PMID-sentid	Pub_year	Sent_text	compound_name	comp_offset	prot_official_name	organism	prot_offset
25449401-1	2015	Several studies have shown that human carriers of the single nucleotide polymorphism of the mu-opioid receptor, OPRM1 A118G, exhibit greater drug and alcohol use, increased sensitivity to pain, and reduced sensitivity to the antinociceptive effects of opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	252-259	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	112-117
25459291-15	2015	Thus, altering the balance between activation of NPFF receptor subtypes may provide one approach to reversing opiate tolerance.	Opiate Alkaloids	110-116	neuropeptide FF-amide peptide precursor	Rattus norvegicus	49-53
23927484-10	2015	These findings provide new information into the possible correlation between Ago2/miRs complex regulation and DA neurons plasticity during opiate addiction.	Opiate Alkaloids	139-145	argonaute RISC catalytic component 2	Rattus norvegicus	77-81
25392083-1	2015	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is believed to play a crucial role in the mechanisms underlying opiate dependence; however, little is known about specific features and mechanisms regulating its expression in the brain under these conditions.	Opiate Alkaloids	105-111	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	0-33
25392083-1	2015	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is believed to play a crucial role in the mechanisms underlying opiate dependence; however, little is known about specific features and mechanisms regulating its expression in the brain under these conditions.	Opiate Alkaloids	105-111	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	35-39
24666346-4	2014	Here, we review recent evidence suggesting that the mTORC1 signaling pathway promotes neuroadaptations following exposure to a diverse group of drugs of abuse including stimulants, cannabinoids, opiates, and alcohol.	Opiate Alkaloids	195-202	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	52-58
25038175-7	2014	Specifically, NK1R inhibition attenuates escalated self-administration of alcohol as well as stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol and cocaine seeking; however, in contrast to other stress systems, the NK1R also appears to have a role in primary reward and reinforcement for opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	277-284	tachykinin receptor 1	Homo sapiens	14-18
25038175-7	2014	Specifically, NK1R inhibition attenuates escalated self-administration of alcohol as well as stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol and cocaine seeking; however, in contrast to other stress systems, the NK1R also appears to have a role in primary reward and reinforcement for opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	277-284	tachykinin receptor 1	Homo sapiens	204-208
24949623-13	2014	Opiate interactions observed in this HIV-infective environment were similar, though not entirely concordant, with Tat/gp120 interactions reported previously, suggesting unique interactions with virions or other viral or cellular proteins released by infected and/or activated cells.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4	Homo sapiens	118-123
23735878-11	2014	CONCLUSIONS: Our studies demonstrate that the SK2 channel-NMDAR feedback loop plays a role in opiate-induced impairment of hippocampal plasticity and that the positive modulation of SK2 channels occurs via increases in PP2A activity.	Opiate Alkaloids	94-100	skin antigen 2	Mus musculus	46-49
24899712-5	2014	Using lentivirus-mediated gene transfer to locally knock down the expression of the BDNF receptor tropomyosin-receptor-kinase type B in rats and mice, we observed that chronic opiate administration activates BDNF-related neuronal plasticity in the VTA that is necessary for both the establishment of an opiate-dependent state and aversive withdrawal motivation.	Opiate Alkaloids	176-182	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	84-88
24899712-5	2014	Using lentivirus-mediated gene transfer to locally knock down the expression of the BDNF receptor tropomyosin-receptor-kinase type B in rats and mice, we observed that chronic opiate administration activates BDNF-related neuronal plasticity in the VTA that is necessary for both the establishment of an opiate-dependent state and aversive withdrawal motivation.	Opiate Alkaloids	176-182	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	208-212
24899712-5	2014	Using lentivirus-mediated gene transfer to locally knock down the expression of the BDNF receptor tropomyosin-receptor-kinase type B in rats and mice, we observed that chronic opiate administration activates BDNF-related neuronal plasticity in the VTA that is necessary for both the establishment of an opiate-dependent state and aversive withdrawal motivation.	Opiate Alkaloids	303-309	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	84-88
24899712-5	2014	Using lentivirus-mediated gene transfer to locally knock down the expression of the BDNF receptor tropomyosin-receptor-kinase type B in rats and mice, we observed that chronic opiate administration activates BDNF-related neuronal plasticity in the VTA that is necessary for both the establishment of an opiate-dependent state and aversive withdrawal motivation.	Opiate Alkaloids	303-309	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	208-212
24239719-0	2014	Intimate associations between the endogenous opiate systems and the growth hormone-releasing hormone system in the human hypothalamus.	Opiate Alkaloids	45-51	growth hormone releasing hormone	Homo sapiens	68-100
24406724-0	2014	Extinction of opiate reward reduces dendritic arborization and c-Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens core.	Opiate Alkaloids	14-20	FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene	Mus musculus	63-68
24280016-3	2014	By focusing on research that has emerged from our laboratories, we describe how early discoveries of the influence of OXT on learning and memory processes and the emerging conceptualization of addiction as "pathological learning" have contributed to the demonstration that OXT effectively attenuates long-term neuroadaptation related to opiate and psychostimulant addiction.	Opiate Alkaloids	337-343	oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	273-276
24745085-5	2014	The addition of NaF as preservative improved the stability of opiates at all conditions studied, whereas the type of anticoagulant did not affect the stability of opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	62-69	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	16-19
24413699-2	2014	Here we devised a new conditional bacterial artificial chromosome rescue strategy to show, in mice, that targeted MOR expression in a subpopulation of striatal direct-pathway neurons enriched in the striosome and nucleus accumbens, in an otherwise MOR-null background, restores opiate reward and opiate-induced striatal dopamine release and partially restores motivation to self administer an opiate.	Opiate Alkaloids	278-284	opioid receptor, mu 1	Mus musculus	114-117
24413699-2	2014	Here we devised a new conditional bacterial artificial chromosome rescue strategy to show, in mice, that targeted MOR expression in a subpopulation of striatal direct-pathway neurons enriched in the striosome and nucleus accumbens, in an otherwise MOR-null background, restores opiate reward and opiate-induced striatal dopamine release and partially restores motivation to self administer an opiate.	Opiate Alkaloids	296-302	opioid receptor, mu 1	Mus musculus	114-117
24413699-2	2014	Here we devised a new conditional bacterial artificial chromosome rescue strategy to show, in mice, that targeted MOR expression in a subpopulation of striatal direct-pathway neurons enriched in the striosome and nucleus accumbens, in an otherwise MOR-null background, restores opiate reward and opiate-induced striatal dopamine release and partially restores motivation to self administer an opiate.	Opiate Alkaloids	296-302	opioid receptor, mu 1	Mus musculus	114-117
23735878-11	2014	CONCLUSIONS: Our studies demonstrate that the SK2 channel-NMDAR feedback loop plays a role in opiate-induced impairment of hippocampal plasticity and that the positive modulation of SK2 channels occurs via increases in PP2A activity.	Opiate Alkaloids	94-100	glutamate receptor, ionotropic, NMDA1 (zeta 1)	Mus musculus	58-63
23735878-11	2014	CONCLUSIONS: Our studies demonstrate that the SK2 channel-NMDAR feedback loop plays a role in opiate-induced impairment of hippocampal plasticity and that the positive modulation of SK2 channels occurs via increases in PP2A activity.	Opiate Alkaloids	94-100	skin antigen 2	Mus musculus	182-185
23735878-11	2014	CONCLUSIONS: Our studies demonstrate that the SK2 channel-NMDAR feedback loop plays a role in opiate-induced impairment of hippocampal plasticity and that the positive modulation of SK2 channels occurs via increases in PP2A activity.	Opiate Alkaloids	94-100	protein phosphatase 2 (formerly 2A), catalytic subunit, alpha isoform	Mus musculus	219-223
24078068-8	2013	This review summarizes the data from recent studies on three group III receptor subtypes (mGluR4/7/8) expressed in the basal ganglia and analyzes their roles in the regulation of dopamine and glutamate signaling in the striatum and their participation in the addictive properties of three major classes of drugs (psychostimulants, alcohol, and opiates).	Opiate Alkaloids	344-351	glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA4 (alpha 4)	Mus musculus	90-96
24211689-3	2014	Orexin A and orexin type 1 receptor have been found in LPGi neurons but the effect of orexin on the expression of opiate dependence and withdrawal phenomena in this brain structure has not been studied yet.	Opiate Alkaloids	114-120	hypocretin neuropeptide precursor	Rattus norvegicus	86-92
24069332-0	2013	Mu opioid receptors on primary afferent nav1.8 neurons contribute to opiate-induced analgesia: insight from conditional knockout mice.	Opiate Alkaloids	69-75	sodium channel, voltage-gated, type X, alpha	Mus musculus	40-46
24078558-5	2013	We observed that both DRD1 and DRD2 polymorphisms were associated with opiate and cocaine dependence (P < 0.05) in Caucasian subjects, but not African-American individuals.	Opiate Alkaloids	71-77	dopamine receptor D1	Homo sapiens	22-26
24078558-5	2013	We observed that both DRD1 and DRD2 polymorphisms were associated with opiate and cocaine dependence (P < 0.05) in Caucasian subjects, but not African-American individuals.	Opiate Alkaloids	71-77	dopamine receptor D2	Homo sapiens	31-35
23707482-0	2013	The corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-2 mediates the motivational effect of opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	82-88	corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2	Mus musculus	4-45
23564315-1	2013	Within the amygdala, AMPA receptors expressing the AMPA-GluR1 (GluR1) subunit play an important role in basal glutamate signaling as well as behaviors associated with exposure to drugs of abuse like opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	199-206	glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA1 (alpha 1)	Mus musculus	51-61
23564315-1	2013	Within the amygdala, AMPA receptors expressing the AMPA-GluR1 (GluR1) subunit play an important role in basal glutamate signaling as well as behaviors associated with exposure to drugs of abuse like opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	199-206	glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA1 (alpha 1)	Mus musculus	56-61
23564315-5	2013	In opiate naive animals, GluR1 and microOR were present in diverse populations of neuronal profiles, but mainly in somatodendritic structures that expressed exclusive labeling for either antigen, as well as those co-expressing both proteins.	Opiate Alkaloids	3-9	glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA1 (alpha 1)	Mus musculus	25-30
24027270-0	2013	Opiate exposure and withdrawal induces a molecular memory switch in the basolateral amygdala between ERK1/2 and CaMKIIalpha-dependent signaling substrates.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	mitogen activated protein kinase 3	Rattus norvegicus	101-107
24027270-9	2013	Furthermore, the ability of intra-BLA DA D1 or D2 receptor transmission to modulate the motivational salience of opiates similarly operates through a D1-mediated ERK-dependent mechanism in the opiate-naive state, but switches to a D2-mediated CaMKIIalpha-dependent mechanism in the dependent/withdrawn state.	Opiate Alkaloids	113-120	mitogen activated protein kinase 3	Rattus norvegicus	162-165
24027270-9	2013	Furthermore, the ability of intra-BLA DA D1 or D2 receptor transmission to modulate the motivational salience of opiates similarly operates through a D1-mediated ERK-dependent mechanism in the opiate-naive state, but switches to a D2-mediated CaMKIIalpha-dependent mechanism in the dependent/withdrawn state.	Opiate Alkaloids	113-119	mitogen activated protein kinase 3	Rattus norvegicus	162-165
23976908-2	2013	As opiates act via P16INK4A/CDKN2A, and vascular ageing has been thought to be a surrogate for organismal ageing, the subject has far-reaching implications.	Opiate Alkaloids	3-10	cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A	Homo sapiens	19-27
23976908-2	2013	As opiates act via P16INK4A/CDKN2A, and vascular ageing has been thought to be a surrogate for organismal ageing, the subject has far-reaching implications.	Opiate Alkaloids	3-10	cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A	Homo sapiens	28-34
23707482-8	2013	These results provide initial evidence of a gender-independent and specific role for the CRF2 receptor in the motivational effects of opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	134-140	corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2	Mus musculus	89-102
24068830-6	2013	Using an unbiased conditioned place preference paradigm with rats, we examined the role of intra-mPFC CB1 transmission during opiate reward learning.	Opiate Alkaloids	126-132	cannabinoid receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	102-105
23911290-0	2013	Opiates modulate thermosensation by internalizing cold receptor TRPM8.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8	Homo sapiens	64-69
23742798-8	2013	The results suggest that dopaminergic, beta-adrenergic, cholinergic, serotonergic and opiate transmissions are involved in the anxiolytic action of Ucn 3.	Opiate Alkaloids	86-92	urocortin 3	Mus musculus	148-153
23643657-1	2013	Usually symptoms of restless legs syndrome (RLS) respond well to treatment with dopaminergic drugs, opiates, or anticonvulsant medications.	Opiate Alkaloids	100-107	RLS1	Homo sapiens	44-47
23685324-0	2013	Association between DRD2, 5-HTTLPR, and ALDH2 genes and specific personality traits in alcohol- and opiate-dependent patients.	Opiate Alkaloids	100-106	aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family member	Homo sapiens	40-45
23685324-10	2013	We concluded that addicts, both alcohol- and opiate-dependent patients, have common genetic variants in DRD2 and 5-HTTLPR but specific for ALDH2.	Opiate Alkaloids	45-51	dopamine receptor D2	Homo sapiens	104-108
23685324-10	2013	We concluded that addicts, both alcohol- and opiate-dependent patients, have common genetic variants in DRD2 and 5-HTTLPR but specific for ALDH2.	Opiate Alkaloids	45-51	solute carrier family 6 member 4	Homo sapiens	113-121
23685324-10	2013	We concluded that addicts, both alcohol- and opiate-dependent patients, have common genetic variants in DRD2 and 5-HTTLPR but specific for ALDH2.	Opiate Alkaloids	45-51	aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family member	Homo sapiens	139-144
23566366-2	2013	The mu-opioid receptor (MOR) mediates the rewarding effects of multiple drugs, including opiates and cocaine.	Opiate Alkaloids	89-96	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	4-22
23566366-2	2013	The mu-opioid receptor (MOR) mediates the rewarding effects of multiple drugs, including opiates and cocaine.	Opiate Alkaloids	89-96	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	24-27
22864867-11	2012	The most frequently encountered PIM was opiates prescribed in patients with recurrent falls (12.3 %), followed by benzodiazepines in fallers (10.1 %) and proton pump inhibitors when prescribed for peptic ulcer disease for long-term at maximum doses (9.4 %).	Opiate Alkaloids	40-47	Pim-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase	Homo sapiens	32-35
23448477-4	2013	Further studies suggested that N/OFQ blocks opiate analgesia when administered i.c.v.	Opiate Alkaloids	44-50	prepronociceptin	Mus musculus	31-36
23696837-6	2013	We demonstrate at the molecular, behavioral and neuronal levels that the consolidation of a recently acquired opiate reward memory involves an extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)-dependent phosphorylation process within the BLA.	Opiate Alkaloids	110-116	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	143-178
23696837-6	2013	We demonstrate at the molecular, behavioral and neuronal levels that the consolidation of a recently acquired opiate reward memory involves an extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)-dependent phosphorylation process within the BLA.	Opiate Alkaloids	110-116	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	180-183
23833799-0	2010	Characterization of an agonist probe for opioid receptor mu 1 (OPRM1)-opioid receptor delta 1 (OPRD1) heterodimerization Opiates such as morphine are the choice analgesic in the treatment of chronic pain due to their potent and rapid action.	Opiate Alkaloids	121-128	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	41-61
23833799-0	2010	Characterization of an agonist probe for opioid receptor mu 1 (OPRM1)-opioid receptor delta 1 (OPRD1) heterodimerization Opiates such as morphine are the choice analgesic in the treatment of chronic pain due to their potent and rapid action.	Opiate Alkaloids	121-128	opioid receptor delta 1	Homo sapiens	63-93
23833799-0	2010	Characterization of an agonist probe for opioid receptor mu 1 (OPRM1)-opioid receptor delta 1 (OPRD1) heterodimerization Opiates such as morphine are the choice analgesic in the treatment of chronic pain due to their potent and rapid action.	Opiate Alkaloids	121-128	opioid receptor delta 1	Homo sapiens	95-100
23833799-9	2010	Therefore, the identification of compounds that selectively activate OPRM1-OPRD1 heterodimerization may have potential in the treatment of pain and alleviate unwanted effects associated with opiate use.	Opiate Alkaloids	191-197	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	69-74
23833799-9	2010	Therefore, the identification of compounds that selectively activate OPRM1-OPRD1 heterodimerization may have potential in the treatment of pain and alleviate unwanted effects associated with opiate use.	Opiate Alkaloids	191-197	opioid receptor delta 1	Homo sapiens	75-80
23098802-3	2013	To investigate this, opiate-induced brain metabolomic responses were profiled using a semi-targeted method in C57BL/6 and 129Sv1 mice, which exhibit extreme differences in their tendency to become opiate dependent.	Opiate Alkaloids	21-27	complement component 6	Mus musculus	110-128
23098802-3	2013	To investigate this, opiate-induced brain metabolomic responses were profiled using a semi-targeted method in C57BL/6 and 129Sv1 mice, which exhibit extreme differences in their tendency to become opiate dependent.	Opiate Alkaloids	197-203	complement component 6	Mus musculus	110-128
22683090-0	2012	Proenkephalin mediates the enduring effects of adolescent cannabis exposure associated with adult opiate vulnerability.	Opiate Alkaloids	98-104	proenkephalin	Rattus norvegicus	0-13
23189580-2	2012	Patients with COPD have been found to experience similar levels of symptom burden to those with lung cancer, yet they are less likely to receive palliative care and treatment with opiates, anxiolytics or antidepressants.	Opiate Alkaloids	180-187	COPD	Homo sapiens	14-18
22537847-10	2012	Moreover, the effects induced by the sustained stimulation of mu-receptors with morphine suggest the participation of cdk5/p25 complex in opiate-induced long-term neuroplasticity.	Opiate Alkaloids	138-144	cyclin-dependent kinase 5	Rattus norvegicus	118-122
22584603-15	2012	CONCLUSION: Opiate-addicted mothers have adverse perinatal outcomes even on MSPs.	Opiate Alkaloids	12-18	cytoskeleton associated protein 5	Homo sapiens	76-80
22932723-3	2012	Opiates such as morphine have been shown to enhance HIV transactivation protein Tat-mediated toxicity in both human neurons and neuroblastoma cells.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	tyrosine aminotransferase	Homo sapiens	80-83
22776695-2	2012	Although it has been shown that extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is modulated by the primary rewarding effect of opiates, little is known as to its role in the morphine-associated contextual memory.	Opiate Alkaloids	171-178	mitogen activated protein kinase 3	Rattus norvegicus	32-73
22776695-2	2012	Although it has been shown that extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is modulated by the primary rewarding effect of opiates, little is known as to its role in the morphine-associated contextual memory.	Opiate Alkaloids	171-178	mitogen activated protein kinase 3	Rattus norvegicus	75-81
23298916-3	2012	AIMS: Our aim was to explore the genetic polymorphism of CYP2B6 among Malays, Chinese, Indians, and opiate-dependent individuals in Malaysia.	Opiate Alkaloids	100-106	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily B member 6	Homo sapiens	57-63
23298916-11	2012	Reduced activity CYP2B6*6 occurred in 13% to 26% among Malays, Chinese, Indians and opiate-dependent individuals.	Opiate Alkaloids	84-90	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily B member 6	Homo sapiens	17-23
22364199-12	2012	Overall, the present data suggest that drugs targeting the GR may ameliorate stress and aversive effects associated with opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	121-127	nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1	Rattus norvegicus	59-61
22537847-10	2012	Moreover, the effects induced by the sustained stimulation of mu-receptors with morphine suggest the participation of cdk5/p25 complex in opiate-induced long-term neuroplasticity.	Opiate Alkaloids	138-144	lipocalin 2	Rattus norvegicus	123-126
21858458-2	2012	The opiate Morphine, alters the Th1 to Th2 response and modulates functional responses such as cytolytic activity and T-cell proliferation.	Opiate Alkaloids	4-10	negative elongation factor complex member C/D, Th1l	Mus musculus	32-35
21858458-2	2012	The opiate Morphine, alters the Th1 to Th2 response and modulates functional responses such as cytolytic activity and T-cell proliferation.	Opiate Alkaloids	4-10	heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 2	Mus musculus	39-42
21969124-9	2012	Mice lacking GalR1 undergo more severe opiate withdrawal, whereas mice lacking GalR2 show no significant difference in withdrawal signs, compare with matched wild-type controls.	Opiate Alkaloids	39-45	galanin receptor 1	Mus musculus	13-18
22349092-4	2012	Similarly, alterations in the glutamatergic GluN1 or GluA1 channels have been implicated in triggering sensitization to other addictive drugs such as cocaine, amphetamines and opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	176-183	glutamate receptor, ionotropic, NMDA1 (zeta 1)	Mus musculus	44-49
22198308-3	2012	Early research in this field indicated that exogenous oxytocin administration can prevent development of tolerance to ethanol and opiates, the induction of stereotyped, hyperactive behavior by stimulants, and the withdrawal symptoms associated with sudden abstinence from drugs and alcohol.	Opiate Alkaloids	130-137	oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	54-62
22198308-6	2012	Many drugs, including cocaine, opiates, alcohol, cannabis, MDMA and GHB cause long-term changes in markers of oxytocin function and this may be linked to enduring deficits in social behavior that are commonly observed in laboratory animals repeatedly exposed to these drugs.	Opiate Alkaloids	31-38	oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	110-118
22349092-4	2012	Similarly, alterations in the glutamatergic GluN1 or GluA1 channels have been implicated in triggering sensitization to other addictive drugs such as cocaine, amphetamines and opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	176-183	glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA1 (alpha 1)	Mus musculus	53-58
22056472-0	2012	Differential regulation of RGS proteins in the prefrontal cortex of short- and long-term human opiate abusers.	Opiate Alkaloids	95-101	paired like homeodomain 2	Homo sapiens	27-30
22056472-3	2012	An important role of RGS proteins in drug addiction has been described but the status of RGS proteins in human brain of opiate addicts remains unknown.	Opiate Alkaloids	120-126	paired like homeodomain 2	Homo sapiens	89-92
22056472-6	2012	RGS10 protein expression was significantly decreased in short-term (Delta = -42 +- 7%) but remained unaltered in long-term opiate abusers.	Opiate Alkaloids	123-129	regulator of G protein signaling 10	Homo sapiens	0-5
22056472-7	2012	RGS9 protein levels in opiate abusers did not differ from matched controls either in the short-term or in the long-term opiate abuser groups.	Opiate Alkaloids	23-29	regulator of G protein signaling 9	Homo sapiens	0-4
21718302-0	2012	Involvement of neuropeptide FF receptors in neuroadaptive responses to acute and chronic opiate treatments.	Opiate Alkaloids	89-95	neuropeptide FF-amide peptide precursor	Mus musculus	15-30
21718302-3	2012	Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) receptors have been implicated in several opiate-induced neuroadaptive changes including the development of tolerance.	Opiate Alkaloids	65-71	neuropeptide FF-amide peptide precursor	Mus musculus	0-15
21718302-3	2012	Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) receptors have been implicated in several opiate-induced neuroadaptive changes including the development of tolerance.	Opiate Alkaloids	65-71	neuropeptide FF-amide peptide precursor	Mus musculus	17-21
21308796-9	2011	Taken together, our data show that METH"s effect on MOR expression is dependent upon sublethal levels of intracellular ROS, which suggests a possible coupling of METH- and opiate-mediated intracellular signaling.	Opiate Alkaloids	172-178	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	52-55
23226066-2	2012	This study aims to identify genetic polymorphisms within the OPRM1 gene involved in response to the biopsychosocial treatment in opiate-dependent individuals of Arab descent.	Opiate Alkaloids	129-135	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	61-66
23055738-11	2012	Whilst opiates have been shown to trigger numerous molecular pathways, the most interesting is the demonstration that the opiate morphinan"s nucleus binds to the endotoxin groove of the TLR4-MD2 heterodimer.	Opiate Alkaloids	7-14	toll like receptor 4	Homo sapiens	186-190
21972895-5	2011	Given the recognized roles of neuropeptides in pain and opiate responses, we hypothesized that ECE-2 knockout (KO) mice might show altered pain and morphine responses compared with wild-type mice.	Opiate Alkaloids	56-62	endothelin converting enzyme 2	Mus musculus	95-100
21741448-5	2011	This modulatory role of RGS9-2 on opiate-mediated responses was further supported by electrophysiological studies showing that hyperpolarization of neurons in lamina II of the spinal dorsal horn evoked by application of DAMGO ([d-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin, a mu opioid receptor agonist) was diminished in RGS9 knockout mice.	Opiate Alkaloids	34-40	regulator of G-protein signaling 9	Mus musculus	24-30
21741448-5	2011	This modulatory role of RGS9-2 on opiate-mediated responses was further supported by electrophysiological studies showing that hyperpolarization of neurons in lamina II of the spinal dorsal horn evoked by application of DAMGO ([d-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin, a mu opioid receptor agonist) was diminished in RGS9 knockout mice.	Opiate Alkaloids	34-40	regulator of G-protein signaling 9	Mus musculus	24-28
22960338-4	2012	Using a haplotype block-based gene-tagging approach we genotyped six KPNA3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 157 schizophrenia patients, 121 post-traumatic stress disorder patients, 120 opiate dependent patients, 231 alcohol dependent patients, 147 nicotine dependent patients and 266 major depression patients.	Opiate Alkaloids	194-200	karyopherin subunit alpha 3	Homo sapiens	69-74
21465240-0	2011	Regulation of neuronal ferritin heavy chain, a new player in opiate-induced chemokine dysfunction.	Opiate Alkaloids	61-67	ferritin heavy chain 1	Homo sapiens	23-43
21465240-4	2011	This review summarizes our knowledge of neuronal CXCR4 function, its regulation by opiates and the role of FHC in this process, and known mechanisms controlling FHC production.	Opiate Alkaloids	83-90	C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4	Homo sapiens	49-54
21890593-3	2011	BDNF (T = 2.735, p = 0.009) serum levels were significantly increased in the opiate-dependent patients as compared with healthy controls (21 males), whereas GDNF serum levels (T = 1.425, p = 0.162) did not differ significantly from GDNF serum levels of the healthy controls.	Opiate Alkaloids	77-83	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	0-4
21743374-1	2011	BACKGROUND: Codeine, a common opiate prescribed for pain postcesarean section (c-section), is biotransformed by the highly polymorphic Cytochrome P450 enzyme 2D6 (CYP2D6).	Opiate Alkaloids	30-36	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily D member 6	Homo sapiens	135-161
21743374-1	2011	BACKGROUND: Codeine, a common opiate prescribed for pain postcesarean section (c-section), is biotransformed by the highly polymorphic Cytochrome P450 enzyme 2D6 (CYP2D6).	Opiate Alkaloids	30-36	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily D member 6	Homo sapiens	163-169
21492092-9	2011	Individuals possessing a paucity of serotonergic and/or dopaminergic receptors and an increased rate of synaptic dopamine catabolism, due to high catabolic genotype of the COMT gene, are predisposed to self-medicating any substance or behavior that will activate dopamine release including alcohol, opiates, psychostimulants, nicotine, glucose, gambling, sex, and even excessive internet gaming, among others.	Opiate Alkaloids	299-306	catechol-O-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	172-176
21710407-0	2011	Influence of the 393T>C polymorphism of the GNAS1 gene on the intensity of opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	78-84	GNAS complex locus	Homo sapiens	47-52
20713067-3	2011	The mu opioid receptor (MOR), which mediates many of the pharmacological actions of opiate therapeutics, is also subject to differential signaling in response to diverse agonists.	Opiate Alkaloids	84-90	opioid receptor, mu 1	Mus musculus	4-22
20713067-3	2011	The mu opioid receptor (MOR), which mediates many of the pharmacological actions of opiate therapeutics, is also subject to differential signaling in response to diverse agonists.	Opiate Alkaloids	84-90	opioid receptor, mu 1	Mus musculus	24-27
21886798-0	2011	Opiate sensitization induces FosB/DeltaFosB expression in prefrontal cortical, striatal and amygdala brain regions.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene B	Mus musculus	29-33
21886798-9	2011	Opiate induced sensitization may develop via Fos/DeltaFosB plasticity in motivational pathways (NAc), motor outputs (CPU), and associative learning (PL, IL, BLA) and stress pathways (CNA).	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene	Mus musculus	45-48
20813097-10	2010	The results provide an anatomical substrate for interactions between MOR and its interacting protein, GPR177, in striatal opioid-containing neurons that may underlie the morphological alterations produced in neurons by chronic opiate use.	Opiate Alkaloids	227-233	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	69-72
21240373-1	2010	Parameters of long-term potentiation in the system mossy fibers-CA3 pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slices in experimental animals vary during the formation of chronic opiate dependence.	Opiate Alkaloids	169-175	carbonic anhydrase 3	Rattus norvegicus	64-67
20506149-1	2011	Activation of the corticotropin-releasing factor-1 (CRF-1) receptor in the anterolateral BNST (BSTal), a key subdivision of the extended amygdala, elicits opiate-seeking behavior exacerbated by stress.	Opiate Alkaloids	155-161	corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1	Mus musculus	52-67
20813097-10	2010	The results provide an anatomical substrate for interactions between MOR and its interacting protein, GPR177, in striatal opioid-containing neurons that may underlie the morphological alterations produced in neurons by chronic opiate use.	Opiate Alkaloids	227-233	Wnt ligand secretion mediator	Homo sapiens	102-108
21603375-11	2010	One of the newer opiates, oxymorphone, has recently been studied as it is metabolized in a non-cytochrome P-450 pathway and therefore bypasses many of the drug-drug interactions common to the elderly.	Opiate Alkaloids	17-24	cytochrome P450 family 4 subfamily F member 3	Homo sapiens	95-111
20844145-7	2010	Furthermore, opiate-induced increase in AM content was blocked by protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, whereas a PKC activator increased AM synthesis and release.	Opiate Alkaloids	13-19	protein kinase C, gamma	Rattus norvegicus	66-82
20631691-10	2010	These data reveal a novel mechanism for modafinil actions, a role for mGlu2/3 receptors in reinstatement of opiate-seeking, and a new therapeutic option to treat relapse in opiate addiction.	Opiate Alkaloids	108-114	glutamate receptor, metabotropic 3	Mus musculus	70-77
20844145-7	2010	Furthermore, opiate-induced increase in AM content was blocked by protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, whereas a PKC activator increased AM synthesis and release.	Opiate Alkaloids	13-19	protein kinase C, gamma	Rattus norvegicus	84-87
20204153-3	2010	Constitutive TrkC overexpression in TgNTRK3 mice dramatically alters spontaneous firing rates of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons and the response of the noradrenergic system to chronic opiate exposure, possibly related to the altered regulation of neurotrophic peptides observed.	Opiate Alkaloids	182-188	neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 3	Mus musculus	13-17
20728009-0	2010	Association between Novelty Seeking of opiate-dependent patients and the catechol-O-methyltransferase Val(158)Met polymorphism.	Opiate Alkaloids	39-45	catechol-O-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	73-101
20728009-5	2010	However, dimensional approach revealed an association between the COMT Val(158)Met and NS (P = .01): both controls and opiate users with Met/Met genotypes showed higher NS scores compared to those with the Val allele.	Opiate Alkaloids	119-125	catechol-O-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	66-70
20346989-8	2010	Our data indicate that naloxone-sensitive endogenous opiates mediate the inhibitory modulation exerted by melatonin on the AVP response to physical exercise.	Opiate Alkaloids	53-60	arginine vasopressin	Homo sapiens	123-126
19956087-0	2010	Modulation of opiate-related signaling molecules in morphine-dependent conditioned behavior: conditioned place preference to morphine induces CREB phosphorylation.	Opiate Alkaloids	14-20	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	142-146
20627326-3	2010	Opiates are important co-factors for progression to neuroAIDS and can disrupt the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in vitro and in vivo.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12	Homo sapiens	82-88
20627326-3	2010	Opiates are important co-factors for progression to neuroAIDS and can disrupt the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in vitro and in vivo.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4	Homo sapiens	89-94
20627326-4	2010	This paper will review recently identified mechanisms of opiate-induced CXCR4 impairment in neurons and introduce results from pilot studies in human brain tissue, which highlight the role of the protein ferritin heavy chain in HIV neuropathology in patients with history of drug abuse.	Opiate Alkaloids	57-63	C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4	Homo sapiens	72-77
20627326-4	2010	This paper will review recently identified mechanisms of opiate-induced CXCR4 impairment in neurons and introduce results from pilot studies in human brain tissue, which highlight the role of the protein ferritin heavy chain in HIV neuropathology in patients with history of drug abuse.	Opiate Alkaloids	57-63	ferritin heavy chain 1	Homo sapiens	204-224
20159947-4	2010	Glutamatergic systems, including alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPARs), are believed to be involved in opiate-induced neuronal and behavioral plasticity, although the mechanisms underlying these effects are only beginning to be understood.	Opiate Alkaloids	142-148	glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 1	Homo sapiens	102-108
20204153-6	2010	In conclusion, we show here that the NT-3/TrkC system is an important regulator of neuronal firing in LC and could contribute to the adaptations of the noradrenergic system in response to chronic opiate exposure.	Opiate Alkaloids	196-202	neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 3	Mus musculus	42-46
19539724-1	2009	Chronic opiate administration alters the expression levels of the stress-responsive peptide, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST).	Opiate Alkaloids	8-14	corticotropin releasing hormone	Mus musculus	93-123
19698765-4	2009	The findings indicate that PPAR-alpha plays an inhibitory role in the expression (not induction) of motor sensitization to morphine, but it is devoid of effects on sensitization to cocaine, suggesting that this nuclear receptor participates in motor activating effects of opiates but not psychostimulants.	Opiate Alkaloids	272-279	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	27-37
19540433-0	2009	Arginine vasopressin antinociception in the rat nucleus raphe magnus is involved in the endogenous opiate peptide and serotonin system.	Opiate Alkaloids	99-105	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	9-20
19488976-2	2009	Maternal opiate use is known to be associated with problems of placental origin and it is possible that the secretion of alpha-feto protein (AFP), free-beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and unconjugated oestriol (UE) differs from that of a normal population.	Opiate Alkaloids	9-15	alpha fetoprotein	Homo sapiens	121-139
19488976-2	2009	Maternal opiate use is known to be associated with problems of placental origin and it is possible that the secretion of alpha-feto protein (AFP), free-beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and unconjugated oestriol (UE) differs from that of a normal population.	Opiate Alkaloids	9-15	alpha fetoprotein	Homo sapiens	141-144
19252061-10	2009	Oral dosing of a GhrR agonist normalized GI motility in opiate-induced dysmotility.	Opiate Alkaloids	56-62	growth hormone secretagogue receptor	Mus musculus	17-21
19478142-0	2009	Ventral tegmental area BDNF induces an opiate-dependent-like reward state in naive rats.	Opiate Alkaloids	39-45	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	23-27
19303913-0	2009	Phosphorylation of FADD (Fas-associated death domain protein) at serine 194 is increased in the prefrontal cortex of opiate abusers: relation to mitogen activated protein kinase, phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes of 15 kDa, and Akt signaling pathways involved in neuroplasticity.	Opiate Alkaloids	117-123	Fas associated via death domain	Homo sapiens	19-23
19303913-0	2009	Phosphorylation of FADD (Fas-associated death domain protein) at serine 194 is increased in the prefrontal cortex of opiate abusers: relation to mitogen activated protein kinase, phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes of 15 kDa, and Akt signaling pathways involved in neuroplasticity.	Opiate Alkaloids	117-123	Fas associated via death domain	Homo sapiens	25-60
19303913-0	2009	Phosphorylation of FADD (Fas-associated death domain protein) at serine 194 is increased in the prefrontal cortex of opiate abusers: relation to mitogen activated protein kinase, phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes of 15 kDa, and Akt signaling pathways involved in neuroplasticity.	Opiate Alkaloids	117-123	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	232-235
19244528-1	2009	This study focuses on the effect of mu-opioid receptor agonists on CXCR4 signaling in neurons and the mechanisms involved in regulation of neuronal CXCR4 by opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	157-164	C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	148-153
19038328-4	2009	These findings indicate that sustained overproduction of cytokine and NO via iNOS expression may be responsible, at least in part, for some neurochemical changes in the locus coeruleus caused by chronic opiate usage in humans.	Opiate Alkaloids	203-209	nitric oxide synthase 2	Homo sapiens	77-81
19084905-3	2009	Furthermore, Narp deletion alters the acquisition and extinction of aversive conditioning induced by opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	101-107	neuronal pentraxin 2	Homo sapiens	13-17
19135652-1	2009	BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that individuals withdrawn from chronic opiate administration undergo substantial elevations of cortisol levels with blunted corticotropin (ACTH) rhythms and that these changes persist beyond the 7-10 days of acute withdrawal symptoms.	Opiate Alkaloids	80-86	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	180-184
19099295-2	2009	Galanin has been shown to attenuate neurochemical, physiological, and behavioral signs of opiate and amphetamine reinforcement.	Opiate Alkaloids	90-96	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	0-7
19400959-1	2009	BACKGROUND: Laboratory tests for routine drug of abuse and toxicology (DOA/Tox) screening, often used in emergency medicine, generally utilize antibody-based tests (immunoassays) to detect classes of drugs such as amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, opiates, and tricyclic antidepressants, or individual drugs such as cocaine, methadone, and phencyclidine.	Opiate Alkaloids	259-266	thymocyte selection associated high mobility group box	Homo sapiens	75-78
19166913-1	2009	The anxiolytic effects of opiates active at the mu-opioid receptor (mu-OR) may be ascribed, in part, to suppression of neurons that are responsive to the stress-associated peptide, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), in the central amygdala (CeA) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST).	Opiate Alkaloids	26-33	opioid receptor, mu 1	Mus musculus	48-66
19166913-1	2009	The anxiolytic effects of opiates active at the mu-opioid receptor (mu-OR) may be ascribed, in part, to suppression of neurons that are responsive to the stress-associated peptide, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), in the central amygdala (CeA) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST).	Opiate Alkaloids	26-33	opioid receptor, mu 1	Mus musculus	68-73
19166913-1	2009	The anxiolytic effects of opiates active at the mu-opioid receptor (mu-OR) may be ascribed, in part, to suppression of neurons that are responsive to the stress-associated peptide, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), in the central amygdala (CeA) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST).	Opiate Alkaloids	26-33	corticotropin releasing hormone	Mus musculus	181-211
19166913-8	2009	However, less than 25% of the dendritic profiles containing the mu-OR were labeled for CRFr in either region, suggesting that opiate activation of the mu-OR affects many neurons in addition to those responsive to CRF.	Opiate Alkaloids	126-132	opioid receptor, mu 1	Mus musculus	151-156
19244528-10	2009	By this mechanism, opiates could reduce the neuroprotective functions of CXCR4 and exacerbate neuropathology in opiate abusers who are affected by neuroinflammatory/infectious disorders, including neuroAIDS.	Opiate Alkaloids	19-26	C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	73-78
19244528-10	2009	By this mechanism, opiates could reduce the neuroprotective functions of CXCR4 and exacerbate neuropathology in opiate abusers who are affected by neuroinflammatory/infectious disorders, including neuroAIDS.	Opiate Alkaloids	19-25	C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	73-78
19188543-8	2009	RESULTS: Relative to the control group, the opiate-dependent group rated pleasant pictures as less arousing and showed increased corrugator activity, less postauricular potentiation, and decreased startle-elicited P300 attenuation while viewing pleasant pictures.	Opiate Alkaloids	44-50	E1A binding protein p300	Homo sapiens	214-218
19100723-1	2009	Opiate-induced alterations in the gene expression of the opioid propeptides prodynorphin (PDYN) and proenkephalin (PENK) in the brain have previously been described.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	prodynorphin	Rattus norvegicus	76-88
19100723-1	2009	Opiate-induced alterations in the gene expression of the opioid propeptides prodynorphin (PDYN) and proenkephalin (PENK) in the brain have previously been described.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	prodynorphin	Rattus norvegicus	90-94
19100723-1	2009	Opiate-induced alterations in the gene expression of the opioid propeptides prodynorphin (PDYN) and proenkephalin (PENK) in the brain have previously been described.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	proenkephalin	Rattus norvegicus	100-113
19100723-1	2009	Opiate-induced alterations in the gene expression of the opioid propeptides prodynorphin (PDYN) and proenkephalin (PENK) in the brain have previously been described.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	proenkephalin	Rattus norvegicus	115-119
19188543-9	2009	The opiate-dependent group rated the drug-related pictures as more pleasant and arousing, and demonstrated greater startle-elicited P300 attenuation while viewing them.	Opiate Alkaloids	4-10	E1A binding protein p300	Homo sapiens	132-136
19025592-9	2008	These findings indicate that the EphB1 receptor is necessary for development of neuropathic pain and physical dependence on morphine and suggest that the EphB1 receptor is a potential target for preventing, minimizing, or reversing the development of neuropathic pain and opiate dependence.	Opiate Alkaloids	272-278	Eph receptor B1	Mus musculus	33-38
19897079-2	2009	Opiates via the mu-receptor act on the dopaminergic system in the brain and modulates the expression of DARPP-32 phosphoprotein which is an important mediator of the activity of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascades, the activation of which represents an exciting nexus for drug-induced changes in neural long-term synaptic plasticity.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	protein phosphatase 1 regulatory inhibitor subunit 1B	Homo sapiens	104-112
19897079-2	2009	Opiates via the mu-receptor act on the dopaminergic system in the brain and modulates the expression of DARPP-32 phosphoprotein which is an important mediator of the activity of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascades, the activation of which represents an exciting nexus for drug-induced changes in neural long-term synaptic plasticity.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	182-219
19897079-2	2009	Opiates via the mu-receptor act on the dopaminergic system in the brain and modulates the expression of DARPP-32 phosphoprotein which is an important mediator of the activity of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascades, the activation of which represents an exciting nexus for drug-induced changes in neural long-term synaptic plasticity.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	221-224
19897079-5	2009	Our results indicate that heroin significantly upregulated both D1R and DARPP-32 gene expression, and that DARPP-32 silencing in the NHA cells resulted in the significant modulation of the activity of downstream effector molecules such as PP-1, ERK, and CREB which are known to play an important role in opiate abuse-induced changes in long-term neural plasticity.	Opiate Alkaloids	304-310	protein phosphatase 1 regulatory inhibitor subunit 1B	Homo sapiens	107-115
19897085-6	2009	The recent observation that GH can reverse morphine-induced cell damage could open the door to new ways of treating and preventing damage from the abuse of opiates in addicts and also of treating cell damage induced by alcohol and central stimulants.	Opiate Alkaloids	156-163	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	28-30
19014506-4	2008	Individuals possessing a paucity of serotonergic and/or dopaminergic receptors, and an increased rate of synaptic DA catabolism due to high catabolic genotype of the COMT gene, are predisposed to self-medicating any substance or behavior that will activate DA release, including alcohol, opiates, psychostimulants, nicotine, gambling, sex, and even excessive internet gaming.	Opiate Alkaloids	288-295	catechol-O-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	166-170
18674871-2	2009	In this study, we examined the link between resting rCBF in the PFC and current depressive symptoms in methadone-maintained opiate-dependent (MM) patients with or without major depression.	Opiate Alkaloids	124-130	CCAAT/enhancer binding protein zeta	Rattus norvegicus	52-56
19077125-8	2009	Therefore we propose that, within the synapse, the phosphorylation of the GluR1 subunit at the PSD may be a key mechanism in the extinction of opiate-associated CRs.	Opiate Alkaloids	143-149	glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 1	Rattus norvegicus	74-79
19052216-0	2008	Central amygdala extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway is critical to incubation of opiate craving.	Opiate Alkaloids	102-108	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	17-54
19025592-9	2008	These findings indicate that the EphB1 receptor is necessary for development of neuropathic pain and physical dependence on morphine and suggest that the EphB1 receptor is a potential target for preventing, minimizing, or reversing the development of neuropathic pain and opiate dependence.	Opiate Alkaloids	272-278	Eph receptor B1	Mus musculus	154-159
18288089-11	2008	The CRF(2) receptor pathway might be a critical target of therapies aimed at alleviating opiate withdrawal symptoms and reducing relapse to drug intake.	Opiate Alkaloids	89-95	corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2	Mus musculus	4-19
18208907-6	2008	The P300 elicited by drug-related stimuli was significantly larger than that elicited by affective and neutral stimuli in opiate users but not controls.	Opiate Alkaloids	122-128	E1A binding protein p300	Homo sapiens	4-8
17522627-5	2008	This effect did not appear to depend on differences in learning ability, as nociceptin receptor knockout mice had slightly weaker-conditioned place aversions to lithium chloride, the kappa-opioid receptor agonist, U50488H, and the general opiate antagonist, naloxone.	Opiate Alkaloids	239-245	opioid receptor-like 1	Mus musculus	76-95
18991891-4	2008	In this study we tested the hypothesis that genetic variants of the CB2 gene might be associated with depression in a human population and that alteration in CB2 gene expression may be involved in the effects of abused substances, including opiates, cocaine, and ethanol, in rodents.	Opiate Alkaloids	241-248	cannabinoid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	158-161
18485423-10	2008	Increased Fos labelling was also observed in the ventral and dorsal aspects of the PAG, a region involved in anxiety-related processes suggesting that this region could be a common neural substrate enlisted during anxiety evoked by dangerous stimuli as well as those elicited by opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	279-285	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	10-13
18456291-10	2008	The accumulation of alpha-synuclein in the amygdala, observed in this study, seems to be a common feature of alcohol and opiate abstinence.	Opiate Alkaloids	121-127	synuclein, alpha	Mus musculus	20-35
18474854-0	2008	Reversal of opiate-induced apoptosis by human recombinant growth hormone in murine foetus primary hippocampal neuronal cell cultures.	Opiate Alkaloids	12-18	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	58-72
18551626-8	2008	These findings indicate that morphine rapidly and significantly increases the activation of astrocytes and macrophages/microglia in the brains of inducible Tat transgenic mice, supporting the theory that early inflammatory changes in glia could underlie the development of HIVE in opiate-abusing AIDS patients.	Opiate Alkaloids	281-287	tyrosine aminotransferase	Mus musculus	156-159
18657552-2	2008	Effects of opiate drugs on Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) and effector caspases in the rat brain: Regulation by the ERK1/2 MAP kinase pathway.	Opiate Alkaloids	11-17	mitogen activated protein kinase 3	Rattus norvegicus	133-139
17957220-5	2008	The current studies in galanin knockout (GKO) mice examined the hypothesis that galanin is an endogenous negative regulator of opiate reward and identified downstream signaling pathways regulated by galanin.	Opiate Alkaloids	127-133	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	80-87
17957220-5	2008	The current studies in galanin knockout (GKO) mice examined the hypothesis that galanin is an endogenous negative regulator of opiate reward and identified downstream signaling pathways regulated by galanin.	Opiate Alkaloids	127-133	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	80-87
17957220-7	2008	GKO mice also show enhanced morphine place preference, supporting the idea that galanin normally antagonizes opiate reward.	Opiate Alkaloids	109-115	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	80-87
18396338-5	2008	When opiates were withdrawn from chronically-exposed, tolerized hMDM, phagocytosis was once again depressed.	Opiate Alkaloids	5-12	secreted LY6/PLAUR domain containing 1	Homo sapiens	64-68
18307791-7	2008	CONCLUSION: Thus, clear evidence is provided that site specific HSV-mediated transgene delivery of human cDNA encoding preproenkephalin ameliorates pancreatic inflammation and significantly reduces hypersensitive hotplate responses for an extended time consistent with HSV mediated overexpression, without tolerance or evidence of other opiate related side effects.	Opiate Alkaloids	337-343	proenkephalin	Homo sapiens	119-135
17725581-9	2007	We also show that over-expression of RGS9-2 prevents opiate-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation.	Opiate Alkaloids	53-59	regulator of G-protein signaling 9	Mus musculus	37-41
18286196-4	2008	METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this study we tested the hypothesis that genetic variants of CB2 gene might be associated with depression in a human population and that alteration in CB2 gene expression may be involved in the effects of abused substances including opiates, cocaine and ethanol in rodents.	Opiate Alkaloids	268-275	cannabinoid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	186-189
17905519-10	2007	The endogenous enkephalin system and MOR constitutive activity may therefore play vital roles in hedonic homeostatic dysregulation following chronic opiate administration.	Opiate Alkaloids	149-155	opioid receptor, mu 1	Mus musculus	37-40
17854890-6	2008	Pharmacologically, NPFF-related peptides were found to exhibit analgesia and also potentiate the analgesic activity of opiates when administered intrathecally but attenuate the opiate induced analgesia when administered intracerebroventricularly.	Opiate Alkaloids	119-125	neuropeptide FF-amide peptide precursor	Rattus norvegicus	19-23
17686465-4	2008	Although addictive properties of drugs of abuse are generally considered to be mediated by an increased release of dopamine in the ventral striatum, recent pharmacological and genetic experiments indicate an implication of alpha1b-adrenergic receptors in behavioral and rewarding responses to psychostimulants and opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	314-321	calcium channel, voltage-dependent, N type, alpha 1B subunit	Mus musculus	223-230
17686465-6	2008	More recently, experiments performed in animals knockout for alpha1b-adrenergic or 5-HT(2A) receptors indicated that noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons, besides their activating effects, inhibit each other by means of the stimulation of alpha1b-adrenergic and 5-HT(2A) receptors and that this mutual inhibition vanishes in wild type mice with repeated injections of psychostimulants, opiates or alcohol.	Opiate Alkaloids	388-395	calcium channel, voltage-dependent, N type, alpha 1B subunit	Mus musculus	241-248
19116667-4	2008	Profiling studies screening 152 transcription factors indicated that the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) subunit, c-Rel, was a likely candidate for Tat or Tat plus opiate-induced increases in cytokine and chemokine production by astrocytes.	Opiate Alkaloids	167-173	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	73-95
19116667-4	2008	Profiling studies screening 152 transcription factors indicated that the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) subunit, c-Rel, was a likely candidate for Tat or Tat plus opiate-induced increases in cytokine and chemokine production by astrocytes.	Opiate Alkaloids	167-173	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	97-106
19116667-4	2008	Profiling studies screening 152 transcription factors indicated that the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) subunit, c-Rel, was a likely candidate for Tat or Tat plus opiate-induced increases in cytokine and chemokine production by astrocytes.	Opiate Alkaloids	167-173	REL proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit	Homo sapiens	117-122
17804423-9	2007	Taken together with recent reports of NRXN3 association with nicotine dependence and linkage with opiate dependence, these data support roles for NRXN3 haplotypes that alter expression of specific NRXN3 isoforms in genetic vulnerabilities to dependence on a variety of addictive substances.	Opiate Alkaloids	98-104	neurexin 3	Homo sapiens	146-151
17804423-9	2007	Taken together with recent reports of NRXN3 association with nicotine dependence and linkage with opiate dependence, these data support roles for NRXN3 haplotypes that alter expression of specific NRXN3 isoforms in genetic vulnerabilities to dependence on a variety of addictive substances.	Opiate Alkaloids	98-104	neurexin 3	Homo sapiens	146-151
16899053-6	2007	These studies identify PKCepsilon as a key regulator of opiate sensitivity in mice.	Opiate Alkaloids	56-62	protein kinase C, epsilon	Mus musculus	23-33
17415019-11	2007	Opiate use was significantly associated with lower inhibin B and E2 and increased prolactin.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	prolactin	Homo sapiens	82-91
17245325-3	2007	We used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) together with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to probe dACC biochemistry and physiological activity during performance of a behavioural control task in 24 opiate-dependent individuals (maintained on a stable dose of methadone or buprenorphine at the time of study) and 24 age, gender, intelligence and performance-matched healthy subjects.	Opiate Alkaloids	226-232	Acetyl-CoA carboxylase	Drosophila melanogaster	126-130
17245325-4	2007	While both groups activated the dACC to comparable levels, the opiate-using group displayed relatively increased task-related activation of frontal, parietal and cerebellar regions, as well as reduced concentrations of dACC N-acetylaspartate and glutamate/glutamine.	Opiate Alkaloids	63-69	Acetyl-CoA carboxylase	Drosophila melanogaster	219-223
16482086-10	2007	Opiate drugs (and specifically the delta-agonists) could promote survival signals in the brain through inhibition of FADD, which in turn is dependent on the activation of the antiapoptotic ERK1/2 signaling pathway.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	Fas associated via death domain	Rattus norvegicus	117-121
17296558-0	2007	Disruption of the CRF/CRF1 receptor stress system exacerbates the somatic signs of opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	83-89	corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1	Mus musculus	22-35
17296558-3	2007	Here, we report that genetic inactivation (CRF1-/-) as well as pharmacological antagonism of the CRF/CRF1 receptor pathway increased and prolonged the somatic expression of opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	173-179	corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1	Mus musculus	43-47
17296558-3	2007	Here, we report that genetic inactivation (CRF1-/-) as well as pharmacological antagonism of the CRF/CRF1 receptor pathway increased and prolonged the somatic expression of opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	173-179	corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1	Mus musculus	101-114
17296558-4	2007	Opiate-withdrawn CRF1-/- mice also showed aberrant CRF and dynorphin expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and the striatum, indicating profound impairments in stress-responsive brain circuitry.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1	Mus musculus	17-21
17296558-7	2007	The present findings unravel a key role for the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system and brain extra-hypothalamic CRF/CRF1 receptor circuitry in somatic, molecular, and endocrine alterations induced by opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	209-215	corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1	Mus musculus	125-138
16482086-0	2007	Effects of opiate drugs on Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) and effector caspases in the rat brain: regulation by the ERK1/2 MAP kinase pathway.	Opiate Alkaloids	11-17	Fas associated via death domain	Rattus norvegicus	69-73
16482086-10	2007	Opiate drugs (and specifically the delta-agonists) could promote survival signals in the brain through inhibition of FADD, which in turn is dependent on the activation of the antiapoptotic ERK1/2 signaling pathway.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	mitogen activated protein kinase 3	Rattus norvegicus	189-195
16482086-0	2007	Effects of opiate drugs on Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) and effector caspases in the rat brain: regulation by the ERK1/2 MAP kinase pathway.	Opiate Alkaloids	11-17	caspase 8	Rattus norvegicus	88-96
16482086-0	2007	Effects of opiate drugs on Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) and effector caspases in the rat brain: regulation by the ERK1/2 MAP kinase pathway.	Opiate Alkaloids	11-17	mitogen activated protein kinase 3	Rattus norvegicus	133-139
17143271-0	2007	IRS2-Akt pathway in midbrain dopamine neurons regulates behavioral and cellular responses to opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	93-100	insulin receptor substrate 2	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
16482086-1	2007	This study was designed to assess the effects of opiate treatment on the expression of Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) in the rat brain.	Opiate Alkaloids	49-55	Fas associated via death domain	Rattus norvegicus	129-133
16482086-2	2007	FADD is involved in the transmission of Fas-death signals that have been suggested to contribute to the development of opiate tolerance and addiction.	Opiate Alkaloids	119-125	Fas associated via death domain	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
17143271-0	2007	IRS2-Akt pathway in midbrain dopamine neurons regulates behavioral and cellular responses to opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	93-100	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	5-8
17189943-0	2007	Tolerance to opiate reward: role of midbrain IRS2-Akt pathway.	Opiate Alkaloids	13-19	insulin receptor substrate 2	Homo sapiens	45-49
16952158-0	2006	Lack of neuropeptide Y attenuates the somatic signs of opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	55-61	neuropeptide Y	Mus musculus	8-22
17189943-0	2007	Tolerance to opiate reward: role of midbrain IRS2-Akt pathway.	Opiate Alkaloids	13-19	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	50-53
19412490-1	2006	Dopaminergic agents, anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, opiates, and iron supplementation comprise the classes of medications commonly used to treat restless legs syndrome (RLS), which is a disorder that is estimated to affect about 1 in 10 individuals worldwide and impacts an affected patient"s sleep, mood, daytime function, and quality of life.	Opiate Alkaloids	55-62	RLS1	Homo sapiens	172-175
16952158-3	2006	Here we report that mice lacking the NPY gene show normal conditioned place aversion to opiate withdrawal, but show attenuated opiate withdrawal somatic signs.	Opiate Alkaloids	88-94	neuropeptide Y	Mus musculus	37-40
16616767-8	2006	These findings indicate that opiate withdrawal induces dynamic expression of GluR1 and GluR2/3 subunits of AMPA receptors in hippocampal synapses, possibly revealing an adaptive process of the hippocampal functions following opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	29-35	glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 1	Homo sapiens	77-82
17097035-1	2006	BACKGROUND: Although dopamine transporter (DAT) is essential for addiction, the effect of additive drugs on DAT function is still controversial, especially for opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	160-167	solute carrier family 6 member 3	Macaca mulatta	108-111
16982618-5	2006	Consistent with this observation, treatment with the opiate morphine (which is less able to activate arrestin) did not elicit ERK1/2 activation in wild type neurons; however, transfection of arrestin3-(R170E) (a dominant positive form of arrestin that does not require receptor phosphorylation for activation) enabled morphine activation of ERK1/2.	Opiate Alkaloids	53-59	S-antigen, retina and pineal gland (arrestin)	Mus musculus	101-109
16982618-5	2006	Consistent with this observation, treatment with the opiate morphine (which is less able to activate arrestin) did not elicit ERK1/2 activation in wild type neurons; however, transfection of arrestin3-(R170E) (a dominant positive form of arrestin that does not require receptor phosphorylation for activation) enabled morphine activation of ERK1/2.	Opiate Alkaloids	53-59	S-antigen, retina and pineal gland (arrestin)	Mus musculus	191-199
16949209-5	2006	We directly tested this hypothesis by comparing the effects of glutamate transporter inhibition on excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSCs) in the spinal cord dorsal horn of opiate naive and opiate tolerant rats.	Opiate Alkaloids	175-181	solute carrier family 1 member 3	Rattus norvegicus	63-84
16616767-8	2006	These findings indicate that opiate withdrawal induces dynamic expression of GluR1 and GluR2/3 subunits of AMPA receptors in hippocampal synapses, possibly revealing an adaptive process of the hippocampal functions following opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	29-35	glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 2	Homo sapiens	87-92
16757018-0	2006	Effects of central neurokinin-1 receptor antagonism on cocaine- and opiate-induced locomotor activity and self-administration behaviour in rats.	Opiate Alkaloids	68-74	tachykinin receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	19-40
16684876-2	2006	Opiate-related behaviors appear to be modulated by cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1) through poorly understood cross-talk mechanisms.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	cannabinoid receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	63-66
16684876-2	2006	Opiate-related behaviors appear to be modulated by cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1) through poorly understood cross-talk mechanisms.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	cannabinoid receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	78-81
16757018-1	2006	The neuropeptide substance P (SP) and its preferred receptor, the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor, have been implicated in some of the reward-related behavioural effects of abused drugs, including psychostimulants and opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	215-222	tachykinin receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	80-94
15964684-2	2005	We investigated the neurobiological actions of sustained opiate administration revealing paradoxical pronociceptive adaptations associated with NK-1 receptor function.	Opiate Alkaloids	57-63	tachykinin receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	144-157
16206161-0	2006	HIV-1 Tat and opiate-induced changes in astrocytes promote chemotaxis of microglia through the expression of MCP-1 and alternative chemokines.	Opiate Alkaloids	14-20	C-C motif chemokine ligand 2	Homo sapiens	109-114
16339307-0	2005	The corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-1 pathway mediates the negative affective states of opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	96-102	corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1	Mus musculus	4-45
16339307-5	2005	Here we report that genetic disruption of CRF1 receptor pathways in mice eliminates the negative affective states of opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	117-123	corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1	Mus musculus	42-55
16339307-10	2005	This study reveals a cardinal role for CRF/CRF1 receptor pathways in the negative affective states of opiate withdrawal and suggests therapeutic strategies for the treatment of opiate addiction.	Opiate Alkaloids	102-108	corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1	Mus musculus	43-56
16260386-4	2005	Besides direct actions on the neurons themselves, opiates directly affect MOR-expressing astrocytes and microglia.	Opiate Alkaloids	50-57	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	74-77
16112398-2	2005	We aimed to confirm the gastrokinetic effect of ghrelin analog, RC-1139, in the presence of opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	92-99	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	48-55
16123766-1	2006	Recent evidence indicates that cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptors play a role in the mediation of opiate reward, though the neural mechanisms for this process have not been characterized.	Opiate Alkaloids	93-99	cannabinoid receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	31-44
16123766-1	2006	Recent evidence indicates that cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptors play a role in the mediation of opiate reward, though the neural mechanisms for this process have not been characterized.	Opiate Alkaloids	93-99	cannabinoid receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	46-49
16123766-2	2006	The present experiments investigated the influence of CB1 receptors in the ventral striatopallidal system on opiate-induced neurochemical events and opiate self-administration behavior in rats.	Opiate Alkaloids	109-115	cannabinoid receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	54-57
17094083-2	2006	Here the authors report that opiate withdrawal for 4 days does not influence basal synaptic transmission, but results in a greatly increased LTP in hippocampal CA1 area in anesthetized rats.	Opiate Alkaloids	29-35	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	160-163
17401159-0	2006	Effects of prolonged treatment with the opiate tramadol on prodynorphin gene expression in rat CNS.	Opiate Alkaloids	40-46	prodynorphin	Rattus norvegicus	59-71
16502200-8	2005	CONCLUSION: Endogenous opiates, like naltrexone, can modify pruritus by influencing the peripheral and central sensation of itch.	Opiate Alkaloids	23-30	itchy E3 ubiquitin protein ligase	Homo sapiens	124-128
16076083-1	2005	Extensive but fragmentary studies have shown: (i) heroin, morphine and opiates are able to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in several cells, (ii) they decrease the antioxidant defense system including enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and antioxidants, glutathione (GSH), Se, and vitamins.	Opiate Alkaloids	71-78	catalase	Mus musculus	253-261
16022659-8	2005	Additionally, opiates can enhance the cytotoxicity of HIV-1 viral protein gp120 via mechanisms that involve intracellular calcium modulation resulting in direct actions on astroglia, making them an important cellular target for HIV-opiate interactions.	Opiate Alkaloids	14-21	Envelope surface glycoprotein gp160, precursor	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	74-79
16076083-1	2005	Extensive but fragmentary studies have shown: (i) heroin, morphine and opiates are able to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in several cells, (ii) they decrease the antioxidant defense system including enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and antioxidants, glutathione (GSH), Se, and vitamins.	Opiate Alkaloids	71-78	catalase	Mus musculus	263-266
15901780-3	2005	Thus, alpha-synuclein could mediate some effects of opiates in the brain.	Opiate Alkaloids	52-59	synuclein, alpha	Mus musculus	6-21
15962882-1	2005	Sweets release opiates which stimulates the appetite for sucrose--insulin can depress it].	Opiate Alkaloids	15-22	insulin	Homo sapiens	66-73
15944028-3	2005	Experiments in transgenic mice overexpressing galanin and knockout mice lacking the peptide support a role for endogenous galanin in modulating the actions of opiates on brain regions associated with reinforcement and withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	159-166	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	46-53
15944028-3	2005	Experiments in transgenic mice overexpressing galanin and knockout mice lacking the peptide support a role for endogenous galanin in modulating the actions of opiates on brain regions associated with reinforcement and withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	159-166	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	122-129
16161281-1	2005	OBJECTIVE: To study the cleavage of the deoxyribozyme targeting Period1 (Per1) mRNA in vitro and its effect on the opiate-induced reward in mice.	Opiate Alkaloids	115-121	period circadian clock 1	Mus musculus	64-71
15138444-0	2005	Buprenorphine and a CRF1 antagonist block the acquisition of opiate withdrawal-induced conditioned place aversion in rats.	Opiate Alkaloids	61-67	corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	20-24
15836969-5	2005	The finding that IL-1 produces a marked anti-analgesic effect, suggests that it may also be involved in the development of opiate tolerance.	Opiate Alkaloids	123-129	interleukin 1 complex	Mus musculus	17-21
15804369-2	2005	For example, NPFF potentiates opiate-induced analgesia and the delta opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole inhibits NPFF-induced antinociception.	Opiate Alkaloids	30-36	neuropeptide FF-amide peptide precursor	Homo sapiens	13-17
15138444-6	2005	A corticotropin-releasing factor-1 (CRF1) receptor antagonist (antalarmin) also reversed the place aversion produced by precipitated opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	133-139	corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	36-40
15464026-3	2004	In preclinical and clinical studies, a variety of NMDA receptor antagonists and pretreatment with an antisense oligonucleotide of the NR1 have been reported to inhibit the development, expression and/or maintenance of opiate physical dependence.	Opiate Alkaloids	218-224	glutamate receptor, ionotropic, NMDA1 (zeta 1)	Mus musculus	134-137
16215302-10	2005	Prolonged opiate administration indeed induces upregulation of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) within sensory fibers in vivo, and this is accompanied by an enhanced release of excitatory neurotransmitters and neuropeptides from primary afferent fibers upon stimulation.	Opiate Alkaloids	10-16	tachykinin precursor 1	Homo sapiens	63-74
16215302-10	2005	Prolonged opiate administration indeed induces upregulation of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) within sensory fibers in vivo, and this is accompanied by an enhanced release of excitatory neurotransmitters and neuropeptides from primary afferent fibers upon stimulation.	Opiate Alkaloids	10-16	calcitonin related polypeptide alpha	Homo sapiens	84-115
16215302-10	2005	Prolonged opiate administration indeed induces upregulation of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) within sensory fibers in vivo, and this is accompanied by an enhanced release of excitatory neurotransmitters and neuropeptides from primary afferent fibers upon stimulation.	Opiate Alkaloids	10-16	calcitonin related polypeptide alpha	Homo sapiens	117-121
16217905-0	2005	[The development of the Japanese pharmaceutical industry (Part 8) - the change of opium alkaloid opioid analgesics in Japanese pharmaceutical companies.].	Opiate Alkaloids	82-96	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family member 14	Homo sapiens	58-64
15579162-0	2004	5-HT2A and alpha1b-adrenergic receptors entirely mediate dopamine release, locomotor response and behavioural sensitization to opiates and psychostimulants.	Opiate Alkaloids	127-134	5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2A	Mus musculus	0-6
15579162-0	2004	5-HT2A and alpha1b-adrenergic receptors entirely mediate dopamine release, locomotor response and behavioural sensitization to opiates and psychostimulants.	Opiate Alkaloids	127-134	calcium channel, voltage-dependent, N type, alpha 1B subunit	Mus musculus	11-18
15579162-2	2004	However, recent experiments indicated an implication of alpha1b-adrenergic receptors in behavioural responses to psychostimulants and opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	134-141	calcium channel, voltage-dependent, N type, alpha 1B subunit	Mus musculus	56-63
15608558-1	2004	The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) plays a role in stress responsivity, opiate withdrawal and responses to cocaine.	Opiate Alkaloids	69-75	opioid receptor kappa 1	Homo sapiens	4-25
15608558-1	2004	The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) plays a role in stress responsivity, opiate withdrawal and responses to cocaine.	Opiate Alkaloids	69-75	opioid receptor kappa 1	Homo sapiens	27-30
15356431-10	2004	Opiates may also promote immunodeficiency virus infection by decreasing the secretion of alpha and beta chemokines (important inhibitory cytokines for the expression of HIV) and at the same time increasing the expression of chemoreceptors CCR5 and CCR3, coreceptors for the virus.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	C-C motif chemokine receptor 5	Homo sapiens	239-243
15356431-10	2004	Opiates may also promote immunodeficiency virus infection by decreasing the secretion of alpha and beta chemokines (important inhibitory cytokines for the expression of HIV) and at the same time increasing the expression of chemoreceptors CCR5 and CCR3, coreceptors for the virus.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	C-C motif chemokine receptor 3	Homo sapiens	248-252
15822631-8	2004	The most important pharmacologic treatment used in RLS includes L-DOPA, dopamine agonists, opiates, anticonvulsants and benzodiazepines.	Opiate Alkaloids	91-98	RLS1	Homo sapiens	51-54
15230338-0	2004	Papaverine, an opium alkaloid influences hepatic and pulmonary glutathione S-transferase activity and glutathione content in rats.	Opiate Alkaloids	15-29	hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase	Rattus norvegicus	63-88
15014116-0	2004	Stress enables synaptic depression in CA1 synapses by acute and chronic morphine: possible mechanisms for corticosterone on opiate addiction.	Opiate Alkaloids	124-130	carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens	38-41
14530904-0	2003	Modulation of Fas receptor proteins and dynamin during opiate addiction and induction of opiate withdrawal in rat brain.	Opiate Alkaloids	55-61	Fas cell surface death receptor	Rattus norvegicus	14-26
14960353-1	2004	Endogenous opiates, such as beta-endorphin, inhibit the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) release in the pituitary gland of several species including rat, pig, sheep, and human.	Opiate Alkaloids	11-18	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	28-42
14656311-4	2003	These observations are consistent with recent reports that CB1 receptor inactivation reduces the rewarding properties of opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	121-128	cannabinoid receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	59-62
14595021-2	2003	RGS9-2, a brain-specific splice variant of the RGS9 gene, is highly enriched in striatum and also expressed at much lower levels in periaqueductal gray and spinal cord, structures known to mediate various actions of morphine and other opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	235-242	regulator of G-protein signaling 9	Mus musculus	0-6
14595021-2	2003	RGS9-2, a brain-specific splice variant of the RGS9 gene, is highly enriched in striatum and also expressed at much lower levels in periaqueductal gray and spinal cord, structures known to mediate various actions of morphine and other opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	235-242	regulator of G-protein signaling 9	Mus musculus	0-4
14595021-6	2003	These findings establish RGS9 as a potent negative modulator of opiate action in vivo, and suggest that opiate-induced changes in RGS9 levels contribute to the behavioral and neural plasticity associated with chronic opiate administration.	Opiate Alkaloids	64-70	regulator of G-protein signaling 9	Mus musculus	25-29
14595021-6	2003	These findings establish RGS9 as a potent negative modulator of opiate action in vivo, and suggest that opiate-induced changes in RGS9 levels contribute to the behavioral and neural plasticity associated with chronic opiate administration.	Opiate Alkaloids	104-110	regulator of G-protein signaling 9	Mus musculus	25-29
14595021-6	2003	These findings establish RGS9 as a potent negative modulator of opiate action in vivo, and suggest that opiate-induced changes in RGS9 levels contribute to the behavioral and neural plasticity associated with chronic opiate administration.	Opiate Alkaloids	104-110	regulator of G-protein signaling 9	Mus musculus	130-134
14614085-1	2003	The reinforcing and psychomotor effects of morphine involve opiate stimulation of the dopaminergic system via activation of mu-opioid receptors (muOR).	Opiate Alkaloids	60-66	opioid receptor, mu 1	Mus musculus	124-143
14614085-1	2003	The reinforcing and psychomotor effects of morphine involve opiate stimulation of the dopaminergic system via activation of mu-opioid receptors (muOR).	Opiate Alkaloids	60-66	opioid receptor, mu 1	Mus musculus	145-149
12967989-8	2003	These observations mirror those observed in NK1 receptor knock-out (NK1-/-) mice and suggest that the amygdala is an important area for the effects of SP and the NK1 receptor in the motivational properties of opiates, as well as the control of behaviors related to anxiety.	Opiate Alkaloids	209-216	tachykinin 1	Mus musculus	68-71
14499954-0	2003	Baclofen inhibits opiate-induced conditioned place preference and associated induction of Fos in cortical and limbic regions.	Opiate Alkaloids	18-24	FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene	Mus musculus	90-93
12967989-8	2003	These observations mirror those observed in NK1 receptor knock-out (NK1-/-) mice and suggest that the amygdala is an important area for the effects of SP and the NK1 receptor in the motivational properties of opiates, as well as the control of behaviors related to anxiety.	Opiate Alkaloids	209-216	tachykinin 1	Mus musculus	151-153
12853567-0	2003	The neuropeptide galanin modulates behavioral and neurochemical signs of opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	73-79	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	17-24
12784103-0	2003	Opiate withdrawal induces Narp in the extended amygdala.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	neuronal pentraxin 2	Homo sapiens	26-30
12784103-9	2003	These results implicate Narp in mediating the long-term, aversive behavioral effects induced by opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	96-102	neuronal pentraxin 2	Homo sapiens	24-28
12917346-9	2003	Our results demonstrate that opiates can inhibit insulin signaling through direct cross talk between the downstream signaling pathways of the MOR and the IR.	Opiate Alkaloids	29-36	opioid receptor, mu 1	Mus musculus	142-145
12917346-9	2003	Our results demonstrate that opiates can inhibit insulin signaling through direct cross talk between the downstream signaling pathways of the MOR and the IR.	Opiate Alkaloids	29-36	insulin receptor	Mus musculus	154-156
12853567-6	2003	Further, knockout mice lacking galanin showed exacerbated morphine withdrawal signs, suggesting that endogenous galanin normally counteracts opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	141-147	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	31-38
12853567-6	2003	Further, knockout mice lacking galanin showed exacerbated morphine withdrawal signs, suggesting that endogenous galanin normally counteracts opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	141-147	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	112-119
15352644-0	2003	Treatment of opiate-related sedation: utility of the cholinesterase inhibitors.	Opiate Alkaloids	13-19	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	53-67
12820742-11	2003	The MTP immunoassay resulted in specificities of 52% (methadone) to 95% (opiates, cocain, and metabolite) and sensitivities of 92% (amphetamines) up to 100% (methadone).	Opiate Alkaloids	73-80	metallothionein 1B	Homo sapiens	4-7
12637947-0	2003	Downregulation of neuronal cdk5/p35 in opioid addicts and opiate-treated rats: relation to neurofilament phosphorylation.	Opiate Alkaloids	58-64	cyclin-dependent kinase 5	Rattus norvegicus	27-31
12637947-0	2003	Downregulation of neuronal cdk5/p35 in opioid addicts and opiate-treated rats: relation to neurofilament phosphorylation.	Opiate Alkaloids	58-64	cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit 1	Rattus norvegicus	32-35
12910030-1	2003	The aim of this study was to describe and analyze the patterns of illicit psychoactive drug consumption, and the utilization of buprenorphine (BHD) in opiate-dependent patients interviewed in the drug agency of Lens.	Opiate Alkaloids	151-157	BHD	Homo sapiens	143-146
15352644-4	2003	Preliminary studies with donepezil, a centrally acting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor approved for use in Alzheimer"s disease, have suggested at least short-term benefit in treating opiate-related sedation.	Opiate Alkaloids	189-195	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	55-75
15352644-4	2003	Preliminary studies with donepezil, a centrally acting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor approved for use in Alzheimer"s disease, have suggested at least short-term benefit in treating opiate-related sedation.	Opiate Alkaloids	189-195	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	77-81
12614678-10	2003	Our results thus demonstrated for the first time that opiate administration regulates level of beta-arrestin mRNAs in brain and the expression of beta-arrestin 1 and beta-arrestin 2 subtypes is differentially regulated in locus coeruleus, periaqueductal gray, and cerebral cortex by morphine.	Opiate Alkaloids	54-60	arrestin, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	146-161
12716916-5	2003	In this study, we show that orexin neurons, and not nearby LH neurons expressing melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), have mu-opioid receptors and respond to chronic morphine administration and opiate antagonist-precipitated morphine withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	194-200	hypocretin	Mus musculus	28-34
12618536-1	2003	Morphine is a naturally occurring opiate that is metabolized chiefly through glucuronidation by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) enzymes in the liver.	Opiate Alkaloids	34-40	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A complex locus	Homo sapiens	96-140
12618536-1	2003	Morphine is a naturally occurring opiate that is metabolized chiefly through glucuronidation by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) enzymes in the liver.	Opiate Alkaloids	34-40	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A complex locus	Homo sapiens	142-145
12653973-4	2003	Levels of mRNAs encoding RGS2, -3, -4, -5, -7, -8 and -11 are unchanged following chronic morphine, but RGS2 and -4 mRNA levels are increased 2-3-fold 6 h following precipitation of opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	182-188	regulator of G-protein signaling 2	Rattus norvegicus	104-115
14643766-3	2003	c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3), specifically expressed in brain, has been proved to mediate neuronal apoptosis and is involved in opiate-induced cell apoptosis in vitro.	Opiate Alkaloids	132-138	mitogen activated protein kinase 10	Rattus norvegicus	0-25
14643766-3	2003	c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3), specifically expressed in brain, has been proved to mediate neuronal apoptosis and is involved in opiate-induced cell apoptosis in vitro.	Opiate Alkaloids	132-138	mitogen activated protein kinase 10	Rattus norvegicus	27-31
12614678-10	2003	Our results thus demonstrated for the first time that opiate administration regulates level of beta-arrestin mRNAs in brain and the expression of beta-arrestin 1 and beta-arrestin 2 subtypes is differentially regulated in locus coeruleus, periaqueductal gray, and cerebral cortex by morphine.	Opiate Alkaloids	54-60	arrestin, beta 2, pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	166-181
12473091-7	2002	Considering that mGlu2/3 agonists (e.g. LY-354740 used in the present study to induce LTD) reduce behavioural symptoms of morphine withdrawal, these findings could be important in the understanding of the cellular events underlying the dependence-inducing properties of opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	270-277	glutamate receptor, metabotropic 3	Mus musculus	17-24
12527475-8	2002	These results demonstrate that NK1 receptors are critical for the reinforcing properties of morphine, and for adaptive responses elicited by repeated opiate administration.	Opiate Alkaloids	150-156	tachykinin 1	Mus musculus	31-34
12527475-9	2002	It is postulated that substance P and the NK1 receptor may be necessary for the development of opiate, but not cocaine addiction.	Opiate Alkaloids	95-101	tachykinin 1	Mus musculus	22-33
12527475-9	2002	It is postulated that substance P and the NK1 receptor may be necessary for the development of opiate, but not cocaine addiction.	Opiate Alkaloids	95-101	tachykinin receptor 1	Mus musculus	42-54
12019333-0	2002	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is essential for opiate-induced plasticity of noradrenergic neurons.	Opiate Alkaloids	51-57	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	0-33
12173460-0	2002	[VNTR polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter and dopamine transporter genes in male opiate addicts].	Opiate Alkaloids	88-94	solute carrier family 6 member 4	Homo sapiens	27-48
12173460-0	2002	[VNTR polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter and dopamine transporter genes in male opiate addicts].	Opiate Alkaloids	88-94	solute carrier family 6 member 3	Homo sapiens	53-73
12173460-1	2002	VNTR polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter (hSERT) and dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene were studied in male opiate addicts.	Opiate Alkaloids	114-120	solute carrier family 6 member 4	Homo sapiens	26-47
12006606-2	2002	The purpose of the present study was to explore the contribution of dopamine to opiate-reinforced behavior using D2 receptor knock-out mice.	Opiate Alkaloids	80-86	dopamine receptor D2	Mus musculus	113-124
12019333-1	2002	Chronic opiate exposure induces numerous neurochemical adaptations in the noradrenergic system, including upregulation of the cAMP-signaling pathway and increased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis.	Opiate Alkaloids	8-14	tyrosine hydroxylase	Mus musculus	177-197
12019333-1	2002	Chronic opiate exposure induces numerous neurochemical adaptations in the noradrenergic system, including upregulation of the cAMP-signaling pathway and increased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis.	Opiate Alkaloids	8-14	tyrosine hydroxylase	Mus musculus	199-201
12019333-5	2002	This was accompanied by a threefold reduction in opiate withdrawal symptoms despite normal antinociceptive tolerance in the BDNF-deficient mice.	Opiate Alkaloids	49-55	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	124-128
12019333-7	2002	Therefore, a BDNF-signaling pathway originating from non-noradrenergic sources is essential for opiate-induced molecular adaptations of the noradrenergic system.	Opiate Alkaloids	96-102	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	13-17
11445868-4	2001	Pretreatment of these tissues with the respective antagonists e.g., naloxone and anti-gp120 blocks the opiate decrease and increase gp120 induced increase in mu expression, respectively.	Opiate Alkaloids	103-109	inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4	Homo sapiens	86-91
11948251-6	2002	Opiate withdrawal caused a significant change in the level of some post-translational processing products derived from the TRH precursor.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	thyrotropin releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	123-126
12074902-9	2002	These experiments provide evidence for a role of amygdala, but not bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, CRH in opiate dependence.	Opiate Alkaloids	111-117	corticotropin releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	104-107
11579002-1	2001	OBJECTIVE: The brain circuitry of opiate craving was investigated with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF).	Opiate Alkaloids	34-40	CCAAT/enhancer binding protein zeta	Rattus norvegicus	147-151
11779034-0	2001	Characterization of opiates, neuroleptics, and synthetic analogs at ORL1 and opioid receptors.	Opiate Alkaloids	20-27	opioid related nociceptin receptor 1	Homo sapiens	68-72
11526474-1	2001	Somatic symptoms and aversion of opiate withdrawal, regulated by noradrenergic signaling, were attenuated in mice with a CNS-wide conditional ablation of neurotrophin-3.	Opiate Alkaloids	33-39	neurotrophin 3	Mus musculus	154-168
11478928-8	2001	Non-psychoactive CB1 receptor agonists or accelerators of endocannabinoid synthesis may be potential as therapeutic drugs for opiate withdrawal symptoms.	Opiate Alkaloids	126-132	cannabinoid receptor 1 (brain)	Mus musculus	17-20
11714593-11	2001	Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses, unexpectedly dissociated from catecholamines rise among methadone patients, could be due to a long-lasting inhibitory action exerted by opiates on pro-opio-melanocortin (POMC), or to a premorbid psychobiological condition that exhausted hormonal reactivity.	Opiate Alkaloids	189-196	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	200-221
11714593-11	2001	Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses, unexpectedly dissociated from catecholamines rise among methadone patients, could be due to a long-lasting inhibitory action exerted by opiates on pro-opio-melanocortin (POMC), or to a premorbid psychobiological condition that exhausted hormonal reactivity.	Opiate Alkaloids	189-196	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	223-227
11303059-1	2001	Buprenorphine (BUP) is an oripavine analgesic that is beneficial in the maintenance treatment of opiate-dependent individuals.	Opiate Alkaloids	97-103	COMM domain containing 3	Mus musculus	15-18
11120397-0	2001	Opiate withdrawal-induced fos immunoreactivity in the rat extended amygdala parallels the development of conditioned place aversion.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	26-29
11264672-4	2001	We propose that D2 receptor function is critical in mediating the motivational effects of opiates only when the animal is in an opiate-dependent and withdrawn motivational state.	Opiate Alkaloids	90-97	dopamine receptor D2	Mus musculus	16-27
11264672-4	2001	We propose that D2 receptor function is critical in mediating the motivational effects of opiates only when the animal is in an opiate-dependent and withdrawn motivational state.	Opiate Alkaloids	90-96	dopamine receptor D2	Mus musculus	16-27
11727758-0	2001	Opiates promote T cell apoptosis through JNK and caspase pathway.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	41-44
11727758-5	2001	Moreover, opiates increased the expression of ATF-2.	Opiate Alkaloids	10-17	activating transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	46-51
11727758-7	2001	Furthermore, opiates attenuated extracellular signal related kinase (ERK) in T cells.	Opiate Alkaloids	13-20	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	32-67
11727758-7	2001	Furthermore, opiates attenuated extracellular signal related kinase (ERK) in T cells.	Opiate Alkaloids	13-20	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	69-72
11727758-10	2001	These results suggest that opiate-induced T cell apoptosis may be mediated through the JNK cascade and activation of caspases 8 and 3.	Opiate Alkaloids	27-33	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	87-90
10918635-3	2000	Wars have been fought over the use of opiates and the economies of several countries depend on their production.	Opiate Alkaloids	38-45	tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
20575866-2	2000	Recent studies in opiate-dependent subjects have found a significant excess of the long-long (LL) allele of the 48bp repeat in the coding sequence of the DRD4 gene.	Opiate Alkaloids	18-24	dopamine receptor D4	Homo sapiens	154-158
10850671-5	2000	The binding of FL-MOR to the anti-MOR MAb reached steady state within minutes and was displaced effectively by morphine and other opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	130-137	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	18-21
10821273-0	2000	Rewarding effects of opiates are absent in mice lacking the receptor for substance P.	Opiate Alkaloids	21-28	tachykinin 1	Mus musculus	73-84
10821273-2	2000	The substance P receptor is highly expressed in areas of the brain that are implicated in these behaviours, but also in other areas such as the nucleus accumbens which mediate the motivational properties of both natural rewards such as food and of drugs of abuse such as opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	271-278	tachykinin receptor 1	Mus musculus	4-24
10781286-0	2000	Opiate-induced analgesia is increased and prolonged in mice lacking P-glycoprotein.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1	Homo sapiens	68-82
11055178-3	2000	The lowering of CD4 lymphocyte level in opiate-dependent persons, HIV-seronegative, can indicate an immune system defect, not causally related to HIV infection; decreased number of NK cells which are an important element of non-specific cell immunity, indicates a possibility of a greater number of infections in persons treated due to opiate dependence.	Opiate Alkaloids	40-46	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	16-19
10850671-5	2000	The binding of FL-MOR to the anti-MOR MAb reached steady state within minutes and was displaced effectively by morphine and other opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	130-137	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	34-37
10617121-3	2000	First, the influence of a selective CRF receptor-1 (CRF-R1) antagonist, CP-154,526, on opiate withdrawal behavior was examined.	Opiate Alkaloids	87-93	corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1	Homo sapiens	52-58
10700022-1	2000	Opiates active at the mu-opiate receptor (MOR) produce antinociception, in part, through actions involving substance P (SP), a peptide present in both unmyelinated primary afferents and interneurons within the dorsal horn.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	opioid related nociceptin receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	22-40
10700022-1	2000	Opiates active at the mu-opiate receptor (MOR) produce antinociception, in part, through actions involving substance P (SP), a peptide present in both unmyelinated primary afferents and interneurons within the dorsal horn.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	opioid related nociceptin receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	42-45
10757528-5	2000	These findings suggest that CCK-B receptor antagonists might be of some value in the treatment and prevention the relapse of opiate addicts.	Opiate Alkaloids	125-131	cholecystokinin B receptor	Rattus norvegicus	28-42
10617121-8	2000	Taken together, the behavioral and receptor regulation findings indicate that CRF-R1 is the primary mediator of the actions of the CRF system on opiate withdrawal, although it is possible that CRF-R2 contributes to the response.	Opiate Alkaloids	145-151	corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1	Homo sapiens	78-84
10727796-12	2000	The data are interpreted to suggest that over-expression of substance P or some other factor in the spinal cord of transgenic mice is associated with the up-regulation or facilitation of an opiate-mediated intrinsic antinociceptive mechanism.	Opiate Alkaloids	190-196	tachykinin 1	Mus musculus	60-71
11113319-2	2000	We previously reported that mice lacking the peptide neurotransmitter beta-endorphin, although unable to produce opioid-mediated stress-induced antinociception, nevertheless displayed intact antinociception after systemic administration of the exogenous opiate morphine.	Opiate Alkaloids	254-260	pro-opiomelanocortin-alpha	Mus musculus	70-84
10704732-8	2000	The relationship between opiates and N/OFQ is strengthened by the fact that opiates also affect these behaviors.	Opiate Alkaloids	25-32	prepronociceptin	Homo sapiens	37-42
10704732-8	2000	The relationship between opiates and N/OFQ is strengthened by the fact that opiates also affect these behaviors.	Opiate Alkaloids	76-83	prepronociceptin	Homo sapiens	37-42
10332801-1	1999	Previous studies have suggested a role for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) in the aversive and anxiogenic effects of withdrawal from opiates and ethanol.	Opiate Alkaloids	183-190	corticotropin releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	43-73
10704732-9	2000	However, the exact nature of the relationship of N/OFQ with opiates-opiate-like versus antiopiate-remains controversial.	Opiate Alkaloids	60-67	prepronociceptin	Homo sapiens	49-54
10332801-1	1999	Previous studies have suggested a role for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) in the aversive and anxiogenic effects of withdrawal from opiates and ethanol.	Opiate Alkaloids	183-190	carcinoembryonic antigen gene family 4	Rattus norvegicus	120-123
10064790-1	1999	Conflicting results concerning the issue of whether or not chronic morphine exposure induces an increase in CCK biosynthesis have been found in many CNS sites, including the spinal cord, where CCK activity may contribute to the facilitation of the development of opiate tolerance.	Opiate Alkaloids	263-269	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	108-111
10064821-7	1999	Taken together, these results reveal a strain difference in the reinforcing efficacy of morphine and in the basal PENK gene expression in brain regions involved in the reinforcing actions of opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	191-198	proenkephalin	Rattus norvegicus	114-118
10064790-1	1999	Conflicting results concerning the issue of whether or not chronic morphine exposure induces an increase in CCK biosynthesis have been found in many CNS sites, including the spinal cord, where CCK activity may contribute to the facilitation of the development of opiate tolerance.	Opiate Alkaloids	263-269	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	193-196
9888857-0	1999	Unresponsiveness to cannabinoids and reduced addictive effects of opiates in CB1 receptor knockout mice.	Opiate Alkaloids	66-73	cannabinoid receptor 1 (brain)	Mus musculus	77-80
9888857-4	1999	These observations suggest that the CB1 receptor is involved in the motivational properties of opiates and in the development of physical dependence and extend the concept of an interconnected role of CB1 and opiate receptors in the brain areas mediating addictive behavior.	Opiate Alkaloids	95-102	cannabinoid receptor 1 (brain)	Mus musculus	36-39
9662490-2	1998	Animal and human work has indicated that maternal oxytocin secretion is under the control of endogenous opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	104-111	oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	50-58
10394089-1	1999	The activity of opiate-mediated regulatory mechanisms of oxytocin secretion during breast-feeding was studied by the administration of either morphine, naloxone or placebo to women prior to the commencement of breast-feeding.	Opiate Alkaloids	16-22	oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	57-65
10098628-4	1999	The demonstration in the same cells of POMC mRNA and POMC-related peptides immunoreactivity indicates a local production of opiate hormones.	Opiate Alkaloids	124-130	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	39-43
10098628-4	1999	The demonstration in the same cells of POMC mRNA and POMC-related peptides immunoreactivity indicates a local production of opiate hormones.	Opiate Alkaloids	124-130	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	53-57
9845244-0	1998	Activation of neuropeptide FF neurons in the brainstem nucleus tractus solitarius following cardiovascular challenge and opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	121-127	neuropeptide FF-amide peptide precursor	Rattus norvegicus	14-29
9924746-8	1998	OXT receptors in the CNS--mainly those located in limbic and basal forebrain structures--are responsible for mediating various effects of OXT in the opiate- and cocaine-addicted organism.	Opiate Alkaloids	149-155	oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
9924746-8	1998	OXT receptors in the CNS--mainly those located in limbic and basal forebrain structures--are responsible for mediating various effects of OXT in the opiate- and cocaine-addicted organism.	Opiate Alkaloids	149-155	oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	138-141
9817620-10	1998	CYP2D6 only makes up about 2-5% of the total P450 in the human liver, but anyway is the major enzyme catalyzing more than 30 clinically used drugs including all of the tricyclic antidepressants, several neuroleptics, opiates, betablockers, antiarrhythmics and among the SSRIs N-desmethylcitalopram, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine and paroxetine but not sertraline.	Opiate Alkaloids	217-224	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily D member 6	Homo sapiens	0-6
9670044-8	1998	Opiates induced phosphorylation of the chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2, but neither induced internalization of chemokine receptors nor perturbed chemokine binding.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 1	Homo sapiens	59-64
9670044-8	1998	Opiates induced phosphorylation of the chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2, but neither induced internalization of chemokine receptors nor perturbed chemokine binding.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2	Homo sapiens	69-74
9662490-4	1998	The study of the interaction between exogenously administered opiates and oxytocin secretion may give insight into the activity of any opiate-mediated regulatory mechanism of oxytocin secretion in the fetus.	Opiate Alkaloids	62-69	oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	175-183
9662490-4	1998	The study of the interaction between exogenously administered opiates and oxytocin secretion may give insight into the activity of any opiate-mediated regulatory mechanism of oxytocin secretion in the fetus.	Opiate Alkaloids	62-68	oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	74-82
9662490-4	1998	The study of the interaction between exogenously administered opiates and oxytocin secretion may give insight into the activity of any opiate-mediated regulatory mechanism of oxytocin secretion in the fetus.	Opiate Alkaloids	62-68	oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	175-183
9662490-5	1998	This study was designed to investigate the effect of an opiate (5 mg of morphine) given to the mother on the fetal production of oxytocin in labour.	Opiate Alkaloids	56-62	oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	129-137
9596344-2	1998	Since the neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK) plays a role in the modulation of opiate-induced analgesia, the morphine-mediated release of CCK in the spinal cord of rats was compared with in vivo microdialysis in normals and different pain models.	Opiate Alkaloids	79-85	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	23-38
9718282-9	1998	These data demonstrate the specific behavioral effects of altering glutamatergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission in the LC or CeA during naloxone-precipitated opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	163-169	carcinoembryonic antigen gene family 4	Rattus norvegicus	130-133
9596344-2	1998	Since the neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK) plays a role in the modulation of opiate-induced analgesia, the morphine-mediated release of CCK in the spinal cord of rats was compared with in vivo microdialysis in normals and different pain models.	Opiate Alkaloids	79-85	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	40-43
9489748-0	1998	Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in brains of opiate-treated rats and human opiate addicts.	Opiate Alkaloids	63-69	G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2	Rattus norvegicus	14-49
9489748-1	1998	The effects of opiate drugs (heroin, morphine, and methadone) on the levels of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) were studied in rat and human brain frontal cortices.	Opiate Alkaloids	15-21	G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2	Rattus norvegicus	79-114
9489748-1	1998	The effects of opiate drugs (heroin, morphine, and methadone) on the levels of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) were studied in rat and human brain frontal cortices.	Opiate Alkaloids	15-21	G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2	Rattus norvegicus	116-120
9489748-2	1998	The density of brain GRK2 was measured by immunoblot assays in acute and chronic opiate-treated rats as well as in opiate-dependent rats after spontaneous or naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and in human opiate addicts who had died of an opiate overdose.	Opiate Alkaloids	81-87	G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2	Rattus norvegicus	21-25
9454805-2	1998	The possible role of endogenous opiate-modulating peptides in preventing such down-regulation was investigated by addition of Tyr-W-MIF-1 to an in vitro preparation, the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y, in which down-regulation of opiate receptors has been demonstrated previously.	Opiate Alkaloids	32-38	homocysteine inducible ER protein with ubiquitin like domain 1	Homo sapiens	132-137
9500675-5	1998	The transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in particular has been shown both in vitro and in vivo to be altered in response to several drugs of abuse, including opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	188-195	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	25-62
9500675-5	1998	The transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in particular has been shown both in vitro and in vivo to be altered in response to several drugs of abuse, including opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	188-195	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	64-68
9691193-8	1998	In contrast, D2 receptor knockout mice are bradykinetic, show increased striatal enkephalin expression and an absence of opiate rewarding effects.	Opiate Alkaloids	121-127	dopamine receptor D2	Mus musculus	13-24
9510424-0	1998	Opiate disruption of maternal behavior: morphine reduces, and naloxone restores, c-fos activity in the medial preoptic area of lactating rats.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	81-86
9352573-1	1997	Oral opiates (e.g. codeine, oxycodone, and hydrocodone) are metabolized by cytochrome CYP2D6 to metabolites of increased activity (e.g. morphine, oxymorphone and hydromorphone).	Opiate Alkaloids	5-12	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily D member 6	Homo sapiens	86-92
9622031-2	1998	They share sequence similarity with the endogenous opiate-modulating peptide Tyr-W-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Trp-Gly-NH2).	Opiate Alkaloids	51-57	homocysteine inducible ER protein with ubiquitin like domain 1	Homo sapiens	83-88
9368834-2	1997	We aimed to clarify if an opiate-induced reduction in plasma insulin could affect GH secretion in obesity.	Opiate Alkaloids	26-32	insulin	Homo sapiens	61-68
9421105-11	1997	Although this study should be interpreted with caution because of the few subjects included and the single-dose design, it demonstrates that the CYP2D6 phenotype clearly affects the results when testing for opiates in urine after intake of codeine and ethylmorphine.	Opiate Alkaloids	207-214	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily D member 6	Homo sapiens	145-151
9334431-11	1997	The modulation of target gene expression by Fos could influence addictive behavioral responses to opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	98-105	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	44-47
9352573-6	1997	This under-representation of poor metabolizers (Fisher"s exact test, p < or = 0.05) in people dependent on oral opiates suggests that the CYP2D6 defective genotype is a pharmacogenetic protection factor for oral opiate dependence (estimated odds ratio > 7).	Opiate Alkaloids	115-122	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily D member 6	Homo sapiens	141-147
10097004-6	1997	The loss of sensitivity to opiates may be associated with the up-regulation of endogenous antiopioid substances, such as the neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK).	Opiate Alkaloids	27-34	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	155-158
9149105-10	1997	The opiate-induced regulation of the gene expression of synapsin II isoforms could be viewed as one of the cellular adaptations to the persistent opiate effects and may be involved in the molecular mechanism underlying opiate tolerance and/or dependence.	Opiate Alkaloids	4-10	synapsin II	Rattus norvegicus	56-67
9284350-4	1997	Opiates antagonize the release of cholecystokinin and substance P in the hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray and stimulate cholecystokinin messenger RNA levels in the amygdala.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	34-49
9284350-4	1997	Opiates antagonize the release of cholecystokinin and substance P in the hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray and stimulate cholecystokinin messenger RNA levels in the amygdala.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	124-139
9197270-1	1997	Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) has been implicated in the mediation of the stress-like and negative affective consequences of withdrawal from drugs of abuse, such as alcohol, cocaine, and opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	194-201	corticotropin releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	0-30
9237522-8	1997	The opiate-stimulated dynorphin-converting enzyme (DCE)-activity affects the balance between dynorphin peptides (selective for kappa-opioid receptors) and enkephalin peptides (selective for delta-opioid receptors).	Opiate Alkaloids	4-10	proenkephalin	Rattus norvegicus	127-165
9315909-2	1997	A role for the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in mediating the opiate-induced upregulation of the cAMP pathway has been suggested, but direct evidence is lacking.	Opiate Alkaloids	98-104	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	36-73
9105684-1	1997	Opiate withdrawal has been associated with up-regulation of alpha 2-adrenoceptors (mainly the alpha 2A-subtype) in brain.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	adrenoceptor alpha 2A	Rattus norvegicus	60-81
9315909-2	1997	A role for the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in mediating the opiate-induced upregulation of the cAMP pathway has been suggested, but direct evidence is lacking.	Opiate Alkaloids	98-104	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	75-79
9315909-11	1997	Intra-LC infusions of CREB antisense oligonucleotide also reduced the development of physical dependence to opiates, based on attenuation of opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	108-115	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	22-26
9160821-16	1997	The opiate antagonist treatment in EO may act through the reduction of negative insulin feedback on GH secretion.	Opiate Alkaloids	4-10	insulin	Homo sapiens	80-87
9160821-16	1997	The opiate antagonist treatment in EO may act through the reduction of negative insulin feedback on GH secretion.	Opiate Alkaloids	4-10	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	100-102
9105684-3	1997	The aim of this study was to investigate possible changes in alpha 2a-adrenoceptor gene expression as the molecular mechanism underlying the opiate withdrawal-induced up-regulation of alpha 2A-adrenoceptors.	Opiate Alkaloids	141-147	adrenoceptor alpha 2A	Rattus norvegicus	61-82
9109366-4	1997	After the chronic treatments, spontaneous (48 h) or naloxone (2 mg/kg)-precipitated opiate withdrawal (2 h) resulted in up-regulation of PKC-alphabeta above control levels (30-38%), and in the case of morphine withdrawal in a concomitant marked increase in the expression of PKC-alpha mRNA levels (2.3-fold).	Opiate Alkaloids	84-90	protein kinase C, alpha	Rattus norvegicus	137-146
9174847-4	1997	The graphic representation of opiate levels during the female menstrual cycle, where day O is the day of ovulation, shows that plasmatic beta-endorphin levels are not stable throughout.	Opiate Alkaloids	30-36	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	137-151
8971769-9	1997	Since the intermittent morphine administration induced long-term behavioral sensitization much more effectively than the chronic morphine treatment, we tentatively suggest that the protracted increase of preprodynorphin gene expression may play a facilitative role in the long-term character of opiate-induced behavioral sensitization.	Opiate Alkaloids	295-301	prodynorphin	Rattus norvegicus	204-219
9083791-6	1997	A few opiates, namely lofentanil, a 4-anilinopiperidine derivative and etorphine, a 6,14-endo-ethenotetrahydrothebaine derivative, were found to be quite potent not only in competing with binding of [3H]nociceptin at the ORL 1 receptor but also in inhibiting forskolin-induced accumulation of cyclic AMP in intact recombinant CHO cells.	Opiate Alkaloids	6-13	prepronociceptin	Cricetulus griseus	203-213
9015800-2	1997	We measured dopamine D2 receptor availability in 11 opiate-dependent subjects using PFT and [11C]raclopride at baseline and during naloxone-precipitated withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	52-58	dopamine receptor D2	Homo sapiens	12-32
9403357-2	1997	Similarities also included an increase in cAMP levels as a precocious sign in both M and opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	89-95	cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide	Homo sapiens	42-46
9200663-3	1997	Although early work examined the effects of ACTH and MSH on opiate-induced behaviors, further progress has been limited.	Opiate Alkaloids	60-66	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	44-48
9200663-3	1997	Although early work examined the effects of ACTH and MSH on opiate-induced behaviors, further progress has been limited.	Opiate Alkaloids	60-66	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	53-56
9200663-5	1997	The present review discusses the effects of ACTH and MSH on opiate-induced behaviors and relates these findings to more recent reports on the regulation of melanocortin systems by exogenous opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	60-66	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	53-56
9200663-6	1997	Emerging from these data is the possibility that melanocortin receptor activation, specifically at the MC4-R subtype, may act to antagonize certain properties of exogenous opiates, including perhaps addiction.	Opiate Alkaloids	172-179	nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2	Homo sapiens	49-70
9200663-6	1997	Emerging from these data is the possibility that melanocortin receptor activation, specifically at the MC4-R subtype, may act to antagonize certain properties of exogenous opiates, including perhaps addiction.	Opiate Alkaloids	172-179	melanocortin 4 receptor	Homo sapiens	103-108
9149291-2	1997	Opiates activate GRF neurons regulating GH release.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	growth hormone releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	17-20
9149291-2	1997	Opiates activate GRF neurons regulating GH release.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	40-42
9392844-6	1997	The demonstration in the same cells of POMC mRNA and POMC-related peptides immunoreactivity indicates a local production of the opiate hormones.	Opiate Alkaloids	128-134	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	39-43
9392844-6	1997	The demonstration in the same cells of POMC mRNA and POMC-related peptides immunoreactivity indicates a local production of the opiate hormones.	Opiate Alkaloids	128-134	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	53-57
8947933-0	1996	Psychomotor stimulant- and opiate-induced c-fos mRNA expression patterns in the rat forebrain: comparisons between acute drug treatment and a drug challenge in sensitized animals.	Opiate Alkaloids	27-33	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	42-47
8923516-7	1996	Since numerous studies have implicated activation of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway to be central to the rewarding actions of opiates such as morphine and heroin, as well as several other abused drugs, and also to mediate the hyperlocomotory action of such drugs, we sought to determine the effect of orphanin FQ on this pathway.	Opiate Alkaloids	127-134	prepronociceptin	Rattus norvegicus	302-313
8794897-0	1996	Morphine down-regulates melanocortin-4 receptor expression in brain regions that mediate opiate addiction.	Opiate Alkaloids	89-95	melanocortin 4 receptor	Rattus norvegicus	24-47
8894071-5	1996	DRD2 gene marker distributions in abusers with more prominent opiate use, or those with no history of drug preference, were similar to control genotypes.	Opiate Alkaloids	62-68	dopamine receptor D2	Homo sapiens	0-4
8886295-0	1996	P300 assessment of opiate and cocaine users: effects of detoxification and buprenorphine treatment.	Opiate Alkaloids	19-25	E1A binding protein p300	Homo sapiens	0-4
8896818-8	1996	Our findings of decreased calbindin immunoreactivity in Purkinje neurons following chronic morphine administration and abstinence suggest that persistent alterations in intracellular calcium buffering may be associated with opiate tolerance and dependence in cerebellum.	Opiate Alkaloids	224-230	calbindin 1	Rattus norvegicus	26-35
8883945-1	1996	Opiates have been reported to suppress POMC in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) but studies have been complicated by the fact that acutely, in the rat, opiates stimulate corticosterone and inhibit gonadal steroid release, which could both affect POMC in brain.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	proopiomelanocortin	Rattus norvegicus	39-43
8883945-1	1996	Opiates have been reported to suppress POMC in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) but studies have been complicated by the fact that acutely, in the rat, opiates stimulate corticosterone and inhibit gonadal steroid release, which could both affect POMC in brain.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	proopiomelanocortin	Rattus norvegicus	249-253
8883945-1	1996	Opiates have been reported to suppress POMC in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) but studies have been complicated by the fact that acutely, in the rat, opiates stimulate corticosterone and inhibit gonadal steroid release, which could both affect POMC in brain.	Opiate Alkaloids	155-162	proopiomelanocortin	Rattus norvegicus	39-43
8883945-1	1996	Opiates have been reported to suppress POMC in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) but studies have been complicated by the fact that acutely, in the rat, opiates stimulate corticosterone and inhibit gonadal steroid release, which could both affect POMC in brain.	Opiate Alkaloids	155-162	proopiomelanocortin	Rattus norvegicus	249-253
8794897-2	1996	In this study, we characterize the rat melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) and demonstrate that this receptor is regulated by opiate administration.	Opiate Alkaloids	122-128	melanocortin 4 receptor	Rattus norvegicus	39-62
8794897-2	1996	In this study, we characterize the rat melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) and demonstrate that this receptor is regulated by opiate administration.	Opiate Alkaloids	122-128	melanocortin 4 receptor	Rattus norvegicus	64-69
8794897-4	1996	Expression of MC4-R mRNA was found to be enriched in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, and periaque-ductal gray, all of which are regions implicated in the behavioral effects of opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	177-184	melanocortin 4 receptor	Rattus norvegicus	14-19
8874872-0	1996	Opiate withdrawal increases ProTRH gene expression in the ventrolateral column of the midbrain periaqueductal gray.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	thyrotropin releasing hormone	Homo sapiens	28-34
8814911-6	1996	Attenuation of IL-1 beta expression in the hippocampus by chronic exposure to morphine may be one of the mechanisms underlying the neuro-endocrine-immune modulatory effects of opiate addiction.	Opiate Alkaloids	176-182	interleukin 1 beta	Rattus norvegicus	15-24
8967632-10	1996	In patients administered drug anesthesia beta-endorphin levels were shifted, in those operated on under electromedicamentous anesthesia the metenkephaline compound of the opiate system was altered.	Opiate Alkaloids	171-177	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	41-55
8817528-9	1996	When injected intraperitoneally, the opiate antagonist naloxone hydrochloride, antagonized the IL-6 response induced by either i.c.v.	Opiate Alkaloids	37-43	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	95-99
8817528-13	1996	The data show that central opiates are effective modulators of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6.	Opiate Alkaloids	27-34	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	89-93
8797196-4	1996	The present report shows that N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine-D-isoglutamine (MDP), which elevates the endogenous opiate alkaloids in various brain regions and peripheral tissues, can attenuate the withdrawal syndrome of morphine-addicted rats.	Opiate Alkaloids	108-114	dipeptidase 1	Homo sapiens	72-75
8866710-7	1996	These results indicate that a decrease of opiate binding in the hippocampal formation is largely localized to the CA3 region and dentate gyrus of aged rats.	Opiate Alkaloids	42-48	carbonic anhydrase 3	Rattus norvegicus	114-117
8788434-6	1995	However, the adenosine A2A receptor agonist 2-p-(carboxyethyl)-phenylamino-5"-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS 21680) had a greater effect on blood pressure in morphine-dependent rats compared to opiate naive rats.	Opiate Alkaloids	196-202	adenosine A2a receptor	Rattus norvegicus	13-35
8750825-7	1995	Since opiates were shown to attenuate neurotransmitter release and reduce synapsin I phosphorylation, it is suggested that the increase in synapsin I levels would lead to the requirement of higher amounts of opiate agonists to obtain the opiate physiological effects.	Opiate Alkaloids	6-13	synapsin I	Rattus norvegicus	74-84
8750825-7	1995	Since opiates were shown to attenuate neurotransmitter release and reduce synapsin I phosphorylation, it is suggested that the increase in synapsin I levels would lead to the requirement of higher amounts of opiate agonists to obtain the opiate physiological effects.	Opiate Alkaloids	6-13	synapsin I	Rattus norvegicus	139-149
8750825-8	1995	These results suggest that the increases in mRNA levels of synapsin I in these specific areas can be part of the molecular mechanism(s) underlying opiate tolerance and withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	147-153	synapsin I	Rattus norvegicus	59-69
8692292-1	1996	The opiate withdrawal induced by administration of naloxone to morphine-dependent mice correlates with an increment of calcium- dependent nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in the cerebellum.	Opiate Alkaloids	4-10	nitric oxide synthase 1, neuronal	Mus musculus	138-159
8847409-2	1995	Additionally, chronic opiate administration has been shown to increase the levels of a number of G-proteins and phosphoproteins including the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH).	Opiate Alkaloids	22-28	tyrosine hydroxylase	Rattus norvegicus	177-197
7478679-4	1995	These results indicate that the translocation and activation of PKC may be a critical step in the development of opiate tolerance and dependence.	Opiate Alkaloids	113-119	protein kinase C, gamma	Rattus norvegicus	64-67
8804070-2	1996	Third ventricle injection of 10 micrograms NPFF induces a quasimorphine abstinence syndrome in opiate-naive rats.	Opiate Alkaloids	95-101	neuropeptide FF-amide peptide precursor	Rattus norvegicus	43-47
7897526-4	1995	The analgesia induced by encapsulated cells secreting beta-endorphin could be attenuated by the opiate antagonist naloxone, which suggested the involvement of opiate in mediating this response.	Opiate Alkaloids	96-102	pro-opiomelanocortin-alpha	Mus musculus	54-68
7536308-4	1995	This study investigated whether these opiates similarly alter the expression of substance P-, neurokinin B-, neurokinin-1 receptor- and neurokinin-3 receptor-encoding messenger RNAs in spinal systems following formalin-induced nociception.	Opiate Alkaloids	38-45	tachykinin precursor 3	Rattus norvegicus	94-106
7536308-4	1995	This study investigated whether these opiates similarly alter the expression of substance P-, neurokinin B-, neurokinin-1 receptor- and neurokinin-3 receptor-encoding messenger RNAs in spinal systems following formalin-induced nociception.	Opiate Alkaloids	38-45	tachykinin receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	109-130
7883264-3	1995	Phenytoin, ketoconazole, and cyproterone acetat modify the secretion of cortisol; opiates and diazepam inhibit that of ACTH.	Opiate Alkaloids	82-89	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	119-123
7737308-10	1995	Therefore, in the formalin test with mice, the facilitating effects of opiate-induced analgesia by CCKB receptor antagonists seem to be restricted to mu-opioid receptor-mediated responses.	Opiate Alkaloids	71-77	cholecystokinin B receptor	Mus musculus	99-112
7746492-1	1995	Staining of c-fos-like-immunoreactivity (CFIR) in neurones was used to study neuronal activation within subdivisions of periaqueductal gray (PAG), and in locus coeruleus and ventral tegmental area during opiate withdrawal in awake and anaesthetised, morphine-dependent rats.	Opiate Alkaloids	204-210	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	12-17
7746492-6	1995	Induction of c-fos in lateral and ventrolateral PAG during withdrawal is consistent with known functions of these regions, involving the integration of autonomic and somatic components of defensive and escape behaviours which are characteristic signs of opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	254-260	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	13-18
7716061-1	1995	Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) is a neuropeptide with antiopiate properties able to antagonize the action of both endogenous and exogenous opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	131-138	neuropeptide FF-amide peptide precursor	Homo sapiens	0-15
8594491-5	1995	Because exposure to opiates and cocaine prenatally can alter opioid and catecholamine receptor density and distribution, this in turn could affect the development of neural connections by delaying or accelerating neural outgrowth during fetal and/or postnatal periods (Bardo et al.	Opiate Alkaloids	20-27	adrenoceptor beta 2	Homo sapiens	72-94
7716061-1	1995	Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) is a neuropeptide with antiopiate properties able to antagonize the action of both endogenous and exogenous opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	131-138	neuropeptide FF-amide peptide precursor	Homo sapiens	17-21
8072432-4	1994	In as much as alcohol, cocaine, opiates, nicotine and food are known to increase brain dopamine levels and activate the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic reward pathways of the brain, it is hypothesized that an inherited deficit of D2 dopamine receptor numbers in brain reward areas of A1 allelic subject predisposes them to substance abuse problems.	Opiate Alkaloids	32-39	dopamine receptor D2	Homo sapiens	229-249
7696605-5	1994	These results suggest that upregulation of the endogenous CCK system during repeated morphine administration may have an important role in the development of opiate tolerance.	Opiate Alkaloids	158-164	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	58-61
7927646-6	1994	Treatment of newborn rats for 7 days with the opiate antagonist naltrexone, prior to preparation of astrocytes, had no effect on PE mRNA or met-enkephalin content but resulted in a significant increase in NGF content.	Opiate Alkaloids	46-52	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	205-208
7971989-2	1994	In the course of investigating effects of chronic morphine on the cAMP pathway in the locus coeruleus, a brain region important for opiate addiction, we found that levels of CREB immunoreactivity and CRE binding were increased by chronic morphine administration.	Opiate Alkaloids	132-138	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	174-178
8125082-0	1994	Detection of opiate-enhanced increases in DNA damage, HPRT mutants, and the mutation frequency in human HUT-78 cells.	Opiate Alkaloids	13-19	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	54-58
8289586-1	1994	Opiate system involvement in diabetes induced by three different doses of streptozotocin (STZ; 40, 50, and 60 mg/kg body weight [BW]) was studied by monitoring luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) levels as a response to naltrexone (Nalt) administration.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	189-198
9210215-4	1994	In this review, we summarize our results on the effects of OXT on opiate (including morphine, heroin, and the endogenous opiates beta-endorphin and enkephalin) tolerance and dependence, heroin self-administration, psychostimulant-induced behavioral changes, and behavioral tolerance and sensitization.	Opiate Alkaloids	66-72	oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	59-62
9210215-6	1994	In the first part of this review the effects of exogenously administered OXT on both the acute and chronic behavioral effects of opiates and psychostimulants have been summarized.	Opiate Alkaloids	129-136	oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	73-76
9210215-24	1994	In light of this information, it appears that OXT inhibits the development of opiate tolerance, dependence, and self-administration as well as the acute behavioral actions of and chronic tolerance to cocaine.	Opiate Alkaloids	78-84	oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	46-49
8385579-9	1993	The investigations have focused on the Fos-Jun family of immediate early gene transcription factors, and the CREB family of transcription factors, as possible mediators of the effects of chronic opiate and cocaine exposure on regulation of neuronal gene expression.	Opiate Alkaloids	195-201	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	39-42
8255917-1	1993	Recently, cholecystokinin (CCK) has been reported to antagonize a variety of opiate-induced effects, including nociception, body shaking, thermoregulation, and locomotion.	Opiate Alkaloids	77-83	cholecystokinin	Homo sapiens	10-25
8255917-1	1993	Recently, cholecystokinin (CCK) has been reported to antagonize a variety of opiate-induced effects, including nociception, body shaking, thermoregulation, and locomotion.	Opiate Alkaloids	77-83	cholecystokinin	Homo sapiens	27-30
8227828-13	1993	Beta-endorphin plasma levels were higher and more stable in patients with silent ischemia during angioplasty, suggesting that opiate levels and their variation during ischemia are associated with individual attitude toward anginal pain.	Opiate Alkaloids	126-132	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	0-14
8162104-1	1993	In experiments on different species of animals respiratory stimulating effects of naloxone, TRH and its analogue RGH 2202 during respiratory rhythmogenesis disturbances, evoked by hyperventilation of lungs, bleeding and intoxication with cyanides or opiates, were investigated.	Opiate Alkaloids	250-257	thyrotropin releasing hormone	Homo sapiens	92-95
7902768-0	1993	Autonomic areas of rat brain exhibit increased Fos-like immunoreactivity during opiate withdrawal in rats.	Opiate Alkaloids	80-86	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	47-50
8287039-0	1993	Direct determination of opium alkaloid-bovine serum albumin conjugate by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.	Opiate Alkaloids	24-38	albumin	Homo sapiens	46-59
8287039-1	1993	Opium alkaloids (thebaine, codeine and morphine) have been conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) to give individual antigen conjugates which are analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-15	albumin	Homo sapiens	82-95
8385579-9	1993	The investigations have focused on the Fos-Jun family of immediate early gene transcription factors, and the CREB family of transcription factors, as possible mediators of the effects of chronic opiate and cocaine exposure on regulation of neuronal gene expression.	Opiate Alkaloids	195-201	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	109-113
1334505-0	1992	Trigeminal and dorsal root ganglion neurons express CCK receptor binding sites in the rat, rabbit, and monkey: possible site of opiate-CCK analgesic interactions.	Opiate Alkaloids	128-134	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	52-55
8098501-9	1993	Thus, opiate-induced immunosuppression may involve an inhibition of post-PKC events, especially IL-2R expression, as well as impairment of earlier events in the activation of immune cells such as the increase in [Ca2+]i.	Opiate Alkaloids	6-12	interleukin 2 receptor, alpha chain	Mus musculus	96-101
1334505-0	1992	Trigeminal and dorsal root ganglion neurons express CCK receptor binding sites in the rat, rabbit, and monkey: possible site of opiate-CCK analgesic interactions.	Opiate Alkaloids	128-134	cholecystokinin	Oryctolagus cuniculus	135-138
1358653-0	1992	Suppression by dynorphin A-(1-13) of the expression of opiate withdrawal and tolerance in mice.	Opiate Alkaloids	55-61	prodynorphin	Mus musculus	15-32
1382137-0	1992	Sub-chronic exposure to opiates in the rat: effects on brain levels of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide during dependence and withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	24-31	calcitonin-related polypeptide alpha	Rattus norvegicus	87-118
1382137-8	1992	SP and CGRP content in opiate-maintained and naive animals were similar following saline injection.	Opiate Alkaloids	23-29	calcitonin-related polypeptide alpha	Rattus norvegicus	7-11
1310640-5	1992	Receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and muscarinic cholinergic agents occurred on 60%, bombesin and gastrin on 30%, beta-adrenergic agents and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) on 20%, and somatostatin, opiates, neuromedin B, and substance P on 10%.	Opiate Alkaloids	215-222	vasoactive intestinal peptide	Homo sapiens	45-48
1407373-8	1992	Domperidone (1mg/kg), a peripherally active D2 receptor antagonist, administered prior to the morphine challenge, attenuated the opiate-induced PRL suppression in EB/oil-treated animals suggesting that a dopaminergic mechanism is involved in this paradoxical response to morphine.	Opiate Alkaloids	129-135	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	144-147
1787914-8	1991	Thus, immunoneutralization of NPFF appears to selectively restore morphine sensitivity in opiate-tolerant animals.	Opiate Alkaloids	90-96	neuropeptide FF-amide peptide precursor	Rattus norvegicus	30-34
1531356-3	1992	To understand better the mechanism by which opiates produce these intracellular adaptations, we studied morphine regulation of the state of phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), a transcription factor that mediates some of the effects of the cyclic AMP system on gene expression.	Opiate Alkaloids	44-51	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	204-208
1319909-5	1992	Subsequent injection of morphine (2.5-5 micrograms/0.5 microliter) into the same site produced a weaker facilitation of brain stimulation reward than expected, suggesting that local damage after multiple central injections or prior injections of neurotensin itself reduced the responsiveness of dopamine neurons to opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	315-322	neurotensin	Rattus norvegicus	246-257
1661443-1	1991	It has been reported that morphine or opiate-like substances (OLS) can affect the contents of cyclic AMP and/or cyclic GMP in mammalian brain, but very little is known whether similar effects also occur in spinal cord.	Opiate Alkaloids	38-44	5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic II	Homo sapiens	119-122
1666896-1	1991	In order to test the hypothesis that endogenous opiates are at least partially responsible for hyperinsulinaemia in patients with polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD), the effect of naloxone (an opiate receptor blocker) on the insulin response to oral glucose load (OGTT) was studied in 20 women with PCOD and 17 control subjects at days 5-8 of their follicular phase.	Opiate Alkaloids	48-55	insulin	Homo sapiens	100-107
1861149-8	1991	Opiate-active beta-endorphin 1-31 is the principal form in both species.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	14-28
1650874-1	1991	We previously reported that kappa opiates stimulated the release of human placental lactogen (hPL) from human placental cells.	Opiate Alkaloids	34-41	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	94-97
2036964-2	1991	In the present study we evaluated that role of LHRH in this steroid-induced effect on opiate-responsiveness.	Opiate Alkaloids	86-92	gonadotropin releasing hormone 1	Rattus norvegicus	47-51
2036964-6	1991	These results indicate that the LHRH secretory dynamics associated with the preovulatory surge of LH may serve to modulate opiate responsiveness and thereby could serve to couple behavioral, sensory, and autonomic events with this neuroendocrine response to gonadal steroids.	Opiate Alkaloids	123-129	gonadotropin releasing hormone 1	Rattus norvegicus	32-36
2012982-1	1991	It was recently reported that the opiate antagonist, naloxone (Nal), blocks the changes induced by the endogenous pyrogen, interferon-alpha 2 (IFN), in the electrical activity of hypothalamic thermosensitive neurons in rat brain slice preparations.	Opiate Alkaloids	34-40	interferon alpha 2	Rattus norvegicus	123-141
2012982-1	1991	It was recently reported that the opiate antagonist, naloxone (Nal), blocks the changes induced by the endogenous pyrogen, interferon-alpha 2 (IFN), in the electrical activity of hypothalamic thermosensitive neurons in rat brain slice preparations.	Opiate Alkaloids	34-40	interferon alpha 2	Rattus norvegicus	143-146
1650874-6	1991	Preincubation of human trophoblastic cells with 0.1 microgram/ml Islet-Activating-Protein (IAP; also called pertussis toxin) did not modify basal adenylate cyclase activity but abolished the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by EKC, indicating that the effect of opiates on cAMP production was mediated by an IAP-sensitive GTP binding protein.	Opiate Alkaloids	270-277	islet amyloid polypeptide	Homo sapiens	65-89
1650874-6	1991	Preincubation of human trophoblastic cells with 0.1 microgram/ml Islet-Activating-Protein (IAP; also called pertussis toxin) did not modify basal adenylate cyclase activity but abolished the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by EKC, indicating that the effect of opiates on cAMP production was mediated by an IAP-sensitive GTP binding protein.	Opiate Alkaloids	270-277	islet amyloid polypeptide	Homo sapiens	91-94
2122729-4	1990	Of the neuroendocrine factors that appear to regulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone activity, the opiate and dopamine neuronal systems have been implicated as factors that are responsible in part for the decreased secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone.	Opiate Alkaloids	99-105	gonadotropin releasing hormone 1	Homo sapiens	228-258
1701330-0	1990	Induction of the c-fos proto-oncogene during opiate withdrawal in the locus coeruleus and other regions of rat brain.	Opiate Alkaloids	45-51	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	17-22
1701330-2	1990	Precipitation of opiate withdrawal in rats, which is known to increase LC firing rates 4-fold, led to a two- to three-fold increase in levels of mRNA and protein for c-fos in the LC 1-2 h after initiation of withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	17-23	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	166-171
1701330-4	1990	Similar regulation of c-fos expression during opiate withdrawal was found in the amygdala, ventral tegmentum, nucleus accumbens, neostriatum, and cerebral cortex, but not in a number of other brain regions studied, which included the hippocampus, dorsal raphe, periaqueductal gray, and paragigantocellularis.	Opiate Alkaloids	46-52	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	22-27
1701330-6	1990	The results demonstrate a novel use of c-fos in neuropharmacology, namely to map neuronal pathways and neuronal cell types activated in response to acute and chronic opiate administration and during opiate withdrawal, as well as in response to other psychotropic drug treatments.	Opiate Alkaloids	166-172	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	39-44
2110636-0	1990	Opiates modify induction of c-fos proto-oncogene in the spinal cord of the rat following noxious stimulation.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	28-33
2354659-0	1990	[The effect of vasopressin on the concentration of regulatory peptides in the hippocampus of opiate-dependent animals].	Opiate Alkaloids	93-99	arginine vasopressin	Homo sapiens	15-26
2357926-0	1990	[Changes in the level of regulatory peptides and serotonin in the hippocampus of opiate-dependent animals treated with oxytocin].	Opiate Alkaloids	81-87	oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	119-127
2758231-17	1989	These results indicate that peripheral opiate-sensitive afferent sensory neurones play a physiological defensive role in the mucosa, attenuating the extent of gastric damage induced by Paf.	Opiate Alkaloids	39-45	PCNA clamp associated factor	Rattus norvegicus	185-188
2185521-7	1990	Stimulants have their appeal because their energizing properties relieve distress associated with depression, hypomania, and hyperactivity; opiates are compelling because they mute and contain disorganizing affects of rage and aggression; and sedative hypnotics, including alcohol, permit the experience of affection, aggression, and closeness in individuals who are otherwise cut off from their feelings and relationships.	Opiate Alkaloids	140-147	long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 914	Homo sapiens	218-222
2531983-8	1989	Vagal stimulation induced by TRH increases duodenal bicarbonate secretion by the release of VIP and, in part, by activation of a muscarinic pathway but not by pituitary, adrenal, and noradrenergic pathways or endogenous opiates and prostaglandins.	Opiate Alkaloids	220-227	thyrotropin releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	29-32
2566510-3	1989	The opioidergic (i.e. beta-endorphin, enkephalin, and dynorphin) system is involved in both the actions of alcohol and opiates, as well as craving and/or genetic predisposition towards abuse of these two agents.	Opiate Alkaloids	119-126	pro-opiomelanocortin-alpha	Mus musculus	22-36
2725851-5	1989	The present data are consistent with previous reports that CCK blocks, and CCK antagonists enhance, opiate-induced analgesia in response to thermal pain stimuli.	Opiate Alkaloids	100-106	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	59-62
2566960-5	1989	On the other hand, the control of the GHRH secretion by peptidergic hypothalamic neurons occurs through four principal monoaminergic systems such as dopaminergic, noradrenergic, adrenergic and serotoninergic ones, and also by cholinergic fibers and by endogenous opiates, all acting to cause the release, into the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation, of GHRH.	Opiate Alkaloids	263-270	growth hormone releasing hormone	Homo sapiens	38-42
2544437-0	1989	Changes of dipeptidyl peptidase (DP IV) activity in the T lymphocytes of rats following administration of ACTH, dexamethasone and opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	130-137	dipeptidylpeptidase 4	Rattus norvegicus	33-38
2544437-6	1989	Our findings show that DP IV mechanisms in T cells are highly sensitive to exogenous and endogenous steroids, opiates and biologically active substances released in response to stress in rats.	Opiate Alkaloids	110-117	dipeptidylpeptidase 4	Rattus norvegicus	23-28
2725851-5	1989	The present data are consistent with previous reports that CCK blocks, and CCK antagonists enhance, opiate-induced analgesia in response to thermal pain stimuli.	Opiate Alkaloids	100-106	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	75-78
3144275-5	1988	Upon activation of opiate receptors by morphine, the c-fos gene is activated and Fos protein may act as a signal transducer uniquely involved in the mechanism of opiate addiction at the level of gene regulation.	Opiate Alkaloids	19-25	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	53-58
3202224-5	1988	Moreover, CCK selectively prevented naltrexone antagonism of opiate-mediated reduction in distress vocalization in 3- and 11-day-old rats.	Opiate Alkaloids	61-67	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	10-13
3144275-5	1988	Upon activation of opiate receptors by morphine, the c-fos gene is activated and Fos protein may act as a signal transducer uniquely involved in the mechanism of opiate addiction at the level of gene regulation.	Opiate Alkaloids	19-25	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	81-84
3417220-0	1988	Opiate modulation of the stress-induced increase of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in plasma.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	vasoactive intestinal peptide	Homo sapiens	52-81
2841009-12	1988	This enkephalin mediated locomotor response was blocked by the opiate antagonist naloxone (2 mg/kg).	Opiate Alkaloids	63-69	proenkephalin	Rattus norvegicus	5-15
3417220-0	1988	Opiate modulation of the stress-induced increase of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in plasma.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	vasoactive intestinal peptide	Homo sapiens	83-86
3037227-1	1987	Displacement from brain membranes of labeled opiates by low concentrations of enkephalins and of labeled enkephalins by low concentrations of opiates has been previously explained by the existence of a common high affinity site termed mu-1.	Opiate Alkaloids	45-52	glutathione S-transferase mu 1	Homo sapiens	235-239
2834014-5	1988	The results indicate that the CEA is important in the gastric cytomodulatory effects of endogenous opiates during stressful experiences.	Opiate Alkaloids	99-106	carcinoembryonic antigen gene family 4	Rattus norvegicus	30-33
2832191-1	1988	We studied the effects of various doses of the opiate derivative buprenorphine on serum prolactin levels and whether these effects could be counteracted by pretreatment with the opiate receptor blocker naloxone.	Opiate Alkaloids	47-53	prolactin	Homo sapiens	88-97
3402560-0	1988	Opiate binding differentially associated with oxytocin and vasopressin nerve endings from porcine neurohypophyses.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	46-54
3402560-0	1988	Opiate binding differentially associated with oxytocin and vasopressin nerve endings from porcine neurohypophyses.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	arginine vasopressin	Homo sapiens	59-70
20501200-7	1988	The control of striatal and accumbal neurotensin content by antidopaminergic and anticholinergic drugs seemed to be quite specific: drugs with actions on noradrenergic, serotoninergic, GABA-ergic and opiate systems did not influence the neurotensin content in these two structures.	Opiate Alkaloids	200-206	neurotensin	Rattus norvegicus	37-48
2964965-0	1987	Effect of opiate, general anaesthesia and surgery on plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels in man.	Opiate Alkaloids	10-16	natriuretic peptide A	Homo sapiens	60-86
2964965-2	1987	Animal data suggest that opiates, halothane anaesthesia and activation of the sympathetic system stimulates release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).	Opiate Alkaloids	25-32	natriuretic peptide A	Homo sapiens	119-145
2964965-2	1987	Animal data suggest that opiates, halothane anaesthesia and activation of the sympathetic system stimulates release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).	Opiate Alkaloids	25-32	natriuretic peptide A	Homo sapiens	147-150
3392667-6	1988	Enkephalin hyperpolarized interneurones, most probably by increasing potassium conductance; this action was blocked by the opiate antagonist, naloxone.	Opiate Alkaloids	123-129	proenkephalin	Rattus norvegicus	0-10
3037227-1	1987	Displacement from brain membranes of labeled opiates by low concentrations of enkephalins and of labeled enkephalins by low concentrations of opiates has been previously explained by the existence of a common high affinity site termed mu-1.	Opiate Alkaloids	142-149	glutathione S-transferase mu 1	Homo sapiens	235-239
3539980-2	1987	We, therefore, tested the hypothesis that endogenous opiates are at least partially responsible for the hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in this syndrome.	Opiate Alkaloids	53-60	insulin	Homo sapiens	109-116
3035002-1	1987	Opiates stimulate the growth hormone and prolactin responses to stimuli in non-obese humans.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	22-36
3035002-1	1987	Opiates stimulate the growth hormone and prolactin responses to stimuli in non-obese humans.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	prolactin	Homo sapiens	41-50
3035002-11	1987	We therefore conclude that the hypothalamic regulatory disturbance of growth hormone and prolactin secretions in the obese could be caused by raised opiate levels.	Opiate Alkaloids	149-155	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	70-84
3035002-11	1987	We therefore conclude that the hypothalamic regulatory disturbance of growth hormone and prolactin secretions in the obese could be caused by raised opiate levels.	Opiate Alkaloids	149-155	prolactin	Homo sapiens	89-98
3683773-2	1987	An interaction between opiate and CCK-induced antinociception is indicated as CCK-induced analgesia is potentiated by naloxone.	Opiate Alkaloids	23-29	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	78-81
2889675-2	1987	PRL secretion is undoubtedly influenced by many substances, which can be variously altered in uremia: monoamines, endogenous opiates and PTH.	Opiate Alkaloids	125-132	prolactin	Homo sapiens	0-3
3031276-2	1987	The opioid and serotonergic systems were chosen for comparison because evidence exists that functional serotonergic neurons are necessary for opiate-induced PRL secretion in adult rats.	Opiate Alkaloids	142-148	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	157-160
3539980-6	1987	We conclude that endogenous opiates are at least partially responsible for the hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in PCO-AN.	Opiate Alkaloids	28-35	insulin	Homo sapiens	84-91
3609628-1	1987	To evaluate the role of endogenous opiates in the regulation of plasma motilin and the interdigestive motor complex of the small bowel, naloxone was administered in dogs.	Opiate Alkaloids	35-42	motilin	Canis lupus familiaris	71-78
3113690-8	1987	The results indicate: (1) that the opiate antagonist naloxone is able to increase both the amplitude and the frequency of LH-RH discharge by the hypothalamus and (2), when the LH-RH pulse frequency exceeds one pulse every 30 min., discrete LH secretory episodes are not observed in peripheral blood.	Opiate Alkaloids	35-41	gonadotropin releasing hormone 1	Homo sapiens	122-127
3113690-8	1987	The results indicate: (1) that the opiate antagonist naloxone is able to increase both the amplitude and the frequency of LH-RH discharge by the hypothalamus and (2), when the LH-RH pulse frequency exceeds one pulse every 30 min., discrete LH secretory episodes are not observed in peripheral blood.	Opiate Alkaloids	35-41	gonadotropin releasing hormone 1	Homo sapiens	176-181
2896146-7	1987	The absence of liability to dependence with prolactin strengthens the contention that prolactin may be a potential drug for combatting opiate dependence.	Opiate Alkaloids	135-141	prolactin	Homo sapiens	86-95
3803900-4	1987	An opiate antagonist, naloxone, had no stimulatory effect on basal GH concentrations, but attenuated the GH response to morphine.	Opiate Alkaloids	3-9	growth hormone	Gallus gallus	105-107
2952897-9	1987	Opiate ligand stereoisomers were tested for their effects on calmodulin stimulating of high affinity Ca2+/Mg2+ ATPase in synaptic membranes.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	calmodulin 1	Homo sapiens	61-71
3659227-8	1987	These results suggest an involvement of the histaminergic system in opiate-induced GH-release.	Opiate Alkaloids	68-74	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	83-85
3035598-6	1987	These results indicate that the opiate-induced release of growth hormone and prolactin may be mediated in part by sites outside of the blood-brain barrier.	Opiate Alkaloids	32-38	gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	58-72
3035598-6	1987	These results indicate that the opiate-induced release of growth hormone and prolactin may be mediated in part by sites outside of the blood-brain barrier.	Opiate Alkaloids	32-38	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	77-86
3538063-6	1986	The opiate-induced circling appears to involve a non-mu opiate receptor as well as a dopaminergic neuronal system.	Opiate Alkaloids	4-10	opioid related nociceptin receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	53-71
3100869-8	1986	Withdrawal of the gonadal steroids has been reported to cause a rapid loss of the tonic inhibitory control of the opiate system on LHRH secretion as revealed by a lack of response to naloxone.	Opiate Alkaloids	114-120	gonadotropin releasing hormone 1	Homo sapiens	131-135
3786358-5	1986	Results indicated that a 25 micrograms/kg dose of CCK-8 blocked the hypoactivity elicited by morphine 40-60 min after opiate injection, whereas a 75 micrograms/kg dose of CCK-8 blocked the hyperactivity elicited by morphine 80-100 min after opiate injection.	Opiate Alkaloids	118-124	cholecystokinin	Mesocricetus auratus	50-53
3786358-5	1986	Results indicated that a 25 micrograms/kg dose of CCK-8 blocked the hypoactivity elicited by morphine 40-60 min after opiate injection, whereas a 75 micrograms/kg dose of CCK-8 blocked the hyperactivity elicited by morphine 80-100 min after opiate injection.	Opiate Alkaloids	241-247	cholecystokinin	Mesocricetus auratus	171-174
2437547-6	1987	A high dose of CCK injected prior to MO increased the facilitatory effect and decreased the depressive effect of the opiate on the reflex.	Opiate Alkaloids	117-123	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	15-18
3022768-7	1986	This means that the CAR cannot be due to conditioned amelioration of specific effects of specific toxins (which would not be effective if the toxin were changed) and suggests a central alleviation of nausea, perhaps like the alleviation of pain by endogenous opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	259-266	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3	Rattus norvegicus	20-23
3024866-0	1986	Loperamide, an opiate analogue, inhibits plasma ACTH levels in patients with Addison"s disease.	Opiate Alkaloids	15-21	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	48-52
2943358-7	1986	The predominant BE-LI peak in both groups co-eluted with opiate-active unmodified beta-endorphin.	Opiate Alkaloids	57-63	pro-opiomelanocortin-alpha	Mus musculus	82-96
2940263-1	1986	Previous reports have shown that endogenous opiates (beta-endorphin and met-enkephalin) have effects on cells of the immune system at physiologic concentrations.	Opiate Alkaloids	44-51	pro-opiomelanocortin-alpha	Mus musculus	53-67
2940263-1	1986	Previous reports have shown that endogenous opiates (beta-endorphin and met-enkephalin) have effects on cells of the immune system at physiologic concentrations.	Opiate Alkaloids	44-51	pro-opiomelanocortin-alpha	Mus musculus	72-86
3093194-4	1986	Pepsin-generated i-met-ENK from rat plasma gave three major peaks during reverse phase HPLC, one of which (approximately 25% of the total) coeluted with methionine5-enkephalin sulfoxide and also completed in a radioreceptor assay for opiate-related substances.	Opiate Alkaloids	234-240	proenkephalin	Rattus norvegicus	23-26
3007734-0	1986	Catecholaminergic regulation of opiate-stimulated growth hormone secretion in the developing rat.	Opiate Alkaloids	32-38	gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	50-64
3515972-0	1986	Suppression of renin release by antagonism of endogenous opiates in the dog.	Opiate Alkaloids	57-64	renin	Canis lupus familiaris	15-20
3515972-3	1986	Acute antagonism of endogenous opiates abolished the increase in plasma renin activity and mean arterial pressure associated with renal arterial constriction.	Opiate Alkaloids	31-38	renin	Canis lupus familiaris	72-77
3005501-5	1986	Competition analyses involving rank order determinations for a series of opiates and other drugs indicate that the high-affinity binding site is the mu opiate receptor.	Opiate Alkaloids	73-80	opioid related nociceptin receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	149-167
3007734-1	1986	In adult rats, the noradrenergic system plays a role in pulsatile and opiate-stimulated growth hormone (GH) secretion through stimulation of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors.	Opiate Alkaloids	70-76	gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	88-102
3749403-1	1986	The role of endogenous opiates in the control of the secretion of oxytocin in the basal state in healthy male volunteers was investigated with the opiate antagonist naloxone.	Opiate Alkaloids	23-30	oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	66-74
3101414-8	1986	Pepsin-generated iENK gave three major peaks during HPLC, one of which (ca, 25%) co-eluted with oxidized ENK and also registered in a radioreceptor assay for opiate-related substances.	Opiate Alkaloids	158-164	proenkephalin	Rattus norvegicus	18-21
3002767-10	1986	The results demonstrate that both the ether stress- and morphine-induced increases in plasma PRL, but not in ACTH or beta end, are associated with increased neuronal 5-HT activity in the MBH and a decreased neuronal DA activity in the ME, that these are opiate receptor-mediated effects, and that infantile rats apparently lack a functional opiate-5-HT connection, which matures some time between days 13 and 36 postnatally.	Opiate Alkaloids	254-260	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	93-96
2433912-4	1986	Opiates and somatostatin inhibit the release of substance P from primary sensory neurones and relieve both pain and autonomic symptoms of cluster headache attack.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	tachykinin precursor 1	Homo sapiens	48-59
3896389-0	1985	Effect of opiates on the release of cholecystokinin from in vitro hypothalamus and frontal cortex of Zucker lean (Fa/-) and obese (fa/fa) rats.	Opiate Alkaloids	10-17	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	36-51
3000378-0	1985	NMB: a human neuroblastoma cell line with specific opiate binding sites.	Opiate Alkaloids	51-57	neuromedin B	Homo sapiens	0-3
2412704-3	1985	Opiates and somatostatin (SRIF), both active in relieving CH attack, inhibit SP release from the central and peripheral trigeminal system.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	tachykinin precursor 1	Homo sapiens	77-79
3904487-4	1985	Narcotic addicts prefer opiates because of their powerful muting action on the disorganizing and threatening affects of rage and aggression.	Opiate Alkaloids	24-31	long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 914	Homo sapiens	120-124
3896389-1	1985	Opiates, morphine and [D-Ala2-D-Leu5]-enkephalin (DADLE), inhibited the K+-stimulated release of cholecystokinin (CCK) from the hypothalamus of both Zucker obese (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/-) rats, in vitro.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	97-112
3896389-1	1985	Opiates, morphine and [D-Ala2-D-Leu5]-enkephalin (DADLE), inhibited the K+-stimulated release of cholecystokinin (CCK) from the hypothalamus of both Zucker obese (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/-) rats, in vitro.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	114-117
3987071-6	1985	It seems that in man, therefore, there is an interplay between opiates and the serotoninergic system in the facilitatory influence on PRL release.	Opiate Alkaloids	63-70	prolactin	Homo sapiens	134-137
4006764-1	1985	The continuous subcutaneous infusion of opiate, a new approach to the alleviation of severe chronic pain, has been carried out using a pump system normally employed for the infusion of insulin.	Opiate Alkaloids	40-46	insulin	Homo sapiens	185-192
2992720-8	1985	Chronic opiate administration decreases body weight and autosensitization of beta-endorphin increases body weight.	Opiate Alkaloids	8-14	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	77-91
3838691-3	1985	We have extended these initial studies by examining the effect of CCK antagonists on opiate analgesia produced by release of endogenous opiates (front paw footshock induced analgesia) and by intrathecal administration of D-Ala-methionine enkephalinamide, a stable analogue of an endogenous opiate.	Opiate Alkaloids	85-91	cholecystokinin	Homo sapiens	66-69
2996045-11	1985	It is concluded that TRH and its analogs may be useful in combating some of the withdrawal symptoms in opiate-dependent subjects.	Opiate Alkaloids	103-109	thyrotropin releasing hormone	Mus musculus	21-24
3001675-3	1985	The substantial differences in the opiate effects on the cardiovascular system is also apparent in more recent studies using enkephalins, beta-endorphin and dynorphins.	Opiate Alkaloids	35-41	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	138-152
4034850-1	1985	The plasma prolactin (PRL) response to the opiate antagonist naloxone was tested in drug-free healthy volunteers (10 men, 18 regularly menstruating women who were in the late follicular phase of their ovarian cycles, and seven post-menopausal women).	Opiate Alkaloids	43-49	prolactin	Homo sapiens	11-20
4034850-1	1985	The plasma prolactin (PRL) response to the opiate antagonist naloxone was tested in drug-free healthy volunteers (10 men, 18 regularly menstruating women who were in the late follicular phase of their ovarian cycles, and seven post-menopausal women).	Opiate Alkaloids	43-49	prolactin	Homo sapiens	22-25
3968975-1	1985	In order to characterize the in vivo action of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) on opiate receptors and opiate-induced behaviors, the effects of injections of PLA2 into the periaqueductal gray region (PAG) of the rat were assessed on free fatty acid (FFA) release, opiate-binding levels, and morphine-induced behaviors.	Opiate Alkaloids	74-80	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	47-63
3968975-1	1985	In order to characterize the in vivo action of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) on opiate receptors and opiate-induced behaviors, the effects of injections of PLA2 into the periaqueductal gray region (PAG) of the rat were assessed on free fatty acid (FFA) release, opiate-binding levels, and morphine-induced behaviors.	Opiate Alkaloids	74-80	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	65-69
2985486-4	1985	Following naloxone at 0700h both ACTH and cortisol rose indicating a tonic inhibition of ACTH by endogenous opiates at that time.	Opiate Alkaloids	108-115	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	33-37
2985486-4	1985	Following naloxone at 0700h both ACTH and cortisol rose indicating a tonic inhibition of ACTH by endogenous opiates at that time.	Opiate Alkaloids	108-115	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	89-93
3861127-4	1985	When delivered directly to the lumbosacral spinal cord, a critical site of opiate action, 3.6 ng of CCK-8 significantly inhibited opiate-mediated footshock analgesia; however, 3.6 ng of desulfated CCK-8 did not have an effect.	Opiate Alkaloids	75-81	cholecystokinin	Homo sapiens	100-103
3861127-6	1985	If CCK functions to inhibit opiate involvement in behaviors other than pain responsitivity, CCK-induced satiety may result from an inhibition of opiate-stimulated feeding.	Opiate Alkaloids	28-34	cholecystokinin	Homo sapiens	3-6
3861127-7	1985	In immunohistochemical studies, we have found a dense CCK fiber plexus in the dorsal PVN, a critical site for opiate-induced feeding.	Opiate Alkaloids	110-116	cholecystokinin	Homo sapiens	54-57
6586195-0	1984	Endogenous opiate reward induced by an enkephalinase inhibitor, thiorphan, injected into the ventral midbrain.	Opiate Alkaloids	11-17	membrane metallo-endopeptidase	Rattus norvegicus	39-52
6473349-4	1984	These results indicate that the pathway for opiate-induced stimulation of GH release is functional during stress, and suggest that the suppressive effect of stress does not involve a blockade of opiate receptor stimulation of GH.	Opiate Alkaloids	44-50	gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	74-76
6330154-9	1984	Our results suggest that endogenous opiates have a prominent inhibitory effect on pituitary gonadotropin and PRL secretion only during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.	Opiate Alkaloids	36-43	prolactin	Homo sapiens	109-112
6087372-6	1984	It is concluded that the prolonged exposure to ACTH presumably causes a corticosterone-mediated loss of responsiveness of functionally restricted opiate sensitive mechanisms in the central nervous system.	Opiate Alkaloids	146-152	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	47-51
6549409-4	1984	The NPY induction of food intake was suppressed by the opiate antagonist, naloxone, and by the dopamine antagonist, haloperidol.	Opiate Alkaloids	55-61	neuropeptide Y	Rattus norvegicus	4-7
6324140-1	1983	Opiate binding sites in five brain regions were labeled with the mu and delta markers, 3H-morphine and 3H-[D-Ala2,D-leu5]enkephalin, respectively.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	proenkephalin	Rattus norvegicus	121-131
6143305-4	1984	These data raise the possibility that endogenous opiates participate in the regulation of postprandial insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide release not only in certain disease states as demonstrated recently for insulin secretion in type II diabetes mellitus but endogenous opiates may also be of importance under physiological conditions.	Opiate Alkaloids	49-56	insulin	Homo sapiens	103-110
6143305-4	1984	These data raise the possibility that endogenous opiates participate in the regulation of postprandial insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide release not only in certain disease states as demonstrated recently for insulin secretion in type II diabetes mellitus but endogenous opiates may also be of importance under physiological conditions.	Opiate Alkaloids	49-56	pancreatic polypeptide	Homo sapiens	139-161
6323950-3	1984	Similarly, morphine (1 nM) inhibited the higher-affinity binding of 3H-D-Ala2-D-Leu5-enkephalin to a greater extent than its lower-affinity binding component, consistent with a common high-affinity binding site for opiates and enkephalins.	Opiate Alkaloids	215-222	tripartite motif containing 13	Homo sapiens	80-84
6397776-8	1984	Compelling evidence implicates endogenous opiates in SPA.	Opiate Alkaloids	42-49	surfactant protein A2	Homo sapiens	53-56
6193886-6	1983	Somatostatin and opiates could act by inhibiting the release of substance P.	Opiate Alkaloids	17-24	tachykinin precursor 1	Homo sapiens	64-75
6141625-14	1983	The present data demonstrate that the addition of carbohydrates either orally or intravenously to fat and protein meals modulates the effect of endogenous opiates in the regulation of postprandial somatostatin, insulin and pancreatic polypeptide release in dogs in a way that carbohydrates induce inhibitory mechanisms that are mediated via endogenous opiate receptors.	Opiate Alkaloids	155-162	insulin	Canis lupus familiaris	211-218
6141625-14	1983	The present data demonstrate that the addition of carbohydrates either orally or intravenously to fat and protein meals modulates the effect of endogenous opiates in the regulation of postprandial somatostatin, insulin and pancreatic polypeptide release in dogs in a way that carbohydrates induce inhibitory mechanisms that are mediated via endogenous opiate receptors.	Opiate Alkaloids	155-162	pancreatic polypeptide	Canis lupus familiaris	223-245
6664410-5	1983	These results implicate endogenous opiate systems in the obesity and alterations in food intake regulation exhibited by MSG-treated mice.	Opiate Alkaloids	35-41	metastic suppressing gene	Mus musculus	120-123
6881520-5	1983	During the investigation period vasopressin secretion in patients under epidural opiate therapy was significantly less pronounced as in patients under systemic opiate therapy.	Opiate Alkaloids	81-87	arginine vasopressin	Homo sapiens	32-43
6856027-1	1983	Acute opiate administration in vivo increases the level of cytoplasmic calmodulin in isolated rat brain synaptosomes.	Opiate Alkaloids	6-12	calmodulin 1	Rattus norvegicus	71-81
6407047-0	1983	Opiate analgesia and its antagonism in dental event-related potentials: evidence for placebo antagonism.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	ETS transcription factor ELK3	Homo sapiens	46-70
6295758-10	1982	The co-regulation of opiate and adrenergic receptors and their interaction with calmodulin and Ca2+-ATPase is discussed in view of recent observations indicating biochemical and physiological association between opiates, Ca2+ and adrenergic compounds.	Opiate Alkaloids	212-219	calmodulin	Bos taurus	80-90
6312620-4	1983	This suggests that LHRH release from the MBH, which is normally accelerated by ovariectomy, is blocked by delta 9-THC and this inhibitory effect of delta 9-THC on LHRH release is reversed by naloxone, suggesting an involvement of endogenous opiate system.	Opiate Alkaloids	241-247	gonadotropin releasing hormone 1	Rattus norvegicus	19-23
6138852-6	1983	The release of gastric and pancreatic somatostatin is regulated by ingested and circulating nutrients and is modulated by neural mechanisms (cholinergic, adrenergic, dopaminergic) histamine, prostaglandins, opiates and gastrointestinal hormones.	Opiate Alkaloids	207-214	somatostatin	Homo sapiens	38-50
6295758-10	1982	The co-regulation of opiate and adrenergic receptors and their interaction with calmodulin and Ca2+-ATPase is discussed in view of recent observations indicating biochemical and physiological association between opiates, Ca2+ and adrenergic compounds.	Opiate Alkaloids	212-219	dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 8	Mus musculus	100-106
6184121-0	1982	Opiate-mediated inhibition of the release of cholecystokinin and substance P, but not neurotensin from cat hypothalamic slices.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	cholecystokinin	Homo sapiens	45-60
6759079-1	1982	We examined the role of endogenous opiates and/or prostaglandins on the abnormal insulin secretion characteristic of some non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects.	Opiate Alkaloids	35-42	insulin	Homo sapiens	81-88
6184121-0	1982	Opiate-mediated inhibition of the release of cholecystokinin and substance P, but not neurotensin from cat hypothalamic slices.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	tachykinin precursor 1	Homo sapiens	65-76
6814795-1	1982	Endogenous opiates are involved in the control of pituitary gonadotrophin and PRL secretion, and possibly of food intake.	Opiate Alkaloids	11-18	prolactin	Homo sapiens	78-81
6292613-1	1982	Receptor mechanisms for opiate induced respiratory depression and analgesia (tail-flick) were studied by the ED50 ratios and the apparent pA2 values of the interactions of naloxone with the mu-agonists morphine and D-ala2-me-phe4-met (O)ol5-enkephalin (FK-33824), and the delta-agonists D-ala2-D-leu5-enkephalin (DADL) and tyr-D-ser-gly-phe-leu-thr.	Opiate Alkaloids	24-30	proenkephalin	Rattus norvegicus	241-251
6292613-1	1982	Receptor mechanisms for opiate induced respiratory depression and analgesia (tail-flick) were studied by the ED50 ratios and the apparent pA2 values of the interactions of naloxone with the mu-agonists morphine and D-ala2-me-phe4-met (O)ol5-enkephalin (FK-33824), and the delta-agonists D-ala2-D-leu5-enkephalin (DADL) and tyr-D-ser-gly-phe-leu-thr.	Opiate Alkaloids	24-30	proenkephalin	Rattus norvegicus	301-311
6299620-3	1982	Conversley, 16 mg of the opiate antagonist, naloxone led to brisk and pronounced elevations in plasma ACTH, lipotrophin (LPH) and cortisol.	Opiate Alkaloids	25-31	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	102-106
6299621-0	1982	Opiates control ACTH through a noradrenergic mechanism.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	16-20
6755122-3	1982	To circumvent these problems, we made use of the opiate antagonist naloxone, as a neuroendocrine probe, to elicit the release of LH-RH under in vivo conditions.	Opiate Alkaloids	49-55	gonadotropin releasing hormone 1	Rattus norvegicus	129-134
6181455-6	1982	The results suggest a role for endorphins in the modulation of acute pain and are compatible with experimental evidence for an inhibitory effect of opiates on substance P release.	Opiate Alkaloids	148-155	tachykinin precursor 1	Homo sapiens	159-170
6124436-0	1982	Further evidence for the existence of opiate binding sites on neurosecretory LHRH mediobasal hypothalamic terminals.	Opiate Alkaloids	38-44	gonadotropin releasing hormone 1	Rattus norvegicus	77-81
6288586-3	1982	Opiate activity in a radioreceptor binding assay is about seven times that of human beta-endorphin.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	84-98
6183855-3	1982	Thus, an opiate-dependent step seems to be involved in the action of SP1-11.	Opiate Alkaloids	9-15	Sp1 transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	69-75
7062006-0	1982	Ego development in opiate addicts.	Opiate Alkaloids	19-25	eosinophil granule ontogeny transcript	Homo sapiens	0-3
7062006-5	1982	The mean ego development scores for the opiate addicts and controls were not significantly different although both groups achieved scores that were, on the average, one full stage lower than those obtained in other studies of nonclinical adult populations.	Opiate Alkaloids	40-46	eosinophil granule ontogeny transcript	Homo sapiens	9-12
6277672-16	1982	We conclude that an inhibitory control by endogenous opiates is involved in some, but not all of the different pathways leading to vasopressin release.	Opiate Alkaloids	53-60	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	131-142
7325345-6	1981	The postoperative increase in ADH is interpreted as a reaction to stress and trauma, being less pronounced, when epidural opiate therapy is performed for postoperative pain treatment.	Opiate Alkaloids	122-128	arginine vasopressin	Homo sapiens	30-33
6275419-6	1981	A correlation between the duration of the swim induced antinociceptive response and the changes in LE binding is described which although non-significant, is consistent with the interpretation for the involvement of endogenous opiates in the observed increases in tail flick latency.	Opiate Alkaloids	227-234	prodynorphin	Mus musculus	99-101
6111448-5	1981	NAL, a specific opiate antagonist, completely blocked dynorphin-induced PRL release.	Opiate Alkaloids	16-22	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	72-75
6276118-6	1981	Naloxone failed to produce a significant increase in ACTH in methadone addicts while opiate-naive normal volunteers demonstrated a significant naloxone-induced release of ACTH.	Opiate Alkaloids	85-91	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	171-175
6787704-2	1981	Because thyrotropin-releasing hormone appears to be a "physiologic: opiate antagonist without effects on pain responsiveness, it may provide therapeutic benefits in the treatment of shock or acute hypotension.	Opiate Alkaloids	68-74	thyrotropin releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	8-37
6780598-4	1981	These data strongly suggest that endogenous opiates, through an inhibition of hypothalamic LRF, participate in the endocrine events leading to the low frequency of episodic LH secretion characteristic of the luteal phase of the human menstrual cycle.	Opiate Alkaloids	44-51	CREB3 regulatory factor	Homo sapiens	91-94
7449268-3	1980	Recent evidence suggests a possible role of the opiate system in the mechanism of action of angiotensin II at the level of the brain stem.	Opiate Alkaloids	48-54	angiotensinogen	Homo sapiens	92-106
6107725-4	1980	Opiates appear to be involved in mechanisms which suppress the osmotically mediated release of vasopressin, while opiate involvement in baroceptor-mediated release may be quite different.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	arginine vasopressin	Homo sapiens	95-106
7007886-1	1981	Evidence is accumulating that opiates inhibit the release of oxytocin and vasopressin by acting on nerve terminals in the neurohypophysis.	Opiate Alkaloids	30-37	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	74-85
6113815-3	1980	Opiates (beta endorphin, 10(-7)M and D-ALA2-Met-enkephalinamide 10(-7)M) did not alter the spontaneous release of LHRH and SRIF, but inhibited significantly the K+-induced neuropeptide release.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	9-23
6251114-4	1980	In six of the subjects the opiate was again administered preceding a single injection of 0.25 mg ACTH beta 1-24 i.m.	Opiate Alkaloids	27-33	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	97-101
6107591-4	1980	These results suggest that the analgesia observed after electroacupuncture in patients with recurrent pain may be mediated by the release into the CSF of the endogenous opiate, beta-endorphin.	Opiate Alkaloids	169-175	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	177-191
7388600-4	1980	Similar alterations in firing patterns were observed with enkephalin analogues, an effect which was blocked by the opiate antagonist, naloxone.	Opiate Alkaloids	115-121	proenkephalin	Rattus norvegicus	58-68
6252017-3	1980	It is concluded that opiates exert a direct inhibitory influence on vasopressin and oxytocin secretions from the neurohypophysis.	Opiate Alkaloids	21-28	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	68-79
6251117-5	1980	Opiate-treated animals ran as accurately and as quickly toward home on the 12th day of extinction as on the first (10 trials given per day).	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	RAN, member RAS oncogene family	Rattus norvegicus	23-26
454419-0	1979	beta-Endorphin: deletion of a single amino acid residue abolishes immunoreactivity but retains opiate potency.	Opiate Alkaloids	95-101	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	0-14
6779307-7	1980	These results indicate that D-enkephalin will serve as a reinforcer to maintain opiate-seeking behavior and support physical dependence in the rat.	Opiate Alkaloids	80-86	proenkephalin	Rattus norvegicus	30-40
527660-1	1979	To identify the site of action of opiate-induced prolactin elevation, in vitro rat hemipituitary incubations were performed in the presence of morphine, met-enkephalin, ala2-met5-enkephalinamide and dopamine (DA) and combinations of opiate with the catecholamine.	Opiate Alkaloids	34-40	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	49-58
42401-0	1979	Inhibition of specific opiate binding to synaptic membrane by cerebroside sulfatase.	Opiate Alkaloids	23-29	arylsulfatase A	Homo sapiens	62-83
221770-0	1979	Effects of hypophysectomy and ACTH on opiate tolerance and physical dependence.	Opiate Alkaloids	38-44	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	30-34
197529-7	1977	A tryptic peptide similar to the lipotropin tryptic peptide [betaLPH(61-69)] that contains the opiate-active methionine-enkephalin sequence could be identified in 31,000 dalton ACTH and in all the different forms of endorphin.	Opiate Alkaloids	95-101	pro-opiomelanocortin-alpha	Mus musculus	177-181
216330-4	1979	The possible relationship of the opiate peptide neuronal systems to schizophrenia is discussed in light of attempts to alter schizophrenic symptoms with opiate antagonists, beta-endorphin, and dialysis.	Opiate Alkaloids	33-39	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	173-187
581016-0	1978	Effects of two analgesic opiates (methadone and pentazocine) on the serum prolactin levels in breast cancer.	Opiate Alkaloids	25-32	prolactin	Homo sapiens	74-83
743973-5	1978	By contrast, naloxone reverses the GH-releasing activity of bombesin, suggesting an opiate-dependent mechanism of action of this peptide on GH secretion.	Opiate Alkaloids	84-90	gastrin releasing peptide	Homo sapiens	60-68
19605229-0	1978	Reduced behavioral effectiveness of ACTH(1-24) after a second administration: interaction with opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	95-102	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	36-40
193169-4	1977	However, opiates without the oxygen bridge as in the structure of morphine, such as levorphanol and the benzomorphans show affinities for the receptors of 3H-enkephalin equal or greater than their affinities for the receptors of 3H-opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	9-16	proenkephalin	Rattus norvegicus	158-168
31515501-0	2019	A novel role for the actin-binding protein drebrin in regulating opiate addiction.	Opiate Alkaloids	65-71	drebrin 1	Homo sapiens	43-50
32114118-1	2020	Orexin neuropeptides are involved in opiate-induced physical dependence and expression of withdrawal signs following drug abstinence.	Opiate Alkaloids	37-43	hypocretin neuropeptide precursor	Rattus norvegicus	0-6
31481756-1	2020	The OPRM1 A118G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs1799971) gene variant encoding the N40D micro-opioid receptor (MOR) has been associated with dependence on opiates and other drugs of abuse but its mechanism is unknown.	Opiate Alkaloids	161-168	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	4-9
31481756-1	2020	The OPRM1 A118G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs1799971) gene variant encoding the N40D micro-opioid receptor (MOR) has been associated with dependence on opiates and other drugs of abuse but its mechanism is unknown.	Opiate Alkaloids	161-168	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	117-120
31515501-7	2019	These findings establish an essential role for drebrin, and upstream transcriptional regulator HDAC2, in opiate-induced plasticity in the NAc.	Opiate Alkaloids	105-111	drebrin 1	Homo sapiens	47-54
31515501-7	2019	These findings establish an essential role for drebrin, and upstream transcriptional regulator HDAC2, in opiate-induced plasticity in the NAc.	Opiate Alkaloids	105-111	histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens	95-100
30852416-4	2019	The aim of this study is to evaluate in vitro stability of opiate compounds, derived from heroin consumption, 6-acetylmorphine (6-MAM), morphine (MOR) and codeine (COD), in blood and urine, during post-analysis custody.	Opiate Alkaloids	59-65	sarcoglycan gamma	Homo sapiens	130-133
31100066-3	2019	Previously, we identified an inhibitor of HMGB1/RAGE interaction, papaverine (a non-narcotic opium alkaloid), using a unique drug design system and drug repositioning approach.	Opiate Alkaloids	93-107	high mobility group box 1	Homo sapiens	42-47
31100066-3	2019	Previously, we identified an inhibitor of HMGB1/RAGE interaction, papaverine (a non-narcotic opium alkaloid), using a unique drug design system and drug repositioning approach.	Opiate Alkaloids	93-107	advanced glycosylation end-product specific receptor	Homo sapiens	48-52
30852416-21	2019	In conclusion, the study showed that the most labile opiate compound is 6-MAM.	Opiate Alkaloids	53-59	sarcoglycan gamma	Homo sapiens	74-77
30550948-10	2019	Our results suggest that IEGs and BDNF in these brain regions may play key roles in mediating the negative motivational component of opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	133-139	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	34-38
29564682-2	2018	The OPRM1 gene promoter showed hypermethylation in lymphocytes of opiate addicts as well as opioid medications users, while the methylation status displayed ethnic diversity.	Opiate Alkaloids	66-72	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	4-9
30664299-2	2019	Many patients will self-treat with opioids and due to the opiate system involvement in dysphoric mood and anxiety/stress responses, it is likely that antagonism of the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system represents a potential target for treatment of PTSD.	Opiate Alkaloids	58-64	opioid receptor kappa 1	Homo sapiens	168-189
30664299-2	2019	Many patients will self-treat with opioids and due to the opiate system involvement in dysphoric mood and anxiety/stress responses, it is likely that antagonism of the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system represents a potential target for treatment of PTSD.	Opiate Alkaloids	58-64	opioid receptor kappa 1	Homo sapiens	191-194
30371861-6	2019	Functional CYP polymorphisms can significantly alter opiate levels resulting in inadequate analgesia or life-threatening toxicity.	Opiate Alkaloids	53-59	cytochrome P450 family 4 subfamily F member 3	Homo sapiens	11-14
30835647-3	2019	CASE: The patient is a 56-year-old Caucasian male with a history of opiate use disorder on treatment with buprenorphine/naloxone 8/2 mg 2 times a day (BID) who was followed in an outpatient general psychiatry clinic that specializes in patients with co-occurring substance use disorders.	Opiate Alkaloids	68-74	BH3 interacting domain death agonist	Homo sapiens	151-154
29846541-5	2018	Opiate users also had higher lower esophageal sphincter integrated relaxation pressure (LES-IRP) (7.0 mm Hg [2.2, 11.7] vs. 3.7 mm Hg [1.1, 6.2] P = 0.011) and greater mean distal contractile integral (DCI) (2575 mm.Hg.s.cm [1134, 4466] vs. 1409 mm.Hg.s.cm [796, 3003] P = 0.03) than opiate non-users.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	Wnt family member 2	Homo sapiens	92-95
29800622-11	2018	Higher opiate-related withdrawal symptoms and the presence of more SUDs were associated with greater improvement in drug use outcomes in UC + CALM ARC compared to UC.	Opiate Alkaloids	7-13	synaptosome associated protein 91	Homo sapiens	142-146
28840991-6	2017	The overall percent agreement of the Triage TOX Drug Screen was 92.4-100% compared with UPLC-TMS; however, the Triage TOX Drug Screen results showed some discordant cases including acetaminophen, amphetamine, benzodiazepine, opiates, and tricyclic antidepressants.	Opiate Alkaloids	225-232	thymocyte selection associated high mobility group box	Homo sapiens	118-121
28398354-3	2018	Recently, trans-acting opiate metabolism and analgesic response enzymes (UGT2B7, ABCB1, OPRM1 and COMT) have been incorporated into pharmacogenetic studies to generate more comprehensive metabolic profiles of patients.	Opiate Alkaloids	23-29	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B7	Homo sapiens	73-79
28398354-3	2018	Recently, trans-acting opiate metabolism and analgesic response enzymes (UGT2B7, ABCB1, OPRM1 and COMT) have been incorporated into pharmacogenetic studies to generate more comprehensive metabolic profiles of patients.	Opiate Alkaloids	23-29	ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1	Homo sapiens	81-86
28398354-3	2018	Recently, trans-acting opiate metabolism and analgesic response enzymes (UGT2B7, ABCB1, OPRM1 and COMT) have been incorporated into pharmacogenetic studies to generate more comprehensive metabolic profiles of patients.	Opiate Alkaloids	23-29	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	88-93
28398354-3	2018	Recently, trans-acting opiate metabolism and analgesic response enzymes (UGT2B7, ABCB1, OPRM1 and COMT) have been incorporated into pharmacogenetic studies to generate more comprehensive metabolic profiles of patients.	Opiate Alkaloids	23-29	catechol-O-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	98-102
29164087-3	2017	Preclinical and clinical studies have shown an association between opiates exposure and alteration in BDNF expression in the brain and serum levels in adult.	Opiate Alkaloids	67-74	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	102-106
29874689-9	2018	Onset of platelet P2Y12 inhibition was delayed in opiate-treated patients.	Opiate Alkaloids	50-56	purinergic receptor P2Y12	Homo sapiens	18-23
29874689-12	2018	This may protect from acute stent thrombosis in opiate-treated PPCI patients who frequently have delayed onset of oral P2Y12 inhibition.	Opiate Alkaloids	48-54	purinergic receptor P2Y12	Homo sapiens	119-124
29950444-0	2018	Opiates increase the number of hypocretin-producing cells in human and mouse brain and reverse cataplexy in a mouse model of narcolepsy.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	hypocretin	Mus musculus	31-41
29950444-10	2018	These findings suggest that opiate agonists may have a role in the treatment of narcolepsy, a disorder caused by hypocretin neuron loss, and that increased numbers of hypocretin-producing cells may play a role in maintaining opiate addiction.	Opiate Alkaloids	28-34	hypocretin	Mus musculus	113-123
29407532-3	2018	However, the involvement of CRF1 receptor (CRF1R) in aversive memory induced by opiate withdrawal has yet to be elucidated.	Opiate Alkaloids	80-86	corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1	Mus musculus	28-41
29407532-3	2018	However, the involvement of CRF1 receptor (CRF1R) in aversive memory induced by opiate withdrawal has yet to be elucidated.	Opiate Alkaloids	80-86	corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1	Mus musculus	43-48
27730727-0	2017	Impairment of opiate-mediated behaviors by the selective TRPV1 antagonist SB366791.	Opiate Alkaloids	14-20	transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1	Rattus norvegicus	57-62
28627448-0	2017	Opiate exposure state controls dopamine D3 receptor and cdk5/calcineurin signaling in the basolateral amygdala during reward and withdrawal aversion memory formation.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	dopamine receptor D3	Rattus norvegicus	31-51
28826827-7	2017	Numerous studies support the involvement of the orexin system in mediating opiate effects via affecting OX1Rs within the LC and LPGi.	Opiate Alkaloids	75-81	hypocretin neuropeptide precursor	Homo sapiens	48-54
28627448-0	2017	Opiate exposure state controls dopamine D3 receptor and cdk5/calcineurin signaling in the basolateral amygdala during reward and withdrawal aversion memory formation.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-6	cyclin-dependent kinase 5	Rattus norvegicus	56-60
28821664-7	2017	Thus, in POMC cells, the decline in the GIRK current during prolonged MOR agonist exposure does not reflect an increase in cellular activity as expected.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Desensitization of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) is thought to underlie the development of cellular tolerance to opiate therapy.	Opiate Alkaloids	288-294	opioid receptor, mu 1	Mus musculus	199-217
28821664-7	2017	Thus, in POMC cells, the decline in the GIRK current during prolonged MOR agonist exposure does not reflect an increase in cellular activity as expected.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Desensitization of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) is thought to underlie the development of cellular tolerance to opiate therapy.	Opiate Alkaloids	288-294	opioid receptor, mu 1	Mus musculus	219-222
28461172-0	2017	Upregulation of IRAS/nischarin (I1-imidazoline receptor), a regulatory protein of mu-opioid receptor trafficking, in postmortem prefrontal cortex of long-term opiate and mixed opiate/cocaine abusers.	Opiate Alkaloids	159-165	nischarin	Homo sapiens	16-20
28461172-0	2017	Upregulation of IRAS/nischarin (I1-imidazoline receptor), a regulatory protein of mu-opioid receptor trafficking, in postmortem prefrontal cortex of long-term opiate and mixed opiate/cocaine abusers.	Opiate Alkaloids	159-165	nischarin	Homo sapiens	21-30
28461172-0	2017	Upregulation of IRAS/nischarin (I1-imidazoline receptor), a regulatory protein of mu-opioid receptor trafficking, in postmortem prefrontal cortex of long-term opiate and mixed opiate/cocaine abusers.	Opiate Alkaloids	176-182	nischarin	Homo sapiens	16-20
28461172-0	2017	Upregulation of IRAS/nischarin (I1-imidazoline receptor), a regulatory protein of mu-opioid receptor trafficking, in postmortem prefrontal cortex of long-term opiate and mixed opiate/cocaine abusers.	Opiate Alkaloids	176-182	nischarin	Homo sapiens	21-30
28461172-3	2017	In the PFC/BA9 of long-term opiate/cocaine abusers (all subjects together) IRAS/nischarin content was increased (+67%, p < 0.01, n = 11) when compared with matched controls (n = 10).	Opiate Alkaloids	28-34	nischarin	Homo sapiens	75-79
28461172-3	2017	In the PFC/BA9 of long-term opiate/cocaine abusers (all subjects together) IRAS/nischarin content was increased (+67%, p < 0.01, n = 11) when compared with matched controls (n = 10).	Opiate Alkaloids	28-34	nischarin	Homo sapiens	80-89
28798303-1	2017	The most powerful analgesic and addictive properties of opiate alkaloids are mediated by the mu opioid receptor (MOR).	Opiate Alkaloids	56-72	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	93-111
28798303-1	2017	The most powerful analgesic and addictive properties of opiate alkaloids are mediated by the mu opioid receptor (MOR).	Opiate Alkaloids	56-72	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	113-116
28306543-6	2017	Opiates induce neurotoxicity in the CNS, which may be correlated with modifications in BDNF expression.	Opiate Alkaloids	0-7	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	87-91
28306543-8	2017	Also, opiates may modify epigenetic processes that may be associated with peripheral concentrations of BDNF, and in this line, withdrawal could reflect recovering processes in the CNS.	Opiate Alkaloids	6-13	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	103-107
28630256-3	2017	Here, we report that extinction of conditioned place aversion (CPA) to naloxone-precipitated opiate withdrawal in male rats activates Rho GTPase Rac1 in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in a BDNF-dependent manner, which determines GABAA receptor (GABAAR) endocytosis via triggering synaptic translocation of activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) through facilitating actin polymerization.	Opiate Alkaloids	93-99	Rac family small GTPase 1	Rattus norvegicus	145-149
28615764-0	2017	Evaluation of Antioxidant Status, High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein, and Insulin Resistance in Male Chronic Opiate Users Without Comorbidities.	Opiate Alkaloids	110-116	insulin	Homo sapiens	75-82
28131792-11	2017	Taken together, these findings suggest that IL-1 signaling in the BLA is necessary for the expression of heroin-conditioned immunosuppression of NO production and may be a target for interventions that normalize immune function in heroin users and patient populations exposed to opiate regimens.	Opiate Alkaloids	279-285	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	44-48
28167137-4	2017	Opiate abuse and mood disorders are often comorbid, and previous data demonstrate a role for VTA TORC2 in mediating opiate reward.	Opiate Alkaloids	116-122	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2	Mus musculus	97-102
27714425-6	2017	Relative to controls, the opiate users displayed significant impairment (medium effect size eta 2p = 0.08) in the two behavioural measures of episodic foresight used (items acquired and items used in the VW Foresight task).	Opiate Alkaloids	26-32	DNA polymerase iota	Homo sapiens	92-98
26801497-2	2017	The primary objective of the present study was to examine epigenetic changes and serum levels of BDNF in patients undergoing different opiate-based maintenance treatments.	Opiate Alkaloids	135-141	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	97-101
27468916-7	2017	Naloxone-precipitated opiate withdrawal induced Fos in mu-opioid receptor-positive (15%) and -negative (85%) tVTA cells, suggesting the presence of both direct and indirect mechanisms in tVTA recruitment during withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	22-28	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	48-51
26740398-7	2016	Specifically, opiates in several CNS regions including NAc, and cocaine more selectively in NAc, induce expression of certain adenylyl cyclase isoforms and PKA subunits via the transcription factor, CREB, and these transcriptional adaptations serve a homeostatic function to oppose drug action.	Opiate Alkaloids	14-21	protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha	Rattus norvegicus	156-159
26625401-2	2016	As a case study, the method was applied to electroencephalography (EEG) data collected during a GO/NOGO cognitive task performed by untreated opiate addicts, those undergoing methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) for opiate dependence and a healthy control group.	Opiate Alkaloids	142-148	reticulon 4	Homo sapiens	99-103
27720326-4	2016	One possible mechanism for such potentiation effects of opiates is the interaction of the mu opioid receptor (MOR) with the chemokine receptor CCR5 (CCR5), a known HIV-1 co-receptor, to form MOR-CCR5 heterodimer.	Opiate Alkaloids	56-63	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	110-113
27720326-4	2016	One possible mechanism for such potentiation effects of opiates is the interaction of the mu opioid receptor (MOR) with the chemokine receptor CCR5 (CCR5), a known HIV-1 co-receptor, to form MOR-CCR5 heterodimer.	Opiate Alkaloids	56-63	C-C motif chemokine receptor 5	Homo sapiens	143-147
27720326-4	2016	One possible mechanism for such potentiation effects of opiates is the interaction of the mu opioid receptor (MOR) with the chemokine receptor CCR5 (CCR5), a known HIV-1 co-receptor, to form MOR-CCR5 heterodimer.	Opiate Alkaloids	56-63	C-C motif chemokine receptor 5	Homo sapiens	149-153
27720326-4	2016	One possible mechanism for such potentiation effects of opiates is the interaction of the mu opioid receptor (MOR) with the chemokine receptor CCR5 (CCR5), a known HIV-1 co-receptor, to form MOR-CCR5 heterodimer.	Opiate Alkaloids	56-63	opioid receptor mu 1	Homo sapiens	191-194
27720326-4	2016	One possible mechanism for such potentiation effects of opiates is the interaction of the mu opioid receptor (MOR) with the chemokine receptor CCR5 (CCR5), a known HIV-1 co-receptor, to form MOR-CCR5 heterodimer.	Opiate Alkaloids	56-63	C-C motif chemokine receptor 5	Homo sapiens	149-153
26740398-7	2016	Specifically, opiates in several CNS regions including NAc, and cocaine more selectively in NAc, induce expression of certain adenylyl cyclase isoforms and PKA subunits via the transcription factor, CREB, and these transcriptional adaptations serve a homeostatic function to oppose drug action.	Opiate Alkaloids	14-21	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	199-203
27365337-1	2016	The mu-opioid receptor (MOR) is a major regulator of gastrointestinal motility and secretion and mediates opiate-induced bowel dysfunction.	Opiate Alkaloids	106-112	mu-type opioid receptor	Cavia porcellus	4-22
27365337-1	2016	The mu-opioid receptor (MOR) is a major regulator of gastrointestinal motility and secretion and mediates opiate-induced bowel dysfunction.	Opiate Alkaloids	106-112	mu-type opioid receptor	Cavia porcellus	24-27
27064247-1	2016	BACKGROUND: Polymorphisms in genes such as DAT1, 5HTTLPR, D4DR4, and MAO-A have been linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and susceptibility for opiate addiction.	Opiate Alkaloids	166-172	solute carrier family 6 member 3	Homo sapiens	43-47
27064247-1	2016	BACKGROUND: Polymorphisms in genes such as DAT1, 5HTTLPR, D4DR4, and MAO-A have been linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and susceptibility for opiate addiction.	Opiate Alkaloids	166-172	solute carrier family 6 member 4	Homo sapiens	49-56
27064247-1	2016	BACKGROUND: Polymorphisms in genes such as DAT1, 5HTTLPR, D4DR4, and MAO-A have been linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and susceptibility for opiate addiction.	Opiate Alkaloids	166-172	monoamine oxidase A	Homo sapiens	69-74
26700246-0	2016	Exposure to opiates in female adolescents alters mu opiate receptor expression and increases the rewarding effects of morphine in future offspring.	Opiate Alkaloids	12-19	opioid related nociceptin receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	49-67
26907806-0	2016	The CRF1 and the CRF2 receptor mediate recognition memory deficits and vulnerability induced by opiate withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	96-102	corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2	Mus musculus	17-30
26335908-0	2016	GluN2B N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and excitatory amino acid transporter 3 are upregulated in primary sensory neurons after 7 days of morphine administration in rats: implication for opiate-induced hyperalgesia.	Opiate Alkaloids	185-191	glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2B	Rattus norvegicus	0-6
27788520-8	2016	In adjusted logistic regression analyses, both substances were associated with greater odds of reduced eGFR (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.50-4.89 for opiates; OR 1.40, 95% CI 0.87-2.24 for cocaine).	Opiate Alkaloids	139-146	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	103-107
27788520-11	2016	CONCLUSIONS: Lifetime opiate and cocaine use was associated with prevalent reduced eGFR and albuminuria, yet not with rapid kidney function decline.	Opiate Alkaloids	22-28	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	83-87
27045756-0	2016	TPH1 and 5-HTTLPR Genes Specifically Interact in Opiate Dependence but Not in Alcohol Dependence.	Opiate Alkaloids	49-55	tryptophan hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	0-10
26408450-8	2016	The results demonstrate that EphB2 reverse signaling plays a unique and requisite role in inhibiting the development of opiate-dependent tolerance in vivo.	Opiate Alkaloids	120-126	Eph receptor B2	Mus musculus	29-34
26174594-2	2016	In the opiate-naive state, reward memory formation in the BLA involves a functional link between dopamine (DA) D1 receptor (D1R) and extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling substrates, but switches to a DA D2 (D2R)/Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIalpha (CaMKIIalpha)-dependent memory substrate following chronic opiate exposure and spontaneous withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	7-13	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Homo sapiens	133-172
26174594-2	2016	In the opiate-naive state, reward memory formation in the BLA involves a functional link between dopamine (DA) D1 receptor (D1R) and extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling substrates, but switches to a DA D2 (D2R)/Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIalpha (CaMKIIalpha)-dependent memory substrate following chronic opiate exposure and spontaneous withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	7-13	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Homo sapiens	174-180
26174594-2	2016	In the opiate-naive state, reward memory formation in the BLA involves a functional link between dopamine (DA) D1 receptor (D1R) and extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling substrates, but switches to a DA D2 (D2R)/Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIalpha (CaMKIIalpha)-dependent memory substrate following chronic opiate exposure and spontaneous withdrawal.	Opiate Alkaloids	7-13	dopamine receptor D2	Homo sapiens	229-232
29238623-3	2016	The other drugs, including nicotine, alcohol, opiates, and perhaps caffeine can affect CARTp or CART mRNA levels.	Opiate Alkaloids	46-53	CART prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	87-92
29238623-3	2016	The other drugs, including nicotine, alcohol, opiates, and perhaps caffeine can affect CARTp or CART mRNA levels.	Opiate Alkaloids	46-53	CART prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	87-91
25956313-9	2015	Regarding BAT with morphine and codeine, expression of CD63 on basophils from 14 opiate tolerant individuals remained comparable to spontaneous expression by resting cells.	Opiate Alkaloids	81-87	CD63 molecule	Homo sapiens	55-59
25451116-11	2015	Finally, we examine how opiates and alcohol "break the mold" in terms of BDNF function in extinction circuits.	Opiate Alkaloids	24-31	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	73-77
25843781-10	2015	Results suggest significant caution is needed when ingesting GHB/GBL, particularly with alcohol, benzodiazepines, opiates, stimulants, and ketamine.	Opiate Alkaloids	114-121	MTOR associated protein, LST8 homolog	Homo sapiens	65-68
25591550-2	2015	RGS9-2, a brain-specific splice variant of the RGS9 gene, is highly expressed in the striatum but lowly expressed in the periaqueductal gray and spinal cord, which mediate various actions of morphine and other opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	210-217	regulator of G protein signaling 9	Homo sapiens	0-4
25591550-2	2015	RGS9-2, a brain-specific splice variant of the RGS9 gene, is highly expressed in the striatum but lowly expressed in the periaqueductal gray and spinal cord, which mediate various actions of morphine and other opiates.	Opiate Alkaloids	210-217	regulator of G protein signaling 9	Homo sapiens	47-51
25510937-7	2015	Furthermore, using a conditioned place preference procedure and a social interaction test, we report that intra-vHipp CB1R activation potentiates the reward salience of normally sub-threshold conditioning doses of opiates and induces deficits in natural sociability and social recognition behaviors.	Opiate Alkaloids	214-221	cannabinoid receptor 1	Homo sapiens	118-122
26164937-8	2015	The expression of TLR9 mRNA was significantly lower in both HIV-1-infected and -uninfected groups of opiate abusers compared with groups of non-abusers (P < 0.05).	Opiate Alkaloids	101-107	toll like receptor 9	Homo sapiens	18-22
25369747-3	2015	Cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists reduce reinstatement of responding for cocaine, alcohol and opiates in rodents.	Opiate Alkaloids	114-121	cannabinoid receptor 1	Homo sapiens	12-15
25616162-10	2015	Our results show that GSK3beta inhibitors, including valproate and small molecule inhibitors, significantly reduce HIV-1-mediated neurotoxic outcomes, and also negate interactions with morphine that result in cell death, suggesting that GSK3beta-activation is an important point of convergence and a potential therapeutic target for HIV- and opiate-mediated neurocognitive deficits.	Opiate Alkaloids	342-348	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Homo sapiens	22-30
25616162-10	2015	Our results show that GSK3beta inhibitors, including valproate and small molecule inhibitors, significantly reduce HIV-1-mediated neurotoxic outcomes, and also negate interactions with morphine that result in cell death, suggesting that GSK3beta-activation is an important point of convergence and a potential therapeutic target for HIV- and opiate-mediated neurocognitive deficits.	Opiate Alkaloids	342-348	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Homo sapiens	237-245