-down control of visual attention.	Choline	37-44	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	23-26
27404793-4	2016	As the capacity of the CHT to import choline into the neuron is a major, presynaptic determinant of cholinergic neuromodulation, we hypothesize that genetically-imposed CHT capacity variation impacts the balance of bottom-up versus top-down control of visual attention.	Choline	37-44	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	169-172
25904588-11	2016	CONCLUSION: The addition of choline to PN may alleviate the progression of duodenal motor disorder through protecting smooth muscle cells from injury, promoting mSCF/c-Kit signaling, and attenuating impairment of interstitial cells of Cajal in the duodenum during PN feeding.	Choline	28-35	kit ligand	Mus musculus	161-165
27013347-1	2016	The efficient import of choline into cholinergic nerve terminals by the presynaptic, high-affinity choline transporter (CHT, SLC5A7) dictates the capacity for acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and release.	Choline	24-31	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	99-118
27013347-1	2016	The efficient import of choline into cholinergic nerve terminals by the presynaptic, high-affinity choline transporter (CHT, SLC5A7) dictates the capacity for acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and release.	Choline	24-31	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	120-123
27013347-1	2016	The efficient import of choline into cholinergic nerve terminals by the presynaptic, high-affinity choline transporter (CHT, SLC5A7) dictates the capacity for acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and release.	Choline	24-31	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	125-131
27588131-1	2016	Choline kinase alpha (CHKA), the enzyme that converts choline to phosphocholine, has been studied in human carcinogenesis widely.	Choline	54-61	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	0-20
27588131-1	2016	Choline kinase alpha (CHKA), the enzyme that converts choline to phosphocholine, has been studied in human carcinogenesis widely.	Choline	54-61	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	22-26
27581838-2	2016	Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) require phosphatidylcholine as substrate, raising the possibility that there is an intricate relationship of these protein factors with choline metabolism.	Choline	105-112	phospholipid transfer protein	Homo sapiens	0-29
27581838-2	2016	Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) require phosphatidylcholine as substrate, raising the possibility that there is an intricate relationship of these protein factors with choline metabolism.	Choline	105-112	phospholipid transfer protein	Homo sapiens	31-35
27581838-2	2016	Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) require phosphatidylcholine as substrate, raising the possibility that there is an intricate relationship of these protein factors with choline metabolism.	Choline	105-112	lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase	Homo sapiens	41-77
27581838-2	2016	Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) require phosphatidylcholine as substrate, raising the possibility that there is an intricate relationship of these protein factors with choline metabolism.	Choline	105-112	lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase	Homo sapiens	79-83
27602288-3	2016	As per the cholinergic hypothesis, the deficiency of choline is responsible for AD; therefore, the inhibition of AChE is a lucrative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD.	Choline	11-18	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	113-117
26926384-8	2016	Moreover, FGF21 improves methionine- and choline-deficient diet-induced steatohepatitis.	Choline	41-48	fibroblast growth factor 21	Mus musculus	10-15
27497480-11	2016	Supplementations of vitamin B6/B12/folate+choline could significantly ameliorate the hypoxia-induced memory deficits, observably decreased Hcy concentrations in serum, and markedly attenuated tau hyperphosphorylation at multiple AD-related sites through upregulating inhibitory Ser9-phosphorylated GSK-3beta.	Choline	42-49	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Mus musculus	298-307
27316781-6	2016	Administration of phloretin at 200 and 400 mg/kg bw significantly reduced the choline-induced elevation of serum TC, TG, LDL-C, AST, ALT, ET-1 and TXA2 (p &lt; 0.01), and markedly antagonized the choline-induced decrease of serum PGI2, HDL-C and NO levels.	Choline	78-85	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	128-131
27316781-6	2016	Administration of phloretin at 200 and 400 mg/kg bw significantly reduced the choline-induced elevation of serum TC, TG, LDL-C, AST, ALT, ET-1 and TXA2 (p &lt; 0.01), and markedly antagonized the choline-induced decrease of serum PGI2, HDL-C and NO levels.	Choline	78-85	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	133-136
27316781-6	2016	Administration of phloretin at 200 and 400 mg/kg bw significantly reduced the choline-induced elevation of serum TC, TG, LDL-C, AST, ALT, ET-1 and TXA2 (p &lt; 0.01), and markedly antagonized the choline-induced decrease of serum PGI2, HDL-C and NO levels.	Choline	78-85	DNA segment, Chr 9, MRC UK Mouse Genome Centre 40 expressed	Mus musculus	138-151
27316781-6	2016	Administration of phloretin at 200 and 400 mg/kg bw significantly reduced the choline-induced elevation of serum TC, TG, LDL-C, AST, ALT, ET-1 and TXA2 (p &lt; 0.01), and markedly antagonized the choline-induced decrease of serum PGI2, HDL-C and NO levels.	Choline	78-85	prostaglandin I receptor (IP)	Mus musculus	230-234
27167578-4	2016	Treatment of PC12 cells with the alpha7 nAChR agonist choline or PNU-282987 was associated with an increase in RhoA activity and an inhibition in neurite growth.	Choline	54-61	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	33-45
27167578-4	2016	Treatment of PC12 cells with the alpha7 nAChR agonist choline or PNU-282987 was associated with an increase in RhoA activity and an inhibition in neurite growth.	Choline	54-61	ras homolog family member A	Rattus norvegicus	111-115
27167578-10	2016	Using differentiated PC12 cells, and the specific agonist choline, it was shown that alpha7 nAChR/G protein interactions mediate both short- and long-term neurite growth dynamics through increased RhoA activation.	Choline	58-65	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	85-97
27167578-10	2016	Using differentiated PC12 cells, and the specific agonist choline, it was shown that alpha7 nAChR/G protein interactions mediate both short- and long-term neurite growth dynamics through increased RhoA activation.	Choline	58-65	ras homolog family member A	Rattus norvegicus	197-201
27454866-4	2016	Using the methionine-choline deficient diet we found that liver-resident macrophages, Kupffer cells were lost early in disease onset followed by a robust infiltration of Ly-6C+ monocyte-derived macrophages that retained a dynamic phenotype.	Choline	21-28	lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus C1	Mus musculus	170-175
27356959-0	2016	Targeting choline phospholipid metabolism: GDPD5 and GDPD6 silencing decrease breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.	Choline	10-17	glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5	Homo sapiens	43-48
27356959-0	2016	Targeting choline phospholipid metabolism: GDPD5 and GDPD6 silencing decrease breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.	Choline	10-17	glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1	Homo sapiens	53-58
27356959-3	2016	Treatment with GDPD5 and GDPD6 siRNA resulted in significant increases in glycerophosphocholine (GPC) levels, and no change in the levels of phosphocholine or free choline, which further supports their role as GPC-specific regulators in breast cancer.	Choline	88-95	glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5	Homo sapiens	15-20
27356959-3	2016	Treatment with GDPD5 and GDPD6 siRNA resulted in significant increases in glycerophosphocholine (GPC) levels, and no change in the levels of phosphocholine or free choline, which further supports their role as GPC-specific regulators in breast cancer.	Choline	88-95	glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1	Homo sapiens	25-30
26850970-9	2016	EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: In the restaging phase, the detection rate of choline PET varies between 4% and 97%, mainly depending on the site of recurrence and prostate-specific antigen levels.	Choline	66-73	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	152-177
26975008-0	2016	68Ga-PSMA-PET/CT in Patients With Biochemical Prostate Cancer Recurrence and Negative 18F-Choline-PET/CT.	Choline	90-97	folate hydrolase 1	Homo sapiens	5-9
26975008-10	2016	Ga-PSMA-PET/CT detected sites of recurrence in 43.8% (14/32) of the choline-negative patients.	Choline	68-75	folate hydrolase 1	Homo sapiens	3-7
26975008-13	2016	CONCLUSIONS: The sequential imaging approach designed to limit Ga-PSMA imaging to patients with negative choline scans resulted in high detection rates.	Choline	105-112	folate hydrolase 1	Homo sapiens	66-70
26791373-0	2016	PET/CT with (18)F-choline after radical prostatectomy in patients with PSA &lt;=2 ng/ml.	Choline	18-25	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	71-74
27174897-0	2016	Methionine-choline deprivation alters liver and brain acetylcholinesterase activity in C57BL6 mice.	Choline	11-18	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	54-74
27174897-1	2016	Choline and methionine are precursors of acetylcholine, whose hydrolysis is catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE).	Choline	0-7	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	89-109
27174897-1	2016	Choline and methionine are precursors of acetylcholine, whose hydrolysis is catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE).	Choline	0-7	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	111-115
27174897-9	2016	Our findings indicate the increase of hepatic and brain AChE activity in mice caused by methionine-choline deprivation.	Choline	99-106	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	56-60
26963430-2	2016	Crystal structure of phosphorylcholine (PrC) complex of PDC-109, the major bovine Fn-II protein, together with fluorescence spectroscopic studies has shown that tryptophan residues are crucial for its specific interaction with choline phospholipids.	Choline	31-38	seminal plasma protein PDC-109	Bos taurus	56-63
27249533-7	2016	The hydrolysis of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase into choline was monitored in real-time for a range of acetylcholine concentrations, fused-silica capillary geometries, and operating flow rates.	Choline	24-31	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	35-55
27323669-3	2016	Here we show that RIPK3 is over expressed in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of obese mice fed with a choline-deficient high-fat diet.	Choline	101-108	receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3	Mus musculus	18-23
26959509-7	2016	The CD4/CD8 ratio at baseline correlated with N-acetyl-aspartate (r = 0.56, P = 0.003) and choline (r = 0.36, P = 0.03) at 5 years, irrespective of treatment regimen and ART interruption.	Choline	91-98	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	4-7
26959509-7	2016	The CD4/CD8 ratio at baseline correlated with N-acetyl-aspartate (r = 0.56, P = 0.003) and choline (r = 0.36, P = 0.03) at 5 years, irrespective of treatment regimen and ART interruption.	Choline	91-98	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	8-11
27338073-8	2016	RESULTS: The levels of NAA, Cr, and Cho in the PFC and ACC of patients with the SNAP-25 Ddel and Mnll polymorphism genotypes did not significantly differ before and after the administration of MPH.	Choline	36-39	synaptosome associated protein 25	Homo sapiens	80-87
26921554-0	2016	Choline-induced selective fluorescence quenching of acetylcholinesterase conjugated Au@BSA clusters.	Choline	0-7	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	52-72
26921554-3	2016	The enzyme, AChE hydrolyzes acetylcholine (ACh) to choline (Ch) which in turn interacts with AuQC@BSA-AChE and quenches its fluorescence, enabling sensing.	Choline	34-41	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	12-16
26921554-3	2016	The enzyme, AChE hydrolyzes acetylcholine (ACh) to choline (Ch) which in turn interacts with AuQC@BSA-AChE and quenches its fluorescence, enabling sensing.	Choline	34-41	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	102-106
27058440-3	2016	PLD enzymes specifically cleave phosphatidyl choline (PC) producing phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline.	Choline	45-52	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-3
27142732-8	2016	Choline supplementation increased the brain levels of choline, betaine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine of newborns by 51.35% (P&lt;.05), 33.33% (P&lt;.001), 28.68% (P&lt;.01) and 23.58% (P&lt;.05), respectively, compared with the LPD group.	Choline	0-7	acyl-CoA synthetase bubblegum family member 1	Rattus norvegicus	248-251
27262903-1	2016	We examined the functional characteristics of choline uptake in human tongue carcinoma using the cell line HSC-3.	Choline	46-53	DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member B7	Homo sapiens	107-112
27262903-6	2016	Choline uptake inhibitors and choline deficiency inhibited cell viability and increased caspase-3/7 activity.	Choline	0-7	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	88-97
27262903-7	2016	We conclude that extracellular choline is mainly transported via a CTL1 that relies on a directed H(+) gradient as a driving force.	Choline	31-38	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	67-71
27262903-9	2016	Furthermore, CTL2 may be the major site for the control of choline oxidation in mitochondria and hence for the supply of endogenous betaine and S-adenosyl methionine, which serves as a major methyl donor.	Choline	59-66	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	13-17
27262903-10	2016	Identification of this CTL1- and CTL2-mediated choline transport system provides a potential new target for tongue cancer therapy.	Choline	47-54	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	23-27
27262903-10	2016	Identification of this CTL1- and CTL2-mediated choline transport system provides a potential new target for tongue cancer therapy.	Choline	47-54	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	33-37
26620126-8	2016	Through correlation network analysis as well as statistical analysis of significant metabolic changes we have determined effects of VHL and HIF on energy production, amino acid metabolism, choline metabolism as well as cell regulation and signaling.	Choline	189-196	von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor	Homo sapiens	132-135
26980210-1	2016	BACKGROUND: Several compounds in the choline oxidation pathway are associated with insulin resistance and prevalent diabetes; however, prospective data are scarce.We explored the relationships between systemic and urinary choline-related metabolites and incident type 2 diabetes in an observational prospective study among Norwegian patients.	Choline	37-44	insulin	Homo sapiens	83-90
26984608-10	2016	In conclusion, H-MRS Cho/NAA ratio might serve as an objective, quantitative neurological marker of brain dysfunction in NP-C, allowing longitudinal analysis of the therapeutic effect of miglustat.	Choline	21-24	NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1	Homo sapiens	121-125
26699087-5	2016	Upon chronic liver damage induced by CCl4 or methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet, liver injury and fibrosis were attenuated in Hrg(-/-) , compared to WT, mice.	Choline	56-63	histidine-rich glycoprotein	Mus musculus	131-134
27081315-5	2016	Choline supplementation increased the expression of peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1), which mediates fatty acid beta-oxidation, especially in the high-glucose condition.	Choline	0-7	acyl-CoA oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	52-89
27081315-5	2016	Choline supplementation increased the expression of peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1), which mediates fatty acid beta-oxidation, especially in the high-glucose condition.	Choline	0-7	acyl-CoA oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	91-96
26879641-3	2016	Mutation of mAChE within the choline binding site by Y337A and F338A and its interaction with Ortho-7 has been investigated using steered molecular dynamics (SMD) and quantum chemical methods.	Choline	29-36	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	12-17
26792551-9	2016	In addition, miR-132 and EGR1 showed a significant positive correlation with choline acetyltransferase expression (r = 0.49, P < 0.001 and r = 0.61, P < 0.001), while choline acetyltransferase expression showed a significantly negative correlation with hyperphosphorylated tau (r = -0.33, P = 0.021) but no correlation with 4G8-stained amyloid-beta.	Choline	77-84	microRNA 132	Homo sapiens	13-20
26843409-2	2016	The impact of sodium, potassium, choline, guanidinium, and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride on the fibrillation kinetics of insulin in an acid-denaturing solvent environment is studied by fluorescence spectroscopy using thioflavin T as a fibril-specific stain.	Choline	33-40	insulin	Homo sapiens	128-135
26792551-9	2016	In addition, miR-132 and EGR1 showed a significant positive correlation with choline acetyltransferase expression (r = 0.49, P < 0.001 and r = 0.61, P < 0.001), while choline acetyltransferase expression showed a significantly negative correlation with hyperphosphorylated tau (r = -0.33, P = 0.021) but no correlation with 4G8-stained amyloid-beta.	Choline	77-84	early growth response 1	Homo sapiens	25-29
26792551-9	2016	In addition, miR-132 and EGR1 showed a significant positive correlation with choline acetyltransferase expression (r = 0.49, P < 0.001 and r = 0.61, P < 0.001), while choline acetyltransferase expression showed a significantly negative correlation with hyperphosphorylated tau (r = -0.33, P = 0.021) but no correlation with 4G8-stained amyloid-beta.	Choline	77-84	microtubule associated protein tau	Homo sapiens	273-276
26792551-9	2016	In addition, miR-132 and EGR1 showed a significant positive correlation with choline acetyltransferase expression (r = 0.49, P < 0.001 and r = 0.61, P < 0.001), while choline acetyltransferase expression showed a significantly negative correlation with hyperphosphorylated tau (r = -0.33, P = 0.021) but no correlation with 4G8-stained amyloid-beta.	Choline	167-174	early growth response 1	Homo sapiens	25-29
26891212-9	2016	Compared with control livers or those with minimal steatosis, livers exposed to a prolonged choline-deficient diet developed larger tumour nodules and had higher serum alpha-fetoprotein levels.	Choline	92-99	alpha fetoprotein	Mus musculus	168-185
26308737-9	2016	The choline transporter, CTL1, encoded by the SLC44A1 gene, was significantly repressed at the specific mRNA and protein levels and most importantly this translated into a decreased choline transport in MCPIP1-overexpressing cells.	Choline	4-11	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	25-29
26308737-9	2016	The choline transporter, CTL1, encoded by the SLC44A1 gene, was significantly repressed at the specific mRNA and protein levels and most importantly this translated into a decreased choline transport in MCPIP1-overexpressing cells.	Choline	4-11	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	46-53
26308737-9	2016	The choline transporter, CTL1, encoded by the SLC44A1 gene, was significantly repressed at the specific mRNA and protein levels and most importantly this translated into a decreased choline transport in MCPIP1-overexpressing cells.	Choline	4-11	zinc finger CCCH-type containing 12A	Homo sapiens	203-209
26865644-9	2016	Choline (5 g/kg) was given to half the pregnant dams in each group from G11 to G18.	Choline	0-7	G-protein signaling modulator 3	Rattus norvegicus	79-82
26888014-3	2016	Here, we report that ENPP6, a choline-specific phosphodiesterase, hydrolyzes glycerophosphocholine (GPC), a degradation product of PC, as a physiological substrate and participates in choline metabolism.	Choline	30-37	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 6	Mus musculus	21-26
26903003-3	2016	Initially, we observed that aortas of LDLR(-/-) mice fed a choline diet showed elevated inflammatory gene expression compared with controls.	Choline	59-66	low density lipoprotein receptor	Mus musculus	38-42
26888014-4	2016	ENPP6 is highly expressed in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and developing oligodendrocytes, which actively incorporate choline and synthesize PC.	Choline	124-131	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 6	Mus musculus	0-5
26888014-5	2016	ENPP6-deficient mice exhibited fatty liver and hypomyelination, well known choline-deficient phenotypes.	Choline	75-82	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 6	Mus musculus	0-5
26888014-6	2016	The choline moiety of GPC was incorporated into PC in an ENPP6-dependent manner both in vivo and in vitro.	Choline	4-11	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 6	Mus musculus	57-62
26888014-7	2016	The crystal structure of ENPP6 in complex with phosphocholine revealed that the choline moiety of the phosphocholine is recognized by a choline-binding pocket formed by conserved aromatic and acidic residues.	Choline	54-61	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 6	Mus musculus	25-30
26888014-7	2016	The crystal structure of ENPP6 in complex with phosphocholine revealed that the choline moiety of the phosphocholine is recognized by a choline-binding pocket formed by conserved aromatic and acidic residues.	Choline	80-87	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 6	Mus musculus	25-30
26888014-8	2016	The present study provides the molecular basis for ENPP6-mediated choline metabolism at atomic, cellular and tissue levels.	Choline	66-73	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 6	Mus musculus	51-56
26673542-5	2016	DC showed a high expression and detectable Ser663 phosphorylation of 5-lipoxygenase in response to zymosan, and a high expression and activity of LPCAT1/2 (lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 and 2), the enzymes that incorporate acetate from acetyl-CoA into choline-containing lysophospholipids to produce PAF.	Choline	172-179	lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	146-154
26501493-4	2016	The aim of the study was to investigate the role of MMPs and their inhibitors (TIMPs), in the pathogenesis of choline deficiency-induced cardiomyopathy, and the way they are affected by carnitine supplementation.	Choline	110-117	matrix metallopeptidase 2	Rattus norvegicus	52-56
26740107-9	2016	Along with selective production of IgM anti-phosphoryl choline, these data suggest that human B-1 cells might be preferentially selected for autoreactivity/natural specificity.	Choline	55-62	membrane spanning 4-domains A1	Homo sapiens	94-97
26746385-3	2016	The cells have two different [(3)H]choline transport systems with Km values of 35.0 +- 4.9 muM and 54.1 +- 8.1 muM, respectively.	Choline	35-42	latexin	Homo sapiens	91-94
26746385-3	2016	The cells have two different [(3)H]choline transport systems with Km values of 35.0 +- 4.9 muM and 54.1 +- 8.1 muM, respectively.	Choline	35-42	latexin	Homo sapiens	111-114
26746385-10	2016	We conclude that choline is mainly transported via an intermediate-affinity choline transport system, CTL1 and CTL2, in hBMECs.	Choline	17-24	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	102-106
26746385-10	2016	We conclude that choline is mainly transported via an intermediate-affinity choline transport system, CTL1 and CTL2, in hBMECs.	Choline	17-24	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	111-115
26746385-10	2016	We conclude that choline is mainly transported via an intermediate-affinity choline transport system, CTL1 and CTL2, in hBMECs.	Choline	76-83	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	102-106
26746385-10	2016	We conclude that choline is mainly transported via an intermediate-affinity choline transport system, CTL1 and CTL2, in hBMECs.	Choline	76-83	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	111-115
26746385-12	2016	CTL2 participate in choline transport mainly in mitochondria, and may be the major site for the control of choline oxidation.	Choline	20-27	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
26746385-12	2016	CTL2 participate in choline transport mainly in mitochondria, and may be the major site for the control of choline oxidation.	Choline	107-114	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
26818807-0	2016	Involvement of resistin-like molecule beta in the development of methionine-choline deficient diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice.	Choline	76-83	resistin like beta	Mus musculus	15-42
26883475-4	2016	Phospholipase D1 (PLD1), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline, has been implicated in the regulation of neurite outgrowth.	Choline	71-78	phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-16
26883475-4	2016	Phospholipase D1 (PLD1), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline, has been implicated in the regulation of neurite outgrowth.	Choline	71-78	phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	18-22
26818807-3	2016	First, RELMbeta knock-out (KO) mice were shown to be resistant to methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet-induced NASH development.	Choline	77-84	resistin like beta	Mus musculus	7-15
27510010-0	2016	Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using C11 Choline PET/CT: Comparison with F18 FDG, ContrastEnhanced MRI and MDCT.	Choline	48-55	RNA polymerase III subunit K	Homo sapiens	44-47
27288078-0	2016	Choline on the Move: Perspectives on the Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology of the Presynaptic Choline Transporter.	Choline	0-7	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	98-117
27288078-2	2016	High-affinity choline uptake (HACU) was one of the last features of cholinergic signaling to be defined at a molecular level, achieved through the cloning of the choline transporter (CHT, SLC5A7).	Choline	14-21	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	162-181
27288078-2	2016	High-affinity choline uptake (HACU) was one of the last features of cholinergic signaling to be defined at a molecular level, achieved through the cloning of the choline transporter (CHT, SLC5A7).	Choline	14-21	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	183-186
27288078-2	2016	High-affinity choline uptake (HACU) was one of the last features of cholinergic signaling to be defined at a molecular level, achieved through the cloning of the choline transporter (CHT, SLC5A7).	Choline	14-21	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	188-194
27510010-7	2016	Five patients had positive C11 choline and F18 FDG uptake.	Choline	31-38	RNA polymerase III subunit K	Homo sapiens	27-30
27510010-10	2016	The average T/B of C11 choline in welldifferentiated HCC patients was higher than in moderately and poorly differentiated cases (p=0.5) and vice versa with statistical significance for T/B of F18 FDG (p = 0.02).	Choline	23-30	RNA polymerase III subunit K	Homo sapiens	19-22
27510010-11	2016	CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested better detection rate in C11 choline for well differentiated HCC than F18 FDG PET.	Choline	64-71	RNA polymerase III subunit K	Homo sapiens	60-63
26699388-2	2016	In animal studies, dietary choline or TMAO significantly accelerates atherosclerotic lesion development in ApoE-deficient mice, and reduction in TMAO levels inhibits atherosclerosis development in the low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mouse.	Choline	27-34	apolipoprotein E	Mus musculus	107-111
26808693-1	2016	Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a lipid mediator in biological fluids and tissues, is generated mainly by autotaxin that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine to LPA and choline.	Choline	145-152	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Mus musculus	103-112
26391045-0	2016	Effects of Maternal Choline Supplementation on the Septohippocampal Cholinergic System in the Ts65Dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome.	Choline	20-27	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	94-100
26391045-2	2016	Here we determined the effects of age and maternal choline supplementation (MCS) on hippocampal cholinergic deficits in Ts65Dn mice compared to 2N mice sacrificed at 6-8 and 14-18 months of age.	Choline	51-58	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	120-126
26391046-4	2016	Studies demonstrate that maternal choline supplementation (MCS) markedly improves spatial cognition and attentional function, as well as normalizes adult hippocampal neurogenesis and offers protection to basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) in the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS.	Choline	34-41	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	255-261
26813123-2	2016	The enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) is responsible for synthesizing ACh from acetyl-CoA and choline in the cytoplasm and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) uptakes the neurotransmitter into synaptic vesicles.	Choline	11-18	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	38-42
26813123-2	2016	The enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) is responsible for synthesizing ACh from acetyl-CoA and choline in the cytoplasm and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) uptakes the neurotransmitter into synaptic vesicles.	Choline	11-18	solute carrier family 18 member A3	Homo sapiens	133-168
26813123-2	2016	The enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) is responsible for synthesizing ACh from acetyl-CoA and choline in the cytoplasm and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) uptakes the neurotransmitter into synaptic vesicles.	Choline	11-18	solute carrier family 18 member A3	Homo sapiens	170-175
26813123-4	2016	ACh present at the synaptic cleft is promptly hydrolyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), forming acetate and choline, which is recycled into the presynaptic nerve terminal by the high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1).	Choline	77-84	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	93-97
26813123-4	2016	ACh present at the synaptic cleft is promptly hydrolyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), forming acetate and choline, which is recycled into the presynaptic nerve terminal by the high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1).	Choline	77-84	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	225-229
26813123-4	2016	ACh present at the synaptic cleft is promptly hydrolyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), forming acetate and choline, which is recycled into the presynaptic nerve terminal by the high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1).	Choline	120-127	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	71-91
26813123-4	2016	ACh present at the synaptic cleft is promptly hydrolyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), forming acetate and choline, which is recycled into the presynaptic nerve terminal by the high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1).	Choline	120-127	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	93-97
26813123-4	2016	ACh present at the synaptic cleft is promptly hydrolyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), forming acetate and choline, which is recycled into the presynaptic nerve terminal by the high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1).	Choline	120-127	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	225-229
26637332-8	2015	Enzymatic activation of PARP-1 by TNFalpha was blocked in Ca(2+)-free medium, by Ca(2+) chelation with BAPTA-AM, and by D609, an inhibitor of phoshatidyl choline-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC), but not by thapsigargin or by U73112, an inhibitor of phosphatidyl inisitol-specific PLC (PI -PLC).	Choline	154-161	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	24-30
26822979-8	2016	The results achieved meet the requirements of SMPR 2012.010 and 2012.013 for L-carnitine and total choline, respectively.	Choline	99-106	mannose-6-phosphate receptor, cation dependent	Homo sapiens	46-50
26494532-7	2015	However, in the case of tabun-mutant mAChE(Y337A).K048 conjugate, the replacement of aromatic Tyr337 with the aliphatic alanine unit in the choline binding site, however, loses one of the pi-pi interaction between the active pyridinium ring of K048 and the Tyr337.	Choline	140-147	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	37-42
26637332-8	2015	Enzymatic activation of PARP-1 by TNFalpha was blocked in Ca(2+)-free medium, by Ca(2+) chelation with BAPTA-AM, and by D609, an inhibitor of phoshatidyl choline-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC), but not by thapsigargin or by U73112, an inhibitor of phosphatidyl inisitol-specific PLC (PI -PLC).	Choline	154-161	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	34-42
26567726-8	2015	Moreover, oral administration of choline significantly augmented pMCAO-induced increases in the expression levels of alpha7 nAChR, HIF-1alpha and VEGF in the ischemic cerebral cortices as well as in the serum levels of VEGF.	Choline	33-40	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Rattus norvegicus	131-141
26665171-3	2015	We show that protein arginine methyltransferase 8 (PRMT8) acts as a phospholipase that directly hydrolyzes PC, generating choline and phosphatidic acid.	Choline	122-129	protein arginine N-methyltransferase 8	Mus musculus	13-49
26665171-3	2015	We show that protein arginine methyltransferase 8 (PRMT8) acts as a phospholipase that directly hydrolyzes PC, generating choline and phosphatidic acid.	Choline	122-129	protein arginine N-methyltransferase 8	Mus musculus	51-56
26665171-6	2015	Choline and acetylcholine levels were significantly decreased, whereas PC levels were increased, in the cerebellum of prmt8 (-/-) mice.	Choline	0-7	protein arginine N-methyltransferase 8	Mus musculus	118-123
26058518-3	2015	RESULTS: In C57Bl/6J mice fed a diet deficient in methionine and choline to induce NASH, neutrophils and to a lesser extent inflammatory monocytes are markedly increased compared with sham mice and secrete abundant amounts of MPO.	Choline	65-72	myeloperoxidase	Mus musculus	226-229
26567726-8	2015	Moreover, oral administration of choline significantly augmented pMCAO-induced increases in the expression levels of alpha7 nAChR, HIF-1alpha and VEGF in the ischemic cerebral cortices as well as in the serum levels of VEGF.	Choline	33-40	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	146-150
26567726-8	2015	Moreover, oral administration of choline significantly augmented pMCAO-induced increases in the expression levels of alpha7 nAChR, HIF-1alpha and VEGF in the ischemic cerebral cortices as well as in the serum levels of VEGF.	Choline	33-40	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	219-223
26567726-10	2015	Treatment of rBMECs cultured under hypoxic conditions in vitro with choline (1, 10 and 100 mumol/L) dose-dependently promoted the endothelial-cell proliferation, migration and tube formation, as well as VEGF secretion, which were prevented by co-treatment with MLA (1 mumol/L) or by transfection with HIF-1alpha siRNA.	Choline	68-75	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	203-207
26567726-10	2015	Treatment of rBMECs cultured under hypoxic conditions in vitro with choline (1, 10 and 100 mumol/L) dose-dependently promoted the endothelial-cell proliferation, migration and tube formation, as well as VEGF secretion, which were prevented by co-treatment with MLA (1 mumol/L) or by transfection with HIF-1alpha siRNA.	Choline	68-75	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Rattus norvegicus	301-311
26567726-11	2015	CONCLUSION: Choline effectively attenuates brain ischemic injury in pMCAO rats, possibly by facilitating pial arteriogenesis and cerebral-cortical capillary angiogenesis via upregulating alpha7 nAChR levels and inducing the expression of HIF-1alpha and VEGF.	Choline	12-19	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Rattus norvegicus	238-248
26567726-11	2015	CONCLUSION: Choline effectively attenuates brain ischemic injury in pMCAO rats, possibly by facilitating pial arteriogenesis and cerebral-cortical capillary angiogenesis via upregulating alpha7 nAChR levels and inducing the expression of HIF-1alpha and VEGF.	Choline	12-19	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	253-257
26601765-11	2015	DISCUSSION: The differential expression pattern of CTL1 and CTL2 suggests that CTL1 is the key transporter involved in choline transport from maternal circulation and both transporters are likely involved in stromal and endothelial cell choline transport.	Choline	119-126	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	51-55
25392979-3	2015	This study quantitatively determined whether in vivo (1)H-MRS on multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (Men1) conditional knockout (KO) mice and their wild type (WT) littermates could detect differences in total choline (tCho) levels between tumor and control pancreas.	Choline	210-217	multiple endocrine neoplasia 1	Mus musculus	102-106
26503172-2	2015	Choline kinase (Chk) catalyzes choline phosphorylation to produce PC in phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) biosynthesis.	Choline	31-38	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	0-14
26503172-2	2015	Choline kinase (Chk) catalyzes choline phosphorylation to produce PC in phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) biosynthesis.	Choline	31-38	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	16-19
26213139-9	2015	Lastly, the introduction of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with radiolabeled choline agents let to improve the management of patients with early recurrence of disease, although its accuracy is linked to the PSA and PSA dynamic values.	Choline	104-111	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	234-237
26213139-9	2015	Lastly, the introduction of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with radiolabeled choline agents let to improve the management of patients with early recurrence of disease, although its accuracy is linked to the PSA and PSA dynamic values.	Choline	104-111	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	242-245
26619345-6	2015	Here we report that the inhibition of class1 phosphoinositide 3-kinases isoform PI3Kbeta using the selective antagonist PI828 is alone sufficient to produce upregulation and enhance both nicotine and choline HC3-sensitive mediated upregulation.	Choline	200-207	phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta	Homo sapiens	80-88
26599547-2	2015	We have reported that Gpnmb is strongly expressed in the livers of rats fed a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet.	Choline	78-85	glycoprotein nmb	Rattus norvegicus	22-27
26552767-3	2015	The PEMT expression is known to be upregulated by oestrogens, protecting the females in these species from the development of HL when exposed to choline deficient diets.	Choline	145-152	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Felis catus	4-8
26552767-4	2015	The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of sex hormones on choline synthesis via the PEMT pathway in healthy male and female cats before and after spaying/neutering, when fed a diet with recommended dietary choline content.	Choline	78-85	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Felis catus	104-108
26552767-5	2015	RESULTS: From six female and six male cats PEMT activity was assayed directly in liver biopsies taken before and after spaying/neutering, and assessed indirectly by analyses of PEMT-specific hepatic phosphatidylcholine (PC) species and plasma choline levels.	Choline	211-218	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Felis catus	177-181
26319415-3	2015	In this study we showed that TRC8 expression was downregulated in steatotic livers of patients and mice fed with a high fat diet (HFD) or a methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet.	Choline	155-162	ring finger protein 139	Homo sapiens	29-33
26178698-4	2015	In two independent models of diet-induced steatohepatitis (high-fat diet and methionine/choline-deficient diet), CX3CR1 protected mice from excessive hepatic steatosis and inflammation, as well as systemic glucose intolerance.	Choline	88-95	chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1	Mus musculus	113-119
25937167-6	2015	HeLa OCTN1 was inhibited by spermine, NaCl (Na(+)), TEA, gamma-butyrobetaine, choline, acetylcarnitine and ipratropium but not by neostigmine.	Choline	78-85	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	5-10
25937167-12	2015	The experimental data concur in demonstrating a role of OCTN1 in transporting acetylcholine and choline in HeLa cells.	Choline	84-91	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	56-61
26250336-1	2015	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) hydrolyzes acetylcholine (ACh) to acetate and choline and thereby terminates nerve impulse transmission.	Choline	6-13	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	22-26
26601765-11	2015	DISCUSSION: The differential expression pattern of CTL1 and CTL2 suggests that CTL1 is the key transporter involved in choline transport from maternal circulation and both transporters are likely involved in stromal and endothelial cell choline transport.	Choline	119-126	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	60-64
26601765-11	2015	DISCUSSION: The differential expression pattern of CTL1 and CTL2 suggests that CTL1 is the key transporter involved in choline transport from maternal circulation and both transporters are likely involved in stromal and endothelial cell choline transport.	Choline	119-126	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	79-83
26601765-11	2015	DISCUSSION: The differential expression pattern of CTL1 and CTL2 suggests that CTL1 is the key transporter involved in choline transport from maternal circulation and both transporters are likely involved in stromal and endothelial cell choline transport.	Choline	237-244	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	51-55
26601765-11	2015	DISCUSSION: The differential expression pattern of CTL1 and CTL2 suggests that CTL1 is the key transporter involved in choline transport from maternal circulation and both transporters are likely involved in stromal and endothelial cell choline transport.	Choline	237-244	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	60-64
26601765-11	2015	DISCUSSION: The differential expression pattern of CTL1 and CTL2 suggests that CTL1 is the key transporter involved in choline transport from maternal circulation and both transporters are likely involved in stromal and endothelial cell choline transport.	Choline	237-244	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	79-83
26283025-9	2015	Choline-induced currents in CA1 interneurons of rat hippocampal slices were also inhibited with IC50 of 4.6 muM.	Choline	0-7	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	28-31
26162700-11	2015	The effect of choline on serum leptin and ghrelin levels was similar with CDP-choline while no effect was seen with cytidine.	Choline	14-21	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	31-37
26242921-0	2015	Choline supplementation restores substrate balance and alleviates complications of Pcyt2 deficiency.	Choline	0-7	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 2, ethanolamine	Mus musculus	83-88
26242921-2	2015	Here we conducted a series of experiments to investigate the effect of choline supplementation on metabolically altered Pcyt2(+/-) mice.	Choline	71-78	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 2, ethanolamine	Mus musculus	120-125
26242921-4	2015	One month of choline supplementation reduced the incorporation of FA into TAG and facilitated TAG degradation in Pcyt2(+/-) adipocytes, plasma and liver.	Choline	13-20	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 2, ethanolamine	Mus musculus	113-118
26242921-5	2015	Choline particularly stimulated adipocyte and liver TAG lipolysis by specific lipases (ATGL, LPL and HSL) and inhibited TAG formation by DGAT1 and DGAT2.	Choline	0-7	patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2	Mus musculus	87-91
26242921-5	2015	Choline particularly stimulated adipocyte and liver TAG lipolysis by specific lipases (ATGL, LPL and HSL) and inhibited TAG formation by DGAT1 and DGAT2.	Choline	0-7	lipoprotein lipase	Mus musculus	93-96
26242921-5	2015	Choline particularly stimulated adipocyte and liver TAG lipolysis by specific lipases (ATGL, LPL and HSL) and inhibited TAG formation by DGAT1 and DGAT2.	Choline	0-7	lipase, hormone sensitive	Mus musculus	101-104
26242921-5	2015	Choline particularly stimulated adipocyte and liver TAG lipolysis by specific lipases (ATGL, LPL and HSL) and inhibited TAG formation by DGAT1 and DGAT2.	Choline	0-7	diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1	Mus musculus	137-142
26242921-5	2015	Choline particularly stimulated adipocyte and liver TAG lipolysis by specific lipases (ATGL, LPL and HSL) and inhibited TAG formation by DGAT1 and DGAT2.	Choline	0-7	diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2	Mus musculus	147-152
26242921-6	2015	Choline also activated the liver AMPK and mitochondrial FA oxidation gene PPARalpha and reduced the FA synthesis genes SREBP1, SCD1 and FAS.	Choline	0-7	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	74-83
26242921-6	2015	Choline also activated the liver AMPK and mitochondrial FA oxidation gene PPARalpha and reduced the FA synthesis genes SREBP1, SCD1 and FAS.	Choline	0-7	sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1	Mus musculus	119-125
26242921-6	2015	Choline also activated the liver AMPK and mitochondrial FA oxidation gene PPARalpha and reduced the FA synthesis genes SREBP1, SCD1 and FAS.	Choline	0-7	stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase 1	Mus musculus	127-131
26242921-7	2015	Liver (HPLC) and plasma (tandem mass spectroscopy and (1)H-NMR) metabolite profiling established that Pcyt2(+/-) mice have reduced membrane cholesterol/sphingomyelin ratio and the homocysteine/methionine cycle that were improved by choline supplementation.	Choline	232-239	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 2, ethanolamine	Mus musculus	102-107
26162700-11	2015	The effect of choline on serum leptin and ghrelin levels was similar with CDP-choline while no effect was seen with cytidine.	Choline	14-21	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	42-49
26218418-6	2015	SUMMARY: A growing body of work demonstrates that nutrients present in high-fat foods (phosphatidylcholine, choline and L-carnitine) can be metabolized by the gut microbial enzymes to generate trimethylamine, which is then further metabolized by the host enzyme FMO3 to produce proatherogenic TMAO.	Choline	99-106	flavin containing monooxygenase 3	Mus musculus	262-266
27062831-5	2015	The results of correlation analysis indicated that HPTA was associated with glycometabolism, amino acid metabolism and choline metabolism.	Choline	119-126	hepatocyte growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	51-55
26190462-5	2015	Herein we describe the synthesis and biological activity of an LPC-mimetic electrophilic affinity label that targets the active site of ATX, which has a critical threonine residue that acts as a nucleophile in the lysophospholipase D reaction to liberate choline.	Choline	255-262	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	136-139
26112475-8	2015	The other population of epididymosomes was characterized by ELSPBP1 (epididymal sperm binding protein 1), known for its affinity for the phospholipid choline group.	Choline	150-157	epididymal sperm binding protein 1	Bos taurus	60-67
26112475-8	2015	The other population of epididymosomes was characterized by ELSPBP1 (epididymal sperm binding protein 1), known for its affinity for the phospholipid choline group.	Choline	150-157	epididymal sperm binding protein 1	Bos taurus	69-103
26041862-1	2015	AIMS: Malignant transformation results in overexpression of choline-kinase (CHK) and altered choline metabolism, which is potentially detectable by immunohistochemistry (IHC).	Choline	60-67	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	76-79
26202987-6	2015	In this article, we show that acetylcholine, choline, phosphocholine, phosphocholine-modified LPS from Haemophilus influenzae, and phosphocholine-modified protein efficiently inhibit ATP-mediated IL-1beta release in human and rat monocytes via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing subunits alpha7, alpha9, and/or alpha10.	Choline	36-43	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	196-204
26113536-8	2015	Choline supplementation reversed the cold-induced hypothermia in HF-fed Pemt(-/-) mice with no effect on blood pressure.	Choline	0-7	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	72-76
26025328-0	2015	Choline intakes exceeding recommendations during human lactation improve breast milk choline content by increasing PEMT pathway metabolites.	Choline	0-7	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	115-119
26025328-9	2015	These data suggest that lactation induces metabolic adaptations that increase the supply of intact choline to the mammary epithelium, and that extra maternal choline enhances breast milk choline content by increasing supply of PEMT-derived choline metabolites.	Choline	158-165	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	227-231
26025328-9	2015	These data suggest that lactation induces metabolic adaptations that increase the supply of intact choline to the mammary epithelium, and that extra maternal choline enhances breast milk choline content by increasing supply of PEMT-derived choline metabolites.	Choline	158-165	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	227-231
26025328-9	2015	These data suggest that lactation induces metabolic adaptations that increase the supply of intact choline to the mammary epithelium, and that extra maternal choline enhances breast milk choline content by increasing supply of PEMT-derived choline metabolites.	Choline	158-165	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	227-231
26169197-5	2015	Using exogenous or endogenous choline, our results indicated that ALDH10A8 and ALDH10A9 are involved in the synthesis of glycine betaine in Arabidopsis.	Choline	30-37	aldehyde dehydrogenase 10A8	Arabidopsis thaliana	66-74
26235939-5	2015	Loss of FOXRED1, coupled with protein, choline and/or folate-deficient diets results in the depletion of glutathione, the dysregulation of nitric oxide metabolism and the peroxynitrite-mediated inactivation of complex I.	Choline	39-46	FAD dependent oxidoreductase domain containing 1	Homo sapiens	8-15
26169197-5	2015	Using exogenous or endogenous choline, our results indicated that ALDH10A8 and ALDH10A9 are involved in the synthesis of glycine betaine in Arabidopsis.	Choline	30-37	aldehyde dehydrogenase 10A9	Arabidopsis thaliana	79-87
26187464-1	2015	CutC choline trimethylamine-lyase is an anaerobic bacterial glycyl radical enzyme (GRE) that cleaves choline to produce trimethylamine (TMA) and acetaldehyde.	Choline	5-12	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	0-4
26187464-5	2015	We have determined the first crystal structures of both the choline-bound and choline-free forms of CutC and have discovered that binding of choline at the ligand-binding site triggers conformational changes in the enzyme structure, a feature that has not been observed for any other characterized GRE.	Choline	60-67	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	100-104
26187464-5	2015	We have determined the first crystal structures of both the choline-bound and choline-free forms of CutC and have discovered that binding of choline at the ligand-binding site triggers conformational changes in the enzyme structure, a feature that has not been observed for any other characterized GRE.	Choline	78-85	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	100-104
26187464-5	2015	We have determined the first crystal structures of both the choline-bound and choline-free forms of CutC and have discovered that binding of choline at the ligand-binding site triggers conformational changes in the enzyme structure, a feature that has not been observed for any other characterized GRE.	Choline	78-85	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	100-104
26241051-2	2015	Methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) catalyzed by the methyl transferases Cho2p/Pem1p and Opi3p/Pem2p as well as incorporation of choline through the CDP (cytidine diphosphate)-choline branch of the Kennedy pathway lead to PC formation.	Choline	185-192	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	82-87
26214261-5	2015	The spin-labeled lipids were 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho(TEMPO)choline (T-PCSL), with spin-label TEMPO at the lipid polar headgroup.	Choline	71-79	spindlin 1	Homo sapiens	4-8
25956258-2	2015	In earlier work, we showed that mice with a complete deficiency of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), a critical enzyme in folate and homocysteine metabolism, had cognitive impairment with disturbances in choline metabolism.	Choline	215-222	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Mus musculus	104-109
26241051-2	2015	Methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) catalyzed by the methyl transferases Cho2p/Pem1p and Opi3p/Pem2p as well as incorporation of choline through the CDP (cytidine diphosphate)-choline branch of the Kennedy pathway lead to PC formation.	Choline	185-192	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	88-93
26241051-2	2015	Methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) catalyzed by the methyl transferases Cho2p/Pem1p and Opi3p/Pem2p as well as incorporation of choline through the CDP (cytidine diphosphate)-choline branch of the Kennedy pathway lead to PC formation.	Choline	185-192	bifunctional phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase/phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	98-103
25970623-10	2015	High-affinity choline transporter (CHT) takes choline into cholinergic neurons for acetylcholine synthesis.	Choline	14-21	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	35-38
26339674-10	2015	INTERPRETATION: Choline and myo-inositol levels in our patients are consistent with patterns of neuroinflammation observed in two INCL mouse models.	Choline	16-23	palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1	Homo sapiens	130-134
25970623-1	2015	The high-affinity choline transporter (CHT) is responsible for choline uptake into cholinergic neurons, with this being the rate-limiting step for acetylcholine production.	Choline	18-25	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	39-42
25937212-8	2015	The selective AC1 inhibitor CB-6673567 and siRNA-mediated deletion of AC1 both blocked the choline-induced cAMP increase, suggesting that calcium-dependent AC1 is required for choline"s action.	Choline	91-98	long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1587	Homo sapiens	14-17
25970623-2	2015	Altering CHT protein disposition directly impacts choline uptake activity and cholinergic neurotransmission.	Choline	50-57	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	9-12
25613673-0	2015	Correlation between Choline Peak at MR Spectroscopy and Calcium-Sensing Receptor Expression Level in Breast Cancer: A Preliminary Clinical Study.	Choline	20-27	calcium sensing receptor	Homo sapiens	56-80
25613673-2	2015	Since choline kinase may be activated in breast cancer cells by CaSR resulting in increased phosphocholine production, we sought to correlate the total choline peak in breast lesions as measured by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) with the CaSR expression levels in surgical specimens.	Choline	6-13	calcium sensing receptor	Homo sapiens	64-68
25613673-9	2015	CONCLUSIONS: The presence or absence of choline peak evaluated by (1)H-MRS, well correlated with the expression of CaSR in patients with breast lesions (p &lt; 0.01), supports the hypothesis that CaSR may play an important role in the production of choline in breast cancer.	Choline	40-47	calcium sensing receptor	Homo sapiens	115-119
25613673-9	2015	CONCLUSIONS: The presence or absence of choline peak evaluated by (1)H-MRS, well correlated with the expression of CaSR in patients with breast lesions (p &lt; 0.01), supports the hypothesis that CaSR may play an important role in the production of choline in breast cancer.	Choline	40-47	calcium sensing receptor	Homo sapiens	196-200
25613673-9	2015	CONCLUSIONS: The presence or absence of choline peak evaluated by (1)H-MRS, well correlated with the expression of CaSR in patients with breast lesions (p &lt; 0.01), supports the hypothesis that CaSR may play an important role in the production of choline in breast cancer.	Choline	249-256	calcium sensing receptor	Homo sapiens	196-200
25937212-8	2015	The selective AC1 inhibitor CB-6673567 and siRNA-mediated deletion of AC1 both blocked the choline-induced cAMP increase, suggesting that calcium-dependent AC1 is required for choline"s action.	Choline	91-98	long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1587	Homo sapiens	70-73
25937212-8	2015	The selective AC1 inhibitor CB-6673567 and siRNA-mediated deletion of AC1 both blocked the choline-induced cAMP increase, suggesting that calcium-dependent AC1 is required for choline"s action.	Choline	91-98	long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1587	Homo sapiens	70-73
25937212-8	2015	The selective AC1 inhibitor CB-6673567 and siRNA-mediated deletion of AC1 both blocked the choline-induced cAMP increase, suggesting that calcium-dependent AC1 is required for choline"s action.	Choline	176-183	long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1587	Homo sapiens	14-17
25937212-8	2015	The selective AC1 inhibitor CB-6673567 and siRNA-mediated deletion of AC1 both blocked the choline-induced cAMP increase, suggesting that calcium-dependent AC1 is required for choline"s action.	Choline	176-183	long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1587	Homo sapiens	70-73
25937212-8	2015	The selective AC1 inhibitor CB-6673567 and siRNA-mediated deletion of AC1 both blocked the choline-induced cAMP increase, suggesting that calcium-dependent AC1 is required for choline"s action.	Choline	176-183	long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1587	Homo sapiens	70-73
25736244-7	2015	It was found that this unexpected [M-H](-) ion was formed by the transfer of a methyl group from the choline residue on the polar head group to the aldehyde functionality of the sn-2 substituent, resulting in a 14-Da increase in the mass of the resulting sn-2 carboxylate anion formed by collisional activation of this ion.	Choline	101-108	solute carrier family 38 member 5	Homo sapiens	178-182
24754536-6	2015	This work aimed at verifying the effects of 7-day oral administration with different doses of choline on survival of CA1 hippocampal neurons following transient global forebrain ischemia in rats.	Choline	94-101	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	117-120
26161852-5	2015	We find that choline uptake activity measured after acute addition of 20 nM insulin is significantly lower in cells that were grown for 24 h in media containing insulin compared to cells grown in the absence of insulin.	Choline	13-20	insulin	Homo sapiens	76-83
26161852-5	2015	We find that choline uptake activity measured after acute addition of 20 nM insulin is significantly lower in cells that were grown for 24 h in media containing insulin compared to cells grown in the absence of insulin.	Choline	13-20	insulin	Homo sapiens	161-168
26161852-5	2015	We find that choline uptake activity measured after acute addition of 20 nM insulin is significantly lower in cells that were grown for 24 h in media containing insulin compared to cells grown in the absence of insulin.	Choline	13-20	insulin	Homo sapiens	161-168
25919083-3	2015	Mismatched base pairs were significantly destabilized in choline dhp relative to those in aqueous buffer.	Choline	57-64	dihydropyrimidinase	Homo sapiens	65-68
25919083-6	2015	Moreover, the molecular beacon was protected from a contaminating nuclease in choline dhp, and DNAs in aqueous solutions were not sufficiently stable for practical use.	Choline	78-85	dihydropyrimidinase	Homo sapiens	86-89
25736244-7	2015	It was found that this unexpected [M-H](-) ion was formed by the transfer of a methyl group from the choline residue on the polar head group to the aldehyde functionality of the sn-2 substituent, resulting in a 14-Da increase in the mass of the resulting sn-2 carboxylate anion formed by collisional activation of this ion.	Choline	101-108	solute carrier family 38 member 5	Homo sapiens	255-259
25780943-9	2015	Collectively, these results demonstrate that TSC2-deficient cells have enhanced choline phospholipid metabolism and reveal a novel function of the TSC proteins in choline lysoglycerophospholipid metabolism, with implications for disease pathogenesis and targeted therapeutic strategies.	Choline	80-87	TSC complex subunit 2	Homo sapiens	45-48
25736301-0	2015	Role of fibroblast growth factor 21 in the early stage of NASH induced by methionine- and choline-deficient diet.	Choline	90-97	fibroblast growth factor 21	Mus musculus	8-35
25736301-1	2015	Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a modulator of energy homeostasis and is increased in human nonalcoholic liver disease (NAFLD) and after feeding of methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCD), a conventional inducer of murine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).	Choline	171-178	fibroblast growth factor 21	Homo sapiens	0-27
25736301-1	2015	Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a modulator of energy homeostasis and is increased in human nonalcoholic liver disease (NAFLD) and after feeding of methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCD), a conventional inducer of murine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).	Choline	171-178	fibroblast growth factor 21	Homo sapiens	29-34
25907923-6	2015	In addition the aqueous fraction of metabolites in BAT were profoundly affected by Arntl disruption, consistent with the dynamic role of this tissue in maintaining body temperature across the day-night cycle and an upregulation in fatty acid oxidation and citric acid cycle activity to generate heat during the day when rats are inactive (increases in 3-hydroxybutyrate and glutamate), and increased synthesis and storage of lipids during the night when rats feed more (increased concentrations of glycerol, choline and glycerophosphocholine).	Choline	508-515	aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like	Rattus norvegicus	83-88
25274633-9	2015	Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulation increased ChoKalpha expression and levels of phosphocholine in FLS measured by Western Blot (WB) and metabolomic studies of choline-containing compounds in cultured RA FLS extracts respectively, suggesting activation of this pathway in RA synovial environment.	Choline	135-142	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	0-22
25274633-9	2015	Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulation increased ChoKalpha expression and levels of phosphocholine in FLS measured by Western Blot (WB) and metabolomic studies of choline-containing compounds in cultured RA FLS extracts respectively, suggesting activation of this pathway in RA synovial environment.	Choline	135-142	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	24-27
25519498-2	2015	Confirmation that the sensor responds to changes in extracellular choline was achieved using local perfusion of choline which resulted in an increase in current, and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine which produced a decrease.	Choline	66-73	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	170-190
25902853-8	2015	Feeding 6 2 g choline/kg diet resulted in a higher cytokine production after stimulation with CD3/CD28 (P&lt; 0 05).	Choline	14-21	Cd28 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	94-102
25896522-6	2015	The cells have two different [(3)H] choline transport systems, high- and low-affinity, with Km values of 28.4 +- 5.0 muM and 210.6 +- 55.1 muM, respectively.	Choline	36-43	latexin	Homo sapiens	117-120
26046629-8	2015	FAS and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1 (SREBP1) mRNA gene expressions were increased (P&lt;0.05) while the muscle-carnitine palmityl transferase (M-CPT) and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptorgamma (PPARgamma) mRNA (P&lt;0.05) gene expressions were decreased in the muscles of the IUGR pigs by choline supplementation.	Choline	316-323	SREBP-1	Sus scrofa	8-52
26046629-8	2015	FAS and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1 (SREBP1) mRNA gene expressions were increased (P&lt;0.05) while the muscle-carnitine palmityl transferase (M-CPT) and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptorgamma (PPARgamma) mRNA (P&lt;0.05) gene expressions were decreased in the muscles of the IUGR pigs by choline supplementation.	Choline	316-323	SREBP-1	Sus scrofa	54-60
25921026-2	2015	Molecular causes of abnormal choline metabolism are changes in choline kinase-alpha, ethanolamine kinase-alpha, phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C and -D and glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterases, as well as several choline transporters.	Choline	29-36	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	63-83
25896522-6	2015	The cells have two different [(3)H] choline transport systems, high- and low-affinity, with Km values of 28.4 +- 5.0 muM and 210.6 +- 55.1 muM, respectively.	Choline	36-43	latexin	Homo sapiens	139-142
25896522-9	2015	DISCUSSION: The present results suggest that choline is mainly transported via a high-affinity choline transport system (CTL1) and a low-affinity choline transport system (CTL2) in human trophoblastic JEG-3 cells.	Choline	45-52	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	121-125
25896522-9	2015	DISCUSSION: The present results suggest that choline is mainly transported via a high-affinity choline transport system (CTL1) and a low-affinity choline transport system (CTL2) in human trophoblastic JEG-3 cells.	Choline	45-52	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	172-176
25945581-3	2015	Betaine can be obtained from the bacterial habitat or produced intracellularly from choline via the toxic betaine aldehyde (BA) employing the choline dehydrogenase and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) enzymes.	Choline	84-91	AT695_RS04200	Staphylococcus aureus	168-198
25925982-7	2015	RESULTS: Among all 13 FMR1 premutation carriers, significant correlations were found between N-acetyl aspartate/creatine and choline/creatine in the MCP and COWAT scores, and between FA in the genu and performance on the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale, COWAT, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test; a correlation was also found between FA in the splenium and COWAT performance.	Choline	125-132	fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1	Homo sapiens	22-26
25869239-1	2015	We thoroughly investigated the biological, structural and chemical stability of epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody (EGFR mAb) using choline-based buffered ionic liquids (BILs).	Choline	150-157	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	80-112
25945581-3	2015	Betaine can be obtained from the bacterial habitat or produced intracellularly from choline via the toxic betaine aldehyde (BA) employing the choline dehydrogenase and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) enzymes.	Choline	84-91	AT695_RS04200	Staphylococcus aureus	200-204
25683697-4	2015	We provided choline, a selective alpha7nAChR agonist among its several developmental roles, in the diet of C57BL/6N wild-type dams throughout the gestation and lactation period and induced MIA at mid-gestation.	Choline	12-19	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	33-44
25869328-1	2015	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that rapidly splits acetylcholine into acetate and choline, presents non-cholinergic functions through which may participate in the control of cell proliferation and apoptosis.	Choline	6-13	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	22-26
25683697-7	2015	Pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (Il6) and Chrna7 gene expression in the wild-type fetal brain were elevated by poly(I:C) injection and were suppressed by gestational choline supplementation.	Choline	174-181	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	26-39
25683697-7	2015	Pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (Il6) and Chrna7 gene expression in the wild-type fetal brain were elevated by poly(I:C) injection and were suppressed by gestational choline supplementation.	Choline	174-181	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	41-44
25683697-7	2015	Pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (Il6) and Chrna7 gene expression in the wild-type fetal brain were elevated by poly(I:C) injection and were suppressed by gestational choline supplementation.	Choline	174-181	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	50-56
25457527-0	2015	F-18 Choline PET angiography of the pelvic arteries: evaluation of image quality and comparison with contrast-enhanced CT. PURPOSE: The purpose was to show the feasibility of F-18 choline positron emission tomography (PET) angiography for the evaluation of abdominal and iliac arteries.	Choline	5-12	mastermind like domain containing 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
25457527-0	2015	F-18 Choline PET angiography of the pelvic arteries: evaluation of image quality and comparison with contrast-enhanced CT. PURPOSE: The purpose was to show the feasibility of F-18 choline positron emission tomography (PET) angiography for the evaluation of abdominal and iliac arteries.	Choline	5-12	mastermind like domain containing 1	Homo sapiens	175-179
25457527-0	2015	F-18 Choline PET angiography of the pelvic arteries: evaluation of image quality and comparison with contrast-enhanced CT. PURPOSE: The purpose was to show the feasibility of F-18 choline positron emission tomography (PET) angiography for the evaluation of abdominal and iliac arteries.	Choline	180-187	mastermind like domain containing 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
25457527-0	2015	F-18 Choline PET angiography of the pelvic arteries: evaluation of image quality and comparison with contrast-enhanced CT. PURPOSE: The purpose was to show the feasibility of F-18 choline positron emission tomography (PET) angiography for the evaluation of abdominal and iliac arteries.	Choline	180-187	mastermind like domain containing 1	Homo sapiens	175-179
24595862-5	2015	RESULTS: Plasma concentrations of choline, but not betaine, were lower in smokers, and choline was positively associated with C-reactive protein and troponin T in nonsmokers, but not in smokers (p for interaction &lt;0.03).	Choline	87-94	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	126-144
25466896-4	2015	The choline transporter-like protein 1/solute carrier 44A1 (CTL1/SLC44A1) and mRNA expression were 2-3 times lower in POTS fibroblasts, and choline uptake was reduced 60% (P &lt; 0.05).	Choline	4-11	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	60-64
25466896-4	2015	The choline transporter-like protein 1/solute carrier 44A1 (CTL1/SLC44A1) and mRNA expression were 2-3 times lower in POTS fibroblasts, and choline uptake was reduced 60% (P &lt; 0.05).	Choline	4-11	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	65-72
25466896-8	2015	The characteristics of the POTS fibroblasts described here represent a first model of choline and CTL1/SLC44A1 deficiency, in which choline transport, membrane homeostasis, and mitochondrial function are impaired.	Choline	132-139	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	98-102
25466896-8	2015	The characteristics of the POTS fibroblasts described here represent a first model of choline and CTL1/SLC44A1 deficiency, in which choline transport, membrane homeostasis, and mitochondrial function are impaired.	Choline	132-139	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	103-110
25771043-5	2015	The milk samples from cows with the DGAT1 KK genotype contained more stomatin, sphingomyelin, choline, and carnitine, and less citrate, creatine or phosphocreatine, glycerol-phosphocholine, mannose-like sugar, acetyl sugar phosphate, uridine diphosphate (UDP)-related sugar, and orotic acid compared with milk samples from cows with the DGAT1 AA genotype.	Choline	94-101	diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1	Bos taurus	36-41
25747036-7	2015	In terms of efflux or clearance transport, the active carriers (many of which have been cloned and expressed) in the CP basolateral and apical membranes perform regulatory removal of some metabolites (e.g. choline) and certain drugs (e.g. antibiotics like penicillin) from CSF, thus reducing agents such as penicillin to sub-therapeutic levels.	Choline	206-213	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	273-276
25622053-9	2015	Best predictors for higher Cho/Cr in BG and MFC were CSF sCD14 and CSF MIP-1beta.	Choline	27-30	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Homo sapiens	71-80
25622053-10	2015	Plasma and CSF IP-10 were only associated with Cho/Cr in MFC.	Choline	47-50	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10	Homo sapiens	15-20
26701952-5	2015	Long echo-time (TE: 270 ms) MRS showed decreased N-acetyl-aspartate/creatine and elevated choline/creatine and lactate; short echo-time MRS (TE: 30 ms) revealed increased myoinositol at 3.56 ppm and lipid peaks at 0.9 and 1.3 ppm.	Choline	90-97	MROS	Homo sapiens	28-31
25782746-8	2015	Choline and omega-3 fatty acids have similar biological functions-affecting cell membranes, growth factor levels, and epigenetically altering gene transcription.	Choline	0-7	myotrophin	Rattus norvegicus	92-105
25738708-1	2015	Thermodynamic analyses and molecular dynamics calculations demonstrated that i-motifs in a hydrated ionic liquid of choline dihydrogen phosphate (choline dhp) were more stable than G-quadruplexes due to choline ion binding to loop regions in the i-motifs.	Choline	116-123	dihydropyrimidinase	Homo sapiens	154-157
25738708-1	2015	Thermodynamic analyses and molecular dynamics calculations demonstrated that i-motifs in a hydrated ionic liquid of choline dihydrogen phosphate (choline dhp) were more stable than G-quadruplexes due to choline ion binding to loop regions in the i-motifs.	Choline	146-153	dihydropyrimidinase	Homo sapiens	154-157
25738708-2	2015	Interestingly, the i-motifs formed even at physiological pH in the choline dhp-containing solution.	Choline	67-74	dihydropyrimidinase	Homo sapiens	75-78
24529280-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Reduction of precuneus choline acetyltransferase activity co-occurs with greater beta-amyloid (Abeta) in Alzheimer"s disease (AD).	Choline	35-42	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	107-112
25873372-6	2015	Given that bacterial phylogeny is a poor marker for choline utilization, we were prompted to develop a degenerate PCR-based method for detecting the key functional gene choline TMA-lyase (cutC) in genomic and metagenomic DNA.	Choline	52-59	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	188-192
25873372-7	2015	Using this tool, we found that new choline-metabolizing gut isolates universally possessed cutC.	Choline	35-42	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	91-95
25873372-13	2015	We also developed a PCR-based strategy to detect a key functional gene (cutC) involved in this pathway and applied it to characterize newly isolated choline-utilizing strains.	Choline	149-156	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	72-76
25890200-0	2015	Increased levels of choline metabolites are an early marker of docetaxel treatment response in BRCA1-mutated mouse mammary tumors: an assessment by ex vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.	Choline	20-27	breast cancer 1, early onset	Mus musculus	95-100
25890200-12	2015	CONCLUSIONS: Relative tissue concentrations of choline compounds are higher in docetaxel resistant than in sensitive BRCA1-mutated mouse mammary tumors, but in the first days after docetaxel treatment only in the sensitive tumors an increase of these compounds is observed.	Choline	47-54	breast cancer 1, early onset	Mus musculus	117-122
25665792-6	2015	Choline-deficient amino acid treatment for 8 weeks induced prominent inflammation and fibrosis in Cygb(-/-) mice, which was inhibited by macrophage deletion.	Choline	0-7	cytoglobin	Mus musculus	98-102
25948806-7	2015	The major clinical role of choline PET/CT is the re-staging of patients with a biochemical relapse after radical treatment; the promising performance of choline PET/CT scan in patients with low levels of PSA could also lead the clinicians for to perform PET-guided adjuvant curative therapies or palliative treatments in patients already treated radically for PCa.	Choline	27-34	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	204-207
25948806-7	2015	The major clinical role of choline PET/CT is the re-staging of patients with a biochemical relapse after radical treatment; the promising performance of choline PET/CT scan in patients with low levels of PSA could also lead the clinicians for to perform PET-guided adjuvant curative therapies or palliative treatments in patients already treated radically for PCa.	Choline	153-160	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	204-207
25607821-10	2015	In addition, Sptlc3 mRNA expression in STAM-F mice was higher than that in db/db mice that received HFD and in B6N mice fed a choline-deficient L-amino acid (CDAA)-defined diet.	Choline	126-133	serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain base subunit 3	Mus musculus	13-19
25576488-4	2015	SHP was found to be repressed by steatotic drugs (valproate, doxycycline, tetracycline, and cyclosporin A) in cultured hepatic cells and the livers of different animal models of NAFLD: iatrogenic (tetracycline-treated rats), genetic (glycine N-methyltransferase-deficient mice), and nutritional (mice fed a methionine- and choline-deficient diet).	Choline	323-330	nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 2	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
25700947-2	2015	Additional mechanisms may include enhanced cholinergic neurotransmission as the alpha7 nicotinic receptor actions of choline and increased acetylcholine synthesis accompanying CDP-choline administration may modulate brain oscillations underlying cognitive processes.	Choline	43-50	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	176-179
25681529-2	2015	Choline, a selective agonist at alpha7 receptors is increased with oral administration of cytidine 5"-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline), the cognitive effects of which were assessed in healthy volunteers.	Choline	0-7	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	120-123
25702663-3	2015	When PSA was over 100 ng/mL, 18F-choline-PET/CT diagnosed the malignancy.	Choline	33-40	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	5-8
25732422-2	2015	Four kinds of choline chloride (ChCl)-based DESs were synthesized to extract bovine serum albumin (BSA), and ChCl-glycerol was selected as the suitable extraction solvent.	Choline	14-30	albumin	Homo sapiens	84-97
25732422-2	2015	Four kinds of choline chloride (ChCl)-based DESs were synthesized to extract bovine serum albumin (BSA), and ChCl-glycerol was selected as the suitable extraction solvent.	Choline	32-36	albumin	Homo sapiens	84-97
25768400-0	2015	Dysregulated choline metabolism in T-cell lymphoma: role of choline kinase-alpha and therapeutic targeting.	Choline	13-20	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	60-80
25768400-4	2015	The results showed that dysregulation of choline metabolism occurred in TCL and was related to tumor cell overexpression of choline kinase-alpha (Chokalpha).	Choline	41-48	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	124-144
25669961-4	2015	We found that this EP4 antagonist caused significant changes in fatty acid metabolism, choline metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism.	Choline	87-94	prostaglandin E receptor 4 (subtype EP4)	Mus musculus	19-22
25536497-4	2015	Specifically, we scanned (BOLD fMRI) participants with a polymorphism of the choline transporter gene that is thought to limit choline transport capacity (Ile89Val variant of the choline transporter gene SLC5A7, rs1013940) and matched controls while they completed a task previously used to demonstrate demand-related increases in right PFC cholinergic transmission in rats and right PFC activation in humans.	Choline	77-84	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	204-210
25585912-6	2015	RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the NF1 and control groups with regard to the mean values of myoinositol/creatine and choline/creatine, with higher metabolite values observed in the NF1 group (P < 0.001).	Choline	138-145	neurofibromin 1	Homo sapiens	56-59
25750529-6	2015	RESULTS: The BAFME patients exhibited a decreased N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/choline (Cho) ratio in the cerebellar cortex, whereas there were no significant differences in the NAA/creatine (Cr), Cho/Cr, and NAA/(Cr+Cho) ratios compared with healthy controls.	Choline	74-81	benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy 1	Homo sapiens	13-18
25750529-6	2015	RESULTS: The BAFME patients exhibited a decreased N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/choline (Cho) ratio in the cerebellar cortex, whereas there were no significant differences in the NAA/creatine (Cr), Cho/Cr, and NAA/(Cr+Cho) ratios compared with healthy controls.	Choline	83-86	benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy 1	Homo sapiens	13-18
25750529-6	2015	RESULTS: The BAFME patients exhibited a decreased N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/choline (Cho) ratio in the cerebellar cortex, whereas there were no significant differences in the NAA/creatine (Cr), Cho/Cr, and NAA/(Cr+Cho) ratios compared with healthy controls.	Choline	192-195	benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy 1	Homo sapiens	13-18
25750529-6	2015	RESULTS: The BAFME patients exhibited a decreased N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/choline (Cho) ratio in the cerebellar cortex, whereas there were no significant differences in the NAA/creatine (Cr), Cho/Cr, and NAA/(Cr+Cho) ratios compared with healthy controls.	Choline	192-195	benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy 1	Homo sapiens	13-18
25453770-3	2015	We hypothesized that this effect was due to the presence of choline in the extracellular space and that this choline is taken up into cholinergic fibers where it is converted to ACh by the enzyme choline-acetyltransferase (ChAT).	Choline	60-67	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	196-221
25656388-9	2015	Fluorescence size exclusion chromatography of hERG-GFP-His 8 solubilized in Fos-Choline-12 supplemented with cholesteryl-hemisuccinate and Astemizole resulted in a monodisperse elution profile demonstrating a high quality of the hERG channels.	Choline	80-87	ETS transcription factor ERG	Homo sapiens	46-50
25308174-0	2015	Deficiency of periostin protects mice against methionine-choline-deficient diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.	Choline	57-64	periostin, osteoblast specific factor	Mus musculus	14-23
25552670-10	2015	When the GS was greater than 7, the rates of detection of (18)F-choline PET/CT were 51%, 65%, and 91% for a PSA level of less than 1 ng/mL, 1-2 ng/mL, and greater than 2 ng/mL, respectively.	Choline	64-71	aminopeptidase puromycin sensitive	Homo sapiens	108-111
25453770-3	2015	We hypothesized that this effect was due to the presence of choline in the extracellular space and that this choline is taken up into cholinergic fibers where it is converted to ACh by the enzyme choline-acetyltransferase (ChAT).	Choline	109-116	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	196-221
26413144-2	2015	It is found that the incorporation of ChAT inhibition by beta-amyloid aggregates into the 2E2C model is able to yield dynamic solutions for concentrations of generated beta-amyloid, ACh, choline, acetate, and pH in addition to the rates of ACh synthesis and ACh hydrolysis in compartments 1 and 2.	Choline	187-194	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	38-42
25500325-4	2015	Specifically, the proposed fluorescent biosensor was successfully applied to detect the concentration of choline (in the range from 0.025 to 50 muM) and acetylcholine (in the range from 0.050 to 50 muM), and the activity of choline oxidase (in the range from 1 to 75 U/L) and acetylcholinesterase (1 to 80 U/L).	Choline	105-112	latexin	Homo sapiens	144-147
25500325-4	2015	Specifically, the proposed fluorescent biosensor was successfully applied to detect the concentration of choline (in the range from 0.025 to 50 muM) and acetylcholine (in the range from 0.050 to 50 muM), and the activity of choline oxidase (in the range from 1 to 75 U/L) and acetylcholinesterase (1 to 80 U/L).	Choline	105-112	latexin	Homo sapiens	198-201
26511472-2	2015	Choline-containing phospholipids (CCPLs) include phosphatidylcholine (PC), sphingomyelin (SM), and choline alphoscerate (GPC).	Choline	0-7	glycophorin C (Gerbich blood group)	Homo sapiens	121-124
26511472-5	2015	This paper has reviewed chemical, biological and therapeutic features of CCPLs by analyzing: a) effects of exogenous CCPLs, b) influence of GPC treatment on brain cholinergic neurotransmission, and c) neuroprotective effects of GPC alone or in association with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in animal models of brain vascular injury, d) synthesis of the choline analogs, containing a short alkyl chain instead of a methyl group.	Choline	163-170	glycophorin C (Gerbich blood group)	Homo sapiens	140-143
26185828-4	2015	MRS in the thalamus of a hypomyelinating mouse model, a myelin synthesis-deficient (msd) mouse, a model of connatal PMD with mutation of the Plp1 gene, revealed increased tNAA and Cr and decreased Cho.	Choline	197-200	proteolipid protein (myelin) 1	Mus musculus	141-145
24488656-2	2015	The ratio of choline (plus spermine as the main polyamine) plus creatine over citrate [(Cho+(Spm+)Cr)/Cit] is derived from these metabolites and is used as a marker for the presence of prostate cancer.	Choline	13-20	citron rho-interacting serine/threonine kinase	Homo sapiens	102-105
26185828-5	2015	That of a shiverer mouse with an autosomal recessive mutation of the Mbp gene showed decreased Cho with normal tNAA and Cr.	Choline	95-98	myelin basic protein	Mus musculus	69-72
25333818-1	2015	The function of choline kinase (CK) and ethanolamine kinase (EK) is to catalyse the phosphorylation of choline and ethanolamine, respectively, in order to yield phosphocholine (PCho) and phosphoethanolamine (PEtn).	Choline	16-23	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	61-63
25487918-1	2015	Choline kinase alpha (CHKA; here designated as ChoKalpha) is the first enzyme in the CDP-choline pathway, implicated in phospholipids metabolism.	Choline	89-96	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	0-20
25487918-1	2015	Choline kinase alpha (CHKA; here designated as ChoKalpha) is the first enzyme in the CDP-choline pathway, implicated in phospholipids metabolism.	Choline	89-96	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	22-26
24973536-3	2014	The blue-to-red color transition of poly(10,12-pentacosadynoic acid) vesicles can be induced by myristoylcholine which is enzymatically hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase to myristic acid and choline to prevent the color transition.	Choline	105-112	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	150-170
25548482-2	2014	METHODS: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was induced in wild-type mice and in mice overexpressing p62 specifically in the liver by feeding the mice a methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet for either two or four weeks.	Choline	170-177	nucleoporin 62	Mus musculus	103-106
25038538-2	2014	Based on this phenomenon, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline oxidase (ChOx) are used to catalyze ACh and choline to form the active product H2O2 and the as-produced H2O2 is detected optically.	Choline	32-39	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	48-52
24836212-2	2014	The biosensor is based on electrochemical measurement of H2O2 generated from oxidation of choline by immobilized ChO, which in turn is produced from hydrolysis of acetylcholine by immobilized AChE.	Choline	90-97	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	192-196
25267063-0	2014	Alterations of choline phospholipid metabolism in endometrial cancer are caused by choline kinase alpha overexpression and a hyperactivated deacylation pathway.	Choline	15-22	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	83-103
25281899-2	2014	In the present paper, it is shown that alpha7-specific agonists PNU282987 (130nM) or choline (1.6mM) attenuated the interleukin-6 (IL-6) production stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide in monocyte-derived U937 and astrocyte-derived U373 cell lines.	Choline	85-92	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	116-129
25281899-2	2014	In the present paper, it is shown that alpha7-specific agonists PNU282987 (130nM) or choline (1.6mM) attenuated the interleukin-6 (IL-6) production stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide in monocyte-derived U937 and astrocyte-derived U373 cell lines.	Choline	85-92	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	131-135
25315828-2	2014	Choline is a selective alpha7 nAChR agonist and the aim of this study was to determine whether cytidine 5"-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline), or citicoline, a dietary source of choline, increases sensory gating and cognition in healthy volunteers stratified for gating level.	Choline	0-7	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	30-35
25315828-6	2014	These preliminary findings with CDP-choline in a healthy, schizophrenia-like surrogate sample are consistent with a alpha7 nAChR mechanism and support further trials with choline as a pro-cognitive strategy.	Choline	36-43	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	32-35
25421509-0	2014	Choline partially prevents the impact of ethanol on the lipid raft dependent functions of l1 cell adhesion molecule.	Choline	0-7	L1 cell adhesion molecule	Rattus norvegicus	90-115
25396754-8	2014	Remarkably, we found that the phenotype of quiescent liver tissue from E2F2-/- mice resembles the phenotype of proliferating E2F2+/+ liver tissue, characterized by a decreased phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylethanolamine ratio and a reprogramming of genes involved in generation of choline and ethanolamine derivatives.	Choline	188-195	E2F transcription factor 2	Mus musculus	71-75
25396754-8	2014	Remarkably, we found that the phenotype of quiescent liver tissue from E2F2-/- mice resembles the phenotype of proliferating E2F2+/+ liver tissue, characterized by a decreased phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylethanolamine ratio and a reprogramming of genes involved in generation of choline and ethanolamine derivatives.	Choline	188-195	E2F transcription factor 2	Mus musculus	125-129
25101540-9	2014	Moreover, soluble Abeta disrupted the capacity of cholinergic synapses to clear exogenous choline from the extracellular space in both young and aged rats, reflecting impairments in the choline transport process that is critical for acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and release.	Choline	50-57	amyloid beta precursor protein	Rattus norvegicus	18-23
25101540-9	2014	Moreover, soluble Abeta disrupted the capacity of cholinergic synapses to clear exogenous choline from the extracellular space in both young and aged rats, reflecting impairments in the choline transport process that is critical for acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and release.	Choline	90-97	amyloid beta precursor protein	Rattus norvegicus	18-23
25101540-11	2014	Taken together, these data suggest that soluble Abeta may marginally influence attentional functions at young ages primarily by interfering with the choline uptake processes.	Choline	149-156	amyloid beta precursor protein	Rattus norvegicus	48-53
25332485-7	2014	Prenatal choline supplementation in FID rats restored NOR (acquisition: 48.8%, test: 64.4%, P &lt; 0.0005) and increased hippocampal gene expression (FID-C vs. FID group: Bdnf, Mbp, P &lt; 0.01).	Choline	9-16	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	171-175
25132563-2	2014	This strategy involves the reaction of ACh with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to produce choline, which is further oxidized by choline oxidase (ChOx) to obtain betaine and H2O2.	Choline	54-61	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	70-74
25332485-7	2014	Prenatal choline supplementation in FID rats restored NOR (acquisition: 48.8%, test: 64.4%, P &lt; 0.0005) and increased hippocampal gene expression (FID-C vs. FID group: Bdnf, Mbp, P &lt; 0.01).	Choline	9-16	myelin basic protein	Rattus norvegicus	177-180
25332485-9	2014	CONCLUSIONS: Deficits in recognition memory, but not social behavior, resulting from gestational iron deficiency are attenuated by prenatal choline supplementation, potentially through preservation of hippocampal Bdnf and Mbp expression.	Choline	140-147	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	213-217
25332485-9	2014	CONCLUSIONS: Deficits in recognition memory, but not social behavior, resulting from gestational iron deficiency are attenuated by prenatal choline supplementation, potentially through preservation of hippocampal Bdnf and Mbp expression.	Choline	140-147	myelin basic protein	Rattus norvegicus	222-225
25212505-5	2014	Using post-ion mobility MS/MS spectra acquired by data-independent acquisition, the features giving rise to the observed grouping were determined to be biomolecules associated with aggressive breast cancer tumors, including glutathione, oxidized glutathione, thymosins beta4 and beta10, and choline-containing species.	Choline	291-298	tubulin beta 3 class III	Homo sapiens	269-274
24963152-0	2014	Maternal choline supplementation programs greater activity of the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) pathway in adult Ts65Dn trisomic mice.	Choline	9-16	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	66-110
24946279-6	2014	RESULTS: ASMase deficiency determined resistance to hepatic steatosis mediated by a HFD or methionine-choline deficient diet.	Choline	102-109	sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1, acid lysosomal	Mus musculus	9-15
24963152-0	2014	Maternal choline supplementation programs greater activity of the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) pathway in adult Ts65Dn trisomic mice.	Choline	9-16	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	112-116
24963152-0	2014	Maternal choline supplementation programs greater activity of the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) pathway in adult Ts65Dn trisomic mice.	Choline	9-16	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	135-141
24963152-1	2014	Maternal choline supplementation (MCS) induces lifelong cognitive benefits in the Ts65Dn mouse, a trisomic mouse model of Down syndrome and Alzheimer"s disease.	Choline	9-16	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	82-88
24963152-2	2014	To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects, we conducted a study to test the hypothesis that MCS alters choline metabolism in adult Ts65Dn offspring.	Choline	133-140	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	161-167
25073461-5	2014	A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for human CHT1 has been identified, which has a replacement from isoleucine to valine in the third transmembrane segment and shows the choline uptake activity of 50-60% as much as that of wild-type CHT1.	Choline	174-181	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	49-53
25073461-5	2014	A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for human CHT1 has been identified, which has a replacement from isoleucine to valine in the third transmembrane segment and shows the choline uptake activity of 50-60% as much as that of wild-type CHT1.	Choline	174-181	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	237-241
25051256-7	2014	The results demonstrated that, in the group treated with methionine and choline bitartrate tablets and in the groups treated with different doses of TARAP, there was a significant reduction in the LI (P&lt;0.05 or P&lt;0.01), a downregulation of the secretion levels of ALT and AST, reduced levels of LEP and resistin and an increased expression of APN in the liver of NAFLD rats compared with the model group.	Choline	72-90	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	278-281
24963152-5	2014	Adult offspring (both Ts65Dn and 2N) of choline-supplemented (vs. choline-unsupplemented) dams exhibited 60% greater (P&lt;=0.007) activity of hepatic PEMT, which functions in de novo choline synthesis and produces phosphatidylcholine (PC) enriched in docosahexaenoic acid.	Choline	40-47	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	22-35
24963152-5	2014	Adult offspring (both Ts65Dn and 2N) of choline-supplemented (vs. choline-unsupplemented) dams exhibited 60% greater (P&lt;=0.007) activity of hepatic PEMT, which functions in de novo choline synthesis and produces phosphatidylcholine (PC) enriched in docosahexaenoic acid.	Choline	40-47	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	151-155
24963152-5	2014	Adult offspring (both Ts65Dn and 2N) of choline-supplemented (vs. choline-unsupplemented) dams exhibited 60% greater (P&lt;=0.007) activity of hepatic PEMT, which functions in de novo choline synthesis and produces phosphatidylcholine (PC) enriched in docosahexaenoic acid.	Choline	66-73	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	151-155
24963152-5	2014	Adult offspring (both Ts65Dn and 2N) of choline-supplemented (vs. choline-unsupplemented) dams exhibited 60% greater (P&lt;=0.007) activity of hepatic PEMT, which functions in de novo choline synthesis and produces phosphatidylcholine (PC) enriched in docosahexaenoic acid.	Choline	66-73	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	151-155
25051256-7	2014	The results demonstrated that, in the group treated with methionine and choline bitartrate tablets and in the groups treated with different doses of TARAP, there was a significant reduction in the LI (P&lt;0.05 or P&lt;0.01), a downregulation of the secretion levels of ALT and AST, reduced levels of LEP and resistin and an increased expression of APN in the liver of NAFLD rats compared with the model group.	Choline	72-90	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	301-304
25051256-7	2014	The results demonstrated that, in the group treated with methionine and choline bitartrate tablets and in the groups treated with different doses of TARAP, there was a significant reduction in the LI (P&lt;0.05 or P&lt;0.01), a downregulation of the secretion levels of ALT and AST, reduced levels of LEP and resistin and an increased expression of APN in the liver of NAFLD rats compared with the model group.	Choline	72-90	resistin	Rattus norvegicus	309-317
25051256-7	2014	The results demonstrated that, in the group treated with methionine and choline bitartrate tablets and in the groups treated with different doses of TARAP, there was a significant reduction in the LI (P&lt;0.05 or P&lt;0.01), a downregulation of the secretion levels of ALT and AST, reduced levels of LEP and resistin and an increased expression of APN in the liver of NAFLD rats compared with the model group.	Choline	72-90	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Rattus norvegicus	349-352
24932939-0	2014	Maternal choline supplementation improves spatial mapping and increases basal forebrain cholinergic neuron number and size in aged Ts65Dn mice.	Choline	9-16	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	131-137
24932939-2	2014	The present study tested the hypothesis that maternal choline supplementation (MCS) improves spatial mapping and protects against BFCN degeneration in the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS and AD.	Choline	54-61	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	155-161
24832487-4	2014	The expression of mitopmt suppressed the choline auxotrophy of a double deletion mutant of PEM1 and PEM2 (pem1Deltapem2Delta) and enabled it to synthesize PC in the absence of choline.	Choline	41-48	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	91-95
24832487-4	2014	The expression of mitopmt suppressed the choline auxotrophy of a double deletion mutant of PEM1 and PEM2 (pem1Deltapem2Delta) and enabled it to synthesize PC in the absence of choline.	Choline	41-48	bifunctional phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase/phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	100-104
25924313-2	2014	The biological regulator of this neurotransmitter is acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACh to choline and acetic acid.	Choline	59-66	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	75-79
24863057-6	2014	We modeled the docking of dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) with Nogo-66 and found that a lipid choline group could form a stable salt bridge with Glu26 and serve as a membrane anchor point.	Choline	40-47	reticulon 4	Homo sapiens	59-63
24819880-5	2014	However, the administration of a alpha7-nAChR agonist (choline) produce a paradoxical modulation, causing memory enhancement in mice trained with a weak footshock, but memory impairment in animals trained with a strong footshock.	Choline	55-62	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	40-45
25157578-0	2014	Choline and choline metabolite patterns and associations in blood and milk during lactation in dairy cows.	Choline	0-7	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	70-74
25157578-0	2014	Choline and choline metabolite patterns and associations in blood and milk during lactation in dairy cows.	Choline	12-19	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	70-74
25157578-1	2014	Milk and dairy products are an important source of choline, a nutrient essential for human health.	Choline	51-58	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	0-4
25157578-2	2014	Infant formula derived from bovine milk contains a number of metabolic forms of choline, all contribute to the growth and development of the newborn.	Choline	80-87	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	35-39
25157578-3	2014	At present, little is known about the factors that influence the concentrations of choline metabolites in milk.	Choline	83-90	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	106-110
25157578-4	2014	The objectives of this study were to characterize and then evaluate associations for choline and its metabolites in blood and milk through the first 37 weeks of lactation in the dairy cow.	Choline	85-92	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	126-130
24811005-3	2014	Phospholipase D1 (PLD1), an enzyme that generates phosphatidic acid through hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine and additionally yields choline as a product, has been described as regulator of the cell mobility.	Choline	102-109	phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-16
24325816-6	2014	Similarly, lipid accumulation and inflammation occurred in mice fed a methionine-choline-deficient diet; thus, vimentin expression and serum cleaved vimentin levels were increased.	Choline	81-88	vimentin	Mus musculus	111-119
24811005-3	2014	Phospholipase D1 (PLD1), an enzyme that generates phosphatidic acid through hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine and additionally yields choline as a product, has been described as regulator of the cell mobility.	Choline	102-109	phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	18-22
24905385-14	2014	In conclusion, the combination of choline chloride, vitamin C, and selenium via the intranasal route reduces AHR, inflammation, and oxidative stress, probably by causing IL-10 production by FOXP3(+) cells, and possesses therapeutic potential against allergic airway disease.	Choline	34-50	interleukin 10	Mus musculus	170-175
24905385-14	2014	In conclusion, the combination of choline chloride, vitamin C, and selenium via the intranasal route reduces AHR, inflammation, and oxidative stress, probably by causing IL-10 production by FOXP3(+) cells, and possesses therapeutic potential against allergic airway disease.	Choline	34-50	forkhead box P3	Mus musculus	190-195
24647919-2	2014	Specifically, we previously showed that supplemental choline reduced placental and maternal circulating concentrations of the anti-angiogenic factor, fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFLT1), in pregnant women as well as sFLT1 production in cultured human trophoblasts.	Choline	53-60	fms related receptor tyrosine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	126-176
24879866-9	2014	Finally, we validated that Cre recombinase (Cre)-mediated excision led to functional, cell- and tissue-specific loss of alpha7 nAChRs by demonstrating that choline-induced alpha7 nAChR currents were present in Cre-negative, but not synapsin promoter-driven Cre-positive, CA1 pyramidal neurons.	Choline	156-163	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	120-132
24879866-9	2014	Finally, we validated that Cre recombinase (Cre)-mediated excision led to functional, cell- and tissue-specific loss of alpha7 nAChRs by demonstrating that choline-induced alpha7 nAChR currents were present in Cre-negative, but not synapsin promoter-driven Cre-positive, CA1 pyramidal neurons.	Choline	156-163	carbonic anhydrase 1	Mus musculus	271-274
24972900-7	2014	Thus, the CTL1/SLC44A1 presence at the plasma membrane regulates choline requirements in accordance with the type of fatty acid.	Choline	65-72	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	10-14
24972900-7	2014	Thus, the CTL1/SLC44A1 presence at the plasma membrane regulates choline requirements in accordance with the type of fatty acid.	Choline	65-72	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	15-22
24972900-10	2014	The mitochondrial choline uptake was reduced by both FA; however, the regulation is complex and guided not only by the presence of the mitochondrial CTL1/SLC44A1 protein but also by the membrane potential and general mitochondrial function.	Choline	18-25	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	149-153
24972900-10	2014	The mitochondrial choline uptake was reduced by both FA; however, the regulation is complex and guided not only by the presence of the mitochondrial CTL1/SLC44A1 protein but also by the membrane potential and general mitochondrial function.	Choline	18-25	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	154-161
25013178-4	2014	Hydrated ILs, such as choline dihydrogen phosphate (choline dhp) and deep eutectic solvent (DES) prepared from choline chloride and urea, are "green" solvents that ensure long-term stability of biomolecules.	Choline	22-29	dihydropyrimidinase	Homo sapiens	60-63
25013178-6	2014	We here review current knowledge about the structures and stabilities of nucleic acids in choline dhp and DES.	Choline	90-97	dihydropyrimidinase	Homo sapiens	98-101
25013178-7	2014	Interestingly, in choline dhp, A-T base pairs are more stable than G-C base pairs, the reverse of the situation in buffered NaCl solution.	Choline	18-25	dihydropyrimidinase	Homo sapiens	26-29
25013178-9	2014	In choline dhp, the stability of Hoogsteen base pairs is comparable to that of Watson-Crick base pairs.	Choline	3-10	dihydropyrimidinase	Homo sapiens	11-14
24858690-1	2014	Dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (DMGDH) is a mammalian mitochondrial enzyme which plays an important role in the utilization of methyl groups derived from choline.	Choline	153-160	dimethylglycine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-29
25073461-2	2014	CHT1 is present on the presynaptic terminal of cholinergic neurons, and takes up choline which is the precursor of acetylcholine.	Choline	47-54	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	0-4
25073461-3	2014	The Na(+)-dependent uptake of choline by CHT1 is the rate-limiting step for synthesis of acetylcholine.	Choline	30-37	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	41-45
24930496-0	2014	How a protein can remain stable in a solvent with high content of urea: insights from molecular dynamics simulation of Candida antarctica lipase B in urea : choline chloride deep eutectic solvent.	Choline	157-173	PAN0_003d1715	Moesziomyces antarcticus	138-144
24930496-16	2014	Interestingly, urea, choline, and chloride ions form hydrogen bonds with the surface residues of the enzyme which, instead of lipase denaturation, leads to greater enzyme stability.	Choline	21-28	PAN0_003d1715	Moesziomyces antarcticus	126-132
24854437-1	2014	The recently identified glycyl radical enzyme (GRE) homologue choline trimethylamine-lyase (CutC) participates in the anaerobic conversion of choline to trimethylamine (TMA), a widely distributed microbial metabolic transformation that occurs in the human gut and is linked to disease.	Choline	62-69	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	92-96
24854437-4	2014	We have observed CutD-mediated formation of a glycyl radical on CutC using EPR spectroscopy and have demonstrated that activated CutC processes choline to trimethylamine and acetaldehyde.	Choline	144-151	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	64-68
24854437-4	2014	We have observed CutD-mediated formation of a glycyl radical on CutC using EPR spectroscopy and have demonstrated that activated CutC processes choline to trimethylamine and acetaldehyde.	Choline	144-151	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	129-133
24854437-5	2014	Surveys of potential alternate CutC substrates uncovered a strict specificity for choline.	Choline	82-89	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	31-35
24854437-7	2014	Overall, this work establishes that CutC is a GRE of unique function and a molecular marker for anaerobic choline metabolism.	Choline	106-113	cutC copper transporter	Homo sapiens	36-40
24858690-1	2014	Dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (DMGDH) is a mammalian mitochondrial enzyme which plays an important role in the utilization of methyl groups derived from choline.	Choline	153-160	dimethylglycine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	31-36
25008948-6	2014	We show that CHER1 facilitates choline transport, localizes to the trans-Golgi network, and during cytokinesis is associated with the phragmoplast.	Choline	31-38	Plasma-membrane choline transporter family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	13-18
25010553-3	2014	Thirty five micromole or 70 muM choline alone, instead of a low dose (5 muM), reduced hepatocellular triglyceride (TG) accumulation, protected Deltapsim from decrement and increased GSH-Px activity in C3A cells.	Choline	32-39	latexin	Homo sapiens	28-31
24995811-4	2014	The PLD hydrolyzes the headgroup of a phospholipid, generally phosphatidylcholine (PC), to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline and is assumed to play an important function in cell regulation and receptor trafficking.	Choline	74-81	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	4-7
24687992-3	2014	Now we show that choline activation of alpha7 promotes a rise in intracellular calcium from local ER stores via Galphaq signaling, leading to IP3 receptor (IP3R) activation at the growth cone of differentiating PC12 cells.	Choline	17-24	G protein subunit alpha q	Rattus norvegicus	112-119
24800750-0	2014	Mouse model for deficiency of methionine synthase reductase exhibits short-term memory impairment and disturbances in brain choline metabolism.	Choline	124-131	5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase	Mus musculus	30-59
24708244-6	2014	GH/EGFR down-regulation was also demonstrated in 2 steatosis mouse models, a genetic (ob/ob) and a methionine and choline-deficient diet mouse model, in correlation with liver regeneration defect.	Choline	114-121	epidermal growth factor receptor	Mus musculus	3-7
24671709-3	2014	We confirmed that effect alleles in SNPs such as the C allele of PEMT rs12325817 increase the risk of developing organ dysfunction in women when they consume a diet low in choline, and we identified novel effect alleles, such as the C allele of CHKA SNP rs7928739, that alter dietary choline requirements.	Choline	172-179	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	65-69
24671709-3	2014	We confirmed that effect alleles in SNPs such as the C allele of PEMT rs12325817 increase the risk of developing organ dysfunction in women when they consume a diet low in choline, and we identified novel effect alleles, such as the C allele of CHKA SNP rs7928739, that alter dietary choline requirements.	Choline	172-179	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	245-249
24671709-3	2014	We confirmed that effect alleles in SNPs such as the C allele of PEMT rs12325817 increase the risk of developing organ dysfunction in women when they consume a diet low in choline, and we identified novel effect alleles, such as the C allele of CHKA SNP rs7928739, that alter dietary choline requirements.	Choline	284-291	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	65-69
24671709-4	2014	When fed a low-choline diet, some people presented with muscle damage rather than liver damage; several effect alleles in SLC44A1 (rs7873937, G allele; rs2771040, G; rs6479313, G; rs16924529, A; and rs3199966, C) and one in CHKB (rs1557502, A) were more common in these individuals.	Choline	15-22	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	122-129
24687992-3	2014	Now we show that choline activation of alpha7 promotes a rise in intracellular calcium from local ER stores via Galphaq signaling, leading to IP3 receptor (IP3R) activation at the growth cone of differentiating PC12 cells.	Choline	17-24	inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, type 1	Rattus norvegicus	142-154
24687992-3	2014	Now we show that choline activation of alpha7 promotes a rise in intracellular calcium from local ER stores via Galphaq signaling, leading to IP3 receptor (IP3R) activation at the growth cone of differentiating PC12 cells.	Choline	17-24	inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, type 1	Rattus norvegicus	156-160
24274995-1	2014	The hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) sensitive, high-affinity choline transporter (CHT) sustains cholinergic signaling via the presynaptic uptake of choline derived from dietary sources or from acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-mediated hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh).	Choline	52-59	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	73-76
24274995-1	2014	The hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) sensitive, high-affinity choline transporter (CHT) sustains cholinergic signaling via the presynaptic uptake of choline derived from dietary sources or from acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-mediated hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh).	Choline	52-59	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	184-204
24274995-1	2014	The hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) sensitive, high-affinity choline transporter (CHT) sustains cholinergic signaling via the presynaptic uptake of choline derived from dietary sources or from acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-mediated hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh).	Choline	52-59	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	206-210
24802400-3	2014	Phospholipase D1 (PLD1), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to yield phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline, was recently shown to modulate autophagy.	Choline	71-78	phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-16
25265849-5	2014	The increase in [Ca2+]i induced by 1 mM choline was inhibited significantly (p = 0.014) in cells which had been pre-incubated for 15 min with methyllycaconitine (MLA), a selective alpha7 nAChR antagonist.	Choline	40-47	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	187-192
24813107-1	2014	The phospholipases D (PLD1 and 2) are signaling enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidic acid, a lipid second messenger involved in cell proliferation, and choline, a precursor of acetylcholine (ACh).	Choline	100-107	phospholipase D1	Mus musculus	22-32
24802400-3	2014	Phospholipase D1 (PLD1), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to yield phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline, was recently shown to modulate autophagy.	Choline	71-78	phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	18-22
24184426-7	2014	PEMT activity is required to maintain hepatic membrane integrity and for the formation of choline when dietary choline supply is limited.	Choline	90-97	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	0-4
24184426-7	2014	PEMT activity is required to maintain hepatic membrane integrity and for the formation of choline when dietary choline supply is limited.	Choline	111-118	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	0-4
24184426-1	2014	Phosphatidylcholine is made in the liver via the CDP-choline pathway and via the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine by 3 transmethylation reactions from AdoMet catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT).	Choline	12-19	methionine adenosyltransferase I, alpha	Mus musculus	180-186
24152627-1	2014	PET/CT with F-fluorocholine (a positron-labeled choline analog) is currently used as a diagnostic tool for restaging prostate cancer patients with increasing prostate-specific antigen.	Choline	20-27	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	158-183
24184426-1	2014	Phosphatidylcholine is made in the liver via the CDP-choline pathway and via the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine by 3 transmethylation reactions from AdoMet catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT).	Choline	12-19	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	200-244
24184426-1	2014	Phosphatidylcholine is made in the liver via the CDP-choline pathway and via the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine by 3 transmethylation reactions from AdoMet catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT).	Choline	12-19	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	246-250
24619903-2	2014	METHODS: This case-control study examined the NTD risk associated with choline and betaine in 409 Mexican-American women who gave birth during 1995 to 2000 in the 14-county border region of Texas.	Choline	71-78	fuzzy planar cell polarity protein	Homo sapiens	46-49
24619903-3	2014	RESULTS: Using data from the food frequency questionnaire and the lowest quartiles of intake as the reference categories, a protective association was suggested between higher intakes of choline and betaine and NTD risk although the 95% confidence intervals for all risk estimates included 1.0.	Choline	187-194	fuzzy planar cell polarity protein	Homo sapiens	211-214
24673342-6	2014	In addition, choline reduces synaptic transmission between hippocampal subfields CA3 and CA1.	Choline	13-20	carbonic anhydrase 3	Mus musculus	81-84
24673342-6	2014	In addition, choline reduces synaptic transmission between hippocampal subfields CA3 and CA1.	Choline	13-20	carbonic anhydrase 1	Mus musculus	89-92
24764256-0	2014	Silencing of the glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase GDPD5 alters the phospholipid metabolite profile in a breast cancer model in vivo as monitored by (31) P MRS. Abnormal choline phospholipid metabolism is an emerging hallmark of cancer, which is implicated in carcinogenesis and tumor progression.	Choline	31-38	glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5	Homo sapiens	57-62
24556997-3	2014	Choline kinase-alpha (Chk-alpha) is an enzyme in the Kennedy pathway that phosphorylates free choline (Cho) to PC, and its upregulation in several cancers is a major contributor to increased PC levels.	Choline	94-101	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	0-20
24699681-2	2014	An aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) based ChCl-urea DES was studied for the first time for the extraction of bovine serum albumin (BSA).	Choline	41-45	albumin	Homo sapiens	115-128
24816763-8	2014	RESULT: 1H-MRS revealed elevated choline levels in embryonic craniofacial tissue in the RA70 and RA100 groups compared to controls (P&lt;0.05).	Choline	33-40	src family associated phosphoprotein 2	Mus musculus	88-92
24816763-9	2014	Increased choline levels were also found in the RA70 and RA100 groups compared with the RA30 group (P&lt;0.01).	Choline	10-17	src family associated phosphoprotein 2	Mus musculus	48-52
23831342-7	2014	RESULTS: General linear model analysis demonstrated that older APOE E4 carriers had significantly higher choline/creatine and myo-inositol/creatine ratios than APOE E3 homozygotes.	Choline	105-112	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	63-67
23831342-8	2014	Structural equation modeling resulted in a model with an excellent goodness of fit and in which the APOE x age interaction and APOE status each had a significant effect on (1)H-MRS metabolites (choline/creatine and myo-inositol/creatine).	Choline	194-201	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	100-104
23831342-8	2014	Structural equation modeling resulted in a model with an excellent goodness of fit and in which the APOE x age interaction and APOE status each had a significant effect on (1)H-MRS metabolites (choline/creatine and myo-inositol/creatine).	Choline	194-201	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	127-131
23831342-10	2014	CONCLUSIONS: In a healthy aging normal population, choline/creatine and myo-inositol/creatine ratios were significantly increased in APOE E4 carriers, suggesting the presence of neuroinflammatory processes and greater membrane turnover in older carriers.	Choline	51-58	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	133-137
24556997-3	2014	Choline kinase-alpha (Chk-alpha) is an enzyme in the Kennedy pathway that phosphorylates free choline (Cho) to PC, and its upregulation in several cancers is a major contributor to increased PC levels.	Choline	94-101	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	22-31
24556997-3	2014	Choline kinase-alpha (Chk-alpha) is an enzyme in the Kennedy pathway that phosphorylates free choline (Cho) to PC, and its upregulation in several cancers is a major contributor to increased PC levels.	Choline	0-3	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	22-31
24556997-4	2014	Similarly, increased expression and activity of phospholipase D1 (PLD1), which converts phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) to phosphatidic acid (PA) and Cho, has been well documented in gastric, ovarian and breast cancer.	Choline	112-115	phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	48-64
24556997-4	2014	Similarly, increased expression and activity of phospholipase D1 (PLD1), which converts phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) to phosphatidic acid (PA) and Cho, has been well documented in gastric, ovarian and breast cancer.	Choline	112-115	phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	66-70
24310773-0	2014	Relationship between prostate-specific antigen kinetics and detection rate of radiolabelled choline PET/CT in restaging prostate cancer patients: a meta-analysis.	Choline	92-99	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	21-46
24310773-2	2014	METHODS: A comprehensive literature search of studies published through July 2013 regarding the relationship between PSA kinetics and DR of radiolabelled choline PET/CT was carried out.	Choline	154-161	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	117-120
24310773-10	2014	CONCLUSIONS: Due to the strong relationship between PSA kinetics and DR of radiolabelled choline PET/CT, beyond PSA values, PSAdt and PSAvel should be taken into account in the selection of PCa patients who should undergo radiolabelled choline PET/CT for restaging.	Choline	89-96	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	52-55
24346416-10	2014	In univariate and multivariate analyses PSA kinetics was the only variable affecting (11)C-choline PET/CT detection rate.	Choline	91-98	aminopeptidase puromycin sensitive	Homo sapiens	40-43
24194609-8	2014	Serum CRP was also negatively correlated with mature milk free choline (r = -0.278; P &lt; .05), but no correlation was found between serum CRP and other choline compounds in mature milk.	Choline	63-70	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	6-9
24178831-0	2014	Maternal choline supplementation differentially alters the basal forebrain cholinergic system of young-adult Ts65Dn and disomic mice.	Choline	9-16	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	109-115
25031675-4	2014	The goal of this study was to identify the effects of choline supplementation on body mass reduction and leptin levels among female taekwondo and judo athletes.	Choline	54-61	leptin	Homo sapiens	105-111
24440820-4	2014	The transcription of two genes in particular encoding key enzymes in the CDP-choline pathway for PtdCho biosynthesis are stimulated; the Chka gene for choline kinase (CK) alpha isoform and the Pcyt1a gene for the CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT) alpha isoform.	Choline	77-84	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	137-141
24440820-4	2014	The transcription of two genes in particular encoding key enzymes in the CDP-choline pathway for PtdCho biosynthesis are stimulated; the Chka gene for choline kinase (CK) alpha isoform and the Pcyt1a gene for the CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT) alpha isoform.	Choline	77-84	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	151-176
24440820-4	2014	The transcription of two genes in particular encoding key enzymes in the CDP-choline pathway for PtdCho biosynthesis are stimulated; the Chka gene for choline kinase (CK) alpha isoform and the Pcyt1a gene for the CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT) alpha isoform.	Choline	77-84	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1A, choline	Homo sapiens	193-199
24440820-4	2014	The transcription of two genes in particular encoding key enzymes in the CDP-choline pathway for PtdCho biosynthesis are stimulated; the Chka gene for choline kinase (CK) alpha isoform and the Pcyt1a gene for the CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT) alpha isoform.	Choline	77-84	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1A, choline	Homo sapiens	213-264
24530235-12	2014	The data presented here suggest that CTL1 and CTL2 are functionally expressed in A-172 and U-251MG cells and are responsible for [methyl-(3)H]choline uptake that relies on a directed H(+) gradient as a driving force.	Choline	142-149	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	37-41
24530235-12	2014	The data presented here suggest that CTL1 and CTL2 are functionally expressed in A-172 and U-251MG cells and are responsible for [methyl-(3)H]choline uptake that relies on a directed H(+) gradient as a driving force.	Choline	142-149	solute carrier family 44 member 2	Homo sapiens	46-50
24059296-2	2014	AChE is a serine protease, which hydrolyses the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine into acetate and choline thereby terminating neurotransmission.	Choline	72-79	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	0-4
24418344-1	2014	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the enzyme that controls the acetylcholine (ACh) concentrations in cholinergic synaptic clefts by hydrolyzing ACh to choline and acetate.	Choline	6-13	acetylcholinesterase	Ovis aries	22-26
24407945-3	2014	A systematic detergent screening showed that fos-choline-14 was the optimal detergent to solubilize and subsequently purify FPR3-T4L from HEK293 cells.	Choline	49-56	formyl peptide receptor 3	Mus musculus	124-128
24493094-4	2014	An increase in the amounts of GABA, NAA and choline compounds in the brain occurred in mice treated with LPS.	Choline	44-51	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	105-108
24462939-0	2014	Long-term improvements in sensory inhibition with gestational choline supplementation linked to alpha7 nicotinic receptors through studies in Chrna7 null mutation mice.	Choline	62-69	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	142-148
24462939-9	2014	Choline-supplemented mice heterozygotic or null-mutant for Chrna7 failed to show improvement in sensory inhibition.	Choline	0-7	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	59-65
24462939-11	2014	This supports the hypothesis that gestational-choline supplementation is acting through the alpha7 nicotinic receptor to improve sensory inhibition.	Choline	46-53	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	92-117
24401988-11	2014	The MEK1 inhibitor PD98059 diminished ERK1/2 activation and attenuated stimulation of choline uptake.	Choline	86-93	mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	4-8
24401988-12	2014	Furthermore, inhibition of ERK1/2 activation abated stimulation of choline uptake in cells exposed to cadmium with BSO.	Choline	67-74	mitogen activated protein kinase 3	Rattus norvegicus	27-33
24401988-13	2014	These data indicate that in the choroid plexus, exposure to low concentrations of cadmium may induce oxidative stress and consequently stimulate apical choline transport through activation of ERK1/2 MAP kinase.	Choline	152-159	mitogen activated protein kinase 3	Rattus norvegicus	192-198
24127780-1	2014	The sodium-coupled, hemicholinium-3-sensitive, high-affinity choline transporter (CHT) is responsible for transport of choline into cholinergic nerve terminals from the synaptic cleft following acetylcholine release and hydrolysis.	Choline	61-68	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	82-85
24481979-5	2014	Therefore, we employed a Spiegelmer-based inhibitor of the chemokine, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2; monocyte chemoattractant protein 1), termed mNOX-E36, in the regression phase of two murine models of toxic (CCl4 ) and metabolic (methionine-choline-deficient diet) liver fibrosis.	Choline	248-255	chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2	Mus musculus	100-104
24481979-5	2014	Therefore, we employed a Spiegelmer-based inhibitor of the chemokine, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2; monocyte chemoattractant protein 1), termed mNOX-E36, in the regression phase of two murine models of toxic (CCl4 ) and metabolic (methionine-choline-deficient diet) liver fibrosis.	Choline	248-255	chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2	Mus musculus	106-140
24127780-4	2014	Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells expressing rat CHT with filipin, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MbetaC) or cholesterol oxidase significantly decreased choline uptake.	Choline	141-148	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Rattus norvegicus	42-45
24127780-10	2014	The sodium-coupled choline transporter CHT moves choline into cholinergic nerve terminals to serve as substrate for acetylcholine synthesis.	Choline	19-26	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	39-42
24127780-11	2014	We show for the first time that CHT is concentrated in cholesterol-rich lipid rafts, and decreasing membrane cholesterol significantly reduces both choline uptake activity and cell surface CHT protein levels.	Choline	148-155	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	32-35
24368431-0	2014	Choline supplementation protects against liver damage by normalizing cholesterol metabolism in Pemt/Ldlr knockout mice fed a high-fat diet.	Choline	0-7	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	95-99
24368431-0	2014	Choline supplementation protects against liver damage by normalizing cholesterol metabolism in Pemt/Ldlr knockout mice fed a high-fat diet.	Choline	0-7	low density lipoprotein receptor	Mus musculus	100-104
24368431-2	2014	In mammals, choline is synthesized via phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (Pemt), which converts phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine.	Choline	12-19	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	85-89
24368431-5	2014	The goal of this study was to investigate the importance of dietary choline in the metabolic phenotype of Pemt(-/-)/Ldlr(-/-) male mice.	Choline	68-75	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	106-110
24240194-11	2014	(11)C-choline or (18)F-choline PET/CT is useful as the first imaging examination for patients with prostate cancer and biochemical recurrence with PSA levels between 1.0 and 50 ng/ml.	Choline	6-13	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	147-150
24240194-11	2014	(11)C-choline or (18)F-choline PET/CT is useful as the first imaging examination for patients with prostate cancer and biochemical recurrence with PSA levels between 1.0 and 50 ng/ml.	Choline	23-30	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	147-150
24281000-2	2014	We recently showed that epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) possesses an altered MRS-choline profile, characterised by increased phosphocholine (PCho) content to which mainly contribute over-expression and activation of choline kinase-alpha (ChoK-alpha).	Choline	81-88	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	216-236
24321698-12	2014	In fact, the complex formed between ChEs and the best N-aryl compound reproduced the binding mode experimentally reported, where the ligand was coupled into the choline-binding site and stabilized through pi-pi interactions with Trp82 or Trp86 for BChE and AChE, respectively, suggesting that this compound could be an efficient inhibitor and supporting our model.	Choline	161-168	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	248-252
24321698-12	2014	In fact, the complex formed between ChEs and the best N-aryl compound reproduced the binding mode experimentally reported, where the ligand was coupled into the choline-binding site and stabilized through pi-pi interactions with Trp82 or Trp86 for BChE and AChE, respectively, suggesting that this compound could be an efficient inhibitor and supporting our model.	Choline	161-168	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	257-261
24323076-0	2014	Probing the specific ion effects of biocompatible hydrated choline ionic liquids on lactate oxidase biofunctionality in sensor applications.	Choline	59-66	lysyl oxidase	Homo sapiens	84-99
24338370-5	2014	No differences in metabolite levels were evident when female control and McGill-R-Thy1-APP rats were compared, whereas McGill-R-Thy1-APP males had lower levels of glutamate, NAA and total choline compared with male controls.	Choline	188-195	Thy-1 cell surface antigen	Rattus norvegicus	128-132
23892392-5	2014	RESULTS: NF1 patients, compared to healthy controls, showed (a) decreased NAA in all the four ROI, (b) increased Cho and decreased Cr in three of the four ROI, (c) decreased NAA/Cho ratio in three ROI, and (d) increased ADC in all the four ROI.	Choline	113-116	neurofibromin 1	Homo sapiens	9-12
23892392-5	2014	RESULTS: NF1 patients, compared to healthy controls, showed (a) decreased NAA in all the four ROI, (b) increased Cho and decreased Cr in three of the four ROI, (c) decreased NAA/Cho ratio in three ROI, and (d) increased ADC in all the four ROI.	Choline	178-181	neurofibromin 1	Homo sapiens	9-12
23959575-6	2014	In two murine models of chronic liver injury (CCl4 and methionine-choline-deficient diet), Ccr6(-/-) mice developed more severe fibrosis with strongly enhanced hepatic immune cell infiltration, compared to wild-type (WT) mice.	Choline	66-73	chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 6	Mus musculus	91-95
24337743-9	2014	Collectively, these findings suggest that cPLA2alpha and iPLA2beta act on different phospholipids during zymosan stimulation of macrophages and that iPLA2beta shows a hitherto unrecognized preference for choline phospholipids containing palmitic acid at the sn-1 position that could be exploited for the design of selective inhibitors of this enzyme with therapeutic potential.	Choline	204-211	phospholipase A2, group IVA (cytosolic, calcium-dependent)	Mus musculus	42-52
24447408-10	2014	Also, Cho, PCho and GPC levels were correlated to expression of several genes encoding proteins in the choline metabolism pathway, including choline kinase alpha (CHKA) and glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5 (GDPD5).	Choline	6-9	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	141-161
24447408-10	2014	Also, Cho, PCho and GPC levels were correlated to expression of several genes encoding proteins in the choline metabolism pathway, including choline kinase alpha (CHKA) and glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5 (GDPD5).	Choline	6-9	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	163-167
24447408-10	2014	Also, Cho, PCho and GPC levels were correlated to expression of several genes encoding proteins in the choline metabolism pathway, including choline kinase alpha (CHKA) and glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5 (GDPD5).	Choline	6-9	glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5	Homo sapiens	173-232
24447408-10	2014	Also, Cho, PCho and GPC levels were correlated to expression of several genes encoding proteins in the choline metabolism pathway, including choline kinase alpha (CHKA) and glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5 (GDPD5).	Choline	6-9	glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5	Homo sapiens	234-239
24447408-10	2014	Also, Cho, PCho and GPC levels were correlated to expression of several genes encoding proteins in the choline metabolism pathway, including choline kinase alpha (CHKA) and glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5 (GDPD5).	Choline	103-110	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	141-161
24447408-10	2014	Also, Cho, PCho and GPC levels were correlated to expression of several genes encoding proteins in the choline metabolism pathway, including choline kinase alpha (CHKA) and glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5 (GDPD5).	Choline	103-110	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	163-167
24447408-10	2014	Also, Cho, PCho and GPC levels were correlated to expression of several genes encoding proteins in the choline metabolism pathway, including choline kinase alpha (CHKA) and glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5 (GDPD5).	Choline	103-110	glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5	Homo sapiens	173-232
24447408-10	2014	Also, Cho, PCho and GPC levels were correlated to expression of several genes encoding proteins in the choline metabolism pathway, including choline kinase alpha (CHKA) and glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5 (GDPD5).	Choline	103-110	glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5	Homo sapiens	234-239
24337743-9	2014	Collectively, these findings suggest that cPLA2alpha and iPLA2beta act on different phospholipids during zymosan stimulation of macrophages and that iPLA2beta shows a hitherto unrecognized preference for choline phospholipids containing palmitic acid at the sn-1 position that could be exploited for the design of selective inhibitors of this enzyme with therapeutic potential.	Choline	204-211	phospholipase A2, group VI	Mus musculus	149-158
24291500-5	2014	Moreover, FXR agonist reversed the down-regulation of RECK in the livers from mice fed a methionine and choline deficient diet.	Choline	104-111	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4	Mus musculus	10-13
24291500-5	2014	Moreover, FXR agonist reversed the down-regulation of RECK in the livers from mice fed a methionine and choline deficient diet.	Choline	104-111	reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs	Mus musculus	54-58
25036123-0	2014	Detection of choline and phosphatidic acid (PA) catalyzed by phospholipase D (PLD) using MALDI-QIT-TOF/MS with 9-aminoacridine matrix.	Choline	13-20	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	61-76
25483962-1	2014	CHDH (choline dehydrogenase) is an enzyme catalyzing the dehydrogenation of choline to betaine aldehyde in mitochondria.	Choline	6-13	choline dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-4
25036123-1	2014	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC), the most abundant phospholipids of plasma membrane, resulting in the production of choline and phosphatidic acid (PA).	Choline	62-69	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
25036123-1	2014	Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC), the most abundant phospholipids of plasma membrane, resulting in the production of choline and phosphatidic acid (PA).	Choline	62-69	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
25036123-3	2014	For assessing PLD activity in vitro, PLD-derived choline has been often analyzed with radioactive or non-radioactive methods.	Choline	49-56	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	14-17
25036123-3	2014	For assessing PLD activity in vitro, PLD-derived choline has been often analyzed with radioactive or non-radioactive methods.	Choline	49-56	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	37-40
25036123-6	2014	Importantly, this method enables the concomitant detection of choline and PA as a reaction product of PC hydrolysis by PLD2 proteins.	Choline	62-69	phospholipase D2	Homo sapiens	119-123
24383876-2	2014	Choline is also the precursor of acetylcholine (cholinergic component of the heart"s autonomic nervous system), whose levels are regulated by acetylcholinesterase (AChE).	Choline	0-7	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	142-162
24383876-2	2014	Choline is also the precursor of acetylcholine (cholinergic component of the heart"s autonomic nervous system), whose levels are regulated by acetylcholinesterase (AChE).	Choline	0-7	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	164-168
24383876-4	2014	This study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary choline deprivation on the activity of rat myocardial AChE (cholinergic marker), Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, and Mg(2+)-ATPase, and the possible effects of carnitine supplementation (carnitine, structurally relevant to choline, is used as an adjunct in treating cardiac diseases).	Choline	54-61	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	108-112
24383876-4	2014	This study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary choline deprivation on the activity of rat myocardial AChE (cholinergic marker), Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, and Mg(2+)-ATPase, and the possible effects of carnitine supplementation (carnitine, structurally relevant to choline, is used as an adjunct in treating cardiac diseases).	Choline	114-121	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	108-112
24383876-7	2014	Choline deficiency seems to affect the activity of the aforementioned parameters, but only the combination of choline deprivation and carnitine supplementation increased myocardial Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity along with a concomitant decrease in the activities of Mg(2+)-ATPase and AChE.	Choline	110-117	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	281-285
25345509-6	2014	Moreover, prominent adjustments were detected in RRM-bound BuChE at the peripheral anionic, choline binding and proton transfer sites.	Choline	92-99	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	59-64
23701387-2	2014	Hepatic inflammation and fibrosis induced by feeding with a diet deficient in methionine and choline (MCD diet) were markedly attenuated in OPN knockout mice when compared with wild-type mice in the model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).	Choline	93-100	secreted phosphoprotein 1	Mus musculus	140-143
24252724-4	2014	We found that CCl4 caused a significant increase in lactate, succinate, citrate, dimethylgycine, choline and taurine.	Choline	97-104	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	14-18
24252724-7	2014	In conclusion, the metabolic pathways, including tricarboxylic acid cycle, antioxidant defense systems, fatty acid beta-oxidation, glycolysis and choline and mevalonate metabolisms were impaired in CCl4-treated rat livers.	Choline	146-153	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	198-202
25024305-9	2014	Infusion of SAP reduced the hippocampal choline acetyltransferase activity by 75%.	Choline	40-47	amyloid P component, serum	Rattus norvegicus	12-15
25036123-0	2014	Detection of choline and phosphatidic acid (PA) catalyzed by phospholipase D (PLD) using MALDI-QIT-TOF/MS with 9-aminoacridine matrix.	Choline	13-20	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	78-81
23940096-5	2014	The concentrations of choline-containing phospholipid metabolites (PC, GPC, and free Cho) and lactate were significantly elevated in recurrent cancer relative to surrounding benign tissues.	Choline	22-29	glycophorin C (Gerbich blood group)	Homo sapiens	71-74
24187140-4	2013	Initial exposure to choline results in a rapid decrease in Hnm1-mediated transport at the level of transporter activity, whereas chronic exposure results in Hnm1 degradation through an endocytic mechanism that depends on the ubiquitin ligase Rsp5 and the casein kinase 1 redundant pair Yck1/Yck2.	Choline	20-27	serine/threonine protein kinase YCK2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	291-295
24314089-8	2013	Fos-Cholines, dodecyldimethylglycine, and sodium dodecyl-sulfate denature both RANTES variants at low pH, whereas at neutral pH the stability is considerably higher.	Choline	4-12	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Homo sapiens	0-3
24187140-0	2013	Choline transport activity regulates phosphatidylcholine synthesis through choline transporter Hnm1 stability.	Choline	0-7	Hnm1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	95-99
24314089-8	2013	Fos-Cholines, dodecyldimethylglycine, and sodium dodecyl-sulfate denature both RANTES variants at low pH, whereas at neutral pH the stability is considerably higher.	Choline	4-12	C-C motif chemokine ligand 5	Homo sapiens	79-85
24314089-11	2013	An increase of Fos-Choline-12 concentration above the critical micelle concentration causes a transition to a denatured state with a high alpha-helical content.	Choline	19-26	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Homo sapiens	15-18
24187140-3	2013	We show that exposing cells to increasing levels of choline results in two different regulatory mechanisms impacting Hnm1 activity.	Choline	52-59	Hnm1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	117-121
24187140-4	2013	Initial exposure to choline results in a rapid decrease in Hnm1-mediated transport at the level of transporter activity, whereas chronic exposure results in Hnm1 degradation through an endocytic mechanism that depends on the ubiquitin ligase Rsp5 and the casein kinase 1 redundant pair Yck1/Yck2.	Choline	20-27	Hnm1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	59-63
24132975-5	2013	Pregnant women also used more choline-derived methyl groups for PC synthesis via phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) as indicated by comparable increases in PEMT-PC enrichment in pregnant and nonpregnant women despite unequal (pregnant &gt; nonpregnant; P &lt; 0.001) PC pool sizes.	Choline	30-37	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	81-125
24187140-4	2013	Initial exposure to choline results in a rapid decrease in Hnm1-mediated transport at the level of transporter activity, whereas chronic exposure results in Hnm1 degradation through an endocytic mechanism that depends on the ubiquitin ligase Rsp5 and the casein kinase 1 redundant pair Yck1/Yck2.	Choline	20-27	NEDD4 family E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	242-246
24187140-4	2013	Initial exposure to choline results in a rapid decrease in Hnm1-mediated transport at the level of transporter activity, whereas chronic exposure results in Hnm1 degradation through an endocytic mechanism that depends on the ubiquitin ligase Rsp5 and the casein kinase 1 redundant pair Yck1/Yck2.	Choline	20-27	serine/threonine protein kinase YCK1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	286-290
24132975-5	2013	Pregnant women also used more choline-derived methyl groups for PC synthesis via phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) as indicated by comparable increases in PEMT-PC enrichment in pregnant and nonpregnant women despite unequal (pregnant &gt; nonpregnant; P &lt; 0.001) PC pool sizes.	Choline	30-37	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	127-131
24132975-6	2013	Pregnancy enhanced the hydrolysis of PEMT-PC to free choline as shown by greater (P &lt; 0.001) plasma d3-choline:d3-PC.	Choline	53-60	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	37-41
24132975-6	2013	Pregnancy enhanced the hydrolysis of PEMT-PC to free choline as shown by greater (P &lt; 0.001) plasma d3-choline:d3-PC.	Choline	106-113	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	37-41
24132975-8	2013	CONCLUSIONS: The enhanced use of choline for PC production via both the CDP-choline and PEMT pathways shows the substantial demand for choline during late pregnancy.	Choline	33-40	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	88-92
23627273-1	2013	To improve the anti-tumor effects of gallic acid and mangiferin, a gallic acid-mangiferin hybrid molecule (GAMA) was synthesized from gallic acid with mangiferin in the presence of ionic liquid ChC1(choline chloride) 2SnC12.	Choline	199-215	regulator of chromosome condensation 1	Homo sapiens	194-198
24052111-10	2013	Treatment with a methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCDD) induced steatosis in both Prep1 (i/+) and non-hypomorphic control mice.	Choline	33-40	Pbx/knotted 1 homeobox	Mus musculus	89-94
24136823-5	2013	However, [3H]choline labeling experiments in camptothecin-treated MCF7 cells and MCF7 cells expressing caspase 3 (MCF7-C3) revealed a global suppression of the CDP-choline pathway that was consistent with inhibition of a step prior to CCTalpha.	Choline	164-171	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	103-112
24136823-8	2013	Rather, the CDP-choline pathway is inhibited by caspase 3-independent and -dependent suppression of choline transport into cells.	Choline	16-23	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	48-57
23958595-7	2013	The similarity in the distribution of OCT2 in cholinergic neurons and that of vesicular acetyl choline transporter (VAchT), and the fact that OCT2 can transport choline suggest that OCT2 could work as a low-affinity and high-capacity choline transporter at presynaptic terminals in cholinergic neurons in a firing-dependent manner.	Choline	46-53	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	38-42
24140434-10	2013	Using whole cell patch clamp technique in CA1 stratum radiatum interneurons of rat hippocampal slices, currents induced by choline, a selective-agonist of alpha7-receptor induced currents were also recoded.	Choline	123-130	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	42-45
23698517-2	2013	Due to a rise in prostate-specific antigen, he underwent (11)C-choline PET/CT.	Choline	63-70	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	17-42
24036397-5	2013	The administration of the alpha7-nicotinic receptor agonist choline (Ch) in the dorsal hippocampus (0.8 mug/hippocampus) immediately after the inhibitory avoidance memory reactivation, allowed memory recovery.	Choline	60-67	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	26-51
24019028-4	2013	The electrochemical reduction of AgCl, AgNO3 and Ag2O is studied in 1 : 2 choline chloride : ethylene glycol and 1 : 2 choline chloride : urea.	Choline	74-90	anterior gradient 2, protein disulphide isomerase family member	Homo sapiens	49-52
24019028-4	2013	The electrochemical reduction of AgCl, AgNO3 and Ag2O is studied in 1 : 2 choline chloride : ethylene glycol and 1 : 2 choline chloride : urea.	Choline	119-135	anterior gradient 2, protein disulphide isomerase family member	Homo sapiens	49-52
24066058-4	2013	Our results showed that the level of AR protein expression was significantly higher in db/db mice fed the methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet than in mice fed the control diet.	Choline	117-124	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	37-39
23939187-3	2013	The capacity for cholinergic signaling is dictated by the availability and activity of the presynaptic, high-affinity, choline transporter (CHT, SLC5A7) that acquires choline in an activity-dependent matter to sustain ACh synthesis.	Choline	17-24	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	119-138
23939187-3	2013	The capacity for cholinergic signaling is dictated by the availability and activity of the presynaptic, high-affinity, choline transporter (CHT, SLC5A7) that acquires choline in an activity-dependent matter to sustain ACh synthesis.	Choline	17-24	solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7	Mus musculus	145-151
24143228-0	2013	Choline plasmalogens isolated from swine liver inhibit hepatoma cell proliferation associated with caveolin-1/Akt signaling.	Choline	0-7	caveolin-1	Sus scrofa	99-109
24143228-0	2013	Choline plasmalogens isolated from swine liver inhibit hepatoma cell proliferation associated with caveolin-1/Akt signaling.	Choline	0-7	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Sus scrofa	110-113
24409760-4	2013	RESULTS: Choline and betaine were accumulated both in the 4 degrees C-cultured and 4 degrees C -shocked 30 degrees C culture of R15.	Choline	9-16	ribonuclease A family member 2	Rattus norvegicus	128-131
24409760-5	2013	It was determined that choline, betaine, glycine, carnitine, acetoin and ectoine all improved the growth of R15 at cold.	Choline	23-30	ribonuclease A family member 2	Rattus norvegicus	108-111
24160846-3	2013	This sensing strategy involves the reaction of acetylcholine chloride (ACh) with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to form choline that is in turn catalytically oxidized by choline oxidase (ChOx) to produce betaine and H2O2 which can quench the photoluminescence (PL) of SiQDs.	Choline	53-60	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	81-101
24160846-3	2013	This sensing strategy involves the reaction of acetylcholine chloride (ACh) with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to form choline that is in turn catalytically oxidized by choline oxidase (ChOx) to produce betaine and H2O2 which can quench the photoluminescence (PL) of SiQDs.	Choline	53-60	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	103-107
23906870-6	2013	Rodents fed a Paigen diet or methionine-choline deficient diet (MCD) develop non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and liver chemerin protein tends to be higher in the first and is significantly increased in the latter.	Choline	40-47	retinoic acid receptor responder 2	Homo sapiens	125-133
23643842-0	2013	Maternal choline supplementation improves spatial learning and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome.	Choline	9-16	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	101-107
23643842-6	2013	Ts65Dn offspring of choline-supplemented dams performed significantly better than unsupplemented Ts65Dn mice.	Choline	20-27	reciprocal translocation, Chr 16, cytogenetic band C3-4; and Chr 17, cytogenetic band A2, Davisson 65	Mus musculus	0-6
23948665-14	2013	These results indicate that choline uptake through CTL1 is used for ACh synthesis.	Choline	28-35	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	51-55
23948665-12	2013	HC-3 and CTL1 siRNA inhibited choline uptake and cell viability, and increased caspase-3/7 activity.	Choline	30-37	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	9-13
23948665-18	2013	Identification of this new CTL1-mediated choline transport system provides a potential new target for therapeutic intervention.	Choline	41-48	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	27-31
23973337-0	2013	Heterologous expression and purification of biologically active domains 3 and 4 of human polymeric immunoglobulin receptor and its interaction with choline binding protein A of Streptococcus pneumoniae.	Choline	148-155	polymeric immunoglobulin receptor	Homo sapiens	89-122
23973337-1	2013	Streptococcus pneumoniae, one of the common causes of pneumonia, colonises the epithelium via the interaction between a choline binding protein of S. pneumoniae and the human polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR).	Choline	120-127	polymeric immunoglobulin receptor	Homo sapiens	175-208
23973337-1	2013	Streptococcus pneumoniae, one of the common causes of pneumonia, colonises the epithelium via the interaction between a choline binding protein of S. pneumoniae and the human polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR).	Choline	120-127	polymeric immunoglobulin receptor	Homo sapiens	210-214
23973337-6	2013	The aim was to determine the binding affinity of recombinant D3D4 protein, the domains of pIgR responsible for binding S. pneumoniae, to recombinant R1R2 repeat domains of choline binding protein A of S. pneumoniae.	Choline	172-179	polymeric immunoglobulin receptor	Homo sapiens	90-94
23953587-6	2013	The results demonstrate that choline substitution leads to: (i) an improved preservation of oocytes and follicular cells; (ii) the recovery of a higher percentage of grade-1 follicles negative for p53, p21 and Apaf-1 apoptotic markers; (iii) a reduced mitochondrial damage as observed at an ultrastructural level; and (iv) a better preservation of ovarian tissue stroma.	Choline	29-36	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	197-200
23953587-6	2013	The results demonstrate that choline substitution leads to: (i) an improved preservation of oocytes and follicular cells; (ii) the recovery of a higher percentage of grade-1 follicles negative for p53, p21 and Apaf-1 apoptotic markers; (iii) a reduced mitochondrial damage as observed at an ultrastructural level; and (iv) a better preservation of ovarian tissue stroma.	Choline	29-36	H3 histone pseudogene 16	Homo sapiens	202-205
23953587-6	2013	The results demonstrate that choline substitution leads to: (i) an improved preservation of oocytes and follicular cells; (ii) the recovery of a higher percentage of grade-1 follicles negative for p53, p21 and Apaf-1 apoptotic markers; (iii) a reduced mitochondrial damage as observed at an ultrastructural level; and (iv) a better preservation of ovarian tissue stroma.	Choline	29-36	apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1	Homo sapiens	210-216
23824558-2	2013	In this study, we evaluated the in vitro effects of six naturally occurring monomeric tau isoforms on rat hippocampal synaptosomal choline transporters CHT1 (large transmembrane proteins associated with high-affinity choline transport and vulnerable to actions of amyloid beta peptides (Abeta) applied in vitro or in vivo).	Choline	131-138	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Rattus norvegicus	152-156
23906661-1	2013	Human choline dehydrogenase (CHD) is located in the inner membrane of mitochondria primarily in liver and kidney and catalyzes the oxidation of choline to glycine betaine.	Choline	6-13	choline dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	29-32
23641951-1	2013	INTRODUCTION: Autotaxin (ATX) is a lysophospholipase D enzyme that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and choline.	Choline	94-101	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	14-23
23641951-1	2013	INTRODUCTION: Autotaxin (ATX) is a lysophospholipase D enzyme that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and choline.	Choline	94-101	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Homo sapiens	25-28
23713819-6	2013	KEY RESULTS: Choline (20-200 muM) in the presence, but not absence of 1 muM PNU-120596 significantly delayed anoxic depolarization/injury of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, but not CA1 stratum radiatum interneurons, subjected to COGD in acute hippocampal slices and these effects were blocked by 20 nM methyllycaconitine, a selective alpha7 antagonist, thus, activation of alpha7 nAChRs was required.	Choline	13-20	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	153-156
23921203-6	2013	Significantly higher levels of lactate, acetate, and total choline-containing compounds played a major role in the differentiation of ACCs from Ads.	Choline	59-66	1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase homolog (inactive)	Homo sapiens	134-138
23713819-6	2013	KEY RESULTS: Choline (20-200 muM) in the presence, but not absence of 1 muM PNU-120596 significantly delayed anoxic depolarization/injury of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, but not CA1 stratum radiatum interneurons, subjected to COGD in acute hippocampal slices and these effects were blocked by 20 nM methyllycaconitine, a selective alpha7 antagonist, thus, activation of alpha7 nAChRs was required.	Choline	13-20	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	184-187
23362001-1	2013	PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to explore the feasibility of 11C-Choline PET in the assessment of the degree of inflammation in the Chlamydia muridarum genital infection model.	Choline	68-75	thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Mus musculus	76-79
23651124-7	2013	CTL1, 2, and 5 were expressed at highest levels and knockdown of CTL1, 2, and 5 decreased choline transport in H82 lung cancer cells.	Choline	90-97	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
23651124-7	2013	CTL1, 2, and 5 were expressed at highest levels and knockdown of CTL1, 2, and 5 decreased choline transport in H82 lung cancer cells.	Choline	90-97	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	65-69
23758528-5	2013	We have added choline dihydrogen phosphate (choline dhp) into this study on the basis of positive results from previously reported protein folding studies using this ionic liquid.	Choline	14-21	dihydropyrimidinase	Homo sapiens	52-55
23768813-3	2013	Therefore, we combined CDP-choline, a dietary source of the direct agonist choline, with galantamine, a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, to improve the efficiency of transducing the choline signal and, possibly, preserve the receptor in a sensitive state.	Choline	27-34	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	23-26
23500531-8	2013	Moreover, they are important for the regulation of folate metabolites by using tetrahydrofolate as cosubstrate in choline degradation, reduction of N-5.10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to N-5-methyltetrahydrofolate and maintenance of the catalytically competent form of methionine synthase.	Choline	114-121	5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	266-285
23413810-0	2013	Gestational choline supplementation normalized fetal alcohol-induced alterations in histone modifications, DNA methylation, and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression in beta-endorphin-producing POMC neurons of the hypothalamus.	Choline	12-19	proopiomelanocortin	Rattus norvegicus	128-147
23413810-0	2013	Gestational choline supplementation normalized fetal alcohol-induced alterations in histone modifications, DNA methylation, and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression in beta-endorphin-producing POMC neurons of the hypothalamus.	Choline	12-19	proopiomelanocortin	Rattus norvegicus	149-153
23413810-0	2013	Gestational choline supplementation normalized fetal alcohol-induced alterations in histone modifications, DNA methylation, and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression in beta-endorphin-producing POMC neurons of the hypothalamus.	Choline	12-19	proopiomelanocortin	Rattus norvegicus	199-203
23413810-9	2013	Gestational choline normalized the EtOH-altered protein and the mRNA levels of H3K4me3, Set7/9, H3K9me2, G9a, Setdb1, Dnmt1, and MeCP2.	Choline	12-19	SET domain bifurcated histone lysine methyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	110-116
23413810-9	2013	Gestational choline normalized the EtOH-altered protein and the mRNA levels of H3K4me3, Set7/9, H3K9me2, G9a, Setdb1, Dnmt1, and MeCP2.	Choline	12-19	DNA methyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	118-123
23413810-9	2013	Gestational choline normalized the EtOH-altered protein and the mRNA levels of H3K4me3, Set7/9, H3K9me2, G9a, Setdb1, Dnmt1, and MeCP2.	Choline	12-19	methyl CpG binding protein 2	Rattus norvegicus	129-134
23603906-0	2013	The choline-binding protein PspC of Streptococcus pneumoniae interacts with the C-terminal heparin-binding domain of vitronectin.	Choline	4-11	surfactant protein C	Homo sapiens	28-32
23543682-4	2013	Increases in the available cell lipid:apoAI ratio due to either elevated ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) expression and activity or raised cell density (i.e., increasing numerator) shifted the production of nascent HDL from smaller particles with fewer apoAI molecules per particle and fewer molecules of choline-phospholipid and cholesterol per apoAI molecule to larger particles that contained more apoAI and more lipid per molecule of apoAI.	Choline	317-324	apolipoprotein A-I	Mus musculus	38-43
23504974-9	2013	Finally, genetic and pharmacologic blockade of RAGE signaling impaired oval cell activation in an independent mouse model of oval cell activation, the choline deficient ethionine-supplemented dietary regime.	Choline	151-158	advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor	Mus musculus	47-51
23720735-8	2013	Chop(-/-) mice were sensitized to liver injury in a second model of dietary steatohepatitis using the methionine-choline-deficient diet.	Choline	113-120	DNA-damage inducible transcript 3	Mus musculus	0-4
23004024-2	2013	Recent evidence suggests that alpha7 nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) subtypes, which can be activated by an endogenous cholinergic tone comprising ACh and the alpha7 agonist choline, play an important role in chronic pain and inflammation.	Choline	118-125	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	61-66
23603906-0	2013	The choline-binding protein PspC of Streptococcus pneumoniae interacts with the C-terminal heparin-binding domain of vitronectin.	Choline	4-11	vitronectin	Homo sapiens	117-128
23603906-4	2013	PspC is a multifunctional surface-exposed choline-binding protein displaying various adhesive properties.	Choline	42-49	surfactant protein C	Homo sapiens	0-4
23456478-8	2013	Although a similar choline-phospholipid efflux is evoked by these apoA-I variants, the change in phosphatidylcholine/sphyngomyelin distribution produced by wild-type apoA-I is not observed with either  K107 or  K226.	Choline	19-26	apolipoprotein A-I	Cricetulus griseus	66-72
23940955-3	2013	RESULTS: Choline chloride was tested at the concentrations of 0.5 nmol/L - 1 mmol/L in this experiment, when its concentrations were increased to 0.01 micromol/L - 1 000 micromol/L, it could stimulate angiogenesis, the minimum effective concentration was tested as 0.01 micromol/L, and its effect for promoting the angiogenesis was equivalent to that of hVEGF, the potent stimulator for angiogenesis.	Choline	9-25	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	354-359
23888706-4	2013	The content of acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) of microdialysate extracellular of hippocampus and striatum was determined by HPLC-IMER-ECD and the AChE activity in the hippocampus was measured.	Choline	21-28	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	152-156
23398232-3	2013	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) converts ACh to choline, which in turn is oxidized by choline oxidase (ChOx) to produce betaine and H2O2 that generates the reactive oxygen species (ROS).	Choline	6-13	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	22-26
23626839-0	2013	HDAC inhibition induces increased choline uptake and elevated phosphocholine levels in MCF7 breast cancer cells.	Choline	34-41	histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens	0-4
23626839-13	2013	Importantly, the levels of total choline (tCho)-containing metabolites, comprised of choline, PC and GPC, are readily detectable clinically using (1)H MRS. Our findings thus provide an important step in validating clinically translatable non-invasive imaging methods for follow-up diagnostics of HDAC inhibitor treatment.	Choline	33-40	histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens	296-300
23593265-8	2013	BSEP purified in n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside or Cymal-5 after solubilization with Fos-choline 16 from P. pastoris membranes showed binding to ATP-agarose.	Choline	85-92	ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 11	Homo sapiens	0-4
23593265-8	2013	BSEP purified in n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside or Cymal-5 after solubilization with Fos-choline 16 from P. pastoris membranes showed binding to ATP-agarose.	Choline	85-92	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Homo sapiens	81-84
23446897-12	2013	CONCLUSIONS: A higher choline intake may increase PEMT activity, resulting in greater PC-DHA enrichment of the PC molecule in nonpregnant women.	Choline	22-29	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	50-54
23408070-14	2013	Moreover, polymorphisms in genes of the cholinergic markers acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase and paraoxonase were found to be associated with better clinical response to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.	Choline	40-47	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	60-80
23408070-14	2013	Moreover, polymorphisms in genes of the cholinergic markers acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase and paraoxonase were found to be associated with better clinical response to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.	Choline	40-47	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	82-103
23408070-14	2013	Moreover, polymorphisms in genes of the cholinergic markers acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase and paraoxonase were found to be associated with better clinical response to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.	Choline	40-47	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	208-228
22886728-8	2013	RESULTS: In orlistat-treated NSCLC cells, FASN inhibition results in characteristic changes in intermediary metabolites (FAs, choline, phospholipids, and TCA cycle metabolites) as observed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy.	Choline	126-133	fatty acid synthase	Homo sapiens	42-46
23506897-1	2013	The Na(+)-independent, high affinity choline carrier system proposed to supply choline for the synthesis of cell membrane phospholipids was recently associated with SLC44 family members (SLC44A1-5) also called choline-like transporter family.	Choline	37-44	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	187-194
23506897-1	2013	The Na(+)-independent, high affinity choline carrier system proposed to supply choline for the synthesis of cell membrane phospholipids was recently associated with SLC44 family members (SLC44A1-5) also called choline-like transporter family.	Choline	79-86	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	187-194
23506897-1	2013	The Na(+)-independent, high affinity choline carrier system proposed to supply choline for the synthesis of cell membrane phospholipids was recently associated with SLC44 family members (SLC44A1-5) also called choline-like transporter family.	Choline	79-86	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	187-194
23506897-4	2013	SLC44A1 is detected in both the plasma and mitochondrial membranes where the protein is able to transport choline at high affinity and in a Na(+)-independent manner.	Choline	106-113	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	0-7
23506897-5	2013	The physiological relevance of SLC44A1 as a choline carrier is indicated by its likely involvement in membrane synthesis for cell growth or repair, and also by its role in phospholipid production for the generation of lung surfactant.	Choline	44-51	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	31-38
23944056-12	2013	The activity of choline-acetyl-transfertase(ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in hippocampus and cortex of rats were measured by radiochemical method and hydroxylamine colorimetry separately.	Choline	16-23	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	44-48
23539666-1	2013	AIM: To investigate the normal hepatic magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings choline/lipid2 (Cho/Lip2) associated with age and body mass index (BMI).	Choline	80-87	annexin A2 pseudogene 3	Homo sapiens	100-104
23200476-10	2013	Rumen-protected choline supplementation increased the expression of FA transport protein 5 and carnitine transporter SLC22A5 in the liver, suggesting an increase in the capacity of FA uptake and intracellular transport, but no treatment effect was observed on carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A, transporting long-chain FA into mitochondria.	Choline	16-23	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Bos taurus	117-124
22960624-8	2013	The phosphoramidated-hAChE choline-binding site mutant Y337A showed three-times enhanced reactivation capacity with non-triazole imidazole containing aldoximes (RS113B, RS113A and RS115A) and acetamide derivative (RS194B) than with 2PAM.	Choline	27-34	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	21-26
22877991-6	2013	However, when Pemt(-/-) mice were fed a choline-deficient diet steatohepatitis and liver failure developed after 3 days.	Choline	40-47	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	14-18
22877991-11	2013	If the diet were supplemented with additional choline, the protection against obesity/insulin resistance in Pemt(-/-) mice was eliminated.	Choline	46-53	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	108-112
23010477-1	2013	The CDP-choline pathway of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) biosynthesis was first described more than 50 years ago.	Choline	8-15	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	4-7
23010477-4	2013	The components of the mammalian CDP-choline pathway include choline transport, choline kinase, phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, and choline phosphotransferase activities.	Choline	36-43	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	32-35
23010477-4	2013	The components of the mammalian CDP-choline pathway include choline transport, choline kinase, phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, and choline phosphotransferase activities.	Choline	60-67	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	32-35
23072856-4	2013	Mice with deletions in one of several different genes of choline metabolism have phenotypes that include increased metabolic rate, decreased body fat/lean mass ratio, increased insulin sensitivity, decreased ATP production by mitochondria, or decreased weight gain on a high fat diet.	Choline	57-64	insulin	Homo sapiens	177-184
23080298-7	2013	In the carbon tetrachloride and methionine-choline-deficient diet models, we observed a significant reduction in fibrosis in mice lacking Tpl2, compared to WT controls.	Choline	43-50	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8	Mus musculus	138-142
23044079-10	2013	CONCLUSION: Whereas TNF-alpha modulates the inflammatory process that underlies methionine and choline-deficient diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, its effects are not mediated by factor associated with neutral sphingomyelinase activation.	Choline	95-102	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	20-29
23172659-6	2013	The ATPase activity of ABCG1, reconstituted in phosphatidylserine liposome, was stimulated by cholesterol and choline phospholipids (especially sphingomyelin), and the affinity for cholesterol was increased by the addition of sphingomyelin.	Choline	110-117	ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 1	Homo sapiens	23-28
23063960-4	2013	In addition, serum lysoPLD activity was assessed by measuring choline liberation from the substrate LPC.	Choline	62-69	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2	Mus musculus	19-26
23179947-0	2013	Choline supplementation promotes hepatic insulin resistance in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-deficient mice via increased glucagon action.	Choline	0-7	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	63-107
23312283-3	2013	We demonstrate that two flavin mono-oxygenase family members, FMO1 and FMO3, oxidize trimethylamine (TMA), derived from gut flora metabolism of choline, to TMAO.	Choline	144-151	flavin containing monooxygenase 1	Mus musculus	62-66
23312283-3	2013	We demonstrate that two flavin mono-oxygenase family members, FMO1 and FMO3, oxidize trimethylamine (TMA), derived from gut flora metabolism of choline, to TMAO.	Choline	144-151	flavin containing monooxygenase 3	Mus musculus	71-75
23155050-2	2013	As the rate-limiting enzyme in the CDP-choline pathway for PC synthesis, CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase alpha (CCTalpha) is implicated in the provision of membranes and bioactive lipids necessary of cell proliferation.	Choline	39-46	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1, choline, alpha isoform	Mus musculus	73-118
23155050-2	2013	As the rate-limiting enzyme in the CDP-choline pathway for PC synthesis, CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase alpha (CCTalpha) is implicated in the provision of membranes and bioactive lipids necessary of cell proliferation.	Choline	39-46	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1, choline, alpha isoform	Mus musculus	120-128
27390758-10	2013	This protocol measures the total choline in the cell supernatent under two conditions: 1) After treatment with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which converts the ACh to choline (also called the total choline sample) and 2) after measuring the amount of free choline in the sample.	Choline	33-40	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	133-137
27390758-10	2013	This protocol measures the total choline in the cell supernatent under two conditions: 1) After treatment with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which converts the ACh to choline (also called the total choline sample) and 2) after measuring the amount of free choline in the sample.	Choline	117-124	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	133-137
27390758-10	2013	This protocol measures the total choline in the cell supernatent under two conditions: 1) After treatment with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which converts the ACh to choline (also called the total choline sample) and 2) after measuring the amount of free choline in the sample.	Choline	117-124	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	133-137
27390758-10	2013	This protocol measures the total choline in the cell supernatent under two conditions: 1) After treatment with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which converts the ACh to choline (also called the total choline sample) and 2) after measuring the amount of free choline in the sample.	Choline	117-124	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	133-137
22967966-5	2013	In the present study, the monolayer technique is used to compare PLA(2) activity of recombinant mouse GX sPLA(2) (mGX) and its pro-form (PromGX) on monomolecular films of dilauroyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DLPE), -choline (DLPC) and -glycerol (DLPG).	Choline	216-223	phospholipase A2, group X	Mus musculus	102-112
24167750-9	2013	We report a rare case of metastatic thymic carcinoma detected incidentally using (18)F-choline-PET in a 78-year-old male patient referred with elevation of prostate specific antigen.	Choline	87-94	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	156-181
23151910-1	2013	PURPOSE: To determine the diagnostic efficacy of (11)C-choline PET/CT in patients with prostate cancer (PC) after radical prostatectomy who presented with increasing PSA levels during follow-up in spite of being on hormone treatment (HT), and therefore showing HT resistance.	Choline	55-62	aminopeptidase puromycin sensitive	Homo sapiens	166-169
23151910-4	2013	(11)C-Choline PET/CT was performed following a standard procedure at our centre to investigate increasing PSA levels, either as the first imaging procedure or in patients with negative conventional imaging.	Choline	6-13	aminopeptidase puromycin sensitive	Homo sapiens	106-109
23179947-1	2013	Biosynthesis of hepatic choline via phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) plays an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes and obesity.	Choline	24-31	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	36-80
23179947-1	2013	Biosynthesis of hepatic choline via phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) plays an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes and obesity.	Choline	24-31	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	82-86
23179947-9	2013	Choline induces glucose and insulin intolerance in Pemt(-/-) mice through modulating plasma glucagon and its action in liver.	Choline	0-7	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	51-55
23190757-0	2013	Reduced MTHFD1 activity in male mice perturbs folate- and choline-dependent one-carbon metabolism as well as transsulfuration.	Choline	58-65	methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent), methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, formyltetrahydrofolate synthase	Mus musculus	8-14
23190757-7	2013	Independent of folate intake, mice with the Mthfd1(gt/+) genotype had higher hepatic concentrations of choline (P = 0.005), betaine (P = 0.013), and dimethylglycine (P = 0.004) and lower hepatic concentrations of glycerophosphocholine (P = 0.002) relative to Mthfd1(+/+) mice.	Choline	103-110	methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent), methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, formyltetrahydrofolate synthase	Mus musculus	44-50
23190757-9	2013	The metabolic alterations observed in Mthfd1(gt/+) mice indicate perturbed choline and folate-dependent 1-C metabolism and support the future use of Mthfd1(gt/+) mice as a tool to investigate the impact of impaired 1-C metabolism on disease outcomes.	Choline	75-82	methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent), methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, formyltetrahydrofolate synthase	Mus musculus	38-44
23115222-2	2013	Recent evidence suggests that alpha7 nAChR subtypes, which can be activated by an endogenous cholinergic tone, comprising acetylcholine and the alpha7 nAChR agonist choline, play an important role in subchronic pain and inflammation.	Choline	93-100	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	30-42
23115222-2	2013	Recent evidence suggests that alpha7 nAChR subtypes, which can be activated by an endogenous cholinergic tone, comprising acetylcholine and the alpha7 nAChR agonist choline, play an important role in subchronic pain and inflammation.	Choline	93-100	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 7	Mus musculus	144-156
23164385-0	2013	[11C]choline positron emission tomography/computerized tomography for early detection of prostate cancer recurrence in patients with low increasing prostate specific antigen.	Choline	5-12	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	148-173
23164385-3	2013	[(11)C]choline positron emission tomography/computerized tomography has the potential of early restaging of prostate cancer with low prostate specific antigen, but the selection of patients at high risk for positive [(11)C]choline positron emission tomography/computerized tomography is desirable to optimize salvage therapy.	Choline	7-14	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	133-158
23681536-5	2013	Here we provide four variations of in vitro PLD activity assays using choline-labeled phosphatidylcholine to distinguish, to the extent possible, among the different PLD classes.	Choline	70-77	phospholipase D alpha 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	44-47
23681537-1	2013	Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes structural phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) into phosphatidic acid (PA) and free choline/ethanolamine.	Choline	75-82	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	0-15
23681537-1	2013	Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes structural phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) into phosphatidic acid (PA) and free choline/ethanolamine.	Choline	75-82	glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	17-20
23404271-5	2013	The method is described in detail taking the major protein of the bovine seminal plasma, PDC-109, which exhibits a high preference for interaction with choline-containing lipids, as an example.	Choline	152-159	seminal plasma protein PDC-109	Bos taurus	89-96
23164385-9	2013	On univariate analysis prostate specific antigen doubling time less than 6 months was the only factor significantly associated with an increased risk of positive [(11)C]choline positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (OR 7.77, 95% CI 2.34-25.80, p = 0.001).	Choline	169-176	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	23-48
23164385-10	2013	In patients with prostate specific antigen doubling time less than 6 months, the positive detection rate of [(11)C]choline positron emission tomography/computerized tomography increased to 50%.	Choline	115-122	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	17-42
23164385-11	2013	CONCLUSIONS: In patients with prostate cancer with biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy and prostate specific antigen less than 1.5 ng/ml, prostate specific antigen doubling time less than 6 months predicts positive [(11)C]choline positron emission tomography/computerized tomography.	Choline	234-241	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	103-128
23164385-11	2013	CONCLUSIONS: In patients with prostate cancer with biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy and prostate specific antigen less than 1.5 ng/ml, prostate specific antigen doubling time less than 6 months predicts positive [(11)C]choline positron emission tomography/computerized tomography.	Choline	234-241	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	150-175
23114620-1	2012	Recently, EDI3 was identified as a key factor for choline metabolism that controls tumor cell migration and is associated with metastasis in endometrial carcinomas.	Choline	50-57	glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1	Homo sapiens	10-14
23114620-2	2012	EDI3 cleaves glycerophosphocholine (GPC) to form choline and glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P).	Choline	27-34	glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
23114620-9	2012	As a result, EDI3 links choline metabolism to signaling activities resulting in a more malignant phenotype.	Choline	24-31	glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1	Homo sapiens	13-17
23132865-1	2012	The high-affinity choline transporter CHT1 mediates choline uptake essential for acetylcholine synthesis in cholinergic nerve terminals.	Choline	18-25	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	38-42
22963837-8	2012	In addition, CHO (25 mug/muL) inhibited not only the SA-induced cell apoptosis by up-regulating Bcl-2 level, but also the global DNA methylation by increasing the expressions of DNMT1 and DNMT3a.	Choline	13-16	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Gallus gallus	96-101
22963837-8	2012	In addition, CHO (25 mug/muL) inhibited not only the SA-induced cell apoptosis by up-regulating Bcl-2 level, but also the global DNA methylation by increasing the expressions of DNMT1 and DNMT3a.	Choline	13-16	DNA methyltransferase 1	Gallus gallus	178-183
22963837-8	2012	In addition, CHO (25 mug/muL) inhibited not only the SA-induced cell apoptosis by up-regulating Bcl-2 level, but also the global DNA methylation by increasing the expressions of DNMT1 and DNMT3a.	Choline	13-16	DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha	Gallus gallus	188-194
23105137-3	2012	PspA"s C terminus has a choline-binding domain that anchors PspA to the phosphocholine (PC) moieties on the pneumococcal surface.	Choline	24-31	surfactant associated protein A1	Mus musculus	0-4
22956150-3	2012	Aim of investigation was to study the effects of cholinergic precursors (choline, CDP-choline, Acetylcholine and alpha-Glyceril-Phosphorylcholine) on HO-1 and p21 expression during astroglial cell proliferation and differentiation in primary cultures at 14 and 35 days in vitro (DIV) treated for 24 h with choline metabolites.	Choline	49-56	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	82-85
22956150-3	2012	Aim of investigation was to study the effects of cholinergic precursors (choline, CDP-choline, Acetylcholine and alpha-Glyceril-Phosphorylcholine) on HO-1 and p21 expression during astroglial cell proliferation and differentiation in primary cultures at 14 and 35 days in vitro (DIV) treated for 24 h with choline metabolites.	Choline	49-56	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	150-154
22956150-3	2012	Aim of investigation was to study the effects of cholinergic precursors (choline, CDP-choline, Acetylcholine and alpha-Glyceril-Phosphorylcholine) on HO-1 and p21 expression during astroglial cell proliferation and differentiation in primary cultures at 14 and 35 days in vitro (DIV) treated for 24 h with choline metabolites.	Choline	49-56	H3 histone pseudogene 16	Homo sapiens	159-162
22956150-3	2012	Aim of investigation was to study the effects of cholinergic precursors (choline, CDP-choline, Acetylcholine and alpha-Glyceril-Phosphorylcholine) on HO-1 and p21 expression during astroglial cell proliferation and differentiation in primary cultures at 14 and 35 days in vitro (DIV) treated for 24 h with choline metabolites.	Choline	73-80	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	150-154
22956150-3	2012	Aim of investigation was to study the effects of cholinergic precursors (choline, CDP-choline, Acetylcholine and alpha-Glyceril-Phosphorylcholine) on HO-1 and p21 expression during astroglial cell proliferation and differentiation in primary cultures at 14 and 35 days in vitro (DIV) treated for 24 h with choline metabolites.	Choline	73-80	H3 histone pseudogene 16	Homo sapiens	159-162
22956150-5	2012	On the contrary, ACh and choline induced a significant increase of HO-1 expression in 14 DIV astrocyte cultures.	Choline	25-32	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	67-71
22956150-6	2012	Surprisingly, choline and ACh dramatically reduced HO-1 expression at 35 DIV.	Choline	14-21	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	51-55
23094693-2	2012	The active ingredient in Sevin( ), carbaryl (1-napthyl-N-methylcarbamate), is a known acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor that prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine to acetate and choline at the synapse.	Choline	92-99	acetylcholinesterase	Danio rerio	108-112
23105137-3	2012	PspA"s C terminus has a choline-binding domain that anchors PspA to the phosphocholine (PC) moieties on the pneumococcal surface.	Choline	24-31	surfactant associated protein A1	Mus musculus	60-64
23105137-7	2012	This inhibition was not observed when a recombinant PspA fragment, which lacks the choline-binding region of PspA, was added to the PspA(-) mutant.	Choline	83-90	surfactant associated protein A1	Mus musculus	52-56
23105137-7	2012	This inhibition was not observed when a recombinant PspA fragment, which lacks the choline-binding region of PspA, was added to the PspA(-) mutant.	Choline	83-90	surfactant associated protein A1	Mus musculus	109-113
23105137-7	2012	This inhibition was not observed when a recombinant PspA fragment, which lacks the choline-binding region of PspA, was added to the PspA(-) mutant.	Choline	83-90	surfactant associated protein A1	Mus musculus	109-113
22981566-1	2012	Betaine, naturally found in plants and an oxidative product of choline, is converted to acetate in the rumen, which may be used for milk fat synthesis.	Choline	63-70	FAT atypical cadherin 1	Bos taurus	137-140
22943908-3	2012	At 3 months, a stage in which only Abeta oligomers are present, lower glutamate, myo-inositol and total choline content were apparent in McGill-R-Thy1-APP rats.	Choline	104-111	Thy-1 cell surface antigen	Rattus norvegicus	146-150
23077721-6	2012	We established that the addition of choline to these cells, at concentrations appropriate for high-affinity choline transport at presynaptic terminals, generates a hemicholinium-3 (HC-3)-sensitive, membrane depolarization that can be used for the screening of CHT inhibitors and activators.	Choline	36-43	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	260-263
23077721-6	2012	We established that the addition of choline to these cells, at concentrations appropriate for high-affinity choline transport at presynaptic terminals, generates a hemicholinium-3 (HC-3)-sensitive, membrane depolarization that can be used for the screening of CHT inhibitors and activators.	Choline	108-115	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	260-263
23077721-7	2012	Using this assay, we discovered that staurosporine increased CHT LV-AA choline uptake activity, an effect mediated by a decrease in choline K(M) with no change in V(max).	Choline	71-78	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	61-64
23077721-7	2012	Using this assay, we discovered that staurosporine increased CHT LV-AA choline uptake activity, an effect mediated by a decrease in choline K(M) with no change in V(max).	Choline	132-139	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	61-64
23077721-9	2012	Surprisingly, staurosporine reduced choline-induced membrane depolarization, suggesting that increased substrate coupling to ion gradients, arising at the expense of nonstoichiometric ion flow, accompanies a shift of CHT to a higher-affinity state.	Choline	36-43	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	217-220
23169489-7	2012	The phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) 5465G A (rs7946) genotype interacted (P 0.007) with the plasma betaine to choline ratio to modulate indicators of metabolic stress with stronger inverse associations observed among overweight men with the PEMT 5465GG genotype.	Choline	130-137	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	4-48
23169489-7	2012	The phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) 5465G A (rs7946) genotype interacted (P 0.007) with the plasma betaine to choline ratio to modulate indicators of metabolic stress with stronger inverse associations observed among overweight men with the PEMT 5465GG genotype.	Choline	130-137	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	50-54
22687340-6	2012	Mice fed the methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet or MAT1A(-/-) mice exhibited reduced SOD2 activity; in vivo treatment with SOD mimetics increased liver damage, inflammation, and fibrosis, despite a decreased superoxide and 3-nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity, effects that were ameliorated by mGSH replenishment with GSHee, but not NAC.	Choline	24-31	superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	90-94
22213087-0	2012	Association of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status with total choline concentration and tumor volume in breast cancer patients: an MRI and in vivo proton MRS study.	Choline	120-127	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	61-101
22213087-1	2012	The association of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status of breast cancer patients with total choline (tCho) concentration and tumor volume was investigated using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and MRI at 1.5 T. Values for tCho concentration were determined in 120 locally advanced breast cancer patients (stages IIB, IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC), 31 early breast cancer patients (stage IIA), 38 patients with benign lesions, and 37 controls.	Choline	157-164	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	65-105
22213087-1	2012	The association of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status of breast cancer patients with total choline (tCho) concentration and tumor volume was investigated using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and MRI at 1.5 T. Values for tCho concentration were determined in 120 locally advanced breast cancer patients (stages IIB, IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC), 31 early breast cancer patients (stage IIA), 38 patients with benign lesions, and 37 controls.	Choline	157-164	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	107-111
22791820-3	2012	Dose-response assays with Cho or PCho revealed that both metabolites at physiological concentrations are able to induce the translational repression of a mORF located downstream of the intact uORF30, without significantly altering its mRNA levels.	Choline	26-29	K(lysine) acetyltransferase 6B	Mus musculus	154-158
22000805-2	2012	The main objectives of this study were to determine changes in serum BChE and PON1 by using a canine model of endotoxemia, and to evaluate whether choline alters BChE and PON1 activities during inflammation.	Choline	147-154	butyrylcholinesterase	Canis lupus familiaris	162-166
22000805-2	2012	The main objectives of this study were to determine changes in serum BChE and PON1 by using a canine model of endotoxemia, and to evaluate whether choline alters BChE and PON1 activities during inflammation.	Choline	147-154	paraoxonase 1	Canis lupus familiaris	171-175
22000805-9	2012	In conclusion, the data obtained in present study revealed a decrease in serum BChE and PON1 activities in dogs during experimentally induced endotoxemia and that choline administration attenuates these changes.	Choline	163-170	butyrylcholinesterase	Canis lupus familiaris	79-83
22000805-9	2012	In conclusion, the data obtained in present study revealed a decrease in serum BChE and PON1 activities in dogs during experimentally induced endotoxemia and that choline administration attenuates these changes.	Choline	163-170	paraoxonase 1	Canis lupus familiaris	88-92
22387881-2	2012	Transcripts of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) and choline dehydrogenase (CHDH), two basic enzymes of choline metabolism, have been observed in the human testis, demonstrating their gene expression in this tissue.	Choline	71-78	choline dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	94-98
22503310-8	2012	RESULTS: ALC at baseline had lower concentrations of Glu, N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline- (Cho) and creatine-containing metabolites (Cr) than LD in the ACC, but had normal GABA and myo-inositol (mI) levels.	Choline	83-90	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	9-12
22503310-8	2012	RESULTS: ALC at baseline had lower concentrations of Glu, N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline- (Cho) and creatine-containing metabolites (Cr) than LD in the ACC, but had normal GABA and myo-inositol (mI) levels.	Choline	93-96	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	9-12
22279038-0	2012	Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5 (GDPD5) expression correlates with malignant choline phospholipid metabolite profiles in human breast cancer.	Choline	105-112	glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5	Homo sapiens	0-59
22279038-0	2012	Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5 (GDPD5) expression correlates with malignant choline phospholipid metabolite profiles in human breast cancer.	Choline	105-112	glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5	Homo sapiens	61-66
22279038-7	2012	GDPD5 showed significantly positive correlations with PC (p &lt; 0.001), total choline (tCho) (p = 0.007) and PC/GPC (p &lt; 0.001) levels in human breast tumors.	Choline	79-86	glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5	Homo sapiens	0-5
22279038-9	2012	Human breast cancers with malignant choline metabolite profiles consisting of low GPC and high PC levels highly co-expressed GDPD5, choline kinase alpha (CHKA) and phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D1 (PLD1), whereas cancers containing high GPC and relatively low PC levels displayed low co-expression of GDPD5, CHKA and PLD1.	Choline	36-43	glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5	Homo sapiens	125-130
22279038-9	2012	Human breast cancers with malignant choline metabolite profiles consisting of low GPC and high PC levels highly co-expressed GDPD5, choline kinase alpha (CHKA) and phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D1 (PLD1), whereas cancers containing high GPC and relatively low PC levels displayed low co-expression of GDPD5, CHKA and PLD1.	Choline	36-43	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	132-152
22279038-9	2012	Human breast cancers with malignant choline metabolite profiles consisting of low GPC and high PC levels highly co-expressed GDPD5, choline kinase alpha (CHKA) and phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D1 (PLD1), whereas cancers containing high GPC and relatively low PC levels displayed low co-expression of GDPD5, CHKA and PLD1.	Choline	36-43	choline kinase alpha	Homo sapiens	154-158
22279038-9	2012	Human breast cancers with malignant choline metabolite profiles consisting of low GPC and high PC levels highly co-expressed GDPD5, choline kinase alpha (CHKA) and phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D1 (PLD1), whereas cancers containing high GPC and relatively low PC levels displayed low co-expression of GDPD5, CHKA and PLD1.	Choline	36-43	phospholipase D1	Homo sapiens	193-209
22791820-4	2012	PCho profiles showed a correlation between increased endogenous PCho levels and translation efficiency of a uORF30-containing mORF, while no correlation was detectable with Cho levels.	Choline	1-4	K(lysine) acetyltransferase 6B	Mus musculus	126-130
22931811-9	2012	CONCLUSION: Methionine and choline could decrease the inhibition effects of lead on the expression of CaMKII and CREB mRNA or CREB and pCREB proteins in the hippocampus of rats.	Choline	27-34	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	113-117
22912456-11	2012	Exposure to a high dosage of dietary choline increased TMA synthesis in the cecum, suppressed activity of FMO3 in liver, and consequently aggravated the burden of TMA metabolism, especially in TT hens.	Choline	37-44	flavin containing monooxygenase 3	Gallus gallus	106-110
22580045-9	2012	Three prototypical alpha7-selective agonists, choline, tropane, and 4OH-GTS-21, were tested, and these agents were observed to activate both fish alpha7 and alpha4beta2 nAChR.	Choline	46-53	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	169-174
22549509-4	2012	The higher maternal choline intake yielded higher placental promoter methylation of the cortisol-regulating genes, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH; P=0.05) and glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1; P=0.002); lower placental CRH transcript abundance (P=0.04); lower cord blood leukocyte promoter methylation of CRH (P=0.05) and NR3C1 (P=0.04); and 33% lower (P=0.07) cord plasma cortisol.	Choline	20-27	corticotropin releasing hormone	Homo sapiens	115-146
22549509-4	2012	The higher maternal choline intake yielded higher placental promoter methylation of the cortisol-regulating genes, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH; P=0.05) and glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1; P=0.002); lower placental CRH transcript abundance (P=0.04); lower cord blood leukocyte promoter methylation of CRH (P=0.05) and NR3C1 (P=0.04); and 33% lower (P=0.07) cord plasma cortisol.	Choline	20-27	corticotropin releasing hormone	Homo sapiens	148-151
22549509-4	2012	The higher maternal choline intake yielded higher placental promoter methylation of the cortisol-regulating genes, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH; P=0.05) and glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1; P=0.002); lower placental CRH transcript abundance (P=0.04); lower cord blood leukocyte promoter methylation of CRH (P=0.05) and NR3C1 (P=0.04); and 33% lower (P=0.07) cord plasma cortisol.	Choline	20-27	nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1	Homo sapiens	165-188
22549509-4	2012	The higher maternal choline intake yielded higher placental promoter methylation of the cortisol-regulating genes, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH; P=0.05) and glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1; P=0.002); lower placental CRH transcript abundance (P=0.04); lower cord blood leukocyte promoter methylation of CRH (P=0.05) and NR3C1 (P=0.04); and 33% lower (P=0.07) cord plasma cortisol.	Choline	20-27	nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1	Homo sapiens	190-195
22549509-4	2012	The higher maternal choline intake yielded higher placental promoter methylation of the cortisol-regulating genes, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH; P=0.05) and glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1; P=0.002); lower placental CRH transcript abundance (P=0.04); lower cord blood leukocyte promoter methylation of CRH (P=0.05) and NR3C1 (P=0.04); and 33% lower (P=0.07) cord plasma cortisol.	Choline	20-27	corticotropin releasing hormone	Homo sapiens	223-226
22549509-4	2012	The higher maternal choline intake yielded higher placental promoter methylation of the cortisol-regulating genes, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH; P=0.05) and glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1; P=0.002); lower placental CRH transcript abundance (P=0.04); lower cord blood leukocyte promoter methylation of CRH (P=0.05) and NR3C1 (P=0.04); and 33% lower (P=0.07) cord plasma cortisol.	Choline	20-27	corticotropin releasing hormone	Homo sapiens	223-226
22549509-4	2012	The higher maternal choline intake yielded higher placental promoter methylation of the cortisol-regulating genes, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH; P=0.05) and glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1; P=0.002); lower placental CRH transcript abundance (P=0.04); lower cord blood leukocyte promoter methylation of CRH (P=0.05) and NR3C1 (P=0.04); and 33% lower (P=0.07) cord plasma cortisol.	Choline	20-27	nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1	Homo sapiens	326-331
22607230-1	2012	Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) catalyzes the reaction between choline and acetylcoenzyme A (AcCoA) to form acetylcholine (ACh) in nerve terminals.	Choline	64-71	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-25
22607230-1	2012	Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) catalyzes the reaction between choline and acetylcoenzyme A (AcCoA) to form acetylcholine (ACh) in nerve terminals.	Choline	64-71	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	27-31
22576254-5	2012	Indeed, at the muscarinic M(2) receptor and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor, allosteric potentiation of the metabolites, choline and GLP-1(9-36)NH(2), respectively, was ~100-fold and up to 200-fold greater than that seen with the physiological signaling molecules acetylcholine and GLP-1(7-36)NH(2).	Choline	130-137	cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2	Homo sapiens	15-39
22576254-5	2012	Indeed, at the muscarinic M(2) receptor and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor, allosteric potentiation of the metabolites, choline and GLP-1(9-36)NH(2), respectively, was ~100-fold and up to 200-fold greater than that seen with the physiological signaling molecules acetylcholine and GLP-1(7-36)NH(2).	Choline	130-137	glucagon	Homo sapiens	44-67
22576254-5	2012	Indeed, at the muscarinic M(2) receptor and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor, allosteric potentiation of the metabolites, choline and GLP-1(9-36)NH(2), respectively, was ~100-fold and up to 200-fold greater than that seen with the physiological signaling molecules acetylcholine and GLP-1(7-36)NH(2).	Choline	130-137	glucagon like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens	69-84
22576254-5	2012	Indeed, at the muscarinic M(2) receptor and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor, allosteric potentiation of the metabolites, choline and GLP-1(9-36)NH(2), respectively, was ~100-fold and up to 200-fold greater than that seen with the physiological signaling molecules acetylcholine and GLP-1(7-36)NH(2).	Choline	130-137	glucagon	Homo sapiens	69-74
22569796-0	2012	Choline inhibits angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy by intracellular calcium signal and p38 MAPK pathway.	Choline	0-7	angiotensinogen	Homo sapiens	17-31
22569796-0	2012	Choline inhibits angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy by intracellular calcium signal and p38 MAPK pathway.	Choline	0-7	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	96-99
22569796-1	2012	Choline, an agonist of M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, is a precursor and metabolite of acetylcholine and is also a functional modulator of cellular membrane.	Choline	0-7	cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3	Homo sapiens	23-62
22569796-3	2012	The present study was therefore designed to explore whether choline could prevent cardiac hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) and clarify its potential mechanisms.	Choline	60-67	angiotensinogen	Homo sapiens	113-127
22569796-3	2012	The present study was therefore designed to explore whether choline could prevent cardiac hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) and clarify its potential mechanisms.	Choline	60-67	angiotensinogen	Homo sapiens	129-135
22569796-5	2012	The high ANP and beta-MHC levels induced by Ang II were also reversed by choline in cardiomyocytes.	Choline	73-80	angiotensinogen	Homo sapiens	44-50
22569796-6	2012	Meanwhile, choline pretreatment prevented the augment of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular calcium concentration in Ang II-treated cardiomyocytes.	Choline	11-18	angiotensinogen	Homo sapiens	130-136
22569796-7	2012	Furthermore, the upregulated phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and calcineurin levels by Ang II in ventricular myocytes were attenuated by choline.	Choline	157-164	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	37-40
22569796-7	2012	Furthermore, the upregulated phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and calcineurin levels by Ang II in ventricular myocytes were attenuated by choline.	Choline	157-164	angiotensinogen	Homo sapiens	107-113
22569796-8	2012	In conclusion, choline prevents Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy through inhibition of ROS-mediated p38 MAPK activation as well as regulation of Ca(2+)-mediated calcineurin signal transduction pathway.	Choline	15-22	angiotensinogen	Homo sapiens	32-38
22569796-8	2012	In conclusion, choline prevents Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy through inhibition of ROS-mediated p38 MAPK activation as well as regulation of Ca(2+)-mediated calcineurin signal transduction pathway.	Choline	15-22	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	102-105
23013665-9	2012	Recent studies indicate that [11C]choline PET/CT has the potential to early restaging PCa patients for PSA levels lower than 1-1.5 ng/mL.	Choline	34-41	aminopeptidase puromycin sensitive	Homo sapiens	103-106
22722629-6	2012	The choline concentration obtained from (1)H MRSI was significantly decreased in the midbrain of GBA-PD (p = 0.010).	Choline	4-11	glucosylceramidase beta	Homo sapiens	97-100
22442158-5	2012	Twenty-two weeks on a choline-deficient amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet induced steatosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and liver fibrosis with increased CCR2 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 expression in the wild-type livers.	Choline	22-29	chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2	Mus musculus	156-160
22442158-5	2012	Twenty-two weeks on a choline-deficient amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet induced steatosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and liver fibrosis with increased CCR2 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 expression in the wild-type livers.	Choline	22-29	chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2	Mus musculus	165-205
22183894-10	2012	Furthermore, GNMT was downregulated in the liver tissues from patients suffering with NAFLD as well as from mice fed a high-fat diet, high-cholesterol diet or methionine/choline-deficient diet.	Choline	170-177	glycine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	13-17
22432781-0	2012	NMR metabolomics of MTLn3E breast cancer cells identifies a role for CXCR4 in lipid and choline regulation.	Choline	88-95	C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	69-74
22432781-4	2012	Notable reductions in choline levels were detected when either cells expressing wild-type CXCR4 or Delta34-CXCR4 were compared with cells containing an empty expression vector.	Choline	22-29	C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	90-95
22432781-4	2012	Notable reductions in choline levels were detected when either cells expressing wild-type CXCR4 or Delta34-CXCR4 were compared with cells containing an empty expression vector.	Choline	22-29	C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	107-112
22528931-7	2012	There was a significant difference in the total choline-containing compound SNR between ER-positive and -negative groups (p = 0.007) and between triple-negative and non-triple-negative groups (p = 0.002).	Choline	48-55	estrogen receptor 1	Homo sapiens	88-90
21953546-0	2012	Noninvasive imaging identifies new roles for cyclooxygenase-2 in choline and lipid metabolism of human breast cancer cells.	Choline	65-72	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Homo sapiens	45-61
21953546-6	2012	COX-2 silencing resulted in a significant decrease in phosphocholine and total choline that was detected by MRS.	Choline	61-68	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Homo sapiens	0-5
22912456-7	2012	Hepatic FMO3 mRNA levels in hens were reduced by higher choline added to the diet (P &lt; 0.05).	Choline	56-63	flavin containing monooxygenase 3	Gallus gallus	8-12
22912456-9	2012	A higher choline diet decreased hepatic FMO3 activity by 33.99% (P &lt; 0.05) and 61.39% (P &lt; 0.05) toward TMA and methimazole, respectively.	Choline	9-16	flavin containing monooxygenase 3	Gallus gallus	40-44
22931811-0	2012	[The effects of methionine and choline on the expression levels of CaMKII and CREB mRNA and proteins in rats exposed to lead].	Choline	31-38	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	78-82
22931811-1	2012	OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of methionine and choline on the expression levels of CaMKII and CREB mRNA and proteins in hippocampus of rats exposed to lead.	Choline	50-57	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	97-101
22931811-7	2012	The expression levels (1.014 +- 0.210 and 1.126 +- 0.379) of CaMKII mRNA and the expression levels (1.029 +- 0.335 and 0.932 +- 0.251) of CREB mRNA in the hippocampus of 2 groups exposed to lead acetate plus methionine and choline were significantly higher than those of lead group (P &lt; 0.05).	Choline	223-230	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	138-142
22931811-8	2012	The expression levels (0.407 +- 0.951 and 0.563 +- 0.178) of CREB protein and pCREB protein in the hippocampus of group exposed to lead acetate plus 400 mg/kg methionine and choline were significantly higher than those of lead group (P &lt; 0.05).	Choline	174-181	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	61-65
27231468-0	2012	EDI3, a key enzyme of choline metabolism controls tumour cell migration.	Choline	22-29	glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
22483272-2	2012	The solute carrier 44A1 (SLC44A1), also referred to as choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1), is a recently discovered choline transporter with an intermediate affinity for choline; this transport is Na(+)-independent and sensitive to inhibition by the drug hemicholinium-3.	Choline	55-62	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	4-23
22483272-2	2012	The solute carrier 44A1 (SLC44A1), also referred to as choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1), is a recently discovered choline transporter with an intermediate affinity for choline; this transport is Na(+)-independent and sensitive to inhibition by the drug hemicholinium-3.	Choline	55-62	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	25-32
22483272-2	2012	The solute carrier 44A1 (SLC44A1), also referred to as choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1), is a recently discovered choline transporter with an intermediate affinity for choline; this transport is Na(+)-independent and sensitive to inhibition by the drug hemicholinium-3.	Choline	55-62	solute carrier family 44 member 1	Homo sapiens	91-95
22483273-1	2012	Choline uptake into cholinergic nerve terminals by the sodium-dependent high-affinity choline transporter CHT is essential for providing choline as substrate for synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh); ACh is used by cholinergic neurons to communicate information to a wide range of tissues in central and peripheral nervous systems.	Choline	0-7	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	106-109
22483273-1	2012	Choline uptake into cholinergic nerve terminals by the sodium-dependent high-affinity choline transporter CHT is essential for providing choline as substrate for synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh); ACh is used by cholinergic neurons to communicate information to a wide range of tissues in central and peripheral nervous systems.	Choline	20-27	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	106-109
22483273-4	2012	Thus, choline uptake activity is determined largely by the plasma membrane CHT level, and this is finely controlled by a balance between internalization and recycling of CHT proteins in endosomal compartments.	Choline	6-13	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	75-78
22483273-4	2012	Thus, choline uptake activity is determined largely by the plasma membrane CHT level, and this is finely controlled by a balance between internalization and recycling of CHT proteins in endosomal compartments.	Choline	6-13	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	170-173
22483273-5	2012	CHT proteins are also in synaptic vesicle membranes, thereby allowing cell surface CHT levels to increase rapidly in conjunction with exocytotic transmitter release to provide enhanced choline for ACh re-synthesis.	Choline	185-192	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	0-3
22483273-5	2012	CHT proteins are also in synaptic vesicle membranes, thereby allowing cell surface CHT levels to increase rapidly in conjunction with exocytotic transmitter release to provide enhanced choline for ACh re-synthesis.	Choline	185-192	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	83-86
22483275-8	2012	Moreover, gestational choline modulates the expression of DNA (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a) and histone (G9a/Ehmt2/Kmt1c, Suv39h1/Kmt1a) methyltransferases.	Choline	22-29	DNA methyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	63-68
22483275-8	2012	Moreover, gestational choline modulates the expression of DNA (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a) and histone (G9a/Ehmt2/Kmt1c, Suv39h1/Kmt1a) methyltransferases.	Choline	22-29	DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha	Homo sapiens	70-76
22483275-8	2012	Moreover, gestational choline modulates the expression of DNA (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a) and histone (G9a/Ehmt2/Kmt1c, Suv39h1/Kmt1a) methyltransferases.	Choline	22-29	euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	91-94
22483275-8	2012	Moreover, gestational choline modulates the expression of DNA (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a) and histone (G9a/Ehmt2/Kmt1c, Suv39h1/Kmt1a) methyltransferases.	Choline	22-29	euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	95-100
22483275-8	2012	Moreover, gestational choline modulates the expression of DNA (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a) and histone (G9a/Ehmt2/Kmt1c, Suv39h1/Kmt1a) methyltransferases.	Choline	22-29	euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	101-106
22483275-8	2012	Moreover, gestational choline modulates the expression of DNA (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a) and histone (G9a/Ehmt2/Kmt1c, Suv39h1/Kmt1a) methyltransferases.	Choline	22-29	SUV39H1 histone lysine methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	108-115
22483275-8	2012	Moreover, gestational choline modulates the expression of DNA (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a) and histone (G9a/Ehmt2/Kmt1c, Suv39h1/Kmt1a) methyltransferases.	Choline	22-29	SUV39H1 histone lysine methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	116-121
22543816-1	2012	Yeast genes of phospholipid biosynthesis are negatively regulated by repressor protein Opi1 when precursor molecules inositol and choline (IC) are available.	Choline	130-137	transcriptional regulator OPI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	87-91
22616110-5	2012	Our findings demonstrated that ethanol withdrawal reduced GABA levels and increased phosphorylated choline compounds in the mPFC of both wild-type and ENT1 null mice.	Choline	99-106	solute carrier family 29 (nucleoside transporters), member 1	Mus musculus	151-155
22570503-8	2012	Purified recombinant EDI3 protein cleaves GPC to form glycerol-3-phosphate and choline.	Choline	79-86	glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1	Homo sapiens	21-25
22570503-13	2012	Overall, we have identified EDI3, a key enzyme controlling GPC and choline metabolism.	Choline	67-74	glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
22860206-6	2012	Among different phospholipids tested, choline- or ethanolamine-containing phospholipids showed potent effects, and 1 mM phosphatidylcholine increased NAAA activity by 6.6-fold.	Choline	38-45	N-acylethanolamine acid amidase	Mus musculus	150-154
21937528-1	2012	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is responsible for the rapid hydrolytic degradation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into inactive products choline and acetic acid.	Choline	6-13	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	22-26
22931811-9	2012	CONCLUSION: Methionine and choline could decrease the inhibition effects of lead on the expression of CaMKII and CREB mRNA or CREB and pCREB proteins in the hippocampus of rats.	Choline	27-34	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	126-130
22378735-3	2012	OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether disruption of the embryonic or maternal Mthfd1 gene or both interacts with impaired folate and choline status to affect neural tube closure, fetal growth, and fertility in mice and to investigate the underlying metabolic disruptions.	Choline	159-166	methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent), methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, formyltetrahydrofolate synthase	Mus musculus	104-110
22514319-8	2012	Lysosome inhibitors increase choline uptake, suggesting that CHT proteins are normally degraded by lysosomes, and this is not altered by oxidative stress.	Choline	29-36	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	61-64
22514319-9	2012	Unexpectedly, inhibitors of proteasomes, but not lysosomes, attenuate SIN-1-mediated inhibition of choline uptake, indicating that proteasomal degradation plays a role in regulating CHT disposition in SIN-1-treated cells.	Choline	99-106	MAPK associated protein 1	Homo sapiens	70-75
22514319-9	2012	Unexpectedly, inhibitors of proteasomes, but not lysosomes, attenuate SIN-1-mediated inhibition of choline uptake, indicating that proteasomal degradation plays a role in regulating CHT disposition in SIN-1-treated cells.	Choline	99-106	solute carrier family 5 member 7	Homo sapiens	182-185
22378735-7	2012	RESULTS: Reduced folate and choline status resulted in severe fetal growth restriction (FGR) and impaired fertility in litters harvested from Mthfd1(gt/+) dams, but embryonic Mthfd1(gt/+) genotype did not affect fetal growth.	Choline	28-35	methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent), methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, formyltetrahydrofolate synthase	Mus musculus	142-148
22224440-15	2012	Based on these results, choline has an obvious protective effect against ischaemia-induced arrhythmias that is mediated via activation of cardiac M(3)  mAChR, which reduces Ca(2+)  overload mediated by L-type Ca(2+)  channels and the NCX.	Choline	24-31	solute carrier family 8 member A1	Rattus norvegicus	234-237
22391699-0	2012	Prostate-specific antigen velocity versus prostate-specific antigen doubling time for prediction of 11C choline PET/CT in prostate cancer patients with biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy.	Choline	104-111	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	0-25
22197629-9	2012	TNF-alpha was increased whereas IL-6 was decreased both in the liver and heart of db/db fed methionine-choline deficient diet.	Choline	103-110	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	32-36
22231016-11	2012	CONCLUSION: Detection rate of (18)F-choline imaging is closely related to PSA and PSA kinetics.	Choline	36-43	aminopeptidase puromycin sensitive	Homo sapiens	74-77
22231016-11	2012	CONCLUSION: Detection rate of (18)F-choline imaging is closely related to PSA and PSA kinetics.	Choline	36-43	aminopeptidase puromycin sensitive	Homo sapiens	82-85
22231016-12	2012	In particular, (18)F-choline PET/CT is recommended in patients with PSA &gt;2 ng/ml, PSAdt &lt;=6 months and PSAve &gt;2 ng/ml per year.	Choline	21-28	aminopeptidase puromycin sensitive	Homo sapiens	68-71
22095799-10	2012	Choline supplementation to the diet increased hepatic PC/PE in Pemt(-/-) mice with NAFLD, decreased inflammation, and increased the survival rate after partial hepatectomy.	Choline	0-7	phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Mus musculus	63-67
22449436-0	2012	Intraperitoneal administration of CDP-choline or a combination of cytidine plus choline improves nerve regeneration and functional recovery in a rat model of sciatic nerve injury.	Choline	38-45	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	34-37
22449436-2	2012	The aims of this study were to test whether systemic treatment with CDP-choline was effective in  improving the recovery of injured sciatic nerve, and to determine whether the cytidine and/or choline moieties of CDP-choline contribute to its beneficial actions.	Choline	72-79	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	68-71
22449436-5	2012	RESULTS: Recovery in sciatic  function index score was greater in rats treated with CDP-choline, choline, or cytidine+choline at 8 and 12 weeks after the interventions.	Choline	88-95	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	84-87
22449436-6	2012	Peripheral nerve regeneration evaluated by electromyography at 12 weeks was also greater in rats receiving CDP-choline (228% of control), choline (168%  of control), or cytidine+choline (221% of control).	Choline	111-118	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	107-110
22449436-7	2012	Axon counts and axon density increased significantly following CDP-choline, choline, or cytidine+choline, respectively.	Choline	67-74	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	63-66
22449436-10	2012	CONCLUSION: These data show that intraperitoneal CDP-choline, as well as the combination of its metabolites, cytidine+choline, improves functional recovery and promotes regeneration  of injured sciatic nerves in rats.	Choline	53-60	cut-like homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	49-52