PMID-sentid	Pub_year	Sent_text	compound_name	comp_offset	prot_official_name	organism	prot_offset
8399219-6	1993	However, upon addition of MgADP plus creatine and nitrate to induce a transition-state analogue complex of the enzyme, native Mib-CK dissociated much more readily into dimers than proteinase K-digested Mib-CK.	Creatine	37-45	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 2	Gallus gallus	126-132
8399219-7	1993	Furthermore, proteinase K cleavage of Mib-CK resulted in 2-11-fold decreases in the Vmax values, as well as in 6-23-fold increases in the Km values for phosphocreatine, creatine, and MgATP, whereas the Kd values for both MgATP and creatine were unaffected.	Creatine	159-167	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 2	Gallus gallus	38-44
8399219-7	1993	Furthermore, proteinase K cleavage of Mib-CK resulted in 2-11-fold decreases in the Vmax values, as well as in 6-23-fold increases in the Km values for phosphocreatine, creatine, and MgATP, whereas the Kd values for both MgATP and creatine were unaffected.	Creatine	169-177	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 2	Gallus gallus	38-44
1460361-4	1992	In the primiparous group with no family history 58% of the patients with a low calcium/creatine ratio eventually developed PIH.	Creatine	87-95	pregnancy-induced hypertension (pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, toxemia of pregnancy included)	Homo sapiens	123-126
8430763-0	1993	Adaptation of muscle to creatine depletion: effect on GLUT-4 glucose transporter expression.	Creatine	24-32	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	54-60
8430763-7	1993	These results provide evidence that chronic creatine depletion increases GLUT-4 expression by pretranslational mechanisms.	Creatine	44-52	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	73-79
8392699-3	1993	The ADP removing enzyme system creatine phosphate/creatine phosphokinase (CP/CPK) and the ADP receptor antagonist ATP alpha S strongly inhibited platelet aggregation in response to low doses of TRA, indicating that TRA-induced platelet aggregation, like thrombin-induced aggregation is an ADP mediated event.	Creatine	31-39	phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 2 alpha	Homo sapiens	77-80
8392699-3	1993	The ADP removing enzyme system creatine phosphate/creatine phosphokinase (CP/CPK) and the ADP receptor antagonist ATP alpha S strongly inhibited platelet aggregation in response to low doses of TRA, indicating that TRA-induced platelet aggregation, like thrombin-induced aggregation is an ADP mediated event.	Creatine	31-39	T cell receptor alpha locus	Homo sapiens	194-197
8392699-3	1993	The ADP removing enzyme system creatine phosphate/creatine phosphokinase (CP/CPK) and the ADP receptor antagonist ATP alpha S strongly inhibited platelet aggregation in response to low doses of TRA, indicating that TRA-induced platelet aggregation, like thrombin-induced aggregation is an ADP mediated event.	Creatine	31-39	T cell receptor alpha locus	Homo sapiens	215-218
8392699-3	1993	The ADP removing enzyme system creatine phosphate/creatine phosphokinase (CP/CPK) and the ADP receptor antagonist ATP alpha S strongly inhibited platelet aggregation in response to low doses of TRA, indicating that TRA-induced platelet aggregation, like thrombin-induced aggregation is an ADP mediated event.	Creatine	31-39	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	254-262
8442020-4	1993	Urinary creatine is also raised significantly after the administration of CCl4 in beta-alanine-treated animals.	Creatine	8-16	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	74-78
1294772-2	1992	We have been making a practice of investigating renal GAA production in diabetic patients, using a citrulline/creatine loading test.	Creatine	110-118	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	54-57
1378964-1	1992	Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), a precursor of creatine, is an essential substrate for muscle energy metabolism, and synthesized by glycine-amidinotransferase (transamidinase) mainly in the kidney.	Creatine	43-51	alpha glucosidase	Rattus norvegicus	22-25
1378964-1	1992	Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), a precursor of creatine, is an essential substrate for muscle energy metabolism, and synthesized by glycine-amidinotransferase (transamidinase) mainly in the kidney.	Creatine	43-51	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	156-170
1378964-7	1992	These results clearly indicate that GAA is synthesized in definite portions of the proximal tubule, and would be transported to the liver for further creatine production.	Creatine	150-158	alpha glucosidase	Rattus norvegicus	36-39
2256926-6	1990	3) p40 of BALB/MK-2 cells was absorbed to and eluted from a creatine affinity column.	Creatine	60-68	interleukin 9	Homo sapiens	3-6
1614007-8	1992	These results indicate that high serum CR concentrations due to low CR metabolism in skeletal muscle might suppress glycine amidinotransferase (GAT) activity, resulting in decreased GAA production in the elderly.	Creatine	39-41	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	116-142
1614007-8	1992	These results indicate that high serum CR concentrations due to low CR metabolism in skeletal muscle might suppress glycine amidinotransferase (GAT) activity, resulting in decreased GAA production in the elderly.	Creatine	39-41	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	144-147
1614007-8	1992	These results indicate that high serum CR concentrations due to low CR metabolism in skeletal muscle might suppress glycine amidinotransferase (GAT) activity, resulting in decreased GAA production in the elderly.	Creatine	39-41	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	182-185
1614007-8	1992	These results indicate that high serum CR concentrations due to low CR metabolism in skeletal muscle might suppress glycine amidinotransferase (GAT) activity, resulting in decreased GAA production in the elderly.	Creatine	68-70	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	116-142
1614007-8	1992	These results indicate that high serum CR concentrations due to low CR metabolism in skeletal muscle might suppress glycine amidinotransferase (GAT) activity, resulting in decreased GAA production in the elderly.	Creatine	68-70	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	144-147
1614007-8	1992	These results indicate that high serum CR concentrations due to low CR metabolism in skeletal muscle might suppress glycine amidinotransferase (GAT) activity, resulting in decreased GAA production in the elderly.	Creatine	68-70	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	182-185
1543882-7	1992	These data suggest that localized concentrations of M-CPK may be important for normal energy metabolism, and may also serve as a foundation for a better understanding of the relationship between abnormal creatine metabolism and the pathogenesis of neuromuscular disease.	Creatine	204-212	phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 2 alpha	Homo sapiens	54-57
1761280-6	1991	The results demonstrated that creatinine, creatine and glycocyamine have a direct suppressive effect on insulin binding of postdialyzed plasma (p less than 0.05) in concentration of 1 mmol/l.	Creatine	42-50	insulin	Homo sapiens	104-111
1486334-7	1992	In IGF-I treated rats three-day urinary excretion of nitrogen and creatine were 163.5 +/- 14.6 mg and 9.53 +/- 1.53 mg, which were significantly less than those in control rats.	Creatine	66-74	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	3-8
1931558-4	1991	All of the CSF samples showed peaks for lactate, L-alanine, acetate, glutamine, citrate, creatine/creatinine and sugar resonances.	Creatine	89-97	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	11-14
1672795-8	1991	Muscle contents of alpha-D-glucose 1,6-diphosphate, D-glucose 6-phosphate, ATP, ADP, and AMP (both of which are based on the phosphocreatine-to-creatine ratio), which have been shown to inhibit hexokinase in vitro, did not change significantly during hyperglycemia, nor were there any significant changes in any of the other postphosphofructokinase intermediates, D-fructose 2,6-diphosphate, and citrate.	Creatine	132-140	ATPase phospholipid transporting 8A2	Homo sapiens	19-78
2077946-2	1990	The activity of AHAS is most frequently analyzed using the Westerfeld method, in which the acetoin formed upon decarboxylation of AL is determined by colorimetric reaction with creatine and alpha-naphthol.	Creatine	177-185	ilvB acetolactate synthase like	Homo sapiens	16-20
2175697-6	1990	Plasma thrombomodulin concentrations were positively correlated with the level of serum creatine, blood urea nitrogen, urinary albumin and urinary beta 2-microglobulin (P less than 0.001 for each), but not with fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c or fructosamine.	Creatine	88-96	thrombomodulin	Homo sapiens	7-21
2077476-3	1990	In erythrocytes from 8 children with high reticulocyte count and 9 healthy age-matched subjects we studied insulin receptor binding in correlation with pyruvate kinase (PK) activity and creatine levels.	Creatine	186-194	insulin receptor	Homo sapiens	107-123
1991035-7	1991	Since creatine kinase catalyses a reaction that is close to equilibrium in the perfused heart, and since phosphorylation of creatine involves release of a proton, we argue that the changes in phosphocreatine and creatine concentrations are manifestations of alterations in pHi.	Creatine	124-132	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Rattus norvegicus	273-276
1991035-8	1991	In this regard, we show that [log[( phosphocreatine]/[creatine]) + log [( ADP]/[ATP])] [the value of which gives [pHi--log (mass action ratio)]] is positively correlated with pHi, although the slope of the line is 0.7, as opposed to the ideal value of unity.	Creatine	43-51	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Rattus norvegicus	114-117
1991035-8	1991	In this regard, we show that [log[( phosphocreatine]/[creatine]) + log [( ADP]/[ATP])] [the value of which gives [pHi--log (mass action ratio)]] is positively correlated with pHi, although the slope of the line is 0.7, as opposed to the ideal value of unity.	Creatine	43-51	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Rattus norvegicus	175-178
1991035-9	1991	We discuss three hypotheses to account for our observations: (i) protein synthesis rates are influenced directly by pHi, (ii) pHi affects the concentrations of creatine metabolites, which in turn affect protein synthesis rates, and (iii) pHi affects the value of an unidentified co-variable, which in turn affects protein synthesis.	Creatine	160-168	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Rattus norvegicus	126-129
1991035-9	1991	We discuss three hypotheses to account for our observations: (i) protein synthesis rates are influenced directly by pHi, (ii) pHi affects the concentrations of creatine metabolites, which in turn affect protein synthesis rates, and (iii) pHi affects the value of an unidentified co-variable, which in turn affects protein synthesis.	Creatine	160-168	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Rattus norvegicus	126-129
2077476-5	1990	Our data show a significant correlation between 125I-insulin bound and either PK activity or creatine levels.	Creatine	93-101	insulin	Homo sapiens	53-60
2077476-7	1990	Our results indicate that creatine content is the best marker of red cell age for insulin receptor studies.	Creatine	26-34	insulin receptor	Homo sapiens	82-98
29741632-1	2018	The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) on the growth performance, creatine and energy metabolism, and carcass characteristics in growing-finishing pigs.	Creatine	139-147	alpha glucosidase	Sus scrofa	107-110
33811821-0	2021	Creatine promotes cancer metastasis through activation of Smad2/3.	Creatine	0-8	SMAD family member 2	Mus musculus	58-65
33811821-3	2021	We show that glycine amidinotransferase (GATM), the rate-limiting enzyme for creatine synthesis, is upregulated in liver metastases.	Creatine	77-85	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	41-45
33811821-4	2021	Dietary uptake, or GATM-mediated de novo synthesis of creatine, enhances cancer metastasis and shortens mouse survival by upregulation of Snail and Slug expression via monopolar spindle 1 (MPS1)-activated Smad2 and Smad3 phosphorylation.	Creatine	54-62	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	19-23
33811821-4	2021	Dietary uptake, or GATM-mediated de novo synthesis of creatine, enhances cancer metastasis and shortens mouse survival by upregulation of Snail and Slug expression via monopolar spindle 1 (MPS1)-activated Smad2 and Smad3 phosphorylation.	Creatine	54-62	snail family zinc finger 1	Mus musculus	138-143
33811821-4	2021	Dietary uptake, or GATM-mediated de novo synthesis of creatine, enhances cancer metastasis and shortens mouse survival by upregulation of Snail and Slug expression via monopolar spindle 1 (MPS1)-activated Smad2 and Smad3 phosphorylation.	Creatine	54-62	Ttk protein kinase	Mus musculus	168-187
33811821-4	2021	Dietary uptake, or GATM-mediated de novo synthesis of creatine, enhances cancer metastasis and shortens mouse survival by upregulation of Snail and Slug expression via monopolar spindle 1 (MPS1)-activated Smad2 and Smad3 phosphorylation.	Creatine	54-62	Ttk protein kinase	Mus musculus	189-193
33811821-4	2021	Dietary uptake, or GATM-mediated de novo synthesis of creatine, enhances cancer metastasis and shortens mouse survival by upregulation of Snail and Slug expression via monopolar spindle 1 (MPS1)-activated Smad2 and Smad3 phosphorylation.	Creatine	54-62	SMAD family member 2	Mus musculus	205-210
33811821-4	2021	Dietary uptake, or GATM-mediated de novo synthesis of creatine, enhances cancer metastasis and shortens mouse survival by upregulation of Snail and Slug expression via monopolar spindle 1 (MPS1)-activated Smad2 and Smad3 phosphorylation.	Creatine	54-62	SMAD family member 3	Mus musculus	215-220
1971006-6	1990	Thus, indirect evidence was obtained that creatine decreased the activity of the synthesizing enzyme of GABA, i.e., glutamate decarboxylase.	Creatine	42-50	glutamate-ammonia ligase	Rattus norvegicus	116-139
1971006-7	1990	When the direct effect of creatine (25 mM) on glutamate decarboxylase was studied in vitro, the agent indeed decreased the activity of the enzyme.	Creatine	26-34	glutamate-ammonia ligase	Rattus norvegicus	46-69
34921896-5	2022	Creatine transporter (CRT/SLC6A8) contributes to the influx transport of Cr in Cr distribution.	Creatine	0-8	calcitonin receptor	Homo sapiens	22-25
25633678-6	2015	APOE epsilon4 versus epsilon3 children had a reduced NAA/Cr ratio in the right frontal white matter and decrements on attention, short-term memory, and below-average scores in Verbal and Full Scale IQ (>10 points).	Creatine	57-59	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	0-4
34921896-5	2022	Creatine transporter (CRT/SLC6A8) contributes to the influx transport of Cr in Cr distribution.	Creatine	0-8	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	26-32
34921896-5	2022	Creatine transporter (CRT/SLC6A8) contributes to the influx transport of Cr in Cr distribution.	Creatine	73-75	calcitonin receptor	Homo sapiens	22-25
34921896-5	2022	Creatine transporter (CRT/SLC6A8) contributes to the influx transport of Cr in Cr distribution.	Creatine	73-75	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	26-32
34921896-5	2022	Creatine transporter (CRT/SLC6A8) contributes to the influx transport of Cr in Cr distribution.	Creatine	79-81	calcitonin receptor	Homo sapiens	22-25
34921896-5	2022	Creatine transporter (CRT/SLC6A8) contributes to the influx transport of Cr in Cr distribution.	Creatine	79-81	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	26-32
34921896-6	2022	gamma-Aminobutyric acid transporter 2 (GAT2/SLC6A13) mediates incorporation of guanidinoacetate (GAA), a Cr precursor, in the process of Cr biosynthesis.	Creatine	105-107	solute carrier family 6 member 13	Homo sapiens	39-43
34921896-6	2022	gamma-Aminobutyric acid transporter 2 (GAT2/SLC6A13) mediates incorporation of guanidinoacetate (GAA), a Cr precursor, in the process of Cr biosynthesis.	Creatine	105-107	solute carrier family 6 member 13	Homo sapiens	44-51
34921896-6	2022	gamma-Aminobutyric acid transporter 2 (GAT2/SLC6A13) mediates incorporation of guanidinoacetate (GAA), a Cr precursor, in the process of Cr biosynthesis.	Creatine	137-139	solute carrier family 6 member 13	Homo sapiens	39-43
34921896-6	2022	gamma-Aminobutyric acid transporter 2 (GAT2/SLC6A13) mediates incorporation of guanidinoacetate (GAA), a Cr precursor, in the process of Cr biosynthesis.	Creatine	137-139	solute carrier family 6 member 13	Homo sapiens	44-51
34921896-7	2022	Monocarboxylate transporter 12 (MCT12/SLC16A12) functions as an efflux transporter for Cr and GAA, and contributes to the process of Cr biosynthesis.	Creatine	87-89	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	0-30
34921896-7	2022	Monocarboxylate transporter 12 (MCT12/SLC16A12) functions as an efflux transporter for Cr and GAA, and contributes to the process of Cr biosynthesis.	Creatine	87-89	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	32-37
34921896-7	2022	Monocarboxylate transporter 12 (MCT12/SLC16A12) functions as an efflux transporter for Cr and GAA, and contributes to the process of Cr biosynthesis.	Creatine	87-89	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	38-46
34921896-7	2022	Monocarboxylate transporter 12 (MCT12/SLC16A12) functions as an efflux transporter for Cr and GAA, and contributes to the process of Cr biosynthesis.	Creatine	133-135	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	0-30
34921896-7	2022	Monocarboxylate transporter 12 (MCT12/SLC16A12) functions as an efflux transporter for Cr and GAA, and contributes to the process of Cr biosynthesis.	Creatine	133-135	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	32-37
34921896-7	2022	Monocarboxylate transporter 12 (MCT12/SLC16A12) functions as an efflux transporter for Cr and GAA, and contributes to the process of Cr biosynthesis.	Creatine	133-135	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	38-46
34972654-2	2022	AGAT- and GAMT-deficient patients lack the functional brain endogenous creatine (Cr) synthesis pathway but express the Cr transporter SLC6A8 at blood-brain barrier (BBB), and can thus be treated by oral supplementation of high doses of Cr.	Creatine	71-79	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	0-4
34259924-7	2022	The peak plasma levels of creatine phosphokinase myocardial binding (CKMB), a marker of myocardial injury, however, were significantly higher in the patients with ALDH2*2 than in those with ALDH2*1/*1 (a median 275.0 (175.8-407.5) vs 177.5 (126.9-344.3) U/L, P = 0.001) among men but not among women (P = 0.811).	Creatine	26-34	aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family member	Homo sapiens	163-168
34259924-7	2022	The peak plasma levels of creatine phosphokinase myocardial binding (CKMB), a marker of myocardial injury, however, were significantly higher in the patients with ALDH2*2 than in those with ALDH2*1/*1 (a median 275.0 (175.8-407.5) vs 177.5 (126.9-344.3) U/L, P = 0.001) among men but not among women (P = 0.811).	Creatine	26-34	aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family member	Homo sapiens	190-195
34972654-2	2022	AGAT- and GAMT-deficient patients lack the functional brain endogenous creatine (Cr) synthesis pathway but express the Cr transporter SLC6A8 at blood-brain barrier (BBB), and can thus be treated by oral supplementation of high doses of Cr.	Creatine	81-83	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	0-4
34895154-0	2021	Evaluation of recombinant human erythropoietin responsiveness by measuring erythrocyte creatine content in haemodialysis patients.	Creatine	87-95	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	32-46
34936099-2	2022	Cr is taken from the diet or endogenously synthetized by the enzymes AGAT and GAMT, and specifically taken up by the transporter SLC6A8.	Creatine	0-2	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	78-82
34936099-2	2022	Cr is taken from the diet or endogenously synthetized by the enzymes AGAT and GAMT, and specifically taken up by the transporter SLC6A8.	Creatine	0-2	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	129-135
34638000-3	2022	Levels of frontal gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA+) and myo-inositol relative to creatine (mI/tCr) were predicted by age.	Creatine	79-87	T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	92-95
34896001-8	2021	RESULTS: There were significant differences between the TR and RN groups in terms of ADC (p = 0.001), rADC (p < 0.001), FA (p = 0.001), DA (p = 0.003), DR (p = 0.003), rCBV (p < 0.001), rCBF (p < 0.001), Cho/NAA (p < 0.001), Lac/Cr (p < 0.001) and Lip/Cr (p < 0.001).	Creatine	252-254	coagulation factor II thrombin receptor	Homo sapiens	56-58
34878641-8	2022	RESULTS: Significant correlations (r = 0.19-0.55, p < .05) with AMPK activity were found between end-exercise muscle glycogen, exercise intensity, and muscle metabolites phosphocreatine, creatine, and free ADP.	Creatine	187-195	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	64-68
34899214-9	2021	Results: Our results revealed a significant decrease in choline/creatine (glycerophosphocholine (GPC) + phosphocholine (PCh)/creatine (tCr)) in both the posterior parietal cortex and DLPFC in hyperthyroid patients, and these changes were reversible after antithyroid treatment.	Creatine	64-72	T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	135-138
34899214-9	2021	Results: Our results revealed a significant decrease in choline/creatine (glycerophosphocholine (GPC) + phosphocholine (PCh)/creatine (tCr)) in both the posterior parietal cortex and DLPFC in hyperthyroid patients, and these changes were reversible after antithyroid treatment.	Creatine	125-133	T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	135-138
34899214-11	2021	In DLPFC, only (N-acetyl aspartate + N-acetyl aspartyl-glutamate)/creatine (NAA + NAAG)/tCr was increased in the hyperthyroid patients.	Creatine	66-74	T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	88-91
34836240-5	2021	Increased AKT and RPS6 phosphorylation were observed with 50 microM L-carnitine tartrate 5 microM creatine in combination in primary human myoblasts.	Creatine	98-106	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	10-13
34814088-4	2022	Creatine, involved in the muscle energy metabolism, and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), a calcium chelator, are potential molecules to modulate parvalbumin.	Creatine	0-8	parvalbumin	Homo sapiens	153-164
34814088-5	2022	The purpose of this study was to test creatine (2, 5 and 8%) and EDTA (1.5, 3 and 4.5%) supplementation in fish diets to modulate beta-parvalbumin expression and structure and its allergenicity in farmed European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) while assessing its effects on the end-product quality.	Creatine	38-46	parvalbumin	Homo sapiens	135-146
34836240-5	2021	Increased AKT and RPS6 phosphorylation were observed with 50 microM L-carnitine tartrate 5 microM creatine in combination in primary human myoblasts.	Creatine	98-106	ribosomal protein S6	Homo sapiens	18-22
34418357-0	2021	GATM and GAMT synthesize creatine locally throughout the mammalian body and within oligodendrocytes of the brain.	Creatine	25-33	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	0-4
34418357-0	2021	GATM and GAMT synthesize creatine locally throughout the mammalian body and within oligodendrocytes of the brain.	Creatine	25-33	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	9-13
34807526-0	2021	Tumour-derived small extracellular vesicles suppress CD8+ T cell immune function by inhibiting SLC6A8-mediated creatine import in NPM1-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia.	Creatine	111-119	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	53-56
34418357-1	2021	The enzymes glycine amidinotransferase, mitochondrial (GATM also known as AGAT) and guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) function together to synthesize creatine from arginine, glycine, and S-Adenosyl methionine.	Creatine	160-168	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	55-59
34418357-1	2021	The enzymes glycine amidinotransferase, mitochondrial (GATM also known as AGAT) and guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) function together to synthesize creatine from arginine, glycine, and S-Adenosyl methionine.	Creatine	160-168	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	74-78
34418357-1	2021	The enzymes glycine amidinotransferase, mitochondrial (GATM also known as AGAT) and guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) function together to synthesize creatine from arginine, glycine, and S-Adenosyl methionine.	Creatine	160-168	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	84-120
34418357-1	2021	The enzymes glycine amidinotransferase, mitochondrial (GATM also known as AGAT) and guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) function together to synthesize creatine from arginine, glycine, and S-Adenosyl methionine.	Creatine	160-168	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	122-126
34418357-2	2021	Deficiency in either enzyme or the creatine transporter, CT1, results in a devastating neurological disorder, Cerebral Creatine Deficiency Syndrome (CCDS).	Creatine	35-43	cardiotrophin 1	Homo sapiens	57-60
34418357-4	2021	Using the mouse as a model system, we find that GATM and GAMT are coexpressed in several tissues with distinct and overlapping cellular sources, implicating local synthesis as an important mechanism of creatine metabolism in numerous organs.	Creatine	202-210	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	48-52
34418357-4	2021	Using the mouse as a model system, we find that GATM and GAMT are coexpressed in several tissues with distinct and overlapping cellular sources, implicating local synthesis as an important mechanism of creatine metabolism in numerous organs.	Creatine	202-210	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	57-61
34807526-0	2021	Tumour-derived small extracellular vesicles suppress CD8+ T cell immune function by inhibiting SLC6A8-mediated creatine import in NPM1-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia.	Creatine	111-119	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	95-101
34807526-0	2021	Tumour-derived small extracellular vesicles suppress CD8+ T cell immune function by inhibiting SLC6A8-mediated creatine import in NPM1-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia.	Creatine	111-119	nucleophosmin 1	Homo sapiens	130-134
34807526-7	2021	sEV-related miR-19a-3p was internalized by CD8+ T cells and directly repressed the expression of solute-carrier family 6 member 8 (SLC6A8; a creatine-specific transporter) to inhibit creatine import.	Creatine	141-149	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	97-129
34807526-7	2021	sEV-related miR-19a-3p was internalized by CD8+ T cells and directly repressed the expression of solute-carrier family 6 member 8 (SLC6A8; a creatine-specific transporter) to inhibit creatine import.	Creatine	141-149	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	131-137
34807526-7	2021	sEV-related miR-19a-3p was internalized by CD8+ T cells and directly repressed the expression of solute-carrier family 6 member 8 (SLC6A8; a creatine-specific transporter) to inhibit creatine import.	Creatine	183-191	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	43-46
34807526-7	2021	sEV-related miR-19a-3p was internalized by CD8+ T cells and directly repressed the expression of solute-carrier family 6 member 8 (SLC6A8; a creatine-specific transporter) to inhibit creatine import.	Creatine	183-191	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	97-129
34807526-7	2021	sEV-related miR-19a-3p was internalized by CD8+ T cells and directly repressed the expression of solute-carrier family 6 member 8 (SLC6A8; a creatine-specific transporter) to inhibit creatine import.	Creatine	183-191	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	131-137
34807526-8	2021	Decreased creatine levels can reduce ATP production and impair CD8+ T cell immune function, leading to immune escape by leukemic cells.	Creatine	10-18	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	63-66
34807526-9	2021	In summary, leukemic cell-derived sEV-related miR-19a-3p confers immunosuppression to CD8+ T cells by targeting SLC6A8-mediated creatine import, indicating that sEV-related miR-19a-3p might be a promising therapeutic target for NPM1-mutated AML.	Creatine	128-136	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	86-89
34807526-9	2021	In summary, leukemic cell-derived sEV-related miR-19a-3p confers immunosuppression to CD8+ T cells by targeting SLC6A8-mediated creatine import, indicating that sEV-related miR-19a-3p might be a promising therapeutic target for NPM1-mutated AML.	Creatine	128-136	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	112-118
34396457-1	2021	Creatine kinase (CK) catalyzes the formation of phosphocreatine from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine.	Creatine	102-110	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-20
34635505-0	2022	GATM-Mediated Creatine Biosynthesis Enables Maintenance of FLT3-ITD-Mutant Acute Myeloid Leukemia.	Creatine	14-22	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	0-4
34635505-4	2022	In this study, we demonstrate the effects of de novo creatine biosynthesis upregulation by FLT3-ITD on AML sustainability.	Creatine	53-61	fms related receptor tyrosine kinase 3	Homo sapiens	91-95
34635505-5	2022	Our data show that FLT3-ITD constitutively activates the STAT5 signaling pathway, which upregulates the expression of glycine amidinotransferase (GATM), the first rate-limiting enzyme of de novo creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	195-203	fms related receptor tyrosine kinase 3	Homo sapiens	19-23
34635505-5	2022	Our data show that FLT3-ITD constitutively activates the STAT5 signaling pathway, which upregulates the expression of glycine amidinotransferase (GATM), the first rate-limiting enzyme of de novo creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	195-203	signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A	Homo sapiens	57-62
34635505-5	2022	Our data show that FLT3-ITD constitutively activates the STAT5 signaling pathway, which upregulates the expression of glycine amidinotransferase (GATM), the first rate-limiting enzyme of de novo creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	195-203	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	146-150
34635505-6	2022	Pharmacological FLT3-ITD inhibition reduces intracellular creatinine levels through transcriptional down-regulation of genes in the de novo creatine biosynthesis pathway.	Creatine	140-148	fms related receptor tyrosine kinase 3	Homo sapiens	16-20
34635505-9	2022	This study uncovers a previously uncharacterized role of creatine metabolic pathway in the maintenance of FLT3-ITD mutant AML and suggests that targeting this pathway may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for FLT3-ITD positive AML.	Creatine	57-65	fms related receptor tyrosine kinase 3	Homo sapiens	106-110
34635505-10	2022	Implications: FLT3-ITD mutation in AML upregulates de novo creatine biosynthesis that we show can be suppressed to diminish the proliferation and survival of blast cells.	Creatine	59-67	fms related receptor tyrosine kinase 3	Homo sapiens	14-18
34472118-10	2021	Pooled data showed that creatine significantly reduced creatine kinase (CK) concentration overall (WMD = -30.94; 95% CI: -53.19, -8.69; p = .006) and at three follow-up times (48, 72, and 96 hr) in comparison with placebo.	Creatine	24-32	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	55-70
34472118-10	2021	Pooled data showed that creatine significantly reduced creatine kinase (CK) concentration overall (WMD = -30.94; 95% CI: -53.19, -8.69; p = .006) and at three follow-up times (48, 72, and 96 hr) in comparison with placebo.	Creatine	24-32	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	72-74
34472118-15	2021	In the current meta-analysis, the positive effects of creatine could cause a decrease in CK concentration overall.	Creatine	54-62	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	89-91
34246046-8	2021	However, there was a significant negative relationship between GABA+/Cr ratio and receptor availability in ACC, in a whole-brain voxel-wise analysis across patients and controls, controlling for group or depressive symptoms.	Creatine	69-71	Acetyl-CoA carboxylase	Drosophila melanogaster	107-110
34684324-6	2021	The HFD, compared to the HCD, increased the levels of several metabolomic markers of risk for the development of insulin resistance, e.g., branched-chain amino acid (valine and leucine), creatine and alpha-hydroxybutyric acid levels.	Creatine	187-195	insulin	Homo sapiens	113-120
34832860-6	2021	Furthermore, both UCP1-dependent proton leak and UCP1-independent, creatine-driven substrate cycle coupled thermogenesis were augmented upon BMP7 addition.	Creatine	67-75	uncoupling protein 1	Homo sapiens	49-53
34571997-6	2021	However, glutamine, total creatine (Cr), and GABA were lower in SIRT3 KO brain.	Creatine	26-34	sirtuin 3	Mus musculus	64-69
34832860-6	2021	Furthermore, both UCP1-dependent proton leak and UCP1-independent, creatine-driven substrate cycle coupled thermogenesis were augmented upon BMP7 addition.	Creatine	67-75	bone morphogenetic protein 7	Homo sapiens	141-145
34572020-3	2021	Here, we review accumulating evidence of such adaptions in carbohydrate and creatine metabolism and other HIF-1-independent mechanisms that might allow cancers to survive hypoxia despite anti-HIF-1 therapy.	Creatine	76-84	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	192-197
34571997-6	2021	However, glutamine, total creatine (Cr), and GABA were lower in SIRT3 KO brain.	Creatine	36-38	sirtuin 3	Mus musculus	64-69
34483959-2	2021	L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) is essential for homoarginine (hArg) and guanidinoacetate synthesis, the latter being converted to creatine by guanidinoacetate methyltransferase.	Creatine	144-152	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	0-37
34389248-1	2021	INTRODUCTION: Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is an inherited metabolic disorder that impairs the synthesis of creatine (CRE).	Creatine	132-140	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	14-48
34389248-1	2021	INTRODUCTION: Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is an inherited metabolic disorder that impairs the synthesis of creatine (CRE).	Creatine	132-140	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	50-54
34144167-9	2021	Lactate levels, as measured by MRS, showed a significant positive correlation with LDH-A transcript levels, permitting classification of the GBMs into high- and low-invasive phenotypes based on a cut-off value of 0.66 in the lactate/creatine ratio.	Creatine	233-241	lactate dehydrogenase A	Homo sapiens	83-88
34445003-1	2021	Creatine has been considered an effective ergogenic aid for several decades; it can help athletes engaged in a variety of sports and obtain performance gains.	Creatine	0-8	activation induced cytidine deaminase	Homo sapiens	52-55
34483959-2	2021	L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) is essential for homoarginine (hArg) and guanidinoacetate synthesis, the latter being converted to creatine by guanidinoacetate methyltransferase.	Creatine	144-152	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	39-43
34483959-2	2021	L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) is essential for homoarginine (hArg) and guanidinoacetate synthesis, the latter being converted to creatine by guanidinoacetate methyltransferase.	Creatine	144-152	ABL proto-oncogene 2, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	76-80
34483959-2	2021	L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) is essential for homoarginine (hArg) and guanidinoacetate synthesis, the latter being converted to creatine by guanidinoacetate methyltransferase.	Creatine	144-152	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	156-190
34444918-0	2021	Creatine Supplementation Upregulates mTORC1 Signaling and Markers of Synaptic Plasticity in the Dentate Gyrus While Ameliorating LPS-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Female Rats.	Creatine	0-8	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	37-43
34444918-7	2021	Within the dentate gyrus, Cr supplementation in LPS injected rats upregulated mTORC1 signaling (p = 0.026 for mTOR phosphorylation, p = 0.002 for p70S6K phosphorylation, n = 8) as well as the synapsin (p = 0.008) and PSD-95 synaptic proteins (p = 0.015), in comparisons to LPS injected rats.	Creatine	26-28	ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1	Rattus norvegicus	146-152
34540348-0	2021	A safety and clinical efficacy analysis of PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies in patients with markedly elevated creatine phosphokinase levels.	Creatine	106-114	proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9	Homo sapiens	43-48
34444918-7	2021	Within the dentate gyrus, Cr supplementation in LPS injected rats upregulated mTORC1 signaling (p = 0.026 for mTOR phosphorylation, p = 0.002 for p70S6K phosphorylation, n = 8) as well as the synapsin (p = 0.008) and PSD-95 synaptic proteins (p = 0.015), in comparisons to LPS injected rats.	Creatine	26-28	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	78-84
34444918-7	2021	Within the dentate gyrus, Cr supplementation in LPS injected rats upregulated mTORC1 signaling (p = 0.026 for mTOR phosphorylation, p = 0.002 for p70S6K phosphorylation, n = 8) as well as the synapsin (p = 0.008) and PSD-95 synaptic proteins (p = 0.015), in comparisons to LPS injected rats.	Creatine	26-28	discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4	Rattus norvegicus	217-223
34444918-7	2021	Within the dentate gyrus, Cr supplementation in LPS injected rats upregulated mTORC1 signaling (p = 0.026 for mTOR phosphorylation, p = 0.002 for p70S6K phosphorylation, n = 8) as well as the synapsin (p = 0.008) and PSD-95 synaptic proteins (p = 0.015), in comparisons to LPS injected rats.	Creatine	26-28	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Rattus norvegicus	110-114
34440375-3	2021	The GAMT knockout (KO) mouse model presents biochemical alterations in bodily fluids, the brain, and muscles, including increased GAA and decreased Cr and creatinine (Crn) levels, which are similar to those observed in humans.	Creatine	148-150	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	4-8
34364401-12	2021	By combining drug profiling with transcriptomics and through a whole-genome CRISPR/Cas9 screen, we demonstrate that HSPD1-targeted anti-cancer effects are dependent on oxidative phosphorylation and validated molecular determinants of KHS101 sensitivity, in particular, the creatine-transporter SLC6A8 and the subunit of the cytochrome c oxidase complex COX5B.	Creatine	273-281	heat shock protein family D (Hsp60) member 1	Homo sapiens	116-121
34097917-6	2021	RESULTS: IL-8 urinary levels were increased in patients with T2D and diabetic kidney disease, with the highest urinary IL-8 levels found in the patients with the largest decline in glomerular filtration rate, with an increased albumin/creatine ratio and the worst renal outcome.	Creatine	235-243	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	9-13
34075817-0	2021	Contribution of monocarboxylate transporter 12 to blood supply of creatine on the sinusoidal membrane of the hepatocytes.	Creatine	66-74	solute carrier family 16, member 12	Rattus norvegicus	16-46
34075817-4	2021	Since monocarboxylate transporter 9 (MCT9) and MCT12 have been reported to accept Cr as a substrate, these transporters are proposed as candidates for Cr efflux transporter in the liver.	Creatine	82-84	solute carrier family 16 member 12 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	47-52
34075817-4	2021	Since monocarboxylate transporter 9 (MCT9) and MCT12 have been reported to accept Cr as a substrate, these transporters are proposed as candidates for Cr efflux transporter in the liver.	Creatine	151-153	solute carrier family 16 member 12 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	47-52
34075817-7	2021	In the transport studies using Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system, (14C)Cr efflux from MCT9- or MCT12-expressing oocytes was significantly greater than that from water-injected oocytes.	Creatine	77-79	solute carrier family 16 member 12 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	101-106
34075817-8	2021	(14C)Cr efflux from primary cultured hepatocytes was significantly decreased following MCT12 mRNA knockdown, whereas this efflux was not decreased after mRNA knockdown of MCT9.	Creatine	5-7	solute carrier family 16 member 12 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	87-92
34075817-9	2021	Based on the extent of MCT12 protein downregulation and Cr efflux after knockdown of MCT12 in primary cultured rat hepatocytes, the contribution ratio of MCT12 in Cr efflux was calculated as 76.4%.	Creatine	56-58	solute carrier family 16 member 12 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	85-90
34075817-9	2021	Based on the extent of MCT12 protein downregulation and Cr efflux after knockdown of MCT12 in primary cultured rat hepatocytes, the contribution ratio of MCT12 in Cr efflux was calculated as 76.4%.	Creatine	163-165	solute carrier family 16 member 12 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	85-90
34075817-9	2021	Based on the extent of MCT12 protein downregulation and Cr efflux after knockdown of MCT12 in primary cultured rat hepatocytes, the contribution ratio of MCT12 in Cr efflux was calculated as 76.4%.	Creatine	163-165	solute carrier family 16 member 12 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	154-159
34075817-10	2021	Our study suggests that MCT12 substantially contributes to the efflux of Cr at the sinusoidal membrane of the hepatocytes.	Creatine	73-75	solute carrier family 16 member 12 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	24-29
34161651-6	2021	Also, the microscopic findings demonstrated that the kidney injury score/fibrotic area/number of inflammatory cells (CD14+/CD68+) exhibited an identical pattern of creatine level (all P < .0001).	Creatine	164-172	CD14 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	117-121
34440297-1	2021	Creatine (Cr) Transporter Deficiency (CTD) is an X-linked metabolic disorder, mostly caused by missense mutations in the SLC6A8 gene and presenting with intellectual disability, autistic behavior, and epilepsy.	Creatine	0-8	CTD	Homo sapiens	38-41
34349850-7	2021	Results: NRS scores, creatine phosphokinase, and C-reactive protein levels in the PAI and IAI groups were significantly lower than those in the control group on POD 1 and 7.	Creatine	21-29	coronin 7	Homo sapiens	161-172
34440297-1	2021	Creatine (Cr) Transporter Deficiency (CTD) is an X-linked metabolic disorder, mostly caused by missense mutations in the SLC6A8 gene and presenting with intellectual disability, autistic behavior, and epilepsy.	Creatine	0-8	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	121-127
34440297-1	2021	Creatine (Cr) Transporter Deficiency (CTD) is an X-linked metabolic disorder, mostly caused by missense mutations in the SLC6A8 gene and presenting with intellectual disability, autistic behavior, and epilepsy.	Creatine	10-12	CTD	Homo sapiens	38-41
34440297-1	2021	Creatine (Cr) Transporter Deficiency (CTD) is an X-linked metabolic disorder, mostly caused by missense mutations in the SLC6A8 gene and presenting with intellectual disability, autistic behavior, and epilepsy.	Creatine	10-12	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	121-127
34349672-5	2021	In contrast, mutations of GATM, an enzyme in the creatine biosynthetic pathway, leave ATP synthesis unaffected but do lead to mitochondrial protein aggregates, inflammasome activation, and renal fibrosis with progressive renal failure.	Creatine	49-57	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	26-30
34264387-7	2021	The albumin/creatine ratio, glomerular hypertrophy, and mesangial matrix expansion were aggravated in ob/ob vs. WT mice, but not alleviated by supplementation.	Creatine	12-20	leptin	Mus musculus	102-104
34077711-3	2021	(2021) discover that creatine promotes cancer metastasis in mice by promoting activation of the MPS1-Smad2/3 axis.	Creatine	21-29	taste receptor, type 2, member 146, pseudogene 1	Mus musculus	96-100
34371916-10	2021	This study supports creatine supplementation as a potential method of UCP1-independant thermogenesis and highlights the importance of taking a sex-specific approach when examining the efficacy of browning therapeutics in future research.	Creatine	20-28	uncoupling protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	70-74
34262005-7	2022	However, anti-MDA5-positive CDM patients had significantly high frequency of "mechanic"s hands," arthralgia, arthritis, and lower serum levels of creatine phosphokinase, whereas anti-MDA5-positive CADM patients had significantly high frequency of arthritis.	Creatine	146-154	interferon induced with helicase C domain 1	Homo sapiens	14-18
34200281-8	2021	The new lineage of SAT-2 showed a high virulence resulting in the deaths of water buffaloes due to heart failure, confirmed by high serum levels of inflammatory and cardiac markers, including haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, cardiac troponin I and creatine phosphokinase-MB, indicating an unfavorable FMD-infection prognosis.	Creatine	243-251	spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase family member 2	Homo sapiens	19-24
34221129-10	2021	In the few studies published, (a) creatine supplementation and progressive resistance training induce a slight and temporary increase in lean mass, (b) exposure to corticosteroids induces a gain in fat mass and (c) tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) inhibitors might be associated with a gain in fat mass, while tocilizumab might be associated with a gain in lean mass.	Creatine	34-42	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	245-253
34077711-3	2021	(2021) discover that creatine promotes cancer metastasis in mice by promoting activation of the MPS1-Smad2/3 axis.	Creatine	21-29	SMAD family member 2	Mus musculus	101-108
34103445-0	2021	STRESS-AFFECTED AKT/MTOR PATHWAY UPREGULATED BY LONG-TERM CREATINE INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION.	Creatine	58-66	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	16-19
34067957-5	2021	Creatine has been identified as an important metabolic regulator conserving bioenergy to power CD8 T cell antitumor reactivity in a tumor microenvironment; creatine supplementation has been shown to enhance antitumor T cell immunity in multiple preclinical mouse tumor models and, importantly, to synergize with other cancer immunotherapy modalities, such as the PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy, to improve antitumor efficacy.	Creatine	0-8	programmed cell death 1	Mus musculus	363-367
34067957-5	2021	Creatine has been identified as an important metabolic regulator conserving bioenergy to power CD8 T cell antitumor reactivity in a tumor microenvironment; creatine supplementation has been shown to enhance antitumor T cell immunity in multiple preclinical mouse tumor models and, importantly, to synergize with other cancer immunotherapy modalities, such as the PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy, to improve antitumor efficacy.	Creatine	0-8	CD274 antigen	Mus musculus	368-373
34251644-1	2021	As a functional amino acid (AA), L-arginine (Arg) serves not only as a building block of protein but also as an essential substrate for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), creatine, polyamines, homoarginine, and agmatine in mammals (including humans).	Creatine	172-180	ABL proto-oncogene 2, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	45-48
34103445-0	2021	STRESS-AFFECTED AKT/MTOR PATHWAY UPREGULATED BY LONG-TERM CREATINE INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION.	Creatine	58-66	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	20-24
34103445-6	2021	Since the central regulatory substance in energy metabolism is the signalling molecule mTOR, we studied its quantitative changes under long-term disruption of circadian rhythm and exogenous creatine administration.	Creatine	190-198	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	87-91
34103445-7	2021	The results revealed that Creatine"s exogenous supplementation increases phosphorylated mTOR and its activator - Akt.	Creatine	26-34	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	88-92
34103445-7	2021	The results revealed that Creatine"s exogenous supplementation increases phosphorylated mTOR and its activator - Akt.	Creatine	26-34	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	113-116
34103445-8	2021	Consequently, it can be assumed that Creatine performs its positive role in hippocampal cells" energy metabolism via its modulatory effects on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway.	Creatine	37-45	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	152-155
34103445-8	2021	Consequently, it can be assumed that Creatine performs its positive role in hippocampal cells" energy metabolism via its modulatory effects on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway.	Creatine	37-45	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	156-160
35417269-5	2022	Under normal condition, Cr supplementation enhanced protein synthesis rate as well as upregulated the total and phosphorylated P70S6K expressions.	Creatine	24-26	ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1	Homo sapiens	127-133
35417269-7	2022	In a starvation state, however, Cr alleviated myotube atrophy and enhanced protein accretion by inhibiting Atrogin1 and myostatin (MSTN) expression.	Creatine	32-34	F-box protein 32	Homo sapiens	107-115
35417269-10	2022	The present result indicates that at normal state, Cr stimulated protein synthesis via the mTOR/P70S6K pathway.	Creatine	51-53	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	91-95
35417269-10	2022	The present result indicates that at normal state, Cr stimulated protein synthesis via the mTOR/P70S6K pathway.	Creatine	51-53	ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1	Homo sapiens	96-102
35417269-7	2022	In a starvation state, however, Cr alleviated myotube atrophy and enhanced protein accretion by inhibiting Atrogin1 and myostatin (MSTN) expression.	Creatine	32-34	myostatin	Homo sapiens	120-129
35417269-11	2022	In a starvation state, Cr mainly take a favorable effect on protein accumulation via suppression of UP pathway and mediated mitochondrial function mainly by serving as an energy supplier.	Creatine	23-25	uridine phosphorylase 1	Homo sapiens	100-102
35417269-7	2022	In a starvation state, however, Cr alleviated myotube atrophy and enhanced protein accretion by inhibiting Atrogin1 and myostatin (MSTN) expression.	Creatine	32-34	myostatin	Homo sapiens	131-135
35417269-8	2022	Furthermore, Cr treatment upregulated the transcriptional coactivators peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) expression, and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation under starvation condition.	Creatine	13-15	PPARG coactivator 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	71-138
35417269-8	2022	Furthermore, Cr treatment upregulated the transcriptional coactivators peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) expression, and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation under starvation condition.	Creatine	13-15	PPARG coactivator 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	140-150
35124444-7	2022	When Arg was added back to the Arg deficient diet, growth performance, breast meat yield and creatine concentration loss were restored.	Creatine	93-101	ABL proto-oncogene 2, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	5-8
34652504-7	2022	Adults with FRDA (vs. healthy adults) also engaged different muscle groups during exercise, as indicated by muscle group-specific changes in creatine with exercise ( CrCEST), possibly reflecting decreased coordination.	Creatine	141-149	frataxin	Homo sapiens	12-16
35038671-4	2022	An increase in posterior cingulate gyrus tau deposition, but not elevated Abeta, was associated with lower N-acetylaspartate/total creatine (tCr) and glutamate (Glu)/tCr ratios, and sex by tau interaction was observed in association with Glu/tCr.	Creatine	131-139	microtubule associated protein tau	Homo sapiens	41-44
35291874-1	2022	Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is a natural amino acid derivative involved in several metabolic pathways across the human body, including creatine biosynthesis, arginine utilization, and neuromodulation.	Creatine	134-142	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	22-25
35331530-1	2022	BACKGROUND & AIMS: Creatine is a dietary supplement with potential capacity to stimulate the phosphocreatine pathway and protein synthesis, through the stimulation of the PI3-K/AKT and mTOR cascade, its use in populations with reduced muscle preservation capacity (such as the older adults) can be an interesting and low-cost alternative.	Creatine	19-27	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	177-180
35331530-1	2022	BACKGROUND & AIMS: Creatine is a dietary supplement with potential capacity to stimulate the phosphocreatine pathway and protein synthesis, through the stimulation of the PI3-K/AKT and mTOR cascade, its use in populations with reduced muscle preservation capacity (such as the older adults) can be an interesting and low-cost alternative.	Creatine	19-27	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Rattus norvegicus	185-189
35124444-1	2022	Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is the direct precursor of creatine and can spare arginine (Arg) for creatine synthesis in low crude protein (CP) broiler diets.	Creatine	54-62	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	22-25
35124444-1	2022	Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is the direct precursor of creatine and can spare arginine (Arg) for creatine synthesis in low crude protein (CP) broiler diets.	Creatine	96-104	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	22-25
35124444-1	2022	Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is the direct precursor of creatine and can spare arginine (Arg) for creatine synthesis in low crude protein (CP) broiler diets.	Creatine	96-104	ABL proto-oncogene 2, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	87-90
35124444-8	2022	When GAA spared Arg at 150%, feed intake, weight gain, FCR, breast and abdominal fat yields, breast meat moisture, drip loss, and breast meat creatine concentration became comparable to Arg sufficient low CP and normal CP treatments.	Creatine	142-150	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	5-8
35220033-6	2022	Besides, GAA1,200 supplementation elevated mRNA expression of creatine transporter in PM.	Creatine	62-70	glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor attachment 1	Homo sapiens	9-13
35505663-0	2022	Gene therapy for guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency restores cerebral and myocardial creatine while resolving behavioral abnormalities.	Creatine	96-104	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	17-51
35077889-7	2022	RESULTS: The ratios of glutamate (Glu) and glutamate + glutamine (Glx) to total creatine (Glu/tCr and Glx/tCr) in the tumor were associated with epilepsy history.	Creatine	80-88	T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	94-97
35077889-7	2022	RESULTS: The ratios of glutamate (Glu) and glutamate + glutamine (Glx) to total creatine (Glu/tCr and Glx/tCr) in the tumor were associated with epilepsy history.	Creatine	80-88	T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	106-109
35505663-3	2022	Along with low creatine levels, guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) toxicity has been implicated in the pathophysiology of the disorder.	Creatine	15-23	glucosidase, alpha, acid	Mus musculus	54-57
35505663-4	2022	Present-day therapy with oral creatine to control GAA lacks efficacy; seizures can persist.	Creatine	30-38	glucosidase, alpha, acid	Mus musculus	50-53
35505663-10	2022	In conclusion, a gene therapy approach can result in long-term normalization of GAA with increased creatine in guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase deficiency and at the same time resolves the behavioral phenotype in a murine model of the disorder.	Creatine	99-107	glucosidase, alpha, acid	Mus musculus	80-83
35250809-10	2022	We identified six metabolites that were significantly altered in serum of patients with SMAJ in comparison to controls: increased creatine and pyruvate, and decreased creatinine, taurine, N-acetyl-carnosine, and succinate.	Creatine	130-138	SMAJ	Homo sapiens	88-92
35235777-0	2022	Creatine transport and creatine kinase activity is required for CD8+ T cell immunity.	Creatine	0-8	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	64-67
35235777-3	2022	Here, we show that creatine supports cell-intrinsic CD8+ T cell homeostasis.	Creatine	19-27	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	52-55
35235777-5	2022	Loss of the creatine transporter (Slc6a8) or Ckb results in compromised CD8+ T cell expansion in response to infection without influencing adenylate energy charge.	Creatine	12-20	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	34-40
35235777-5	2022	Loss of the creatine transporter (Slc6a8) or Ckb results in compromised CD8+ T cell expansion in response to infection without influencing adenylate energy charge.	Creatine	12-20	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	72-75
35235777-7	2022	These data demonstrate a cell-intrinsic role for creatine transport and creatine transphosphorylation, independent of their effects on global cellular energy charge, in supporting CD8+ T cell homeostasis and effector function.	Creatine	49-57	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	180-183
35235777-7	2022	These data demonstrate a cell-intrinsic role for creatine transport and creatine transphosphorylation, independent of their effects on global cellular energy charge, in supporting CD8+ T cell homeostasis and effector function.	Creatine	72-80	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	180-183
35120844-1	2022	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder that results in reduced activity of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase, an accumulation of guanidinoacetate (GUAC), and a lack of cerebral creatine (CRE).	Creatine	227-235	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-34
35120844-1	2022	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder that results in reduced activity of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase, an accumulation of guanidinoacetate (GUAC), and a lack of cerebral creatine (CRE).	Creatine	227-235	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	36-40
35007932-0	2022	Creatine nitrate supplementation strengthens energy status and delays glycolysis of broiler muscle via inhibition of LKB1/AMPK pathway.	Creatine	0-8	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	117-121
35007932-0	2022	Creatine nitrate supplementation strengthens energy status and delays glycolysis of broiler muscle via inhibition of LKB1/AMPK pathway.	Creatine	0-8	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	122-126
35007932-1	2022	This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary creatine nitrate (CrN) on growth performance, meat quality, energy status, glycolysis, and related gene expression of liver kinase B1/AMP-activated protein kinase (LKB1/AMPK) pathway in Pectoralis major (PM) muscle of broilers.	Creatine	52-60	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	170-214
35007932-1	2022	This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary creatine nitrate (CrN) on growth performance, meat quality, energy status, glycolysis, and related gene expression of liver kinase B1/AMP-activated protein kinase (LKB1/AMPK) pathway in Pectoralis major (PM) muscle of broilers.	Creatine	52-60	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	216-225
35378956-0	2022	A novel missense creatine mutant of CaBP4, c.464G>A (p.G155D), associated with autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE), reduces the expression of CaBP4.	Creatine	17-25	calcium binding protein 4	Homo sapiens	36-41
35267907-2	2022	Preliminary studies indicate that creatine supplementation (and guanidinoacetic acid; GAA) has the ability to increase brain creatine content in humans.	Creatine	125-133	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	86-89
35378956-0	2022	A novel missense creatine mutant of CaBP4, c.464G>A (p.G155D), associated with autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE), reduces the expression of CaBP4.	Creatine	17-25	calcium binding protein 4	Homo sapiens	166-171
35183218-6	2022	The Glu/GABA ratio, N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/total creatine (tCr) ratio, and tCr level in the prefrontal cortex were significantly different in Cntnap2-/- mice compared to those in wild-type mice, and they significantly correlated with the sociability of mice.	Creatine	50-58	contactin associated protein-like 2	Mus musculus	143-150
35168606-6	2022	RESULTS: On in vivo 1H-MRS, the ratio of (glycerophosphocholine + phosphocholine) to (creatine + phosphocreatine) ((GPC + PC) to (Cr + PCr))(i.e. Cho/Cr) in the PTX-resistant tumors (1.64 (0.69, 4.18)) was significantly higher than that in the PTX-sensitive tumors (0.33 (0.10, 1.13)) (P = 0.04).	Creatine	86-94	glycophorin C (Gerbich blood group)	Homo sapiens	116-119
35063192-0	2022	Does creatine supplementation improve glycemic control and insulin resistance in healthy and diabetic patients?	Creatine	5-13	insulin	Homo sapiens	59-66
35063192-2	2022	BACKGROUND & AIMS: Creatine supplementation shows promising effects on diabetes, especially in glucose management and insulin secretion.	Creatine	19-27	insulin	Homo sapiens	118-125
35063192-5	2022	It included experimental studies that investigated the effects of creatine supplementation on diabetes treatment or prevention and its relationship with fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance.	Creatine	66-74	insulin	Homo sapiens	179-186
34371517-0	2022	Plasma creatine concentration is associated with incident hypertension in a cohort enriched for the presence of high urinary albumin concentration: the Prevention of Renal and Vascular Endstage Disease study.	Creatine	7-15	albumin	Homo sapiens	125-132
35169411-1	2022	Creatine transporter deficiency is an X-linked genetic disorder caused by a variant in the SLC6A8 gene located on the X chromosome (Xq28).	Creatine	0-8	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	91-97
34371517-3	2022	However, it is unknown if creatine, a substrate of CK, is associated with the development of hypertension.	Creatine	26-34	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	51-53
35132347-10	2022	Irrespective of UCO, creatine increased the proportion of cytochrome c bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane, upregulated the mRNA expression of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl2, and of PCG1-alpha, a driver of mitogenesis, in the hippocampus.	Creatine	21-29	LOC101107954	Ovis aries	58-70
35132347-10	2022	Irrespective of UCO, creatine increased the proportion of cytochrome c bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane, upregulated the mRNA expression of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl2, and of PCG1-alpha, a driver of mitogenesis, in the hippocampus.	Creatine	21-29	apoptosis regulator Bcl-2	Ovis aries	172-176
20301298-1	1993	The mild end of the spectrum includes the phenotypes of asymptomatic increase in serum concentration of creatine phosphokinase (CK) and muscle cramps with myoglobinuria.	Creatine	104-112	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	128-130
35048325-9	2022	Furthermore, there existed a positive correlation between the NAA/Cr ratio and the NeuN protein expression (R = 0.496 p < 0.001 IHC; R = 0.568 p < 0.001 WB), the same results existed in the relationship between the mI/Cr ratio and the GFAP protein expression (R = 0.338 p = 0.019 IHC; R = 0.440 p = 0.002 WB).	Creatine	66-68	RNA binding fox-1 homolog 3	Rattus norvegicus	83-87
35048325-9	2022	Furthermore, there existed a positive correlation between the NAA/Cr ratio and the NeuN protein expression (R = 0.496 p < 0.001 IHC; R = 0.568 p < 0.001 WB), the same results existed in the relationship between the mI/Cr ratio and the GFAP protein expression (R = 0.338 p = 0.019 IHC; R = 0.440 p = 0.002 WB).	Creatine	66-68	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Rattus norvegicus	235-239
35048325-9	2022	Furthermore, there existed a positive correlation between the NAA/Cr ratio and the NeuN protein expression (R = 0.496 p < 0.001 IHC; R = 0.568 p < 0.001 WB), the same results existed in the relationship between the mI/Cr ratio and the GFAP protein expression (R = 0.338 p = 0.019 IHC; R = 0.440 p = 0.002 WB).	Creatine	218-220	RNA binding fox-1 homolog 3	Rattus norvegicus	83-87
35167096-6	2022	The current model proposes that, in thermogenic fat cells, mitochondria-targeted creatine kinase B (CKB) uses mitochondrial-derived ATP to phosphorylate creatine (Rahbani JF, Nature 590, 480-485, 2021).	Creatine	153-161	creatine kinase B	Homo sapiens	81-98
35167096-6	2022	The current model proposes that, in thermogenic fat cells, mitochondria-targeted creatine kinase B (CKB) uses mitochondrial-derived ATP to phosphorylate creatine (Rahbani JF, Nature 590, 480-485, 2021).	Creatine	153-161	creatine kinase B	Homo sapiens	100-103
35167096-9	2022	The liberated creatine can then engage mitochondrial CKB to trigger another round of this cycle to support ADP-dependent respiration.	Creatine	14-22	creatine kinase B	Homo sapiens	53-56
2725017-3	1989	Creatine preincubation protected both dentate granule and CA1 pyramidal cells against anoxic damage.	Creatine	0-8	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	58-61
2801930-1	1989	A creatine analogue, beta-guanidinopropionic acid (beta-GPA), was administered in the food (2% wt/wt) and the water (0.5% wt/vol) of male CD-1 mice.	Creatine	2-10	CD1 antigen complex	Mus musculus	138-142
2779524-6	1989	Severe testicular damage was noted within 24 hr of Cd2+ treatment at doses of greater than 9 mumol/kg and the degree of damage appeared to be correlated with the presence of large amounts of creatine (up to 20 mM) in the urine.	Creatine	191-199	Cd2 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	51-54
2656831-5	1989	Correction of data for creatine, as a procedure of normalization of binding data for a standardized RBC cell age, enhanced the reduction of insulin binding of the acromegalic patients in comparison to controls in consequence to the younger population of acromegalic RBC as indicated by their increased creatine concentrations.	Creatine	23-31	insulin	Homo sapiens	140-147
2656831-5	1989	Correction of data for creatine, as a procedure of normalization of binding data for a standardized RBC cell age, enhanced the reduction of insulin binding of the acromegalic patients in comparison to controls in consequence to the younger population of acromegalic RBC as indicated by their increased creatine concentrations.	Creatine	302-310	insulin	Homo sapiens	140-147
3057136-1	1988	The relative amount of L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (transamidinase) protein in kidneys from rats fed a complete purified diet with and without the addition of creatine and/or glycine was determined by a monoclonal antibody-immunosorbent inhibition assay.	Creatine	169-177	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	23-60
3057136-1	1988	The relative amount of L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (transamidinase) protein in kidneys from rats fed a complete purified diet with and without the addition of creatine and/or glycine was determined by a monoclonal antibody-immunosorbent inhibition assay.	Creatine	169-177	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	62-76
3057136-2	1988	Kidneys from the creatine-fed rats had 10% of the transamidinase activities and 78% of the monoclonal antibody immunoreactive transamidinase protein as kidneys from the control rats.	Creatine	17-25	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	50-64
3057136-2	1988	Kidneys from the creatine-fed rats had 10% of the transamidinase activities and 78% of the monoclonal antibody immunoreactive transamidinase protein as kidneys from the control rats.	Creatine	17-25	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	126-140
3057136-7	1988	The distribution of the isoelectric points of the individual forms of transamidinase in kidneys of the control rats appeared to be dissimilar from that in the creatine-fed rats.	Creatine	159-167	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	70-84
3057136-8	1988	Therefore, an alteration in the distribution of the individual forms of the enzyme may be a factor in the alteration of transamidinase activities in creatine-fed rats.	Creatine	149-157	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	120-134
2850246-0	1988	An analogue of creatine increases TRH-stimulated prolactin secretion and phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat pituitary tumor cells.	Creatine	15-23	thyrotropin releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	34-37
3245391-0	1988	Erythrocyte insulin receptor: normalization of binding data for the average cell age by the red cell creatine determination in obese, diabetic and acromegalic patients.	Creatine	101-109	insulin receptor	Homo sapiens	12-28
3245391-3	1988	We evaluated insulin binding to RBC in normal males (n = 10), non-obese diabetic males (n = 13), normal females (n = 15), obese (n = 11) and acromegalic females (n = 5), before and after correction of insulin binding data for creatine concentration in the RBC as a procedure of correction for age, since a negative correlation was described between creatine content and RBC age which also correlates inversely with % insulin binding.	Creatine	226-234	insulin	Homo sapiens	13-20
3245391-3	1988	We evaluated insulin binding to RBC in normal males (n = 10), non-obese diabetic males (n = 13), normal females (n = 15), obese (n = 11) and acromegalic females (n = 5), before and after correction of insulin binding data for creatine concentration in the RBC as a procedure of correction for age, since a negative correlation was described between creatine content and RBC age which also correlates inversely with % insulin binding.	Creatine	349-357	insulin	Homo sapiens	13-20
3245391-4	1988	Insulin binding in all three groups of patients was not statistically different from corresponding values for normal males and females respectively before correction of data for creatine, but significantly reduced values were found after adjustment for creatine in accordance with published data concerning monocytes.	Creatine	178-186	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
3245391-4	1988	Insulin binding in all three groups of patients was not statistically different from corresponding values for normal males and females respectively before correction of data for creatine, but significantly reduced values were found after adjustment for creatine in accordance with published data concerning monocytes.	Creatine	253-261	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
3245391-5	1988	In conclusions, the procedure of correcting insulin binding in erythrocytes by the creatine content in RBC is potentially useful for clinical investigations, since the influence of RBC age is excluded.	Creatine	83-91	insulin	Homo sapiens	44-51
3171573-0	1988	Creatinine and creatine in CSF: indices of brain energy metabolism in depression.	Creatine	15-23	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	27-30
2850246-0	1988	An analogue of creatine increases TRH-stimulated prolactin secretion and phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat pituitary tumor cells.	Creatine	15-23	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	49-58
3512696-2	1986	L-arginine-glycine amidinotransferase, commonly called transamidinase, catalyzes the first reaction in the biosynthesis of creatine.	Creatine	123-131	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	55-69
6236609-4	1984	Alterations, specific only for the muscle cells, were detected using a new calculation technique--comparison of relative (based on creatine) concentrations of myoglobin and the enzymatic activities in aneurysm and intact myocardium.	Creatine	131-139	myoglobin	Homo sapiens	159-168
3080538-8	1986	Creatine phosphate-creatine phosphokinase (CP/CPK) and aspirin completely blocked aggregation and partially blocked the release of granule contents from platelets from control and diabetic rats exposed to this low concentration of thrombin.	Creatine	0-8	coagulation factor II	Rattus norvegicus	231-239
3970526-1	1985	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase, the enzyme catalyzing the last step in creatine biosynthesis, has previously been considered to be restricted to a few tissues, but it has been found to occur in the cultured cells H4Az C2 rat hepatoma, N4TG1 mouse neuroblastoma, and IMR-90 human fetal lung fibroblast, as well as in skeletal and cardiac muscle of the rat.	Creatine	75-83	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-34
6384218-0	1984	Repression of rat kidney L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase synthesis by creatine at a pretranslational level.	Creatine	76-84	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	25-62
6384218-1	1984	The first committed reaction in the biosynthesis of creatine is catalyzed by the enzyme L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase, commonly called transamidinase.	Creatine	52-60	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	88-125
6384218-1	1984	The first committed reaction in the biosynthesis of creatine is catalyzed by the enzyme L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase, commonly called transamidinase.	Creatine	52-60	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	143-157
6384218-2	1984	Creatine, the end product of the biosynthetic pathway, is known to alter the levels of kidney transamidinase activity.	Creatine	0-8	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	94-108
6384218-3	1984	Rats fed a diet containing 0.3% creatine had 26% of the kidney transamidinase activity of the rats fed a creatine-free diet.	Creatine	32-40	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	63-77
6384218-4	1984	This reduction in transamidinase activity was correlated with a decrease in transamidinase protein in the creatine-fed rats.	Creatine	106-114	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	18-32
6384218-4	1984	This reduction in transamidinase activity was correlated with a decrease in transamidinase protein in the creatine-fed rats.	Creatine	106-114	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	76-90
6384218-6	1984	The relative synthetic rate of transamidinase in creatine-fed rats was 21% of that found in the control animals.	Creatine	49-57	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	31-45
6384218-7	1984	The functional transamidinase mRNA in creatine-fed rats was correspondingly reduced to 37% of the amount in the control animals.	Creatine	38-46	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	15-29
6384218-8	1984	Thus, creatine affects transamidinase activity by altering its rate of synthesis at a pretranslational step and represents an example of end-product repression in a higher eukaryote.	Creatine	6-14	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	23-37
6388658-1	1984	A single subcutaneous injection of a long-acting immobilized insulin preparation activated biosynthetic events in the liver and skin of the burnt animals and slowed down tissue degradation as evidenced by creatine excretion.	Creatine	205-213	insulin	Homo sapiens	61-68
6488084-4	1984	SDH activity was expressed either per micromole of creatine or per milligram of "true muscle fibre weight."	Creatine	51-59	aminoadipate-semialdehyde synthase	Mus musculus	0-3
3512696-2	1986	L-arginine-glycine amidinotransferase, commonly called transamidinase, catalyzes the first reaction in the biosynthesis of creatine.	Creatine	123-131	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-37
6231056-4	1984	In the homogeneous control system composed of hexokinase and glucose as ATPase, soluble creatine kinase rapidly rephosphorylated ADP produced in the presence of 1 mM ATP, but the addition of pyruvate kinase in an increasing amount inhibited the reaction of creatine release from phosphocreatine and symmetrically increased the rate of pyruvate production from phosphoenol pyruvate.	Creatine	88-96	hexokinase 1	Homo sapiens	46-56
7072619-1	1982	The present study shows that growth hormone administration to 30 growth hormone-deficient children significantly increased their hair zinc concentration (147.0 +/- 31.9 micrograms/ml before, and 168.7 +/- 30.4 micrograms/g after) and decreased their urinary zinc excretion (514 +/- 170 micrograms/g creatine before and 353 +/- 162 micrograms/g creatinine after), suggesting a role for growth hormone in zinc metabolism in children.	Creatine	299-307	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	29-43
3973793-7	1985	The larger value for the constant k (0.7) and the age correction for GFR reflect the greater rate of urinary creatine excretion (and thus muscle mass) per unit of body mass in adolescent boys.	Creatine	109-117	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 5	Homo sapiens	69-72
6721838-0	1984	Effect of creatine on contents of myosin heavy chain and myosin-heavy-chain mRNA in steady-state chicken muscle-cell cultures.	Creatine	10-18	myosin, heavy chain 15	Gallus gallus	34-52
6721838-0	1984	Effect of creatine on contents of myosin heavy chain and myosin-heavy-chain mRNA in steady-state chicken muscle-cell cultures.	Creatine	10-18	myosin, heavy chain 15	Gallus gallus	57-75
6721838-4	1984	Incorporation of [3H]leucine into myosin heavy chain was stimulated by 30-40% at the optimum creatine concentration (0.2 mM), but this stimulation was blocked when actinomycin D (10 micrograms/ml) was also present.	Creatine	93-101	myosin, heavy chain 15	Gallus gallus	34-52
6721838-5	1984	However, the quantity of myosin-heavy-chain mRNA as measured by hybridization in vitro was only 15% higher in creatine-treated cultures, and was therefore not entirely responsible for the observed effect.	Creatine	110-118	myosin, heavy chain 15	Gallus gallus	25-43
6721838-6	1984	It is important to note that creatine only exerted its action on myosin-heavy-chain synthesis rate in steady-state cultures; creatine was ineffective in altering this rate in rapidly differentiating 3-day muscle cultures.	Creatine	29-37	myosin, heavy chain 15	Gallus gallus	65-83
6721838-9	1984	In conclusion, creatine apparently enhances the quantity of myosin heavy chain in steady-state embryonic muscle-cell cultures, but it probably does not mediate regulation of myosin content in adult skeletal muscle.	Creatine	15-23	myosin, heavy chain 15	Gallus gallus	60-78
6721838-9	1984	In conclusion, creatine apparently enhances the quantity of myosin heavy chain in steady-state embryonic muscle-cell cultures, but it probably does not mediate regulation of myosin content in adult skeletal muscle.	Creatine	15-23	myosin, heavy chain 15	Gallus gallus	60-66
6424960-4	1984	The carboxy terminal amino acid of human, canine, and rabbit tissue MM3 was determined to be lysine, a specific substrate for carboxypeptidases N and B. Evidently the mechanism for the production of multiple forms of creatine MM in human plasma is the hydrolysis of a positively charged C-terminal lysine residue from one M subunit (MM2), followed by hydrolysis of the C-terminal lysine from the other subunit (MM1).	Creatine	217-225	PNMA family member 2	Homo sapiens	333-336
6424960-4	1984	The carboxy terminal amino acid of human, canine, and rabbit tissue MM3 was determined to be lysine, a specific substrate for carboxypeptidases N and B. Evidently the mechanism for the production of multiple forms of creatine MM in human plasma is the hydrolysis of a positively charged C-terminal lysine residue from one M subunit (MM2), followed by hydrolysis of the C-terminal lysine from the other subunit (MM1).	Creatine	217-225	plexin B2	Homo sapiens	411-414
6705187-2	1984	The measurement is accomplished by transforming creatine to formic acid in a reaction catalyzed by creatinase (creatine amidinohydrolase), sarcosine oxidase and formaldehyde dehydrogenase (see Figure 1).	Creatine	48-56	alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (class III), chi polypeptide	Homo sapiens	161-187
7105406-1	1982	A new enzymatic method is described for the determination of creatine in serum and urine using creatine amidinohydrolase (EC 3.5.3.3), sarcosine oxidase (EC 1.5.99.1) and formaldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.1).	Creatine	61-69	alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (class III), chi polypeptide	Homo sapiens	171-197
7110471-3	1982	Both creatine and GPA inhibited glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in vitro in physiological concentration, while creatine also activated erythrocyte transketolase (ETK).	Creatine	5-13	glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	32-65
7110471-3	1982	Both creatine and GPA inhibited glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in vitro in physiological concentration, while creatine also activated erythrocyte transketolase (ETK).	Creatine	5-13	glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	67-71
7296823-0	1981	Detection of G6PD and pyruvate kinase deficiencies in reticulocytosis by reference to erythrocyte creatine.	Creatine	98-106	glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	13-17
6170480-2	1981	The measurement is accomplished by transforming creatine to formaldehyde in reactions catalyzed by creatinase (creatine amidinohydrolase) and sarcosine dehydrogenase.	Creatine	48-56	sarcosine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	99-165
7296823-1	1981	Erythrocyte activities of G6PD and PK, referenced to creatine content, are presented as a means to detect enzyme deficiencies despite the presence of variable proportions of young erythrocytes in the assayed cell population.	Creatine	53-61	glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	26-30
7296823-3	1981	Highest correlations were obtained between log of G6PD activity/g hemoglobin and lysate creatine, and between PK activity/g hemoglobin and lysate creatine.	Creatine	88-96	glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	50-54
7280009-2	1981	The muscle creatine content decreases in rats given CCl4 and this change is not modified by creatine treatment.	Creatine	11-19	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	52-56
6779876-3	1980	This may be compared with the excretion of 4-16 ng mg-1 creatine by normal subjects.	Creatine	56-64	mucin 5B, oligomeric mucus/gel-forming	Homo sapiens	51-55
6250555-0	1980	Conformationally restricted creatine analogues and substrate specificity of rabbit muscle creatine kinase.	Creatine	28-36	creatine kinase M-type	Oryctolagus cuniculus	83-105
6968531-1	1980	The value of man-rodent hybrids for detecting creatine kinase BB (CKBB) was greatly increased by the use of an agar technique, in extended incubation (20 hours) with a concentrated solution of creatine as substrate (8 mg/ml instead of 1 mg/ml as usual).	Creatine	46-54	creatine kinase B	Homo sapiens	66-70
4543341-6	1973	On the basis of two equilibrium reactions, the Lohmann and myokinase reactions, the concentration of adenosine nucleotides should be a function of the ratio creatine/phosphorylcreatine.4.	Creatine	157-165	adenylate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	59-68
30781912-7	1979	Addition of creatine phosphate to rat PRP strongly inhibited ATP-induced aggregation, while creatine or creatine kinase slightly potentiated aggregation by ATP.	Creatine	12-20	proline rich protein 2-like 1	Rattus norvegicus	38-41
460177-0	1979	Growth hormone effects on creatine uptake by muscle in the hypophysectomized rat.	Creatine	26-34	gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	0-14
460177-7	1979	These studies indicate that the uptake of newly synthesized creatine by muscle is impaired in the hypophysectomized rat and that growth hormone can have a role in controlling the rate of creatine uptake by muscle in addition to its effect on kidney transamidinase and to other factors involved in creatine metabolism.	Creatine	187-195	gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	129-143
460177-7	1979	These studies indicate that the uptake of newly synthesized creatine by muscle is impaired in the hypophysectomized rat and that growth hormone can have a role in controlling the rate of creatine uptake by muscle in addition to its effect on kidney transamidinase and to other factors involved in creatine metabolism.	Creatine	187-195	gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	129-143
886361-2	1977	Successful cultures were prepared from both fresh muscle and that stored up to 96 hr at 4 degrees C. The CPK activity of the muscle cells ranged between 0.5-3.0 micronmoles creatine per min per mg protein at 30 degrees C, thus indicating a high degree of differentiation.	Creatine	173-181	phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 2 alpha	Homo sapiens	105-108
1035002-1	1976	Activity of enzymes responsible for creatine biosynthesis (transamidinase, EC 2.1.4.1., and guanidine acetate methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.2.)	Creatine	36-44	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	59-73
1269086-5	1976	The results show that muscle-specific protein synthesis in both skeletal and cardiac muscle is selectively stimulated by creatine.	Creatine	121-129	taxilin beta	Mus musculus	22-45
861308-4	1977	In this case the index of the substrate concentration, (q), is variable, and it increases with the increase of creatine concentration from 1 to 2 (at the presence of effectors, PEP and ADP,--from 1 to 3.5).	Creatine	111-119	progestagen associated endometrial protein	Homo sapiens	177-180
974086-6	1976	The large negative NOE for the H-2 proton of ADP is maintained for the various binary, ternary, quaternary, and pentenary complexes of creatine kinase with ADP formed by addition of the activator Mg(II), the other substrate creatine, and the planar anion nitrate which is an inhibitor.	Creatine	135-143	relaxin 2	Homo sapiens	31-34
134478-2	1976	A rise in the creatine activity in the presence of native myosin was demonstrated.	Creatine	14-22	myosin heavy chain 14	Homo sapiens	58-64
970042-2	1976	Simultaneously the elevated creatine level of blood causes a repression of transamidinase in kidneys and pancreas.	Creatine	28-36	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	75-89
1245544-9	1976	Previous experiments (5, 6) have shown that skeletal muscles cells which have differentiated in vitro or in vivo synthesize myosin heavy-chain and actin, the major myofibrillar polypeptides, faster when supplied creatine in vitro.	Creatine	212-220	myosin heavy chain 14	Homo sapiens	124-130
1203393-1	1975	4hr incubation of the growing culture of chick embrio myoblasts in the presence of 5 mM creatine resulted, regardless of a well-defined lowering of cell membrane permeability to labelled precursors, in: (1) the 1.5-fold induction of 14C-orotic acid incorporation into total cellular RNA; (2) the 1.9-fold stimulation of DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase activity and (3) the preferable, in comparison with total proteins, 14C-leucine incorporation in the myosin heavy chain.	Creatine	88-96	myosin, heavy chain 15	Gallus gallus	450-468
13998493-0	1963	Occurrence of transamidinase in decidua and its repression by dietary creatine.	Creatine	70-78	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	14-28
13996106-0	1963	Transamidinase activities, in vitro, of tissues from various mammals and from rats fed protein-free, creatine-supplemented and normal diets.	Creatine	101-109	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-14
13260471-0	1955	[Effect of cytochrome C on creatine exchange in circulatory insufficiency].	Creatine	27-35	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	11-23
4506094-2	1972	Skeletal muscle cells formed both in vitro and in vivo synthesize myosin heavy chain faster when supplied creatine in vitro.	Creatine	106-114	myosin heavy chain 14	Homo sapiens	66-72
4506094-3	1972	The response is apparent within four hours after addition of creatine to the culture medium, and is dependent on concentration over a range of 10-100 muM creatine.	Creatine	61-69	latexin	Homo sapiens	150-153
4506094-3	1972	The response is apparent within four hours after addition of creatine to the culture medium, and is dependent on concentration over a range of 10-100 muM creatine.	Creatine	154-162	latexin	Homo sapiens	150-153
5565095-0	1971	Evidence for a dual role of creatine in the regulation of kidney transamidinase activities in the rat.	Creatine	28-36	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	65-79
14460324-0	1962	[Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) of serum in myotonic dystrophy].	Creatine	1-9	phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 2 alpha	Homo sapiens	25-28
13782725-2	1961	Restoration of transamidinase activity following creatine repression.	Creatine	49-57	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	15-29
13844828-0	1960	Effect of vasopressin on creatine excretion in the rat.	Creatine	25-33	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	10-21
14392886-0	1955	[Creatine metabolism in children with Erb"s progressive muscular dystrophy].	Creatine	1-9	estrogen receptor 2	Homo sapiens	38-41
12999067-0	1952	[Serum creatine determinations as an aid in the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis].	Creatine	7-15	activation induced cytidine deaminase	Homo sapiens	37-40
21001228-0	1946	The adenosinetriphosphatase activity in the presence of creatine.	Creatine	56-64	ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	4-27
21020885-0	1946	The separation of adenosinetriphosphatase from myosin and its activation by creatine.	Creatine	76-84	ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	18-41
21020885-0	1946	The separation of adenosinetriphosphatase from myosin and its activation by creatine.	Creatine	76-84	myosin heavy chain 14	Homo sapiens	47-53
34050321-1	2021	PURPOSE: Creatine transporter deficiency (CTD) is a rare X-linked disorder of creatine transport caused by pathogenic variants in SLC6A8 (Xq28).	Creatine	9-17	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, creatine), member 8	Mus musculus	130-136
34050321-1	2021	PURPOSE: Creatine transporter deficiency (CTD) is a rare X-linked disorder of creatine transport caused by pathogenic variants in SLC6A8 (Xq28).	Creatine	78-86	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, creatine), member 8	Mus musculus	130-136
33990217-0	2021	SLC6A8-mediated intracellular creatine accumulation enhances hypoxic breast cancer cell survival via ameliorating oxidative stress.	Creatine	30-38	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	0-6
33990217-6	2021	Expressions of Slc6a8, which encodes the creatine transporter protein, were detected in breast cancer cells and tissues by quantitative real-time PCR.	Creatine	41-49	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	15-21
33990217-9	2021	Cell viability assay and flow cytometry analysis with Annexin V/PI double staining were performed to investigate the impact of SLC6A8-mediated uptake of creatine on viability of hypoxic TNBC cells.	Creatine	153-161	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	127-133
33990217-13	2021	We found that SLC6A8 was transcriptionally upregulated by p65/NF-kappaB and mediated accumulation of intracellular creatine in hypoxia.	Creatine	115-123	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	14-20
33990217-13	2021	We found that SLC6A8 was transcriptionally upregulated by p65/NF-kappaB and mediated accumulation of intracellular creatine in hypoxia.	Creatine	115-123	RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit	Homo sapiens	58-61
33990217-13	2021	We found that SLC6A8 was transcriptionally upregulated by p65/NF-kappaB and mediated accumulation of intracellular creatine in hypoxia.	Creatine	115-123	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	62-71
33990217-14	2021	SLC6A8-mediated accumulation of creatine promoted survival and suppressed apoptosis via maintaining redox homeostasis in hypoxic TNBC cells.	Creatine	32-40	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	0-6
33990217-16	2021	Mechanistically, intracellular creatine bolstered cell antioxidant defense by reducing mitochondrial activity and oxygen consumption rates to reduce accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, ultimately activating AKT-ERK signaling, the activation of which protected the viability of hypoxic TNBC cells via mediating the upregulation of Ki-67 and Bcl-2, and the downregulation of Bax and cleaved Caspase-3.	Creatine	31-39	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	226-229
33990217-16	2021	Mechanistically, intracellular creatine bolstered cell antioxidant defense by reducing mitochondrial activity and oxygen consumption rates to reduce accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, ultimately activating AKT-ERK signaling, the activation of which protected the viability of hypoxic TNBC cells via mediating the upregulation of Ki-67 and Bcl-2, and the downregulation of Bax and cleaved Caspase-3.	Creatine	31-39	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	230-233
33990217-16	2021	Mechanistically, intracellular creatine bolstered cell antioxidant defense by reducing mitochondrial activity and oxygen consumption rates to reduce accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, ultimately activating AKT-ERK signaling, the activation of which protected the viability of hypoxic TNBC cells via mediating the upregulation of Ki-67 and Bcl-2, and the downregulation of Bax and cleaved Caspase-3.	Creatine	31-39	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	359-364
33990217-16	2021	Mechanistically, intracellular creatine bolstered cell antioxidant defense by reducing mitochondrial activity and oxygen consumption rates to reduce accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, ultimately activating AKT-ERK signaling, the activation of which protected the viability of hypoxic TNBC cells via mediating the upregulation of Ki-67 and Bcl-2, and the downregulation of Bax and cleaved Caspase-3.	Creatine	31-39	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	392-395
33990217-16	2021	Mechanistically, intracellular creatine bolstered cell antioxidant defense by reducing mitochondrial activity and oxygen consumption rates to reduce accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, ultimately activating AKT-ERK signaling, the activation of which protected the viability of hypoxic TNBC cells via mediating the upregulation of Ki-67 and Bcl-2, and the downregulation of Bax and cleaved Caspase-3.	Creatine	31-39	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	408-417
33990217-17	2021	CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that SLC6A8-mediated creatine accumulation plays an important role in promoting TNBC progression, and may provide a potential therapeutic strategy option for treatment of SLC6A8 high expressed TNBC.	Creatine	54-62	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, creatine), member 8	Mus musculus	38-44
33990217-17	2021	CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that SLC6A8-mediated creatine accumulation plays an important role in promoting TNBC progression, and may provide a potential therapeutic strategy option for treatment of SLC6A8 high expressed TNBC.	Creatine	54-62	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, creatine), member 8	Mus musculus	204-210
33930492-18	2021	Conversely, there was a significant decrease (p=0.0122) in serum creatine level among rats administered 1000 and 3000 mg/Kg of TSK extract compared with control.	Creatine	65-73	tsukushi, small leucine rich proteoglycan	Homo sapiens	127-130
14843183-0	1951	Influence of folic acid and vitamin B12 on formation of creatine in vitro and in vivo.	Creatine	56-64	NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B3	Homo sapiens	36-39
33923719-1	2021	Early reports from Asia suggested that increased serum levels of the muscular enzyme creatine-(phospho)-kinase (CK/CPK) could be associated with a more severe prognosis in COVID-19.	Creatine	85-93	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	112-114
33881460-15	2021	The MFC creatine level increased with age (estimate, 0.2; SE, 0.05) but was not associated with either symptom severity or antipsychotic medication dose.	Creatine	8-16	renin binding protein	Homo sapiens	38-41
33923719-1	2021	Early reports from Asia suggested that increased serum levels of the muscular enzyme creatine-(phospho)-kinase (CK/CPK) could be associated with a more severe prognosis in COVID-19.	Creatine	85-93	phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 2 alpha	Homo sapiens	115-118
33918657-4	2021	Once within cells, creatine kinase (CK) catalyzes the reversible transphosphorylation reaction between [Mg2+:ATP4-]2- and Cr to produce phosphocreatine (PCr) and [Mg2+:ADP3-]-.	Creatine	122-124	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	19-34
33918657-4	2021	Once within cells, creatine kinase (CK) catalyzes the reversible transphosphorylation reaction between [Mg2+:ATP4-]2- and Cr to produce phosphocreatine (PCr) and [Mg2+:ADP3-]-.	Creatine	122-124	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	36-38
33918657-14	2021	Thus, we suggest the CK/PCr system acts as a dynamic biosensor based on chemo-mechanical energy transduction, which might explain why dysregulation in Cr metabolism contributes to a wide range of diseases besides the mitigating effect that Cr supplementation may have in some of these disease states.	Creatine	25-27	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	21-23
33918657-14	2021	Thus, we suggest the CK/PCr system acts as a dynamic biosensor based on chemo-mechanical energy transduction, which might explain why dysregulation in Cr metabolism contributes to a wide range of diseases besides the mitigating effect that Cr supplementation may have in some of these disease states.	Creatine	151-153	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	21-23
33867998-6	2021	AK1-OE hearts had significantly raised creatine, unaltered total adenine nucleotides, and 20% higher AMP levels (P = 0.05), but AMP-activated protein kinase was not activated (P = 0.85).	Creatine	39-47	adenylate kinase 1	Mus musculus	0-3
33981039-6	2021	TNAP hydrolyses phosphocreatine to initiate a futile cycle of creatine dephosphorylation and phosphorylation.	Creatine	23-31	alkaline phosphatase, liver/bone/kidney	Mus musculus	0-4
33981039-7	2021	Unlike in other cells, TNAP in thermogenic fat cells is localized to the mitochondria, where futile creatine cycling occurs.	Creatine	100-108	alkaline phosphatase, liver/bone/kidney	Mus musculus	23-27
33981039-8	2021	TNAP expression is powerfully induced when mice are exposed to cold conditions, and its inhibition in isolated mitochondria leads to a loss of futile creatine cycling.	Creatine	150-158	alkaline phosphatase, liver/bone/kidney	Mus musculus	0-4
33981039-10	2021	These data illustrate the critical role of TNAP as a phosphocreatine phosphatase in the futile creatine cycle.	Creatine	60-68	alkaline phosphatase, liver/bone/kidney	Mus musculus	43-47
33470619-2	2021	OBJECTIVE: We aim to describe two cases of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and liver enzymes elevation occurring as adverse effects of alectinib (Alecensa) treatment for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-mutated metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC).	Creatine	43-51	ALK receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	167-193
33470619-2	2021	OBJECTIVE: We aim to describe two cases of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and liver enzymes elevation occurring as adverse effects of alectinib (Alecensa) treatment for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-mutated metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC).	Creatine	43-51	ALK receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	195-198
33656256-0	2021	Treatment efficacy of high-dose creatine supplementation in a child with creatine transporter (SLC6A8) deficiency.	Creatine	32-40	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	95-101
33656256-0	2021	Treatment efficacy of high-dose creatine supplementation in a child with creatine transporter (SLC6A8) deficiency.	Creatine	73-81	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	95-101
33656256-1	2021	BACKGROUND: Creatine transporter deficiency is an inborn error of metabolism caused by a deficiency in the creatine transporter protein encoded by the SLC6A8 gene.	Creatine	12-20	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	151-157
33656256-1	2021	BACKGROUND: Creatine transporter deficiency is an inborn error of metabolism caused by a deficiency in the creatine transporter protein encoded by the SLC6A8 gene.	Creatine	107-115	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	151-157
33437999-1	2021	BACKGROUND: Suckling piglets synthesize most of their creatine requirement, which consumes substantial amounts of arginine in order to synthesize guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and methionine in order to transmethylate GAA to creatine.	Creatine	54-62	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	168-171
33437999-7	2021	GAA or creatine supplementation reduced arginine conversion to creatine by 46% and 43%, respectively (P < 0.01), but did not spare amino acids for whole-body protein synthesis, suggesting that limited amino acids were diverted to protein at the expense of creatine synthesis.	Creatine	63-71	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	0-3
33437999-7	2021	GAA or creatine supplementation reduced arginine conversion to creatine by 46% and 43%, respectively (P < 0.01), but did not spare amino acids for whole-body protein synthesis, suggesting that limited amino acids were diverted to protein at the expense of creatine synthesis.	Creatine	63-71	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	0-3
33437999-8	2021	The +GAA/Met diet led to higher creatine concentrations in the kidney (2.6-fold) and liver (7.6-fold) than the +GAA diet (P < 0.01), suggesting excess methionine is needed for GAA conversion to creatine.	Creatine	32-40	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	5-8
33437999-8	2021	The +GAA/Met diet led to higher creatine concentrations in the kidney (2.6-fold) and liver (7.6-fold) than the +GAA diet (P < 0.01), suggesting excess methionine is needed for GAA conversion to creatine.	Creatine	32-40	SAFB like transcription modulator	Homo sapiens	9-12
33437999-1	2021	BACKGROUND: Suckling piglets synthesize most of their creatine requirement, which consumes substantial amounts of arginine in order to synthesize guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and methionine in order to transmethylate GAA to creatine.	Creatine	54-62	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	215-218
33437999-1	2021	BACKGROUND: Suckling piglets synthesize most of their creatine requirement, which consumes substantial amounts of arginine in order to synthesize guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and methionine in order to transmethylate GAA to creatine.	Creatine	222-230	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	168-171
33459166-0	2021	The solute carrier SLC16A12 is critical for creatine and guanidinoacetate handling in the kidney.	Creatine	44-52	solute carrier family 16, member 12	Rattus norvegicus	19-27
33459166-1	2021	A heterozygous mutation (c.643C.A; p.Q215X) in the creatine transporter SLC16A12 was proposed to cause a syndrome with juvenile cataracts, microcornea and glucosuria in humans.	Creatine	51-59	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	72-80
33459166-3	2021	Slc16a12 KO rats had lower plasma levels and increased absolute and fractional urinary excretion of creatine and its precursor guanidinoacetate (GAA).	Creatine	100-108	solute carrier family 16, member 12	Rattus norvegicus	0-8
33459166-8	2021	Together, our results reveal that Slc16a12 in the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubule is critical for reabsorption of creatine and GAA.	Creatine	126-134	solute carrier family 16, member 12	Rattus norvegicus	34-42
33479817-1	2021	Kinetic reactions of the transphosphorylation with creatine kinase (CK) were individually investigated between creatine (Cr) and creatine phosphate (CrP) by pressure-assisted capillary electrophoresis/dynamic frontal analysis (pCE/DFA).	Creatine	51-59	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	68-70
33644010-10	2020	However, 1,200 mg/kg GAA supplementation alleviated negative parameters in plasma, improved meat quality, and ameliorated postmortem glycolysis and energy metabolism through regulating the creatine-phosphocreatine cycle and key factors of AMPK signaling.	Creatine	189-197	alpha glucosidase 2	Gallus gallus	21-24
33596409-3	2021	Gatm is the rate-limiting enzyme in creatine biosynthesis, and deletion in adipocytes attenuated obesity-driven tumor growth.	Creatine	36-44	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	0-4
33596409-5	2021	In parallel, breast cancer cells in obese animals upregulated the fatty acyl-CoA synthetase Acsbg1 to promote creatine-dependent tumor progression.	Creatine	110-118	acyl-CoA synthetase bubblegum family member 1	Mus musculus	92-98
33337958-2	2021	It is substrate limited in creatine-deficient mice lacking L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) or guanidinoacetate methyltranferase (GAMT).	Creatine	27-35	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	59-96
33337958-2	2021	It is substrate limited in creatine-deficient mice lacking L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) or guanidinoacetate methyltranferase (GAMT).	Creatine	27-35	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	98-102
33337958-2	2021	It is substrate limited in creatine-deficient mice lacking L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) or guanidinoacetate methyltranferase (GAMT).	Creatine	27-35	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	142-146
33479817-1	2021	Kinetic reactions of the transphosphorylation with creatine kinase (CK) were individually investigated between creatine (Cr) and creatine phosphate (CrP) by pressure-assisted capillary electrophoresis/dynamic frontal analysis (pCE/DFA).	Creatine	121-123	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	51-66
33479817-1	2021	Kinetic reactions of the transphosphorylation with creatine kinase (CK) were individually investigated between creatine (Cr) and creatine phosphate (CrP) by pressure-assisted capillary electrophoresis/dynamic frontal analysis (pCE/DFA).	Creatine	121-123	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	68-70
33597756-0	2021	Creatine kinase B controls futile creatine cycling in thermogenic fat.	Creatine	34-42	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	0-17
33597756-5	2021	Here we show that creatine kinase B (CKB) is indispensable for thermogenesis resulting from the futile creatine cycle, during which it traffics to mitochondria using an internal mitochondrial targeting sequence.	Creatine	18-26	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	37-40
33597756-8	2021	CKB is therefore a key effector of the futile creatine cycle.	Creatine	46-54	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	0-3
32557253-10	2021	CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest a protection role of the rs4884 polymorphism against knee OA development; further studies are required to confirm it.Key Points  CK-MM enzyme catalyzes the conversion of creatine and ATP to create phosphocreatine and ADP; this reaction is reversible.	Creatine	203-211	creatine kinase, M-type	Homo sapiens	162-167
33452333-2	2021	Creatine is taken from the diet or endogenously synthetized by the enzymes AGAT and GAMT, and specifically taken up by the transporter SLC6A8.	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	84-88
33452333-2	2021	Creatine is taken from the diet or endogenously synthetized by the enzymes AGAT and GAMT, and specifically taken up by the transporter SLC6A8.	Creatine	0-8	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	135-141
33452333-6	2021	Different mouse models of CTD were generated by doing long deletions in the Slc6a8 gene showing reduced brain creatine and cognitive deficiencies or impaired motor function.	Creatine	110-118	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, creatine), member 8	Mus musculus	76-82
33330064-5	2020	Results: The expression of Tim3 on myeloma cells in MM patients was significantly higher than normal control group and positively correlated with beta2 microglobulin, creatine, and plasma cells of bone marrow, negatively correlated with hemoglobin and red blood cells.	Creatine	167-175	hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2	Homo sapiens	27-31
33246695-4	2021	Given that HIF-1 activates creatine metabolism and increases phosphocreatine levels in the intestinal epithelial cells, we assume that HIF-1 may induce similar processes in the brain.	Creatine	27-35	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	11-16
33246695-4	2021	Given that HIF-1 activates creatine metabolism and increases phosphocreatine levels in the intestinal epithelial cells, we assume that HIF-1 may induce similar processes in the brain.	Creatine	27-35	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	135-140
33246695-7	2021	As such, we hypothesized that increasing the HIF-1, which potentially facilitates creatine metabolism in the brain, might be a new therapeutic target in depression.	Creatine	82-90	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	45-50
32427278-10	2020	In addition, negative correlations were noted between the decline in mRNA expression levels of ATP7A and the increased Cho/Cr ratios of the left PWM, right PWM and right ACC in MDD patients.	Creatine	123-125	ATPase copper transporting alpha	Homo sapiens	95-100
32427278-11	2020	A positive correlation between elevated ceruloplasmin levels and increased Cho/Cr ratio of the left PWM was noted in MDD patients.	Creatine	79-81	ceruloplasmin	Homo sapiens	40-53
33572228-3	2021	Evidence has suggested that creatine supplementation alone, and mainly in combination with exercise training, may improve glucose metabolism in health individuals and insulin-resistant individuals, such as in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus.	Creatine	28-36	insulin	Homo sapiens	167-174
33572228-4	2021	Creatine itself may stimulate insulin secretion in vitro, improve muscle glycogen stores and ameliorate hyperglycemia in animals.	Creatine	0-8	insulin	Homo sapiens	30-37
33572228-7	2021	The possible mechanism underlying the effects of combined exercise and creatine supplementation is an enhanced glucose transport into muscle cell by type 4 glucose transporter (GLUT-4) translocation to sarcolemma.	Creatine	71-79	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Homo sapiens	177-183
33334757-1	2020	X-linked creatine transporter deficiency is caused by the deficiency of the creatine transporter encoded by the SLC6A8 gene on Xq28.	Creatine	9-17	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	112-118
33334757-5	2020	His high urine creatine/creatinine ratio further suggested the diagnosis, later confirmed by hemizygous mutation detected in the SLC6A8 gene.	Creatine	15-23	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	129-135
33526732-13	2020	Concurrently, we revealed the presence of a direct strong correlation between the Creatine phosphokinase level and the alanine aminotransferase level, which was equal to +0,86 (r<0,05) and the presence of a direct moderate correlation between the aspartate aminotransferase and the Creatine phosphokinase level which was equal to + 0.56 (r<0,05).	Creatine	82-90	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	119-143
33526732-13	2020	Concurrently, we revealed the presence of a direct strong correlation between the Creatine phosphokinase level and the alanine aminotransferase level, which was equal to +0,86 (r<0,05) and the presence of a direct moderate correlation between the aspartate aminotransferase and the Creatine phosphokinase level which was equal to + 0.56 (r<0,05).	Creatine	282-290	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	119-143
32947558-7	2020	A population pharmacokinetic model was developed that incorporated drug clearance (CL) as a function of time-varying creatine clearance (CrCL).	Creatine	117-125	CRCL	Homo sapiens	137-141
33238473-9	2020	In females, Cr supplementation increased CREB phosphorylation and levels of IkappaB (NF-kappaB suppressor), CaMKII, PSD-95, and high-molecular-weight amyloid beta (Abeta) species, whereas Abeta trimers were reduced.	Creatine	12-14	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Mus musculus	41-45
33238473-9	2020	In females, Cr supplementation increased CREB phosphorylation and levels of IkappaB (NF-kappaB suppressor), CaMKII, PSD-95, and high-molecular-weight amyloid beta (Abeta) species, whereas Abeta trimers were reduced.	Creatine	12-14	calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, delta	Mus musculus	108-114
33238473-9	2020	In females, Cr supplementation increased CREB phosphorylation and levels of IkappaB (NF-kappaB suppressor), CaMKII, PSD-95, and high-molecular-weight amyloid beta (Abeta) species, whereas Abeta trimers were reduced.	Creatine	12-14	discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4	Mus musculus	116-122
33238473-9	2020	In females, Cr supplementation increased CREB phosphorylation and levels of IkappaB (NF-kappaB suppressor), CaMKII, PSD-95, and high-molecular-weight amyloid beta (Abeta) species, whereas Abeta trimers were reduced.	Creatine	12-14	amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein	Mus musculus	164-169
33238473-9	2020	In females, Cr supplementation increased CREB phosphorylation and levels of IkappaB (NF-kappaB suppressor), CaMKII, PSD-95, and high-molecular-weight amyloid beta (Abeta) species, whereas Abeta trimers were reduced.	Creatine	12-14	amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein	Mus musculus	188-193
32954822-0	2020	Role of creatine and creatine kinase in UCP1-independent adipocyte thermogenesis.	Creatine	8-16	uncoupling protein 1	Homo sapiens	40-44
32954822-1	2020	During recent years, creatine kinase (CK) and its substrates phosphocreatine and creatine emerged as important players in uncoupling protein 1-independent, ATP-dependent non-shivering thermogenesis in beige/brown adipocytes.	Creatine	21-29	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	38-40
33192549-10	2020	USP22, SIRT1, or SLC7A11 overexpression reduced the infarct size and ameliorated pathological conditions, cardiac function, as evidenced by reduced maximum pressure, ejection fraction, maximum pressure rate, and myocardial injury characterized by lower creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels in vivo.	Creatine	253-261	ubiquitin specific peptidase 22	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
32949859-8	2020	Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that Cho/Cr and mI/Cr measurements exhibited moderate discrimination ability between NHE and MHE.	Creatine	65-67	solute carrier family 9 member C1	Homo sapiens	141-144
32949859-8	2020	Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that Cho/Cr and mI/Cr measurements exhibited moderate discrimination ability between NHE and MHE.	Creatine	75-77	solute carrier family 9 member C1	Homo sapiens	141-144
33029259-5	2020	Negative correlations were found between concentrations of Glu and EAAT2 protein levels (R s = -0.662, P < 0.001) and between the Glu/creatine (Cr) ratio and EAAT2 protein level (R s = -0.664, P < 0.001).	Creatine	134-142	solute carrier family 1 member 2	Homo sapiens	158-163
33022268-0	2020	mTORC1-dependent signaling pathway underlies the rapid effect of creatine and ketamine in the novelty-suppressed feeding test.	Creatine	65-73	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	0-6
33022268-16	2020	Creatine or ketamine-treated mice presented increased hippocampal BDNF level, an effect abolished by rapamycin.	Creatine	0-8	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	66-70
33022268-17	2020	The hippocampal phospho-mTORC1 (Ser2448) immunocontent was increased by creatine, but not by ketamine.	Creatine	72-80	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	24-30
33022268-19	2020	Creatine and ketamine elicit a rapid response in the NSF test by a mechanism dependent on the mTORC1 signaling pathway.	Creatine	0-8	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	94-100
32707041-6	2020	PRMT5 knockdown increased the levels of amino acids and carbohydrates, particularly related to the arginine metabolism such as glutamate, glutamine (Gln), proline, creatine, creatinine and phosphocreatine (PCr).	Creatine	164-172	protein arginine methyltransferase 5	Homo sapiens	0-5
33093139-6	2020	Further evaluation with magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which showed a decreased creatine peak, led to diagnostic investigations for disorders of creatine metabolism, revealing increased urinary creatine:creatinine ratio and a de novo, novel hemizygous frameshift variant in SLC6A8 Clinicians are advised to maintain a high index of suspicion for IEM and to evaluate patients with ASD for syndromic features.	Creatine	147-155	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	276-282
33093139-6	2020	Further evaluation with magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which showed a decreased creatine peak, led to diagnostic investigations for disorders of creatine metabolism, revealing increased urinary creatine:creatinine ratio and a de novo, novel hemizygous frameshift variant in SLC6A8 Clinicians are advised to maintain a high index of suspicion for IEM and to evaluate patients with ASD for syndromic features.	Creatine	147-155	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	276-282
33192443-2	2020	The eponymous creatine transporter (CRT1/SLC6A8) belongs to a family of solute carrier 6 (SLC6) proteins.	Creatine	14-22	hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1	Homo sapiens	36-40
33192443-2	2020	The eponymous creatine transporter (CRT1/SLC6A8) belongs to a family of solute carrier 6 (SLC6) proteins.	Creatine	14-22	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	41-47
33192443-3	2020	The key role of CRT1 is to translocate creatine across tissue barriers and into target cells, such as neurons and myocytes.	Creatine	39-47	hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1	Homo sapiens	16-20
32533679-6	2020	CONCLUSION: Urinary IFABP: Creatine ratio of 3.6 pg/mmoL is highly specific for stage 2 and 3 NEC.	Creatine	27-35	fatty acid binding protein 2	Homo sapiens	20-25
33192443-6	2020	CTD is characterized by the absence of cerebral creatine, which implies an indispensable role for CRT1 in supplying the brain cells with creatine.	Creatine	137-145	hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1	Homo sapiens	98-102
33192443-7	2020	CTD-associated variants dramatically reduce or abolish creatine transport activity by CRT1.	Creatine	55-63	hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1	Homo sapiens	86-90
33192443-12	2020	This grants novel therapeutic prospects for the treatment of patients afflicted with CTD, e.g., modifying the creatine molecule to facilitate CRT1-independent entry into brain cells, or correcting folding-deficient and loss-of-function CTD variants using pharmacochaperones and/or allosteric modulators.	Creatine	110-118	hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1	Homo sapiens	142-146
32663996-5	2020	RESULTS: MDD subjects exhibited a 15% decrease in Glu/Cr in the dACC compared to HC.	Creatine	54-56	Acetyl-CoA carboxylase	Drosophila melanogaster	64-68
33029096-1	2020	Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA, also known as glycocyamine or betacyamine) is a naturally-occurring derivative of glycine and a direct metabolic precursor of creatine, a key player in high-phosphate cellular bioenergetics.	Creatine	153-161	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	22-25
32927837-10	2020	Finally, TLR-4, IL-6 and CINC-1 levels were lower in Cr-treated animals.	Creatine	53-55	toll-like receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	9-14
32927837-10	2020	Finally, TLR-4, IL-6 and CINC-1 levels were lower in Cr-treated animals.	Creatine	53-55	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	16-20
32927837-10	2020	Finally, TLR-4, IL-6 and CINC-1 levels were lower in Cr-treated animals.	Creatine	53-55	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1	Rattus norvegicus	25-31
32883247-1	2020	BACKGROUND: Creatine (Cr), an amino acid derivative, is one of the most important sources of energy acting as both a spatial and temporal energy buffer through its phosphorylated analogue phosphocreatine (PCr) and creatine kinase (CK).	Creatine	12-20	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	214-229
32883247-1	2020	BACKGROUND: Creatine (Cr), an amino acid derivative, is one of the most important sources of energy acting as both a spatial and temporal energy buffer through its phosphorylated analogue phosphocreatine (PCr) and creatine kinase (CK).	Creatine	12-20	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	2-4
32883247-1	2020	BACKGROUND: Creatine (Cr), an amino acid derivative, is one of the most important sources of energy acting as both a spatial and temporal energy buffer through its phosphorylated analogue phosphocreatine (PCr) and creatine kinase (CK).	Creatine	12-14	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	214-229
32883247-1	2020	BACKGROUND: Creatine (Cr), an amino acid derivative, is one of the most important sources of energy acting as both a spatial and temporal energy buffer through its phosphorylated analogue phosphocreatine (PCr) and creatine kinase (CK).	Creatine	12-14	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	2-4
32883247-3	2020	Patients with Arginine:Glycine Amidino-Transferase deficiency (AGAT-d), due to the deficit of the first enzyme involved in Cr synthesis, are at a disadvantage due to their failure to synthesize Cr and their dependence on external intake, in contrast to normal subjects, where changes in Cr biosynthesis supply their needs.	Creatine	123-125	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	63-67
32883247-3	2020	Patients with Arginine:Glycine Amidino-Transferase deficiency (AGAT-d), due to the deficit of the first enzyme involved in Cr synthesis, are at a disadvantage due to their failure to synthesize Cr and their dependence on external intake, in contrast to normal subjects, where changes in Cr biosynthesis supply their needs.	Creatine	194-196	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	63-67
32883247-3	2020	Patients with Arginine:Glycine Amidino-Transferase deficiency (AGAT-d), due to the deficit of the first enzyme involved in Cr synthesis, are at a disadvantage due to their failure to synthesize Cr and their dependence on external intake, in contrast to normal subjects, where changes in Cr biosynthesis supply their needs.	Creatine	194-196	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	63-67
32883247-4	2020	We report the outcomes of a pregnancy in an AGAT-d woman, and the challenge we faced in managing her treatment with oral Cr to ensure optimal conditions for her fetus.	Creatine	121-123	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	44-48
32155663-6	2020	Metabolomics showed a decrease in glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites, and inhibited the formation of creatine and phosphocreatine by the reaction of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) with amino acids mediated by demethyladenosine transferase 1, mitochondrial (TFB1M) and reduced energy storage substances.	Creatine	118-126	transcription factor B1, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens	270-275
32433978-5	2020	CRT was knocked down or overexpressed in T84 cells, which were analyzed by immunofluorescence, immunoblots, high-performance liquid chromatography (to measure creatine levels), qPCR, transepithelial electrical resistance, barrier function, actin localization, wound healing, mitochondrial oxygen consumption, and glycolysis extracellular acidification rate assays.	Creatine	159-167	calcitonin receptor	Homo sapiens	0-3
32433978-8	2020	In analyses of IECs with CRT knockdown or overexpression, we found that CRT regulates intracellular creatine, barrier formation, and wound healing.	Creatine	100-108	calreticulin	Mus musculus	25-28
32433978-8	2020	In analyses of IECs with CRT knockdown or overexpression, we found that CRT regulates intracellular creatine, barrier formation, and wound healing.	Creatine	100-108	calreticulin	Mus musculus	72-75
31990056-4	2020	Downregulation of miR-26a was closely correlated with the increased expression of creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB and troponin I in STEMI patients.	Creatine	82-90	microRNA 26a-1	Homo sapiens	18-25
31990056-4	2020	Downregulation of miR-26a was closely correlated with the increased expression of creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB and troponin I in STEMI patients.	Creatine	99-107	microRNA 26a-1	Homo sapiens	18-25
32663996-6	2020	Within the MDD group, there was a trend inverse correlation between dACC Glu/Cr and anhedonia ratings.	Creatine	77-79	Acetyl-CoA carboxylase	Drosophila melanogaster	68-72
32647316-0	2020	Creatine and taurine mixtures alleviate depressive-like behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster and mice via regulating Akt and ERK/BDNF pathways.	Creatine	0-8	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	117-120
32344286-1	2020	Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is a natural amino acid derivative that acts as a precursor of creatine while being synthesized and utilized in a two-step reaction that takes place in the human kidney and liver.	Creatine	90-98	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	22-25
32922302-1	2020	Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is the biochemical precursor of creatine, which, in its phosphorylated form, is an essential high-energy carrier in the muscle.	Creatine	59-67	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	22-25
32922302-2	2020	Although creatine has limited stability in feed processing, GAA is well established as a source of creatine in the animal feed industry.	Creatine	99-107	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	60-63
32922302-3	2020	Published data demonstrate beneficial effects of GAA supplementation on muscle creatine, energy compounds, and antioxidant status, leading to improvements in broiler body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and breast meat yield.	Creatine	79-87	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	49-52
32690185-3	2020	This study aimed to investigate the effects of CR supplementation combined with RT on markers of inflammation and insulin resistance in community-dwelling older adults.	Creatine	47-49	insulin	Homo sapiens	114-121
32647316-0	2020	Creatine and taurine mixtures alleviate depressive-like behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster and mice via regulating Akt and ERK/BDNF pathways.	Creatine	0-8	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Mus musculus	125-128
32647316-0	2020	Creatine and taurine mixtures alleviate depressive-like behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster and mice via regulating Akt and ERK/BDNF pathways.	Creatine	0-8	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	129-133
32533922-5	2020	We found that CHRNA2 signaling is activated after acute high fat diet feeding and this effect is manifested through both UCP1- and creatine-mediated mechanisms.	Creatine	131-139	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 2 (neuronal)	Mus musculus	14-20
31951021-0	2020	Magnetic resonance imaging reveals specific anatomical changes in the brain of Agat- and Gamt-mice attributed to creatine depletion and guanidinoacetate alteration.	Creatine	113-121	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	79-83
31951021-0	2020	Magnetic resonance imaging reveals specific anatomical changes in the brain of Agat- and Gamt-mice attributed to creatine depletion and guanidinoacetate alteration.	Creatine	113-121	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	89-93
31951021-7	2020	RESULTS: Cr was decreased in the brain of Agat- and Gamt mutant mice.	Creatine	9-11	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	42-46
31951021-7	2020	RESULTS: Cr was decreased in the brain of Agat- and Gamt mutant mice.	Creatine	9-11	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	52-56
32554520-6	2020	In this report, we describe the case of excessive dietary creatine intake in an infant who presented with elevated creatinine while otherwise appearing healthy and having normal cystatin C.	Creatine	58-66	cystatin C	Homo sapiens	178-188
32884724-2	2020	A secondary analysis of previously completed guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) trials has been carried out in aim to classify individuals into responders and nonresponders using cut-off criteria for an increase in intramuscular creatine.	Creatine	221-229	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	67-70
32884724-6	2020	A fairly high prevalence of individuals sensitive to dietary GAA advances this innovative agent as a rather effective tool to improve muscle creatine levels for at least 10% or more during 28-day loading.	Creatine	141-149	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	61-64
32249133-1	2020	SLC16A12/MCT12 has been recently identified as a creatine transporter in a Xenopus oocyte expression system; however, the mechanism, by which MCT12 transports creatine, remains unclear.	Creatine	49-57	solute carrier family 16 member 12 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	0-8
32249133-1	2020	SLC16A12/MCT12 has been recently identified as a creatine transporter in a Xenopus oocyte expression system; however, the mechanism, by which MCT12 transports creatine, remains unclear.	Creatine	49-57	solute carrier family 16 member 12 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	9-14
32249133-1	2020	SLC16A12/MCT12 has been recently identified as a creatine transporter in a Xenopus oocyte expression system; however, the mechanism, by which MCT12 transports creatine, remains unclear.	Creatine	49-57	solute carrier family 16 member 12 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	142-147
32249133-4	2020	When [14C]creatine was accumulated in the cells with the aid of SLC6A8/CRT1, a concentrative creatine transporter, followed by assessing the remaining intracellular [14C]creatine after initiating efflux, coexpression of MCT12 resulted in a decrease in the intracellular [14C]creatine and remarkably enhanced the efflux of [14C]creatine from the cells in a time-dependent manner.	Creatine	10-18	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	64-70
32249133-4	2020	When [14C]creatine was accumulated in the cells with the aid of SLC6A8/CRT1, a concentrative creatine transporter, followed by assessing the remaining intracellular [14C]creatine after initiating efflux, coexpression of MCT12 resulted in a decrease in the intracellular [14C]creatine and remarkably enhanced the efflux of [14C]creatine from the cells in a time-dependent manner.	Creatine	10-18	hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1	Homo sapiens	71-75
32249133-4	2020	When [14C]creatine was accumulated in the cells with the aid of SLC6A8/CRT1, a concentrative creatine transporter, followed by assessing the remaining intracellular [14C]creatine after initiating efflux, coexpression of MCT12 resulted in a decrease in the intracellular [14C]creatine and remarkably enhanced the efflux of [14C]creatine from the cells in a time-dependent manner.	Creatine	10-18	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	220-225
32249133-4	2020	When [14C]creatine was accumulated in the cells with the aid of SLC6A8/CRT1, a concentrative creatine transporter, followed by assessing the remaining intracellular [14C]creatine after initiating efflux, coexpression of MCT12 resulted in a decrease in the intracellular [14C]creatine and remarkably enhanced the efflux of [14C]creatine from the cells in a time-dependent manner.	Creatine	93-101	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	64-70
32249133-4	2020	When [14C]creatine was accumulated in the cells with the aid of SLC6A8/CRT1, a concentrative creatine transporter, followed by assessing the remaining intracellular [14C]creatine after initiating efflux, coexpression of MCT12 resulted in a decrease in the intracellular [14C]creatine and remarkably enhanced the efflux of [14C]creatine from the cells in a time-dependent manner.	Creatine	93-101	hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1	Homo sapiens	71-75
32249133-4	2020	When [14C]creatine was accumulated in the cells with the aid of SLC6A8/CRT1, a concentrative creatine transporter, followed by assessing the remaining intracellular [14C]creatine after initiating efflux, coexpression of MCT12 resulted in a decrease in the intracellular [14C]creatine and remarkably enhanced the efflux of [14C]creatine from the cells in a time-dependent manner.	Creatine	93-101	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	64-70
32249133-4	2020	When [14C]creatine was accumulated in the cells with the aid of SLC6A8/CRT1, a concentrative creatine transporter, followed by assessing the remaining intracellular [14C]creatine after initiating efflux, coexpression of MCT12 resulted in a decrease in the intracellular [14C]creatine and remarkably enhanced the efflux of [14C]creatine from the cells in a time-dependent manner.	Creatine	93-101	hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1	Homo sapiens	71-75
32249133-4	2020	When [14C]creatine was accumulated in the cells with the aid of SLC6A8/CRT1, a concentrative creatine transporter, followed by assessing the remaining intracellular [14C]creatine after initiating efflux, coexpression of MCT12 resulted in a decrease in the intracellular [14C]creatine and remarkably enhanced the efflux of [14C]creatine from the cells in a time-dependent manner.	Creatine	93-101	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	64-70
32249133-4	2020	When [14C]creatine was accumulated in the cells with the aid of SLC6A8/CRT1, a concentrative creatine transporter, followed by assessing the remaining intracellular [14C]creatine after initiating efflux, coexpression of MCT12 resulted in a decrease in the intracellular [14C]creatine and remarkably enhanced the efflux of [14C]creatine from the cells in a time-dependent manner.	Creatine	93-101	hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1	Homo sapiens	71-75
32249133-6	2020	The creatine efflux activity involved dissipation by the mutations of conserved charged amino acids such as Arg37, Asp65 and Asp299 in the transmembrane domains, indicating direct involvement of MCT12 in the creatine efflux.	Creatine	4-12	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	195-200
32249133-6	2020	The creatine efflux activity involved dissipation by the mutations of conserved charged amino acids such as Arg37, Asp65 and Asp299 in the transmembrane domains, indicating direct involvement of MCT12 in the creatine efflux.	Creatine	208-216	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	195-200
32249133-7	2020	These results suggest that MCT12 mediates facilitative diffusion of creatine, depending on the concentration gradient across the plasma membrane in mammalian cells.	Creatine	68-76	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	27-32
32606525-1	2020	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is the second most common defect in the creatine metabolism pathway resulting in cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome (CCDS).	Creatine	93-101	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-34
32606525-1	2020	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is the second most common defect in the creatine metabolism pathway resulting in cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome (CCDS).	Creatine	93-101	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	36-40
32103537-6	2020	A mild positive correlation was found between the levels of serum creatine phosphokinase at the first visit and anti-TIF1-gamma levels.	Creatine	66-74	tripartite motif containing 33	Homo sapiens	117-127
32409787-0	2020	Marker enzyme activities in hindleg from creatine-deficient AGAT and GAMT KO mice - differences between models, muscles, and sexes.	Creatine	41-49	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	60-64
32409787-2	2020	Its substrate, creatine, is generated by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT).	Creatine	15-23	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	41-78
32409787-2	2020	Its substrate, creatine, is generated by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT).	Creatine	15-23	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	80-84
32409787-2	2020	Its substrate, creatine, is generated by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT).	Creatine	15-23	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	90-126
32409787-2	2020	Its substrate, creatine, is generated by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT).	Creatine	15-23	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	128-132
32233480-0	2020	MG-HCr, the Methylglyoxal-Derived Hydroimidazolone of Creatine, is a Biomarker for the Dietary Intake of Animal Source Food.	Creatine	54-62	coiled-coil alpha-helical rod protein 1	Homo sapiens	3-6
32233480-1	2020	In the course of the Maillard reaction in vivo or in food, creatine reacts with the 1,2-dicarbonyl compound methylglyoxal to N-(4-methyl-5-oxo-1- imidazolin-2-yl)sarcosine (MG-HCr).	Creatine	59-67	coiled-coil alpha-helical rod protein 1	Homo sapiens	176-179
32349282-0	2020	Beneficial Impact of Semicarbazide-Sensitive Amine Oxidase Inhibition on the Potential Cytotoxicity of Creatine Supplementation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.	Creatine	103-111	amine oxidase copper containing 2	Homo sapiens	21-58
32349356-11	2020	Creatine supplementation increased lean tissue mass, type II fiber area, insulin-like growth factor-1, muscular strength, muscular endurance, Wingate mean power output, and brain function (memory and intelligence) in vegetarian participants.	Creatine	0-8	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	73-101
32349282-2	2020	However, excessive administration of creatine leads to the production of methylamine which is deaminated by the enzyme semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) and as a result, cytotoxic compounds are produced.	Creatine	37-45	amine oxidase copper containing 2	Homo sapiens	119-156
32349282-2	2020	However, excessive administration of creatine leads to the production of methylamine which is deaminated by the enzyme semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) and as a result, cytotoxic compounds are produced.	Creatine	37-45	amine oxidase copper containing 2	Homo sapiens	158-162
32349282-4	2020	Creatine supplementation by diabetics will further augment the activity of SSAO.	Creatine	0-8	amine oxidase copper containing 2	Homo sapiens	75-79
32349282-8	2020	Inhibiting SSAO activity by natural agents might reduce the potential adverse effects of creatine metabolism in population of T2DM.	Creatine	89-97	amine oxidase copper containing 2	Homo sapiens	11-15
32277128-0	2020	Studies of structural determinants of substrate binding in the Creatine Transporter (CreaT, SLC6A8) using molecular models.	Creatine	63-71	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	92-98
32277128-2	2020	The creatine transporter (CreaT, SLC6A8) belongs to the solute carrier 6 (SLC6) transporters family, and more particularly to the GABA transporters (GATs) subfamily.	Creatine	4-12	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	33-39
31881245-0	2020	Lyn regulates creatine uptake in an imatinib-resistant CML cell line.	Creatine	14-22	LYN proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	0-3
31630478-7	2020	B-LAP (5 mg/kg) decreased serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and ameliorated cardiac histopathological alterations.	Creatine	71-79	eye lens aplasia	Mus musculus	2-5
31624333-2	2020	Here we assess the genetic interaction between C9orf72, UNC13A, and MOBP with creatine and valproic acid treatment in two clinical trials.	Creatine	78-86	C9orf72-SMCR8 complex subunit	Homo sapiens	47-54
31881245-4	2020	Inhibition and shRNA knockdown were performed to investigate the specific role of Lyn in regulating the Na+/K+-ATPase and creatine uptake.	Creatine	122-130	LYN proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	82-85
31881245-8	2020	Overexpression of Lyn in HEK293 cells increased Y10 phosphorylation (pY10) of the Na+/K+-ATPase, whereas Lyn inhibition or shRNA knockdown reduced Na+/K+-ATPase pY10 and decreased creatine accumulation in Myl-R cells.	Creatine	180-188	LYN proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	18-21
31881245-10	2020	CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that Lyn can affect creatine uptake through Lyn-dependent phosphorylation and regulation of the Na+/K+-ATPase pump activity.	Creatine	52-60	LYN proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	37-40
31881245-10	2020	CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that Lyn can affect creatine uptake through Lyn-dependent phosphorylation and regulation of the Na+/K+-ATPase pump activity.	Creatine	52-60	LYN proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	76-79
31624333-2	2020	Here we assess the genetic interaction between C9orf72, UNC13A, and MOBP with creatine and valproic acid treatment in two clinical trials.	Creatine	78-86	unc-13 homolog A	Homo sapiens	56-62
31624333-2	2020	Here we assess the genetic interaction between C9orf72, UNC13A, and MOBP with creatine and valproic acid treatment in two clinical trials.	Creatine	78-86	myelin associated oligodendrocyte basic protein	Homo sapiens	68-72
31624333-5	2020	A dose-response pharmacogenetic interaction was identified between creatine and the A allele of the MOBP genotype (p = 0.027), suggesting a qualitative interaction in a recessive model (HR 3.96, p = 0.015).	Creatine	67-75	myelin associated oligodendrocyte basic protein	Homo sapiens	100-104
32269649-7	2020	The creatine kinase level was higher in the BCAA trial (346.1 +- 33.7 U/L) than the placebo trial (307.3 +- 30.2 U/L).	Creatine	4-12	AT-rich interaction domain 4B	Homo sapiens	44-48
32144120-6	2020	MCT8 and MCT10 transport thyroid hormones, and recently, MCT9 has been characterized as a carnitine efflux transporter and MCT12 as a creatine transporter.	Creatine	134-142	solute carrier family 16 member 9	Homo sapiens	57-61
32144120-6	2020	MCT8 and MCT10 transport thyroid hormones, and recently, MCT9 has been characterized as a carnitine efflux transporter and MCT12 as a creatine transporter.	Creatine	134-142	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	123-128
32182846-0	2020	Homoarginine- and Creatine-Dependent Gene Regulation in Murine Brains with l-Arginine:Glycine Amidinotransferase Deficiency.	Creatine	18-26	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	75-112
32182846-1	2020	l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and its metabolites homoarginine (hArg) and creatine have been linked to stroke pathology in both human and mouse studies.	Creatine	89-97	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	0-37
32182846-1	2020	l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and its metabolites homoarginine (hArg) and creatine have been linked to stroke pathology in both human and mouse studies.	Creatine	89-97	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	39-43
32182846-4	2020	We identified significantly regulated genes between AGAT-/- and WT mice in two independent cohorts of mice which can be linked to amino acid metabolism (Ivd, Lcmt2), creatine metabolism (Slc6a8), cerebral myelination (Bcas1) and neuronal excitability (Kcnip3).	Creatine	166-174	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	52-56
32182846-5	2020	While Ivd and Kcnip3 showed regulation by hArg supplementation, Bcas1 and Slc6a8 were creatine dependent.	Creatine	86-94	brain enriched myelin associated protein 1	Mus musculus	64-69
32182846-5	2020	While Ivd and Kcnip3 showed regulation by hArg supplementation, Bcas1 and Slc6a8 were creatine dependent.	Creatine	86-94	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, creatine), member 8	Mus musculus	74-80
32124083-1	2020	PURPOSE: Cyclocreatine, a creatine analog, is a candidate drug for treating patients with cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes (CCDSs) caused by creatine transporter (CRT, SLC6A8) deficiency, which reduces brain creatine level.	Creatine	14-22	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	174-180
30806774-9	2020	Creatine intake promoted lower levels of plasma TNF-alpha and IL-6 and smaller spleen morphology changes such as reduced size of white pulp and lymphoid follicle compared to tumor-bearing rats.	Creatine	0-8	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	48-57
30806774-9	2020	Creatine intake promoted lower levels of plasma TNF-alpha and IL-6 and smaller spleen morphology changes such as reduced size of white pulp and lymphoid follicle compared to tumor-bearing rats.	Creatine	0-8	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	62-66
30806774-10	2020	In addition, creatine prevented increased levels of skeletal muscle Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1, key regulators of muscle atrophy.	Creatine	13-21	F-box protein 32	Rattus norvegicus	68-77
30806774-10	2020	In addition, creatine prevented increased levels of skeletal muscle Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1, key regulators of muscle atrophy.	Creatine	13-21	tripartite motif containing 63	Rattus norvegicus	82-88
30806774-11	2020	CONCLUSION: Creatine supplementation prevents skeletal muscle atrophy by attenuating tumor-induced pro-inflammatory environment, a condition that minimizes Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1-dependent proteolysis.	Creatine	12-20	F-box protein 32	Rattus norvegicus	156-165
31687740-12	2020	Cre/Arg/Met resulted in a higher net GAA release from the gut (P &lt; 0.0001) and pancreas (P &lt; 0.001) (68% of total GAA produced) compared with all other treatments (&lt;19% from both organs), perhaps because GAA not needed for creatine synthesis was subsequently released.	Creatine	0-3	alpha glucosidase	Sus scrofa	37-40
31687740-12	2020	Cre/Arg/Met resulted in a higher net GAA release from the gut (P &lt; 0.0001) and pancreas (P &lt; 0.001) (68% of total GAA produced) compared with all other treatments (&lt;19% from both organs), perhaps because GAA not needed for creatine synthesis was subsequently released.	Creatine	0-3	alpha glucosidase	Sus scrofa	120-123
31687740-12	2020	Cre/Arg/Met resulted in a higher net GAA release from the gut (P &lt; 0.0001) and pancreas (P &lt; 0.001) (68% of total GAA produced) compared with all other treatments (&lt;19% from both organs), perhaps because GAA not needed for creatine synthesis was subsequently released.	Creatine	0-3	alpha glucosidase	Sus scrofa	120-123
31687740-13	2020	CONCLUSIONS: Cit is a better precursor than Arg for renal GAA synthesis, and kidney is the major source of GAA for Cre synthesis in neonatal piglets, but the gut also has the capacity to synthesize GAA and Cre when Arg and Met are available.	Creatine	115-118	alpha glucosidase	Sus scrofa	107-110
31687740-13	2020	CONCLUSIONS: Cit is a better precursor than Arg for renal GAA synthesis, and kidney is the major source of GAA for Cre synthesis in neonatal piglets, but the gut also has the capacity to synthesize GAA and Cre when Arg and Met are available.	Creatine	115-118	alpha glucosidase	Sus scrofa	107-110
32179820-1	2020	L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and its metabolites creatine and homoarginine (HA) have been linked to cardiovascular pathologies in both human and murine studies, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood.	Creatine	65-73	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	0-37
32179820-1	2020	L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and its metabolites creatine and homoarginine (HA) have been linked to cardiovascular pathologies in both human and murine studies, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood.	Creatine	65-73	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	39-43
32130884-6	2020	Administration of the bioenergetic compound creatine boosts CST regenerative capacity in Snph-/- mice.	Creatine	44-52	syntaphilin	Mus musculus	89-93
31753617-8	2020	Data showed that HES-SLN significantly attenuated DOX-induced cardiotoxicity through lowering creatine kinase-muscle/brain, cardiac troponin I and improving histopathological scores as compared to the DOX group.	Creatine	94-102	sarcolipin	Rattus norvegicus	21-24
31687740-2	2020	The methylation of GAA to creatine (Cre) primarily occurs in the liver.	Creatine	26-34	alpha glucosidase	Sus scrofa	19-22
31687740-2	2020	The methylation of GAA to creatine (Cre) primarily occurs in the liver.	Creatine	36-39	alpha glucosidase	Sus scrofa	19-22
31687740-4	2020	OBJECTIVE: We aimed to quantify the contribution of kidney, pancreas, and gut as sources of GAA for Cre synthesis.	Creatine	100-103	alpha glucosidase	Sus scrofa	92-95
31784090-0	2020	Molecular characterization of the orphan transporter SLC16A9, an extracellular pH- and Na+-sensitive creatine transporter.	Creatine	101-109	solute carrier family 16 member 9	Homo sapiens	53-60
31784090-5	2020	Kinetic analysis of hMCT9-mediated creatine uptake revealed that uptake consisted of two components, with apparent Km values of 237 mm (low-affinity) and 23.7 mm (high-affinity), respectively.	Creatine	35-43	solute carrier family 16 member 9	Homo sapiens	20-25
31784090-7	2020	Under Na+-free conditions, hMCT9-mediated creatine uptake was reduced by one-half, indicating that hMCT9 is a Na+-sensitive transporter.	Creatine	42-50	solute carrier family 16 member 9	Homo sapiens	27-32
31784090-7	2020	Under Na+-free conditions, hMCT9-mediated creatine uptake was reduced by one-half, indicating that hMCT9 is a Na+-sensitive transporter.	Creatine	42-50	solute carrier family 16 member 9	Homo sapiens	99-104
31784090-10	2020	A cis-inhibition assay of hMCT9-and hMCT12-mediated creatine transport revealed that cyclocreatine, creatine, guanidineacetate, and 3-guanidinopropionate are recognized by the transporter, and 4-guanidinobutyrate and guanidinoethyl sulfonate selectively inhibited hMCT9 activity.	Creatine	52-60	solute carrier family 16 member 9	Homo sapiens	26-31
31784090-10	2020	A cis-inhibition assay of hMCT9-and hMCT12-mediated creatine transport revealed that cyclocreatine, creatine, guanidineacetate, and 3-guanidinopropionate are recognized by the transporter, and 4-guanidinobutyrate and guanidinoethyl sulfonate selectively inhibited hMCT9 activity.	Creatine	52-60	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	36-42
31784090-10	2020	A cis-inhibition assay of hMCT9-and hMCT12-mediated creatine transport revealed that cyclocreatine, creatine, guanidineacetate, and 3-guanidinopropionate are recognized by the transporter, and 4-guanidinobutyrate and guanidinoethyl sulfonate selectively inhibited hMCT9 activity.	Creatine	52-60	solute carrier family 16 member 9	Homo sapiens	264-269
31784090-10	2020	A cis-inhibition assay of hMCT9-and hMCT12-mediated creatine transport revealed that cyclocreatine, creatine, guanidineacetate, and 3-guanidinopropionate are recognized by the transporter, and 4-guanidinobutyrate and guanidinoethyl sulfonate selectively inhibited hMCT9 activity.	Creatine	90-98	solute carrier family 16 member 9	Homo sapiens	26-31
31784090-10	2020	A cis-inhibition assay of hMCT9-and hMCT12-mediated creatine transport revealed that cyclocreatine, creatine, guanidineacetate, and 3-guanidinopropionate are recognized by the transporter, and 4-guanidinobutyrate and guanidinoethyl sulfonate selectively inhibited hMCT9 activity.	Creatine	90-98	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	36-42
31784090-11	2020	These findings demonstrate that hMCT9 is an extracellular pH- and Na+-sensitive creatine transporter.	Creatine	80-88	solute carrier family 16 member 9	Homo sapiens	32-37
31841776-6	2020	NMR metabolomics revealed that macrophages incubated with smaller PG-FMN displayed increased levels of succinate, itaconate, phosphocholine and phosphocreatine, together with decreased creatine content.	Creatine	151-159	formin 1	Homo sapiens	69-72
32010265-7	2020	ATIII expression was a predictor of AKI nondevelopment [Area under the curve (AUC)-Receiving operator characteristic (ROC)=0.729; sensitivity, 0.700; specificity, 0.714], and the ATIII/Creatine ratio was also a predictor of AKI nondevelopment (AUC-ROC=0.971; sensitivity, 0.900; specificity, 1).	Creatine	185-193	serpin family C member 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
31866449-5	2020	Serum creatine kinase (CK) activity, cholesterol, and creatinine levels showed a marked significant (P &lt; 0.05) increase in all GAA supplemented groups compared to the control one.	Creatine	6-14	lysosomal alpha-glucosidase	Oreochromis niloticus	130-133
31991880-5	2020	mRNA expression of the creatine synthesizing enzymes arginine:glycine aminotransferase (GATM) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), the creatine transporter (SLC6A8), and the creatine kinases (mitochondrial CKMT1A & cytosolic BBCK) was assessed.	Creatine	23-31	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1A	Homo sapiens	216-222
31576785-9	2020	GDS versus Meyer comparisons indicated that discordant GDS(Imp)/Meyer(Un) individuals had less cortical gray matter and lower levels of energy metabolism (i.e., creatine) than concordant GDS(Un)/Meyer(Un) individuals.	Creatine	161-169	inositol monophosphatase 1	Homo sapiens	59-62
31991880-5	2020	mRNA expression of the creatine synthesizing enzymes arginine:glycine aminotransferase (GATM) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), the creatine transporter (SLC6A8), and the creatine kinases (mitochondrial CKMT1A & cytosolic BBCK) was assessed.	Creatine	23-31	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	88-92
32016114-4	2020	By comparison with the control group, the EST group had significantly higher levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), myoglobin, cardiac TBARS, nitric oxide (NO), total thiol and hydrogen peroxide, cardiac damage, and expression of P53 and TNFalpha.	Creatine	122-130	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8	Mus musculus	42-45
31991880-5	2020	mRNA expression of the creatine synthesizing enzymes arginine:glycine aminotransferase (GATM) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), the creatine transporter (SLC6A8), and the creatine kinases (mitochondrial CKMT1A & cytosolic BBCK) was assessed.	Creatine	23-31	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	98-132
31991880-5	2020	mRNA expression of the creatine synthesizing enzymes arginine:glycine aminotransferase (GATM) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), the creatine transporter (SLC6A8), and the creatine kinases (mitochondrial CKMT1A & cytosolic BBCK) was assessed.	Creatine	23-31	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	134-138
32038270-1	2019	Aim: Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) is the second essential enzyme in creatine (Cr) biosynthesis.	Creatine	83-91	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	5-41
32038270-1	2019	Aim: Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) is the second essential enzyme in creatine (Cr) biosynthesis.	Creatine	83-91	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	43-47
32038270-1	2019	Aim: Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) is the second essential enzyme in creatine (Cr) biosynthesis.	Creatine	93-95	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	5-41
32038270-1	2019	Aim: Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) is the second essential enzyme in creatine (Cr) biosynthesis.	Creatine	93-95	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	43-47
32038270-2	2019	Short-term Cr deficiency is metabolically well tolerated as GAMT-/- mice exhibit normal exercise capacity and response to ischemic heart failure.	Creatine	11-13	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	60-64
32038270-10	2019	Conclusion: Long-term Cr deficiency in GAMT-/- mice reduces mitochondrial volume without affecting respiratory function, most likely due to impaired biogenesis.	Creatine	22-24	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	39-43
31879119-8	2020	RESULTS: MRS data which predict a poor neurological outcome (G2 and 3) include the following: decreased N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) (sensitivity 88%, specificity 100%), decreased creatine (47%, 100%), increased lactate (47%, 100%), and decreased glutamate (sensitivity 35%, specificity 100%).	Creatine	176-184	crystallin gamma E, pseudogene	Homo sapiens	61-69
31542396-0	2020	Creatine transporter knockout mice (Slc6a8) show increases in serotonin-related proteins and are resilient to learned helplessness.	Creatine	0-8	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, creatine), member 8	Mus musculus	36-42
31905208-2	2020	We assessed memory performance and brain concentrations of creatine and its precursor guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) in 14-16-week-old male Yucatan miniature pigs supplemented for 2 weeks with either 200 mg/kg d creatine (+Cr; n = 7) or equimolar GAA (157 mg/kg d) (+GAA; n = 8) compared to controls (n = 14).	Creatine	59-67	alpha glucosidase	Sus scrofa	108-111
31905208-9	2020	Creatine kinase activity and maximal reaction velocity were also higher with GAA supplementation in prefrontal cortex (p &lt; 0.05).	Creatine	0-8	alpha glucosidase	Sus scrofa	77-80
31707350-7	2020	TSPO-downregulated cardiomyocytes produced lesser lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and showed lesser cytosol malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation than normal cells after A/R injury.	Creatine	82-90	translocator protein	Homo sapiens	0-4
31853708-5	2020	GAA is further methylated to creatine (Cr) by guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT).	Creatine	29-37	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	46-80
31853708-5	2020	GAA is further methylated to creatine (Cr) by guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT).	Creatine	29-37	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	82-86
31853708-5	2020	GAA is further methylated to creatine (Cr) by guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT).	Creatine	39-41	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	46-80
31853708-5	2020	GAA is further methylated to creatine (Cr) by guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT).	Creatine	39-41	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	82-86
32115505-0	2020	Determination of Intrinsic Creatine Transporter (Slc6a8) Activity and Creatine Transport Function of Leukocytes in Rats.	Creatine	27-35	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	49-55
31744381-5	2020	The method yielded suitable levels of specificity and selectivity, and calibration curves of creatine and creatinine in serum were linear over the concentration range of 0.5-200 microg mL-1.	Creatine	93-101	L1 cell adhesion molecule	Mus musculus	185-189
31868291-8	2020	RESULTS: GLM analysis showed that maximum Cho/NAA and Cho/Cr in the tVOI were significantly (P &lt; .05) higher in IDH mutant lesions as compared to wild-type.	Creatine	58-60	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	115-118
31535220-1	2019	L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) is the main producer of the creatine precursor, guanidinoacetate (GAA), and L-homoarginine (hArg).	Creatine	73-81	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	0-37
31838195-4	2020	SCA1, 2, 3, 6, and FA patients showed overall decreased NAA/Cr compared to controls.	Creatine	60-62	ataxin 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
31838195-5	2020	Decreased Cho/Cr was visible in SCA1, 2, and 3 and elevated mI/Cr in SCA2 patients in cerebellum.	Creatine	14-16	ataxin 1	Homo sapiens	32-36
31838195-5	2020	Decreased Cho/Cr was visible in SCA1, 2, and 3 and elevated mI/Cr in SCA2 patients in cerebellum.	Creatine	14-16	ataxin 2	Homo sapiens	69-73
31838195-5	2020	Decreased Cho/Cr was visible in SCA1, 2, and 3 and elevated mI/Cr in SCA2 patients in cerebellum.	Creatine	63-65	ataxin 2	Homo sapiens	69-73
30028191-7	2020	This suggests a link between cortisol and heavy exercise-induced impaired bioenergetics, with future studies needed to evaluate a cause-and-effect interconnection between cortisol and GAA-creatine axis.	Creatine	188-196	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	184-187
31628186-2	2019	When studying nutrient usage of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in mice, we detected a sharp increase of the expression of a CrT (Slc6a8) gene, which encodes a surface transporter controlling the uptake of creatine into a cell.	Creatine	206-214	calreticulin	Mus musculus	125-128
31628186-2	2019	When studying nutrient usage of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in mice, we detected a sharp increase of the expression of a CrT (Slc6a8) gene, which encodes a surface transporter controlling the uptake of creatine into a cell.	Creatine	206-214	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, creatine), member 8	Mus musculus	130-136
31625671-7	2019	The results indicated that GAS5 knockdown enhanced the viability, decreased apoptosis and reduced the levels of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase-MB in H/R-treatment cardiomyocytes.	Creatine	138-146	growth arrest specific 5	Rattus norvegicus	27-31
31803010-12	2019	Despite the loss of their mitochondrial-rich inner segments, cone somas and axonal terminals in the rd1 retina were strongly positive for both the mitochondrial and cytosolic forms of creatine kinase at each time point examined.	Creatine	184-192	phosphodiesterase 6B, cGMP, rod receptor, beta polypeptide	Mus musculus	100-103
31803010-13	2019	Creatine-fed rd1 mice displayed enhanced optomotor responses compared to mice fed normal chow.	Creatine	0-8	phosphodiesterase 6B, cGMP, rod receptor, beta polypeptide	Mus musculus	13-16
31838195-7	2020	SCA2 subjects showed the lowest NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr in cerebellum and the highest mI/Cr compared to controls and other genotypes, and therefore the most promising results for a potential biomarker.	Creatine	36-38	ataxin 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
31838195-7	2020	SCA2 subjects showed the lowest NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr in cerebellum and the highest mI/Cr compared to controls and other genotypes, and therefore the most promising results for a potential biomarker.	Creatine	47-49	ataxin 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
31838195-7	2020	SCA2 subjects showed the lowest NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr in cerebellum and the highest mI/Cr compared to controls and other genotypes, and therefore the most promising results for a potential biomarker.	Creatine	47-49	ataxin 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
33356959-4	2020	Solute carrier family 6 member 8 (SLC6A8) encodes the solute carrier family 6-8 to transport creatine into cells in a Na+ and Cl-- dependent manner.	Creatine	93-101	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	0-32
33356959-4	2020	Solute carrier family 6 member 8 (SLC6A8) encodes the solute carrier family 6-8 to transport creatine into cells in a Na+ and Cl-- dependent manner.	Creatine	93-101	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	34-40
31905634-6	2019	There was a positive linear correlation between log-alanine aminotransferase and log-creatine kinase.	Creatine	85-93	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	52-76
31905634-7	2019	In the multiple regression analysis, log-creatine kinase, age, acute kidney injury stage, and chronic liver disease were independently associated with log-alanine aminotransferase.	Creatine	41-49	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	155-179
31905634-10	2019	Serum alanine aminotransferase was not associated with inpatient mortality but a higher creatine kinase-alanine aminotransferase ratio was associated with lower odds of mortality.	Creatine	88-96	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	104-128
31905634-11	2019	In conclusion, an isolated elevation in alanine aminotransferase can occur in rhabdomyolysis, and it may be possible to anticipate the level of increase based on the peak creatine kinase.	Creatine	171-179	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	40-64
31655312-8	2019	In addition, TRPM2 knockout markedly improved renal dysfunction, as evidenced by the reduced serum creatine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) expression and enhanced Nephrin levels.	Creatine	99-107	transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 2	Mus musculus	13-18
31398432-9	2019	The difference in ADC was found to be statistically significant for the creatines, cholines, N-acetylaspartate, myo-inositol, and glutamate.	Creatine	72-81	antizyme inhibitor 2	Homo sapiens	18-21
31690348-3	2019	CASE PRESENTATION: A 24-year-old woman with a long-standing history of polio and a 2-year history of epilepsy developed a serious ADR after repeated exposure to oral clonazepam combined with sodium valproate that manifested as myotoxicity and elevated levels of creatine phosphokinase.	Creatine	262-270	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	130-133
31535220-1	2019	L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) is the main producer of the creatine precursor, guanidinoacetate (GAA), and L-homoarginine (hArg).	Creatine	73-81	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	39-43
31386833-0	2019	HbA1c adjusted by erythrocyte creatine is a useful glycemic control indicator in patients with hemolysis.	Creatine	30-38	hemoglobin subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
31570982-5	2019	Overexpression of XPO1 significantly attenuated the Dox-induced leakage of myocardial enzymes (creatine phosphokinase, creatine kinase-MB and lactate dehydrogenase) and cardiomyocyte apoptosis with the increased HAX-1 nuclear export.	Creatine	95-103	exportin 1	Rattus norvegicus	18-22
31570982-5	2019	Overexpression of XPO1 significantly attenuated the Dox-induced leakage of myocardial enzymes (creatine phosphokinase, creatine kinase-MB and lactate dehydrogenase) and cardiomyocyte apoptosis with the increased HAX-1 nuclear export.	Creatine	119-127	exportin 1	Rattus norvegicus	18-22
31542837-13	2019	This study demonstrated that IgAN patients with NS had higher serum creatine, lower eGFR, lower uric acid, more acute lesions and poor prognosis.	Creatine	68-76	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	29-33
31641386-5	2019	A creatine kinase isoenzyme/cardiac troponin I detection kit was used to show that lidocaine significantly reduced hypoxia-induced cardiac troponin 1 and creatine kinase-muscle/brain release in a dose-dependent manner.	Creatine	2-10	creatine kinase, M-type	Rattus norvegicus	154-176
31872611-10	2019	Creatine phosphate kinase( CK) was significantly higher than that of Qizu Xueyu group( P<0.	Creatine	0-8	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	27-29
31596311-8	2019	Creatine supplementation attenuated the decrease of wet weight and increased p-4EBP1 protein in the EDL muscle of HS rats.	Creatine	0-8	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	79-84
31596311-9	2019	Also, creatine increased mTOR and atrogin-1 expressions in the same muscle and condition.	Creatine	6-14	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Rattus norvegicus	25-29
31596311-9	2019	Also, creatine increased mTOR and atrogin-1 expressions in the same muscle and condition.	Creatine	6-14	F-box protein 32	Rattus norvegicus	34-43
31596311-10	2019	In the absence of HS, creatine supplementation increased FAK and decreased MGF expressions in the EDL muscle.	Creatine	22-30	protein tyrosine kinase 2	Rattus norvegicus	57-60
31596311-10	2019	In the absence of HS, creatine supplementation increased FAK and decreased MGF expressions in the EDL muscle.	Creatine	22-30	KIT ligand	Rattus norvegicus	75-78
31596311-12	2019	MuRF1 expression increased in the soleus muscle due to creatine supplementation in HS animals whereas atrogin-1 expression increased still further in this group compared with untreated HS rats.	Creatine	55-63	tripartite motif containing 63	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
31533334-4	2019	Statins inhibit guanidinoacetate methyl transferase (GAMT), the last enzyme in the synthesis of creatine; thus, they decrease its intracellular content.	Creatine	96-104	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	16-51
31271215-13	2019	Besides, Cirbp-/- resulted in decreased levels of creatine kinase B, glycine amidinotransferase, adenosine triphosphate and creatine contents in the intestine, affecting energy metabolism and balance, which is associated with the maintenance of epithelial barrier during acute injury.	Creatine	50-58	cold inducible RNA binding protein	Rattus norvegicus	9-14
31741824-5	2019	Here, we report two MPDU1-CDG patients without skin involvement, but with massive dilatation of the biliary duct system and dystroglycanopathy characteristics including hypotonia, elevated creatine kinase, dilated cardiomyopathy, buphthalmos, and congenital glaucoma.	Creatine	189-197	mannose-P-dolichol utilization defect 1	Homo sapiens	20-25
31533334-4	2019	Statins inhibit guanidinoacetate methyl transferase (GAMT), the last enzyme in the synthesis of creatine; thus, they decrease its intracellular content.	Creatine	96-104	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	53-57
31315971-7	2019	RESULTS: Asymptomatic MAPT mutation carriers had lower neuronal marker N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr) (p = 0.001) and lower NAA/myo-inositol (mI) (p = 0.026) than noncarriers after adjustment for age.	Creatine	95-103	microtubule associated protein tau	Homo sapiens	22-26
31315971-7	2019	RESULTS: Asymptomatic MAPT mutation carriers had lower neuronal marker N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr) (p = 0.001) and lower NAA/myo-inositol (mI) (p = 0.026) than noncarriers after adjustment for age.	Creatine	105-107	microtubule associated protein tau	Homo sapiens	22-26
31315971-8	2019	Symptomatic MAPT mutation carriers had lower NAA/Cr (p = 0.01) and NAA/mI (p = 0.01) and higher mI/Cr (p = 0.02) compared to noncarriers after adjustment for age.	Creatine	49-51	microtubule associated protein tau	Homo sapiens	12-16
31315971-8	2019	Symptomatic MAPT mutation carriers had lower NAA/Cr (p = 0.01) and NAA/mI (p = 0.01) and higher mI/Cr (p = 0.02) compared to noncarriers after adjustment for age.	Creatine	99-101	microtubule associated protein tau	Homo sapiens	12-16
31516913-8	2019	Baseline NfL levels were associated with worse pretreatment disease measures (Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS], relapses, MRI lesions, and MR spectroscopy (MRS) N-acetylaspartate/creatine).	Creatine	186-194	neurofilament light chain	Homo sapiens	9-12
31399282-0	2019	Slc6a8-Mediated Creatine Uptake and Accumulation Reprogram Macrophage Polarization via Regulating Cytokine Responses.	Creatine	16-24	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	0-6
31399282-4	2019	Here, genetic, genomic, metabolic, and immunological analyses revealed that creatine reprogrammed macrophage polarization by suppressing M(interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) yet promoting M(interleukin-4 [IL-4]) effector functions.	Creatine	76-84	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	157-166
31399282-4	2019	Here, genetic, genomic, metabolic, and immunological analyses revealed that creatine reprogrammed macrophage polarization by suppressing M(interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) yet promoting M(interleukin-4 [IL-4]) effector functions.	Creatine	76-84	interleukin 4	Homo sapiens	185-198
31399282-4	2019	Here, genetic, genomic, metabolic, and immunological analyses revealed that creatine reprogrammed macrophage polarization by suppressing M(interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) yet promoting M(interleukin-4 [IL-4]) effector functions.	Creatine	76-84	interleukin 4	Homo sapiens	200-204
31399282-5	2019	Mechanistically, creatine inhibited the induction of immune effector molecules, including iNOS, by suppressing IFN-gamma-JAK-STAT1 transcription-factor signaling while supporting IL-4-STAT6-activated arginase 1 expression by promoting chromatin remodeling.	Creatine	17-25	inositol-3-phosphate synthase 1	Homo sapiens	90-94
31399282-5	2019	Mechanistically, creatine inhibited the induction of immune effector molecules, including iNOS, by suppressing IFN-gamma-JAK-STAT1 transcription-factor signaling while supporting IL-4-STAT6-activated arginase 1 expression by promoting chromatin remodeling.	Creatine	17-25	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	111-120
31399282-5	2019	Mechanistically, creatine inhibited the induction of immune effector molecules, including iNOS, by suppressing IFN-gamma-JAK-STAT1 transcription-factor signaling while supporting IL-4-STAT6-activated arginase 1 expression by promoting chromatin remodeling.	Creatine	17-25	signal transducer and activator of transcription 1	Homo sapiens	125-130
31399282-5	2019	Mechanistically, creatine inhibited the induction of immune effector molecules, including iNOS, by suppressing IFN-gamma-JAK-STAT1 transcription-factor signaling while supporting IL-4-STAT6-activated arginase 1 expression by promoting chromatin remodeling.	Creatine	17-25	interleukin 4	Homo sapiens	179-183
31399282-5	2019	Mechanistically, creatine inhibited the induction of immune effector molecules, including iNOS, by suppressing IFN-gamma-JAK-STAT1 transcription-factor signaling while supporting IL-4-STAT6-activated arginase 1 expression by promoting chromatin remodeling.	Creatine	17-25	arginase 1	Homo sapiens	200-210
31399282-6	2019	Depletion of intracellular creatine by ablation of the creatine transporter Slc6a8 altered macrophage-mediated immune responses in vivo.	Creatine	27-35	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	76-82
31399282-7	2019	These results uncover a previously uncharacterized role for creatine in macrophage polarization by modulating cellular responses to cytokines such as IFN-gamma and IL-4.	Creatine	60-68	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	150-159
31399282-7	2019	These results uncover a previously uncharacterized role for creatine in macrophage polarization by modulating cellular responses to cytokines such as IFN-gamma and IL-4.	Creatine	60-68	interleukin 4	Homo sapiens	164-168
31325458-20	2019	Knocking out UCP1 has revealed other sources of heat production in BAT including creatine-dependent cycles and a futile cycle of Ca2+ shuttling into and out of the endoplasmic reticulum via the SERCA and ryanodine receptors.	Creatine	81-89	uncoupling protein 1 (mitochondrial, proton carrier)	Mus musculus	13-17
30888047-0	2019	Creatine supplementation impairs airway inflammation in an experimental model of asthma involving P2 x 7 receptor.	Creatine	0-8	purinergic receptor P2X 7	Homo sapiens	98-113
30885992-0	2019	Adaptation to HIF1alpha Deletion in Hypoxic Cancer Cells by Upregulation of GLUT14 and Creatine Metabolism.	Creatine	87-95	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	14-23
33467377-0	2019	Changes in Fat Mass Following Creatine Supplementation and Resistance Training in Adults >=50 Years of Age: A Meta-Analysis.	Creatine	30-38	FAT atypical cadherin 1	Homo sapiens	11-14
33467377-4	2019	Thus, the combination of creatine supplementation and resistance training may decrease fat mass more than resistance training alone.	Creatine	25-33	FAT atypical cadherin 1	Homo sapiens	87-90
33467377-5	2019	The purpose of this review is two-fold: (1) to perform meta-analyses on studies involving creatine supplementation during resistance training on fat mass in adults >=50 years of age, and (2) to discuss possible mechanistic actions of creatine on reducing fat mass.	Creatine	90-98	FAT atypical cadherin 1	Homo sapiens	145-148
33467377-5	2019	The purpose of this review is two-fold: (1) to perform meta-analyses on studies involving creatine supplementation during resistance training on fat mass in adults >=50 years of age, and (2) to discuss possible mechanistic actions of creatine on reducing fat mass.	Creatine	234-242	FAT atypical cadherin 1	Homo sapiens	255-258
33467377-7	2019	Results from the meta-analyses showed that adults >=50 years of age who supplemented with creatine during resistance training experienced a greater reduction in body fat percentage (0.55%, p = 0.04) compared to those on placebo during resistance training.	Creatine	90-98	FAT atypical cadherin 1	Homo sapiens	166-169
33467377-8	2019	Despite no statistical difference (p = 0.13), adults supplementing with creatine lost ~0.5 kg more fat mass compared to those on placebo.	Creatine	72-80	FAT atypical cadherin 1	Homo sapiens	99-102
33467377-9	2019	Interestingly, there are studies which have linked mechanism(s) explaining how creatine may influence fat mass, and these data are also discussed.	Creatine	79-87	FAT atypical cadherin 1	Homo sapiens	102-105
30789221-4	2019	In the GAA-free group, a 3-h transport increased the broiler live weight loss, elevated the plasma corticosterone concentration, decreased the plasma glucose concentration, muscle concentrations of ATP, creatine and energy charge value, increased the muscle AMP concentration and AMP/ATP ratio, and accelerated glycolysis metabolism, which resulted in inferior meat quality (lower pH and higher drip loss, P &lt; 0.05).	Creatine	203-211	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	7-10
31319541-7	2019	GLUT2 reduction was abolished by creatine, while the presence of creatine did not induce any strengthening effect on the expression of SGLT1 in either the control or chronic acidosis groups.	Creatine	33-41	solute carrier family 2 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
31028716-3	2019	GAA is converted to creatine (N-methyl guanidinoacetate) by guanidinoacetate N-methyl-transferase (GAMT).	Creatine	20-28	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	60-97
31028716-3	2019	GAA is converted to creatine (N-methyl guanidinoacetate) by guanidinoacetate N-methyl-transferase (GAMT).	Creatine	20-28	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	99-103
31054369-3	2019	The goal of this study is to develop an improved therapy that co-delivers a novel bioengineered miRNA prodrug (tRNA-mir-34a) and doxorubicin (DOX) via a multifunctional nanomicellar carrier that is based on a conjugate of amphiphilic copolymer POEG-VBC backbone with creatine, a naturally occurring cationic molecule.	Creatine	267-275	microRNA 34a	Homo sapiens	116-123
31348313-1	2019	Solute carrier family 16, member 12 (SLC16A12) is a highly -expressed protein in the kidney and has been reported to participate in the transport of creatine.	Creatine	149-157	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	0-35
31348313-1	2019	Solute carrier family 16, member 12 (SLC16A12) is a highly -expressed protein in the kidney and has been reported to participate in the transport of creatine.	Creatine	149-157	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	37-45
30742861-9	2019	Furthermore, creatine supplementation also protected against the reduction of GAD67 levels, GAD activity and specific [3H]flunitrazepam binding in the hippocampus.	Creatine	13-21	glutamate decarboxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	78-83
30888047-3	2019	We used murine model of OVA-induced chronic asthma and showed that Cr supplementation increased total proteins, ATP level, lymphocytes, macrophages, and IL-5 levels in BALF, as well as IL-5 in the supernatant of re-stimulated mediastinal lymph nodes.	Creatine	67-69	interleukin 5	Mus musculus	153-157
30888047-3	2019	We used murine model of OVA-induced chronic asthma and showed that Cr supplementation increased total proteins, ATP level, lymphocytes, macrophages, and IL-5 levels in BALF, as well as IL-5 in the supernatant of re-stimulated mediastinal lymph nodes.	Creatine	67-69	interleukin 5	Mus musculus	185-189
30888047-5	2019	Cr augmented the expression of P2 x 7 receptor by peribronchial leukocytes and by epithelial cells, and increased the accumulation of eosinophils in peribronchial space and of collagen fibers in airway wall.	Creatine	0-2	purinergic receptor P2X 7	Homo sapiens	31-46
30888047-6	2019	In human cells, while Cr induced a release of ATP, IL-6, and IL-8 from BEAS-2B cells, whole blood cells, such as eosinophils, and CD4+ T cells, P2 x 7 receptor inhibitor (A740003) reduced such effects, as denoted by reduced levels of ATP, IL-6, and IL-8.	Creatine	22-24	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	51-55
30888047-6	2019	In human cells, while Cr induced a release of ATP, IL-6, and IL-8 from BEAS-2B cells, whole blood cells, such as eosinophils, and CD4+ T cells, P2 x 7 receptor inhibitor (A740003) reduced such effects, as denoted by reduced levels of ATP, IL-6, and IL-8.	Creatine	22-24	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	61-65
30888047-6	2019	In human cells, while Cr induced a release of ATP, IL-6, and IL-8 from BEAS-2B cells, whole blood cells, such as eosinophils, and CD4+ T cells, P2 x 7 receptor inhibitor (A740003) reduced such effects, as denoted by reduced levels of ATP, IL-6, and IL-8.	Creatine	22-24	purinergic receptor P2X 7	Homo sapiens	144-159
30888047-6	2019	In human cells, while Cr induced a release of ATP, IL-6, and IL-8 from BEAS-2B cells, whole blood cells, such as eosinophils, and CD4+ T cells, P2 x 7 receptor inhibitor (A740003) reduced such effects, as denoted by reduced levels of ATP, IL-6, and IL-8.	Creatine	22-24	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	239-243
30888047-6	2019	In human cells, while Cr induced a release of ATP, IL-6, and IL-8 from BEAS-2B cells, whole blood cells, such as eosinophils, and CD4+ T cells, P2 x 7 receptor inhibitor (A740003) reduced such effects, as denoted by reduced levels of ATP, IL-6, and IL-8.	Creatine	22-24	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	249-253
30948375-6	2019	RESULTS: In vivo creatine concentrations were higher in tumors that demonstrated achaete-scute homolog 1 expression compared with those without achaete-scute homolog 1 expression (3.42 +- 1.1 versus 1.8 +- 0.8 IU, P &lt; .01).	Creatine	17-25	achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens	81-104
31083291-7	2019	Endogenous creatine synthesis involves two enzymatic steps, of which the first step is a metabolic function of the kidney facilitated by the enzyme arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT).	Creatine	11-19	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	148-183
30941826-7	2019	As GAA inclusion increased, the contents of creatine in plasma and kidney were increased (linear, p &lt; 0.01), while the contents of GAA and creatine in liver were decreased (linear, p &lt; 0.01).	Creatine	44-52	alpha glucosidase 2	Gallus gallus	3-6
30941826-7	2019	As GAA inclusion increased, the contents of creatine in plasma and kidney were increased (linear, p &lt; 0.01), while the contents of GAA and creatine in liver were decreased (linear, p &lt; 0.01).	Creatine	142-150	alpha glucosidase 2	Gallus gallus	3-6
30941826-13	2019	In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 600-1,200 mg/kg GAA can effectively improve the growth performance in broiler chickens by affecting creatine metabolism and utilization efficiency of essential AA, and 600 mg/kg GAA is the minimum dose for improving performance.	Creatine	142-150	alpha glucosidase 2	Gallus gallus	58-61
28971744-4	2019	Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), a direct metabolic precursor of creatine, has recently been suggested as a possible alternative to creatine to tackle brain creatine levels in experimental medicine.	Creatine	60-68	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	22-25
31001069-5	2019	In parallel MR spectroscopy experiments, we found that CNO reduced creatine + phosphcreatine (Cr+PCr) and increased N-acetylaspartate + N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAA+NAAG) signals in the prefrontal cortex, and also reduced the glutamate signal in dorsal striatum, with peak effect at 2 mg/kg.	Creatine	67-75	biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex 1 subunit 4	Rattus norvegicus	55-58
30684913-10	2019	S100A11 was related to the levels of AST (r = 0.412, p = 0.027) in PM and to the levels of creatine phosphokinase (r = 0.432, p = 0.028) in CAM patients.	Creatine	91-99	S100 calcium binding protein A11	Homo sapiens	0-7
30475266-8	2019	RESULTS: Baseline adjusted regression models for neopterin, NFL, and tat showed that a higher CSF BcL11b was consistently associated with lower FWM creatine (when adjusted for neopterin: beta = -0.30, P = 0.15; when adjusted for NFL: beta = -0.47, P = 0.04; and when adjusted for tat: beta = -0.47, P = 0.02).	Creatine	148-156	BAF chromatin remodeling complex subunit BCL11B	Homo sapiens	98-104
30475266-9	2019	In longitudinal analyses, we found no time effect, but a consistent BcL11b altering effect on FWM creatine.	Creatine	98-106	BAF chromatin remodeling complex subunit BCL11B	Homo sapiens	68-74
29981000-6	2019	CCR2 was associated with neuronal damage, based on the inverse correlation of CCR2 on CD14+CD16+ monocytes with total N-Acetyl Aspartate (tNAA)/total Creatine (tCr) (r2 = 0.348, p = 0.01) and Glutamine-Glutamate (Glx)/tCr (r2 = 0.356, p = 0.01) in the right and left caudate nucleus, respectively.	Creatine	150-158	C-C motif chemokine receptor 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
30945499-11	2019	In comparison with the model group, PC6-EA preconditioning induced significant changes, including an increase of glucose, and a decrease of leucine,isoleucine, valine,3-hydroxybutyric acid,lactate,acetate,acetone,acetoacetate acid,pyruvic acid,glutamine,creatine and glycerol.	Creatine	254-262	proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 5	Rattus norvegicus	36-39
29981000-6	2019	CCR2 was associated with neuronal damage, based on the inverse correlation of CCR2 on CD14+CD16+ monocytes with total N-Acetyl Aspartate (tNAA)/total Creatine (tCr) (r2 = 0.348, p = 0.01) and Glutamine-Glutamate (Glx)/tCr (r2 = 0.356, p = 0.01) in the right and left caudate nucleus, respectively.	Creatine	150-158	C-C motif chemokine receptor 2	Homo sapiens	78-82
29981000-6	2019	CCR2 was associated with neuronal damage, based on the inverse correlation of CCR2 on CD14+CD16+ monocytes with total N-Acetyl Aspartate (tNAA)/total Creatine (tCr) (r2 = 0.348, p = 0.01) and Glutamine-Glutamate (Glx)/tCr (r2 = 0.356, p = 0.01) in the right and left caudate nucleus, respectively.	Creatine	150-158	CD14 molecule	Homo sapiens	86-90
29981000-6	2019	CCR2 was associated with neuronal damage, based on the inverse correlation of CCR2 on CD14+CD16+ monocytes with total N-Acetyl Aspartate (tNAA)/total Creatine (tCr) (r2 = 0.348, p = 0.01) and Glutamine-Glutamate (Glx)/tCr (r2 = 0.356, p = 0.01) in the right and left caudate nucleus, respectively.	Creatine	150-158	Fc gamma receptor IIIa	Homo sapiens	91-95
30170305-1	2019	PURPOSE: Co-administration of creatine and guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) has been recently put forward as an advanced dietary strategy to optimize tissue bioenergetics.	Creatine	30-38	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	65-68
29665708-0	2019	Cho/Cr ratio at MR spectroscopy as a biomarker for cellular proliferation activity and prognosis in glioma: correlation with the expression of minichromosome maintenance protein 2.	Creatine	4-6	minichromosome maintenance complex component 2	Homo sapiens	143-179
29665708-8	2019	RESULTS: Significant correlation was observed between the Cho/Cr ratio and MCM2 LI ( r = 0.522, P &lt; 0.01); however, there was no correlation between MCM2 LI and the Cho/NAA or NAA/Cr ratios ( r = 0.295, P = 0.55 and r = -0.042, P = 0.788, respectively).	Creatine	62-64	minichromosome maintenance complex component 2	Homo sapiens	75-79
30306852-6	2019	More specifically, GSK-3beta-sensitive cellular transport regulation involves various calcium, chloride, sodium, and potassium ion channels, as well as a number of Na+-coupled cellular carriers including excitatory amino acid transporters EAAT2, 3 and 4, high-affinity Na+ coupled glucose carriers SGLT1, creatine transporter 1 CreaT1, and the type II sodium/phosphate cotransporter NaPi-IIa.	Creatine	305-313	glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha	Homo sapiens	19-28
30370846-2	2019	These processes involve the use of the ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC), an enzyme from the urea cycle or the arginine: glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), an enzyme from the creatine biosynthesis pathway.	Creatine	175-183	ornithine transcarbamylase	Homo sapiens	39-66
30370846-2	2019	These processes involve the use of the ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC), an enzyme from the urea cycle or the arginine: glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), an enzyme from the creatine biosynthesis pathway.	Creatine	175-183	ornithine transcarbamylase	Homo sapiens	68-71
30370846-2	2019	These processes involve the use of the ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC), an enzyme from the urea cycle or the arginine: glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), an enzyme from the creatine biosynthesis pathway.	Creatine	175-183	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	111-147
30370846-2	2019	These processes involve the use of the ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC), an enzyme from the urea cycle or the arginine: glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), an enzyme from the creatine biosynthesis pathway.	Creatine	175-183	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	149-153
30939483-8	2019	However, given the mode of action of SGLT2 blockers, initiation of a therapy with a SGLT2 blocker will cause an increase of creatine because of its effects on the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms/glomerular hemodynamics like RAAS blocking agents do.	Creatine	124-132	solute carrier family 5 member 2	Homo sapiens	37-42
30939483-8	2019	However, given the mode of action of SGLT2 blockers, initiation of a therapy with a SGLT2 blocker will cause an increase of creatine because of its effects on the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms/glomerular hemodynamics like RAAS blocking agents do.	Creatine	124-132	solute carrier family 5 member 2	Homo sapiens	84-89
30170305-2	2019	We hypothesized that creatine-GAA mixture would result in a more powerful rise in brain and skeletal muscle creatine, as compared to creatine supplementation alone.	Creatine	21-29	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	30-33
30170305-2	2019	We hypothesized that creatine-GAA mixture would result in a more powerful rise in brain and skeletal muscle creatine, as compared to creatine supplementation alone.	Creatine	108-116	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	30-33
30170305-2	2019	We hypothesized that creatine-GAA mixture would result in a more powerful rise in brain and skeletal muscle creatine, as compared to creatine supplementation alone.	Creatine	108-116	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	30-33
30170305-4	2019	A total of 14 healthy young men were randomized to receive GAA-creatine mixture (1 grams of GAA and 3 grams of creatine per day) or equimolar creatine (4 grams per day) by oral administration for 4 weeks.	Creatine	63-71	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	59-62
30170305-5	2019	RESULTS: Creatine-GAA mixture was superior to creatine alone to increase mean creatine levels in skeletal muscle (16.9 +- 20.2 vs. 2.0 +- 6.0%; P = 0.02) and grey matter (5.8 +- 5.3% vs. 1.5 +- 3.2%; P = 0.02), also for bench press performance (6.0% vs. 5.1%; P &lt; 0.01).	Creatine	9-17	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	18-21
30170305-5	2019	RESULTS: Creatine-GAA mixture was superior to creatine alone to increase mean creatine levels in skeletal muscle (16.9 +- 20.2 vs. 2.0 +- 6.0%; P = 0.02) and grey matter (5.8 +- 5.3% vs. 1.5 +- 3.2%; P = 0.02), also for bench press performance (6.0% vs. 5.1%; P &lt; 0.01).	Creatine	78-86	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	18-21
30170305-8	2019	CONCLUSIONS: Creatine-GAA mixture appeared to be superior to creatine alone for up-swinging tissue creatine content and upper body strength, and tended toward a lower risk of weight gain in healthy active men.	Creatine	13-21	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	22-25
30170305-8	2019	CONCLUSIONS: Creatine-GAA mixture appeared to be superior to creatine alone for up-swinging tissue creatine content and upper body strength, and tended toward a lower risk of weight gain in healthy active men.	Creatine	99-107	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	22-25
30517893-0	2018	HER2 Signaling Hijacks the Creatine Shuttle to Fuel Breast Cancer Cell Growth.	Creatine	27-35	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
29665708-11	2019	CONCLUSION: Cho/Cr ratio has a potential in predicting the expression of MCM2 and can evaluate cell proliferative activity noninvasively.	Creatine	16-18	minichromosome maintenance complex component 2	Homo sapiens	73-77
30376410-9	2019	Additionally, choline/creatine and lipid/creatine ratios were respectively significantly associated with Bax-positive grade.	Creatine	22-30	apoptosis regulator BAX	Oryctolagus cuniculus	105-108
30376410-9	2019	Additionally, choline/creatine and lipid/creatine ratios were respectively significantly associated with Bax-positive grade.	Creatine	41-49	apoptosis regulator BAX	Oryctolagus cuniculus	105-108
31559727-4	2019	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	95-103	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-34
31559727-4	2019	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	95-103	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	36-40
30930376-5	2019	Cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes are caused by loss-of-function mutations in the creatine transporter (CRT; SLC6A8), which transports creatine at the BBB.	Creatine	9-17	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	114-120
30930376-5	2019	Cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes are caused by loss-of-function mutations in the creatine transporter (CRT; SLC6A8), which transports creatine at the BBB.	Creatine	87-95	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	114-120
30174304-4	2018	Inhibition of the phosphocreatine energy shuttle by MtCK1 knockdown or with the creatine analog cyclocreatine decreases proliferation of trastuzumab-sensitive and -resistant HER2+ cell lines in culture and in xenografts.	Creatine	25-33	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	174-178
29863586-10	2018	Bcl-2 was unchanged in the placebo group but substantially increased (P &lt; 0.05) in the creatine group.	Creatine	90-98	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	0-5
29753049-15	2018	This study provides the first evidence of the antidepressive-like effects of creatine in Ass1-40-treated mice, which were accompanied by hippocampal inhibition of GSK-3beta and modulation of antioxidant defenses.	Creatine	77-85	argininosuccinate synthetase 1	Mus musculus	89-93
30402830-7	2018	MiR-155 inhibitor suppressed miR-155 expression, increased FOXO3a level and placental tissue morphology by HE staining, and depressed blood pressure as well as serum creatine level.	Creatine	166-174	microRNA 155	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
30286093-0	2018	High-fat diet suppresses the positive effect of creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle function by reducing protein expression of IGF-PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway.	Creatine	48-56	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Rattus norvegicus	148-152
30173511-5	2018	Moreover, CMH and GAA supplementation increased the concentrations of creatine and phosphocreatine and the mRNA expressions of guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase and creatine transporter in longissimus dorsi muscle, semitendinosus muscle, liver, or kidneys and decreased the mRNA expressions of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase in kidneys.	Creatine	70-78	alpha glucosidase	Sus scrofa	18-21
30173511-6	2018	In conclusion, CMH and GAA supplementation could improve the growth performance and meat quality and alter creatine metabolism of finishing pigs.	Creatine	107-115	alpha glucosidase	Sus scrofa	23-26
29421315-3	2018	The activities of alpha-fucosidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase and alpha-mannosidase were determined by colorimetric method and expressed in pKat/mug of creatine (pKat/mug Cr.).	Creatine	165-173	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	36-54
29785580-5	2018	Several factors, such as gender, race, cardiovascular disease, and the GATM gene, which encodes a protein for creatine synthesis, appeared to be protective in terms of the outcomes of interest.	Creatine	110-118	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	71-75
30005372-0	2018	Subchronic administration of creatine produces antidepressant-like effect by modulating hippocampal signaling pathway mediated by FNDC5/BDNF/Akt in mice.	Creatine	29-37	fibronectin type III domain containing 5	Mus musculus	130-135
30005372-0	2018	Subchronic administration of creatine produces antidepressant-like effect by modulating hippocampal signaling pathway mediated by FNDC5/BDNF/Akt in mice.	Creatine	29-37	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	136-140
30005372-0	2018	Subchronic administration of creatine produces antidepressant-like effect by modulating hippocampal signaling pathway mediated by FNDC5/BDNF/Akt in mice.	Creatine	29-37	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	141-144
30005372-6	2018	Creatine administration increased the ubiquitous creatine kinase (uCK) and creatine kinase brain isoform (CK-B) mRNA in the hippocampus of mice.	Creatine	0-8	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	75-110
30005372-10	2018	Creatine treatment increased PGC-1alpha, FNDC5 and BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus as well as BDNF immunocontent.	Creatine	0-8	peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha	Mus musculus	29-39
30005372-10	2018	Creatine treatment increased PGC-1alpha, FNDC5 and BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus as well as BDNF immunocontent.	Creatine	0-8	fibronectin type III domain containing 5	Mus musculus	41-46
30005372-10	2018	Creatine treatment increased PGC-1alpha, FNDC5 and BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus as well as BDNF immunocontent.	Creatine	0-8	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	51-55
30005372-10	2018	Creatine treatment increased PGC-1alpha, FNDC5 and BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus as well as BDNF immunocontent.	Creatine	0-8	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	91-95
30005372-12	2018	Creatine increased Akt phosphorylation (Ser 473), and Bcl2 mRNA and protein levels, and Bcl-xL mRNA, whereas BAD mRNA was decreased following creatine administration in the hippocampus.	Creatine	0-8	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	19-22
30005372-12	2018	Creatine increased Akt phosphorylation (Ser 473), and Bcl2 mRNA and protein levels, and Bcl-xL mRNA, whereas BAD mRNA was decreased following creatine administration in the hippocampus.	Creatine	0-8	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	54-58
30005372-13	2018	Altogether these results indicate that creatine antidepressant-like effect may be dependent on Akt activation and increased expression of the neuroprotective proteins in the hippocampus of mice.	Creatine	39-47	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	95-98
29753049-0	2018	Antidepressant effects of creatine on amyloid beta1-40-treated mice: The role of GSK-3beta/Nrf2 pathway.	Creatine	26-34	hemoglobin, beta adult major chain	Mus musculus	46-51
29753049-4	2018	Here, we investigated the ability of creatine, a compound with neuroprotective and antidepressant properties, to counteract amyloid beta1-40 peptide-induced depressive-like behavior in mice.	Creatine	37-45	hemoglobin, beta adult major chain	Mus musculus	132-137
29753049-5	2018	Moreover, we addressed the participation of the intracellular signaling pathway mediated by glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta)/nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the creatine effects.	Creatine	193-201	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Mus musculus	92-122
29753049-5	2018	Moreover, we addressed the participation of the intracellular signaling pathway mediated by glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta)/nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the creatine effects.	Creatine	193-201	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Mus musculus	124-133
29753049-5	2018	Moreover, we addressed the participation of the intracellular signaling pathway mediated by glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta)/nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the creatine effects.	Creatine	193-201	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	135-178
29753049-5	2018	Moreover, we addressed the participation of the intracellular signaling pathway mediated by glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta)/nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the creatine effects.	Creatine	193-201	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	180-184
29753049-12	2018	However, Ass1-40-infused mice treated with creatine (0.01 mg/kg) presented increased phosphorylation of GSK-3beta(Ser9) and HO-1 immunocontent in the hippocampus.	Creatine	43-51	argininosuccinate synthetase 1	Mus musculus	9-13
29753049-12	2018	However, Ass1-40-infused mice treated with creatine (0.01 mg/kg) presented increased phosphorylation of GSK-3beta(Ser9) and HO-1 immunocontent in the hippocampus.	Creatine	43-51	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Mus musculus	104-113
29753049-14	2018	In addition, Ass1-40 administration increased hippocampal glutathione (GSH) levels as well as glutathione reductase (GR) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activities, and these effects were abolished by creatine and fluoxetine.	Creatine	202-210	argininosuccinate synthetase 1	Mus musculus	13-17
29753049-14	2018	In addition, Ass1-40 administration increased hippocampal glutathione (GSH) levels as well as glutathione reductase (GR) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activities, and these effects were abolished by creatine and fluoxetine.	Creatine	202-210	glutathione reductase	Mus musculus	94-115
29753049-14	2018	In addition, Ass1-40 administration increased hippocampal glutathione (GSH) levels as well as glutathione reductase (GR) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activities, and these effects were abolished by creatine and fluoxetine.	Creatine	202-210	peroxiredoxin 2	Mus musculus	125-146
29753049-15	2018	This study provides the first evidence of the antidepressive-like effects of creatine in Ass1-40-treated mice, which were accompanied by hippocampal inhibition of GSK-3beta and modulation of antioxidant defenses.	Creatine	77-85	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Mus musculus	163-172
29438510-4	2018	Results: The optimal 2HG/creatine thresholds of SVS and 75th percentile CSI for IDH mutations were 0.11 and 0.23, respectively.	Creatine	25-33	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	80-83
29421315-3	2018	The activities of alpha-fucosidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase and alpha-mannosidase were determined by colorimetric method and expressed in pKat/mug of creatine (pKat/mug Cr.).	Creatine	165-173	glucuronidase beta	Homo sapiens	56-74
29095812-2	2018	METHODS: The new marker is a ratio calculated between the creatine/creatinine (Cre/Crn) ratio as the numerator and the activity of acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) as the denominator.	Creatine	58-66	crooked neck pre-mRNA splicing factor 1	Homo sapiens	83-86
29675916-7	2018	In addition, significant positive correlations were observed between ApoA4 and blood urea nitrogen levels and between ApoA4 and creatine levels, while significant negative correlations were seen between serum protein levels and between serum albumin levels in comparisons of DM and DN samples.	Creatine	128-136	apolipoprotein A4	Homo sapiens	118-123
30013483-2	2018	L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase are responsible for endogenous creatine synthesis.	Creatine	117-125	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	0-37
30013483-2	2018	L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase are responsible for endogenous creatine synthesis.	Creatine	117-125	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	49-85
30013483-6	2018	Unfortunately, very limited data concerning muscle creatine levels and functions are available from patients with CT1 deficiency.	Creatine	51-59	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	114-117
29384270-0	2018	Cognitive deficits and increases in creatine precursors in a brain-specific knockout of the creatine transporter gene Slc6a8.	Creatine	36-44	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, creatine), member 8	Mus musculus	118-124
29384270-3	2018	Slc6a8-/y mice lacked whole body Cr and exhibited cognitive deficits.	Creatine	33-35	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, creatine), member 8	Mus musculus	0-6
29384270-11	2018	The results show that the loss of cerebral Cr is responsible for the learning and memory deficits seen in ubiquitous Slc6a8-/y mice.	Creatine	43-45	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, creatine), member 8	Mus musculus	117-123
29654216-4	2018	Structural studies examined the effects of recognized mutations.Results The renal disease in these patients resulted from monoallelic mutations in the gene encoding glycine amidinotransferase (GATM), a renal proximal tubular enzyme in the creatine biosynthetic pathway that is otherwise associated with a recessive disorder of creatine deficiency.	Creatine	239-247	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	165-191
29654216-4	2018	Structural studies examined the effects of recognized mutations.Results The renal disease in these patients resulted from monoallelic mutations in the gene encoding glycine amidinotransferase (GATM), a renal proximal tubular enzyme in the creatine biosynthetic pathway that is otherwise associated with a recessive disorder of creatine deficiency.	Creatine	239-247	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	193-197
30149419-0	2018	Regular exercise and creatine supplementation prevent chronic mild stress-induced decrease in hippocampal neurogenesis via Wnt/GSK3beta/beta-catenin pathway.	Creatine	21-29	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Homo sapiens	127-135
30149419-0	2018	Regular exercise and creatine supplementation prevent chronic mild stress-induced decrease in hippocampal neurogenesis via Wnt/GSK3beta/beta-catenin pathway.	Creatine	21-29	catenin beta 1	Homo sapiens	136-148
30149419-6	2018	Therefore, we examined whether regular exercise and/or creatine was closely associated with the activity of the Wnt/GSK3beta/beta-catenin pathway in the hippocampal DG.	Creatine	55-63	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Homo sapiens	116-124
30149419-11	2018	RESULTS: Chronic mild stress-induced increase in immobility in the TST and FST were restored by treadmill running and/or creatine supplementation.	Creatine	121-129	thiosulfate sulfurtransferase	Homo sapiens	67-70
30149419-14	2018	CONCLUSION: Regular exercise combined with creatine supplementation had a greater effect on hippocampal neurogenesis via the Wnt/GSK3beta/beta-catenin pathway activation compared with each treatment in chronic mild stress-induced behavioral depression.	Creatine	43-51	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Homo sapiens	129-137
30149419-14	2018	CONCLUSION: Regular exercise combined with creatine supplementation had a greater effect on hippocampal neurogenesis via the Wnt/GSK3beta/beta-catenin pathway activation compared with each treatment in chronic mild stress-induced behavioral depression.	Creatine	43-51	catenin beta 1	Homo sapiens	138-150
29997512-10	2018	Diet supplementation with the antioxidants CoQ10 or creatine fully reversed all pravastatin effects (reduced H2O2 generation, susceptibility to MPT and normalized aconitase and G6PD activity).	Creatine	52-60	glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 2	Mus musculus	177-181
29675916-9	2018	Levels of ApoA4 were positively correlated with blood urea nitrogen and creatine, but negatively correlated with serum protein and albumin.	Creatine	72-80	apolipoprotein A4	Homo sapiens	10-15
29570846-6	2018	RESULTS: Creatine supplementation led to an overall improvement in the motor phenotype of CMVMJD135 mice in both trials, rescuing motor balance and coordination and also restored brain weight, mitigated astrogliosis, and preserved Calbindin-positive cells in the cerebellum.	Creatine	9-17	calbindin 1	Mus musculus	231-240
29946338-4	2018	It is also believed that the lactate-to-creatine (Lac/Cr) ratio can be used as a biomarker to evaluate apoptosis in glioma cells after X-ray irradiation.	Creatine	40-48	lactase	Homo sapiens	50-53
29438199-9	2018	A greater increase in frontal grey matter N-acetyl aspartate/creatine ratio was observed in Arm1 [ratio change of 0.071 (SD 0.16)] versus Arm2 [change -0.097 (SD 0.18), P = 0.009], although this was not associated with changes in cognitive function (P = 0.17).	Creatine	61-69	ADRM1 26S proteasome ubiquitin receptor	Homo sapiens	92-96
29438199-9	2018	A greater increase in frontal grey matter N-acetyl aspartate/creatine ratio was observed in Arm1 [ratio change of 0.071 (SD 0.16)] versus Arm2 [change -0.097 (SD 0.18), P = 0.009], although this was not associated with changes in cognitive function (P = 0.17).	Creatine	61-69	Jupiter microtubule associated homolog 1	Homo sapiens	138-142
29438199-11	2018	Greater improvement in neuronal metabolites (N-acetyl aspartate/creatine) was observed with standard ART.	Creatine	64-72	artemin	Homo sapiens	101-104
29406829-3	2018	This implies deficient GAA availability in the human skeletal muscle, suggesting absent or negligible potential for creatine synthesis from GAA inside this tissue, even after GAA loading.	Creatine	116-124	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	140-143
29406829-3	2018	This implies deficient GAA availability in the human skeletal muscle, suggesting absent or negligible potential for creatine synthesis from GAA inside this tissue, even after GAA loading.	Creatine	116-124	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	140-143
29570846-8	2018	Creatine treatment also restored the expression of the mitochondrial mass marker Porin and reduced the expression of antioxidant enzymes Heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) and NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), suggesting a beneficial effect at the level of mitochondria and oxidative stress.	Creatine	0-8	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	137-153
29570846-8	2018	Creatine treatment also restored the expression of the mitochondrial mass marker Porin and reduced the expression of antioxidant enzymes Heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) and NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), suggesting a beneficial effect at the level of mitochondria and oxidative stress.	Creatine	0-8	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	155-158
29570846-8	2018	Creatine treatment also restored the expression of the mitochondrial mass marker Porin and reduced the expression of antioxidant enzymes Heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) and NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), suggesting a beneficial effect at the level of mitochondria and oxidative stress.	Creatine	0-8	NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1	Mus musculus	164-195
29570846-8	2018	Creatine treatment also restored the expression of the mitochondrial mass marker Porin and reduced the expression of antioxidant enzymes Heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) and NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), suggesting a beneficial effect at the level of mitochondria and oxidative stress.	Creatine	0-8	NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1	Mus musculus	197-201
29506702-9	2018	Moreover, in multivariable logistic regression analysis, decreased plasma NCAM-1 was significantly associated with increased risk of CAD (multivariable-adjusted odds ratios: 0.728; 95% confidence interval, 0.599-0.884, p=0.001), adjusting for age, gender, current smoking status, cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, creatine, homocysteine, cTnT, and NT-proBNP.	Creatine	316-324	neural cell adhesion molecule 1	Homo sapiens	74-80
29518282-7	2018	RESULTS: Abeta + regions had significantly higher (p = 0.02) mI/Cr and lower tNA/Cr (p = 0.02), whereas in hypometabolic areas only tNA/Cr was reduced (p = 0.003).	Creatine	64-66	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	9-14
29518282-7	2018	RESULTS: Abeta + regions had significantly higher (p = 0.02) mI/Cr and lower tNA/Cr (p = 0.02), whereas in hypometabolic areas only tNA/Cr was reduced (p = 0.003).	Creatine	81-83	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	9-14
29518282-7	2018	RESULTS: Abeta + regions had significantly higher (p = 0.02) mI/Cr and lower tNA/Cr (p = 0.02), whereas in hypometabolic areas only tNA/Cr was reduced (p = 0.003).	Creatine	81-83	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	9-14
29518282-11	2018	INTERPRETATION: mI/Cr has significant temporal and spatial associations with Abeta and could potentially be considered as a disease state biomarker.	Creatine	19-21	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	77-82
29477040-11	2018	While preliminary, this study warrants further research on the potential of creatine as an analgesic and can serve as a stepping stone for the development of ASIC-based therapeutics.	Creatine	76-84	acid-sensing (proton-gated) ion channel 1	Mus musculus	158-162
29339557-7	2018	Protein levels of CaMKII, PSD-95, and Complex 1 were increased in Cr-fed mice, whereas IkappaB was decreased.	Creatine	66-68	discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4	Mus musculus	26-32
29477040-2	2018	Creatine has the structural potential to interact with acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC), which have been involved in pain sensation modulation.	Creatine	0-8	acid-sensing (proton-gated) ion channel 1	Mus musculus	55-80
29477040-2	2018	Creatine has the structural potential to interact with acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC), which have been involved in pain sensation modulation.	Creatine	0-8	acid-sensing (proton-gated) ion channel 1	Mus musculus	82-86
29477040-10	2018	CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary data suggest a potential effect of creatine on inflammation-based nociception that may be mediated via ASIC3.	Creatine	66-74	acid-sensing (proton-gated) ion channel 3	Mus musculus	134-139
29506970-2	2018	Recent studies reported decreased intramuscular creatine levels in skeletal muscles in both patients with SBMA and transgenic mouse models of SBMA, which appears to contribute to muscle weakness.	Creatine	48-56	androgen receptor	Homo sapiens	106-110
29506970-2	2018	Recent studies reported decreased intramuscular creatine levels in skeletal muscles in both patients with SBMA and transgenic mouse models of SBMA, which appears to contribute to muscle weakness.	Creatine	48-56	androgen receptor	Homo sapiens	142-146
29506970-3	2018	OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to examine the efficacy and safety of oral creatine supplementation to improve motor function in patients with SBMA.	Creatine	78-86	androgen receptor	Homo sapiens	146-150
29506970-4	2018	METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-armed clinical trial was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of creatine therapy in patients with SBMA.	Creatine	135-143	androgen receptor	Homo sapiens	169-173
29506970-12	2018	CONCLUSIONS: This is the first clinical trial evaluating creatine therapy in SBMA.	Creatine	57-65	androgen receptor	Homo sapiens	77-81
29745082-13	2018	Cho/NAA and Cho/Cr in the tumor were positively correlated with p53 in the tumor, but negatively correlated with PTEN in the tumor.	Creatine	16-18	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	64-67
29229397-3	2018	Two of them (AGAT and GAMT deficiency) are due to impaired creatine synthesis, and can be treated by creatine supplementation.	Creatine	59-67	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	13-17
29229397-8	2018	In our experiments after block of the creatine transporter, DAC was able both to prevent electrophysiological failure and to increase intracellular creatine.	Creatine	38-46	arylacetamide deacetylase	Homo sapiens	60-63
29209878-0	2018	Cell-Type-Specific Spatiotemporal Expression of Creatine Biosynthetic Enzyme S-adenosylmethionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase in Developing Mouse Brain.	Creatine	48-56	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	98-134
29209878-1	2018	Creatine is synthesized by S-adenosylmethionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT), and the creatine/phosphocreatine shuttle system mediated by creatine kinase (CK) is essential for storage and regeneration of high-energy phosphates in cells.	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	48-84
29209878-1	2018	Creatine is synthesized by S-adenosylmethionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT), and the creatine/phosphocreatine shuttle system mediated by creatine kinase (CK) is essential for storage and regeneration of high-energy phosphates in cells.	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	86-90
29209878-10	2018	The highly regulated, cell type-dependent expression of GAMT suggests that local creatine biosynthesis plays critical roles in certain phases of neural development.	Creatine	81-89	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	56-60
28477512-1	2017	The main purpose of this study was the determination and comparison of anomalies in creatine (Cr) accumulation occurring within CA3 and DG areas of hippocampal formation as a result of two high-fat, carbohydrate-restricted ketogenic diets (KD) with different ketogenic ratio (KR).	Creatine	84-92	carbonic anhydrase 3	Rattus norvegicus	128-131
29342866-1	2018	Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) conversion to creatine is thought to be involved in cardiometabolic disturbances through its role in biological methylation and insulin secretion.	Creatine	41-49	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	22-25
29342866-5	2018	Higher GAA levels were associated with an unfavorable cardiometabolic risk profile (higher insulin, higher total homocysteine, and higher body fat percentage), while having elevated serum creatine levels (&gt;=31.1 micromol/L) was associated with being overweight (body mass index &gt;= 25.0 kg/m).	Creatine	188-196	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	7-10
29342866-6	2018	The results from our study suggest a possible role of the GAA-creatine axis in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.	Creatine	62-70	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	58-61
29945780-3	2018	OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis in this pilot study that creatine (Cr) monohydrate supplementation would reduce the CK response to eccentric exercise in patients using statins to determine if Cr supplementation could be a strategy to mitigate statin-associated muscle symptoms in physically active individuals.	Creatine	61-69	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	120-122
29945780-3	2018	OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis in this pilot study that creatine (Cr) monohydrate supplementation would reduce the CK response to eccentric exercise in patients using statins to determine if Cr supplementation could be a strategy to mitigate statin-associated muscle symptoms in physically active individuals.	Creatine	71-73	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	120-122
28764030-4	2017	Based on thermal stability and solubility measurements, it is found that GAA is more thermally stable but less soluble comparing to creatine due to a self-aggregation process that occurs at GAA concentrations higher than 0.013mol dm-3.	Creatine	132-140	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	190-193
29197344-7	2017	Creatine was identified as the most different metabolite among the four biofluids (VIP = 1.537).	Creatine	0-8	vasoactive intestinal peptide	Bos taurus	83-86
29088427-0	2017	Abnormal creatine transport of mutations in monocarboxylate transporter 12 (MCT12) found in patients with age-related cataract can be partially rescued by exogenous chaperone CD147.	Creatine	9-17	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	44-74
29088427-0	2017	Abnormal creatine transport of mutations in monocarboxylate transporter 12 (MCT12) found in patients with age-related cataract can be partially rescued by exogenous chaperone CD147.	Creatine	9-17	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	76-81
29088427-0	2017	Abnormal creatine transport of mutations in monocarboxylate transporter 12 (MCT12) found in patients with age-related cataract can be partially rescued by exogenous chaperone CD147.	Creatine	9-17	basigin (Ok blood group)	Homo sapiens	175-180
28844881-3	2017	Here, we have inactivated the first and rate-limiting enzyme of creatine biosynthesis, glycine amidinotransferase (GATM), selectively in fat (Adipo-Gatm KO).	Creatine	64-72	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	115-119
28844881-3	2017	Here, we have inactivated the first and rate-limiting enzyme of creatine biosynthesis, glycine amidinotransferase (GATM), selectively in fat (Adipo-Gatm KO).	Creatine	64-72	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	148-152
27714631-8	2017	Collectively, our results suggest that creatine produces morphological alterations that contribute to the improvement of depressive-like behaviors triggered by chronic CORT administration in mice.	Creatine	39-47	cortistatin	Mus musculus	168-172
29086036-2	2018	Prominent examples include mutations in the transporters for dopamine (DAT, SLC6A3), for creatine (CT1, SLC6A8), and for glycine (GlyT2, SLC6A5), which result in infantile dystonia, mental retardation, and hyperekplexia, respectively.	Creatine	89-97	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	99-102
29086036-2	2018	Prominent examples include mutations in the transporters for dopamine (DAT, SLC6A3), for creatine (CT1, SLC6A8), and for glycine (GlyT2, SLC6A5), which result in infantile dystonia, mental retardation, and hyperekplexia, respectively.	Creatine	89-97	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	104-110
29416801-7	2018	tryptophan, tyrosine, and creatine in tissue and serum, which could be useful in screening of IDC subjects from both control and benign.	Creatine	26-34	lamin A/C	Homo sapiens	94-97
28710553-2	2017	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase methylates GAA on its non-guanidine N atom to produce creatine.	Creatine	89-97	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-34
28808834-7	2017	Urinary creatinine concentrations for AGAT (p = 0.001) and GAMT (p = 0.05) knockout mice were increased following creatine supplementation.	Creatine	114-122	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	59-63
28808834-8	2017	Creatine supplementation has a potential to improve neuro-muscular coordination, spatial learning in both AGAT and GAMT knockout mice.	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	115-119
29069098-3	2017	Lactate correlated positively with alanine, glutamate with glutamine; creatine + phosphocreatine (tCr) correlated positively with lactate, alanine and choline + phosphocholine + glycerophosphocholine (tCho), and tCho correlated positively with lactate; fatty acids correlated negatively with lactate, glutamate + glutamine (tGlut), tCr and tCho.	Creatine	70-78	T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	98-101
29069098-3	2017	Lactate correlated positively with alanine, glutamate with glutamine; creatine + phosphocreatine (tCr) correlated positively with lactate, alanine and choline + phosphocholine + glycerophosphocholine (tCho), and tCho correlated positively with lactate; fatty acids correlated negatively with lactate, glutamate + glutamine (tGlut), tCr and tCho.	Creatine	70-78	T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	332-335
28477512-1	2017	The main purpose of this study was the determination and comparison of anomalies in creatine (Cr) accumulation occurring within CA3 and DG areas of hippocampal formation as a result of two high-fat, carbohydrate-restricted ketogenic diets (KD) with different ketogenic ratio (KR).	Creatine	94-96	carbonic anhydrase 3	Rattus norvegicus	128-131
28477512-6	2017	Statistical analysis, performed with Mann-Whitney U test revealed increased accumulation of Cr within CA3 and DG areas of KD2 fed rats compared to both normal rats and KD1 experimental group.	Creatine	92-94	carbonic anhydrase 3	Rattus norvegicus	102-105
28533117-5	2017	A significant decrease (-12+-5%) in the GABA to total creatine ratio (GABA/tCr) was observed in the motor cortex during a period of 10min of hand-clenching, compared to an initial baseline level (GABA/tCr =0.11+-0.02) at rest.	Creatine	54-62	T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	75-78
28821596-5	2017	Cr supplementation increases ATP and PCr content in cardiomyocytes subjected to hypoxia, while also significantly augmenting the cellular adaptive response to hypoxia mediated by HIF-1 activation.	Creatine	0-2	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	179-184
28821596-6	2017	Our results indicate that: (1) hypoxia reduces Cr transport in cardiomyocytes in culture, (2) the cytoprotective effects of Cr supplementation are related to enhanced adaptive physiological responses to hypoxia mediated by HIF-1, and (3) Cr supplementation increases the cellular ATP and PCr content in RNCMs exposed to hypoxia.	Creatine	124-126	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	223-228
28821596-6	2017	Our results indicate that: (1) hypoxia reduces Cr transport in cardiomyocytes in culture, (2) the cytoprotective effects of Cr supplementation are related to enhanced adaptive physiological responses to hypoxia mediated by HIF-1, and (3) Cr supplementation increases the cellular ATP and PCr content in RNCMs exposed to hypoxia.	Creatine	124-126	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	223-228
28054322-11	2017	Quadriceps muscle CSA had declined by 465 +- 59 and 425 +- 69 mm2 (p &lt; 0.01) in the creatine and placebo group, respectively, with no differences between groups (p = 0.76).	Creatine	87-95	ERCC excision repair 8, CSA ubiquitin ligase complex subunit	Homo sapiens	18-21
28438604-1	2017	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a rare inherited disorder characterized by creatine (Cr) depletion and guanidinoacetate (GAA) accumulation in body fluids.	Creatine	99-107	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-34
27714631-2	2017	In the present study, we investigated the ability of creatine to counteract the morphological and behavioral effects elicited by chronic administration of corticosterone (CORT, 20 mg/kg, p.o.)	Creatine	53-61	cortistatin	Mus musculus	171-175
27714631-6	2017	These CORT-induced alterations were abolished by treatment with either fluoxetine (a conventional antidepressant) or creatine for 21 days (both 10 mg/kg, p.o.).	Creatine	117-125	cortistatin	Mus musculus	6-10
28993818-8	2017	Importantly, the ACC mGluR5 DVR negatively correlated with glutamate/Cr and Glx/Cr levels.	Creatine	69-71	glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 1	Mus musculus	21-27
28993818-8	2017	Importantly, the ACC mGluR5 DVR negatively correlated with glutamate/Cr and Glx/Cr levels.	Creatine	80-82	glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 1	Mus musculus	21-27
28662032-1	2017	MCT14 is an orphan transporter belonging to the SLC16 transporter family mediating the transport of monocarboxylates, aromatic amino acids, creatine, and thyroid hormones.	Creatine	140-148	solute carrier family 16 (monocarboxylic acid transporters), member 14	Mus musculus	0-5
28460226-1	2017	A confined absorption of exogenous creatine through creatine transporter (CRT1) seems to hamper its optimal uptake in bioenergetical deficits.	Creatine	35-43	hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1	Homo sapiens	74-78
28460226-2	2017	Co-administration of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) along with creatine could target other transport channels besides CRT1, and supremely improve cellular levels of creatine.	Creatine	59-67	hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1	Homo sapiens	114-118
28460226-2	2017	Co-administration of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) along with creatine could target other transport channels besides CRT1, and supremely improve cellular levels of creatine.	Creatine	161-169	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	43-46
28438604-1	2017	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a rare inherited disorder characterized by creatine (Cr) depletion and guanidinoacetate (GAA) accumulation in body fluids.	Creatine	99-107	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	36-40
28438604-1	2017	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a rare inherited disorder characterized by creatine (Cr) depletion and guanidinoacetate (GAA) accumulation in body fluids.	Creatine	109-111	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-34
28438604-1	2017	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a rare inherited disorder characterized by creatine (Cr) depletion and guanidinoacetate (GAA) accumulation in body fluids.	Creatine	109-111	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	36-40
28306608-7	2017	Varying degrees of COX-2 expression have positive correlation with the Cho/Cr values in tumor zone (r=0.49, P=0.013), and showed not significant correlation with sex, age, and tumor location.	Creatine	75-77	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Homo sapiens	19-24
28364583-4	2017	The data revealed a varying but significant increase of CK activity in CKBE individuals as compared to controls, reaching an almost 800-fold increase in two CKBE individuals which also had increased erythrocyte creatine.	Creatine	211-219	CKBE	Homo sapiens	157-161
28320167-7	2017	Among subjects in the creatine group with high levels of caffeine intake, but not among those with low caffeine intake, the GRIN2A T allele was associated with more rapid progression (p=0.03).	Creatine	22-30	glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A	Homo sapiens	124-130
28320167-8	2017	These data indicate that the deleterious interaction between caffeine and creatine with respect to rate of progression of PD is influenced by GRIN2A genotype.	Creatine	74-82	glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A	Homo sapiens	142-148
28043349-3	2017	Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), as a precursor of creatine, plays an important role in the proper functioning of Sertoli cells and energy metabolism in sperm.	Creatine	46-54	alpha glucosidase 2	Gallus gallus	22-25
28137860-3	2017	Glycine amidinotransferase (GATM) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of creatine biosynthesis: the transfer of an amidino group from arginine to glycine to form ornithine and guanidinoacetate.	Creatine	70-78	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	28-32
28137860-6	2017	Supplementation of homozygous Gatm mutants with exogenous creatine ameliorated the colitis phenotype.	Creatine	58-66	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	30-34
28380374-0	2017	Mitochondrial Patch Clamp of Beige Adipocytes Reveals UCP1-Positive and UCP1-Negative Cells Both Exhibiting Futile Creatine Cycling.	Creatine	115-123	uncoupling protein 1	Homo sapiens	54-58
28380374-0	2017	Mitochondrial Patch Clamp of Beige Adipocytes Reveals UCP1-Positive and UCP1-Negative Cells Both Exhibiting Futile Creatine Cycling.	Creatine	115-123	uncoupling protein 1	Homo sapiens	72-76
28380374-7	2017	Despite the absence of UCP1 in the majority of epididymal beige adipocytes, these cells employ prominent creatine cycling as a UCP1-independent thermogenic mechanism.	Creatine	105-113	uncoupling protein 1	Homo sapiens	127-131
28454702-8	2017	qPCR was used to determine the mRNA expression of the creatine synthesising enzymes arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), and the creatine transporter (SLC6A8).	Creatine	54-62	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	84-119
28454702-8	2017	qPCR was used to determine the mRNA expression of the creatine synthesising enzymes arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), and the creatine transporter (SLC6A8).	Creatine	54-62	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	121-125
28454702-8	2017	qPCR was used to determine the mRNA expression of the creatine synthesising enzymes arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), and the creatine transporter (SLC6A8).	Creatine	54-62	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	131-165
28454702-8	2017	qPCR was used to determine the mRNA expression of the creatine synthesising enzymes arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), and the creatine transporter (SLC6A8).	Creatine	54-62	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	167-171
28454702-8	2017	qPCR was used to determine the mRNA expression of the creatine synthesising enzymes arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), and the creatine transporter (SLC6A8).	Creatine	54-62	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	204-210
27808173-4	2016	Moreover, bFGF treatment corrected diabetes-induced reductions in citrate, lactate, choline, glycine, creatine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and glutamine in serum.	Creatine	102-110	fibroblast growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	10-14
28191887-5	2017	Suppression of arginine-creatine metabolism by CKMT1-directed shRNAs or by the small molecule cyclocreatine selectively decreased the viability, promoted the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of human EVI1-positive cell lines, and prolonged survival in both orthotopic xenograft models and mouse models of primary AML.	Creatine	24-32	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1A	Homo sapiens	47-52
28191887-5	2017	Suppression of arginine-creatine metabolism by CKMT1-directed shRNAs or by the small molecule cyclocreatine selectively decreased the viability, promoted the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of human EVI1-positive cell lines, and prolonged survival in both orthotopic xenograft models and mouse models of primary AML.	Creatine	24-32	RUNX family transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens	199-203
28191887-6	2017	CKMT1 inhibition altered mitochondrial respiration and ATP production, an effect that was abrogated by phosphocreatine-mediated reactivation of the arginine-creatine pathway.	Creatine	110-118	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1A	Homo sapiens	0-5
28088951-12	2017	The dynamic level of urinary Fractalkine in AR patients within 3 weeks after transplantation fluctuated above 300 ng/mmol creatine, which is remarkably higher than patients with stable renal function (below 200 ng/mmol creatinine).	Creatine	122-130	C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1	Homo sapiens	29-40
28049948-1	2017	Cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes (CCDSs) are caused by loss-of-function mutations in creatine transporter (CRT, SLC6A8), which transports creatine at the blood-brain barrier and into neurons of the central nervous system (CNS).	Creatine	9-17	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	118-124
28595527-6	2017	Other reports indicated that creatine directly affects muscle protein synthesis via modulations of components in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway.	Creatine	29-37	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	117-146
28595527-6	2017	Other reports indicated that creatine directly affects muscle protein synthesis via modulations of components in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway.	Creatine	29-37	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	148-152
28595527-7	2017	Creatine may also directly affect the myogenic process (formation of muscle tissue), by altering secretions of myokines, such as myostatin and insulin-like growth factor-1, and expressions of myogenic regulatory factors, resulting in enhanced satellite cells mitotic activities and differentiation into myofiber.	Creatine	0-8	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	143-171
28069926-7	2017	Remarkably, creatine administration into Gamt-deficient and wild-type mice with demyelinating injury reduced oligodendrocyte apoptosis, thereby increasing oligodendrocyte density and myelin basic protein staining in CNS lesions.	Creatine	12-20	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	41-45
28069926-7	2017	Remarkably, creatine administration into Gamt-deficient and wild-type mice with demyelinating injury reduced oligodendrocyte apoptosis, thereby increasing oligodendrocyte density and myelin basic protein staining in CNS lesions.	Creatine	12-20	myelin basic protein	Mus musculus	183-203
27859996-8	2016	The immunohistochemical analysis of bw mouse tissues showed the lower intensity for expression of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase, a key enzyme in creatine synthesis, in neurons of the frontal cortex and in glomeruli and renal tubules.	Creatine	150-158	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	98-132
27859996-9	2016	Thus, Mitf may ensure the elongation of axons and dendrites by maintaining creatine synthesis in the frontal cortex.	Creatine	75-83	melanogenesis associated transcription factor	Mus musculus	6-10
26650045-5	2016	However, reliable PLS-DA models can be developed between control and PD groups as well as between PD and bFGF groups, which is attributed to changes in a series of metabolites including GABA, glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), lactate, N-acetylaspartate, creatine, taurine, and myo-inositol.	Creatine	254-262	fibroblast growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	105-109
27581622-3	2016	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) is an important enzyme that catalyzes the final reaction in the creatine biosynthetic process.	Creatine	106-114	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-34
27581622-3	2016	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) is an important enzyme that catalyzes the final reaction in the creatine biosynthetic process.	Creatine	106-114	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	36-40
27581622-4	2016	The liver is a major site for creatine synthesis which places a substantial methylation burden on this organ as GAMT-mediated reactions consume as much as 40% of all the SAM-derived methyl groups.	Creatine	30-38	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	112-116
27917270-1	2016	OBJECTIVES: Neuroprotective effect of creatine (Cr) against beta-amyloid (Abeta) is reported in an in vitro study.	Creatine	38-46	amyloid beta precursor protein	Rattus norvegicus	60-80
27917270-1	2016	OBJECTIVES: Neuroprotective effect of creatine (Cr) against beta-amyloid (Abeta) is reported in an in vitro study.	Creatine	48-50	amyloid beta precursor protein	Rattus norvegicus	60-80
27917270-11	2016	CONCLUSION: Cr supplementation before and after beta-amyloid injection into the CA1 area of hippocampus deteriorates the learning and memory impairment of rats and it does not protect neuronal apoptosis caused by beta-amyloid.	Creatine	12-14	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	80-83
27097961-8	2016	A considerable increase in Cr levels in the cerebellum was identified after MPH administration in individuals with the 10/10 repeat genotype as the DAT1 VNTR polymorphism (p=0.008).	Creatine	27-29	solute carrier family 6 member 3	Homo sapiens	148-152
26748651-8	2016	In HD, Cr in high doses (up to 30 g/day) was shown to slow down brain atrophy in premanifest Huntingtin mutation carriers.	Creatine	7-9	huntingtin	Homo sapiens	93-103
26861125-1	2016	While it has long been thought that most of cerebral creatine is of peripheral origin, the last 20 years has provided evidence that the creatine synthetic pathway (AGAT and GAMT enzymes) is expressed in the brain together with the creatine transporter (SLC6A8).	Creatine	136-144	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	164-168
26861125-1	2016	While it has long been thought that most of cerebral creatine is of peripheral origin, the last 20 years has provided evidence that the creatine synthetic pathway (AGAT and GAMT enzymes) is expressed in the brain together with the creatine transporter (SLC6A8).	Creatine	136-144	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	173-177
26861125-2	2016	It has also been shown that SLC6A8 is expressed by microcapillary endothelial cells at the blood-brain barrier, but is absent from surrounding astrocytes, raising the concept that the blood-brain barrier has a limited permeability for peripheral creatine.	Creatine	246-254	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	28-34
26898547-1	2016	Deficiency of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) causes creatine depletion and guanidinoacetate accumulation in brain with the latter deemed to be responsible for the severe seizure disorder seen in affected patients.	Creatine	63-71	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	14-48
26898547-1	2016	Deficiency of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) causes creatine depletion and guanidinoacetate accumulation in brain with the latter deemed to be responsible for the severe seizure disorder seen in affected patients.	Creatine	63-71	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	50-54
25943184-0	2016	Involvement of PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway and Its Downstream Intracellular Targets in the Antidepressant-Like Effect of Creatine.	Creatine	120-128	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	20-23
25943184-2	2016	This study investigated the involvement of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and its downstream intracellular targets in the antidepressant-like effect of creatine.	Creatine	148-156	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	48-51
25943184-3	2016	The acute treatment of mice with creatine (1 mg/kg, po) increased the Akt and P70S6K phosphorylation, and HO-1, GPx and PSD95 immunocontents.	Creatine	33-41	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	70-73
25943184-3	2016	The acute treatment of mice with creatine (1 mg/kg, po) increased the Akt and P70S6K phosphorylation, and HO-1, GPx and PSD95 immunocontents.	Creatine	33-41	ribosomal protein S6 kinase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	78-84
25943184-3	2016	The acute treatment of mice with creatine (1 mg/kg, po) increased the Akt and P70S6K phosphorylation, and HO-1, GPx and PSD95 immunocontents.	Creatine	33-41	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	106-110
25943184-3	2016	The acute treatment of mice with creatine (1 mg/kg, po) increased the Akt and P70S6K phosphorylation, and HO-1, GPx and PSD95 immunocontents.	Creatine	33-41	peroxiredoxin 6 pseudogene 2	Mus musculus	112-115
25943184-3	2016	The acute treatment of mice with creatine (1 mg/kg, po) increased the Akt and P70S6K phosphorylation, and HO-1, GPx and PSD95 immunocontents.	Creatine	33-41	discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4	Mus musculus	120-125
25943184-7	2016	These results indicate that the antidepressant-like effect of creatine in the TST depends on the activation of Akt, Nrf2/HO-1, GPx, and mTOR, and GSK3 inhibition.	Creatine	62-70	thiosulfate sulfurtransferase, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	78-81
25943184-7	2016	These results indicate that the antidepressant-like effect of creatine in the TST depends on the activation of Akt, Nrf2/HO-1, GPx, and mTOR, and GSK3 inhibition.	Creatine	62-70	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	111-114
25943184-7	2016	These results indicate that the antidepressant-like effect of creatine in the TST depends on the activation of Akt, Nrf2/HO-1, GPx, and mTOR, and GSK3 inhibition.	Creatine	62-70	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	116-120
25943184-7	2016	These results indicate that the antidepressant-like effect of creatine in the TST depends on the activation of Akt, Nrf2/HO-1, GPx, and mTOR, and GSK3 inhibition.	Creatine	62-70	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	121-125
25943184-7	2016	These results indicate that the antidepressant-like effect of creatine in the TST depends on the activation of Akt, Nrf2/HO-1, GPx, and mTOR, and GSK3 inhibition.	Creatine	62-70	peroxiredoxin 6 pseudogene 2	Mus musculus	127-130
25943184-7	2016	These results indicate that the antidepressant-like effect of creatine in the TST depends on the activation of Akt, Nrf2/HO-1, GPx, and mTOR, and GSK3 inhibition.	Creatine	62-70	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Mus musculus	136-140
25943184-7	2016	These results indicate that the antidepressant-like effect of creatine in the TST depends on the activation of Akt, Nrf2/HO-1, GPx, and mTOR, and GSK3 inhibition.	Creatine	62-70	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Mus musculus	146-150
27233226-1	2016	BACKGROUND: Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a rare disorder of creatine biosynthesis presenting with epilepsy and developmental delay in infancy.	Creatine	87-95	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	12-46
27233226-1	2016	BACKGROUND: Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a rare disorder of creatine biosynthesis presenting with epilepsy and developmental delay in infancy.	Creatine	87-95	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	48-52
26660117-0	2016	Creatine, Similar to Ketamine, Counteracts Depressive-Like Behavior Induced by Corticosterone via PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway.	Creatine	0-8	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	103-106
26660117-0	2016	Creatine, Similar to Ketamine, Counteracts Depressive-Like Behavior Induced by Corticosterone via PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway.	Creatine	0-8	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Mus musculus	107-111
26660117-12	2016	The immunocontents of p-mTOR, p-p70S6 kinase (p70S6K), and postsynaptic density-95 protein (PSD95) were increased by creatine and ketamine in corticosterone or vehicle-treated mice.	Creatine	117-125	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Mus musculus	24-28
26660117-12	2016	The immunocontents of p-mTOR, p-p70S6 kinase (p70S6K), and postsynaptic density-95 protein (PSD95) were increased by creatine and ketamine in corticosterone or vehicle-treated mice.	Creatine	117-125	ribosomal protein S6 kinase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	30-44
26660117-12	2016	The immunocontents of p-mTOR, p-p70S6 kinase (p70S6K), and postsynaptic density-95 protein (PSD95) were increased by creatine and ketamine in corticosterone or vehicle-treated mice.	Creatine	117-125	ribosomal protein S6 kinase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	46-52
26660117-12	2016	The immunocontents of p-mTOR, p-p70S6 kinase (p70S6K), and postsynaptic density-95 protein (PSD95) were increased by creatine and ketamine in corticosterone or vehicle-treated mice.	Creatine	117-125	discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4	Mus musculus	92-97
26660117-13	2016	Moreover, corticosterone-treated mice presented a decreased hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level, an effect abolished by creatine or ketamine.	Creatine	143-151	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	72-105
26660117-13	2016	Moreover, corticosterone-treated mice presented a decreased hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level, an effect abolished by creatine or ketamine.	Creatine	143-151	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	107-111
26660117-14	2016	Altogether, the results indicate that creatine shares with ketamine the ability to acutely reverse the corticosterone-induced depressive-like behavior by a mechanism dependent on PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and modulation of the synaptic protein PSD95 as well as BDNF in the hippocampus, indicating the relevance of targeting these proteins for the management of depressive disorders.	Creatine	38-46	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	184-187
26660117-14	2016	Altogether, the results indicate that creatine shares with ketamine the ability to acutely reverse the corticosterone-induced depressive-like behavior by a mechanism dependent on PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and modulation of the synaptic protein PSD95 as well as BDNF in the hippocampus, indicating the relevance of targeting these proteins for the management of depressive disorders.	Creatine	38-46	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Mus musculus	188-192
26660117-14	2016	Altogether, the results indicate that creatine shares with ketamine the ability to acutely reverse the corticosterone-induced depressive-like behavior by a mechanism dependent on PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and modulation of the synaptic protein PSD95 as well as BDNF in the hippocampus, indicating the relevance of targeting these proteins for the management of depressive disorders.	Creatine	38-46	discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4	Mus musculus	241-246
26660117-14	2016	Altogether, the results indicate that creatine shares with ketamine the ability to acutely reverse the corticosterone-induced depressive-like behavior by a mechanism dependent on PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and modulation of the synaptic protein PSD95 as well as BDNF in the hippocampus, indicating the relevance of targeting these proteins for the management of depressive disorders.	Creatine	38-46	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	258-262
27466184-6	2016	Our data suggest that brain Cr depletion causes both early intellectual disability and late progressive cognitive decline, and identify novel targets to design intervention strategies aimed at overcoming brain CCDS1 alterations.	Creatine	28-30	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	210-215
27402793-2	2016	A large contributor to the efficiency of this process is thought to involve phosphocreatine (PCr)/Creatine (Cr) shuttling through mitochondrial creatine kinase (Mi-CK), whereas the biological importance of alterations in Cr-independent ADP transport during exercise remains unknown.	Creatine	98-106	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1, ubiquitous	Mus musculus	130-159
27402793-2	2016	A large contributor to the efficiency of this process is thought to involve phosphocreatine (PCr)/Creatine (Cr) shuttling through mitochondrial creatine kinase (Mi-CK), whereas the biological importance of alterations in Cr-independent ADP transport during exercise remains unknown.	Creatine	98-106	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1, ubiquitous	Mus musculus	161-166
27402793-2	2016	A large contributor to the efficiency of this process is thought to involve phosphocreatine (PCr)/Creatine (Cr) shuttling through mitochondrial creatine kinase (Mi-CK), whereas the biological importance of alterations in Cr-independent ADP transport during exercise remains unknown.	Creatine	94-96	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1, ubiquitous	Mus musculus	130-159
27402793-2	2016	A large contributor to the efficiency of this process is thought to involve phosphocreatine (PCr)/Creatine (Cr) shuttling through mitochondrial creatine kinase (Mi-CK), whereas the biological importance of alterations in Cr-independent ADP transport during exercise remains unknown.	Creatine	94-96	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1, ubiquitous	Mus musculus	161-166
27402793-2	2016	A large contributor to the efficiency of this process is thought to involve phosphocreatine (PCr)/Creatine (Cr) shuttling through mitochondrial creatine kinase (Mi-CK), whereas the biological importance of alterations in Cr-independent ADP transport during exercise remains unknown.	Creatine	98-100	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1, ubiquitous	Mus musculus	130-159
27402793-2	2016	A large contributor to the efficiency of this process is thought to involve phosphocreatine (PCr)/Creatine (Cr) shuttling through mitochondrial creatine kinase (Mi-CK), whereas the biological importance of alterations in Cr-independent ADP transport during exercise remains unknown.	Creatine	98-100	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1, ubiquitous	Mus musculus	161-166
27560540-2	2016	GAA (3.0 g/day) resulted in a more powerful rise (up to 16.2%) in tissue creatine levels in vastus medialis muscle, middle-cerebellar peduncle, and paracentral grey matter, as compared with creatine (P &lt; 0.05).	Creatine	73-81	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	0-3
27560540-2	2016	GAA (3.0 g/day) resulted in a more powerful rise (up to 16.2%) in tissue creatine levels in vastus medialis muscle, middle-cerebellar peduncle, and paracentral grey matter, as compared with creatine (P &lt; 0.05).	Creatine	190-198	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	0-3
26940723-3	2016	We have generated mice lacking L-arginine:glycine amidino transferase (AGAT), the first enzyme of creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	98-106	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	31-69
26940723-3	2016	We have generated mice lacking L-arginine:glycine amidino transferase (AGAT), the first enzyme of creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	98-106	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	71-75
26951207-3	2016	Therefore, these cells depend on Cr uptake across the cell membrane by a specialized creatine transporter (CrT solute carrier SLC6A8) in order to maintain intracellular creatine levels.	Creatine	33-35	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	126-132
26951207-3	2016	Therefore, these cells depend on Cr uptake across the cell membrane by a specialized creatine transporter (CrT solute carrier SLC6A8) in order to maintain intracellular creatine levels.	Creatine	85-93	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	126-132
27401086-2	2016	In humans, mutations in the Cr transporter (CRT;SLC6A8) prevent Cr entry into tissue and result in a significant intellectual impairment, epilepsy, and aphasia.	Creatine	28-30	calcitonin receptor	Homo sapiens	44-47
27401086-2	2016	In humans, mutations in the Cr transporter (CRT;SLC6A8) prevent Cr entry into tissue and result in a significant intellectual impairment, epilepsy, and aphasia.	Creatine	28-30	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	48-54
26526126-8	2016	A reduction in NAA/Cr in dACC was found in ASD participants, compared to their TD peers.	Creatine	19-21	Acetyl-CoA carboxylase	Drosophila melanogaster	25-29
26376857-4	2016	Patients with MCT12 mutation exhibited reduced plasma levels and increased fractional excretion of guanidinoacetate, but normal creatine levels, suggesting that MCT12 may function as a guanidinoacetate transporter in vivo However, functional studies in Xenopus oocytes revealed that MCT12 transports creatine but not its precursor, guanidinoacetate.	Creatine	300-308	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	161-166
26376857-4	2016	Patients with MCT12 mutation exhibited reduced plasma levels and increased fractional excretion of guanidinoacetate, but normal creatine levels, suggesting that MCT12 may function as a guanidinoacetate transporter in vivo However, functional studies in Xenopus oocytes revealed that MCT12 transports creatine but not its precursor, guanidinoacetate.	Creatine	300-308	solute carrier family 16 member 12 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	161-166
26376857-7	2016	In summary, our data indicate that MCT12 functions as a basolateral exit pathway for creatine in the proximal tubule.	Creatine	85-93	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	35-40
26967252-12	2016	Within arginine and proline metabolism, levels of intermediate metabolites in creatine pathway were all significantly lower in IDH mutation positive than in negative patients, suggesting an increased activity of creatine pathway in IDH mutation positive tumors.	Creatine	78-86	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	127-130
26967252-12	2016	Within arginine and proline metabolism, levels of intermediate metabolites in creatine pathway were all significantly lower in IDH mutation positive than in negative patients, suggesting an increased activity of creatine pathway in IDH mutation positive tumors.	Creatine	78-86	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	232-235
26967252-12	2016	Within arginine and proline metabolism, levels of intermediate metabolites in creatine pathway were all significantly lower in IDH mutation positive than in negative patients, suggesting an increased activity of creatine pathway in IDH mutation positive tumors.	Creatine	212-220	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	127-130
26967252-12	2016	Within arginine and proline metabolism, levels of intermediate metabolites in creatine pathway were all significantly lower in IDH mutation positive than in negative patients, suggesting an increased activity of creatine pathway in IDH mutation positive tumors.	Creatine	212-220	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	232-235
26708229-5	2016	More importantly, PCr significantly improved mitochondrial swelling and membrane potential, enhanced the activities of ATP synthase and mitochondrial creatine kinase (CKmt) in creatine shuttle, influenced on respiratory chain enzymes, respiratory control ratio, phosphorus/oxygen ratio and ATP production of OXPHO.	Creatine	150-158	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1B	Homo sapiens	167-171
26376857-1	2016	A heterozygous mutation (c.643C&gt;A; p.Q215X) in the monocarboxylate transporter 12-encoding gene MCT12 (also known as SLC16A12) that mediates creatine transport was recently identified as the cause of a syndrome with juvenile cataracts, microcornea, and glucosuria in a single family.	Creatine	144-152	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	54-84
26376857-1	2016	A heterozygous mutation (c.643C&gt;A; p.Q215X) in the monocarboxylate transporter 12-encoding gene MCT12 (also known as SLC16A12) that mediates creatine transport was recently identified as the cause of a syndrome with juvenile cataracts, microcornea, and glucosuria in a single family.	Creatine	144-152	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	99-104
26376857-1	2016	A heterozygous mutation (c.643C&gt;A; p.Q215X) in the monocarboxylate transporter 12-encoding gene MCT12 (also known as SLC16A12) that mediates creatine transport was recently identified as the cause of a syndrome with juvenile cataracts, microcornea, and glucosuria in a single family.	Creatine	144-152	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	120-128
26376857-4	2016	Patients with MCT12 mutation exhibited reduced plasma levels and increased fractional excretion of guanidinoacetate, but normal creatine levels, suggesting that MCT12 may function as a guanidinoacetate transporter in vivo However, functional studies in Xenopus oocytes revealed that MCT12 transports creatine but not its precursor, guanidinoacetate.	Creatine	128-136	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	14-19
26376857-4	2016	Patients with MCT12 mutation exhibited reduced plasma levels and increased fractional excretion of guanidinoacetate, but normal creatine levels, suggesting that MCT12 may function as a guanidinoacetate transporter in vivo However, functional studies in Xenopus oocytes revealed that MCT12 transports creatine but not its precursor, guanidinoacetate.	Creatine	300-308	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	14-19
27034623-10	2016	Muscle creatine increased significantly by d-7 in the CrM and CrN-High groups, but then decreased by d-28 for CrN-High.	Creatine	7-15	crooked neck pre-mRNA splicing factor 1	Homo sapiens	62-70
26642840-3	2016	Cd2+ conspicuously inactivated the activity of PSCKM (IC50=0.062 mM) in a first-order kinetic process and exhibited non-competitive inhibition with creatine and ATP.	Creatine	148-156	T-cell surface antigen CD2	Pelodiscus sinensis	0-3
26689905-8	2016	Enhanced ATP supply by creatine treatment, but not reduced ROS production by antioxidant treatment, restored the hypomorphic dendrites caused by inhibition of Drp1 function.	Creatine	23-31	collapsin response mediator protein 1	Homo sapiens	159-163
27978525-11	2016	In CreaT expressing oocytes, co-expression of GSK3ss but not of K85RGSK3ss, resulted in a significant decrease of creatine induced current.	Creatine	114-122	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	46-50
27978525-12	2016	Kinetic analysis revealed that GSK3ss significantly decreased the maximal creatine transport rate.	Creatine	74-82	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	31-35
27978525-13	2016	Exposure of CreaT and GSK3ss expressing oocytes for 24 hours to Lithium was followed by a significant increase of the creatine induced current.	Creatine	118-126	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	22-26
26319512-18	2016	Biochemical investigations including GAA, creatine and GAMT enzyme activity measurements are essential to confirm the diagnosis of GAMT deficiency.	Creatine	42-50	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	131-135
26202197-1	2016	The process of creatine synthesis occurs in two steps, catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT), which take place mainly in kidney and liver, respectively.	Creatine	15-23	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	68-105
26202197-1	2016	The process of creatine synthesis occurs in two steps, catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT), which take place mainly in kidney and liver, respectively.	Creatine	15-23	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	117-153
26202197-1	2016	The process of creatine synthesis occurs in two steps, catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT), which take place mainly in kidney and liver, respectively.	Creatine	15-23	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	155-159
26215332-9	2016	As possible mechanisms underlying Cr effects, we observed a reduced expression of caspase 3 (p &lt; 0.05), reduced expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, and increased expression of TLR7 in lung tissue (p &lt; 0.001).	Creatine	34-36	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	82-91
26215332-9	2016	As possible mechanisms underlying Cr effects, we observed a reduced expression of caspase 3 (p &lt; 0.05), reduced expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, and increased expression of TLR7 in lung tissue (p &lt; 0.001).	Creatine	34-36	toll-like receptor 7	Rattus norvegicus	185-189
26840330-5	2016	After three months of intervention, participants receiving GAA significantly increased muscular creatine levels compared with the placebo group (36.3% vs. 2.4%; p &lt; 0.01).	Creatine	96-104	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	59-62
26840330-7	2016	Results from this study indicated that supplemental GAA can positively affect creatine metabolism and work capacity in women with CFS, yet GAA had no effect on main clinical outcomes, such as general fatigue and musculoskeletal soreness.	Creatine	78-86	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	52-55
26592720-7	2016	Consistently, CA1 neurons of creatine exposed pups exhibited a higher maximum firing frequency than controls.	Creatine	29-37	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	14-17
26592720-8	2016	In summary, we found that creatine supplementation during pregnancy positively affects morphological and electrophysiological development of CA1 neurons in offspring rats, increasing neuronal excitability.	Creatine	26-34	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	141-144
26729229-9	2016	As GATM catalyzes the key step of creatine biosynthesis involved in energy metabolism, we speculate that the European prehistorical demographic transition from hunter-gatherer to farming cultures was the driving force of selection that fulfilled creatine-based metabolic requirement of the populations.	Creatine	34-42	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	3-7
26729229-9	2016	As GATM catalyzes the key step of creatine biosynthesis involved in energy metabolism, we speculate that the European prehistorical demographic transition from hunter-gatherer to farming cultures was the driving force of selection that fulfilled creatine-based metabolic requirement of the populations.	Creatine	246-254	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	3-7
20301745-0	1993	Creatine Deficiency Syndromes CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS: The cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes (CCDS), inborn errors of creatine metabolism, include the two creatine biosynthesis disorders, guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency and L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency, and the creatine transporter (CRTR) deficiency.	Creatine	69-77	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	194-228
20301745-0	1993	Creatine Deficiency Syndromes CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS: The cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes (CCDS), inborn errors of creatine metabolism, include the two creatine biosynthesis disorders, guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency and L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency, and the creatine transporter (CRTR) deficiency.	Creatine	69-77	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	230-234
20301745-0	1993	Creatine Deficiency Syndromes CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS: The cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes (CCDS), inborn errors of creatine metabolism, include the two creatine biosynthesis disorders, guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency and L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency, and the creatine transporter (CRTR) deficiency.	Creatine	69-77	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	316-336
20301745-0	1993	Creatine Deficiency Syndromes CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS: The cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes (CCDS), inborn errors of creatine metabolism, include the two creatine biosynthesis disorders, guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency and L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency, and the creatine transporter (CRTR) deficiency.	Creatine	69-77	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	338-342
20301745-10	1993	MANAGEMENT: Treatment of manifestations: GAMT deficiency and AGAT deficiency are treated with oral creatine monohydrate to replenish cerebral creatine levels.	Creatine	99-107	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	41-45
20301745-16	1993	Evaluation of relatives at risk: Early diagnosis of neonates at risk for GAMT deficiency, AGAT deficiency, and CRTR deficiency by biochemical or molecular genetic testing allows for early diagnosis and treatment of the defects in creatine metabolism.	Creatine	230-238	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	111-115
26359122-6	2015	GABA/Cr in the visual area was significantly decreased in mHE and HE1 patients and correlated both to the CFF (r = 0.401, P = 0.013) and blood ammonia levels (r = -0.434, P = 0.006).	Creatine	5-7	NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2	Homo sapiens	66-69
26120775-1	2015	Previous studies have demonstrated that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) controls autophagy through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Unc-51 like kinase 1 (ULK1/Atg1) signaling, which augments the quality of cellular housekeeping, and that beta-guanidinopropionic acid (beta-GPA), a creatine analog, leads to a chronic activation of AMPK.	Creatine	297-305	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	40-68
26120775-1	2015	Previous studies have demonstrated that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) controls autophagy through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Unc-51 like kinase 1 (ULK1/Atg1) signaling, which augments the quality of cellular housekeeping, and that beta-guanidinopropionic acid (beta-GPA), a creatine analog, leads to a chronic activation of AMPK.	Creatine	297-305	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	70-74
26120775-1	2015	Previous studies have demonstrated that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) controls autophagy through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Unc-51 like kinase 1 (ULK1/Atg1) signaling, which augments the quality of cellular housekeeping, and that beta-guanidinopropionic acid (beta-GPA), a creatine analog, leads to a chronic activation of AMPK.	Creatine	297-305	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	107-136
26120775-1	2015	Previous studies have demonstrated that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) controls autophagy through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Unc-51 like kinase 1 (ULK1/Atg1) signaling, which augments the quality of cellular housekeeping, and that beta-guanidinopropionic acid (beta-GPA), a creatine analog, leads to a chronic activation of AMPK.	Creatine	297-305	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	138-142
26120775-1	2015	Previous studies have demonstrated that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) controls autophagy through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Unc-51 like kinase 1 (ULK1/Atg1) signaling, which augments the quality of cellular housekeeping, and that beta-guanidinopropionic acid (beta-GPA), a creatine analog, leads to a chronic activation of AMPK.	Creatine	297-305	unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1	Homo sapiens	170-174
26120775-1	2015	Previous studies have demonstrated that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) controls autophagy through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Unc-51 like kinase 1 (ULK1/Atg1) signaling, which augments the quality of cellular housekeeping, and that beta-guanidinopropionic acid (beta-GPA), a creatine analog, leads to a chronic activation of AMPK.	Creatine	297-305	unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1	Homo sapiens	175-179
27610211-7	2016	We also found that Cr activates AMPK and induces an upregulation of PGC-1alpha expression, two events which are likely to contribute to the protection of mitochondrial quality and function.	Creatine	19-21	peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha	Mus musculus	68-78
26411433-1	2015	Dietary guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) seems to improve cellular bioenergetics by stimulating creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	90-98	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	30-33
26701952-5	2015	Long echo-time (TE: 270 ms) MRS showed decreased N-acetyl-aspartate/creatine and elevated choline/creatine and lactate; short echo-time MRS (TE: 30 ms) revealed increased myoinositol at 3.56 ppm and lipid peaks at 0.9 and 1.3 ppm.	Creatine	68-76	MROS	Homo sapiens	28-31
26451872-3	2015	Phosphocreatine tissue level depends upon creatine (Cr) input to the CK enzyme reaction, but Cr measurement by (1)H MRS suffers from low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).	Creatine	7-15	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	69-71
26451872-3	2015	Phosphocreatine tissue level depends upon creatine (Cr) input to the CK enzyme reaction, but Cr measurement by (1)H MRS suffers from low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).	Creatine	52-54	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	69-71
26451872-4	2015	We examine the possibility of using the Cr analog cyclocreatine (CCr, a substrate for CK), which is quickly phosphorylated to phosphocyclocreatine (PCCr), as a higher SNR alternative to Cr.	Creatine	40-42	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	86-88
26451872-4	2015	We examine the possibility of using the Cr analog cyclocreatine (CCr, a substrate for CK), which is quickly phosphorylated to phosphocyclocreatine (PCCr), as a higher SNR alternative to Cr.	Creatine	66-68	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	86-88
25289715-7	2015	During the postsupplementation session PP2 and PP3 increased in creatine supplemented group (from 642.7+-148.6 to 825.1+-205.2 in PP2 and from 522.9+-117.5 to 683.0+-148.0 in PP3, respectively).	Creatine	64-72	neuropeptide Y receptor Y6 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	39-42
25289715-7	2015	During the postsupplementation session PP2 and PP3 increased in creatine supplemented group (from 642.7+-148.6 to 825.1+-205.2 in PP2 and from 522.9+-117.5 to 683.0+-148.0 in PP3, respectively).	Creatine	64-72	neuropeptide Y receptor Y6 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	130-133
26639513-2	2015	Guanidinoacetate N-Methyl transferase (GAMT) is an important enzyme in creatine endogenous biosynthetic pathway, with highest expression in liver and kidney.	Creatine	71-79	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-37
26639513-2	2015	Guanidinoacetate N-Methyl transferase (GAMT) is an important enzyme in creatine endogenous biosynthetic pathway, with highest expression in liver and kidney.	Creatine	71-79	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	39-43
26255041-1	2015	Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is a natural precursor of creatine, and a possible substrate for the creatine kinase (CK) enzyme system, serving as a creatine mimetic.	Creatine	53-61	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	22-25
26255041-1	2015	Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is a natural precursor of creatine, and a possible substrate for the creatine kinase (CK) enzyme system, serving as a creatine mimetic.	Creatine	96-104	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	22-25
26431158-6	2015	RESULTS: The PI3K p110gamma-specific inhibitor, but not p110delta-specific inhibitor, significantly reduced serum creatine levels and acute tubular necrosis.	Creatine	114-122	phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma	Mus musculus	18-27
26401443-16	2015	There is an association between higher mI/Cr in right hippocampus and worse cognitive function for the non-demented older adults, and the correlation could be modified by APOE status and age.	Creatine	42-44	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	171-175
25929587-7	2015	The key enzyme for hArg synthesis, arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), is involved in the synthesis of energy metabolites including guanidinoacetate, the precursor of creatine.	Creatine	175-183	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	35-70
25929587-7	2015	The key enzyme for hArg synthesis, arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), is involved in the synthesis of energy metabolites including guanidinoacetate, the precursor of creatine.	Creatine	175-183	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	72-76
26002808-8	2015	Human ORC1, ORC2, and SLC25A29 are likely to be involved in the biosynthesis and transport of arginine, which can be used as a precursor for the synthesis of NO, agmatine, polyamines, creatine, glutamine, glutamate, and proline, as well as in the degradation of basic amino acids.	Creatine	184-192	origin recognition complex subunit 1	Homo sapiens	6-10
26002808-8	2015	Human ORC1, ORC2, and SLC25A29 are likely to be involved in the biosynthesis and transport of arginine, which can be used as a precursor for the synthesis of NO, agmatine, polyamines, creatine, glutamine, glutamate, and proline, as well as in the degradation of basic amino acids.	Creatine	184-192	origin recognition complex subunit 2	Homo sapiens	12-16
26002808-8	2015	Human ORC1, ORC2, and SLC25A29 are likely to be involved in the biosynthesis and transport of arginine, which can be used as a precursor for the synthesis of NO, agmatine, polyamines, creatine, glutamine, glutamate, and proline, as well as in the degradation of basic amino acids.	Creatine	184-192	solute carrier family 25 member 29	Homo sapiens	22-30
26031828-4	2015	AGAT catalyzes the formation of guanidinoacetate (GAA) that is methylated to creatine by guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) which also uses SAM.	Creatine	77-85	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	0-4
26031828-4	2015	AGAT catalyzes the formation of guanidinoacetate (GAA) that is methylated to creatine by guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) which also uses SAM.	Creatine	77-85	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	89-123
26031828-4	2015	AGAT catalyzes the formation of guanidinoacetate (GAA) that is methylated to creatine by guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) which also uses SAM.	Creatine	77-85	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	125-129
25893562-8	2015	Work production in CL1 tended (p = 0.073) to attenuate in the CR group, compared to PLA.	Creatine	62-64	adhesion G protein-coupled receptor L1	Homo sapiens	19-22
26039543-9	2015	Preservation of the glycolytic potential and greater SERCA2 and parvalbumin contents in creatine-CLFS coincided with prolonged time to peak tension and half-rise time (P &lt; 0.01).	Creatine	88-96	ATPase sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transporting 2	Rattus norvegicus	53-59
26039543-9	2015	Preservation of the glycolytic potential and greater SERCA2 and parvalbumin contents in creatine-CLFS coincided with prolonged time to peak tension and half-rise time (P &lt; 0.01).	Creatine	88-96	parvalbumin	Rattus norvegicus	64-75
25500218-7	2015	Older patients treated with IFN-alpha exhibited a significantly greater increase in glutamate from Visit 1 to Visit 2 as reflected by the glutamate/creatine ratio (Glu/Cr) in left basal ganglia compared to older controls and younger IFN-alpha-treated and untreated subjects.	Creatine	148-156	interferon alpha 1	Homo sapiens	28-37
25622053-6	2015	RESULTS: Increases in plasma or CSF MCP-1 were associated with lower NAA/Cr in the MFC and BG, whereas metabolite changes in the frontal white matter for NAA/Cr, GlxCr, and Cho/Cr were explained almost exclusively by a single factor, sCD14.	Creatine	73-75	C-C motif chemokine ligand 2	Homo sapiens	36-41
25622053-9	2015	Best predictors for higher Cho/Cr in BG and MFC were CSF sCD14 and CSF MIP-1beta.	Creatine	31-33	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Homo sapiens	71-80
25622053-10	2015	Plasma and CSF IP-10 were only associated with Cho/Cr in MFC.	Creatine	51-53	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10	Homo sapiens	15-20
26542286-1	2015	Creatine is physiologically provided equally by diet and by endogenous synthesis from arginine and glycine with successive involvements of arginine glycine amidinotransferase [AGAT] and guanidinoacetate methyl transferase [GAMT].	Creatine	0-8	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	139-174
26542286-1	2015	Creatine is physiologically provided equally by diet and by endogenous synthesis from arginine and glycine with successive involvements of arginine glycine amidinotransferase [AGAT] and guanidinoacetate methyl transferase [GAMT].	Creatine	0-8	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	176-180
26542286-1	2015	Creatine is physiologically provided equally by diet and by endogenous synthesis from arginine and glycine with successive involvements of arginine glycine amidinotransferase [AGAT] and guanidinoacetate methyl transferase [GAMT].	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	186-221
26542286-1	2015	Creatine is physiologically provided equally by diet and by endogenous synthesis from arginine and glycine with successive involvements of arginine glycine amidinotransferase [AGAT] and guanidinoacetate methyl transferase [GAMT].	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	223-227
26542286-2	2015	A specific plasma membrane transporter, creatine transporter [CRTR] (SLC6A8), further enables cells to incorporate creatine and through uptake of its precursor, guanidinoacetate, also directly contributes to creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	40-48	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	62-66
26542286-2	2015	A specific plasma membrane transporter, creatine transporter [CRTR] (SLC6A8), further enables cells to incorporate creatine and through uptake of its precursor, guanidinoacetate, also directly contributes to creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	40-48	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	69-75
26542286-2	2015	A specific plasma membrane transporter, creatine transporter [CRTR] (SLC6A8), further enables cells to incorporate creatine and through uptake of its precursor, guanidinoacetate, also directly contributes to creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	115-123	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	40-60
26542286-2	2015	A specific plasma membrane transporter, creatine transporter [CRTR] (SLC6A8), further enables cells to incorporate creatine and through uptake of its precursor, guanidinoacetate, also directly contributes to creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	115-123	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	62-66
26542286-2	2015	A specific plasma membrane transporter, creatine transporter [CRTR] (SLC6A8), further enables cells to incorporate creatine and through uptake of its precursor, guanidinoacetate, also directly contributes to creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	115-123	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	69-75
26542286-6	2015	Creatine modulates GABAergic and glutamatergic cerebral pathways, presynaptic CRTR (SLC6A8) ensuring re-uptake of synaptic creatine.	Creatine	0-8	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	78-82
26542286-6	2015	Creatine modulates GABAergic and glutamatergic cerebral pathways, presynaptic CRTR (SLC6A8) ensuring re-uptake of synaptic creatine.	Creatine	0-8	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	84-90
26542286-6	2015	Creatine modulates GABAergic and glutamatergic cerebral pathways, presynaptic CRTR (SLC6A8) ensuring re-uptake of synaptic creatine.	Creatine	123-131	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	78-82
26542286-6	2015	Creatine modulates GABAergic and glutamatergic cerebral pathways, presynaptic CRTR (SLC6A8) ensuring re-uptake of synaptic creatine.	Creatine	123-131	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	84-90
26496606-5	2015	Pharmacological reduction of creatine levels decreases whole-body energy expenditure after administration of a beta3-agonist and reduces beige and brown adipose metabolic rate.	Creatine	29-37	histocompatibility 2, P region beta locus	Mus musculus	109-116
26496606-6	2015	Genes of creatine metabolism are compensatorily induced when UCP1-dependent thermogenesis is ablated, and creatine reduction in Ucp1-deficient mice reduces core body temperature.	Creatine	9-17	uncoupling protein 1 (mitochondrial, proton carrier)	Mus musculus	61-65
26496606-6	2015	Genes of creatine metabolism are compensatorily induced when UCP1-dependent thermogenesis is ablated, and creatine reduction in Ucp1-deficient mice reduces core body temperature.	Creatine	106-114	uncoupling protein 1 (mitochondrial, proton carrier)	Mus musculus	128-132
25861866-1	2015	Creatine transporter deficiency (CRTR-D) is an X-linked inherited disorder of creatine transport.	Creatine	78-86	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	33-37
25861866-13	2015	We recommend functional studies for all novel missense variants by transient transfection followed by creatine uptake measurement by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry as fast and cost effective method for the functional analysis of missense variants in the SLC6A8 gene.	Creatine	102-110	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	270-276
26114427-13	2015	Moreover, our metabolomics data showing the activation of the purine nucleotide pathway, malate-aspartate shuttle, as well as creatine metabolism, which are known to be active during exercise, further suggests that PGC-1alpha regulates metabolism in exercise.	Creatine	126-134	peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha	Mus musculus	215-225
25925982-7	2015	RESULTS: Among all 13 FMR1 premutation carriers, significant correlations were found between N-acetyl aspartate/creatine and choline/creatine in the MCP and COWAT scores, and between FA in the genu and performance on the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale, COWAT, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test; a correlation was also found between FA in the splenium and COWAT performance.	Creatine	112-120	fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1	Homo sapiens	22-26
25925982-7	2015	RESULTS: Among all 13 FMR1 premutation carriers, significant correlations were found between N-acetyl aspartate/creatine and choline/creatine in the MCP and COWAT scores, and between FA in the genu and performance on the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale, COWAT, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test; a correlation was also found between FA in the splenium and COWAT performance.	Creatine	133-141	fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1	Homo sapiens	22-26
26052340-13	2015	Additionally, co-administration of creatine and anserine suppressed obesity associated phenotypes including hepatic steatosis as indicated by e2f8 and fabp3 down regulation.	Creatine	35-43	E2F transcription factor 8	Danio rerio	142-146
26052340-13	2015	Additionally, co-administration of creatine and anserine suppressed obesity associated phenotypes including hepatic steatosis as indicated by e2f8 and fabp3 down regulation.	Creatine	35-43	fatty acid binding protein 3, muscle and heart	Danio rerio	151-156
25771043-5	2015	The milk samples from cows with the DGAT1 KK genotype contained more stomatin, sphingomyelin, choline, and carnitine, and less citrate, creatine or phosphocreatine, glycerol-phosphocholine, mannose-like sugar, acetyl sugar phosphate, uridine diphosphate (UDP)-related sugar, and orotic acid compared with milk samples from cows with the DGAT1 AA genotype.	Creatine	136-144	diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1	Bos taurus	36-41
26701952-5	2015	Long echo-time (TE: 270 ms) MRS showed decreased N-acetyl-aspartate/creatine and elevated choline/creatine and lactate; short echo-time MRS (TE: 30 ms) revealed increased myoinositol at 3.56 ppm and lipid peaks at 0.9 and 1.3 ppm.	Creatine	98-106	MROS	Homo sapiens	28-31
25555469-3	2015	This study evaluated the influence of pharmacological agents that modulate NMDAR/L-arginine-NO pathway in the anti-immobility effect of creatine in the tail suspension test (TST) in mice.	Creatine	136-144	glutamate receptor, ionotropic, NMDA1 (zeta 1)	Mus musculus	75-80
25428599-0	2015	Creatine inhibits adipogenesis by downregulating insulin-induced activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway.	Creatine	0-8	insulin	Homo sapiens	49-56
25428599-5	2015	Consistently, a dramatic reduction in mRNA expression of adipogenic transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha), glucose transporters, 1 and 4 (Glut1, Glut4), and adipocyte markers, aP2 and adipsin, was observed in the presence of creatine.	Creatine	325-333	CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha	Homo sapiens	194-204
25428599-6	2015	Creatine appears to exert its inhibitory effects on adipogenesis during early differentiation, but not late differentiation, or proliferation stages through inhibition of the PI3K-Akt-PPARgamma signaling pathway.	Creatine	0-8	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	180-183
25428599-6	2015	Creatine appears to exert its inhibitory effects on adipogenesis during early differentiation, but not late differentiation, or proliferation stages through inhibition of the PI3K-Akt-PPARgamma signaling pathway.	Creatine	0-8	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens	184-193
25555469-8	2015	In conclusion, the anti-immobility effect of creatine in the TST involves NMDAR inhibition and enhancement of NO levels accompanied by an increase in neural viability.	Creatine	45-53	glutamate receptor, ionotropic, NMDA1 (zeta 1)	Mus musculus	74-79
25595459-11	2015	In palmitate-stimulated HL-1 cardiomyocytes, GLP-1 reduced cytosolic and mitochondrial oxidative stress, increased mitochondrial ATP synthase expression, partially restored mitochondrial membrane permeability and cytochrome c oxidase activity, blunted leakage of creatine to the extracellular medium, and inhibited oxidative damage in total and mitochondrial DNA.	Creatine	263-271	glucagon	Homo sapiens	45-50
25649792-8	2015	On the contrary, Cr supplementation normalized expression of the transcription factors PPARalpha and PPARgamma that were altered by the CDD.	Creatine	17-19	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	87-96
25649792-8	2015	On the contrary, Cr supplementation normalized expression of the transcription factors PPARalpha and PPARgamma that were altered by the CDD.	Creatine	17-19	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Rattus norvegicus	101-110
25649792-9	2015	Further, the downstream targets and fatty acids metabolism genes, UCP2, LCAD and CPT1a, were also normalized in the Cr group as compared to CDD-fed rats.	Creatine	116-118	uncoupling protein 2	Rattus norvegicus	66-70
25649792-9	2015	Further, the downstream targets and fatty acids metabolism genes, UCP2, LCAD and CPT1a, were also normalized in the Cr group as compared to CDD-fed rats.	Creatine	116-118	acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, long chain	Rattus norvegicus	72-76
25649792-9	2015	Further, the downstream targets and fatty acids metabolism genes, UCP2, LCAD and CPT1a, were also normalized in the Cr group as compared to CDD-fed rats.	Creatine	116-118	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Rattus norvegicus	81-86
25560941-6	2015	In contrast, combined 4% creatine+T in castrates prevented downregulation of BDNF, doublecortin, and calretinin mRNAs.	Creatine	25-33	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	77-81
25655840-0	2015	Creatine is a scavenger for methylglyoxal under physiological conditions via formation of N-(4-methyl-5-oxo-1-imidazolin-2-yl)sarcosine (MG-HCr).	Creatine	0-8	coiled-coil alpha-helical rod protein 1	Homo sapiens	140-143
25655840-2	2015	Due to its rapid formation, MG-HCr represents a specific product following "scavenging" of methylglyoxal by creatine.	Creatine	108-116	coiled-coil alpha-helical rod protein 1	Homo sapiens	31-34
25437375-8	2015	MRS data revealed a reduction in medial frontal GABA+/tCr (total Creatine) levels in the NF1 group, in parallel with the already reported reduced occipital GABA levels.	Creatine	65-73	neurofibromin 1	Homo sapiens	89-92
25622538-1	2015	Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), the natural precursor of creatine, has potential as a dietary supplement for human nutrition, yet no data are available regarding its dose-dependent pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior.	Creatine	53-61	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	22-25
25622538-9	2015	Ingestion of GAA elevated plasma creatine by 80%, 116%, and 293% compared with the placebo for the 1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 g doses, respectively (P &lt; .0001).	Creatine	33-41	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	13-16
25585912-6	2015	RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the NF1 and control groups with regard to the mean values of myoinositol/creatine and choline/creatine, with higher metabolite values observed in the NF1 group (P < 0.001).	Creatine	146-154	neurofibromin 1	Homo sapiens	56-59
25585912-7	2015	Only the myoinositol/creatine ratio was able to discriminate between NF1 subgroups with and without T2-weighted hyperintensities.	Creatine	21-29	neurofibromin 1	Homo sapiens	69-72
25560941-6	2015	In contrast, combined 4% creatine+T in castrates prevented downregulation of BDNF, doublecortin, and calretinin mRNAs.	Creatine	25-33	doublecortin	Rattus norvegicus	83-95
25560941-6	2015	In contrast, combined 4% creatine+T in castrates prevented downregulation of BDNF, doublecortin, and calretinin mRNAs.	Creatine	25-33	calbindin 2	Rattus norvegicus	101-111
25560941-7	2015	Similarly, combined 4% creatine+EB+P in ovariectomized females attenuated downregulation of BDNF and calbindin mRNA levels.	Creatine	23-31	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	92-96
25560941-7	2015	Similarly, combined 4% creatine+EB+P in ovariectomized females attenuated downregulation of BDNF and calbindin mRNA levels.	Creatine	23-31	calbindin 1	Rattus norvegicus	101-110
25585912-6	2015	RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the NF1 and control groups with regard to the mean values of myoinositol/creatine and choline/creatine, with higher metabolite values observed in the NF1 group (P < 0.001).	Creatine	125-133	neurofibromin 1	Homo sapiens	56-59
25471565-9	2014	Higher amyloid-beta burden was associated with elevated mI/Cr and lower NAA/mI ratios, but not with NAA/Cr.	Creatine	59-61	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	7-19
26316082-7	2015	RESULTS: PKC activation decreases creatine transport in cardiomyocytes in culture.	Creatine	34-42	proline rich transmembrane protein 2	Homo sapiens	9-12
26167296-0	2015	The Effects of Hyperhydrating Supplements Containing Creatine and Glucose on Plasma Lipids and Insulin Sensitivity in Endurance-Trained Athletes.	Creatine	53-61	insulin	Homo sapiens	95-102
26037200-8	2015	Moreover, ERRalpha has a role in creatine and lactate uptake in skeletal muscle which is important towards energy generation and contraction.	Creatine	33-41	estrogen related receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	10-18
24488656-2	2015	The ratio of choline (plus spermine as the main polyamine) plus creatine over citrate [(Cho+(Spm+)Cr)/Cit] is derived from these metabolites and is used as a marker for the presence of prostate cancer.	Creatine	64-72	citron rho-interacting serine/threonine kinase	Homo sapiens	102-105
26185828-4	2015	MRS in the thalamus of a hypomyelinating mouse model, a myelin synthesis-deficient (msd) mouse, a model of connatal PMD with mutation of the Plp1 gene, revealed increased tNAA and Cr and decreased Cho.	Creatine	180-182	proteolipid protein (myelin) 1	Mus musculus	141-145
26185828-5	2015	That of a shiverer mouse with an autosomal recessive mutation of the Mbp gene showed decreased Cho with normal tNAA and Cr.	Creatine	120-122	myelin basic protein	Mus musculus	69-72
26666525-7	2015	In CreaT expressing oocytes co-expression of JAK3 or A568VJAK3, but not co-expression of K851A JAK3 was followed by a significant decrease of creatine induced current.	Creatine	142-150	Janus kinase 3 (a protein tyrosine kinase, leukocyte) L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	45-49
26666525-7	2015	In CreaT expressing oocytes co-expression of JAK3 or A568VJAK3, but not co-expression of K851A JAK3 was followed by a significant decrease of creatine induced current.	Creatine	142-150	Janus kinase 3 (a protein tyrosine kinase, leukocyte) L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	58-62
26666525-8	2015	According to kinetic analysis JAK3 significantly decreased the maximal creatine transport rate.	Creatine	71-79	Janus kinase 3 (a protein tyrosine kinase, leukocyte) L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	30-34
26666525-9	2015	In CreaT and JAK3 expressing oocytes the creatine induced current was significantly increased by JAK3 inhibitor WHI-P154 (22 microM).	Creatine	41-49	Janus kinase 3 (a protein tyrosine kinase, leukocyte) L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	13-17
26666525-9	2015	In CreaT and JAK3 expressing oocytes the creatine induced current was significantly increased by JAK3 inhibitor WHI-P154 (22 microM).	Creatine	41-49	Janus kinase 3 (a protein tyrosine kinase, leukocyte) L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	97-101
25173818-0	2014	PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta increase CrT expression and creatine uptake in myotubes via ERRalpha.	Creatine	53-61	PPARG coactivator 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	0-10
25173818-0	2014	PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta increase CrT expression and creatine uptake in myotubes via ERRalpha.	Creatine	53-61	PPARG coactivator 1 beta	Homo sapiens	15-24
25173818-0	2014	PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta increase CrT expression and creatine uptake in myotubes via ERRalpha.	Creatine	53-61	estrogen related receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	85-93
25173818-1	2014	Intramuscular creatine plays a crucial role in maintaining skeletal muscle energy homeostasis, and its entry into the cell is dependent upon the sodium chloride dependent Creatine Transporter (CrT; Slc6a8).	Creatine	14-22	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	198-204
25173818-7	2014	We therefore hypothesized that PGC-1 and ERRalpha could also regulate CrT gene expression and creatine uptake in skeletal muscle.	Creatine	94-102	PPARG coactivator 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	31-36
25173818-7	2014	We therefore hypothesized that PGC-1 and ERRalpha could also regulate CrT gene expression and creatine uptake in skeletal muscle.	Creatine	94-102	estrogen related receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	41-49
25173818-8	2014	Here we show that adenoviral overexpression of PGC-1alpha or PGC-1beta in L6 myotubes increased CrT mRNA (2.1 and 1.7-fold, P&lt;0.0125) and creatine uptake (1.8 and 1.6-fold, P&lt;0.0125), and this effect was inhibited with co-expression of shRNA for ERRalpha.	Creatine	141-149	PPARG coactivator 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	47-57
25173818-8	2014	Here we show that adenoviral overexpression of PGC-1alpha or PGC-1beta in L6 myotubes increased CrT mRNA (2.1 and 1.7-fold, P&lt;0.0125) and creatine uptake (1.8 and 1.6-fold, P&lt;0.0125), and this effect was inhibited with co-expression of shRNA for ERRalpha.	Creatine	141-149	PPARG coactivator 1 beta	Homo sapiens	61-70
25173818-9	2014	Overexpression of a constitutively active ERRalpha (VP16-ERRalpha) increased CrT mRNA approximately 8-fold (P&lt;0.05), resulting in a 2.2-fold (P&lt;0.05) increase in creatine uptake.	Creatine	168-176	estrogen related receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	42-50
25173818-9	2014	Overexpression of a constitutively active ERRalpha (VP16-ERRalpha) increased CrT mRNA approximately 8-fold (P&lt;0.05), resulting in a 2.2-fold (P&lt;0.05) increase in creatine uptake.	Creatine	168-176	estrogen related receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	57-65
25468046-1	2014	Guanidinoacetic acid (also known as glycocyamine; GAA) is an endogenous substance which occurs in humans and plays a central role in the biosynthesis of creatine.	Creatine	153-161	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	50-53
25468046-2	2014	The formation of creatine from GAA consumes methyl groups, and increases production of homocysteine.	Creatine	17-25	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	31-34
25205520-7	2014	In line with increased fatty acid oxidation, mRNA analysis revealed that creatine-treated cells had increased expression of PPARalpha and several of its transcriptional targets.	Creatine	73-81	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	124-133
25474016-4	2015	Human and murine studies identified L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) as the responsible enzyme for endogenous L-homoarginine formation, suggesting a further important function of AGAT apart from its involvement in creatine and energy metabolism.	Creatine	226-234	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	36-73
25474016-4	2015	Human and murine studies identified L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) as the responsible enzyme for endogenous L-homoarginine formation, suggesting a further important function of AGAT apart from its involvement in creatine and energy metabolism.	Creatine	226-234	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	75-79
25391139-12	2014	Minimal subjective benefit was found with low dose creatine and ramipril only for patients with a polymorphism known as the D/Dangiotens in converting enzyme(ACE) phenotype.	Creatine	51-59	angiotensin I converting enzyme	Homo sapiens	158-161
25550864-18	2014	The serum creatine level was related to patient gender (P = 0.0077), SBP (P &lt; 0.0001), DBP (0.0049), IgG (P-0.0006), and C3 (P = 0.0113).	Creatine	10-18	selenium binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	69-72
25485098-5	2014	We showed a remarkable Cr depletion in the murine brain tissues and cognitive defects, thus resembling the key features of human CCDS1.	Creatine	23-25	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	129-134
24962355-1	2014	Creatine transporter (SLC6A8) deficiency is the most common cause of cerebral creatine syndromes, and is characterized by depletion of creatine in the brain.	Creatine	78-86	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	22-28
24877651-7	2014	Validation of the assay in mouse models of creatine deficiency revealed plasma creatine metabolite pattern in good accordance with those observed in human GAMT and AGAT deficiency.	Creatine	43-51	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	155-159
25550864-18	2014	The serum creatine level was related to patient gender (P = 0.0077), SBP (P &lt; 0.0001), DBP (0.0049), IgG (P-0.0006), and C3 (P = 0.0113).	Creatine	10-18	D-box binding PAR bZIP transcription factor	Homo sapiens	90-93
25011442-6	2014	RESULTS: Forty named and 34 unnamed metabolites were found to be associated with eGFR specified by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation with creatine and 3-indoxyl sulfate showing the strongest positive (2.8 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) per +1 SD; 95% confidence interval, 2.1 to 3.5) and negative association (-14.2 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) per +1 SD; 95% confidence interval, -17.0 to -11.3), respectively.	Creatine	167-175	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	81-85
25206338-0	2014	Creatine transporter (SLC6A8) knockout mice display an increased capacity for in vitro creatine biosynthesis in skeletal muscle.	Creatine	87-95	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, creatine), member 8	Mus musculus	22-28
25206338-3	2014	Muscle protein and gene expression of the enzymes responsible for Cr biosynthesis L-arginine:glycine amidotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) were also determined as were the rates of in vitro Cr biosynthesis.	Creatine	66-68	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	165-169
24842317-2	2014	One such reaction, catalyzed by guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), is a major consumer of methyl groups and utilizes as much as 40% of the SAM-derived groups to convert guanidinoacetate (GAA) to creatine.	Creatine	203-211	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	32-66
24842317-2	2014	One such reaction, catalyzed by guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), is a major consumer of methyl groups and utilizes as much as 40% of the SAM-derived groups to convert guanidinoacetate (GAA) to creatine.	Creatine	203-211	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	68-72
24953403-1	2014	BACKGROUND: Creatine transporter deficiency (CTD) is an X-linked inborn error of creatine metabolism characterized by reduced intra-cerebral creatine, developmental delay/intellectual disability, (ID), behavioral disturbance, seizures, and hypotonia in individuals harboring mutations in the SLC6A8 gene.	Creatine	81-89	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	292-298
24850492-5	2014	All APOE epsilon4+ subjects had lower total creatine in basal ganglia.	Creatine	44-52	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	4-8
24948068-0	2014	Involvement of PKA, PKC, CAMK-II and MEK1/2 in the acute antidepressant-like effect of creatine in mice.	Creatine	87-95	calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II gamma	Mus musculus	25-32
24948068-0	2014	Involvement of PKA, PKC, CAMK-II and MEK1/2 in the acute antidepressant-like effect of creatine in mice.	Creatine	87-95	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1	Mus musculus	37-43
24948068-6	2014	CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the antidepressant-like effect of creatine is dependent on PKA, CaMK-II, PKC and MEK 1/2 activation.	Creatine	73-81	calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II gamma	Mus musculus	103-110
24948068-6	2014	CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the antidepressant-like effect of creatine is dependent on PKA, CaMK-II, PKC and MEK 1/2 activation.	Creatine	73-81	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1	Mus musculus	120-127
24561156-3	2014	Mutations in SLC6A8, and the ensuing decrease in brain creatine, lead to co-occurrence of speech/language delay, autism-like behaviors and epilepsy with ID.	Creatine	55-63	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	13-19
24561156-12	2014	Moreover, transient transfection of CTR4 or CTR5 into HEK293 cells resulted in significantly higher creatine uptake.	Creatine	100-108	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	44-48
24561156-13	2014	CONCLUSIONS: CTR4 and CTR5 are possible regulators of the creatine transporter since their overexpression results in upregulated CTR1 protein and creatine uptake.	Creatine	58-66	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	22-26
24561156-13	2014	CONCLUSIONS: CTR4 and CTR5 are possible regulators of the creatine transporter since their overexpression results in upregulated CTR1 protein and creatine uptake.	Creatine	58-66	solute carrier family 31 member 1	Homo sapiens	129-133
24256608-0	2014	Alcohol consumption decreases rat hepatic creatine biosynthesis via altered guanidinoacetate methyltransferase activity.	Creatine	42-50	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	76-110
23831342-7	2014	RESULTS: General linear model analysis demonstrated that older APOE E4 carriers had significantly higher choline/creatine and myo-inositol/creatine ratios than APOE E3 homozygotes.	Creatine	113-121	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	63-67
23831342-7	2014	RESULTS: General linear model analysis demonstrated that older APOE E4 carriers had significantly higher choline/creatine and myo-inositol/creatine ratios than APOE E3 homozygotes.	Creatine	139-147	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	63-67
23831342-8	2014	Structural equation modeling resulted in a model with an excellent goodness of fit and in which the APOE x age interaction and APOE status each had a significant effect on (1)H-MRS metabolites (choline/creatine and myo-inositol/creatine).	Creatine	202-210	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	100-104
23831342-8	2014	Structural equation modeling resulted in a model with an excellent goodness of fit and in which the APOE x age interaction and APOE status each had a significant effect on (1)H-MRS metabolites (choline/creatine and myo-inositol/creatine).	Creatine	202-210	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	127-131
23831342-8	2014	Structural equation modeling resulted in a model with an excellent goodness of fit and in which the APOE x age interaction and APOE status each had a significant effect on (1)H-MRS metabolites (choline/creatine and myo-inositol/creatine).	Creatine	228-236	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	100-104
23831342-8	2014	Structural equation modeling resulted in a model with an excellent goodness of fit and in which the APOE x age interaction and APOE status each had a significant effect on (1)H-MRS metabolites (choline/creatine and myo-inositol/creatine).	Creatine	228-236	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	127-131
23831342-10	2014	CONCLUSIONS: In a healthy aging normal population, choline/creatine and myo-inositol/creatine ratios were significantly increased in APOE E4 carriers, suggesting the presence of neuroinflammatory processes and greater membrane turnover in older carriers.	Creatine	59-67	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	133-137
23831342-10	2014	CONCLUSIONS: In a healthy aging normal population, choline/creatine and myo-inositol/creatine ratios were significantly increased in APOE E4 carriers, suggesting the presence of neuroinflammatory processes and greater membrane turnover in older carriers.	Creatine	85-93	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	133-137
24510496-0	2014	PRECREST: a phase II prevention and biomarker trial of creatine in at-risk Huntington disease.	Creatine	55-63	SS18L1 subunit of BAF chromatin remodeling complex	Homo sapiens	0-8
25665401-0	2014	Effect of creatine supplementation on physical performance are related to the AMPD1 and PPARG genes polymorphisms in football players.	Creatine	10-18	adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1	Homo sapiens	78-83
25665401-0	2014	Effect of creatine supplementation on physical performance are related to the AMPD1 and PPARG genes polymorphisms in football players.	Creatine	10-18	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens	88-93
25665401-5	2014	The best response to creatine was presented by AMPD1 CC genotype.	Creatine	21-29	adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1	Homo sapiens	47-52
24415674-1	2014	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency (GAMT-D) is an autosomal recessively inherited disorder of creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	105-113	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	47-51
24256608-2	2014	One such methyltransferase is guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) that catalyzes the last step of creatine synthesis.	Creatine	104-112	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	30-64
24256608-2	2014	One such methyltransferase is guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) that catalyzes the last step of creatine synthesis.	Creatine	104-112	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	66-70
24256608-8	2014	Further, in vitro experiments with cell-free system and hepatic cells revealed it is indeed elevated SAH and lower SAM:SAH ratio that directly impairs GAMT activity and significantly reduces creatine synthesis.	Creatine	191-199	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	151-155
24256608-9	2014	EtOH intake also slightly decreases the hepatocellular uptake of the creatine precursor, guanidinoacetate (GAA), and the GAMT enzyme expression that could additionally contribute to reduced liver creatine synthesis.	Creatine	196-204	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	121-125
24103317-3	2014	Creatine can be obtained from the diet or synthesised from endogenous amino acids via the enzymes arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT).	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	145-181
23892392-5	2014	RESULTS: NF1 patients, compared to healthy controls, showed (a) decreased NAA in all the four ROI, (b) increased Cho and decreased Cr in three of the four ROI, (c) decreased NAA/Cho ratio in three ROI, and (d) increased ADC in all the four ROI.	Creatine	131-133	neurofibromin 1	Homo sapiens	9-12
24200581-2	2014	We hypothesized that reducing muscle creatine (Cr) and phosphocreatine (PCr) may accelerate postmortem ATP consumption and prevent extended pH decline in AMPKgamma3(R200Q) longissimus muscle.	Creatine	37-45	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit gamma 3	Sus scrofa	154-159
24200581-2	2014	We hypothesized that reducing muscle creatine (Cr) and phosphocreatine (PCr) may accelerate postmortem ATP consumption and prevent extended pH decline in AMPKgamma3(R200Q) longissimus muscle.	Creatine	47-49	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit gamma 3	Sus scrofa	154-159
24144841-4	2014	Intracellular transport of creatine is carried out by a creatine transporter protein (CT1/CRT/CRTR) encoded by the SLC6A8 gene.	Creatine	27-35	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	86-89
24144841-4	2014	Intracellular transport of creatine is carried out by a creatine transporter protein (CT1/CRT/CRTR) encoded by the SLC6A8 gene.	Creatine	27-35	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	94-98
24144841-4	2014	Intracellular transport of creatine is carried out by a creatine transporter protein (CT1/CRT/CRTR) encoded by the SLC6A8 gene.	Creatine	27-35	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	115-121
24392144-6	2014	Hmgn5(tm1/Y) mice had a significant increase in hepatic glutathione levels and decreased urinary concentrations of betaine, phenylacetylglycine, and creatine, all of which are metabolically related to the glutathione precursor glycine.	Creatine	149-157	high-mobility group nucleosome binding domain 5	Mus musculus	0-5
25613139-0	2014	Creatine protects against mitochondrial dysfunction associated with HIV-1 Tat-induced neuronal injury.	Creatine	0-8	Tat	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	74-77
25613139-3	2014	Here we tested the hypothesis that creatine protected against HIV-1 Tat-induced neuronal injury by preventing mitochondrial bioenergetic crisis and/or redox catastrophe.	Creatine	35-43	Tat	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	68-71
25613139-4	2014	Creatine blocked HIV-1 Tat(1-72)-induced increases in neuron cell death and synaptic area loss.	Creatine	0-8	Tat	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	23-26
25613139-5	2014	Creatine protected against HIV-1 Tat-induced decreases in ATP.	Creatine	0-8	Tat	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	33-36
25613139-6	2014	Creatine and creatine plus HIV-1 Tat increased cellular levels of creatine, and creatine plus HIV-1 Tat further decreased ratios of phosphocreatine to creatine observed with creatine or HIV-1 Tat treatments alone.	Creatine	66-74	Tat	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	33-36
25613139-6	2014	Creatine and creatine plus HIV-1 Tat increased cellular levels of creatine, and creatine plus HIV-1 Tat further decreased ratios of phosphocreatine to creatine observed with creatine or HIV-1 Tat treatments alone.	Creatine	66-74	Tat	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	33-36
25613139-7	2014	Additionally, creatine protected against HIV-1 Tat-induced mitochondrial hypopolarization and HIV-1 Tat-induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening.	Creatine	14-22	Tat	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	47-50
25613139-7	2014	Additionally, creatine protected against HIV-1 Tat-induced mitochondrial hypopolarization and HIV-1 Tat-induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening.	Creatine	14-22	Tat	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	100-103
23846910-1	2014	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a rare disorder of creatine synthesis resulting in cerebral creatine depletion.	Creatine	75-83	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-34
23846910-1	2014	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a rare disorder of creatine synthesis resulting in cerebral creatine depletion.	Creatine	75-83	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	36-40
23846910-1	2014	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a rare disorder of creatine synthesis resulting in cerebral creatine depletion.	Creatine	116-124	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-34
23846910-1	2014	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a rare disorder of creatine synthesis resulting in cerebral creatine depletion.	Creatine	116-124	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	36-40
24103317-3	2014	Creatine can be obtained from the diet or synthesised from endogenous amino acids via the enzymes arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT).	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	183-187
24103317-7	2014	We found significant AGAT activity and somewhat lower GAMT activity in the pancreas and that pancreatic acini had measurable activities of both AGAT and GAMT and the capacity to synthesise GAA and creatine from amino acids.	Creatine	197-205	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	153-157
25531216-10	2014	RESULTS: Coexpression of Klotho protein significantly increased creatine-induced current in Slc6A8 expressing Xenopus oocytes.	Creatine	64-72	klotho	Homo sapiens	25-31
25531585-5	2014	RESULTS: Coexpression of wild-type SPAK and of (T233E)SPAK, but not of (T233A)SPAK or of (D212A)SPAK was followed by a significant decrease of creatine induced current in SLC6A8 expressing oocytes.	Creatine	143-151	oxidative stress responsive kinase 1 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	54-58
25531216-11	2014	Coexpression of Klotho protein delayed the decline of creatine induced current following inhibition of carrier insertion into the cell membrane by brefeldin A (5 microM).	Creatine	54-62	klotho	Homo sapiens	16-22
25531216-12	2014	The increase of creatine induced current by coexpression of Klotho protein in Slc6A8 expressing Xenopus oocytes was reversed by beta-glucuronidase inhibitor (DSAL).	Creatine	16-24	klotho	Homo sapiens	60-66
25531216-13	2014	Similarly, treatment of Slc6A8 expressing Xenopus oocytes with recombinant human alpha Klotho protein significantly increased creatine induced current.	Creatine	126-134	klotho	Homo sapiens	87-93
25531585-5	2014	RESULTS: Coexpression of wild-type SPAK and of (T233E)SPAK, but not of (T233A)SPAK or of (D212A)SPAK was followed by a significant decrease of creatine induced current in SLC6A8 expressing oocytes.	Creatine	143-151	oxidative stress responsive kinase 1 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	54-58
25531585-5	2014	RESULTS: Coexpression of wild-type SPAK and of (T233E)SPAK, but not of (T233A)SPAK or of (D212A)SPAK was followed by a significant decrease of creatine induced current in SLC6A8 expressing oocytes.	Creatine	143-151	oxidative stress responsive kinase 1 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	54-58
23443810-6	2013	Interestingly, miR-21 expression positively correlated with urine albumin creatine ratio (ACR), TIMP1, collagen IV (ColIV), and fibronectin (FN); while negatively correlated with creatine clearance ratio (Ccr) and MMP-9 protein.	Creatine	74-82	microRNA 21a	Mus musculus	15-21
25531585-2	2014	The present study explored whether SPAK and/or OSR1 participate in the regulation of the creatine transporter CreaT (SLC6A8), which accomplishes Na+ coupled cellular uptake of creatine in several tissues including kidney, intestine, heart, skeletal muscle and brain.	Creatine	89-97	oxidative stress responsive kinase 1 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	35-39
25531585-5	2014	RESULTS: Coexpression of wild-type SPAK and of (T233E)SPAK, but not of (T233A)SPAK or of (D212A)SPAK was followed by a significant decrease of creatine induced current in SLC6A8 expressing oocytes.	Creatine	143-151	oxidative stress responsive kinase 1 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	35-39
24190795-1	2014	X-linked creatine transport (CRTR) deficiency, caused by mutations in the SLC6A8 gene, leads to intellectual disability, speech delay, epilepsy, and autistic behavior in hemizygous males.	Creatine	9-17	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	29-33
24190795-1	2014	X-linked creatine transport (CRTR) deficiency, caused by mutations in the SLC6A8 gene, leads to intellectual disability, speech delay, epilepsy, and autistic behavior in hemizygous males.	Creatine	9-17	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	74-80
25206655-6	2013	Hydrogen proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis showed that the N-acetylaspartate/creatine ratio in the hippocampal CA3 region was significantly increased at 1 week, and the N-acetylaspartate/choline ratio was significantly increased at 2 weeks after hyperbaric oxygen therapy.	Creatine	91-99	carbonic anhydrase 3	Rattus norvegicus	125-128
24315367-3	2013	(2013) show that a single nucleotide polymorphism decreasing expression of glycine amidinotransferase (GATM), the enzyme regulating creatine biosynthesis, is associated with reduced statin myopathy.	Creatine	132-140	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	75-101
24315367-3	2013	(2013) show that a single nucleotide polymorphism decreasing expression of glycine amidinotransferase (GATM), the enzyme regulating creatine biosynthesis, is associated with reduced statin myopathy.	Creatine	132-140	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	103-107
23443810-6	2013	Interestingly, miR-21 expression positively correlated with urine albumin creatine ratio (ACR), TIMP1, collagen IV (ColIV), and fibronectin (FN); while negatively correlated with creatine clearance ratio (Ccr) and MMP-9 protein.	Creatine	179-187	microRNA 21a	Mus musculus	15-21
23995691-5	2013	This analysis identified six expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) that interacted with simvastatin exposure, including rs9806699, a cis-eQTL for the gene glycine amidinotransferase (GATM) that encodes the rate-limiting enzyme in creatine synthesis.	Creatine	235-243	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	160-186
24170981-3	2013	RESULTS: ALT had higher concentrations in mice feeding on normal diet for 8 (P &gt; 0.01) and 12 weeks (P &gt; 0.01) following asphyxia and in 12 weeks treatment without asphyxia (P = 0.006) when compared with the creatine supplemented mice.	Creatine	214-222	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	9-12
23596182-10	2013	Insulin infusion resulted in an increase in frontal NAA/Cr and NAA/H2O and frontal and temporal Glx/Cr and Glx/H2O and a decrease in frontal Cho/Cr and temporal Cho/H2O and myo-inositol/H2O (all P &lt; 0.05, except temporal Glx/H2O, P = 0.054, NS) in the high-IS, but not in the low-IS, group.	Creatine	56-58	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
23596182-10	2013	Insulin infusion resulted in an increase in frontal NAA/Cr and NAA/H2O and frontal and temporal Glx/Cr and Glx/H2O and a decrease in frontal Cho/Cr and temporal Cho/H2O and myo-inositol/H2O (all P &lt; 0.05, except temporal Glx/H2O, P = 0.054, NS) in the high-IS, but not in the low-IS, group.	Creatine	100-102	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
23596182-10	2013	Insulin infusion resulted in an increase in frontal NAA/Cr and NAA/H2O and frontal and temporal Glx/Cr and Glx/H2O and a decrease in frontal Cho/Cr and temporal Cho/H2O and myo-inositol/H2O (all P &lt; 0.05, except temporal Glx/H2O, P = 0.054, NS) in the high-IS, but not in the low-IS, group.	Creatine	100-102	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
23596182-11	2013	Insulin sensitivity correlated positively with frontal NAA/Cr and NAA/H2O and temporal Glx/H2O and negatively with temporal myo-inositol/Cr and myo-inositol/H2O assessed during the second (1)H-MRS (all P &lt; 0.05).	Creatine	59-61	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
23596182-11	2013	Insulin sensitivity correlated positively with frontal NAA/Cr and NAA/H2O and temporal Glx/H2O and negatively with temporal myo-inositol/Cr and myo-inositol/H2O assessed during the second (1)H-MRS (all P &lt; 0.05).	Creatine	137-139	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
23792673-0	2013	Unchanged mitochondrial organization and compartmentation of high-energy phosphates in creatine-deficient GAMT-/- mouse hearts.	Creatine	87-95	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	106-110
23792673-2	2013	We expected to see similar changes in creatine-deficient mice, which lack the enzyme guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) to produce creatine.	Creatine	38-46	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	85-119
23792673-2	2013	We expected to see similar changes in creatine-deficient mice, which lack the enzyme guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) to produce creatine.	Creatine	38-46	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	121-125
23792673-2	2013	We expected to see similar changes in creatine-deficient mice, which lack the enzyme guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) to produce creatine.	Creatine	138-146	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	85-119
23792673-2	2013	We expected to see similar changes in creatine-deficient mice, which lack the enzyme guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) to produce creatine.	Creatine	138-146	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	121-125
23578822-1	2013	Creatine transport has been assigned to creatine transporter 1 (CRT1), encoded by mental retardation associated SLC6A8.	Creatine	0-8	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	40-62
23578822-1	2013	Creatine transport has been assigned to creatine transporter 1 (CRT1), encoded by mental retardation associated SLC6A8.	Creatine	0-8	hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1	Homo sapiens	64-68
23578822-1	2013	Creatine transport has been assigned to creatine transporter 1 (CRT1), encoded by mental retardation associated SLC6A8.	Creatine	0-8	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	112-118
23578822-3	2013	A non-synonymous alteration in MCT12 (p.G407S) found in a patient with age-related cataract (ARC) leads to a significant reduction of creatine transport.	Creatine	134-142	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	31-36
23578822-4	2013	Furthermore, Slc16a12 knockout (KO) rats have elevated creatine levels in urine.	Creatine	55-63	solute carrier family 16, member 12	Rattus norvegicus	13-21
23578822-6	2013	CRT2 (MCT12)-mediated uptake of creatine was not sensitive to sodium and chloride ions or creatine biosynthesis precursors, breakdown product creatinine or creatine phosphate.	Creatine	32-40	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	0-4
23578822-6	2013	CRT2 (MCT12)-mediated uptake of creatine was not sensitive to sodium and chloride ions or creatine biosynthesis precursors, breakdown product creatinine or creatine phosphate.	Creatine	32-40	solute carrier family 16 member 12	Homo sapiens	6-11
23795807-7	2013	A spectral analysis showed significant differences in creatine-containing compounds at the early stage (2-6 h) and taurine-containing compounds at the late stage (12-24 h), with the detection of HIF-1alpha and cleaved caspase-3 in cells exposed to hypoxia compared to normoxia.	Creatine	54-62	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Rattus norvegicus	195-205
23692992-8	2013	In a multiple regression linear model, CHIT concentration was positively associated with age, creatine and testosterone.	Creatine	94-102	chitinase 1	Homo sapiens	39-43
23351309-1	2013	Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is the natural biosynthetic precursor of creatine, in a metabolic reaction that requires only a methyl group transfer.	Creatine	68-76	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	22-25
23351309-2	2013	The use of GAA as a food additive for restoring creatine load in human tissues is rather unexplored and data on efficacy and safety are limited.	Creatine	48-56	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	11-14
23351309-4	2013	The present study evaluated the effects of orally administered GAA with and without methyl group donors on serum and urine creatine concentrations, and the occurrence of adverse events during an intervention in healthy human subjects.	Creatine	123-131	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	63-66
23877175-12	2013	Moreover, for the hilus of the DG and CA3 area, the number of creatine deposits was higher in the latent than in the acute phase after pilocarpine injection.	Creatine	62-70	carbonic anhydrase 3	Rattus norvegicus	38-41
23430365-6	2013	Present results showed that the co-treatment with pyruvate and creatine prevented the reduction in dendritic spine density in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 hippocampal field and in the posterodorsal medial amygdala of PKU animals.	Creatine	63-71	carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens	154-157
23995691-5	2013	This analysis identified six expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) that interacted with simvastatin exposure, including rs9806699, a cis-eQTL for the gene glycine amidinotransferase (GATM) that encodes the rate-limiting enzyme in creatine synthesis.	Creatine	235-243	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	188-192
23715727-0	2013	A role for thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) in cellular creatine homeostasis.	Creatine	63-71	thioredoxin interacting protein	Mus musculus	11-42
23715727-0	2013	A role for thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) in cellular creatine homeostasis.	Creatine	63-71	thioredoxin interacting protein	Mus musculus	44-49
23715727-1	2013	Creatine is important for energy metabolism, yet excitable cells such as cardiomyocytes do not synthesize creatine and rely on uptake via a specific membrane creatine transporter (CrT; SLC6A8).	Creatine	0-8	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, creatine), member 8	Mus musculus	185-191
23715727-7	2013	Small-interfering RNA against Txnip prevented Txnip upregulation in response to high creatine, maintained normal levels of creatine uptake, and prevented downregulation of CrT mRNA.	Creatine	85-93	thioredoxin interacting protein	Mus musculus	30-35
23715727-7	2013	Small-interfering RNA against Txnip prevented Txnip upregulation in response to high creatine, maintained normal levels of creatine uptake, and prevented downregulation of CrT mRNA.	Creatine	85-93	thioredoxin interacting protein	Mus musculus	46-51
23715727-7	2013	Small-interfering RNA against Txnip prevented Txnip upregulation in response to high creatine, maintained normal levels of creatine uptake, and prevented downregulation of CrT mRNA.	Creatine	123-131	thioredoxin interacting protein	Mus musculus	30-35
23715727-8	2013	These findings were relevant to the in vivo heart since creatine-deficient mice showed 39.71% lower levels of Txnip mRNA, whereas mice overexpressing the CrT had 57.6% higher Txnip mRNA levels and 28.7% higher protein expression compared with wild types (mean myocardial creatine concentration 124 and 74 nmol/mg protein, respectively).	Creatine	56-64	thioredoxin interacting protein	Mus musculus	110-115
23715727-9	2013	In conclusion, we have identified Txnip as a novel negative regulator of creatine levels in vitro and in vivo, responsible for mediating substrate feedback inhibition and a potential target for modulating creatine homeostasis.	Creatine	73-81	thioredoxin interacting protein	Mus musculus	34-39
23715727-9	2013	In conclusion, we have identified Txnip as a novel negative regulator of creatine levels in vitro and in vivo, responsible for mediating substrate feedback inhibition and a potential target for modulating creatine homeostasis.	Creatine	205-213	thioredoxin interacting protein	Mus musculus	34-39
23697594-1	2013	The creatine transporter deficiency is a neurological disease caused by impairment of the creatine transporter SLC6A8, resulting in mental retardation associated with a complete absence of creatine within the brain and cellular energy perturbation of neuronal cells.	Creatine	4-12	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	111-117
23800565-10	2013	Cr supplementation reversed the increase in TNF-alpha and CRP as well as LDH induced by acute exercise.	Creatine	0-2	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	44-53
23800565-10	2013	Cr supplementation reversed the increase in TNF-alpha and CRP as well as LDH induced by acute exercise.	Creatine	0-2	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	58-61
23800565-13	2013	CONCLUSION: Cr supplementation inhibited the increase of inflammation markers TNF-alpha and CRP, but not oxidative stress markers, due to acute exercise.	Creatine	12-14	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	78-87
23800565-13	2013	CONCLUSION: Cr supplementation inhibited the increase of inflammation markers TNF-alpha and CRP, but not oxidative stress markers, due to acute exercise.	Creatine	12-14	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	92-95
23087180-7	2013	In an anti-MPO antibody transfer model, mice given GCSF had more crescents (mean 29.1% vs 5.8% per glomerular cross section, p&lt;0.05), more macrophages (mean 3.2 vs 1.2 per glomerular cross-section, p&lt;0.01), higher serum creatines (mean 13.6 vs 8.3 mumol/l, p&lt;0.05) and more haematuria (p&lt;0.05) compared with controls.	Creatine	226-235	colony stimulating factor 3 (granulocyte)	Mus musculus	51-55
23352985-0	2013	Evidence for the involvement of 5-HT1A receptor in the acute antidepressant-like effect of creatine in mice.	Creatine	91-99	5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1A	Mus musculus	32-47
23352985-9	2013	These results indicate that the antidepressant-like effect of creatine is likely mediated by an interaction with 5-HT1A receptors.	Creatine	62-70	5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1A	Mus musculus	113-119
23485810-7	2013	Furthermore, creatine prevented the 6-OHDA-induced dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) at the serine 9 residue.	Creatine	13-21	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Homo sapiens	72-102
23485810-7	2013	Furthermore, creatine prevented the 6-OHDA-induced dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) at the serine 9 residue.	Creatine	13-21	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Homo sapiens	104-113
23485810-8	2013	In conclusion, the results of this study show that creatine can protect against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity and its protective mechanism is related to a signaling pathway that involves PI3K, PKC, PKA, CaMKII, MEK1/2 and GSK-3beta.	Creatine	51-59	proline rich transmembrane protein 2	Homo sapiens	187-190
23485810-8	2013	In conclusion, the results of this study show that creatine can protect against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity and its protective mechanism is related to a signaling pathway that involves PI3K, PKC, PKA, CaMKII, MEK1/2 and GSK-3beta.	Creatine	51-59	calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II gamma	Homo sapiens	197-203
23485810-8	2013	In conclusion, the results of this study show that creatine can protect against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity and its protective mechanism is related to a signaling pathway that involves PI3K, PKC, PKA, CaMKII, MEK1/2 and GSK-3beta.	Creatine	51-59	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1	Homo sapiens	205-211
23485810-8	2013	In conclusion, the results of this study show that creatine can protect against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity and its protective mechanism is related to a signaling pathway that involves PI3K, PKC, PKA, CaMKII, MEK1/2 and GSK-3beta.	Creatine	51-59	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Homo sapiens	216-225
23280606-5	2013	Immunocytochemical studies revealed a marked association of CKB with the mitotic spindle in 2- and 4-cell mouse embryos, consistent with the proposition that the creatine shuttle plays a key role in local delivery of ATP during cytokinesis.	Creatine	162-170	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	60-63
23157605-1	2013	Creatine metabolism disorders include guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency, arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency, and the creatine transporter (CT1-encoded by SLC6A8 gene) deficiency.	Creatine	0-8	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	92-127
23157605-1	2013	Creatine metabolism disorders include guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency, arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency, and the creatine transporter (CT1-encoded by SLC6A8 gene) deficiency.	Creatine	0-8	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	177-180
23157605-1	2013	Creatine metabolism disorders include guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency, arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency, and the creatine transporter (CT1-encoded by SLC6A8 gene) deficiency.	Creatine	0-8	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	192-198
23439427-2	2013	We hypothesize that, by analogy with creatine supplementation, 1) an inverse relationship between urinary excretion and muscle loading is present, and 2) the latter is stimulated by carbohydrate- and protein-induced insulin action.	Creatine	37-45	insulin	Homo sapiens	216-223
23157605-1	2013	Creatine metabolism disorders include guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency, arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency, and the creatine transporter (CT1-encoded by SLC6A8 gene) deficiency.	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	38-72
23157605-1	2013	Creatine metabolism disorders include guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency, arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency, and the creatine transporter (CT1-encoded by SLC6A8 gene) deficiency.	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	74-78
23129796-2	2013	Given that the consequences of Cr depletion are incompletely understood, we assessed the morphological, metabolic and functional consequences of systemic depletion on skeletal muscle in a mouse model with deficiency of l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT(-/-)), which catalyses the first step of Cr biosynthesis.	Creatine	304-306	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	219-256
23129796-6	2013	The Cr-deficient AGAT(-/-) mice had a reduced grip strength and suffered from severe muscle atrophy.	Creatine	4-6	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	17-21
23129796-9	2013	Oral Cr administration led to rapid accumulation in skeletal muscle (faster than in brain) and reversed all the muscle abnormalities, revealing that the condition of the AGAT(-/-) mice can be switched between Cr deficient and normal simply by dietary manipulation.	Creatine	5-7	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	170-174
23026748-4	2013	Human mutations in l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), the first enzyme of Cr synthesis, lead to severely reduced Cr and guanidinoacetate (GuA) levels.	Creatine	85-87	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	19-56
23026748-4	2013	Human mutations in l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), the first enzyme of Cr synthesis, lead to severely reduced Cr and guanidinoacetate (GuA) levels.	Creatine	124-126	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	19-56
23329885-1	2013	OBJECTIVES: Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is a natural precursor of creatine, yet the potential use of GAA as a nutritional additive for restoring creatine availability in humans has been limited by unclear efficacy and safety after exogenous GAA administration.	Creatine	65-73	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	34-37
23329885-5	2013	Serum creatine and creatinine increased significantly from before to after administration in GAA-supplemented participants (P &lt; 0.05).	Creatine	6-14	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	93-96
23329885-8	2013	CONCLUSION: Exogenous GAA is metabolized to creatine, resulting in a significant increase of fasting serum creatine after intervention.	Creatine	44-52	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	22-25
23329885-8	2013	CONCLUSION: Exogenous GAA is metabolized to creatine, resulting in a significant increase of fasting serum creatine after intervention.	Creatine	107-115	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	22-25
22644605-2	2013	So far characterization of pathogenic mutations of SLC6A8 has been limited to Cr uptake.	Creatine	78-80	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	51-57
22644605-11	2013	Although the mutations altered various domains of SLC6A8 Cr uptake and electrogenic properties were completely inhibited and could not be dissociated.	Creatine	57-59	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	50-56
23560674-6	2013	Cr supplementation neither decreases Cr kinase, superoxide production, lipoperoxidation, carbonylation, total thiol, IL-1beta, NF-kb, or TNF nor alters the enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxides in relation to the saline group, respectively (P &lt; 0.05).	Creatine	0-2	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	197-205
23622406-2	2013	Three inherited defects, AGAT, GAMT, and CrT deficiency, compromising synthesis and transport of creatine have been discovered recently.	Creatine	97-105	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	25-29
23622406-2	2013	Three inherited defects, AGAT, GAMT, and CrT deficiency, compromising synthesis and transport of creatine have been discovered recently.	Creatine	97-105	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	31-35
23622406-5	2013	The two defects in the creatine synthesis, AGAT and GAMT, are autosomal recessive disorders.	Creatine	23-31	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	43-47
23622406-5	2013	The two defects in the creatine synthesis, AGAT and GAMT, are autosomal recessive disorders.	Creatine	23-31	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	52-56
23622406-8	2013	The defect of creatine transport, CrT, is an X-linked condition and perhaps the most frequent reasons for X-linked mental retardation.	Creatine	14-22	calcitonin receptor	Homo sapiens	34-37
23869894-0	2013	Effect of the MTHFR 677C/T polymorphism on homocysteinemia in response to creatine supplementation: a case study.	Creatine	74-82	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	14-19
23869894-5	2013	Our subject who was methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677TT homozygote lowered plasma HCy from 33.3 micromol/l to 17.1 micromol/l following one-month Cr supplementation (5 g/day) opposite to 677CC and CT genotypes whose HCy levels tended to increase (but still in normal ranges).	Creatine	160-162	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	20-55
23869894-5	2013	Our subject who was methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677TT homozygote lowered plasma HCy from 33.3 micromol/l to 17.1 micromol/l following one-month Cr supplementation (5 g/day) opposite to 677CC and CT genotypes whose HCy levels tended to increase (but still in normal ranges).	Creatine	160-162	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	57-62
23472124-6	2013	At high dose, in both cell types, GSx-related metabolites decreased, including homocystein, creatine and taurine (-60 to -80%, all, P&lt;0.05).	Creatine	92-100	ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 1	Homo sapiens	34-37
23590158-1	2013	BACKGROUND/AIMS: The simultaneous supplementation of creatine and D-ribose has been shown to reduce apoptosis in vitro in non-irreversibly injured cultured ischemic cardiomyocytes through down-regulation of the signaling mechanisms governing adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and protein kinase B (Akt).	Creatine	53-61	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	320-323
23590158-8	2013	Furthermore, creatine + D-ribose diminished the hypoxia-induced increases in the activity of AMPK, Akt and JNK, but not of ERK.	Creatine	13-21	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	99-102
23590158-8	2013	Furthermore, creatine + D-ribose diminished the hypoxia-induced increases in the activity of AMPK, Akt and JNK, but not of ERK.	Creatine	13-21	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	107-110
23590158-9	2013	Finally, the hypoxia-induced pulmonary overexpression of endothelin-1 mRNA was markedly reduced by creatine + D-ribose.	Creatine	99-107	endothelin 1	Mus musculus	57-69
22669403-0	2012	Involvement of hippocampal CAMKII/CREB signaling in the spatial memory retention induced by creatine.	Creatine	92-100	calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II gamma	Homo sapiens	27-33
22669403-0	2012	Involvement of hippocampal CAMKII/CREB signaling in the spatial memory retention induced by creatine.	Creatine	92-100	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	34-38
22669403-2	2012	Thus, we decided to investigate the involvement of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) in the spatial consolidation after an intrahippocampal injection of Cr.	Creatine	264-266	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	190-194
22669403-5	2012	On the other hand, Cr-induced spatial retention was reverted by co-administration of the CaMKII inhibitor (STO-609 5 nmol/hippocampus).	Creatine	19-21	calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II gamma	Homo sapiens	89-95
22669403-8	2012	The results presented in this report suggest that intracellular CaMKII/CREB pathway plays a key role in the Cr-induced spatial retention.	Creatine	108-110	calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II gamma	Homo sapiens	64-70
22669403-8	2012	The results presented in this report suggest that intracellular CaMKII/CREB pathway plays a key role in the Cr-induced spatial retention.	Creatine	108-110	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	71-75
22669403-9	2012	Thus, it is plausible to propose that Cr plays a putative role as a neuromodulator in the brain, and that at least some of its effects may be mediated by intracellular CaMKII/CREB pathway.	Creatine	38-40	calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II gamma	Homo sapiens	168-174
22669403-9	2012	Thus, it is plausible to propose that Cr plays a putative role as a neuromodulator in the brain, and that at least some of its effects may be mediated by intracellular CaMKII/CREB pathway.	Creatine	38-40	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	175-179
23102937-7	2012	Myocardial creatine content was 17.9% lower in LI-IGF-1 -/- mice, whereas there was no detectable difference in high-energy nucleotides.	Creatine	11-19	insulin-like growth factor 1	Mus musculus	50-55
24957771-6	2012	Ethanol degradation and creatine synthesis are down-regulated only in TGFb treated hepatocytes, but not in the control.	Creatine	24-32	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Mus musculus	70-74
23046047-5	2012	MRS revealed significant developmental changes in the ratios of hippocampal metabolites N-acetylaspartate (NAA), myo-inositol (Ins), and taurine to total creatine (tCr) in Fmr1 KO mice compared with WT controls.	Creatine	154-162	fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1	Mus musculus	172-176
22751104-5	2012	We successfully treated the Slc6a8-/y mice with the creatine analog cyclocreatine.	Creatine	52-60	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, creatine), member 8	Mus musculus	28-34
23534590-3	2012	They are characterized by low levels of cerebral creatine caused by different pathogenic mutations concerning the genes coding for creatine synthesis enzymes [arginine: glicyne amidinotransferase (AGAT, EC 2.1.4.1) and guanidinoacetate methyltansferase (GAMT, EC 2.1.1.2)], AGAT and GAMT, respectively, or its transporter (CT1 deficiency), SLC6A8.	Creatine	49-57	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	197-201
23534590-3	2012	They are characterized by low levels of cerebral creatine caused by different pathogenic mutations concerning the genes coding for creatine synthesis enzymes [arginine: glicyne amidinotransferase (AGAT, EC 2.1.4.1) and guanidinoacetate methyltansferase (GAMT, EC 2.1.1.2)], AGAT and GAMT, respectively, or its transporter (CT1 deficiency), SLC6A8.	Creatine	49-57	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	219-252
23534590-3	2012	They are characterized by low levels of cerebral creatine caused by different pathogenic mutations concerning the genes coding for creatine synthesis enzymes [arginine: glicyne amidinotransferase (AGAT, EC 2.1.4.1) and guanidinoacetate methyltansferase (GAMT, EC 2.1.1.2)], AGAT and GAMT, respectively, or its transporter (CT1 deficiency), SLC6A8.	Creatine	49-57	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	254-258
23534590-3	2012	They are characterized by low levels of cerebral creatine caused by different pathogenic mutations concerning the genes coding for creatine synthesis enzymes [arginine: glicyne amidinotransferase (AGAT, EC 2.1.4.1) and guanidinoacetate methyltansferase (GAMT, EC 2.1.1.2)], AGAT and GAMT, respectively, or its transporter (CT1 deficiency), SLC6A8.	Creatine	49-57	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	274-278
23534590-3	2012	They are characterized by low levels of cerebral creatine caused by different pathogenic mutations concerning the genes coding for creatine synthesis enzymes [arginine: glicyne amidinotransferase (AGAT, EC 2.1.4.1) and guanidinoacetate methyltansferase (GAMT, EC 2.1.1.2)], AGAT and GAMT, respectively, or its transporter (CT1 deficiency), SLC6A8.	Creatine	49-57	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	283-287
23534590-3	2012	They are characterized by low levels of cerebral creatine caused by different pathogenic mutations concerning the genes coding for creatine synthesis enzymes [arginine: glicyne amidinotransferase (AGAT, EC 2.1.4.1) and guanidinoacetate methyltansferase (GAMT, EC 2.1.1.2)], AGAT and GAMT, respectively, or its transporter (CT1 deficiency), SLC6A8.	Creatine	49-57	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	323-326
23534590-3	2012	They are characterized by low levels of cerebral creatine caused by different pathogenic mutations concerning the genes coding for creatine synthesis enzymes [arginine: glicyne amidinotransferase (AGAT, EC 2.1.4.1) and guanidinoacetate methyltansferase (GAMT, EC 2.1.1.2)], AGAT and GAMT, respectively, or its transporter (CT1 deficiency), SLC6A8.	Creatine	49-57	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	340-346
23534590-3	2012	They are characterized by low levels of cerebral creatine caused by different pathogenic mutations concerning the genes coding for creatine synthesis enzymes [arginine: glicyne amidinotransferase (AGAT, EC 2.1.4.1) and guanidinoacetate methyltansferase (GAMT, EC 2.1.1.2)], AGAT and GAMT, respectively, or its transporter (CT1 deficiency), SLC6A8.	Creatine	131-139	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	197-201
23534590-3	2012	They are characterized by low levels of cerebral creatine caused by different pathogenic mutations concerning the genes coding for creatine synthesis enzymes [arginine: glicyne amidinotransferase (AGAT, EC 2.1.4.1) and guanidinoacetate methyltansferase (GAMT, EC 2.1.1.2)], AGAT and GAMT, respectively, or its transporter (CT1 deficiency), SLC6A8.	Creatine	131-139	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	219-252
23534590-3	2012	They are characterized by low levels of cerebral creatine caused by different pathogenic mutations concerning the genes coding for creatine synthesis enzymes [arginine: glicyne amidinotransferase (AGAT, EC 2.1.4.1) and guanidinoacetate methyltansferase (GAMT, EC 2.1.1.2)], AGAT and GAMT, respectively, or its transporter (CT1 deficiency), SLC6A8.	Creatine	131-139	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	254-258
23534590-3	2012	They are characterized by low levels of cerebral creatine caused by different pathogenic mutations concerning the genes coding for creatine synthesis enzymes [arginine: glicyne amidinotransferase (AGAT, EC 2.1.4.1) and guanidinoacetate methyltansferase (GAMT, EC 2.1.1.2)], AGAT and GAMT, respectively, or its transporter (CT1 deficiency), SLC6A8.	Creatine	131-139	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	274-278
23534590-3	2012	They are characterized by low levels of cerebral creatine caused by different pathogenic mutations concerning the genes coding for creatine synthesis enzymes [arginine: glicyne amidinotransferase (AGAT, EC 2.1.4.1) and guanidinoacetate methyltansferase (GAMT, EC 2.1.1.2)], AGAT and GAMT, respectively, or its transporter (CT1 deficiency), SLC6A8.	Creatine	131-139	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	283-287
23534590-3	2012	They are characterized by low levels of cerebral creatine caused by different pathogenic mutations concerning the genes coding for creatine synthesis enzymes [arginine: glicyne amidinotransferase (AGAT, EC 2.1.4.1) and guanidinoacetate methyltansferase (GAMT, EC 2.1.1.2)], AGAT and GAMT, respectively, or its transporter (CT1 deficiency), SLC6A8.	Creatine	131-139	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	323-326
23534590-3	2012	They are characterized by low levels of cerebral creatine caused by different pathogenic mutations concerning the genes coding for creatine synthesis enzymes [arginine: glicyne amidinotransferase (AGAT, EC 2.1.4.1) and guanidinoacetate methyltansferase (GAMT, EC 2.1.1.2)], AGAT and GAMT, respectively, or its transporter (CT1 deficiency), SLC6A8.	Creatine	131-139	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	340-346
22971354-9	2012	However, while no overall group differences were observed (p = 0.14), pairwise comparison between the KA-L and CrM groups revealed that changes in muscle creatine content tended to be greater in the CrM group (KA-L -1.1 +- 4.3, CrM 11.2 +- 4.3 mmol/kg DW, p = 0.053 [mean +- SEM]).	Creatine	154-162	anosmin 1	Homo sapiens	210-214
22914832-4	2012	Ratios of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), myo-inositol (mI), and lipid/lactate (Lip1 and Lip2) to creatine (Cr) were measured and correlated with the presence of contrast enhancement (CE) in PML lesions.	Creatine	106-114	lipoic acid synthetase	Homo sapiens	88-92
22914832-4	2012	Ratios of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), myo-inositol (mI), and lipid/lactate (Lip1 and Lip2) to creatine (Cr) were measured and correlated with the presence of contrast enhancement (CE) in PML lesions.	Creatine	106-114	annexin A2 pseudogene 3	Homo sapiens	97-101
22503310-8	2012	RESULTS: ALC at baseline had lower concentrations of Glu, N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline- (Cho) and creatine-containing metabolites (Cr) than LD in the ACC, but had normal GABA and myo-inositol (mI) levels.	Creatine	102-110	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	9-12
22070551-7	2012	Patients with SCA6 had more severe overall atrophy of the vermis and hemispheres, but relatively preserved N-acetyl-aspartate/creatine (NAA/Cr).	Creatine	126-134	calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 A	Homo sapiens	14-18
22751104-6	2012	Brain cyclocreatine and cyclocreatine phosphate were detected after 9 weeks of cyclocreatine treatment in Slc6a8-/y mice, in contrast to the same mice treated with creatine or placebo.	Creatine	11-19	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, creatine), member 8	Mus musculus	106-112
22849963-7	2012	IP-10, MCP-4, and MIP-1beta were significantly associated with CMRs in the right basal ganglia with (1) lower concentrations of IP-10 correlating with higher N-acetyl aspartate to creatine ratios (NAA/Cr) and (2) higher concentrations of MCP-4 and MIP-1beta correlating with higher myoinositol to creatine (mI/Cr) ratios.	Creatine	180-188	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10	Homo sapiens	128-133
22849963-7	2012	IP-10, MCP-4, and MIP-1beta were significantly associated with CMRs in the right basal ganglia with (1) lower concentrations of IP-10 correlating with higher N-acetyl aspartate to creatine ratios (NAA/Cr) and (2) higher concentrations of MCP-4 and MIP-1beta correlating with higher myoinositol to creatine (mI/Cr) ratios.	Creatine	297-305	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10	Homo sapiens	128-133
22252611-1	2012	While it was thought that most of cerebral creatine is of peripheral origin, AGAT and GAMT are well expressed in CNS where brain cells synthesize creatine.	Creatine	146-154	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	77-81
22252611-1	2012	While it was thought that most of cerebral creatine is of peripheral origin, AGAT and GAMT are well expressed in CNS where brain cells synthesize creatine.	Creatine	146-154	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	86-90
22252611-4	2012	This review brings together the latest data on creatine and guanidinoacetate transport through BBB and blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) with the clinical evidence of AGAT-, GAMT- and SLC6A8-deficient patients, in order to delineate a clearer view on the roles of BBB and BCSFB in the transport of creatine and guanidinoacetate between periphery and CNS, and on brain synthesis and transport of creatine.	Creatine	47-55	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	166-170
22252611-5	2012	It shows that in physiological conditions, creatine is taken up by CNS from periphery through SLC6A8 at BBB, but in limited amounts, and that CNS also needs its own creatine synthesis.	Creatine	43-51	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	94-100
22713831-1	2012	BACKGROUND: SLC6A8, an X-linked gene, encodes the creatine transporter (CRTR) and its mutations lead to cerebral creatine (Cr) deficiency which results in mental retardation, speech and language delay, autistic-like behaviour and epilepsy (CRTR-D, OMIM 300352).	Creatine	123-125	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	240-244
22715856-5	2012	The analysis was performed with the enzyme in its ligand-free and MgADP-complexed forms, as well as with the transition-state analogue abortive complex (MCK-Mg-ADP-creatine-nitrate ion).	Creatine	164-172	creatine kinase, M-type	Homo sapiens	153-156
22713831-2	2012	CRTR-D represents the most frequent Cr metabolism disorder but, differently from Cr synthesis defects, that are partially reversible by oral Cr supplementation, does not respond to Cr treatment even if precociously administrated.	Creatine	36-38	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	0-4
22225495-9	2012	Irs1-/- mice, for example, had elevated glucose, acetate, acetone, and creatine but lower methionine relative to DR mice and Ames dwarfs.	Creatine	71-79	insulin receptor substrate 1	Mus musculus	0-4
22713831-1	2012	BACKGROUND: SLC6A8, an X-linked gene, encodes the creatine transporter (CRTR) and its mutations lead to cerebral creatine (Cr) deficiency which results in mental retardation, speech and language delay, autistic-like behaviour and epilepsy (CRTR-D, OMIM 300352).	Creatine	50-58	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	12-18
22713831-1	2012	BACKGROUND: SLC6A8, an X-linked gene, encodes the creatine transporter (CRTR) and its mutations lead to cerebral creatine (Cr) deficiency which results in mental retardation, speech and language delay, autistic-like behaviour and epilepsy (CRTR-D, OMIM 300352).	Creatine	50-58	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	72-76
22713831-1	2012	BACKGROUND: SLC6A8, an X-linked gene, encodes the creatine transporter (CRTR) and its mutations lead to cerebral creatine (Cr) deficiency which results in mental retardation, speech and language delay, autistic-like behaviour and epilepsy (CRTR-D, OMIM 300352).	Creatine	50-58	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	240-244
22713831-1	2012	BACKGROUND: SLC6A8, an X-linked gene, encodes the creatine transporter (CRTR) and its mutations lead to cerebral creatine (Cr) deficiency which results in mental retardation, speech and language delay, autistic-like behaviour and epilepsy (CRTR-D, OMIM 300352).	Creatine	123-125	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	12-18
22713831-1	2012	BACKGROUND: SLC6A8, an X-linked gene, encodes the creatine transporter (CRTR) and its mutations lead to cerebral creatine (Cr) deficiency which results in mental retardation, speech and language delay, autistic-like behaviour and epilepsy (CRTR-D, OMIM 300352).	Creatine	123-125	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	50-70
22713831-1	2012	BACKGROUND: SLC6A8, an X-linked gene, encodes the creatine transporter (CRTR) and its mutations lead to cerebral creatine (Cr) deficiency which results in mental retardation, speech and language delay, autistic-like behaviour and epilepsy (CRTR-D, OMIM 300352).	Creatine	123-125	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	72-76
21792527-5	2011	Treatment with both creatine and glibenclamide increased insulin and c-peptide concentrations after 120 and 240 min (p&lt;0.05 and p&lt;0.01).	Creatine	20-28	insulin	Homo sapiens	57-64
21567240-2	2012	Arginine production is controlled by argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) and argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) which metabolize citrulline and aspartate to arginine and fumarate whereas arginine consumption is dependent on arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (GAT), which mediates creatine and ornithine synthesis.	Creatine	276-284	argininosuccinate lyase	Homo sapiens	76-99
21567240-2	2012	Arginine production is controlled by argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) and argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) which metabolize citrulline and aspartate to arginine and fumarate whereas arginine consumption is dependent on arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (GAT), which mediates creatine and ornithine synthesis.	Creatine	276-284	argininosuccinate lyase	Homo sapiens	101-104
21698493-9	2012	The protective action of creatine, in reoxygenation, is more marked in jejunum as for its stimulation of antioxidant activities; however, in jejunum, a prooxidant action of creatine is suggested, since malondialdehyde production is enhanced by its presence; on the contrary in ileum, where HSP70 is overexpressed in reoxygenation, peroxidation level is significantly reduced.	Creatine	25-33	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	290-295
21698493-10	2012	CONCLUSIONS: The presence of creatine seems to potentiate the defensive response of both tissues, in jejunum by means of cell antioxidant equipment, in ileum by the involvement of HSP70.	Creatine	29-37	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	180-185
22281021-4	2012	To classify all known missense variants, we transfected creatine deficient fibroblasts with the SLC6A8 ORF containing one of the unique variants and tested their ability to restore creatine uptake.	Creatine	56-64	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	96-102
22281021-4	2012	To classify all known missense variants, we transfected creatine deficient fibroblasts with the SLC6A8 ORF containing one of the unique variants and tested their ability to restore creatine uptake.	Creatine	181-189	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	96-102
22343158-0	2012	Effects of creatine and exercise on skeletal muscle of FRG1-transgenic mice.	Creatine	11-19	FSHD region gene 1	Mus musculus	55-59
22461977-5	2012	Independent of age, sex and education, serum CRP was significantly related to higher cerebral myo-inositol/creatine ratio (F(4,31) = 4.74, P = 0.004), a relationship which remained unchanged after adjustment for cardiovascular risk (F(5,30) = 4.356, CRP beta = 0.322, P = 0.045).	Creatine	107-115	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	45-48
21660517-0	2012	Treatment by oral creatine, L-arginine and L-glycine in six severely affected patients with creatine transporter defect.	Creatine	18-26	solute carrier family 25 member 1	Homo sapiens	92-112
21660517-6	2012	RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In our patients, creatine supplementation alone or with its precursors L-glycine and L-arginine showed benefit only in the muscular symptoms of the disease and no improvement in the cognitive and psychiatric manifestations and did not modify brain creatine content on MRS of male and female CTP deficient patients.	Creatine	41-49	solute carrier family 25 member 1	Homo sapiens	315-318
22236578-12	2012	The administration of AChE inhibitors effectively decreased hyperglycemia and incidence of diabetes, and restored plasma insulin levels and plasma creatine clearance in the MLD-STZ mice.	Creatine	147-155	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	22-26
22407360-7	2012	In oocytes injected with cRNA encoding SLC6A8 but not in oocytes injected with water or with cRNA encoding JAK2 alone, addition of 1 mM creatine to the extracellular bath generated an inward current (I (crea)).	Creatine	136-144	Janus kinase 2 (a protein tyrosine kinase) L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	107-111
22123819-7	2012	Increased creatine and phosphocreatine in R6/2 mice was associated with decreased guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase and creatine kinase, both at the protein and RNA levels, and increased phosphorylated AMP-dependent protein kinase (pAMPK) over AMPK ratio.	Creatine	10-18	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	82-138
22384273-1	2012	Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is the biosynthetic precursor of creatine which is involved in storage and transmission of phosphate-bound energy.	Creatine	60-68	alpha glucosidase	Rattus norvegicus	22-25
22384273-2	2012	Hepatocytes readily convert GAA to creatine, raising the possibility that the active uptake of GAA by hepatocytes is a regulatory factor.	Creatine	35-43	alpha glucosidase	Rattus norvegicus	95-98
22384273-13	2012	GAT2 makes a major contribution to the sinusoidal GAA uptake by periportal hepatocytes, thus regulating creatine biosynthesis in the liver.	Creatine	104-112	solute carrier family 6 member 13	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
22384273-13	2012	GAT2 makes a major contribution to the sinusoidal GAA uptake by periportal hepatocytes, thus regulating creatine biosynthesis in the liver.	Creatine	104-112	alpha glucosidase	Rattus norvegicus	50-53
22002941-3	2011	We conducted a trial using methylation-promoting dietary supplements (betaine, metafolin, creatine, and vitamin B(12) ) in an attempt to reduce antisense transcript production, increase UBE3A expression, and ameliorate the symptoms of AS.	Creatine	90-98	ubiquitin protein ligase E3A	Homo sapiens	186-191
21872567-4	2011	In the presence of 10mM creatine (system B) the C(vi)(JATP) were 0.38 for ANT and 0.80 for MtCK.	Creatine	24-32	solute carrier family 25 member 6	Homo sapiens	74-77
21625935-10	2011	On (1)H-MRSI, NAA/Cr values were lower in SPG11 patients than in HC (p = 0.002).	Creatine	18-20	SPG11 vesicle trafficking associated, spatacsin	Homo sapiens	42-47
21792527-5	2011	Treatment with both creatine and glibenclamide increased insulin and c-peptide concentrations after 120 and 240 min (p&lt;0.05 and p&lt;0.01).	Creatine	20-28	insulin	Homo sapiens	69-78
21940617-6	2011	RESULTS: NAA/Cr and NAA/Myo ratios are reduced in both SOD1+ subjects (39.7%, p = 0.001 and 18.0%, p = 0.02) and patients with ALS (41.2%, p < 0.001 and 24.0%, p = 0.01) compared to controls.	Creatine	13-15	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	55-59
21370995-13	2011	Thus, our study provides the rational for clinical trials using creatine to treat PD and supports the notion of exploiting LRRK2 as a drug target for PD.	Creatine	64-72	leucine rich repeat kinase 2	Homo sapiens	123-128
21743142-5	2011	RESULTS: The ratio of NAA/Cr in SCA3/MJD patients showed a significant reduction in the cerebellar cortex, dentatum, cerebellar vermis and medipeduncle (P<0.01) compared with the controls.	Creatine	26-28	ataxin 3	Homo sapiens	32-36
21685512-5	2011	We also showed that dietary creatine supplementation rescued the impaired PCr-CK system and improved the expression of cochlear brain-type creatine kinase (CKB) in HD mice, thereby restoring their hearing.	Creatine	28-36	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	156-159
21685512-6	2011	Because creatine is an antioxidant, we postulated that creatine might enhance expression of CKB by reducing oxidative stress.	Creatine	8-16	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	92-95
21685512-6	2011	Because creatine is an antioxidant, we postulated that creatine might enhance expression of CKB by reducing oxidative stress.	Creatine	55-63	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	92-95
21880953-7	2011	Creatine supplementation significantly decreased the renal activity of l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase and plasma guanidinoacetate and prevented the decrease in hepatic SAM concentration in rats fed the HF diet.	Creatine	0-8	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	71-108
21865577-6	2011	Higher Cho/Cr was associated with worse performance on Auditory Verbal Learning Test Delayed Recall (partial r(s) = -0.12; p = 0.04), Trail Making Test Part B (partial r(s) = 0.12; p = 0.04), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) Digit Symbol (partial r(s) = -0.18; p &lt; 0.01), and WAIS-R Block Design (partial r(s) = -0.12; p = 0.03).	Creatine	11-13	TNF superfamily member 10	Homo sapiens	134-139
21627621-8	2011	Significant increase in NAA/Cr ratios of OCD-A group found in the Am + Hpp was more likely to be explained by increased NAA levels.	Creatine	28-30	familial progressive hyperpigmentation 1	Homo sapiens	71-74
21420947-1	2011	OBJECTIVE: SLC6A18 (solute carrier family 6, member 18) acts as a specific transporter for neurotransmitters, amino acids and osmolytes such as betaine, taurine and creatine.	Creatine	165-173	solute carrier family 6 member 18	Homo sapiens	11-18
21420947-1	2011	OBJECTIVE: SLC6A18 (solute carrier family 6, member 18) acts as a specific transporter for neurotransmitters, amino acids and osmolytes such as betaine, taurine and creatine.	Creatine	165-173	solute carrier family 6 member 18	Homo sapiens	20-54
21426302-4	2011	The interaction between MyBPC1 and MM-CK depended on the creatine concentration in a dose-dependent manner, but not on ATP, ADP or phosphocreatine.	Creatine	57-65	myosin binding protein C1	Homo sapiens	24-30
21743142-5	2011	RESULTS: The ratio of NAA/Cr in SCA3/MJD patients showed a significant reduction in the cerebellar cortex, dentatum, cerebellar vermis and medipeduncle (P<0.01) compared with the controls.	Creatine	26-28	ataxin 3	Homo sapiens	37-40
21364119-0	2011	AMPK and substrate availability regulate creatine transport in cultured cardiomyocytes.	Creatine	41-49	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
21364119-5	2011	Our objective was to determine the effects of substrate availability and AMPK activation on creatine transport in cardiomyocytes.	Creatine	92-100	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	73-77
21364119-9	2011	Our results suggest a positive role for AMPK in creatine transport modulation for cardiomyocytes in culture.	Creatine	48-56	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	40-44
20881878-11	2011	The CR group also presented decreased glycemia at times 0, 30, and 60 min during a meal tolerance test and increased GLUT-4 translocation.	Creatine	4-6	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Homo sapiens	117-123
21390529-1	2011	Creatine deficiency syndromes, due to deficiencies in AGAT, GAMT (creatine synthesis pathway) or SLC6A8 (creatine transporter), lead to complete absence or very strong decrease of creatine in CNS as measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy.	Creatine	66-74	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	60-64
21308988-2	2011	There are two known disorders of creatine synthesis (both transmitted as autosomal recessive traits: arginine: glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency; OMIM 602360; and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency (OMIM 601240)) and one disorder of creatine transport (X-linked recessive SLC6A8 creatine transporter deficiency (OMIM 300036)).	Creatine	33-41	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	101-137
21390529-1	2011	Creatine deficiency syndromes, due to deficiencies in AGAT, GAMT (creatine synthesis pathway) or SLC6A8 (creatine transporter), lead to complete absence or very strong decrease of creatine in CNS as measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy.	Creatine	105-113	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	97-103
21390529-3	2011	AGAT- and GAMT-deficient patients can be treated by oral creatine supplementation which improves their neurological status, while this treatment is inefficient on SLC6A8-deficient patients.	Creatine	57-65	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	0-5
21390529-6	2011	This suggests that to allow creatine synthesis in these structures, guanidinoacetate must be transported from AGAT- to GAMT-expressing cells, most probably through SLC6A8.	Creatine	28-36	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	110-114
21390529-6	2011	This suggests that to allow creatine synthesis in these structures, guanidinoacetate must be transported from AGAT- to GAMT-expressing cells, most probably through SLC6A8.	Creatine	28-36	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	119-123
21390529-6	2011	This suggests that to allow creatine synthesis in these structures, guanidinoacetate must be transported from AGAT- to GAMT-expressing cells, most probably through SLC6A8.	Creatine	28-36	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	164-170
21448659-11	2011	We found that the combination of CoQ and creatine together produced additive neuroprotective effects in a chronic MPTP model, and it blocked the development of alpha-synuclein aggregates.	Creatine	41-49	synuclein, alpha	Mus musculus	160-175
21308988-2	2011	There are two known disorders of creatine synthesis (both transmitted as autosomal recessive traits: arginine: glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency; OMIM 602360; and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency (OMIM 601240)) and one disorder of creatine transport (X-linked recessive SLC6A8 creatine transporter deficiency (OMIM 300036)).	Creatine	33-41	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	174-208
21308988-2	2011	There are two known disorders of creatine synthesis (both transmitted as autosomal recessive traits: arginine: glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency; OMIM 602360; and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency (OMIM 601240)) and one disorder of creatine transport (X-linked recessive SLC6A8 creatine transporter deficiency (OMIM 300036)).	Creatine	33-41	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	210-214
21494411-3	2011	Since its discovery, the function of argininosuccinate synthase has been linked almost exclusively to hepatic urea production despite the fact that alternative pathways involving argininosuccinate synthase were defined, such as its role in providing arginine for creatine and for polyamine biosynthesis.	Creatine	263-271	argininosuccinate synthase 1	Homo sapiens	37-63
21246320-6	2011	Specifically, (1) higher IP-10 levels correlated with lower N-acetyl aspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr) ratios in the frontal white matter and higher MI/Cr ratios in all three brain regions considered and (2) higher MCP-1 levels correlated with lower NAA/Cr ratios in frontal white matter and the parietal cortex.	Creatine	85-93	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10	Homo sapiens	25-30
21246320-6	2011	Specifically, (1) higher IP-10 levels correlated with lower N-acetyl aspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr) ratios in the frontal white matter and higher MI/Cr ratios in all three brain regions considered and (2) higher MCP-1 levels correlated with lower NAA/Cr ratios in frontal white matter and the parietal cortex.	Creatine	95-97	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10	Homo sapiens	25-30
21246320-6	2011	Specifically, (1) higher IP-10 levels correlated with lower N-acetyl aspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr) ratios in the frontal white matter and higher MI/Cr ratios in all three brain regions considered and (2) higher MCP-1 levels correlated with lower NAA/Cr ratios in frontal white matter and the parietal cortex.	Creatine	148-150	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10	Homo sapiens	25-30
21246320-6	2011	Specifically, (1) higher IP-10 levels correlated with lower N-acetyl aspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr) ratios in the frontal white matter and higher MI/Cr ratios in all three brain regions considered and (2) higher MCP-1 levels correlated with lower NAA/Cr ratios in frontal white matter and the parietal cortex.	Creatine	148-150	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10	Homo sapiens	25-30
21494411-3	2011	Since its discovery, the function of argininosuccinate synthase has been linked almost exclusively to hepatic urea production despite the fact that alternative pathways involving argininosuccinate synthase were defined, such as its role in providing arginine for creatine and for polyamine biosynthesis.	Creatine	263-271	argininosuccinate synthase 1	Homo sapiens	179-205
21876808-9	2011	Creatine with overload produced no additional hypertrophy relative to overload alone and attenuated overload-induced HSP70 expression.	Creatine	0-8	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	117-122
21154353-16	2010	Minimal benefit was found with low dose creatine and ramipril only for patients with a polymorphism known as the D/D angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) phenotype.	Creatine	40-48	angiotensin I converting enzyme	Homo sapiens	148-151
20085672-7	2010	MRI-guided 1H-MRS (at 4.7 T) examinations in vivo (under anaesthesia) revealed changes in the bioenergetic metabolites (phosphocreatine and total creatine) for DAT+Sil rats, indicating a functional up-regulation of dorsal striatum (Str) and conversely a down-regulation of ventral striatum (i.e. nucleus accumbens, NAc).	Creatine	127-135	solute carrier family 6 member 3	Rattus norvegicus	160-163
21352605-5	2011	Creatine transporter (CRT/solute carrier (SLC) 6A8) expressed at the BBB regulates creatine concentration in the brain, and represents a major pathway for supply of creatine from the circulating blood to the brain.	Creatine	83-91	immunoglobulin kappa variable 2D-23 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	22-50
21352605-5	2011	Creatine transporter (CRT/solute carrier (SLC) 6A8) expressed at the BBB regulates creatine concentration in the brain, and represents a major pathway for supply of creatine from the circulating blood to the brain.	Creatine	165-173	immunoglobulin kappa variable 2D-23 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	22-50
21352605-6	2011	CRT may be a key factor facilitating blood-to-brain guanidinoacetate transport in patients deficient in S-adenosylmethionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase, the creatine biosynthetic enzyme, resulting in cerebral accumulation of guanidinoacetate.	Creatine	167-175	calcitonin receptor	Homo sapiens	0-3
21190923-6	2011	We developed and validated a denaturing high performance liquid chromatograph (DHPLC) method for the molecular analysis of SLC6A8 and GAMT genes involve in creatine biosynthesis and transport as a possible source of human male infertility by analyzing DNA from 64, clinically confirmed, infertile men.	Creatine	156-164	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	123-129
21190923-6	2011	We developed and validated a denaturing high performance liquid chromatograph (DHPLC) method for the molecular analysis of SLC6A8 and GAMT genes involve in creatine biosynthesis and transport as a possible source of human male infertility by analyzing DNA from 64, clinically confirmed, infertile men.	Creatine	156-164	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	134-138
21072743-9	2010	Creatine supplementation also exacerbated goblet cell proliferation, and IL-5 and iNOS expression by epithelial cells compared to the OVA group (p&lt;0.01).	Creatine	0-8	interleukin 5	Mus musculus	73-77
20846889-1	2010	A female heterozygous for a novel, disease causing, missense mutation in the X-linked cerebral creatine transporter (SLC6A8) gene (c.1067G&gt;T, p.Gly356Val) presented with intractable epilepsy, mild intellectual disability and moderately reduced cerebral creatine levels.	Creatine	95-103	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	117-123
20806406-3	2010	The results showed that the APP(Swe)/PS1(dE9) mice had significantly decreased hippocampal N-acetyl aspartate (NAA)/total creatine (tCr) level at 16 months of age, which was associated with degeneration of and intracellular deposition of thioflavine S-positive materials in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons.	Creatine	122-130	presenilin 1	Mus musculus	37-40
20806406-3	2010	The results showed that the APP(Swe)/PS1(dE9) mice had significantly decreased hippocampal N-acetyl aspartate (NAA)/total creatine (tCr) level at 16 months of age, which was associated with degeneration of and intracellular deposition of thioflavine S-positive materials in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons.	Creatine	122-130	anon-E9	Drosophila melanogaster	41-44
20655781-7	2010	Impaired metabolism of choline and creatine may relate to the progressive dysmyelination and progressive muscle weakness associated with APBD.	Creatine	35-43	1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme 1	Homo sapiens	137-141
20558222-11	2010	In conclusion, GlyT1 and CAT1 most likely mediate glycine and L-arginine uptake, respectively, by Muller cells and are expected to play an important role in supplying precursors for creatine biosynthesis in Muller cells.	Creatine	182-190	solute carrier family 6 member 9	Rattus norvegicus	15-20
20558222-11	2010	In conclusion, GlyT1 and CAT1 most likely mediate glycine and L-arginine uptake, respectively, by Muller cells and are expected to play an important role in supplying precursors for creatine biosynthesis in Muller cells.	Creatine	182-190	solute carrier family 7 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	25-29
20713024-8	2010	Total creatine, another potential gliosis marker, was higher in the cerebellar hemispheres in FRDA relative to controls.	Creatine	6-14	frataxin	Homo sapiens	94-98
20682460-2	2010	Of the three inborn errors of creatine metabolism causing brain creatine depletion, l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency has been described in only two families.	Creatine	30-38	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	84-121
20824191-4	2010	Slc11a2(hipp/hipp) mice had similar striatum iron content, but 18% lower glucose and 44% lower lactate levels, a 30% higher phosphocreatine:creatine ratio, and reduced iron transporter gene expression compared to wild type (WT) littermates, implying reduced striatal metabolic function.	Creatine	131-139	solute carrier family 11 (proton-coupled divalent metal ion transporters), member 2	Mus musculus	0-7
20682460-2	2010	Of the three inborn errors of creatine metabolism causing brain creatine depletion, l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency has been described in only two families.	Creatine	30-38	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	123-127
20682460-3	2010	We describe clinical and biochemical features, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) findings and response to creatine supplementation in two siblings with a novel mutation in the AGAT-encoding GATM gene.	Creatine	110-118	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	180-184
20682460-3	2010	We describe clinical and biochemical features, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) findings and response to creatine supplementation in two siblings with a novel mutation in the AGAT-encoding GATM gene.	Creatine	110-118	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	194-198
20514516-5	2010	Further Cr (10 mM) markedly offset rotenone induced mitochondrial oxidative stress, completely restored the GSH levels, nitric oxide levels, activity of Mn-SOD and dopamine depletion.	Creatine	8-10	Superoxide dismutase 2 (Mn)	Drosophila melanogaster	153-159
20619617-2	2010	Individuals with the S/S genotype of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism showed significantly lower levels of N-acetylaspartate/creatine in the right medial prefrontal cortex compared with those with the S/L genotype.	Creatine	118-126	solute carrier family 6 member 4	Homo sapiens	41-49
20462973-2	2010	The creatine transporter (CRT; SLC6A8) mediates creatine uptake into several cell types, including kidney epithelial cells, where it has been proposed that CRT is important for reclamation of filtered creatine, a process critical for total body creatine homeostasis.	Creatine	4-12	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	31-37
20398665-12	2010	CONCLUSIONS: Replacement of Rbpj by Rbpjl in the PTF1 complex drives acinar differentiation by maximizing secretory protein synthesis, stimulating mitochondrial metabolism and cytoplasmic creatine-phosphate energy stores, completing the packaging and secretory apparatus, and maintaining acinar-cell homeostasis.	Creatine	188-196	recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region-like	Mus musculus	36-41
20805522-4	2010	RESULTS: Symptomatic MAPT mutation carriers were characterized by decreased N-acetylaspartate/creatine (NAA/Cr) ratio, an index of neuronal integrity, increased myoinositol (mI)/Cr ratio, a possible marker for glial activity, decreased NAA/mI, and hippocampal atrophy (p < 0.001).	Creatine	94-102	regulator of microtubule dynamics 1	Homo sapiens	21-25
20462973-2	2010	The creatine transporter (CRT; SLC6A8) mediates creatine uptake into several cell types, including kidney epithelial cells, where it has been proposed that CRT is important for reclamation of filtered creatine, a process critical for total body creatine homeostasis.	Creatine	48-56	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	31-37
20462973-2	2010	The creatine transporter (CRT; SLC6A8) mediates creatine uptake into several cell types, including kidney epithelial cells, where it has been proposed that CRT is important for reclamation of filtered creatine, a process critical for total body creatine homeostasis.	Creatine	48-56	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	31-37
20462973-6	2010	Two-electrode voltage-clamp (TEV) measurements of Na(+)-dependent creatine uptake into CRT-expressing Xenopus laevis oocytes demonstrated that AMPK inhibited CRT via a reduction in its Michaelis-Menten V(max) parameter.	Creatine	66-74	protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 2 catalytic subunit S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	143-147
20462973-7	2010	[(14)C]creatine uptake and apical surface biotinylation measurements in polarized S3 cells demonstrated parallel reductions in creatine influx and CRT apical membrane expression after AMPK activation with the AMP-mimetic compound 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside.	Creatine	7-15	protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 2 catalytic subunit S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	184-188
20462973-9	2010	We conclude that AMPK inhibits apical membrane CRT expression in kidney proximal tubule cells, which could be important in reducing cellular energy expenditure and unnecessary creatine reabsorption under conditions of local and whole body metabolic stress.	Creatine	176-184	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	17-21
20409172-0	2010	Expression patterns of the creatine metabolism-related molecules AGAT, GAMT and CT1 in adult zebrafish Danio rerio.	Creatine	27-35	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Danio rerio	65-69
20026378-0	2010	Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on serum myostatin and GASP-1.	Creatine	16-24	myostatin	Homo sapiens	58-67
20026378-0	2010	Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on serum myostatin and GASP-1.	Creatine	16-24	WAP, follistatin/kazal, immunoglobulin, kunitz and netrin domain containing 2	Homo sapiens	72-78
20026378-2	2010	The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of resistance training for 8 weeks in conjunction with creatine supplementation on muscle strength, lean body mass, and serum levels of myostatin and growth and differentiation factor-associated serum protein-1 (GASP-1).	Creatine	109-117	myostatin	Homo sapiens	190-199
20026378-8	2010	Creatine supplementation in conjunction with resistance training lead to greater decreases in serum myostatin (p&lt;0.05), but had not additional effect on GASP-1 (p&gt;0.05).	Creatine	0-8	myostatin	Homo sapiens	100-109
20026378-9	2010	The effects of resistance training on serum levels of myostatin and GASP-1, may explain the increased muscle mass that is amplified by creatine supplementation.	Creatine	135-143	myostatin	Homo sapiens	54-63
20026378-9	2010	The effects of resistance training on serum levels of myostatin and GASP-1, may explain the increased muscle mass that is amplified by creatine supplementation.	Creatine	135-143	WAP, follistatin/kazal, immunoglobulin, kunitz and netrin domain containing 2	Homo sapiens	68-74
20404548-4	2010	Identification of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) as a new p53 target connects p53 to creatine metabolism critical in the regulation of ATP homeostasis.	Creatine	96-104	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	18-52
20404548-4	2010	Identification of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) as a new p53 target connects p53 to creatine metabolism critical in the regulation of ATP homeostasis.	Creatine	96-104	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	54-58
20404548-4	2010	Identification of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) as a new p53 target connects p53 to creatine metabolism critical in the regulation of ATP homeostasis.	Creatine	96-104	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	69-72
20404548-4	2010	Identification of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) as a new p53 target connects p53 to creatine metabolism critical in the regulation of ATP homeostasis.	Creatine	96-104	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	89-92
20409172-0	2010	Expression patterns of the creatine metabolism-related molecules AGAT, GAMT and CT1 in adult zebrafish Danio rerio.	Creatine	27-35	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Danio rerio	71-75
20409172-0	2010	Expression patterns of the creatine metabolism-related molecules AGAT, GAMT and CT1 in adult zebrafish Danio rerio.	Creatine	27-35	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Danio rerio	80-83
20409172-1	2010	AGAT, GAMT and CT1, three creatine synthesis and transport-related molecules, have been widely studied in mammals.	Creatine	26-34	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Danio rerio	6-10
20409172-1	2010	AGAT, GAMT and CT1, three creatine synthesis and transport-related molecules, have been widely studied in mammals.	Creatine	26-34	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Danio rerio	15-18
19955008-0	2010	Response to creatine analogs in fibroblasts and patients with creatine transporter deficiency.	Creatine	12-20	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	62-82
19913550-0	2010	Progressive loss of creatine maintains a near normal DeltaG approximately (ATP) in transgenic mouse hearts with cardiomyopathy caused by overexpressing Gsalpha.	Creatine	20-28	GNAS (guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha stimulating) complex locus	Mus musculus	152-159
19913550-7	2010	Myocardial (but not skeletal) [Cr] in Gsalpha mice decreased, beginning at an early age (1.5 months).	Creatine	31-33	GNAS (guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha stimulating) complex locus	Mus musculus	38-45
19874395-9	2010	The changes in the NAA/creatine ratio in the PCG correlated significantly with the changes in the ADAS-cog (P = 0.004).	Creatine	23-31	alkylglycerone phosphate synthase	Homo sapiens	98-102
20853600-2	2010	Arginase modulates levels of nitric oxide, creatine, and creatinine, likely by regulating intracellular L-arginine availability.	Creatine	43-51	arginase 2	Homo sapiens	0-8
20205771-2	2010	Creatine supplementation has also been reported to trigger the skeletal muscle expression of insulin like growth factor I, to increase the fat-free mass and improve cognition in elderly, and more explorative approaches like transcriptomics has revealed additional information.	Creatine	0-8	insulin-like growth factor 1	Mus musculus	93-121
20228419-7	2010	These decreases were creatine specific because dehydration increased Na(+)/alpha-methyl-glucose transporter activity and the mRNA abundance of aquaporin 2, Na(+)/Cl(-)/betaine transporter and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase.	Creatine	21-29	aquaporin 2	Rattus norvegicus	143-154
19879361-1	2010	AGAT and GAMT, the two enzymes of the creatine synthesis pathway, are well expressed within CNS, suggesting autonomous brain creatine synthesis.	Creatine	38-46	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	9-13
19879361-1	2010	AGAT and GAMT, the two enzymes of the creatine synthesis pathway, are well expressed within CNS, suggesting autonomous brain creatine synthesis.	Creatine	125-133	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	9-13
19879361-4	2010	We finely analyzed the cell-to-cell co-expression of AGAT, GAMT and SLC6A8 in various regions of rat CNS, and showed that in most structures, cells co-expressing AGAT+GAMT (equipped for autonomous creatine synthesis) were in low proportions (&lt;20%).	Creatine	197-205	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	167-171
19879361-7	2010	This suggests that in most brain regions, guanidinoacetate is transported from AGAT- to GAMT-expressing cells through SLC6A8 to allow creatine synthesis, thereby explaining creatine deficiency in SLC6A8-deficient CNS.	Creatine	134-142	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	88-92
19879361-7	2010	This suggests that in most brain regions, guanidinoacetate is transported from AGAT- to GAMT-expressing cells through SLC6A8 to allow creatine synthesis, thereby explaining creatine deficiency in SLC6A8-deficient CNS.	Creatine	134-142	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	118-124
19917243-2	2009	(2009) have identified the enzyme guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) that regulates creatine metabolism as a p53 target involved in apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and fatty acid metabolism.	Creatine	91-99	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	34-68
20227315-3	2010	In particular, we could show that ammonia exposure generates a secondary deficiency in creatine in brain cells, by altering the brain expression and activity of the genes allowing creatine synthesis (AGAT and GAMT) and transport (SLC6A8).	Creatine	87-95	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	200-204
20227315-3	2010	In particular, we could show that ammonia exposure generates a secondary deficiency in creatine in brain cells, by altering the brain expression and activity of the genes allowing creatine synthesis (AGAT and GAMT) and transport (SLC6A8).	Creatine	87-95	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	209-213
20227315-3	2010	In particular, we could show that ammonia exposure generates a secondary deficiency in creatine in brain cells, by altering the brain expression and activity of the genes allowing creatine synthesis (AGAT and GAMT) and transport (SLC6A8).	Creatine	87-95	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	230-236
20227315-3	2010	In particular, we could show that ammonia exposure generates a secondary deficiency in creatine in brain cells, by altering the brain expression and activity of the genes allowing creatine synthesis (AGAT and GAMT) and transport (SLC6A8).	Creatine	180-188	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	200-204
20227315-3	2010	In particular, we could show that ammonia exposure generates a secondary deficiency in creatine in brain cells, by altering the brain expression and activity of the genes allowing creatine synthesis (AGAT and GAMT) and transport (SLC6A8).	Creatine	180-188	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	209-213
20227315-3	2010	In particular, we could show that ammonia exposure generates a secondary deficiency in creatine in brain cells, by altering the brain expression and activity of the genes allowing creatine synthesis (AGAT and GAMT) and transport (SLC6A8).	Creatine	180-188	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	230-236
20003839-8	2009	Further studies are necessary to determine the effect of creatine on long-term glucose and insulin regulation.	Creatine	57-65	insulin	Homo sapiens	91-98
19580854-3	2009	Mutations in the CRT gene (SLC6A8) result in a novel form of X-linked mental retardation, characterised by developmental delays, seizures and a complete absence of Cr from the brain.	Creatine	164-166	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	27-33
20035494-0	2010	Optimization of insulin-mediated creatine retention during creatine feeding in humans.	Creatine	33-41	insulin	Homo sapiens	16-23
20035494-0	2010	Optimization of insulin-mediated creatine retention during creatine feeding in humans.	Creatine	59-67	insulin	Homo sapiens	16-23
20035494-1	2010	The aim of this study was to determine whether creatine ingested in combination with relatively small quantities of essential amino acids, simple sugars, and protein would stimulate insulin release and augment whole-body creatine retention to the same extent as a large bolus of simple sugars.	Creatine	47-55	insulin	Homo sapiens	182-189
20035494-5	2010	After administration of the first and third bolus, serum insulin concentration was increased by 15 min (P &lt; 0.05) in the creatine + carbohydrate and creatine + protein, amino acids, and carbohydrate trials compared with creatine alone, and plasma creatine increased more following creatine alone (15 min, P &lt; 0.05) than in the creatine + carbohydrate and creatine + protein, amino acids, and carbohydrate trials.	Creatine	124-132	insulin	Homo sapiens	57-64
20035494-5	2010	After administration of the first and third bolus, serum insulin concentration was increased by 15 min (P &lt; 0.05) in the creatine + carbohydrate and creatine + protein, amino acids, and carbohydrate trials compared with creatine alone, and plasma creatine increased more following creatine alone (15 min, P &lt; 0.05) than in the creatine + carbohydrate and creatine + protein, amino acids, and carbohydrate trials.	Creatine	152-160	insulin	Homo sapiens	57-64
20035494-5	2010	After administration of the first and third bolus, serum insulin concentration was increased by 15 min (P &lt; 0.05) in the creatine + carbohydrate and creatine + protein, amino acids, and carbohydrate trials compared with creatine alone, and plasma creatine increased more following creatine alone (15 min, P &lt; 0.05) than in the creatine + carbohydrate and creatine + protein, amino acids, and carbohydrate trials.	Creatine	152-160	insulin	Homo sapiens	57-64
20035494-5	2010	After administration of the first and third bolus, serum insulin concentration was increased by 15 min (P &lt; 0.05) in the creatine + carbohydrate and creatine + protein, amino acids, and carbohydrate trials compared with creatine alone, and plasma creatine increased more following creatine alone (15 min, P &lt; 0.05) than in the creatine + carbohydrate and creatine + protein, amino acids, and carbohydrate trials.	Creatine	152-160	insulin	Homo sapiens	57-64
20035494-5	2010	After administration of the first and third bolus, serum insulin concentration was increased by 15 min (P &lt; 0.05) in the creatine + carbohydrate and creatine + protein, amino acids, and carbohydrate trials compared with creatine alone, and plasma creatine increased more following creatine alone (15 min, P &lt; 0.05) than in the creatine + carbohydrate and creatine + protein, amino acids, and carbohydrate trials.	Creatine	152-160	insulin	Homo sapiens	57-64
20035494-5	2010	After administration of the first and third bolus, serum insulin concentration was increased by 15 min (P &lt; 0.05) in the creatine + carbohydrate and creatine + protein, amino acids, and carbohydrate trials compared with creatine alone, and plasma creatine increased more following creatine alone (15 min, P &lt; 0.05) than in the creatine + carbohydrate and creatine + protein, amino acids, and carbohydrate trials.	Creatine	152-160	insulin	Homo sapiens	57-64
20035494-5	2010	After administration of the first and third bolus, serum insulin concentration was increased by 15 min (P &lt; 0.05) in the creatine + carbohydrate and creatine + protein, amino acids, and carbohydrate trials compared with creatine alone, and plasma creatine increased more following creatine alone (15 min, P &lt; 0.05) than in the creatine + carbohydrate and creatine + protein, amino acids, and carbohydrate trials.	Creatine	152-160	insulin	Homo sapiens	57-64
20035494-7	2010	Administration of creatine + protein, amino acids, and carbohydrate can stimulate insulin release and augment whole-body creatine retention to the same extent as when larger quantities of simple sugars are ingested.	Creatine	18-26	insulin	Homo sapiens	82-89
20077070-1	2010	Creatine metabolism disorders include a creatine transporter deficiency, as well as, deficiencies of two enzymes involved in creatine synthesis, arginine-glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT).	Creatine	0-8	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	145-180
20077070-1	2010	Creatine metabolism disorders include a creatine transporter deficiency, as well as, deficiencies of two enzymes involved in creatine synthesis, arginine-glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT).	Creatine	0-8	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	182-186
20077070-1	2010	Creatine metabolism disorders include a creatine transporter deficiency, as well as, deficiencies of two enzymes involved in creatine synthesis, arginine-glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT).	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	192-226
20077070-1	2010	Creatine metabolism disorders include a creatine transporter deficiency, as well as, deficiencies of two enzymes involved in creatine synthesis, arginine-glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT).	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	228-232
19751179-5	2009	Creatine metabolism disorders have so far been described at the level of two synthetic steps, guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) and arginine: glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), and at the level of the creatine transporter 1(CrT1).	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	94-130
19751179-5	2009	Creatine metabolism disorders have so far been described at the level of two synthetic steps, guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) and arginine: glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), and at the level of the creatine transporter 1(CrT1).	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	132-136
19751179-5	2009	Creatine metabolism disorders have so far been described at the level of two synthetic steps, guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) and arginine: glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), and at the level of the creatine transporter 1(CrT1).	Creatine	0-8	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	142-178
19751179-5	2009	Creatine metabolism disorders have so far been described at the level of two synthetic steps, guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) and arginine: glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), and at the level of the creatine transporter 1(CrT1).	Creatine	0-8	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	180-184
19751179-5	2009	Creatine metabolism disorders have so far been described at the level of two synthetic steps, guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) and arginine: glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), and at the level of the creatine transporter 1(CrT1).	Creatine	0-8	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	211-233
19751179-5	2009	Creatine metabolism disorders have so far been described at the level of two synthetic steps, guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) and arginine: glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), and at the level of the creatine transporter 1(CrT1).	Creatine	0-8	hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1	Homo sapiens	234-238
19751179-6	2009	GAMT and AGAT deficiency respond positively to substitutive treatment with creatine monohydrate whereas in CrT1 defect, it is not able to replenish creatine in the brain with oral creatine supplementation.	Creatine	75-83	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-4
19751179-7	2009	There are also data concerning the short and long-term therapeutic benefit of creatine supplementation in children and adults with gyrate atrophy (a result of the inborn error of metabolism with ornithine delta- aminotransferase activity), muscular dystrophy (facioscapulohumeral dystrophy, Becker dystrophy, Duchenne dystrophy and sarcoglycan deficient limb girdle muscular dystrophy), McArdle"s disease, Huntington"s disease and mitochondria-related diseases.	Creatine	78-86	ornithine aminotransferase	Homo sapiens	195-228
19917243-2	2009	(2009) have identified the enzyme guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) that regulates creatine metabolism as a p53 target involved in apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and fatty acid metabolism.	Creatine	91-99	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	70-74
19917243-2	2009	(2009) have identified the enzyme guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) that regulates creatine metabolism as a p53 target involved in apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and fatty acid metabolism.	Creatine	91-99	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	116-119
19917247-3	2009	Here we identify guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), an enzyme involved in creatine synthesis, as a p53 target gene and a key downstream effector of adaptive response to nutrient stress.	Creatine	82-90	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	17-51
19917247-3	2009	Here we identify guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), an enzyme involved in creatine synthesis, as a p53 target gene and a key downstream effector of adaptive response to nutrient stress.	Creatine	82-90	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	53-57
19917247-3	2009	Here we identify guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), an enzyme involved in creatine synthesis, as a p53 target gene and a key downstream effector of adaptive response to nutrient stress.	Creatine	82-90	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	107-110
19917247-7	2009	The p53--&gt;GAMT pathway represents a new link between cellular stress responses and processes of creatine synthesis and FAO, demonstrating a further role of p53 in cellular metabolism.	Creatine	99-107	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	4-7
19917247-7	2009	The p53--&gt;GAMT pathway represents a new link between cellular stress responses and processes of creatine synthesis and FAO, demonstrating a further role of p53 in cellular metabolism.	Creatine	99-107	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	13-17
19917247-7	2009	The p53--&gt;GAMT pathway represents a new link between cellular stress responses and processes of creatine synthesis and FAO, demonstrating a further role of p53 in cellular metabolism.	Creatine	99-107	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	159-162
19416943-9	2009	Interestingly we identified a few protein functional networks that had not been shown previously to be regulated by Trx1, including the creatine-phosphocreatine shuttle, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore complex, and the cardiac contractile apparatus.	Creatine	136-144	thioredoxin 1	Mus musculus	116-120
19653222-7	2009	Besides acting as an antioxidant, Cr increased the level of muscle regulatory factors and IGF1 (an effect partly refractory to oxidative stress), the cellular availability of phosphocreatine and seemed to exert some mitochondrially-targeted protective activity.	Creatine	34-36	insulin-like growth factor 1	Mus musculus	90-94
19054410-4	2009	However, compared with healthy subjects, patients with BAFME displayed elevated choline/creatine ratio in the cerebellar cortex (p = 0.01), whereas there was no significant difference for the other ratios.	Creatine	88-96	benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy 1	Homo sapiens	55-60
19388150-1	2009	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a disorder of creatine biosynthesis, characterized by early-onset learning disability and epilepsy in most affected children.	Creatine	70-78	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-34
19388150-1	2009	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a disorder of creatine biosynthesis, characterized by early-onset learning disability and epilepsy in most affected children.	Creatine	70-78	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	36-40
19188083-0	2009	Screening for X-linked creatine transporter (SLC6A8) deficiency via simultaneous determination of urinary creatine to creatinine ratio by tandem mass-spectrometry.	Creatine	23-31	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	45-51
19387397-10	2009	Thus, PEG creatine may have ergogenic effects that are comparable to those of CM, but with a smaller dose of creatine.	Creatine	10-18	progestagen associated endometrial protein	Homo sapiens	6-9
19351388-10	2009	A significant decrease in the metabolic ratio taurine/creatine (Tau/tCr) was related to donepezil treatment (p &lt; 0.05) in APP/PS1 mice in both brain regions.	Creatine	54-62	T cell receptor alpha variable 6-3	Mus musculus	68-71
19351388-10	2009	A significant decrease in the metabolic ratio taurine/creatine (Tau/tCr) was related to donepezil treatment (p &lt; 0.05) in APP/PS1 mice in both brain regions.	Creatine	54-62	amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein	Mus musculus	125-132
19351388-11	2009	Furthermore, a significant influence on the choline/creatine (tCho/tCr) level was observed in treated APP/PS1 mice compared to untreated in str (p = 0.011).	Creatine	52-60	T cell receptor alpha variable 6-3	Mus musculus	67-70
19351388-11	2009	Furthermore, a significant influence on the choline/creatine (tCho/tCr) level was observed in treated APP/PS1 mice compared to untreated in str (p = 0.011).	Creatine	52-60	amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein	Mus musculus	102-109
19351388-12	2009	Finally, there was an increase in glutamate/creatine (Glu/tCr) in str in wt mice treated with donepezil.	Creatine	44-52	T cell receptor alpha variable 6-3	Mus musculus	58-61
19188083-0	2009	Screening for X-linked creatine transporter (SLC6A8) deficiency via simultaneous determination of urinary creatine to creatinine ratio by tandem mass-spectrometry.	Creatine	106-114	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	45-51
19188083-1	2009	High urinary creatine to creatinine ratio (U-CrCrtR) is a potential diagnostic marker of X-linked creatine transporter (SLC6A8) deficiency.	Creatine	13-21	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	120-126
19188083-1	2009	High urinary creatine to creatinine ratio (U-CrCrtR) is a potential diagnostic marker of X-linked creatine transporter (SLC6A8) deficiency.	Creatine	98-106	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	120-126
19017728-2	2009	Creatine synthesis requires three amino acids, methionine, glycine, and arginine, and two enzymes, l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), which produces guanidinoacetate acid (GAA), and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), which methylates GAA to produce creatine.	Creatine	0-8	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	99-136
19017728-2	2009	Creatine synthesis requires three amino acids, methionine, glycine, and arginine, and two enzymes, l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), which produces guanidinoacetate acid (GAA), and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), which methylates GAA to produce creatine.	Creatine	0-8	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	138-142
19017728-2	2009	Creatine synthesis requires three amino acids, methionine, glycine, and arginine, and two enzymes, l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), which produces guanidinoacetate acid (GAA), and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), which methylates GAA to produce creatine.	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	193-227
19017728-2	2009	Creatine synthesis requires three amino acids, methionine, glycine, and arginine, and two enzymes, l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), which produces guanidinoacetate acid (GAA), and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), which methylates GAA to produce creatine.	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	229-233
19403955-6	2009	The relative change in 3-MH (CCP -4.7% +/- 70.2%, CP -0.4% +/- 81.4%, P 20.3% +/- 75.2%) was less in the groups receiving creatine (p &lt; .05), with the difference for NTx also close to significance (p = .055; CCP -3.4% +/- 66.6%, CP -3.9% +/- 64.9%, P 26.0% +/- 63.8%).	Creatine	122-130	AGBL carboxypeptidase 1	Homo sapiens	29-35
19403955-6	2009	The relative change in 3-MH (CCP -4.7% +/- 70.2%, CP -0.4% +/- 81.4%, P 20.3% +/- 75.2%) was less in the groups receiving creatine (p &lt; .05), with the difference for NTx also close to significance (p = .055; CCP -3.4% +/- 66.6%, CP -3.9% +/- 64.9%, P 26.0% +/- 63.8%).	Creatine	122-130	AGBL carboxypeptidase 3	Homo sapiens	211-217
18925426-3	2008	We evaluate clinical characteristics and cerebral creatine replenishment after L-arginine therapy in four patients with CRTR-D.	Creatine	50-58	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	120-124
19017728-2	2009	Creatine synthesis requires three amino acids, methionine, glycine, and arginine, and two enzymes, l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), which produces guanidinoacetate acid (GAA), and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), which methylates GAA to produce creatine.	Creatine	268-276	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	99-136
19017728-2	2009	Creatine synthesis requires three amino acids, methionine, glycine, and arginine, and two enzymes, l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), which produces guanidinoacetate acid (GAA), and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), which methylates GAA to produce creatine.	Creatine	268-276	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	138-142
19017728-10	2009	They also illustrate the interplay between the dietary provision of creatine and its de novo synthesis and point to the crucial role of renal AGAT expression in regulating creatine synthesis in the rat.	Creatine	172-180	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	142-146
18762218-5	2009	In situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry analysis of the striatum also showed a reduction in the levels of prodynorphin mRNA and FosB/DeltaFosB-immunopositive cells in creatine-supplemented diet group, an effect that was dependant on the development of AIMs.	Creatine	189-197	FosB proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	150-154
19027335-1	2009	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a disorder of creatine biosynthesis, characterized by excessive amounts of guanidinoacetate in body fluids, deficiency of creatine in the brain, and presence of mutations in the GAMT gene.	Creatine	70-78	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-34
19027335-1	2009	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a disorder of creatine biosynthesis, characterized by excessive amounts of guanidinoacetate in body fluids, deficiency of creatine in the brain, and presence of mutations in the GAMT gene.	Creatine	70-78	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	36-40
19103213-7	2009	Some genes involved in the trans-sulfuration pathway, including guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase, glycine N-methyltransferase, betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase and cysteine dioxygenase were found to be significantly decreased while methionine adenosyl transferase II, alpha increased at 24 h post-dosing, which is consistent with the SAMe and creatine findings.	Creatine	353-361	glycine N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	102-129
18977227-2	2008	Here, three structural aspects of human-brain-type-creatine-kinase (hBB-CK) were identified by X-ray crystallography: the ligand-free-form at 2.2A; the ADP-Mg2+, nitrate, and creatine complex (transition-state-analogue complex; TSAC); and the ADP-Mg2+-complex at 2.0A.	Creatine	51-59	hemoglobin subunit beta	Homo sapiens	68-71
18602925-6	2008	Hearts from GAMT(-/-) mice showed a 7-fold increase in V(max) of creatine uptake and a 1.4-fold increase in CrT mRNA levels.	Creatine	65-73	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	12-16
18629616-5	2008	To fully understand this effect of creatine on kinetics of respiration regulation, complete kinetic analysis of uMtCK reaction in isolated brain mitochondria was carried out.	Creatine	35-43	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1	Rattus norvegicus	112-117
18796518-7	2008	Patients with C-terminal CaSR mutations had a calcium to creatine ratio above the established diagnostic threshold of 0.01 for FHH.	Creatine	57-65	calcium sensing receptor	Homo sapiens	25-29
18602925-2	2008	Cardiomyocytes accumulate creatine via a specific creatine transporter (CrT), the capacity of which is reduced in the failing heart, resulting in lower myocardial creatine concentration.	Creatine	26-34	calreticulin	Mus musculus	72-75
18602925-2	2008	Cardiomyocytes accumulate creatine via a specific creatine transporter (CrT), the capacity of which is reduced in the failing heart, resulting in lower myocardial creatine concentration.	Creatine	50-58	calreticulin	Mus musculus	72-75
18343996-1	2008	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is an inherited neurometabolic disorder biochemically characterized by tissue accumulation of guanidinoacetate (GAA) and depletion of creatine.	Creatine	187-195	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-34
18343996-1	2008	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is an inherited neurometabolic disorder biochemically characterized by tissue accumulation of guanidinoacetate (GAA) and depletion of creatine.	Creatine	187-195	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	36-40
18602925-7	2008	The increase in Cr uptake and in CrT mRNA levels, however, was almost completely prevented when mice were fed a creatine supplemented diet, indicating that creatine uptake is subject to negative feedback regulation.	Creatine	112-120	calreticulin	Mus musculus	33-36
18602925-7	2008	The increase in Cr uptake and in CrT mRNA levels, however, was almost completely prevented when mice were fed a creatine supplemented diet, indicating that creatine uptake is subject to negative feedback regulation.	Creatine	156-164	calreticulin	Mus musculus	33-36
18602925-8	2008	Cardiac creatine uptake levels in CrT-OE mice were increased on average 2.7-fold, showing a considerable variation, in line with a similar variation in creatine content.	Creatine	8-16	calreticulin	Mus musculus	34-40
18602925-8	2008	Cardiac creatine uptake levels in CrT-OE mice were increased on average 2.7-fold, showing a considerable variation, in line with a similar variation in creatine content.	Creatine	152-160	calreticulin	Mus musculus	34-40
18515165-2	2008	The ATPase rate was assessed by recording the rephosphorylation of ADP by the pyruvate kinase reaction alone or together with the amount of creatine formed, when myofibrillar bound creatine kinase was activated with phosphocreatine.	Creatine	140-148	creatine kinase, testis isozyme	Oncorhynchus mykiss	181-196
18708688-9	2008	These findings indicate that creatine supplementation during resistance-exercise training increases intramuscular IGF-I concentration in healthy men and women, independent of habitual dietary routine.	Creatine	29-37	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	114-119
18437545-1	2008	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency (GAMT-deficiency) is an inborn error of metabolism biochemically characterized by accumulation of guanidinoacetate (GAA) and depletion of creatine; the pathogenesis of brain dysfunction in this disorder is not yet established.	Creatine	184-192	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-34
18555535-5	2008	The proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) creatine peak (total creatine=tCr) constitutes of two metabolites, namely Cr and phosphocreatine (PCr).	Creatine	49-57	T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	79-82
18555535-5	2008	The proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) creatine peak (total creatine=tCr) constitutes of two metabolites, namely Cr and phosphocreatine (PCr).	Creatine	70-78	T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	79-82
18256932-1	2008	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a disorder of creatine metabolism characterized by low plasma creatine concentrations in combination with elevated guanidinoacetate (GAA) concentrations.	Creatine	70-78	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-34
18256932-1	2008	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a disorder of creatine metabolism characterized by low plasma creatine concentrations in combination with elevated guanidinoacetate (GAA) concentrations.	Creatine	70-78	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	36-40
18256932-1	2008	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a disorder of creatine metabolism characterized by low plasma creatine concentrations in combination with elevated guanidinoacetate (GAA) concentrations.	Creatine	118-126	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-34
18256932-1	2008	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a disorder of creatine metabolism characterized by low plasma creatine concentrations in combination with elevated guanidinoacetate (GAA) concentrations.	Creatine	118-126	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	36-40
18216140-5	2008	Creatine feeding alone induced a 41% increase (P &lt; 0.03) in slow Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2) content, which was further elevated by 33% with running (P &lt; 0.02).	Creatine	0-8	ATPase sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transporting 2	Rattus norvegicus	81-87
18216140-7	2008	By comparison, parvalbumin content was dramatically decreased by 75% (P &lt; 0.01) by creatine feeding alone but was not further reduced by run training.	Creatine	86-94	parvalbumin	Rattus norvegicus	15-26
18216140-8	2008	These adaptive changes indicate that elevating the capacity for high-energy phosphate shuttling, through creatine loading, alleviates the need for intracellular Ca2+ buffering by parvalbumin and increases the efficiency of Ca2+ uptake by SERCAs.	Creatine	105-113	parvalbumin	Rattus norvegicus	179-190
18216140-8	2008	These adaptive changes indicate that elevating the capacity for high-energy phosphate shuttling, through creatine loading, alleviates the need for intracellular Ca2+ buffering by parvalbumin and increases the efficiency of Ca2+ uptake by SERCAs.	Creatine	105-113	ATPase sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transporting 1	Rattus norvegicus	238-244
18380667-3	2008	The aim of the present work was thus to analyse how the genes of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), allowing creatine synthesis, as well as of the creatine transporter SLC6A8, allowing creatine uptake into cells, are regulated in rat brain cells under NH4+ exposure.	Creatine	164-172	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	102-106
18258176-0	2008	Arginine and glycine stimulate creatine synthesis in creatine transporter 1-deficient lymphoblasts.	Creatine	31-39	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	53-75
18258176-6	2008	These results encourage an in vivo trial with Cr precursors in CT1 defect.	Creatine	46-48	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	63-66
18380667-3	2008	The aim of the present work was thus to analyse how the genes of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), allowing creatine synthesis, as well as of the creatine transporter SLC6A8, allowing creatine uptake into cells, are regulated in rat brain cells under NH4+ exposure.	Creatine	164-172	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	112-146
18380667-3	2008	The aim of the present work was thus to analyse how the genes of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), allowing creatine synthesis, as well as of the creatine transporter SLC6A8, allowing creatine uptake into cells, are regulated in rat brain cells under NH4+ exposure.	Creatine	164-172	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	148-152
18380667-3	2008	The aim of the present work was thus to analyse how the genes of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), allowing creatine synthesis, as well as of the creatine transporter SLC6A8, allowing creatine uptake into cells, are regulated in rat brain cells under NH4+ exposure.	Creatine	164-172	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	223-229
18380667-3	2008	The aim of the present work was thus to analyse how the genes of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), allowing creatine synthesis, as well as of the creatine transporter SLC6A8, allowing creatine uptake into cells, are regulated in rat brain cells under NH4+ exposure.	Creatine	202-210	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	102-106
18380667-3	2008	The aim of the present work was thus to analyse how the genes of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), allowing creatine synthesis, as well as of the creatine transporter SLC6A8, allowing creatine uptake into cells, are regulated in rat brain cells under NH4+ exposure.	Creatine	202-210	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	148-152
18380667-3	2008	The aim of the present work was thus to analyse how the genes of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), allowing creatine synthesis, as well as of the creatine transporter SLC6A8, allowing creatine uptake into cells, are regulated in rat brain cells under NH4+ exposure.	Creatine	202-210	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	223-229
18392746-1	2008	Creatine deficiency syndromes, either due to AGAT, GAMT or SLC6A8 deficiencies, lead to a complete absence, or a very strong decrease, of creatine within the brain, as measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy.	Creatine	138-146	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	45-49
18392746-2	2008	While the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) expresses AGAT, GAMT and SLC6A8, the lack of SLC6A8 in astrocytes around the blood-brain barrier limits the brain capacity to import creatine from the periphery, and suggests that the CNS has to rely mainly on endogenous creatine synthesis through AGAT and GAMT expression.	Creatine	182-190	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	94-100
18392746-1	2008	Creatine deficiency syndromes, either due to AGAT, GAMT or SLC6A8 deficiencies, lead to a complete absence, or a very strong decrease, of creatine within the brain, as measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy.	Creatine	138-146	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	51-55
17805948-8	2008	Comparison of kinetic constants with those of human and mouse CKs indicated that sperm whale MCK has a comparable affinity for creatine (K (m) (Cr) = 9.38 mM) to that of human MCK, and the sMiCK has two times higher affinity for creatine than the human enzyme.	Creatine	127-135	creatine kinase, M-type	Homo sapiens	93-96
18392746-5	2008	This suggests that to allow synthesis of creatine within the CNS, at least for a significant part of it, guanidinoacetate must be transported from AGAT- to GAMT-expressing cells, possibly through SLC6A8.	Creatine	41-49	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	147-151
18392746-5	2008	This suggests that to allow synthesis of creatine within the CNS, at least for a significant part of it, guanidinoacetate must be transported from AGAT- to GAMT-expressing cells, possibly through SLC6A8.	Creatine	41-49	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	156-160
18392746-5	2008	This suggests that to allow synthesis of creatine within the CNS, at least for a significant part of it, guanidinoacetate must be transported from AGAT- to GAMT-expressing cells, possibly through SLC6A8.	Creatine	41-49	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	196-202
18325464-4	2008	Two groups were studied: the mice treated with creatine analogue beta-guanidinopropionic acid (BGP) (n = 30) and controls (n = 30).	Creatine	47-55	bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein 2	Mus musculus	65-99
18325464-15	2008	Four weeks after BGP discontinuation Cr, TAN and TG content were restored to the normal levels while LV function, dimension, and mass were normalized.	Creatine	37-39	bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein 2	Mus musculus	17-20
18275592-3	2008	GAMT is an essential enzyme in creatine biosynthesis, such that GAMT deficient mice are entirely creatine-free.	Creatine	31-39	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	0-4
18275592-3	2008	GAMT is an essential enzyme in creatine biosynthesis, such that GAMT deficient mice are entirely creatine-free.	Creatine	31-39	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	64-68
18275592-3	2008	GAMT is an essential enzyme in creatine biosynthesis, such that GAMT deficient mice are entirely creatine-free.	Creatine	97-105	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	0-4
18275592-3	2008	GAMT is an essential enzyme in creatine biosynthesis, such that GAMT deficient mice are entirely creatine-free.	Creatine	97-105	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	64-68
18048590-2	2008	Creatine supplementation decreased the phosphorylation state of protein kinase B (PKB) on Thr308 at rest by 60% (P &lt; 0.05) and that of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein on Thr37/46 (4E-BP1) by 30% 24 h postexercise (P &lt; 0.05).	Creatine	0-8	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	199-205
18048590-3	2008	Creatine increased mRNA for collagen 1 (alpha(1)), glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4), and myosin heavy chain I at rest by 250%, 45%, and 80%, respectively, and myosin heavy chain IIA (MHCIIA) mRNA immediately after exercise by 70% (all P &lt; 0.05).	Creatine	0-8	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Homo sapiens	51-72
18048590-3	2008	Creatine increased mRNA for collagen 1 (alpha(1)), glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4), and myosin heavy chain I at rest by 250%, 45%, and 80%, respectively, and myosin heavy chain IIA (MHCIIA) mRNA immediately after exercise by 70% (all P &lt; 0.05).	Creatine	0-8	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Homo sapiens	74-80
18048590-3	2008	Creatine increased mRNA for collagen 1 (alpha(1)), glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4), and myosin heavy chain I at rest by 250%, 45%, and 80%, respectively, and myosin heavy chain IIA (MHCIIA) mRNA immediately after exercise by 70% (all P &lt; 0.05).	Creatine	0-8	myosin heavy chain 2	Homo sapiens	157-179
18048590-3	2008	Creatine increased mRNA for collagen 1 (alpha(1)), glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4), and myosin heavy chain I at rest by 250%, 45%, and 80%, respectively, and myosin heavy chain IIA (MHCIIA) mRNA immediately after exercise by 70% (all P &lt; 0.05).	Creatine	0-8	myosin heavy chain 2	Homo sapiens	181-187
18569740-3	2008	We describe 1-year follow-up study of a child, aged 9.6 years, with CT1 defect, on oral supplementation with L-arginine, a precursor of creatine synthesis.	Creatine	136-144	cardiotrophin 1	Homo sapiens	68-71
19112826-4	2008	In this model the CK isoforms together with easily diffusible compounds like creatine and phosphocreatine, maintain a cellular energy buffer and intracellular energy transport system, where the "high-energy" phosphate is transferred between site of ATP synthesis and site of ATP utilization.	Creatine	77-85	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	18-20
18443316-0	2008	Cardiac manifestations in a child with a novel mutation in creatine transporter gene SLC6A8.	Creatine	59-67	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	85-91
17805948-8	2008	Comparison of kinetic constants with those of human and mouse CKs indicated that sperm whale MCK has a comparable affinity for creatine (K (m) (Cr) = 9.38 mM) to that of human MCK, and the sMiCK has two times higher affinity for creatine than the human enzyme.	Creatine	229-237	creatine kinase, M-type	Homo sapiens	93-96
17928413-3	2007	This is a two-step process in which l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) catalyzes the conversion of glycine and arginine to ornithine and guanidinoacetate (GAA); guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) then catalyzes the S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methylation of GAA to creatine.	Creatine	285-293	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	36-73
17641295-12	2007	Our results showed that creatine in OVA-sensitized mice increased hyperresponsiveness; eosinophilic inflammation; airway density of IL-4+, IL-5+, and IGF-1 inflammatory cells; airway collagen and elastin content; and smooth muscle thickness.	Creatine	24-32	serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade B, member 1, pseudogene	Mus musculus	36-39
17641295-12	2007	Our results showed that creatine in OVA-sensitized mice increased hyperresponsiveness; eosinophilic inflammation; airway density of IL-4+, IL-5+, and IGF-1 inflammatory cells; airway collagen and elastin content; and smooth muscle thickness.	Creatine	24-32	interleukin 4	Mus musculus	132-143
17641295-12	2007	Our results showed that creatine in OVA-sensitized mice increased hyperresponsiveness; eosinophilic inflammation; airway density of IL-4+, IL-5+, and IGF-1 inflammatory cells; airway collagen and elastin content; and smooth muscle thickness.	Creatine	24-32	insulin-like growth factor 1	Mus musculus	150-155
17641295-12	2007	Our results showed that creatine in OVA-sensitized mice increased hyperresponsiveness; eosinophilic inflammation; airway density of IL-4+, IL-5+, and IGF-1 inflammatory cells; airway collagen and elastin content; and smooth muscle thickness.	Creatine	24-32	elastin	Mus musculus	196-203
17641295-13	2007	The results show that creatine supplementation exacerbates the lung allergic response to OVA through a T helper cell type 2 pathway and increased IGF-1 expression.	Creatine	22-30	serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade B, member 1, pseudogene	Mus musculus	89-92
17641295-13	2007	The results show that creatine supplementation exacerbates the lung allergic response to OVA through a T helper cell type 2 pathway and increased IGF-1 expression.	Creatine	22-30	insulin-like growth factor 1	Mus musculus	146-151
17928413-3	2007	This is a two-step process in which l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) catalyzes the conversion of glycine and arginine to ornithine and guanidinoacetate (GAA); guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) then catalyzes the S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methylation of GAA to creatine.	Creatine	285-293	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	75-79
17928413-3	2007	This is a two-step process in which l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) catalyzes the conversion of glycine and arginine to ornithine and guanidinoacetate (GAA); guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) then catalyzes the S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methylation of GAA to creatine.	Creatine	285-293	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	171-205
17928413-3	2007	This is a two-step process in which l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) catalyzes the conversion of glycine and arginine to ornithine and guanidinoacetate (GAA); guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) then catalyzes the S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methylation of GAA to creatine.	Creatine	285-293	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	207-211
17997838-1	2007	BACKGROUND: Previous research has shown that plasma creatine levels are influenced by extracellular concentrations of insulin and glucose as well as by the intracellular creatine concentration.	Creatine	52-60	insulin	Homo sapiens	118-125
17785500-9	2007	Intracerebral ratios of glucose and lactate to creatine were higher in GSD1 patients (P &lt; 0.05 vs. control).	Creatine	47-55	glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Homo sapiens	71-75
24299942-7	2007	In the patients treated with IFNbeta-1b there was a significant increase in the ratio of NAA/Cr in NAWM (p=0.028) at 24 months after the initiation of treatment.	Creatine	93-95	interferon beta 1	Homo sapiens	29-36
17935690-7	2007	The early inhibition of Cr-stimulated respiration, in addition to impairment of components of the respiratory chain involves a partial disturbance of functional coupling between MtCK and ANT, likely due to interaction of DXR with cardiolipin leading to competitive inhibition of MtCK/membrane binding.	Creatine	24-26	solute carrier family 25 member 6	Homo sapiens	187-190
17652429-0	2007	Creatine enhances differentiation of myogenic C2C12 cells by activating both p38 and Akt/PKB pathways.	Creatine	0-8	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	77-80
17652429-0	2007	Creatine enhances differentiation of myogenic C2C12 cells by activating both p38 and Akt/PKB pathways.	Creatine	0-8	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	85-88
17652429-0	2007	Creatine enhances differentiation of myogenic C2C12 cells by activating both p38 and Akt/PKB pathways.	Creatine	0-8	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	89-92
17652429-6	2007	Creatine upregulated phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt/PKB; +60%, P &lt; 0.001), glycogen synthase kinase-3 (+70%, P &lt; 0.001), and p70(s6k) (+50%, P &lt; 0.001).	Creatine	0-8	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	58-65
17652429-6	2007	Creatine upregulated phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt/PKB; +60%, P &lt; 0.001), glycogen synthase kinase-3 (+70%, P &lt; 0.001), and p70(s6k) (+50%, P &lt; 0.001).	Creatine	0-8	interleukin 2 receptor, beta chain	Mus musculus	141-144
17652429-6	2007	Creatine upregulated phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt/PKB; +60%, P &lt; 0.001), glycogen synthase kinase-3 (+70%, P &lt; 0.001), and p70(s6k) (+50%, P &lt; 0.001).	Creatine	0-8	ribosomal protein S6 kinase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	145-148
17652429-7	2007	Creatine also affected the phosphorylation state of p38 (-50% at 24 h and +70% at 96 h, P &lt; 0.05) as well as the nuclear content of its downstream targets myocyte enhancer factor-2 (-55% at 48 h and +170% at 96 h, P &lt; 0.05) and MyoD (+60%, P &lt; 0.01).	Creatine	0-8	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	52-55
17652429-7	2007	Creatine also affected the phosphorylation state of p38 (-50% at 24 h and +70% at 96 h, P &lt; 0.05) as well as the nuclear content of its downstream targets myocyte enhancer factor-2 (-55% at 48 h and +170% at 96 h, P &lt; 0.05) and MyoD (+60%, P &lt; 0.01).	Creatine	0-8	myogenic differentiation 1	Mus musculus	234-238
17652429-8	2007	In conclusion, this study points out the involvement of the p38 and the Akt/PKB-p70(s6k) pathways in the enhanced differentiation induced by creatine in C(2)C(12) cells.	Creatine	141-149	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	60-63
17652429-8	2007	In conclusion, this study points out the involvement of the p38 and the Akt/PKB-p70(s6k) pathways in the enhanced differentiation induced by creatine in C(2)C(12) cells.	Creatine	141-149	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	72-79
17652429-8	2007	In conclusion, this study points out the involvement of the p38 and the Akt/PKB-p70(s6k) pathways in the enhanced differentiation induced by creatine in C(2)C(12) cells.	Creatine	141-149	interleukin 2 receptor, beta chain	Mus musculus	80-83
17472218-1	2007	Primary creatine deficiency syndromes (CDS) are a new group of disorders caused by guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency, which affects endogenous creatine biosynthesis with depletion of body creatine.	Creatine	8-16	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	83-117
17472218-1	2007	Primary creatine deficiency syndromes (CDS) are a new group of disorders caused by guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency, which affects endogenous creatine biosynthesis with depletion of body creatine.	Creatine	8-16	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	119-123
17472218-1	2007	Primary creatine deficiency syndromes (CDS) are a new group of disorders caused by guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency, which affects endogenous creatine biosynthesis with depletion of body creatine.	Creatine	162-170	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	83-117
17472218-1	2007	Primary creatine deficiency syndromes (CDS) are a new group of disorders caused by guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency, which affects endogenous creatine biosynthesis with depletion of body creatine.	Creatine	162-170	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	119-123
17186272-1	2007	Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a defect in the biosynthesis of creatine (Cr).	Creatine	90-98	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-36
17186272-1	2007	Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a defect in the biosynthesis of creatine (Cr).	Creatine	90-98	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	38-42
17186272-1	2007	Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a defect in the biosynthesis of creatine (Cr).	Creatine	100-102	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-36
17186272-1	2007	Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a defect in the biosynthesis of creatine (Cr).	Creatine	100-102	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	38-42
18428409-3	2007	Elevated creatine in urine is suggestive of a deficiency of the X-linked creatine transporter, SLC6A8.	Creatine	9-17	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	95-101
17679670-1	2007	BACKGROUND: On proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging ((1)H MRSI), there is a decrease in cerebellar N-acetylaspartate/total creatine (NAA/tCr) in essential tremor (ET), signifying cerebellar neuronal dysfunction or degeneration.	Creatine	134-142	T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	148-151
17603797-0	2007	Mental retardation and verbal dyspraxia in a new patient with de novo creatine transporter (SLC6A8) mutation.	Creatine	70-78	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	92-98
17603797-1	2007	We report on a 9.5-year-old Italian boy affected by creatine transporter deficit (CT1), due to a de novo mutation in SLC6A8 gene.	Creatine	52-60	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	117-123
17879627-3	2007	RESULTS: Correlation analysis showed significant positive correlation between degree of EGFR gene amplification and choline and total creatine (CHO/TCR) ratio, indicating increased membrane turnover.	Creatine	134-142	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	88-92
17499767-5	2007	Furthermore, the stimulatory effect of the BCKA on S100B release was prevented by coincubation with the energetic substrate creatine and with the N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, indicating that energy deficit and nitric oxide (NO) were probably involved in this effect.	Creatine	124-132	S100 calcium binding protein B	Homo sapiens	51-56
17588756-4	2007	This study targets two metabolic genes, guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) and arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) which are required for creatine synthesis.	Creatine	152-160	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	40-74
17588756-4	2007	This study targets two metabolic genes, guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) and arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) which are required for creatine synthesis.	Creatine	152-160	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	76-80
17448422-4	2007	Two groups were studied: the rats treated with Cr analogue beta-guanidinopropionic acid (BGP) (n = 25) and controls (n = 23).	Creatine	47-49	CEA cell adhesion molecule 1	Rattus norvegicus	89-92
17347380-0	2007	Creatine uptake in brain and skeletal muscle of mice lacking guanidinoacetate methyltransferase assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy.	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	61-95
17347380-3	2007	As expected, a signal for Cr was hardly detectable in MR spectra of GAMT-/- mice before Cr supplementation.	Creatine	26-28	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	68-72
17347380-8	2007	Only because of the repeated MRS measurements performed in this longitudinal Cr supplementation study on GAMT-/- mice were we able to discover the initial faster uptake of Cr in skeletal muscle compared with brain, which may represent muscular Cr uptake independent of Cr transporter expression.	Creatine	77-79	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	105-109
17347380-8	2007	Only because of the repeated MRS measurements performed in this longitudinal Cr supplementation study on GAMT-/- mice were we able to discover the initial faster uptake of Cr in skeletal muscle compared with brain, which may represent muscular Cr uptake independent of Cr transporter expression.	Creatine	172-174	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	105-109
17347380-8	2007	Only because of the repeated MRS measurements performed in this longitudinal Cr supplementation study on GAMT-/- mice were we able to discover the initial faster uptake of Cr in skeletal muscle compared with brain, which may represent muscular Cr uptake independent of Cr transporter expression.	Creatine	172-174	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	105-109
17347380-8	2007	Only because of the repeated MRS measurements performed in this longitudinal Cr supplementation study on GAMT-/- mice were we able to discover the initial faster uptake of Cr in skeletal muscle compared with brain, which may represent muscular Cr uptake independent of Cr transporter expression.	Creatine	172-174	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	105-109
17273928-3	2007	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is an inherited neurometabolic disorder biochemically characterized by tissue accumulation of guanidinoacetate (GAA) and depletion of creatine.	Creatine	187-195	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-34
17273928-3	2007	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is an inherited neurometabolic disorder biochemically characterized by tissue accumulation of guanidinoacetate (GAA) and depletion of creatine.	Creatine	187-195	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	36-40
17407807-1	2007	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is an inherited neurometabolic disorder biochemically characterized by tissue accumulation of guanidinoacetate (GAA) and depletion of creatine.	Creatine	187-195	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-34
17407807-1	2007	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is an inherited neurometabolic disorder biochemically characterized by tissue accumulation of guanidinoacetate (GAA) and depletion of creatine.	Creatine	187-195	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	36-40
17336114-1	2007	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency (MIM 601240), an autosomal recessive disorder of creatine biosynthesis, presents with mental retardation, extrapyramidal symptoms, autistic-like behavior and epilepsy.	Creatine	102-110	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-34
17353334-4	2007	MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two patients with guanidinoacetate methyltransferase defect (GAMT-d) were treated with different amounts of Cr and with diet restrictions aimed at reducing endogenous guanidinoacetate (GAA) synthesis.	Creatine	131-133	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	84-88
17353334-7	2007	RESULTS: Cr and PCr replenishment was lower in GAMT-d than in AGAT-d even when GAMT-d therapy was carried out with a very high Cr intake.	Creatine	9-11	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	47-51
17353334-12	2007	CONCLUSIONS: AGAT-d treatment needs lower Cr intake than GAMT-d. Cr supplementation in GAMT-d treatment should include diet restrictions aimed at reducing GAA concentration in body fluids.	Creatine	42-44	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	13-17
17353334-12	2007	CONCLUSIONS: AGAT-d treatment needs lower Cr intake than GAMT-d. Cr supplementation in GAMT-d treatment should include diet restrictions aimed at reducing GAA concentration in body fluids.	Creatine	65-67	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	13-17
17353334-12	2007	CONCLUSIONS: AGAT-d treatment needs lower Cr intake than GAMT-d. Cr supplementation in GAMT-d treatment should include diet restrictions aimed at reducing GAA concentration in body fluids.	Creatine	65-67	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	87-91
17209172-4	2007	The available evidence indicates that the quantitatively most important pathways for S-adenosylmethionine-dependent transmethylation in mammals are the syntheses of creatine by guanidinoacetate methyltransferase, of phosphatidylcholine by phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase, and of sarcosine by glycine N-methyltransferase.	Creatine	165-173	glycine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	303-330
17171576-1	2007	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a rare disorder of creatine synthesis.	Creatine	75-83	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-34
17171576-1	2007	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a rare disorder of creatine synthesis.	Creatine	75-83	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	36-40
17982255-1	2007	The Na(+),Cl(-),creatine transporter CreaT (SLC6A8) mediates concentrative cellular uptake of creatine into a wide variety of cells.	Creatine	16-24	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	44-50
17982255-6	2007	In Xenopus oocytes expressing SLC6A8 but not in water injected oocytes creatine induced a current which was significantly enhanced by coexpression of PIKfyve.	Creatine	71-79	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	30-36
16956696-6	2007	Furthermore, [(3)H]taurine and [(14)C]creatine uptake were concomitantly increased following exposure to ammonia, suggesting that up-regulation of both TAUT and CRT under hyperammonemic conditions results in an increased function of these two transporters in TM-BBB cells.	Creatine	38-46	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, taurine), member 6	Mus musculus	152-156
17486546-0	2007	Spatiotemporal expression of the creatine metabolism related genes agat, gamt and ct1 during zebrafish embryogenesis.	Creatine	33-41	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Danio rerio	67-71
17486546-0	2007	Spatiotemporal expression of the creatine metabolism related genes agat, gamt and ct1 during zebrafish embryogenesis.	Creatine	33-41	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Danio rerio	73-77
17486546-0	2007	Spatiotemporal expression of the creatine metabolism related genes agat, gamt and ct1 during zebrafish embryogenesis.	Creatine	33-41	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Danio rerio	82-85
17486546-1	2007	Glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT or GATM), guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) and creatine transporter (CT1) are three proteins involved in the synthesis and uptake of creatine.	Creatine	89-97	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Danio rerio	28-32
17486546-1	2007	Glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT or GATM), guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) and creatine transporter (CT1) are three proteins involved in the synthesis and uptake of creatine.	Creatine	89-97	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Danio rerio	36-40
17486546-1	2007	Glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT or GATM), guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) and creatine transporter (CT1) are three proteins involved in the synthesis and uptake of creatine.	Creatine	89-97	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Danio rerio	43-77
17486546-1	2007	Glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT or GATM), guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) and creatine transporter (CT1) are three proteins involved in the synthesis and uptake of creatine.	Creatine	89-97	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Danio rerio	79-83
17486546-1	2007	Glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT or GATM), guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) and creatine transporter (CT1) are three proteins involved in the synthesis and uptake of creatine.	Creatine	89-97	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Danio rerio	111-114
17486546-11	2007	Our data reveal for the first time distinct and unique patterns of expression of the creatine metabolism genes agat, gamt and ct1 during zebrafish embryogenesis.	Creatine	85-93	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Danio rerio	111-115
17486546-11	2007	Our data reveal for the first time distinct and unique patterns of expression of the creatine metabolism genes agat, gamt and ct1 during zebrafish embryogenesis.	Creatine	85-93	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Danio rerio	117-121
17486546-11	2007	Our data reveal for the first time distinct and unique patterns of expression of the creatine metabolism genes agat, gamt and ct1 during zebrafish embryogenesis.	Creatine	85-93	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Danio rerio	126-129
18652072-1	2007	In mammals, creatine is taken up from the diet and can be synthesized endogenously by a two-step mechanism involving the enzymes arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT).	Creatine	12-20	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	212-216
18652072-2	2007	Creatine (Cr) is taken up by cells through a specific transporter, CT1.	Creatine	0-8	cardiotrophin 1	Homo sapiens	67-70
18652072-2	2007	Creatine (Cr) is taken up by cells through a specific transporter, CT1.	Creatine	0-2	cardiotrophin 1	Homo sapiens	67-70
18652073-3	2007	Our recent research provides novel molecular-anatomical evidence that (i) at the blood-brain barrier and the inner blood-retinal barrier, the creatine transporter (CRT/SLC6AS) functions as a major pathway for supplying creatine to the brain and retina, and that (ii) local creatine is preferentially synthesized in the glial cells, e.g., oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and Muller cells, in the brain and retina.	Creatine	142-150	calcitonin receptor	Homo sapiens	164-167
18652073-3	2007	Our recent research provides novel molecular-anatomical evidence that (i) at the blood-brain barrier and the inner blood-retinal barrier, the creatine transporter (CRT/SLC6AS) functions as a major pathway for supplying creatine to the brain and retina, and that (ii) local creatine is preferentially synthesized in the glial cells, e.g., oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and Muller cells, in the brain and retina.	Creatine	219-227	calcitonin receptor	Homo sapiens	164-167
18652074-4	2007	CRT is essential for normal brain function as mutations in the CRT gene (SLC6A8) result in X-linked mental retardation, associated with the almost complete lack of creatine in the brain, severe speech and language delay, epilepsy, and autistic behaviour.	Creatine	164-172	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, creatine), member 8	Mus musculus	73-79
18652075-5	2007	MRS studies on mice lacking guanidinoacetate methyltransferase have demonstrated metabolic changes comparable to those found in the deficiency of this enzyme in humans, which are (partly) reversible upon creatine feeding.	Creatine	204-212	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	28-62
18652076-1	2007	Cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes (CCDSs) are a group of inborn errors of creatine metabolism comprising two autosomal recessive disorders that affect the biosynthesis of creatine--i.e. arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency (AGAT; MIM 602360) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency (GAMT; MIM 601240)--and an X-linked defect that affects the creatine transporter, SLC6A8 deficiency (SLC6A8; MIM 300036).	Creatine	9-17	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	239-243
18652076-1	2007	Cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes (CCDSs) are a group of inborn errors of creatine metabolism comprising two autosomal recessive disorders that affect the biosynthesis of creatine--i.e. arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency (AGAT; MIM 602360) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency (GAMT; MIM 601240)--and an X-linked defect that affects the creatine transporter, SLC6A8 deficiency (SLC6A8; MIM 300036).	Creatine	9-17	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	308-312
18652076-1	2007	Cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes (CCDSs) are a group of inborn errors of creatine metabolism comprising two autosomal recessive disorders that affect the biosynthesis of creatine--i.e. arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency (AGAT; MIM 602360) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency (GAMT; MIM 601240)--and an X-linked defect that affects the creatine transporter, SLC6A8 deficiency (SLC6A8; MIM 300036).	Creatine	9-17	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	389-395
18652080-8	2007	An additional effect of creatine supplementation, mostly when combined with training, is enhanced muscle glycogen accumulation and glucose transporter (GLUT4) expression.	Creatine	24-32	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Homo sapiens	152-157
18652081-5	2007	Insulin and insulin-stimulating foods appear to enhance muscle uptake of creatine but at the same time, high carbohydrate meals may slow the absorption of creatine from the intestine.	Creatine	73-81	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
18652081-5	2007	Insulin and insulin-stimulating foods appear to enhance muscle uptake of creatine but at the same time, high carbohydrate meals may slow the absorption of creatine from the intestine.	Creatine	73-81	insulin	Homo sapiens	12-19
18652081-5	2007	Insulin and insulin-stimulating foods appear to enhance muscle uptake of creatine but at the same time, high carbohydrate meals may slow the absorption of creatine from the intestine.	Creatine	155-163	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
18652072-1	2007	In mammals, creatine is taken up from the diet and can be synthesized endogenously by a two-step mechanism involving the enzymes arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT).	Creatine	12-20	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	129-164
18652072-1	2007	In mammals, creatine is taken up from the diet and can be synthesized endogenously by a two-step mechanism involving the enzymes arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT).	Creatine	12-20	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	176-210
16741143-5	2006	Addition of exogenous cytochrome c increased ADP-dependent respiration, and the large-scale cytochrome c effect (&gt;or=20%) was associated with suppressed stimulation of respiration by creatine and AMP in the mucosal preparations.	Creatine	186-194	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	22-34
17249194-10	2006	The results of 1H MRS for the subjects with susceptible genes ApoE epsilon3/epsilon4 (HRT group 12 cases, control group 11 cases) showed that the N-acetylaspartate/total creatine at the area of hippocampus in HRT group (1.54 +/- 0.08) were significantly higher than control group (1.45 +/- 0.13, P < 0.05).	Creatine	170-178	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	62-66
16741143-5	2006	Addition of exogenous cytochrome c increased ADP-dependent respiration, and the large-scale cytochrome c effect (&gt;or=20%) was associated with suppressed stimulation of respiration by creatine and AMP in the mucosal preparations.	Creatine	186-194	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	92-104
16920891-5	2006	Most studies evaluating ACE inhibitors in renal impairment report a strong linear correlation between creatine clearance and drug elimination.	Creatine	102-110	angiotensin I converting enzyme	Homo sapiens	24-27
16881064-0	2006	Effects of exercise and creatine on myosin heavy chain isoform composition in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.	Creatine	24-32	major histocompatibility complex, class I, C	Homo sapiens	36-54
16881064-2	2006	Based on previous data, we hypothesized that resistance exercise and creatine would increase the percentage of type I MHC composition in the vastus lateralis muscle and that myosin isoform changes would correlate with improved chair rise-time in CMT subjects.	Creatine	69-77	major histocompatibility complex, class I, C	Homo sapiens	118-121
16881064-7	2006	Gel electrophoresis showed a significant decrease (approximately 30%) in MHC type I in CMT subjects given creatine supplementation when compared with placebo.	Creatine	106-114	major histocompatibility complex, class I, C	Homo sapiens	73-76
16881064-8	2006	There was a nonsignificant increase in both MHC type IIa (approximately 23%) and MHC type IIx (approximately 7%) in CMT subjects given creatine.	Creatine	135-143	major histocompatibility complex, class I, C	Homo sapiens	44-47
16881064-8	2006	There was a nonsignificant increase in both MHC type IIa (approximately 23%) and MHC type IIx (approximately 7%) in CMT subjects given creatine.	Creatine	135-143	major histocompatibility complex, class I, C	Homo sapiens	81-84
16881064-10	2006	The training-induced change in MHC IIa content was inversely correlated with chair rise-time in CMT subjects given creatine.	Creatine	115-123	major histocompatibility complex, class I, C	Homo sapiens	31-34
16881064-13	2006	Furthermore, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that creatine supplementation alters MHC composition in CMT patients undergoing resistance training and that MHC changes associated with creatine supplementation can improve muscle function.	Creatine	62-70	major histocompatibility complex, class I, C	Homo sapiens	94-97
16881064-13	2006	Furthermore, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that creatine supplementation alters MHC composition in CMT patients undergoing resistance training and that MHC changes associated with creatine supplementation can improve muscle function.	Creatine	194-202	major histocompatibility complex, class I, C	Homo sapiens	166-169
16642499-3	2006	In the DM1 patients we also observed a concomitant depletion of creatine and choline levels, particularly in the frontal white matter.	Creatine	64-72	DM1 protein kinase	Homo sapiens	7-10
16941429-3	2006	Three metabolic defects are known: two affect synthesis -guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) and arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT)- and one affects the transport of creatine.	Creatine	180-188	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	103-138
16941429-3	2006	Three metabolic defects are known: two affect synthesis -guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) and arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT)- and one affects the transport of creatine.	Creatine	180-188	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	140-144
16941429-7	2006	Diagnostic confirmation of AGAT and GAMT deficits is carried out by determining the enzymatic activity in fibroblasts or lymphoblasts, or the incorporation of creatine in the case of studies of transport defects.	Creatine	159-167	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	27-31
16941429-7	2006	Diagnostic confirmation of AGAT and GAMT deficits is carried out by determining the enzymatic activity in fibroblasts or lymphoblasts, or the incorporation of creatine in the case of studies of transport defects.	Creatine	159-167	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	36-40
16941429-10	2006	GAMT and AGAT deficiencies respond to treatment with creatine, whereas patients with transport defects do not respond to this therapy; new therapeutic approaches are therefore being evaluated for this disease.	Creatine	53-61	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-4
16855203-1	2006	BACKGROUND: Guanidinoactetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder of creatine synthesis.	Creatine	104-112	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	12-47
16855203-1	2006	BACKGROUND: Guanidinoactetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder of creatine synthesis.	Creatine	104-112	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	49-53
16781683-4	2006	Intracerebroventricular administration of beta-guanidinopropionic acid, a compound known to decrease intracellular creatine concentration by competition for uptake, resulted in decreased food intake and body weight and increased Fos expression in the hypothalamus.	Creatine	115-123	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	229-232
16530227-9	2006	1H-MRSI showed N-acetylaspartate to creatine ratio (NAA/Cr) decreases in the central brain VOI in all TTR-FAP patients (p < 0.005).	Creatine	36-44	transthyretin	Homo sapiens	102-105
16820567-7	2006	CONCLUSIONS: Our data highlight local and potentially regulated expression of AGAT activity in the myocardium and suggest a specific response to heart failure involving elevated local creatine synthesis.	Creatine	184-192	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	78-82
16782507-9	2006	Creatine addition did not prevent this increment in S100B secretion, but was able to prevent the decrease in GFAP content and GS activity induced by ammonia exposure.	Creatine	0-8	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Rattus norvegicus	109-113
16600998-6	2006	The sex difference in muscle AMPK activation with exercise was accompanied by an increase in muscle free AMP (approximately 164%, P &lt; 0.01), free AMP/ATP ratio (159%, P &lt; 0.05), and creatine (approximately 42%, P &lt; 0.001) in men but not in women (NS), suggesting that lack of AMPK activation in women was due to better maintenance of muscle cellular energy balance compared with men.	Creatine	188-196	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	29-33
20483248-1	2006	Creatine kinase (CK) catalyzes the reversible transfer of thegamma-terminal phosphate of MgATP to the guanidine creatine (Cr) forming MgADP and phosphocreatine (PCr).	Creatine	0-2	ckm	Ciona intestinalis	17-19
16607617-8	2006	Patients presented with a triad that appears to be indicative of CAPN3 mutations: (1) EM in the first decade, (2) elevated serum creatine phosphokinase levels (isolated or with little corresponding weakness), and (3) inconstant peripheral hypereosinophilia.	Creatine	129-137	calpain 3	Homo sapiens	65-70
16763899-0	2006	Overexpression of wild-type creatine transporter (SLC6A8) restores creatine uptake in primary SLC6A8-deficient fibroblasts.	Creatine	28-36	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	50-56
16424066-6	2006	Despite a similar rate of respiration in the presence of 0.1 mM ADP, HCR rats demonstrated a higher rate of respiration in the presence of 0.1 mM ADP+20 mM creatine (HCR 33% higher vs. LCR, P&lt;0.05).	Creatine	156-164	coiled-coil alpha-helical rod protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	69-72
16424066-6	2006	Despite a similar rate of respiration in the presence of 0.1 mM ADP, HCR rats demonstrated a higher rate of respiration in the presence of 0.1 mM ADP+20 mM creatine (HCR 33% higher vs. LCR, P&lt;0.05).	Creatine	156-164	coiled-coil alpha-helical rod protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	166-169
16424066-7	2006	Thus mitochondria from HCR rats exhibit enhanced mitochondrial sensitivity to creatine (i.e., the ability of creatine to decrease the Km for ADP).	Creatine	78-86	coiled-coil alpha-helical rod protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	23-26
16424066-7	2006	Thus mitochondria from HCR rats exhibit enhanced mitochondrial sensitivity to creatine (i.e., the ability of creatine to decrease the Km for ADP).	Creatine	109-117	coiled-coil alpha-helical rod protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	23-26
16424066-8	2006	We propose that increased respiratory sensitivity to ADP in the presence of creatine can effectively increase muscle sensitivity to ADP during exercise (when creatine is increased) and may be, in part, a contributing factor for the increased running capacity in HCR rats.	Creatine	76-84	coiled-coil alpha-helical rod protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	262-265
16424066-8	2006	We propose that increased respiratory sensitivity to ADP in the presence of creatine can effectively increase muscle sensitivity to ADP during exercise (when creatine is increased) and may be, in part, a contributing factor for the increased running capacity in HCR rats.	Creatine	158-166	coiled-coil alpha-helical rod protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	262-265
16769397-2	2006	We describe a patient in whom arginine:glycine amidinotransferase was diagnosed at birth and treated at 4 months with creatine supplementation.	Creatine	118-126	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	30-65
16763899-1	2006	In the study reported, we prove that mutations in the SLC6A8 gene are responsible for SLC6A8 deficiency, a cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome (CCDS), since overexpression of the wild-type SLC6A8 open reading frame (ORF) restores the creatine uptake profile in SLC6A8-deficient fibroblasts.	Creatine	116-124	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	54-60
16763899-1	2006	In the study reported, we prove that mutations in the SLC6A8 gene are responsible for SLC6A8 deficiency, a cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome (CCDS), since overexpression of the wild-type SLC6A8 open reading frame (ORF) restores the creatine uptake profile in SLC6A8-deficient fibroblasts.	Creatine	116-124	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	86-92
16451808-3	2006	The kinetic constants of the M- and B-forms of the mouse and Danio cytoplasmic CKs differed significantly, with the K(m) for creatine (K(m)Cr) of M-CK being three- to nine-fold higher than that of B-CK, possibly reflecting differences in the concentration of creatine in muscle and brain cells.	Creatine	125-133	creatine kinase, muscle	Mus musculus	146-150
26989801-10	2006	In addition, in 15 bipolar (five bipolar I, nine bipolar II, and one bipolar not otherwise specified) disorder patients, compared with six healthy control subjects, mean MPF/AC GABA/Cr concentration tended to be 41% higher.	Creatine	182-184	mesothelin	Homo sapiens	170-176
20483248-14	2006	Given our present experimental results and the emerging EST/genome sequencing data, it is clear that the capacity for de novo Cr biosynthesis is likely widespread in protochordates and invertebrates expressing CK and that the genes for GAMT/AGAT likely evolved coincident with CK.	Creatine	126-128	ckm	Ciona intestinalis	210-212
20483248-14	2006	Given our present experimental results and the emerging EST/genome sequencing data, it is clear that the capacity for de novo Cr biosynthesis is likely widespread in protochordates and invertebrates expressing CK and that the genes for GAMT/AGAT likely evolved coincident with CK.	Creatine	126-128	ckm	Ciona intestinalis	277-279
16451808-3	2006	The kinetic constants of the M- and B-forms of the mouse and Danio cytoplasmic CKs differed significantly, with the K(m) for creatine (K(m)Cr) of M-CK being three- to nine-fold higher than that of B-CK, possibly reflecting differences in the concentration of creatine in muscle and brain cells.	Creatine	259-267	creatine kinase, muscle	Mus musculus	146-150
16466692-1	2006	Cellular accumulation of creatine is accomplished by the Na(+), Cl(-), and creatine transporter CreaT (SLC6A8).	Creatine	25-33	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	103-109
16466692-4	2006	In Xenopus oocytes expressing SLC6A8 but not in water injected oocytes, creatine-induced a current which was significantly enhanced by coexpression of mTOR.	Creatine	72-80	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	30-36
16466692-4	2006	In Xenopus oocytes expressing SLC6A8 but not in water injected oocytes, creatine-induced a current which was significantly enhanced by coexpression of mTOR.	Creatine	72-80	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	151-155
16605092-1	2006	Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) measurement has recently become of great interest for the diagnosis of creatine (Cn) metabolism disorders, and research calls for rapid and inexpensive methods for its detection in plasma and urine in order to assess a large number of patients.	Creatine	98-106	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	22-25
16514368-3	2006	N-acetylaspartate/creatine+phosphocreatine ratio was reduced in the posterior cingulate cortex in the Alzheimer"s disease and frontotemporal dementia/Pick complex patients.	Creatine	18-26	protein interacting with PRKCA 1	Homo sapiens	150-154
16773469-1	2006	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency (GAMT deficiency) is an inherited neurometabolic disorder clinically characterized by epilepsy and mental retardation and biochemically by accumulation of guanidinoacetate (GAA) and depletion of creatine.	Creatine	241-249	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-34
16506132-8	2006	Of the genes involved in mental retardation and epilepsy, the most notable are SLC6A8 (which triggers a deficit in creatine transport when altered and which is easily detected with respect to its biochemistry) and ARX (also associated to lissencephaly and dystonia of the hands).	Creatine	115-123	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	79-85
16314046-6	2006	Chronic administration of creatine [5mM], NT-4/5 [10ng/ml], or a combination of both factors significantly increased numbers of nNOS-ir neurons.	Creatine	26-34	nitric oxide synthase 1	Rattus norvegicus	128-132
16471489-2	2006	GAMT catalyzes the S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)-dependent methylation of guanidinoacetate (GAA) to form creatine.	Creatine	105-113	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-4
16314046-9	2006	In addition, NT-4/5 and combined treatment resulted in a significant larger soma size and number of primary neurites of nNOS-ir neurons while creatine administration alone exerted no effects.	Creatine	142-150	neurotrophin 4	Rattus norvegicus	13-19
16314046-11	2006	In summary, our findings suggest that creatine and NT-4/5 affect differentiation and/or survival of striatal nNOS-ir GABAergic interneurons.	Creatine	38-46	nitric oxide synthase 1	Rattus norvegicus	109-113
16601897-1	2006	We report two unrelated boys with the X-linked creatine transporter defect (CRTR) and clinical features more severe than those previously described with this disorder.	Creatine	47-55	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	76-80
16267054-0	2006	Focally elevated creatine detected in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice and Alzheimer disease brain tissue.	Creatine	17-25	amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein	Mus musculus	38-63
16506132-8	2006	Of the genes involved in mental retardation and epilepsy, the most notable are SLC6A8 (which triggers a deficit in creatine transport when altered and which is easily detected with respect to its biochemistry) and ARX (also associated to lissencephaly and dystonia of the hands).	Creatine	115-123	aristaless related homeobox	Homo sapiens	214-217
15892122-3	2005	We also characterized the localization of the creatine synthetic enzyme, S-adenosyl-L-methionine:N-guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) in the retina.	Creatine	46-54	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	73-133
16331142-7	2005	No differences between groups were found in blood metabolites, although the human growth hormone (hGH) response to repeated sprints was blunted following Cr loading (T1, 30.42+/-14.60 and 28.95+/-18.27 microg.L; T2, 21.48+/-13.96 and 14.24+/-7.32 microg.L for Cr and control groups, respectively P&lt;0.05).	Creatine	154-156	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	82-96
16331142-7	2005	No differences between groups were found in blood metabolites, although the human growth hormone (hGH) response to repeated sprints was blunted following Cr loading (T1, 30.42+/-14.60 and 28.95+/-18.27 microg.L; T2, 21.48+/-13.96 and 14.24+/-7.32 microg.L for Cr and control groups, respectively P&lt;0.05).	Creatine	260-262	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	82-96
16140286-6	2005	In both rats and mice, creatine supplementation increased the activity of the GABAergic enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase, in the striatum but not in other brain regions.	Creatine	23-31	glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase)	Mus musculus	96-119
16550489-5	2005	The presence of various symport and antiport mechanisms was searched and a NaCl-dependent electrogenic transport system for creatine was evidenced, which shares some functional and kinetic features with the apical CT1.	Creatine	124-132	cardiotrophin 1	Rattus norvegicus	214-217
15892122-3	2005	We also characterized the localization of the creatine synthetic enzyme, S-adenosyl-L-methionine:N-guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) in the retina.	Creatine	46-54	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	135-139
16054853-1	2005	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is an autosomal recessive error of creatine synthesis characterized by cerebral creatine deficiency, accumulation of guanidinoacetate, mental retardation, epilepsy, and extrapyramidal symptoms.	Creatine	88-96	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-34
16036218-4	2005	In Xenopus oocytes expressing SLC6A8 but not in water injected oocytes creatine induced a current which was significantly enhanced by coexpression of wild type SGK1 and constitutively active (S422D)SGK1, but not inactive (K127N)SGK1.	Creatine	71-79	serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	160-164
16036218-4	2005	In Xenopus oocytes expressing SLC6A8 but not in water injected oocytes creatine induced a current which was significantly enhanced by coexpression of wild type SGK1 and constitutively active (S422D)SGK1, but not inactive (K127N)SGK1.	Creatine	71-79	serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	198-202
16036218-4	2005	In Xenopus oocytes expressing SLC6A8 but not in water injected oocytes creatine induced a current which was significantly enhanced by coexpression of wild type SGK1 and constitutively active (S422D)SGK1, but not inactive (K127N)SGK1.	Creatine	71-79	serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	198-202
16054853-1	2005	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is an autosomal recessive error of creatine synthesis characterized by cerebral creatine deficiency, accumulation of guanidinoacetate, mental retardation, epilepsy, and extrapyramidal symptoms.	Creatine	88-96	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	36-40
15918910-1	2005	BACKGROUND: Creatine (Cr) is synthesized by a two-step mechanism involving arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), and is taken up by cells through a specific Cr transporter, CT1.	Creatine	12-14	cardiotrophin 1	Rattus norvegicus	225-228
16091461-6	2005	A reduction in the levels of N-acetylaspartate and glutamate, compared with total creatine levels, was found in APP-PS1 mice with advancing age.	Creatine	82-90	presenilin 1	Mus musculus	116-119
15882876-9	2005	In CK transgenic hepatocytes cultured with Cr, truncated Bid relocation to mitochondria was highly suppressed, compared to CK transgenic hepatocytes cultured without Cr.	Creatine	43-45	BH3 interacting domain death agonist	Mus musculus	57-60
15918910-0	2005	Creatine synthesis and transport during rat embryogenesis: spatiotemporal expression of AGAT, GAMT and CT1.	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	94-98
15918910-0	2005	Creatine synthesis and transport during rat embryogenesis: spatiotemporal expression of AGAT, GAMT and CT1.	Creatine	0-8	cardiotrophin 1	Rattus norvegicus	103-106
15918910-1	2005	BACKGROUND: Creatine (Cr) is synthesized by a two-step mechanism involving arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), and is taken up by cells through a specific Cr transporter, CT1.	Creatine	12-20	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	122-156
15918910-1	2005	BACKGROUND: Creatine (Cr) is synthesized by a two-step mechanism involving arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), and is taken up by cells through a specific Cr transporter, CT1.	Creatine	12-20	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	158-162
15743892-5	2005	Cr supplementation for 2 days in GAMT-/- animals (GAMT(Cr)-/-) resulted in normalization to Con values for relaxation times, relative force at lower stimulation frequencies, and relative force during 30 isometric contractions.	Creatine	0-2	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	33-37
15743892-5	2005	Cr supplementation for 2 days in GAMT-/- animals (GAMT(Cr)-/-) resulted in normalization to Con values for relaxation times, relative force at lower stimulation frequencies, and relative force during 30 isometric contractions.	Creatine	0-2	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	50-54
15918910-1	2005	BACKGROUND: Creatine (Cr) is synthesized by a two-step mechanism involving arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), and is taken up by cells through a specific Cr transporter, CT1.	Creatine	12-20	cardiotrophin 1	Rattus norvegicus	225-228
15918910-1	2005	BACKGROUND: Creatine (Cr) is synthesized by a two-step mechanism involving arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), and is taken up by cells through a specific Cr transporter, CT1.	Creatine	12-14	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	122-156
15918910-7	2005	CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that de novo synthesis of Cr by AGAT and GAMT, as well as cellular Cr uptake by CT1, are essential during embryonic development.	Creatine	58-60	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	73-77
15918910-1	2005	BACKGROUND: Creatine (Cr) is synthesized by a two-step mechanism involving arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), and is taken up by cells through a specific Cr transporter, CT1.	Creatine	12-14	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	158-162
15918910-7	2005	CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that de novo synthesis of Cr by AGAT and GAMT, as well as cellular Cr uptake by CT1, are essential during embryonic development.	Creatine	99-101	cardiotrophin 1	Rattus norvegicus	112-115
15870625-1	2005	PURPOSE: We hypothesized that creatine supplementation would facilitate muscle anabolism by increasing the expression of growth factors and the phosphorylation of anabolic signaling molecules; we therefore tested the responses of mRNA for IGF-I and IGF-II and the phosphorylation state of components of anabolic signaling pathways p70(s6k) and 4E-BP1 to a bout of high-intensity resistance exercise after 5 d of creatine supplementation.	Creatine	30-38	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	239-244
15870625-1	2005	PURPOSE: We hypothesized that creatine supplementation would facilitate muscle anabolism by increasing the expression of growth factors and the phosphorylation of anabolic signaling molecules; we therefore tested the responses of mRNA for IGF-I and IGF-II and the phosphorylation state of components of anabolic signaling pathways p70(s6k) and 4E-BP1 to a bout of high-intensity resistance exercise after 5 d of creatine supplementation.	Creatine	30-38	insulin like growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	249-255
15870625-1	2005	PURPOSE: We hypothesized that creatine supplementation would facilitate muscle anabolism by increasing the expression of growth factors and the phosphorylation of anabolic signaling molecules; we therefore tested the responses of mRNA for IGF-I and IGF-II and the phosphorylation state of components of anabolic signaling pathways p70(s6k) and 4E-BP1 to a bout of high-intensity resistance exercise after 5 d of creatine supplementation.	Creatine	30-38	ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1	Homo sapiens	331-338
15870625-1	2005	PURPOSE: We hypothesized that creatine supplementation would facilitate muscle anabolism by increasing the expression of growth factors and the phosphorylation of anabolic signaling molecules; we therefore tested the responses of mRNA for IGF-I and IGF-II and the phosphorylation state of components of anabolic signaling pathways p70(s6k) and 4E-BP1 to a bout of high-intensity resistance exercise after 5 d of creatine supplementation.	Creatine	30-38	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	345-350
15870625-4	2005	RESULTS: After creatine supplementation, resting muscle expressed more mRNA for IGF-I (+30%, P &lt; 0.05) and IGF-II (+40%, P = 0.054).	Creatine	15-23	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	80-85
15870625-4	2005	RESULTS: After creatine supplementation, resting muscle expressed more mRNA for IGF-I (+30%, P &lt; 0.05) and IGF-II (+40%, P = 0.054).	Creatine	15-23	insulin like growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	110-116
15870625-7	2005	However, the phosphorylation state of 4E-BP1 was higher in the creatine versus placebo condition at 24 h postexercise.	Creatine	63-71	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	38-44
15870625-8	2005	CONCLUSION: The increase in lean body mass often reported after creatine supplementation could be mediated by signaling pathway(s) involving IGF and 4E-BP1.	Creatine	64-72	BP1	Homo sapiens	152-155
16462132-4	2005	MRS showed that the choline (Cho)/creatine (Cr) ratio for the patients" globus pallidus, the region preferentially affected in DRPLA, was significantly higher than that in the controls (p&lt;0.05).	Creatine	44-46	atrophin 1	Homo sapiens	127-132
15929566-1	2005	The aim of the present work was to study the location and structural organization of astrocytes in the rat hippocampus, which contain immunoreactive glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) after ischemic damage to the brain after intracerebroventricular administration of the neuroprotective agent creatine and without treatment.	Creatine	295-303	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Rattus norvegicus	180-184
15798152-13	2005	With the Spearman rank test, a significant direct correlation was detected between synaptophysin and ex vivo NAA/Cr (r(s) = 0.72, P &lt; .013).	Creatine	113-115	synaptophysin	Homo sapiens	83-96
15792821-1	2005	Deficiency of guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) is the first described creatine (CT) deficiency syndrome in man, biochemically characterized by accumulation of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and depletion of CT.	Creatine	81-89	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	14-50
15792821-1	2005	Deficiency of guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) is the first described creatine (CT) deficiency syndrome in man, biochemically characterized by accumulation of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and depletion of CT.	Creatine	81-89	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	52-56
15792821-1	2005	Deficiency of guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) is the first described creatine (CT) deficiency syndrome in man, biochemically characterized by accumulation of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and depletion of CT.	Creatine	81-89	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	192-195
15792821-1	2005	Deficiency of guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) is the first described creatine (CT) deficiency syndrome in man, biochemically characterized by accumulation of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and depletion of CT.	Creatine	91-93	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	14-50
15792821-1	2005	Deficiency of guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) is the first described creatine (CT) deficiency syndrome in man, biochemically characterized by accumulation of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and depletion of CT.	Creatine	91-93	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	52-56
15792821-1	2005	Deficiency of guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) is the first described creatine (CT) deficiency syndrome in man, biochemically characterized by accumulation of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and depletion of CT.	Creatine	91-93	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	192-195
15699392-3	2005	Cerebellar total creatine was lower in the patient group (p = 0.005) than in control subjects, possibly reflecting an early sign of calcium channel dysfunction in EA2.	Creatine	17-25	calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 A	Homo sapiens	163-166
15578723-0	2005	Creatine enhances survival of glutamate-treated neuronal/glial cells, modulates Ras/NF-kappaB signaling, and increases the generation of reactive oxygen species.	Creatine	0-8	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	84-93
15578723-3	2005	For the first time, we demonstrate a correlation between the protective effect of creatine and the modulation of Ras-mediated redox-dependent signaling pathways, which involve nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and reactive oxygen species (ROS).	Creatine	82-90	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	199-208
15578723-7	2005	Our data suggest that creatine may enhance survival signaling via activation of the Ras/NF-kappaB system.	Creatine	22-30	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	88-97
15814917-2	2005	We tested the hypotheses that in vivo Cho/Cr and/or MI/Cr levels are correlated with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostains and that the changes are water-soluble metabolites.	Creatine	42-44	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Homo sapiens	118-122
15814917-2	2005	We tested the hypotheses that in vivo Cho/Cr and/or MI/Cr levels are correlated with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostains and that the changes are water-soluble metabolites.	Creatine	55-57	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Homo sapiens	118-122
15800449-7	2005	GAMT and AGAT deficiencies are treatable by oral creatine supplementation whereas patients with CRTR do not respond to the treatment.	Creatine	49-57	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-4
15494613-0	2005	Creatine feeding increases GLUT4 expression in rat skeletal muscle.	Creatine	0-8	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	27-32
15494613-1	2005	The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential role of creatine in GLUT4 gene expression in rat skeletal muscle.	Creatine	67-75	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	79-84
15494613-3	2005	GLUT4 protein levels of creatine-fed rats were significantly increased in extensor digitorum longus (EDL), triceps, and epitrochlearis muscles compared with muscles from controls (P &lt; 0.05), and triceps GLUT4 mRNA levels were approximately 100% greater in triceps muscles from creatine-fed rats than in muscles from controls (P &lt; 0.05).	Creatine	24-32	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
15494613-3	2005	GLUT4 protein levels of creatine-fed rats were significantly increased in extensor digitorum longus (EDL), triceps, and epitrochlearis muscles compared with muscles from controls (P &lt; 0.05), and triceps GLUT4 mRNA levels were approximately 100% greater in triceps muscles from creatine-fed rats than in muscles from controls (P &lt; 0.05).	Creatine	280-288	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
15494613-7	2005	Creatine feeding increased protein levels of myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) isoforms MEF2A ( approximately 70%, P &lt; 0.05), MEF2C ( approximately 60%, P &lt; 0.05), and MEF2D ( approximately 90%, P &lt; 0.05), which are transcription factors that regulate GLUT4 expression, in creatine-fed rat EDL muscle nuclear extracts.	Creatine	0-8	myocyte enhancer factor 2a	Rattus norvegicus	87-92
15494613-7	2005	Creatine feeding increased protein levels of myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) isoforms MEF2A ( approximately 70%, P &lt; 0.05), MEF2C ( approximately 60%, P &lt; 0.05), and MEF2D ( approximately 90%, P &lt; 0.05), which are transcription factors that regulate GLUT4 expression, in creatine-fed rat EDL muscle nuclear extracts.	Creatine	0-8	myocyte enhancer factor 2C	Rattus norvegicus	128-133
15494613-7	2005	Creatine feeding increased protein levels of myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) isoforms MEF2A ( approximately 70%, P &lt; 0.05), MEF2C ( approximately 60%, P &lt; 0.05), and MEF2D ( approximately 90%, P &lt; 0.05), which are transcription factors that regulate GLUT4 expression, in creatine-fed rat EDL muscle nuclear extracts.	Creatine	0-8	myocyte enhancer factor 2D	Rattus norvegicus	173-178
15494613-7	2005	Creatine feeding increased protein levels of myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) isoforms MEF2A ( approximately 70%, P &lt; 0.05), MEF2C ( approximately 60%, P &lt; 0.05), and MEF2D ( approximately 90%, P &lt; 0.05), which are transcription factors that regulate GLUT4 expression, in creatine-fed rat EDL muscle nuclear extracts.	Creatine	0-8	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	260-265
15494613-9	2005	Our data suggest that creatine feeding enhances the nuclear content and DNA binding activity of MEF2 isoforms, which is concomitant with an increase in GLUT4 gene expression.	Creatine	22-30	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	152-157
15600250-1	2004	Amidinotransferase (transamidinase, L-arginine: glycine amidinotransferase, EC 2.1.4.1) is an enzyme that catalyses the first step in creatine synthesis primarily in the kidney and pancreas.	Creatine	134-142	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	20-34
15451363-8	2004	However, in the striatum, an unexpected increase of both TUNEL-positive cells and caspase-3-immunostained cells was observed in the exposure phase in the presence of creatine.	Creatine	166-174	caspase 3	Mus musculus	82-91
18500948-3	2004	Athletes have taken arginine for three main reasons: 1) its role in the secretion of endogenous growth hormone; 2) its involvement in the synthesis of creatine; 3) its role in augmenting nitric oxide.	Creatine	151-159	growth hormone 2	Homo sapiens	96-113
15528402-5	2004	The time constant of creatine rephosphorylation (tauPCr), an indicator of oxidative capacity, was both shorter in the endurance-trained group (34 +/- 6 vs. 64 +/- 20 s) and negatively correlated with [Mb] across all subjects (r = 0.58).	Creatine	21-29	myoglobin	Homo sapiens	201-203
15533043-1	2004	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) is the enzyme that catalyzes the last step of creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	88-96	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-34
15533043-1	2004	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) is the enzyme that catalyzes the last step of creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	88-96	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	36-40
15600250-1	2004	Amidinotransferase (transamidinase, L-arginine: glycine amidinotransferase, EC 2.1.4.1) is an enzyme that catalyses the first step in creatine synthesis primarily in the kidney and pancreas.	Creatine	134-142	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	36-74
15481715-5	2004	A linear regression analysis of the ipsilateral NAA/Cr ratio revealed a statistically significant relation to the extent of hippocampal neuronal loss in only the CA2 sector (correlation coefficient [r] = -0.66, p &lt; 0.03).	Creatine	52-54	carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens	162-165
15465778-3	2004	L-arginine is catabolized by arginases, nitric oxide synthases, arginine:glycine amidinotransferase, and possibly also by arginine decarboxylase, resulting ultimately in the production of urea, proline, glutamate, polyamines, nitric oxide, creatine, or agmatine.	Creatine	240-248	antizyme inhibitor 2	Homo sapiens	122-144
15481715-6	2004	The ipsilateral NAA/Cr ratio displayed significant regressions with GFAP immunoreactivity from all the CA sectors (r values ranged from -0.69 and p &lt; 0.01 for the CA4 sector to -0.88 and p &lt; 0.001 for the CA2 sector) except for the CA1.	Creatine	20-22	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Homo sapiens	68-72
15481715-6	2004	The ipsilateral NAA/Cr ratio displayed significant regressions with GFAP immunoreactivity from all the CA sectors (r values ranged from -0.69 and p &lt; 0.01 for the CA4 sector to -0.88 and p &lt; 0.001 for the CA2 sector) except for the CA1.	Creatine	20-22	carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens	166-169
15481715-6	2004	The ipsilateral NAA/Cr ratio displayed significant regressions with GFAP immunoreactivity from all the CA sectors (r values ranged from -0.69 and p &lt; 0.01 for the CA4 sector to -0.88 and p &lt; 0.001 for the CA2 sector) except for the CA1.	Creatine	20-22	carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens	211-214
15481715-6	2004	The ipsilateral NAA/Cr ratio displayed significant regressions with GFAP immunoreactivity from all the CA sectors (r values ranged from -0.69 and p &lt; 0.01 for the CA4 sector to -0.88 and p &lt; 0.001 for the CA2 sector) except for the CA1.	Creatine	20-22	carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens	238-241
15481715-10	2004	The significant association of the NAA/Cr ratio with the GFAP immunoreactivity of most CA sectors indicates that the NAA/Cr ratio may provide a more accurate measurement of recent neuronal injury caused by epileptic activity.	Creatine	39-41	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Homo sapiens	57-61
15240431-2	2004	Magnetic resonance (MR) techniques enable in vivo measurement of the atrophy of the brainstem and cerebellum in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) and 2 (SCA2) patients, which is accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) or of the NAA/creatine ratio in the pons and cerebellum.	Creatine	270-278	ataxin 2	Homo sapiens	156-160
15306159-5	2004	Creatine supplementation attenuated the changes observed for CK (by 19%), PGE2 and TNF-alpha (by 60.9% and 33.7%, respectively, p&lt;0.05) and abolished the increase in LDH plasma concentration observed after running 30km, The athletes did not present any side effects such as cramping, dehydration or diarrhea, neither during the period of supplementation, nor during the 30km race.	Creatine	0-8	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	83-92
15508174-6	2004	The method was applied to a murine model of guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency, which is characterized by substantially decreased myocardial creatine levels.	Creatine	161-169	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	44-80
15508174-6	2004	The method was applied to a murine model of guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency, which is characterized by substantially decreased myocardial creatine levels.	Creatine	161-169	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	82-86
15240431-2	2004	Magnetic resonance (MR) techniques enable in vivo measurement of the atrophy of the brainstem and cerebellum in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) and 2 (SCA2) patients, which is accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) or of the NAA/creatine ratio in the pons and cerebellum.	Creatine	270-278	ataxin 1	Homo sapiens	143-147
15245487-0	2004	Distinct cellular expressions of creatine synthetic enzyme GAMT and creatine kinases uCK-Mi and CK-B suggest a novel neuron-glial relationship for brain energy homeostasis.	Creatine	33-41	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	59-63
15245487-2	2004	In the present study, we aimed to clarify the cellular system of creatine biosynthesis and its energy metabolism in the mouse brain by immunohistochemistry for creatine biosynthetic enzyme S-adenosylmethionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT), ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase (uCK-Mi) and brain-type cytoplasmic creatine kinase (CK-B).	Creatine	160-168	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	349-353
15245487-5	2004	The distinct and almost complementary distribution of GAMT and uCK-Mi suggests that the creatine in neuronal mitochondria is derived not only from the circulation, but also from local glial cells associated with these neuronal elements.	Creatine	88-96	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	54-58
15234333-0	2004	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency: differences of creatine uptake in human brain and muscle.	Creatine	62-70	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-34
15234333-1	2004	Deficiency of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), the first described creatine biosynthesis defect, leads to depletion of creatine and phosphocreatine, and accumulation of guanidinoacetate in brain.	Creatine	77-85	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	14-48
15234333-1	2004	Deficiency of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), the first described creatine biosynthesis defect, leads to depletion of creatine and phosphocreatine, and accumulation of guanidinoacetate in brain.	Creatine	77-85	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	50-54
15234333-1	2004	Deficiency of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), the first described creatine biosynthesis defect, leads to depletion of creatine and phosphocreatine, and accumulation of guanidinoacetate in brain.	Creatine	129-137	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	14-48
15234333-1	2004	Deficiency of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), the first described creatine biosynthesis defect, leads to depletion of creatine and phosphocreatine, and accumulation of guanidinoacetate in brain.	Creatine	129-137	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	50-54
15212742-10	2004	A carbohydrate or carbohydrate/protein-induced insulin response appears to benefit creatine uptake.	Creatine	83-91	insulin	Homo sapiens	47-54
15245487-0	2004	Distinct cellular expressions of creatine synthetic enzyme GAMT and creatine kinases uCK-Mi and CK-B suggest a novel neuron-glial relationship for brain energy homeostasis.	Creatine	33-41	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	96-100
15245487-2	2004	In the present study, we aimed to clarify the cellular system of creatine biosynthesis and its energy metabolism in the mouse brain by immunohistochemistry for creatine biosynthetic enzyme S-adenosylmethionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT), ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase (uCK-Mi) and brain-type cytoplasmic creatine kinase (CK-B).	Creatine	65-73	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	248-252
15245487-2	2004	In the present study, we aimed to clarify the cellular system of creatine biosynthesis and its energy metabolism in the mouse brain by immunohistochemistry for creatine biosynthetic enzyme S-adenosylmethionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT), ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase (uCK-Mi) and brain-type cytoplasmic creatine kinase (CK-B).	Creatine	65-73	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1, ubiquitous	Mus musculus	255-295
15245487-2	2004	In the present study, we aimed to clarify the cellular system of creatine biosynthesis and its energy metabolism in the mouse brain by immunohistochemistry for creatine biosynthetic enzyme S-adenosylmethionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT), ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase (uCK-Mi) and brain-type cytoplasmic creatine kinase (CK-B).	Creatine	65-73	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	349-353
15245487-2	2004	In the present study, we aimed to clarify the cellular system of creatine biosynthesis and its energy metabolism in the mouse brain by immunohistochemistry for creatine biosynthetic enzyme S-adenosylmethionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT), ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase (uCK-Mi) and brain-type cytoplasmic creatine kinase (CK-B).	Creatine	160-168	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	248-252
15245487-2	2004	In the present study, we aimed to clarify the cellular system of creatine biosynthesis and its energy metabolism in the mouse brain by immunohistochemistry for creatine biosynthetic enzyme S-adenosylmethionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT), ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase (uCK-Mi) and brain-type cytoplasmic creatine kinase (CK-B).	Creatine	160-168	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1, ubiquitous	Mus musculus	255-295
15108290-1	2004	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is an autosomal recessive error of creatine synthesis characterized by cerebral creatine deficiency, accumulation of guanidinoacetate, mental retardation, epilepsy and extrapyramidal signs.	Creatine	88-96	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-34
15229238-4	2004	Postischemic caspase-3 activation and cytochrome c release were significantly reduced in creatine-treated mice.	Creatine	89-97	caspase 3	Mus musculus	13-22
15028668-4	2004	GAMT knockout mice have markedly increased guanidinoacetate (GAA) and reduced creatine and creatinine levels in brain, serum and urine, which are key findings in human GAMT patients.	Creatine	78-86	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	0-4
15108290-1	2004	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is an autosomal recessive error of creatine synthesis characterized by cerebral creatine deficiency, accumulation of guanidinoacetate, mental retardation, epilepsy and extrapyramidal signs.	Creatine	88-96	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	36-40
15294031-1	2004	The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy-sensing enzyme that is activated during exercise and muscle contraction as a result of acute decreases in ATP:AMP and phosphocreatine:creatine.	Creatine	178-186	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	4-32
15137039-6	2004	The standardized integrals of the lipid, choline and creatine regions of the spectra were significantly higher in SCC than in normal or CIN tissue.	Creatine	53-61	serpin family B member 3	Homo sapiens	114-117
15294031-1	2004	The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy-sensing enzyme that is activated during exercise and muscle contraction as a result of acute decreases in ATP:AMP and phosphocreatine:creatine.	Creatine	178-186	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	34-38
15052619-0	2004	Attenuation of free radical production and paracrystalline inclusions by creatine supplementation in a patient with a novel cytochrome b mutation.	Creatine	73-81	mitochondrially encoded cytochrome b	Homo sapiens	124-136
15056469-6	2004	Creatine administration significantly increased brain concentrations of both creatine and PCr in the UbMi-CK knockout mice.	Creatine	0-8	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1, ubiquitous	Mus musculus	101-108
15056469-6	2004	Creatine administration significantly increased brain concentrations of both creatine and PCr in the UbMi-CK knockout mice.	Creatine	77-85	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1, ubiquitous	Mus musculus	101-108
15056469-7	2004	Creatine administration to the UbMi-CK-deficient mice exerted significant neuroprotective effects against MPTP toxicity that were comparable in magnitude to those seen in wild-type mice.	Creatine	0-8	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1, ubiquitous	Mus musculus	31-38
15286858-9	2004	CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the exercise performed by the long distance runners recruited in this study, detected by 31P-MRS, reduced the consumption of PCr during exercise owing to creatine supplementation diet.	Creatine	188-196	MROS	Homo sapiens	127-130
14720207-6	2004	The COX-2 inhibitors significantly protected against depletion of anterior horn motor neurons and creatine with COX-2 inhibitors showed greater protection than COX-2 inhibitors alone.	Creatine	98-106	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Mus musculus	112-117
14520508-12	2004	Likewise, with all of the data included, there was some apparent correlation (correlation coefficient, r=0.80) between the group mean levels of plasma AST and plasma creatine when expressed relative to the mean values for controls sampled at the same time-point.	Creatine	166-174	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	151-154
14720207-6	2004	The COX-2 inhibitors significantly protected against depletion of anterior horn motor neurons and creatine with COX-2 inhibitors showed greater protection than COX-2 inhibitors alone.	Creatine	98-106	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Mus musculus	112-117
14741375-0	2004	Creatine increases IGF-I and myogenic regulatory factor mRNA in C(2)C(12) cells.	Creatine	0-8	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	19-24
14741375-3	2004	Creatine significantly increased the IGF-I mRNA level over the whole investigated period of time, whereas the MRF mRNA levels were only augmented at precise moments, suggesting a general activation mechanism for IGF-I and a specifically regulated mechanism for MRF transcription.	Creatine	0-8	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	37-42
14741375-3	2004	Creatine significantly increased the IGF-I mRNA level over the whole investigated period of time, whereas the MRF mRNA levels were only augmented at precise moments, suggesting a general activation mechanism for IGF-I and a specifically regulated mechanism for MRF transcription.	Creatine	0-8	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	212-217
14741375-4	2004	Our results suggest therefore that creatine-induced hypertrophy of C(2)C(12) cells is at least partially mediated by overexpression of IGF-I and MRFs.	Creatine	35-43	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	135-140
15625559-1	2004	Creatine deficiency syndromes are a newly described group of inborn errors of creatine synthesis (arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency) and of creatine transport (creatine transporter (CRTR) deficiency).	Creatine	78-86	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	98-133
14507259-1	2004	It has been speculated that creatine supplementation affects muscle glucose metabolism in humans by increasing muscle glycogen storage and up-regulating GLUT-4 protein expression.	Creatine	28-36	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Homo sapiens	153-159
15232865-1	2004	The aim of this investigation was to study the distribution and structural organization of rat hippocampal astrocytes containing immunoreactive glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) after ischemic damage of the brain in the animals treated with intraventricular infusion of creatine as a neuroprotective drug, and in those which received no treatment.	Creatine	275-283	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Rattus norvegicus	144-175
15232865-1	2004	The aim of this investigation was to study the distribution and structural organization of rat hippocampal astrocytes containing immunoreactive glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) after ischemic damage of the brain in the animals treated with intraventricular infusion of creatine as a neuroprotective drug, and in those which received no treatment.	Creatine	275-283	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Rattus norvegicus	177-181
14965188-3	2004	During exercise, AMPK becomes activated in skeletal muscle in response to changes in cellular energy status (e.g. increased adenosine monophosphate [AMP]/adenosine triphosphate [ATP] and creatine/phosphocreatine ratios) in an intensity-dependent manner, and serves to inhibit ATP-consuming pathways, and activate pathways involved in carbohydrate and fatty-acid metabolism to restore ATP levels.	Creatine	187-195	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	17-21
15463870-4	2003	AIM: To test clinically, if creatine supplementation improves maximal isometric muscle strength (MIMS), lung function and CFTR channel activity in patients with CF, and to determine enzymatic activity of creatine kinase in respiratory epithelial cells.	Creatine	28-36	CF transmembrane conductance regulator	Homo sapiens	122-126
14587004-3	2003	In (1)H MR spectra of brain and hindleg muscle a clearly reduced signal of creatine (Cr) was observed in GAMT-deficient (GAMT-/-) animals.	Creatine	75-83	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	105-109
14587004-3	2003	In (1)H MR spectra of brain and hindleg muscle a clearly reduced signal of creatine (Cr) was observed in GAMT-deficient (GAMT-/-) animals.	Creatine	85-87	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	105-109
14600563-6	2003	RESULTS: Biopsy samples indicated that total creatine (TCr=free Cr + PCr) was significantly lower in VG compared with NV at baseline (VG=117 mmol.kg(-1); NV=130 mmol.kg(-1); P&lt;0.05).	Creatine	45-53	T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	55-58
15625559-6	2004	GAMT and AGAT deficiency are treatable by oral creatine supplementation, while patients with CRTR deficiency do not respond to this type of treatment.	Creatine	47-55	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-4
14669930-2	2003	Studies have also found that the co-ingestion of carbohydrate along with creatine increases muscle creatine uptake by a process related to insulin-stimulated glucose disposal.	Creatine	73-81	insulin	Homo sapiens	139-146
12925789-1	2003	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) is the enzyme that catalyzes the last step of creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	88-96	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-34
12925789-1	2003	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) is the enzyme that catalyzes the last step of creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	88-96	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	36-40
14669930-2	2003	Studies have also found that the co-ingestion of carbohydrate along with creatine increases muscle creatine uptake by a process related to insulin-stimulated glucose disposal.	Creatine	99-107	insulin	Homo sapiens	139-146
12878813-4	2003	Early work by Olexander Palladin established the role of creatine in muscle function.	Creatine	57-65	palladin, cytoskeletal associated protein	Homo sapiens	24-32
12796718-0	2003	N-acetylaspartate to total creatine ratio in the hippocampal CA1 sector after transient cerebral ischemia in gerbils: influence of neuronal elements, reactive gliosis, and tissue atrophy.	Creatine	27-35	carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens	61-64
12812994-7	2003	6 In the measurement of adhesion molecules, CR supplementation with more than 0.5 mM CR significantly inhibited the expressions of ICAM-1 and E-selectin on endothelial cells, and the inhibition was significantly suppressed by an adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist.	Creatine	44-46	intercellular adhesion molecule 1	Homo sapiens	131-137
12812994-7	2003	6 In the measurement of adhesion molecules, CR supplementation with more than 0.5 mM CR significantly inhibited the expressions of ICAM-1 and E-selectin on endothelial cells, and the inhibition was significantly suppressed by an adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist.	Creatine	44-46	selectin E	Homo sapiens	142-152
12812994-7	2003	6 In the measurement of adhesion molecules, CR supplementation with more than 0.5 mM CR significantly inhibited the expressions of ICAM-1 and E-selectin on endothelial cells, and the inhibition was significantly suppressed by an adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist.	Creatine	85-87	intercellular adhesion molecule 1	Homo sapiens	131-137
12812994-7	2003	6 In the measurement of adhesion molecules, CR supplementation with more than 0.5 mM CR significantly inhibited the expressions of ICAM-1 and E-selectin on endothelial cells, and the inhibition was significantly suppressed by an adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist.	Creatine	85-87	selectin E	Homo sapiens	142-152
12783039-1	2003	PURPOSE: This study examined 12 wk of creatine (Cr) supplementation and heavy resistance training on skeletal muscle creatine kinase (M-CK) mRNA expression and the mRNA and protein expression of the myogenic regulatory factors Myo-D, myogenin, MFR-4, and Myf5.	Creatine	48-50	creatine kinase, M-type	Homo sapiens	134-138
12783039-5	2003	CRT ingested 6 g.d-1 of Cr for 12 wk while PLC consumed the equal amount of placebo.	Creatine	24-26	calreticulin	Homo sapiens	0-3
12783039-10	2003	CONCLUSION: When combined with heavy resistance training, Cr supplementation increases M-CK mRNA expression, likely due to concomitant increases in the expression of myogenin and MRF-4.	Creatine	58-60	creatine kinase, M-type	Homo sapiens	87-91
12783039-10	2003	CONCLUSION: When combined with heavy resistance training, Cr supplementation increases M-CK mRNA expression, likely due to concomitant increases in the expression of myogenin and MRF-4.	Creatine	58-60	myogenin	Homo sapiens	166-174
12783039-10	2003	CONCLUSION: When combined with heavy resistance training, Cr supplementation increases M-CK mRNA expression, likely due to concomitant increases in the expression of myogenin and MRF-4.	Creatine	58-60	myogenic factor 6	Homo sapiens	179-184
12783039-11	2003	Therefore, increases in myogenin and MRF-4 mRNA and protein may play a role in increasing myosin heavy chain expression, already shown to occur with Cr supplementation.	Creatine	149-151	myogenin	Homo sapiens	24-32
12787055-6	2003	Neuropathological sequelae of gross brain and neuronal atrophy and huntingtin aggregates were delayed in creatine-treated R6/2 mice started at 6 weeks.	Creatine	105-113	huntingtin	Mus musculus	67-77
12783039-11	2003	Therefore, increases in myogenin and MRF-4 mRNA and protein may play a role in increasing myosin heavy chain expression, already shown to occur with Cr supplementation.	Creatine	149-151	myogenic factor 6	Homo sapiens	37-42
12524381-0	2003	Combined creatine and protein supplementation in conjunction with resistance training promotes muscle GLUT-4 content and glucose tolerance in humans.	Creatine	9-17	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Homo sapiens	102-108
12621025-8	2003	All these findings indicate that mitochondrial creatine kinase activity located within the intermembrane and intercristae space, in conjunction with its tight functional coupling to oxidative phosphorylation, via the adenine nucleotide translocase, can modulate mitochondrial permeability transition in the presence of creatine.	Creatine	47-55	solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier, adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5	Mus musculus	217-247
12524381-1	2003	The present study was undertaken to explore the effects of creatine and creatine plus protein supplementation on GLUT-4 and glycogen content of human skeletal muscle.	Creatine	72-80	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Homo sapiens	113-119
12524381-1	2003	The present study was undertaken to explore the effects of creatine and creatine plus protein supplementation on GLUT-4 and glycogen content of human skeletal muscle.	Creatine	59-67	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Homo sapiens	113-119
12524381-16	2003	We conclude that creatine intake stimulates GLUT-4 and glycogen content in human muscle only when combined with changes in habitual activity level.	Creatine	17-25	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Homo sapiens	44-50
12671064-0	2003	Gatm, a creatine synthesis enzyme, is imprinted in mouse placenta.	Creatine	8-16	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	0-4
12671064-2	2003	We identified Gatm, a gene that encodes l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase, which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of creatine.	Creatine	138-146	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	14-18
12671064-2	2003	We identified Gatm, a gene that encodes l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase, which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of creatine.	Creatine	138-146	glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase)	Mus musculus	40-77
12658375-0	2003	Decreased brain creatine levels in elderly apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 carriers.	Creatine	16-24	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	43-59
12546683-2	2003	The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy-sensing enzyme that is strongly activated during muscle contraction due to acute decreases in ATP/AMP and phosphocreatine/creatine ratios.	Creatine	166-174	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	4-32
12546683-2	2003	The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy-sensing enzyme that is strongly activated during muscle contraction due to acute decreases in ATP/AMP and phosphocreatine/creatine ratios.	Creatine	166-174	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	34-38
12701809-1	2003	Creatine supplementation is an established ergogenic aid in sports and is now claimed to have therapeutical applications in a variety of diseases.	Creatine	0-8	activation induced cytidine deaminase	Homo sapiens	53-56
12701824-7	2003	Treatment with oral creatine supplementation is in part successful in GAMT and AGAT deficiency, whereas in CrT1 defect it is not able to replenish creatine in the brain.	Creatine	20-28	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	70-74
12701824-11	2003	On the other hand the CrT1 defect is characterized by an increased concentration of creatine in blood and urine whereas guanidinoacetic acid concentration is normal.	Creatine	84-92	hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1	Homo sapiens	22-26
12419855-13	2003	We conclude that, using real-time RT-PCR, beta-actin or CYC may be used as housekeeping genes to study gene expression in human muscle in experiments employing short-term creatine supplementation combined with high-intensity exercise.	Creatine	171-179	POTE ankyrin domain family member F	Homo sapiens	42-52
12419855-13	2003	We conclude that, using real-time RT-PCR, beta-actin or CYC may be used as housekeeping genes to study gene expression in human muscle in experiments employing short-term creatine supplementation combined with high-intensity exercise.	Creatine	171-179	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	56-59
12544638-0	2003	Effect of creatine ingestion on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in men.	Creatine	10-18	insulin	Homo sapiens	54-61
12889668-1	2003	Creatine deficiency syndromes are a newly described group of inborn errors of creatine synthesis (arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency and guanidinoaceteate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency) and creatine transport (creatine transporter (CRTR) deficiency).	Creatine	78-86	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	98-133
12490622-7	2003	Taurine &gt; creatine &gt; IGF-1 counteracted the exercise-induced weakness.	Creatine	13-21	insulin-like growth factor 1	Mus musculus	27-32
12490622-8	2003	The amelioration of gCl was drug- and muscle-specific: taurine was effective in EDL, but not in DIA muscle; IGF-1 and PDN were fully restorative in both muscles, whereas creatine was ineffective.	Creatine	170-178	germ cell-less, spermatogenesis associated 1	Mus musculus	20-23
12889668-7	2003	GAMT and AGAT deficiency are treatable by oral creatine supplementation, while patients with CRTR deficiency do not respond to this type of treatment.	Creatine	47-55	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-4
12889669-1	2003	In 2001 we identified a new inborn error of metabolism caused by a defect in the X-linked creatine transporter SLC6A8 gene mapped at Xq28 (SLC6A8 deficiency, McKusick 300352).	Creatine	90-98	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	111-117
12889669-1	2003	In 2001 we identified a new inborn error of metabolism caused by a defect in the X-linked creatine transporter SLC6A8 gene mapped at Xq28 (SLC6A8 deficiency, McKusick 300352).	Creatine	90-98	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	139-145
12602516-5	2002	The application of a test designed to evaluate patients with Parkinson"s disease (where extrapyramidal signs are typical) showed significant clinical correlations both with pallidal hyperintensity and with choline/creatine ratio at 1H MRS in BG structures.	Creatine	214-222	MROS	Homo sapiens	235-238
12391059-6	2002	Significant (P &lt; 0.05) increases in fat-free mass were found after creatine and placebo supplementation (1.9 +/- 0.8 and 2.2 +/- 0.7 kg, respectively).	Creatine	70-78	FAT atypical cadherin 1	Homo sapiens	39-42
12391059-9	2002	Changes in substrate oxidation may influence the inhibition of fat mass loss associated with creatine after weight training.	Creatine	93-101	FAT atypical cadherin 1	Homo sapiens	63-66
12831701-2	2002	These agents, including creatine, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), chromium, human growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor are popular, easily accessible, sometimes impossible to detect, and (in some cases, ie, creatine) not banned by official sports organizations.	Creatine	225-233	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	90-136
12597058-1	2002	Creatine metabolism disorders have so far been described at the level of two synthetic steps, guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase and arginine:glycine amidinotransferase, and at the level of the creatine transporter 1.	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	94-130
12597058-1	2002	Creatine metabolism disorders have so far been described at the level of two synthetic steps, guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase and arginine:glycine amidinotransferase, and at the level of the creatine transporter 1.	Creatine	0-8	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	196-218
12433955-12	2002	This study reports for the first time that mammalian and avian enterocytes express CRT along the villus, where it mediates high-affinity, Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent, apical creatine uptake.	Creatine	173-181	calcitonin receptor	Homo sapiens	83-86
12505422-1	2002	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is an autosomal recessively inherited disorder of creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	103-111	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	0-34
12505422-1	2002	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is an autosomal recessively inherited disorder of creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	103-111	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	36-40
12569314-6	2002	CONCLUSIONS: Correlations between NAA/Cr and Lac/Cr ratios, general movements and outcome at 6 months are stronger in the basal ganglia regions than in the frontal border zone.	Creatine	38-40	lactase	Homo sapiens	45-48
12569314-6	2002	CONCLUSIONS: Correlations between NAA/Cr and Lac/Cr ratios, general movements and outcome at 6 months are stronger in the basal ganglia regions than in the frontal border zone.	Creatine	49-51	lactase	Homo sapiens	45-48
21329608-5	2002	There were abnormal elevation of urine beta2-MG and/or alpha1-MG at the early stage of chemotherapy for the patients whose serum BUN and creatine were all abnormal at the late stage.	Creatine	137-145	beta-2-microglobulin	Homo sapiens	39-47
12324495-0	2002	Guanidinoacetate and creatine plus creatinine assessment in physiologic fluids: an effective diagnostic tool for the biochemical diagnosis of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiencies.	Creatine	21-29	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	182-216
12324495-1	2002	BACKGROUND: Disorders of creatine metabolism arise from genetic alterations of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), and the creatine transporter.	Creatine	25-33	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	116-120
12324495-1	2002	BACKGROUND: Disorders of creatine metabolism arise from genetic alterations of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), and the creatine transporter.	Creatine	25-33	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	123-157
12324495-1	2002	BACKGROUND: Disorders of creatine metabolism arise from genetic alterations of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), and the creatine transporter.	Creatine	25-33	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	159-163
12324495-2	2002	We developed a strategy for the detection of AGAT and GAMT defects by measurement of guanidinoacetate (GAA) and creatine plus creatinine (Cr+Crn) in biological fluids.	Creatine	112-120	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	45-49
12324495-2	2002	We developed a strategy for the detection of AGAT and GAMT defects by measurement of guanidinoacetate (GAA) and creatine plus creatinine (Cr+Crn) in biological fluids.	Creatine	112-120	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	54-58
12079381-1	2002	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) is the enzyme that catalyzes the last step of creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	88-96	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-34
12219031-4	2002	The purpose of this study was to determine the association between myocellular free Cr, c-Src related tyrosine phosphorylation of the CreaT, and CD59 during sepsis.	Creatine	84-86	SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Rattus norvegicus	88-93
12219031-4	2002	The purpose of this study was to determine the association between myocellular free Cr, c-Src related tyrosine phosphorylation of the CreaT, and CD59 during sepsis.	Creatine	84-86	CD59 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	145-149
12219031-13	2002	CONCLUSIONS: During sepsis, an increase in myocellular free Cr levels is associated with enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of the CreaT, which is likely induced by active c-Src.	Creatine	60-62	SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Rattus norvegicus	171-176
12219031-14	2002	CD59 is physically associated with both c-Src and CreaT, which suggests that CD59 may participate in the regulation of myocellular Cr metabolism via the CreaT during sepsis.	Creatine	50-52	CD59 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
12219031-14	2002	CD59 is physically associated with both c-Src and CreaT, which suggests that CD59 may participate in the regulation of myocellular Cr metabolism via the CreaT during sepsis.	Creatine	50-52	CD59 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	77-81
12079381-1	2002	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) is the enzyme that catalyzes the last step of creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	88-96	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	36-40
12894882-7	2002	Although there was no statistical difference in renal involvement between these two groups, patients with serum creatine &gt; 500 micromol/L were more commonly seen in anti-MPO group than in anti-PR3 group, which were 8(42.1%) and 2(12.5%) respectively, P &lt; 0.05.	Creatine	112-120	myeloperoxidase	Homo sapiens	173-176
11934669-3	2002	The association between myocellular Cr and c-Src-related tyrosine phosphorylation of the CreaT and the influence of oral Cr supplementation on this association were investigated during sepsis.	Creatine	36-38	SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Rattus norvegicus	43-48
11934669-10	2002	During sepsis, increased myocellular free Cr levels are associated with enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of the CreaT, which is likely induced by active c-Src.	Creatine	42-44	SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Rattus norvegicus	154-159
11934669-11	2002	Oral Cr supplementation downregulates c-Src-related tyrosine phosphorylation of the CreaT.	Creatine	5-7	SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Rattus norvegicus	38-43
12059977-9	2002	It is suggested that the persistent expression of the mitochondrial isoform ubiquitous mitochondrial CK (UbCKmit) in the creatine/phospho-creatine shuttle provides compensation for the loss of B-CK in the brain.	Creatine	121-129	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	193-197
12059977-9	2002	It is suggested that the persistent expression of the mitochondrial isoform ubiquitous mitochondrial CK (UbCKmit) in the creatine/phospho-creatine shuttle provides compensation for the loss of B-CK in the brain.	Creatine	138-146	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	193-197
11976926-8	2002	In addition, the tissue level of GCs supplying energy, such as CT and beta-GPA, the precursor of CT (GAA) and its metabolite (CTN) were enhanced under dehydration.	Creatine	63-65	alpha glucosidase	Rattus norvegicus	101-104
11988598-8	2002	There was a tendency for larger rCBF defect size to be associated with greater increases in Cr/NAA values in the same diaschitic cerebral hemisphere, ipsilateral to the infarction.	Creatine	92-94	CCAAT/enhancer binding protein zeta	Rattus norvegicus	32-36
11988598-10	2002	The tendency for greater reductions in cortical rCBF values to be associated with increased Cr/NAA values in the same diaschitic cerebral hemisphere implies that a relationship exists between rCBF reductions in gray matter and abnormal changes in white matter subservient to it.	Creatine	92-94	CCAAT/enhancer binding protein zeta	Rattus norvegicus	48-52
11988598-10	2002	The tendency for greater reductions in cortical rCBF values to be associated with increased Cr/NAA values in the same diaschitic cerebral hemisphere implies that a relationship exists between rCBF reductions in gray matter and abnormal changes in white matter subservient to it.	Creatine	92-94	CCAAT/enhancer binding protein zeta	Rattus norvegicus	192-196
12133506-14	2002	EGb, creatine and clenbuterol retard the denervation-induced muscular atrophy by upregulating the expression of MyoD and/or myogenin.	Creatine	5-13	myogenin	Rattus norvegicus	124-132
12182766-4	2002	Credible scientific evidence has been found that amphetamine derivatives and the ergonomic aid creatine may contribute to subclinical dehydration and heatstroke in selected individuals.	Creatine	95-103	activation induced cytidine deaminase	Homo sapiens	91-94
11923045-9	2002	RESULTS: In HHM, decreased contents (micromol/g wet weight) in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (control: 4.17 +/- 0.26; HHM: 1.72 +/- 0.25; p &lt; 0.001), creatine phosphate (5.67 +/- 0.70 vs. 0.84 +/- 0.13; p &lt; 0.001) and creatine (27.6 +/- 3.19 vs. 11.2 +/- 1.56; p &lt; 0.0001) were found, but contents in lactate (2.22 +/- 0.26 vs. 25.38 +/- 3.53; p &lt; 0.001), purine bases (0.58 +/- 0.09 vs. 1.26 +/- 0.13; p &lt; 0.001) and protons (pH units: 7.199 +/- 0.01 vs. 6.59 +/- 0.07; p &lt; 0.001) were increased.	Creatine	152-160	cyclin D1 binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	12-15
11919171-7	2002	Expression of the creatine transport protein (CreaT) that is responsible for creatine uptake in myocytes was preserved in G4N cardiac tissue.	Creatine	18-26	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, creatine), member 8	Mus musculus	46-51
11810665-0	2002	Biexponential transverse relaxation (T(2)) of the proton MRS creatine resonance in human brain.	Creatine	61-69	MROS	Homo sapiens	57-60
11788345-3	2002	CK reaction velocity was related to total enzyme activity irrespective of the isoenzyme expressed, and it increased with increasing concentrations of creatine (Cr).	Creatine	150-158	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	0-2
11788345-3	2002	CK reaction velocity was related to total enzyme activity irrespective of the isoenzyme expressed, and it increased with increasing concentrations of creatine (Cr).	Creatine	160-162	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	0-2
11810665-4	2002	Using a localized, long-TE (272 ms) point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) proton MRS during 2 min of photic stimulation (PS), an increase of 12.1% +/- 3.5% in the mean intensity of the total Cr resonance in primary visual cortex (VI) was observed at the end of stimulation (P &lt; 0.021).	Creatine	189-191	MROS	Homo sapiens	79-82
11810665-7	2002	This difference possibly could be exploited to quantify regional activation in functional spectroscopy studies, and could also lead to inaccuracies in some circumstances when the Cr resonance is used as an internal standard for (1)H MRS studies in vivo.	Creatine	179-181	MROS	Homo sapiens	233-236
12044443-2	2002	Inborn errors of metabolism have been identified in the three main steps involved in creatine metabolism: arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), S-adenosyl-L-methionine:N-guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), and the creatine transporter.	Creatine	85-93	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	150-210
11891574-6	2002	DIDS and NPPB had less of an inhibitory effect on creatine efflux, whereas tamoxifen and niflumic acid actually stimulated creatine efflux.	Creatine	50-58	natriuretic peptide B	Rattus norvegicus	9-13
12044443-2	2002	Inborn errors of metabolism have been identified in the three main steps involved in creatine metabolism: arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), S-adenosyl-L-methionine:N-guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), and the creatine transporter.	Creatine	85-93	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	212-216
11600695-19	2001	This effect may be mediated by a creatine-induced change in MRF4 and myogenin expression.	Creatine	33-41	myogenic factor 6	Homo sapiens	60-64
11787409-11	2001	A 24-hour urine sample provides useful information for estimation of GFR in individuals with exceptional dietary intake (vegetarian diet, use of creatine supplements) or muscle mass (amputation, malnutrition, muscle wasting).	Creatine	145-153	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 5	Homo sapiens	69-72
11555793-1	2001	Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) catalyzes the first step of creatine synthesis, resulting in the formation of guanidinoacetate, which is a substrate for creatine formation.	Creatine	71-79	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	0-35
11555793-1	2001	Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) catalyzes the first step of creatine synthesis, resulting in the formation of guanidinoacetate, which is a substrate for creatine formation.	Creatine	71-79	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	37-41
11555793-1	2001	Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) catalyzes the first step of creatine synthesis, resulting in the formation of guanidinoacetate, which is a substrate for creatine formation.	Creatine	164-172	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	0-35
11555793-1	2001	Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) catalyzes the first step of creatine synthesis, resulting in the formation of guanidinoacetate, which is a substrate for creatine formation.	Creatine	164-172	glycine amidinotransferase	Homo sapiens	37-41
11600695-19	2001	This effect may be mediated by a creatine-induced change in MRF4 and myogenin expression.	Creatine	33-41	myogenin	Homo sapiens	69-77
11326334-0	2001	X-linked creatine-transporter gene (SLC6A8) defect: a new creatine-deficiency syndrome.	Creatine	9-17	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	36-42
11581551-0	2001	Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on myosin heavy chain expression.	Creatine	16-24	major histocompatibility complex, class I, C	Homo sapiens	52-70
11581551-1	2001	PURPOSE: This study examined 12 wk of creatine (Cr) supplementation and heavy resistance training on muscle strength and myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform mRNA and protein expression.	Creatine	38-46	major histocompatibility complex, class I, C	Homo sapiens	121-139
11581551-1	2001	PURPOSE: This study examined 12 wk of creatine (Cr) supplementation and heavy resistance training on muscle strength and myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform mRNA and protein expression.	Creatine	38-46	major histocompatibility complex, class I, C	Homo sapiens	141-144
11581551-1	2001	PURPOSE: This study examined 12 wk of creatine (Cr) supplementation and heavy resistance training on muscle strength and myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform mRNA and protein expression.	Creatine	48-50	major histocompatibility complex, class I, C	Homo sapiens	121-139
11581551-10	2001	CONCLUSION: Long-term Cr supplementation increases muscle strength and size, possibly as a result of increased MHC synthesis.	Creatine	22-24	major histocompatibility complex, class I, C	Homo sapiens	111-114
11474331-11	2001	CSA in the nonstimulated QF increased 5% in CR (P = 0.0091) but did not change in PL.	Creatine	44-46	ERCC excision repair 8, CSA ubiquitin ligase complex subunit	Homo sapiens	0-3
11749046-1	2001	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency (McKusick 601240), an inborn error of creatine biosynthesis, is characterized by creatine depletion and accumulation of guanidinoacetate (GAA) in the brain.	Creatine	91-99	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-34
11326334-6	2001	Fibroblasts from the index patient contained a hemizygous nonsense mutation in the gene SLC6A8 and were defective in creatine uptake.	Creatine	117-125	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Homo sapiens	88-94
11297004-0	2000	Acute creatine loading enhances human growth hormone secretion.	Creatine	6-14	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	38-52
11412830-1	2001	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a disorder of creatine metabolism characterized by low plasma creatine concentrations in combination with elevated guanidinoacetate (GAA) concentrations.	Creatine	70-78	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-34
11412830-1	2001	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a disorder of creatine metabolism characterized by low plasma creatine concentrations in combination with elevated guanidinoacetate (GAA) concentrations.	Creatine	70-78	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	36-40
11412830-1	2001	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a disorder of creatine metabolism characterized by low plasma creatine concentrations in combination with elevated guanidinoacetate (GAA) concentrations.	Creatine	118-126	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-34
11412830-1	2001	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a disorder of creatine metabolism characterized by low plasma creatine concentrations in combination with elevated guanidinoacetate (GAA) concentrations.	Creatine	118-126	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	36-40
11447996-3	2001	We examined the effects of creatine administration in a transgenic mouse model of HD produced by 82 polyglutamine repeats in a 171 amino acid N-terminal fragment of huntingtin (N171-82Q).	Creatine	27-35	huntingtin	Mus musculus	165-175
11440329-0	2001	Use of oral creatine as an ergogenic aid for increased sports performance: perceptions of adolescent athletes.	Creatine	12-20	activation induced cytidine deaminase	Homo sapiens	37-40
11440329-2	2001	One ergogenic aid is creatine, a naturally occurring nitrogen compound found primarily in skeletal muscle.	Creatine	21-29	activation induced cytidine deaminase	Homo sapiens	14-17
11276099-5	2001	We found NA:Cr ratios were significantly lower in patients with SCA2 (40.4% lower) compared to patients carrying the SCA6 mutation.	Creatine	12-14	ataxin 2	Homo sapiens	64-68
11276099-6	2001	CHO:Cr ratios differed between the two mutations using short echo time (30.8% lower in SCA2), but not when applying long echo time 1H-MRSI.	Creatine	4-6	ataxin 2	Homo sapiens	87-91
11276099-10	2001	In addition, CHO:Cr ratios showed different behavior using short and long TE, indicating differences in relaxation times of choline compounds in SCA2.	Creatine	17-19	ataxin 2	Homo sapiens	145-149
11044447-0	2001	Altered mitochondrial sensitivity for ADP and maintenance of creatine-stimulated respiration in oxidative striated muscles from VDAC1-deficient mice.	Creatine	61-69	voltage-dependent anion channel 1	Mus musculus	128-133
11147785-0	2001	Effect of oral creatine supplementation on human muscle GLUT4 protein content after immobilization.	Creatine	15-23	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Homo sapiens	56-61
11147785-1	2001	The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of oral creatine supplementation on muscle GLUT4 protein content and total creatine and glycogen content during muscle disuse and subsequent training.	Creatine	64-72	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Homo sapiens	99-104
11147785-9	2001	Conversely, in the creatine group, GLUT4 increased by approximately 40% (P &lt; 0.05) during rehabilitation.	Creatine	19-27	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Homo sapiens	35-40
11147785-11	2001	We concluded that 1) oral creatine supplementation offsets the decline in muscle GLUT4 protein content that occurs during immobilization, and 2) oral creatine supplementation increases GLUT4 protein content during subsequent rehabilitation training in healthy subjects.	Creatine	26-34	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Homo sapiens	81-86
11147785-11	2001	We concluded that 1) oral creatine supplementation offsets the decline in muscle GLUT4 protein content that occurs during immobilization, and 2) oral creatine supplementation increases GLUT4 protein content during subsequent rehabilitation training in healthy subjects.	Creatine	150-158	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Homo sapiens	185-190
11274790-10	2001	In addition, we suggest that the means by which creatine mitigates against the neurodegenerative effects of an ataxin-1 protein containing an expanded polyglutamine region is through mechanisms other than stabilization of mitochondrial membranes.	Creatine	48-56	ataxin 1	Mus musculus	111-119
11196109-1	2000	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency (creatine deficiency syndrome) is a recently discovered inborn error of creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	54-62	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-34
11297004-1	2000	BACKGROUND: The main objective of this study was to explore the effect of acute creatine (Cr) ingestion on the secretion of human growth hormone (GH).	Creatine	80-88	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	130-144
11297004-1	2000	BACKGROUND: The main objective of this study was to explore the effect of acute creatine (Cr) ingestion on the secretion of human growth hormone (GH).	Creatine	90-92	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	130-144
10964923-1	2000	The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) inhibited the hCRT-1 cDNA-induced creatine uptake in Xenopus oocytes and the endogenous creatine uptake in cultured C(2)C(12) muscle cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner.	Creatine	81-89	hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1	Homo sapiens	61-67
10995435-12	2000	Additionally, respiratory measurements in the presence of creatine indicate that coupling of creatine kinase and the adenine translocator is lost in desmin-null soleus muscle.	Creatine	58-66	desmin	Mus musculus	149-155
11154064-9	2000	A pronounced substrate binding synergism (Kd &gt; Km) was observed for all substrates, but was most pronounced in the forward reaction (PCr production) of uMtCK and led to a significantly lower Km for creatine (1.01 mM) and ATP (0.11 mM) as compared to sMtCK (creatine, 7.31 mM; ATP, 0.68 mM).	Creatine	201-209	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1B	Homo sapiens	155-160
11154064-9	2000	A pronounced substrate binding synergism (Kd &gt; Km) was observed for all substrates, but was most pronounced in the forward reaction (PCr production) of uMtCK and led to a significantly lower Km for creatine (1.01 mM) and ATP (0.11 mM) as compared to sMtCK (creatine, 7.31 mM; ATP, 0.68 mM).	Creatine	201-209	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 2	Homo sapiens	253-258
11154064-9	2000	A pronounced substrate binding synergism (Kd &gt; Km) was observed for all substrates, but was most pronounced in the forward reaction (PCr production) of uMtCK and led to a significantly lower Km for creatine (1.01 mM) and ATP (0.11 mM) as compared to sMtCK (creatine, 7.31 mM; ATP, 0.68 mM).	Creatine	260-268	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1B	Homo sapiens	155-160
11165387-1	2001	Creatine is synthesized from arginine by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and S-adenosyl-L-methionine:N-guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) and can be taken up by cells by creatine transporters (CRT).	Creatine	0-8	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	41-78
11165387-1	2001	Creatine is synthesized from arginine by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and S-adenosyl-L-methionine:N-guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) and can be taken up by cells by creatine transporters (CRT).	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	90-150
11165387-1	2001	Creatine is synthesized from arginine by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and S-adenosyl-L-methionine:N-guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) and can be taken up by cells by creatine transporters (CRT).	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	152-156
11165387-2	2001	While creatine is mainly synthesized by the liver and the kidney, most of other tissues, including the brain, also express AGAT and GAMT.	Creatine	6-14	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	132-136
10844007-3	2000	Dietary creatine supplementation significantly improved survival, slowed the development of brain atrophy, and delayed atrophy of striatal neurons and the formation of huntingtin-positive aggregates in R6/2 mice.	Creatine	8-16	huntingtin	Mus musculus	168-178
11026523-3	2000	In 50 patients we measured creatine, as the major product of B12-mediated remethylation, to see if this helps the definition of the B12 reference interval and to investigate the possible effect of low B12 on essential transmethylation.	Creatine	27-35	NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B3	Homo sapiens	61-64
10956365-1	2000	This study investigated the effect of creatine supplementation in conjunction with protein and/or carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion on plasma creatine and serum insulin concentrations and whole body creatine retention.	Creatine	38-46	insulin	Homo sapiens	156-163
10956365-6	2000	It is concluded, first, that the ingestion of creatine in conjunction with approximately 50 g of protein and CHO is as effective at potentiating insulin release and creatine retention as ingesting creatine in combination with almost 100 g of CHO.	Creatine	46-54	insulin	Homo sapiens	145-152
10956365-7	2000	Second, the stimulatory effect of insulin on creatine disposal was diminished within the initial 24 h of supplementation.	Creatine	45-53	insulin	Homo sapiens	34-41
10859677-3	2000	The present study demonstrates that creatine is metabolized to methylamine, which is further converted to formaldehyde by semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO).	Creatine	36-44	amine oxidase copper containing 2	Homo sapiens	122-159
10859677-3	2000	The present study demonstrates that creatine is metabolized to methylamine, which is further converted to formaldehyde by semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO).	Creatine	36-44	amine oxidase copper containing 2	Homo sapiens	161-165
10784194-14	2000	Creatine tended to linearly decrease ADG (P = .11) and plasma albumin (P = .12) and PUN (P &lt; .10) concentrations in Phase II (d 12 to 26).	Creatine	0-8	ADG	Sus scrofa	37-40
10800940-7	2000	Toxicity in embryonic neurons exposed to A(beta) (25-35) for 48 h was partially prevented by creatine as well.	Creatine	93-101	amyloid beta precursor protein	Rattus norvegicus	41-48
10800940-9	2000	Neurons from adult rats were also partially protected from a 24-h exposure to A(beta) (25-35) by creatine, but protection was reduced in neurons from old animals.	Creatine	97-105	amyloid beta precursor protein	Rattus norvegicus	78-85
10759600-7	2000	At higher workloads mi-CK should be upregulated by increasing creatine and decreasing phosphocreatine concentrations, and only at very high workloads the ADP diffusion flux should be increased to upregulate oxidative phosphorylation.	Creatine	62-70	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1, ubiquitous	Mus musculus	20-25
10660808-1	2000	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency is a newly recognized inborn error of creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	84-92	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-34
10675277-2	2000	Appropriate creatine dosage may be also used as a medicinal product since, in accordance with the Council Directive 65/65/CEE, any substance which may be administered with a view to restoring, correcting or modifying physiological functions in human beings is considered a medicinal product.	Creatine	12-20	guided entry of tail-anchored proteins factor 4	Homo sapiens	122-125
10531498-1	1999	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase is the enzyme which catalyzes the last step of creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	82-90	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-34
10079702-0	1999	Creatine: a dietary supplement and ergogenic aid.	Creatine	0-8	activation induced cytidine deaminase	Homo sapiens	45-48
10391136-2	1999	Mitochondrial creatine kinase (Mi-CK) function in viable mitochondria from developing rat skeletal muscle was assessed both by polarographic measurements of creatine-induced respiration and 31P NMR spectroscopy measurements of phosphocreatine (PCr) synthesis.	Creatine	14-22	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1, ubiquitous	Mus musculus	31-36
10079702-3	1999	During the past decade, with notable popularity this past year, creatine has assumed prominence as an ergogenic aid for professional and elite athletes.	Creatine	64-72	activation induced cytidine deaminase	Homo sapiens	112-115
9773739-5	1998	A correction formula derived from the linear regression equation for the correlation between HbA1c and erythrocyte creatine was used to correct the patients" HbA1c values.	Creatine	115-123	hemoglobin subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	93-97
9843739-0	1998	Stimulatory effect of insulin on creatine accumulation in human skeletal muscle.	Creatine	33-41	insulin	Homo sapiens	22-29
9843739-1	1998	This study investigated the effect of insulin on plasma and muscle creatine accumulation and limb blood flow in humans after creatine administration.	Creatine	67-75	insulin	Homo sapiens	38-45
9843739-8	1998	min-1, muscle total creatine concentration increased by 4.5 +/- 1.4 (P &lt; 0.	Creatine	20-28	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	0-5
9843739-13	1998	These findings demonstrate that insulin can enhance muscle creatine accumulation in humans but only when present at physiologically high or supraphysiological concentrations.	Creatine	59-67	insulin	Homo sapiens	32-39
9843739-14	1998	This response is likely to be the result of an insulin-mediated increase in muscle creatine transport rather than creatine delivery.	Creatine	83-91	insulin	Homo sapiens	47-54
9576546-6	1998	However, the NAA/Cr ratio was significantly lower in PML and lymphomas than in HIV encephalopathies (p&lt;0.02) and toxoplasmosis (p&lt;0.05).	Creatine	17-19	PML nuclear body scaffold	Homo sapiens	53-56
10196511-10	1998	Mean urinary excretion of AQP-2 was 1.16 ng equivalent of AQP-2 (257-271)/mg creatine and was lower in patients with diabetes insipidus.	Creatine	77-85	aquaporin 2	Homo sapiens	26-31
10196511-10	1998	Mean urinary excretion of AQP-2 was 1.16 ng equivalent of AQP-2 (257-271)/mg creatine and was lower in patients with diabetes insipidus.	Creatine	77-85	aquaporin 2	Homo sapiens	58-63
9722522-8	1998	Creatine-stimulated respiration was markedly reduced in mitochondria isolated from cells transfected with the R42G mutant cDNA as compared with those transfected with normal sMtCK cDNA.	Creatine	0-8	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 2	Rattus norvegicus	174-179
9770641-6	1998	Partial loss of creatine kinase (CK) BB activity, which is the key enzyme for functioning of the creatine/phosphocreatine shuttle, was compensated in neurons surviving the A beta oxidative attack by increased production of the enzyme.	Creatine	16-24	amyloid beta precursor protein	Rattus norvegicus	172-178
9618231-6	1998	There was no change in the K(m) in oxidative fibres from mutant mice (258 +/- 27 and 399 +/- 66 microM, respectively) compared with control, though surprisingly, it was also significantly decreased in the presence of creatine (144 +/- 8 and 150 +/- 27 microM, respectively) despite the absence of mi-CK.	Creatine	217-225	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1, ubiquitous	Mus musculus	297-302
9591933-6	1998	The apparent oral clearance was related to the creatine clearance (CCR) which was estimated by the Cockcroft and Gault equation, as follows: 0.0468 x CCR1 x h(-1).	Creatine	47-55	C-C motif chemokine receptor 1	Homo sapiens	150-154
9501090-6	1998	AMPK is itself regulated by a novel mechanism involving phosphocreatine, creatine and pH.	Creatine	63-71	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
9640272-7	1998	However, the stimulation of secretion induced by 1 mmol dibutyryl cyclic AMP l-1 was dependent on the presence of 4 mmol L-glutamine l-1 in the incubation medium, which suggests that an increase in creatine secretion occurs as a consequence of stimulated glutamine oxidation.	Creatine	198-206	ribosomal protein L4	Rattus norvegicus	77-80
9627806-3	1998	Blood glucose was decreased over the course of the creatine analog treatment regimen and the skeletal muscle transport protein GLUT-4 increased 1.5 to 2-fold with the creatine analog treatments.	Creatine	167-175	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	127-133
9485066-5	1998	Minor decreases in the N-acetylaspartate/creatine ratio and the normal choline/creatine ratio were observed in the cerebellar hemisphere of the SCA1 carriers.	Creatine	41-49	ataxin 1	Homo sapiens	144-148
9485066-5	1998	Minor decreases in the N-acetylaspartate/creatine ratio and the normal choline/creatine ratio were observed in the cerebellar hemisphere of the SCA1 carriers.	Creatine	79-87	ataxin 1	Homo sapiens	144-148
9485066-6	1998	Reduction of the N-acetylaspartate/creatine ratio, demonstrated by MR spectroscopy in the pons, is likely to reflect a loss of neuronal viability and might represent a biochemical marker of SCA1 more sensitive than brainstem and cerebellum atrophy and signal changes shown by MR imaging.	Creatine	35-43	ataxin 1	Homo sapiens	190-194
9375804-6	1997	By the end of reperfusion, both IP and R-PIA infusion enhanced recovery of myocardial ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) and attenuated the total creatine (sigmaCr = PCr + Cr) loss, an index of cell membrane damage.	Creatine	101-109	RPIA	Canis lupus familiaris	32-44
9486137-0	1998	Molecular and kinetic alterations of muscle AMP deaminase during chronic creatine depletion.	Creatine	73-81	adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	44-57
9432106-5	1998	In neonatal animals (P0-5), amplitudes of hypoglossal bursts increased initially during anoxia by 14% in controls and by 41% in Cr-supplemented animals when compared with preanoxic values.	Creatine	128-130	H3 histone pseudogene 4	Homo sapiens	21-25
9375804-6	1997	By the end of reperfusion, both IP and R-PIA infusion enhanced recovery of myocardial ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) and attenuated the total creatine (sigmaCr = PCr + Cr) loss, an index of cell membrane damage.	Creatine	112-114	RPIA	Canis lupus familiaris	32-44
9277372-1	1997	Creatine kinase (CK) has been implicated in affecting cell growth, and the CK substrates creatine (Cr) and cyclocreatine (CyCr) have been shown to have anti-tumor activity.	Creatine	89-97	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	75-77
9325156-1	1997	Guanindinoacetate methyltransferase (gene symbol, GAMT) catalyses the synthesis of creatine from guanidinoacetate and S-adensylmethionine.	Creatine	83-91	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	50-54
9325156-8	1997	Our linkage and sequence data will facilitate the identification of new GAMT mutations in patients suffering from an abnormal creatine metabolism.	Creatine	126-134	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	72-76
9277372-1	1997	Creatine kinase (CK) has been implicated in affecting cell growth, and the CK substrates creatine (Cr) and cyclocreatine (CyCr) have been shown to have anti-tumor activity.	Creatine	0-2	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	17-19
9277372-8	1997	In the presence of CyCr, regeneration was inhibited in livers expressing CK-B, and, in the presence of Cr, CK-B-expressing livers regenerated better than normal livers.	Creatine	21-23	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	73-77
9277372-8	1997	In the presence of CyCr, regeneration was inhibited in livers expressing CK-B, and, in the presence of Cr, CK-B-expressing livers regenerated better than normal livers.	Creatine	21-23	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	107-111
9277372-10	1997	Growth and DNA synthesis were completely abolished by Cr in CK-mit mice, whereas CyCr mainly affected growth 2 days after hepatectomy in CK-B-expressing mice.	Creatine	54-56	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	60-62
9038860-4	1997	ATP, creatine phosphate, creatine, and P, were inversely related to GLUT-4 protein concentration.	Creatine	5-13	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	68-74
9107631-11	1997	These results indicate that the gains in high intensity running performance seen following Cr loading are a combined result of increased aerobic (CS) and anaerobic (Cr and PCr) energy buffering capacity of the muscle.	Creatine	91-93	citrate synthase	Rattus norvegicus	146-148
8944667-6	1996	These findings demonstrate that CHO ingestion substantially augments muscle Cr accumulation during Cr feeding in humans, which appears to be insulin mediated.	Creatine	76-78	insulin	Homo sapiens	141-148
23889066-8	1997	Creatine determination was the earlier quantitative parameter of testicular toxicity, since at this time testis weights, sperm head number and enzyme activities (LDH-C4, SDH) were less affected, their maximum decrease being reached at 14 days after the treatments.	Creatine	0-8	lactate dehydrogenase C	Mus musculus	162-168
23889066-8	1997	Creatine determination was the earlier quantitative parameter of testicular toxicity, since at this time testis weights, sperm head number and enzyme activities (LDH-C4, SDH) were less affected, their maximum decrease being reached at 14 days after the treatments.	Creatine	0-8	serine dehydratase	Mus musculus	170-173
8944667-6	1996	These findings demonstrate that CHO ingestion substantially augments muscle Cr accumulation during Cr feeding in humans, which appears to be insulin mediated.	Creatine	99-101	insulin	Homo sapiens	141-148
9229845-3	1996	Retrospective analysis of the works by O. V. Palladin and his pupils, dedicated to the mentioned problem permits judging of realization of his ideas, when studying the process of training, work to fatigue by means of determining the content of energy sources in muscles (creatine, creatine phosphoric acid, carnosine cholesterin, glycogen), some redox enzymes (catalase, dehydrogenases), lactic acid, vitamins (ascorbic acid, B1).	Creatine	271-279	palladin, cytoskeletal associated protein	Homo sapiens	45-53
8914485-7	1996	The reagentless planar sensors for creatinine and creatine have fast response time (t95 = 1 min), linear response up to 1.2 mM in batch-type and 2.0 mM in flow injection analysis and a detection limit of 10-20 muM.	Creatine	50-58	latexin	Homo sapiens	210-213
8923416-2	1996	Two isoenzymes of creatine kinase, ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase (uMtCK) and cytosolic brain creatine kinase (BCK), are postulated to form the creatine phosphate (CP) shuttle, in which creatine serves to transport high-energy phosphate from the mitochondria to its site of utilization.	Creatine	18-26	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1B	Homo sapiens	77-82
8923416-2	1996	Two isoenzymes of creatine kinase, ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase (uMtCK) and cytosolic brain creatine kinase (BCK), are postulated to form the creatine phosphate (CP) shuttle, in which creatine serves to transport high-energy phosphate from the mitochondria to its site of utilization.	Creatine	18-26	creatine kinase B	Homo sapiens	98-119
8923416-2	1996	Two isoenzymes of creatine kinase, ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase (uMtCK) and cytosolic brain creatine kinase (BCK), are postulated to form the creatine phosphate (CP) shuttle, in which creatine serves to transport high-energy phosphate from the mitochondria to its site of utilization.	Creatine	18-26	creatine kinase B	Homo sapiens	121-124
8813986-0	1996	Creatine replacement therapy in guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency, a novel inborn error of metabolism.	Creatine	0-8	guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	32-66
8672021-9	1996	And, there was a significant correlation, y=23.5+0.15x(n=22, r=0.82, P&lt;0.001),between serum pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (y, in ng/l) and serum creatine (x in micromol/l) concentrations in those patients with renal dysfunction.	Creatine	148-156	gastrin releasing peptide	Homo sapiens	99-124
8817480-9	1996	Creatine accumulation at 48 h was increased to 230 +/- 6% of control by insulin and by 140 +/- 13% by IGF-I (both at 3 nM).	Creatine	0-8	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	102-107
8817480-7	1996	Creatine accumulation after 48 h was stimulated by treatment with the mixed alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist noradrenaline, the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol, the beta 2-agonist clenbuterol and the cAMP analogue N6,2"-O-dibutyryladenosine 3",5"-cyclic monophosphate, but was unaffected by the alpha 1 adrenergic agonist methoxamine.	Creatine	0-8	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 2	Homo sapiens	173-179
8817480-10	1996	Creatine accumulation at 48 h was also increased to 280 +/- 40% of control by 3,3",5-triiodothyronine (at 70 microM) and to 220 +/- 35% of control by amylin (60 nM).	Creatine	0-8	islet amyloid polypeptide	Homo sapiens	150-156
8817480-7	1996	Creatine accumulation after 48 h was stimulated by treatment with the mixed alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist noradrenaline, the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol, the beta 2-agonist clenbuterol and the cAMP analogue N6,2"-O-dibutyryladenosine 3",5"-cyclic monophosphate, but was unaffected by the alpha 1 adrenergic agonist methoxamine.	Creatine	0-8	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	303-310
8618683-4	1996	We found a significant reduction in N-acetyl aspartate/creatine only in patients who had advanced dementia and CD4 counts less that 200/microliter.	Creatine	55-63	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	111-114
8817480-8	1996	The noradrenaline enhancement of creatine accumulation at 48 h was inhibited by the mixed alpha- and beta-antagonist labetalol and by the beta-antagonist propranolol, but was unaffected by the alpha 2 antagonist phentolamine; greater inhibition was caused by the beta 2 antagonist butoxamine than the beta 1 antagonist atenolol.	Creatine	33-41	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 2	Homo sapiens	263-269
8817480-8	1996	The noradrenaline enhancement of creatine accumulation at 48 h was inhibited by the mixed alpha- and beta-antagonist labetalol and by the beta-antagonist propranolol, but was unaffected by the alpha 2 antagonist phentolamine; greater inhibition was caused by the beta 2 antagonist butoxamine than the beta 1 antagonist atenolol.	Creatine	33-41	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 1	Homo sapiens	301-307
8928839-2	1996	The infusion of myoglobin (375 mg/kg) resulted in a decrease in renal blood flow, an increase in renal vascular resistance, and a decrease in creatine clearance associated with a decrease in urinary excretory rate of nitrite/nitrate and guanosine 3",5"-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP).	Creatine	142-150	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: myoglobin	Oryctolagus cuniculus	16-25
8737325-3	1996	Total creatine uptake for the EXP group over the 5-day period of supplementation averaged 34.9 +/- 10.9 g (range 20.1-54.9 g), which equated to 3.54 +/- 0.93 mmol kg BM-1.	Creatine	6-14	muscleblind like splicing regulator 1	Homo sapiens	30-33
8838581-1	1996	Beta amyloid peptides (A beta), etiologically associated with Alzheimer"s disease (AD), have been shown to inhibit both glutamine synthetase (GS) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in vitro.	Creatine	150-158	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	23-29
8857210-1	1996	The title compounds were synthesized by cyclizing 3-dimethylaminomethylene-4-chromanone with creatine to give the acid 2 that was successively converted into the corresponding amides 3a-f via diphenylphosphorylazide and the relevant amines.	Creatine	93-101	PTOV1 extended AT-hook containing adaptor protein	Homo sapiens	114-120
8772432-1	1996	Dietary supplementation of the creatine analogue beta-guanidinopropionic acid (beta-GPA) decreases in vitro skeletal muscle AMP deaminase (AMP-D) activity in rats.	Creatine	31-39	adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	139-144
8772432-4	1996	In contrast, inosine 5"-monophosphate formation was evident earlier in fast-twitch red and white fiber sections of creatine-depleted animals during intense twitch contractions, indicating that fast-twitch muscle of beta-GPA-treated rats buffers decreases in the ATP/ADPfree ratio via deamination, even though AMP-D activity is less.	Creatine	115-123	adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	309-314
7808257-3	1994	To evaluate the origin of an increased CR/NA and CH/NA ratios in gray matter relative to white matter, we measured the T1 and T2 of CR, NA, and CH in gray and white matter using moderate resolution SI imaging.	Creatine	132-134	interleukin 1 receptor like 1	Homo sapiens	119-128
8719258-0	1995	Effect of creatine supplementation on intramuscular TCr, metabolism and performance during intermittent, supramaximal exercise in humans.	Creatine	10-18	T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	52-55
8719258-9	1995	These data demonstrate that creatine supplementation results in an increase in TCr but this has no effect on performance during exercise of this nature, where the creatine kinase system is not the principal energy supplier.	Creatine	28-36	T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	79-82
7772050-9	1995	The possible physiological significance of the lower Kd(Cr) value of dimeric versus octameric Mib-CK, as well as the apparent negative cooperativity of ATP binding at higher [Cr], are discussed within the context of a possible functional role for dimeric Mib-CK in vivo.	Creatine	56-58	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 2	Gallus gallus	94-100
8553380-1	1995	Since guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), a precursor of creatine, is synthesized mainly in the proximal tubule of the kidney where gentamicin (GM) nephrotoxicity often occurs, GM-induced renal cell damage was investigated using GAA synthesis in tubular suspension as an indicator.	Creatine	49-57	alpha glucosidase	Rattus norvegicus	28-31
7612643-7	1995	These observations indicate that there is a discordance between BAT growth and activity in beta-GPA rats, thereby suggesting that a failure on and after UCP translation may be involved in the impairment of BAT thermogenic activity with creatine depletion.	Creatine	236-244	uncoupling protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	153-156
7896942-2	1995	A second transporter (OCCREATRA) cloned from rabbit brain is 98% homologous to CHOT1 and is reported to transport creatine.	Creatine	114-122	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	79-84
7808257-6	1994	After correcting for T1 and T2 losses, creatine content was significantly lower in white matter than gray (P &lt; 0.01, t-test), with a white/gray content ratio of 0.8, in agreement with biopsy and in vivo measurements at 1.5 and 2.0T.	Creatine	39-47	interleukin 1 receptor like 1	Homo sapiens	21-30
8180237-0	1994	Effects of the creatine analogue beta-guanidinopropionic acid on skeletal muscles of mice deficient in muscle creatine kinase.	Creatine	15-23	creatine kinase, muscle	Mus musculus	103-125
7836122-9	1994	Creatine depletion resulted in a 16% increase in citrate synthase activity in the soleus (SOL) and a 24% increase in the plantaris (PLN).	Creatine	0-8	citrate synthase	Rattus norvegicus	49-65
8021264-2	1994	L-Arginine-glycine amidinotransferase (transamidinase) is the first and rate-limiting step in creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	94-102	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-37
8021264-2	1994	L-Arginine-glycine amidinotransferase (transamidinase) is the first and rate-limiting step in creatine biosynthesis.	Creatine	94-102	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	39-53
8021264-3	1994	Rats fed a creatine-supplemented diet or hypophysectomized rats have only 20% of the kidney transamidinase activity as intact rats fed a creatine-free diet.	Creatine	11-19	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	92-106
8021264-9	1994	Transamidinase cDNA was used to investigate the regulation of mRNA levels by creatine and growth hormone.	Creatine	77-85	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-14
8021264-11	1994	An excellent correlation was found between changes in transamidinase activity and mRNA levels in response to creatine and growth hormone.	Creatine	109-117	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	54-68
8021264-12	1994	Thus, the regulation of transamidinase by creatine and growth hormone is at a pretranslational level.	Creatine	42-50	glycine amidinotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	24-38
7920251-4	1994	Trp-223 is responsible for a strong (18-21%) fluorescence quenching effect occurring upon formation of a transition state-analogue complex (TSAC;Mib-CK.creatine.MgADP.NO3-), and Trp-223 is probably required for the conformational change leading to the TSAC-induced octamer dissociation of Mib-CK.	Creatine	152-160	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 2	Gallus gallus	145-151
7920251-4	1994	Trp-223 is responsible for a strong (18-21%) fluorescence quenching effect occurring upon formation of a transition state-analogue complex (TSAC;Mib-CK.creatine.MgADP.NO3-), and Trp-223 is probably required for the conformational change leading to the TSAC-induced octamer dissociation of Mib-CK.	Creatine	152-160	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 2	Gallus gallus	289-295
8180237-2	1994	After 8-10 weeks of feeding, accumulation of the creatine analogue in M-CK-deficient muscles was comparable to that observed in muscles of wild-type mice.	Creatine	49-57	creatine kinase, muscle	Mus musculus	70-74
8180237-4	1994	In M-CK-deficient muscles there was respective depletion of PCr, Cr and ATP levels to 31, 41 and 83% of normal.	Creatine	61-63	creatine kinase, muscle	Mus musculus	3-7
8297374-0	1994	The putative rat choline transporter CHOT1 transports creatine and is highly expressed in neural and muscle-rich tissues.	Creatine	54-62	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	37-42
8297374-1	1994	A rabbit homolog of the putative rat choline transporter CHOT1 has recently been shown to mediate creatine transport (Guimbal and Kilimann, J. Biol.	Creatine	98-106	solute carrier family 6 member 8	Rattus norvegicus	57-62
8279516-1	1993	Creatine kinase (CK) is normally found at high levels in muscle and brain and catalyzes the reaction phosphocreatine (PCr) + MgADP + H+&lt;==&gt;creatine (Cr) + MgATP.	Creatine	108-116	creatine kinase, brain	Mus musculus	17-19
8312439-1	1994	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) catalyzes the last step of the biosynthetic pathway to creatine (Cr), the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to guanidinoactate.	Creatine	97-105	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	0-34
8312439-1	1994	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) catalyzes the last step of the biosynthetic pathway to creatine (Cr), the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to guanidinoactate.	Creatine	97-105	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	36-40
8312439-1	1994	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) catalyzes the last step of the biosynthetic pathway to creatine (Cr), the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to guanidinoactate.	Creatine	107-109	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	0-34
8312439-1	1994	Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) catalyzes the last step of the biosynthetic pathway to creatine (Cr), the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to guanidinoactate.	Creatine	107-109	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	36-40
8312439-9	1994	These results indicate that Cr is synthesized extensively in the epithelia of seminiferous tubules and caput epididymis, suggesting that GAMT or metabolic pathways related to Cr biosynthesis may be important for germ cell development or function.	Creatine	28-30	guanidinoacetate methyltransferase	Mus musculus	137-141