PMID-sentid	Pub_year	Sent_text	compound_name	comp_offset	prot_official_name	organism	prot_offset
9060424-5	1997	In particular, the three purines upstream and three pyrimidines downstream of CATG are not required for p53 or p53as binding, 29 or more intervening nucleotides are tolerated, and one CATG is sufficient where adjacent nucleotides contain a region of homology with certain previously reported non-consensus p53 binding sequences.	Purines	25-32	cathepsin G	Mus musculus	78-82
9014477-1	1996	Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and xanthine oxidase (XO) are enzymes involved in the metabolism of purines in various organisms.	Purines	97-104	xanthine dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	0-22
9421132-3	1997	In the nervous system, purines have important neuromodulatory actions, acting at pre- and postsynaptic sites, and consequently, ecto-apyrase may play an indirect role in the modulation of nucleotide- and nucleoside-mediated processes.	Purines	23-30	ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1	Homo sapiens	128-140
9014477-1	1996	Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and xanthine oxidase (XO) are enzymes involved in the metabolism of purines in various organisms.	Purines	97-104	xanthine dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	24-27
8661045-1	1996	Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH, EC 1.1.1.204) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the oxidative metabolism of purines and is thought to play a key role in a variety of pathophysiologic processes including ischemiasolidusreperfusion injury, viral pneumonia, and renal failure.	Purines	100-107	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-22
8937983-9	1996	GSI is responsible for the ATP-dependent amination of glutamate to produce glutamine, which is required in the formation of amino acids, purines and pyrimidines.	Purines	137-144	Glutamine synthetase 1	Drosophila melanogaster	0-3
8663128-9	1996	HBx bound more tightly to d(pyrimidines)25 than to d(purines)25, a property that is characteristic of other single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSBs).	Purines	53-60	X protein	Hepatitis B virus	0-3
8667006-6	1996	We conclude that the evoked release of excitatory amino acids and purines is under an inhibitory control by A1 receptors and class II mGluRs, i.e., mGluR2 or 3, which appear to operate through a common transduction pathway.	Purines	66-73	glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA2 (alpha 2)	Mus musculus	148-154
8661432-2	1996	Nucleotide substitutions introduced into the -3 and +4 positions of the p21 AUG codon (where the A of the AUG is +1) verified that purines in these positions are favored and demonstrated the similar contribution of the -3 and +4 positions to the efficiency of initiation codon selection in plants.	Purines	131-138	H3 histone pseudogene 16	Homo sapiens	72-75
8661045-1	1996	Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH, EC 1.1.1.204) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the oxidative metabolism of purines and is thought to play a key role in a variety of pathophysiologic processes including ischemiasolidusreperfusion injury, viral pneumonia, and renal failure.	Purines	100-107	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	24-27
8570639-4	1996	Although the B2 site that preferentially binds purines on the 3" side of B1 is also weak, its associated phosphate subsites make substantial contributions: both 3",5"-ADP and 5"-ADP have Ki values 6-fold lower than for 5"-AMP, and adding a 3"-phosphate to the substrate CpA increases Kcat/Km by 9-fold.	Purines	47-54	carboxypeptidase A1	Homo sapiens	270-273
8660309-1	1996	Recognition of tRNA and tRNA-like substrates by the enzyme ATP/CTP:tRNA nucleotidyltransferase requires chemically intact nucleotides within the T-loop, especially at positions 57 and 58, which are invariant purines among naturally occurring tRNAs.	Purines	208-215	ATPase	Escherichia coli	59-66
8640765-8	1996	In contrast, MTAP(-) cell lines, which cannot recycle purines from endogenous MTA, have a relatively high sensitivity to the antipurine actions of MTX, which is not modulated by 5"-chloro-5"-deoxyformycin A or exogenous MTA.	Purines	54-61	methylthioadenosine phosphorylase	Homo sapiens	13-17
14651224-2	1996	It is a tight-binding inhibitor of adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme essential in the cellular metabolism of purines.	Purines	112-119	adenosine deaminase	Homo sapiens	35-54
8825357-16	1996	Endogenous purines tonically modulate noradrenaline release through activation of inhibitory P2Y and facilitatory A2A purinoceptors, whereas a tonic activation of inhibitory A1 purinoceptors seems to be prevented by adenosine uptake.	Purines	11-18	purinergic receptor P2Y1	Rattus norvegicus	93-96
14651224-2	1996	It is a tight-binding inhibitor of adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme essential in the cellular metabolism of purines.	Purines	112-119	adenosine deaminase	Homo sapiens	56-59
7649415-3	1995	Xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase are enzymes involved in the metabolism of purines and pyrimidines in various organisms.	Purines	86-93	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	21-43
8524303-11	1996	In addition to the G preference, we find that TdT adds strings of purines or strings of pyrimidines at a highly significant frequency.	Purines	66-73	DNA nucleotidylexotransferase	Homo sapiens	46-49
7731963-5	1995	The results presented here demonstrate that ADA is important for the homeostatic maintenance of purines in mice.	Purines	96-103	adenosine deaminase	Mus musculus	44-47
7601137-6	1995	The activity of the rpL30 promoter was significantly diminished when three pyrimidine residues spanning the start site were converted to purines, indicating that the integrity of the oligopyrimidine tract is also a determinant of the transcriptional efficiency.	Purines	137-144	ribosomal protein L30	Mus musculus	20-25
11847552-2	1995	It is a tight-binding inhibitor of adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme essential in cellular metabolism of purines.	Purines	108-115	adenosine deaminase	Homo sapiens	35-54
7721888-6	1995	Transfection of the full length human cDNA into cells lacking FPGS restored their ability to grow in the absence of glycine, a product of mitochondrial folate metabolism, as well as of thymidine and purines.	Purines	199-206	folylpolyglutamate synthase	Homo sapiens	62-66
7612887-6	1995	These results show, for the first time, that both purines and bFGF may have trophic actions on myenteric neurones and also indicate that purines enhance some effects of bFGF, in a synergistic manner.	Purines	137-144	fibroblast growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	169-173
11847552-2	1995	It is a tight-binding inhibitor of adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme essential in cellular metabolism of purines.	Purines	108-115	adenosine deaminase	Homo sapiens	56-59
7813440-1	1994	We report that Gcn4, a yeast transcriptional activator of the bZIP family involved in the regulation of the biosynthesis of amino acids and purines, is rapidly turned over.	Purines	140-147	amino acid starvation-responsive transcription factor GCN4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	15-19
7751827-9	1995	Furthermore, the absence of demonstrable changes in DMS-reactivity of other purines within this region suggests that the LDL receptor promoter is poised to activate transcription with only minimal changes of protein binding to the proximal promoter in vivo.	Purines	76-83	low density lipoprotein receptor	Homo sapiens	121-133
7856084-6	1995	Mutagenesis of the src polypyrimidine-rich tract, which is interspersed with purines, to an uninterrupted 14-nt pyrimidine tract resulted in a three- to fourfold increase in the level of src splicing.	Purines	77-84	SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	19-22
7856084-6	1995	Mutagenesis of the src polypyrimidine-rich tract, which is interspersed with purines, to an uninterrupted 14-nt pyrimidine tract resulted in a three- to fourfold increase in the level of src splicing.	Purines	77-84	SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	187-190
7835888-1	1994	Xanthine dehydrogenase (XD) is a key enzyme in the catabolism of purines.	Purines	65-72	xanthine dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	0-22
7711290-2	1994	The yeast eIF-2 alpha kinase GCN2 is stimulated by deprivation for amino acids or purines.	Purines	82-89	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A	Oryctolagus cuniculus	10-21
7711290-2	1994	The yeast eIF-2 alpha kinase GCN2 is stimulated by deprivation for amino acids or purines.	Purines	82-89	serine/threonine-protein kinase GCN2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	29-33
7835888-1	1994	Xanthine dehydrogenase (XD) is a key enzyme in the catabolism of purines.	Purines	65-72	xanthine dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	24-26
7829092-1	1994	Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH, EC 1.1.1.204) oxidizes a variety of purines, pterins, and other heterogenic nitrogen compounds, serving as a rate-limiting enzyme in nucleic acid degradation.	Purines	65-72	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-22
7829092-1	1994	Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH, EC 1.1.1.204) oxidizes a variety of purines, pterins, and other heterogenic nitrogen compounds, serving as a rate-limiting enzyme in nucleic acid degradation.	Purines	65-72	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	24-27
7952795-2	1994	Adenosine and other purines are released by tissues during ischemia as occurs in the utero-placental circulation during PIH.	Purines	20-27	pregnancy-induced hypertension (pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, toxemia of pregnancy included)	Homo sapiens	120-123
7802704-7	1994	Finally, oxidized purines with an OH in the 8-position were methylated by the enzyme, but 2-OH compounds were potent inhibitors of TPMT.	Purines	18-25	thiopurine S-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	131-135
8135849-1	1994	Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH, EC 1.1.1.204) is a molybdenum iron-sulphur flavin hydroxylase which oxidizes a variety of purines, pterins and other heterogenic nitrogen compounds, serving as a rate-limiting enzyme in nucleic acid degradation.	Purines	119-126	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-22
8062075-6	1994	These results indicate that, in rat hippocampal slices, activation of mGluR2 receptors attenuates the release of purines induced by forskolin, a process that amplifies the final effect of forskolin on cAMP formation as a result of A2 purinergic receptor activation.	Purines	113-120	glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA2 (alpha 2)	Mus musculus	70-76
8135849-1	1994	Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH, EC 1.1.1.204) is a molybdenum iron-sulphur flavin hydroxylase which oxidizes a variety of purines, pterins and other heterogenic nitrogen compounds, serving as a rate-limiting enzyme in nucleic acid degradation.	Purines	119-126	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	24-27
8195828-2	1993	Inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) depletes the available tetrahydrofolate and blocks the formation of thymidylate, purines, the amino acids methionine and glycine, and several other cell constituents.	Purines	137-144	dihydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	25-48
8302261-3	1993	XO participates in the metabolism of purines, AO catalyzes the conversion of aldehydes to acids, and SO is involved in the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids.	Purines	37-44	sulfite oxidase	Homo sapiens	101-103
8246978-4	1993	Specific mutations of 3 of 15 purines required for CTCF binding were designed to eliminate binding of CTCF without altering the binding of other proteins.	Purines	30-37	CCCTC-binding factor	Gallus gallus	51-55
8246978-4	1993	Specific mutations of 3 of 15 purines required for CTCF binding were designed to eliminate binding of CTCF without altering the binding of other proteins.	Purines	30-37	CCCTC-binding factor	Gallus gallus	102-106
8195828-2	1993	Inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) depletes the available tetrahydrofolate and blocks the formation of thymidylate, purines, the amino acids methionine and glycine, and several other cell constituents.	Purines	137-144	dihydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	50-54
8355693-7	1993	Three purines in the K-SAM polypyrimidine tract are at least in part responsible for this, as their mutation to pyrimidines leads to efficient use of the K-SAM exon, while mutating the BEK polypyrimidine tract to include these purines stops BEK exon use.	Purines	6-13	fibroblast growth factor receptor 2	Homo sapiens	21-26
8219401-6	1993	Some of the hepatotoxicity was found to result from the metabolic disturbances associated with the oxidation of ethanol via the liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) pathway and the redox changes produced by the generated NADH, which in turn affects the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and purines.	Purines	300-307	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1	Homo sapiens	157-160
8355693-7	1993	Three purines in the K-SAM polypyrimidine tract are at least in part responsible for this, as their mutation to pyrimidines leads to efficient use of the K-SAM exon, while mutating the BEK polypyrimidine tract to include these purines stops BEK exon use.	Purines	6-13	fibroblast growth factor receptor 2	Homo sapiens	154-159
8355693-7	1993	Three purines in the K-SAM polypyrimidine tract are at least in part responsible for this, as their mutation to pyrimidines leads to efficient use of the K-SAM exon, while mutating the BEK polypyrimidine tract to include these purines stops BEK exon use.	Purines	227-234	fibroblast growth factor receptor 2	Homo sapiens	21-26
8355693-7	1993	Three purines in the K-SAM polypyrimidine tract are at least in part responsible for this, as their mutation to pyrimidines leads to efficient use of the K-SAM exon, while mutating the BEK polypyrimidine tract to include these purines stops BEK exon use.	Purines	227-234	fibroblast growth factor receptor 2	Homo sapiens	154-159
8503450-0	1993	"Cryptic" repeating triplets of purines and pyrimidines (cRRY(i)) are frequent and polymorphic: analysis of coding cRRY(i) in the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and TATA-binding protein (TBP) genes.	Purines	32-39	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	130-149
8336737-3	1993	We show that starvation for purines also stimulates GCN4 translation by the same mechanism that operates in amino acid-starved cells, being dependent on short upstream open reading frames in the GCN4 mRNA leader, the phosphorylation site in the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2 alpha), the protein kinase GCN2, and translational activators of GCN4 encoded by GCN1 and GCN3.	Purines	28-35	amino acid starvation-responsive transcription factor GCN4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	52-56
8336737-3	1993	We show that starvation for purines also stimulates GCN4 translation by the same mechanism that operates in amino acid-starved cells, being dependent on short upstream open reading frames in the GCN4 mRNA leader, the phosphorylation site in the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2 alpha), the protein kinase GCN2, and translational activators of GCN4 encoded by GCN1 and GCN3.	Purines	28-35	amino acid starvation-responsive transcription factor GCN4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	195-199
8336737-3	1993	We show that starvation for purines also stimulates GCN4 translation by the same mechanism that operates in amino acid-starved cells, being dependent on short upstream open reading frames in the GCN4 mRNA leader, the phosphorylation site in the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2 alpha), the protein kinase GCN2, and translational activators of GCN4 encoded by GCN1 and GCN3.	Purines	28-35	serine/threonine-protein kinase GCN2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	339-343
8336737-3	1993	We show that starvation for purines also stimulates GCN4 translation by the same mechanism that operates in amino acid-starved cells, being dependent on short upstream open reading frames in the GCN4 mRNA leader, the phosphorylation site in the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2 alpha), the protein kinase GCN2, and translational activators of GCN4 encoded by GCN1 and GCN3.	Purines	28-35	amino acid starvation-responsive transcription factor GCN4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	195-199
8336737-3	1993	We show that starvation for purines also stimulates GCN4 translation by the same mechanism that operates in amino acid-starved cells, being dependent on short upstream open reading frames in the GCN4 mRNA leader, the phosphorylation site in the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2 alpha), the protein kinase GCN2, and translational activators of GCN4 encoded by GCN1 and GCN3.	Purines	28-35	Gcn1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	393-397
8336737-3	1993	We show that starvation for purines also stimulates GCN4 translation by the same mechanism that operates in amino acid-starved cells, being dependent on short upstream open reading frames in the GCN4 mRNA leader, the phosphorylation site in the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2 alpha), the protein kinase GCN2, and translational activators of GCN4 encoded by GCN1 and GCN3.	Purines	28-35	translation initiation factor eIF2B subunit alpha	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	402-406
8503450-0	1993	"Cryptic" repeating triplets of purines and pyrimidines (cRRY(i)) are frequent and polymorphic: analysis of coding cRRY(i) in the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and TATA-binding protein (TBP) genes.	Purines	32-39	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	151-155
1480474-3	1992	One has the glycosidic torsions of the third strand bases in the anti-conformation and Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonds to the purine strand of the duplex, the other has the third strand purines in the syn orientation and uses a reverse-Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding pattern.	Purines	179-186	synemin	Homo sapiens	194-197
8450529-5	1993	Modifications to purines in the stem of TAR RNA that affect hydrogen-bonding ability in either the major or the minor groove of duplex RNA were also tested.	Purines	17-24	RNA binding motif protein 8A	Homo sapiens	40-43
8483458-4	1993	Some of these nit-1 or nit-2 mutants were also defective in pathways not directly related to nitrate assimilation, such as those of amino acids and purines.	Purines	148-155	uncharacterized protein	Chlamydomonas reinhardtii	14-19
8483458-4	1993	Some of these nit-1 or nit-2 mutants were also defective in pathways not directly related to nitrate assimilation, such as those of amino acids and purines.	Purines	148-155	uncharacterized protein	Chlamydomonas reinhardtii	23-28
8492116-6	1993	This increase in the synthesis of purines may protect the HPRT- mice from potential depletion of brain purines despite complete impairment of HPRT-mediated purine salvage.	Purines	34-41	hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase	Mus musculus	58-62
8492116-6	1993	This increase in the synthesis of purines may protect the HPRT- mice from potential depletion of brain purines despite complete impairment of HPRT-mediated purine salvage.	Purines	34-41	hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase	Mus musculus	142-146
8492116-6	1993	This increase in the synthesis of purines may protect the HPRT- mice from potential depletion of brain purines despite complete impairment of HPRT-mediated purine salvage.	Purines	103-110	hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase	Mus musculus	58-62
8457591-0	1993	Activity modulation of the fast and slow isozymes of human cytosolic low-molecular-weight acid phosphatase (ACP1) by purines.	Purines	117-124	acid phosphatase 1	Homo sapiens	108-112
8457591-1	1993	The activity modulation of homogeneous isozymes of the human cytosolic M(r) 18,000 acid phosphatase (ACP1) by purines has been investigated.	Purines	110-117	acid phosphatase 1	Homo sapiens	101-105
1465420-11	1992	Since BcPHDE-induced mutations in DHFR apparently arise from adducted purines on the nontranscribed strand, results from the present study support the idea that a consequence of strand-specific repair is strand-biased mutations.	Purines	70-77	dihydrofolate reductase	Cricetulus griseus	34-38
1424569-5	1992	Purines ranked as follows; adenine > adenosine > AMP > inosine > IMP in decreasing order of toxicity to LXD-adenine flies.	Purines	0-7	Molybdenum cofactor synthesis 1	Drosophila melanogaster	116-119
1447776-7	1992	The purines were found to adopt a sugar pucker close to the C-2"-endo conformation while pyrimidine sugars exhibited significantly lower pseudorotation phase angles in the C-1"-exo to C-2"-endo range.	Purines	4-11	complement C2	Homo sapiens	60-63
2074534-1	1990	Twelve purines oxidized with 4,5-dimethyl-o-phenylenediamine (DMPD) was found to react with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) to give fluorescent derivatives.	Purines	7-14	nibrin	Homo sapiens	112-115
1368058-9	1992	Enzymatic methods have also been applied to the resolution of racemic mixtures and adenosine deaminase is a convenient catalyst for the hydrolysis of amino groups on purines and purine analogues.	Purines	166-173	adenosine deaminase	Homo sapiens	83-102
1549475-6	1992	The RU2 elements in the hypervariable S232 loci on the X chromosome consist of repeating sequences which are highly asymmetric, with about 90% purines and no C"s on one strand.	Purines	143-150	doublecortin domain containing 2	Homo sapiens	4-7
1499278-0	1992	Influence of hypoxanthine and other purines on the lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase reaction in the plasma of rat and other species.	Purines	36-43	lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	51-87
1499278-4	1992	Esterification of endogenous cholesterol and the formation of lysolecithin in rat plasma were decreased in the presence of purines indicating that it was the lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) reaction that was inhibited rather than the isotopic equilibration of labelled cholesterol with the endogenous substrate lipoproteins.	Purines	123-130	lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	158-194
1499278-4	1992	Esterification of endogenous cholesterol and the formation of lysolecithin in rat plasma were decreased in the presence of purines indicating that it was the lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) reaction that was inhibited rather than the isotopic equilibration of labelled cholesterol with the endogenous substrate lipoproteins.	Purines	123-130	lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	196-200
1499278-8	1992	Partial inhibition of the LCAT reaction in rat or mouse plasma by purines had no significant effect on the fatty acyl composition of the cholesteryl esters (CE) formed by LCAT.	Purines	66-73	lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	26-30
1320195-8	1992	The affinity of human RP-A for pyrimidines is approximately 50-fold higher than its affinity for purines.	Purines	97-104	replication protein A1	Homo sapiens	22-26
1600153-3	1992	In this study, the chemical probes osmium tetroxide, diethylpyrocarbonate and hydroxylamine were used to show that a tract of alternating purines and pyrimidines in the Adh1 promoter (from -311 to -325) actually assumes a Z-DNA conformation under superhelical stress in vitro.	Purines	138-145	alcohol dehydrogenase 1	Zea mays	169-173
1740188-3	1992	The initial autophagic sequestration step, performed by a poorly-characterized organelle called a phagophore, is subject to feedback inhibition by purines and amino acids, the effect of the latter being potentiated by insulin and antagonized by glucagon.	Purines	147-154	insulin	Homo sapiens	218-225
2014251-6	1991	Moreover, the translational control of rpS16-hGH mRNA was abolished by the substitution of purines into the pyrimidine tract or by shortening it from eight to six residues with a concomitant cytidine----uridine change at the 5" terminus.	Purines	91-98	ribosomal protein S16	Homo sapiens	39-44
2074534-3	1990	In compliance with the substituent on purine skelton, three alloxans were obtained from twelve purines after oxidation by using NBS.	Purines	95-102	nibrin	Homo sapiens	128-131
2207501-3	1990	The influence of propentofylline, on the extracellular concentrations of purines, aspartate and glutamate in the CA1 of the rat hippocampus during transient forebrain ischaemia was investigated.	Purines	73-80	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	113-116
2370869-2	1990	Nuclear run-on transcription assays, performed on whole nuclei from different tissues and cell types, identified an intestine-specific decrease in the overall incorporation of [alpha-32P]UTP in HPRT transcripts from intestinal epithelial cell nuclei when exogenous purines or purine nucleotides were omitted from either the diet or culture medium.	Purines	265-272	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	194-198
2370869-1	1990	Purines and purine nucleotides were found to affect transcription of the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene in whole nuclei isolated from intestinal mucosa of adult rats fed a purine- and purine nucleotide-free diet.	Purines	0-7	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	73-119
2370869-1	1990	Purines and purine nucleotides were found to affect transcription of the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene in whole nuclei isolated from intestinal mucosa of adult rats fed a purine- and purine nucleotide-free diet.	Purines	0-7	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	121-125
7925396-1	1994	While testing purines related to the non-specific protein kinase inhibitors N6-dimethylaminopurine and N6-(delta 2-isopentenyl)adenine as potential inhibitors of the p34cdc2/cyclin B kinase, we discovered a compound with high specificity, 2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)-6- benzylamino-9-methylpurine (olomoucine).	Purines	14-21	cyclin-dependent kinase 1 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	166-173
2163266-3	1990	The CSF concentrations of end products of the neuronal metabolism of purines--hypoxanthine for the adenine nucleotides and xanthine for guanine nucleotides--have not been previously studied in patients with overactivity of PRPP synthetase.	Purines	69-76	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	4-7
2157012-9	1990	These results suggest that the structural requirements of PME purines for anti-HSV activity appear to be very strict.	Purines	62-69	cystatin B	Homo sapiens	58-61
2317473-9	1990	This is because a high xanthine oxidase activity would reduce the chance to recycle purines, by increasing the probability of degradation to compounds which could not be salvaged.	Purines	84-91	xanthine dehydrogenase	Sus scrofa	23-39
34632023-0	2021	Substituted pteridinones, pyrimidines, pyrrolopyrimidines, and purines as p90 ribosomal S6 protein kinase-2 (RSK2) inhibitors: Pharmacophore modeling data.	Purines	63-70	cellular inhibitor of PP2A	Homo sapiens	74-77
34884480-5	2021	We demonstrated that the adamantane skeleton does not compromise the biological activity, and some of the new purines displayed even higher inhibition activity towards CDK2/cyclin E than the parental compounds.	Purines	110-117	cyclin dependent kinase 2	Homo sapiens	168-172
34744776-4	2021	Results: In PKD patients, decreases in late glycolysis were accompanied by accumulation of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) metabolites, as a function of oxidant stress to purines (increased breakdown and deamination).	Purines	171-178	protein kinase D1	Homo sapiens	12-15
34390916-3	2021	Among the five oxidized base-specific human DGs, OGG1 and NTH1 preferentially excise oxidized purines and pyrimidines, respectively, while NEILs remove both oxidized purines and pyrimidines.	Purines	94-101	8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	49-53
34390916-3	2021	Among the five oxidized base-specific human DGs, OGG1 and NTH1 preferentially excise oxidized purines and pyrimidines, respectively, while NEILs remove both oxidized purines and pyrimidines.	Purines	94-101	nth like DNA glycosylase 1	Homo sapiens	58-62
34632023-0	2021	Substituted pteridinones, pyrimidines, pyrrolopyrimidines, and purines as p90 ribosomal S6 protein kinase-2 (RSK2) inhibitors: Pharmacophore modeling data.	Purines	63-70	ribosomal protein S6 kinase A3	Homo sapiens	78-107
34632023-0	2021	Substituted pteridinones, pyrimidines, pyrrolopyrimidines, and purines as p90 ribosomal S6 protein kinase-2 (RSK2) inhibitors: Pharmacophore modeling data.	Purines	63-70	ribosomal protein S6 kinase A3	Homo sapiens	109-113
34632023-9	2021	The synthesis and evaluation of the purine- and pyrrolopyrimidine-based compounds was reported in the related research article: N-substituted pyrrolopyrimidines and purines as p90 ribosomal S6 protein kinase-2 (RSK2) inhibitors (Casalvieri et al., 2021) (3).	Purines	165-172	cellular inhibitor of PP2A	Homo sapiens	176-179
34632023-9	2021	The synthesis and evaluation of the purine- and pyrrolopyrimidine-based compounds was reported in the related research article: N-substituted pyrrolopyrimidines and purines as p90 ribosomal S6 protein kinase-2 (RSK2) inhibitors (Casalvieri et al., 2021) (3).	Purines	165-172	ribosomal protein S6 kinase A3	Homo sapiens	180-209
34632023-9	2021	The synthesis and evaluation of the purine- and pyrrolopyrimidine-based compounds was reported in the related research article: N-substituted pyrrolopyrimidines and purines as p90 ribosomal S6 protein kinase-2 (RSK2) inhibitors (Casalvieri et al., 2021) (3).	Purines	165-172	ribosomal protein S6 kinase A3	Homo sapiens	211-215
34496841-1	2021	BACKGROUND: Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) is a critical enzyme involved in the oxidative metabolism of purines, pterin and aldehydes and a central component of the innate immune system.	Purines	102-109	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	12-34
34496841-1	2021	BACKGROUND: Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) is a critical enzyme involved in the oxidative metabolism of purines, pterin and aldehydes and a central component of the innate immune system.	Purines	102-109	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	36-39
34283052-8	2021	A significant increase in de novo biosynthesis of purines was observed in cells expressing ITK, which was abolished by the ITK inhibitor.	Purines	50-57	IL2 inducible T cell kinase	Mus musculus	91-94
34489419-6	2021	Molecularly, we identify P2RY12 receptors as a regulator of CAM interactions under the control of released purines from pannexin 1 (PANX1) channels.	Purines	107-114	purinergic receptor P2Y12	Homo sapiens	25-31
34489419-6	2021	Molecularly, we identify P2RY12 receptors as a regulator of CAM interactions under the control of released purines from pannexin 1 (PANX1) channels.	Purines	107-114	pannexin 1	Mus musculus	120-130
34489419-6	2021	Molecularly, we identify P2RY12 receptors as a regulator of CAM interactions under the control of released purines from pannexin 1 (PANX1) channels.	Purines	107-114	pannexin 1	Homo sapiens	132-137
34489419-7	2021	Furthermore, microglial elimination triggered capillary dilation, blood flow increase, and impaired vasodilation that were recapitulated in P2RY12-/- and PANX1-/- mice suggesting purines released through PANX1 channels play important roles in activating microglial P2RY12 receptors to regulate neurovascular structure and function.	Purines	179-186	purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled 12	Mus musculus	140-146
34489419-7	2021	Furthermore, microglial elimination triggered capillary dilation, blood flow increase, and impaired vasodilation that were recapitulated in P2RY12-/- and PANX1-/- mice suggesting purines released through PANX1 channels play important roles in activating microglial P2RY12 receptors to regulate neurovascular structure and function.	Purines	179-186	pannexin 1	Mus musculus	154-159
34489419-7	2021	Furthermore, microglial elimination triggered capillary dilation, blood flow increase, and impaired vasodilation that were recapitulated in P2RY12-/- and PANX1-/- mice suggesting purines released through PANX1 channels play important roles in activating microglial P2RY12 receptors to regulate neurovascular structure and function.	Purines	179-186	pannexin 1	Mus musculus	204-209
34283052-8	2021	A significant increase in de novo biosynthesis of purines was observed in cells expressing ITK, which was abolished by the ITK inhibitor.	Purines	50-57	IL2 inducible T cell kinase	Mus musculus	123-126
34081901-5	2021	Total steady-state polar metabolite and heavy isotope tracing analyses show that ATF3 inhibition reduces de novo serine synthesis, impedes the incorporation of serine-derived carbons into newly synthesized purines, and disrupts pyrimidine metabolism.	Purines	206-213	activating transcription factor 3	Homo sapiens	81-85
35631399-0	2022	Substituted Purines as High-Affinity Histamine H3 Receptor Ligands.	Purines	12-19	histamine receptor H3	Homo sapiens	37-58
35249214-7	2022	CHO8A was isolated by CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of 10 genes in the pathways to pyrimidines (Dhodh, Umps, Ctps1, Ctps2, and Tyms) and purines (Paics, Atic, Impdh1, Impdh2, and Gmps).	Purines	128-135	multifunctional protein ADE2	Cricetulus griseus	137-142
35067686-8	2022	Further, SOX2 expression was associated with increased quantities of mitochondria, and metabolomic analyses revealed SOX2-associated changes in the metabolism of purines, pyrimidines, amino acids and sugars, and the pentose phosphate pathway.	Purines	162-169	SRY-box transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	117-121
35194983-6	2022	Additionally, 32 genes were identified as under positive selection in cetaceans, including key purine salvage enzymes (i.e., HPRT1), suggesting improved re-utilization of non-recyclable purines avoid hypoxanthine accumulation and reduce oxidative stress.	Purines	186-193	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	125-130
2591969-5	1989	The first intron contains an unusual stretch of alternating purines and pyrimidines similar to that found in the same location in the mouse ADH gene.	Purines	60-67	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1	Rattus norvegicus	140-143
35042470-1	2022	BACKGROUND: Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a hydroxylase enzyme involved in the metabolism of purines.	Purines	96-103	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	37-40
2627302-2	1989	In low water activity the effects of added 95 mM NiCl2 in solution stabilize the syn geometry of the purines and reorganize the water distribution via local interactions of Ni-water charged complexes with the adenine N7 position.	Purines	101-108	synemin	Homo sapiens	81-84
35154100-3	2022	This study aims to explore whether exogenous purines are responsible for increased XOR expression and activity.	Purines	45-52	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	83-86
35042470-1	2022	BACKGROUND: Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a hydroxylase enzyme involved in the metabolism of purines.	Purines	96-103	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	12-35
2692849-2	1989	The ADE3 locus encodes the trifunctional enzyme C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, which is required for the biosynthesis of purines, thymidylate, methionine, histidine, pantothenic acid and formylmethionyl-tRNA(fMet.	Purines	120-127	trifunctional formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase/methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase/methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase ADE3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
2753137-4	1989	The best binding sites contain the dinucleotide step GpT (ApC) and are located in regions of alternating purines and pyrimidines.	Purines	105-112	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	53-56
2549975-7	1989	The calculated activities of the ATP-activated cytosolic and lysosomal enzymes and of the ATP-inhibited cytosolic 5"-nucleotidase could not explain the observed release of purines under the conditions examined.	Purines	172-179	5' nucleotidase, ecto	Rattus norvegicus	114-129
3215523-1	1988	Sequence analyses show that deletions of 10 and 12 bp occur at homologous sites in a domain that is rich in alternating purines and pyrimidines (Pu/Py) in B42 and EXT, two cloned variants of a complex satellite DNA.	Purines	120-127	proline rich nuclear receptor coactivator 1	Homo sapiens	155-158
2572141-1	1989	The isoenzyme of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT, E.C.2.4.2.8) functions in the metabolic salvage of purines.	Purines	122-129	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	17-63
2572141-1	1989	The isoenzyme of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT, E.C.2.4.2.8) functions in the metabolic salvage of purines.	Purines	122-129	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	65-69
3130837-6	1987	Also, an allele effect on the proportion between s and f isozymes (s/f) was observed; the ordering here was ACP1*B less than ACP1*A less than ACP1*C, which is the same as that reported for the susceptibility to modulation with purines.	Purines	227-234	acid phosphatase 1	Homo sapiens	108-112
2459208-9	1988	Direct enzymatic phosphorylation does not seem to be essential to the mechanism of action of the nucleoside insofar as competitive inhibition of deoxycytidine kinase (an enzyme that directly phosphorylates purines as well as pyrimidines) or of deoxyguanosine kinase fails to inhibit 8BrGuo stimulation selectively.	Purines	206-213	deoxycytidine kinase	Homo sapiens	145-165
3126145-5	1988	Treatment of mice with polyethylene glycol-modified ADA, a slowly catabolized form of ADA, had no effect on the course of T. musculi infection, indicating that the parasites can utilize purines other than adenosine.	Purines	186-193	adenosine deaminase	Mus musculus	52-55
3130837-6	1987	Also, an allele effect on the proportion between s and f isozymes (s/f) was observed; the ordering here was ACP1*B less than ACP1*A less than ACP1*C, which is the same as that reported for the susceptibility to modulation with purines.	Purines	227-234	acid phosphatase 1	Homo sapiens	125-129
3130837-6	1987	Also, an allele effect on the proportion between s and f isozymes (s/f) was observed; the ordering here was ACP1*B less than ACP1*A less than ACP1*C, which is the same as that reported for the susceptibility to modulation with purines.	Purines	227-234	acid phosphatase 1	Homo sapiens	125-129
2441057-0	1987	Binary drugs: conjugates of purines and a peptide that bind to both adenosine and substance P receptors.	Purines	28-35	tachykinin precursor 1	Homo sapiens	82-93
2820393-5	1987	The changes observed in ADA and PNP levels suggest an involvement of these enzymes in accelerated degradation of purines in Duchenne dystrophy.	Purines	113-120	purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens	32-35
3653629-3	1987	Ribonucleic acid hybridization analysis indicated specific decrease of the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) for the purine salvage enzymes hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase and adenine phosphoribosyl transferase in the small intestine and proximal colon but not in the liver of animals fed a diet lacking purines and pyrimidines.	Purines	320-327	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	140-187
3481911-1	1987	Properties of adenosine deaminase from thrombocytes of healthy persons and of patients with chronic myeloleukosis were studied in presence of various structural analogues of purines and metal ions as well as at various temperature.	Purines	174-181	adenosine deaminase	Homo sapiens	14-33
6509051-1	1984	Using mouse small intestine brush-border membrane vesicles virtually free of xanthine oxidase (EC 1.2.3.2) and free of uricase (EC 1.7.3.3) the uptake of the purines uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine have been studied.	Purines	158-165	xanthine dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	77-93
3035423-10	1987	This observation together with evidence suggesting that purines serve as neurotransmitters in some sacral parasympathetic neurons supports the notion that adenosine deaminase may constitute a marker for adenine nucleoside and/or nucleotide neurotransmission.	Purines	56-63	adenosine deaminase	Rattus norvegicus	155-174
2435916-10	1986	The substitutions that have the largest effect on GlnRS action are, unexpectedly, purines for conserved pyrimidines on the 5" side of the anticodon loop.	Purines	82-89	glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase 1	Homo sapiens	50-55
3762324-0	1986	Effects of purines on human and rat plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity.	Purines	11-18	lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	43-80
3009301-8	1986	This pattern of B greater than A greater than C is the same as found for the modulation of ACP1 by purines and folates.	Purines	99-106	acid phosphatase 1	Homo sapiens	91-95
4047034-4	1985	However, in natural DNA sequences such standard base-pair conformations should be interrupted by energetically unfavorable conformations (syn for pyrimidines and anti for purines).	Purines	171-178	synemin	Homo sapiens	138-141
3098299-0	1987	Synthesis of purines in human lymphoblast cells deficient in methylthioadenosine phosphorylase activity.	Purines	13-20	methylthioadenosine phosphorylase	Homo sapiens	61-94
3759987-9	1986	These concentrations of fluoro analogs are sufficient to substantially inhibit adenylosuccinate lyase and hence the de novo synthesis of purines in H4 cells.	Purines	137-144	adenylosuccinate lyase	Rattus norvegicus	79-101
3017570-16	1986	Purines caused a dose-dependent inhibition of IL-2-mediated T-cell proliferation and ClAdo was the most potent purinergic agonist tested.	Purines	0-7	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	46-50
3766241-3	1986	The low level of purines released after exercise in MADA-deficient subjects supports the hypothesis that disordered purine metabolisms occurs when MADA activity is absent.	Purines	17-24	adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1	Homo sapiens	52-56
3858839-2	1985	Purine residues form the syn conformation readily and up to now all Z-DNA crystal structures have sequences of alternating purines and pyrimidines.	Purines	123-130	synemin	Homo sapiens	25-28
6509051-1	1984	Using mouse small intestine brush-border membrane vesicles virtually free of xanthine oxidase (EC 1.2.3.2) and free of uricase (EC 1.7.3.3) the uptake of the purines uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine have been studied.	Purines	158-165	urate oxidase	Mus musculus	119-126
6090996-4	1984	It is suggested that the expression of high ADA levels is a distinguishing feature of a subpopulation of type B DRG neurons and, further, that ADA in these neurons may reflect their utilization of purines (adenosine or adenine nucleotides) as transmitters or cotransmitters.	Purines	197-204	adenosine deaminase	Rattus norvegicus	143-146
6087154-1	1984	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT; EC2.4.2.8), which functions in the metabolic salvage of purines, is encoded by an X-linked gene in man.	Purines	110-117	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	0-46
6087154-1	1984	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT; EC2.4.2.8), which functions in the metabolic salvage of purines, is encoded by an X-linked gene in man.	Purines	110-117	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	48-52
6604218-2	1983	This AU-100 cell line and its hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient derivative, AUTG-50B, overproduce purines severalfold and excrete massive amounts of inosine into the culture medium (Ullman et al., Proc.	Purines	121-128	hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase	Mus musculus	30-76
6732944-3	1984	The acid-soluble purines were precipitated with 1 M AgNO3 from the supernatant of the centrifuged homogenate, then extracted with 1 M HC1 and separated by ion exchange chromatography with a scalar gradient of HC1.	Purines	17-24	Hypercalciuria QTL 1	Rattus norvegicus	134-137
6732944-3	1984	The acid-soluble purines were precipitated with 1 M AgNO3 from the supernatant of the centrifuged homogenate, then extracted with 1 M HC1 and separated by ion exchange chromatography with a scalar gradient of HC1.	Purines	17-24	Hypercalciuria QTL 1	Rattus norvegicus	209-212
6152730-5	1983	Changes in purine de novo synthesis as measured by [14C]formate incorporation into cellular purines were reflected in the amidophosphoribosyltransferase activities.	Purines	92-99	phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	122-152
6188805-6	1983	The observation that certain isolated depressive symptoms appear to relate to hypoxanthine/xanthine in CSF is consistent with the hypothesis of a central role of purines in behaviour.	Purines	162-169	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	103-106
6958362-1	1982	The modulation of MTX cytotoxicity by purines has been studied in a number of mammalian cell lines.	Purines	38-45	metaxin 1	Homo sapiens	18-21
6958362-2	1982	In each case, it was found that exogenous purines (guanosine, deoxyguanosine, adenosine, deoxyadenosine, and hypoxanthine) both reduced and potentiated MTX cytotoxicity depending on the MTX concentration.	Purines	42-49	metaxin 1	Homo sapiens	152-155
6958362-2	1982	In each case, it was found that exogenous purines (guanosine, deoxyguanosine, adenosine, deoxyadenosine, and hypoxanthine) both reduced and potentiated MTX cytotoxicity depending on the MTX concentration.	Purines	42-49	metaxin 1	Homo sapiens	186-189
6958362-3	1982	At low MTX concentrations (less than 6 X 10(-8) M), purines reduced MTX toxicity and at higher concentrations they potentiated MTX toxicity.	Purines	52-59	metaxin 1	Homo sapiens	7-10
6958362-3	1982	At low MTX concentrations (less than 6 X 10(-8) M), purines reduced MTX toxicity and at higher concentrations they potentiated MTX toxicity.	Purines	52-59	metaxin 1	Homo sapiens	68-71
6958362-3	1982	At low MTX concentrations (less than 6 X 10(-8) M), purines reduced MTX toxicity and at higher concentrations they potentiated MTX toxicity.	Purines	52-59	metaxin 1	Homo sapiens	68-71
6958362-4	1982	The reduction of low-concentration MTX cytotoxicity by purines was associated with the reversal of MTX-induced changes in deoxyribonucleotide pools.	Purines	55-62	metaxin 1	Homo sapiens	35-38
6958362-4	1982	The reduction of low-concentration MTX cytotoxicity by purines was associated with the reversal of MTX-induced changes in deoxyribonucleotide pools.	Purines	55-62	metaxin 1	Homo sapiens	99-102
6958362-5	1982	On the other hand, potentiation of MTX toxicity by purines was associated with substantial increases in deoxyadenosine 5"-triphosphate levels in conjunction with low deoxythymidine 5"-triphosphate levels.	Purines	51-58	metaxin 1	Homo sapiens	35-38
7098474-6	1982	For a polymer to display activity it must possess a base with an oxygen or sulfur atom at the C-6 position of purines or C-4 position of pyrimidines.	Purines	110-117	complement C6	Homo sapiens	94-97
6972800-1	1981	The in vitro effects of deoxyadenosine and an adenosine deaminase inhibitor, deoxycoformycin, on the synthesis of DNA and the metabolism of purines were investigated in human leukemic T-cells.	Purines	140-147	adenosine deaminase	Homo sapiens	46-65
7051769-6	1982	A priori, one might expect that methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity would be modulated by cellular requirements for de novo biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines, as well as by cellular levels of adenosylmethionine.	Purines	149-156	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	32-67
7183969-1	1982	Coupling reaction of 6-iodo- or 6-chloropurine with alkynes in the presence of (PPh3) 2PdCl2-CuI catalyst in triethylamine to give 6-alkynylated purines was achieved by the use of dipolar aprotic solvent as co-solvent.	Purines	145-152	caveolin 1	Homo sapiens	80-84
7272599-0	1981	The effects of morphine and methionine-enkephalin on the release of purines from cerebral cortex slices of rats and mice.	Purines	68-75	proenkephalin	Rattus norvegicus	39-49
6767604-4	1980	In combination with the enzymes xanthine oxidase, catalase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, and in the presence of ethanol and NAD(P), the purines formed by phosphorylysis of purine nucleosides are oxidized and the absorption of the NAD(P)H formed is taken for the calculation of nucleoside phosphorylase activity.	Purines	134-141	catalase	Homo sapiens	50-58
7027256-3	1981	Purified lexA protein bound to two symmetrical DNA sequences in front of lexA and one in front of recA, protecting them from digestion with DNase I and blocking methylation of purines in the major groove.	Purines	176-183	DNA repair system	Escherichia coli	9-13
294907-1	1979	A study was performed on the family of a child with severe combined immunodeficiency and deficiency of the purine salvage pathway enzyme, adenosine deaminase (ADA).	Purines	107-113	adenosine deaminase	Homo sapiens	138-157
7447647-7	1980	On the basis of theoretical possibilities a hypothetical model of the role of C-5 halogen substituent in complementary hydrogen bonds with the purines of DNA has been proposed.	Purines	143-150	complement C5	Homo sapiens	78-81
523196-0	1979	Utilization of purines by an HPRT variant in an intelligent, nonmutilative patient with features of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.	Purines	15-22	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	29-33
294907-1	1979	A study was performed on the family of a child with severe combined immunodeficiency and deficiency of the purine salvage pathway enzyme, adenosine deaminase (ADA).	Purines	107-113	adenosine deaminase	Homo sapiens	159-162
1131828-2	1975	These data suggest that this alteration in antitumor activity results from a decreased catabolism of preformed systemic purines by allopurinol, a potent inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.	Purines	120-127	xanthine dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	166-182
20182-5	1977	The observation of the formation of orotic acid and 4-aminoimidazole-5-carboxamide by the hydrolysis of the HCN oligomers suggests that once the initially formed pyrimidines and purines were consumed, those life forms persisted which evolved enzymes for conversion of these intermediates to the pyrimidines and purines present in contemporary RNA.	Purines	178-185	metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1	Homo sapiens	108-111
20182-5	1977	The observation of the formation of orotic acid and 4-aminoimidazole-5-carboxamide by the hydrolysis of the HCN oligomers suggests that once the initially formed pyrimidines and purines were consumed, those life forms persisted which evolved enzymes for conversion of these intermediates to the pyrimidines and purines present in contemporary RNA.	Purines	311-318	metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1	Homo sapiens	108-111
75575-4	1977	Since it has been reported that human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome) and APRT mutants over-produce purines, we examined the control and rate of purine biosynthesis in the Chinese hamster mutants.	Purines	147-154	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	38-85
75575-4	1977	Since it has been reported that human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome) and APRT mutants over-produce purines, we examined the control and rate of purine biosynthesis in the Chinese hamster mutants.	Purines	147-154	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	87-92
75575-4	1977	Since it has been reported that human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome) and APRT mutants over-produce purines, we examined the control and rate of purine biosynthesis in the Chinese hamster mutants.	Purines	147-154	adenine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens	121-125
972164-3	1976	A second class of drug resistant cells which grow in the reverse selective HAT medium and have levels of HPRT in the range of the wild type parent line take up these purines at lower rates than the nonresistant cells and incorporate smaller amounts of them into trichloracetic acidinsoluble constituents.	Purines	166-173	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Cricetulus griseus	105-109
31491-0	1978	HCN: a plausible source of purines, pyrimidines and amino acids on the primitive earth.	Purines	27-34	metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
31491-3	1978	These results, together with the earlier data, demonstrate that the three main classes of nitrogen-containing biomolecules, purines, pyrimidines and amino acids may have originated from HCN on the primitive earth.	Purines	124-131	metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1	Homo sapiens	186-189
568484-3	1978	These results indicate that proteins cross-linked to DNA by HN2 are bound to alkylated purines.	Purines	87-94	MT-RNR2 like 2 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	60-63
273909-3	1978	Dimethyl sulfate protection experiments reveal major groove contacts for both proteins, and cro protein protects from methylation a subset of those purines protected by lambda repressor.	Purines	148-155	cro	Escherichia virus Lambda	92-95
348242-5	1978	Base composition of this RNA fraction is similar to 16S RNA, a slight increase of purines content being due to the specificity of nuclease.	Purines	82-89	nuclease	Escherichia coli	130-138
214700-1	1978	A comparative study of cells from patients overproducing purines due to HGPRT deficiency and PRPP synthetase superactivity.	Purines	57-64	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	72-77
14008-3	1977	Furthermore, the mutant strains dap 1, devoid of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity, and pur 1, devoid of guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity have a lowered uptake rate of adenine and guanine respectively, along with an increased apparent Km value for these purines in comparison to the wild-type 972h.	Purines	273-280	cytochrome P450 regulator Dap1	Schizosaccharomyces pombe	32-37
14008-5	1977	The uptake rate of the purines is strongly dependent on the pH of the uptake medium in 972h- as well as in the strains dap 1 and pur 1, the optimum being between pH4 and pH5.	Purines	23-30	cytochrome P450 regulator Dap1	Schizosaccharomyces pombe	119-124
985432-20	1976	When the methionine concentration is low, C1 units are preserved by the decreased activity of formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase and are utilized for the synthesis of methionine, purines and pyrimidines.	Purines	181-188	aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member L1	Rattus norvegicus	94-130
4217353-0	1974	The metabolism of starch, glucose, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines and bacteria by three Epidinium spp.	Purines	48-55	histocompatibility minor 13	Homo sapiens	101-104
4693659-1	1973	We have studied three patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome to assess the effect of dietary purines on erythrocyte hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity.	Purines	93-100	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	116-162
4693659-1	1973	We have studied three patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome to assess the effect of dietary purines on erythrocyte hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity.	Purines	93-100	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	164-169
5941210-0	1966	Tryptophan pyrrolase activity: effects of cyclic-AMP, purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides, and nucleotides.	Purines	54-61	tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	0-20
4662098-0	1972	Induction of chick liver xanthine dehydrogenase by purines.	Purines	51-58	xanthine dehydrogenase	Gallus gallus	25-47
5012976-0	1972	Mechanism of the isotopic exchange of the C-8 hydrogen of purines in nucleosides and in deoxyribonucleic acid.	Purines	58-65	homeobox C8	Homo sapiens	42-45
4791192-0	1973	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) deficiency: effect of dietary purines on enzyme activity.	Purines	85-92	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	0-46
4791192-0	1973	Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) deficiency: effect of dietary purines on enzyme activity.	Purines	85-92	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	48-53
14006443-2	1962	Anabolism and catabolism of purines by hepatomas 5123 and H-35.	Purines	28-35	H3.5 histone	Homo sapiens	58-62
34034149-0	2021	N-Substituted pyrrolopyrimidines and purines as p90 ribosomal S6 protein kinase-2 (RSK2) inhibitors.	Purines	37-44	cellular inhibitor of PP2A	Homo sapiens	48-51
18889955-0	1948	An interrelationship of purines and vitamin B12.	Purines	24-31	NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B3	Homo sapiens	44-47
16742389-0	1915	The Influence of Fat and Carbohydrate on the Excretion of Endogenous Purines in the Urine of Dog and Man.	Purines	69-76	FAT atypical cadherin 1	Canis lupus familiaris	17-20
34034149-0	2021	N-Substituted pyrrolopyrimidines and purines as p90 ribosomal S6 protein kinase-2 (RSK2) inhibitors.	Purines	37-44	ribosomal protein S6 kinase A3	Homo sapiens	52-81
34034149-0	2021	N-Substituted pyrrolopyrimidines and purines as p90 ribosomal S6 protein kinase-2 (RSK2) inhibitors.	Purines	37-44	ribosomal protein S6 kinase A3	Homo sapiens	83-87
34000301-7	2021	Purine starvation-induced autophagy activation was concomitant with mTORC1 suppression, and was profoundly suppressed in cells deficient for TSC2, which negatively regulates mTORC1 through inhibition of RHEB, suggesting that purines regulate autophagy through the TSC-RHEB-mTORC1 signaling axis.	Purines	225-232	TSC complex subunit 2	Homo sapiens	141-145
34000301-7	2021	Purine starvation-induced autophagy activation was concomitant with mTORC1 suppression, and was profoundly suppressed in cells deficient for TSC2, which negatively regulates mTORC1 through inhibition of RHEB, suggesting that purines regulate autophagy through the TSC-RHEB-mTORC1 signaling axis.	Purines	225-232	TSC complex subunit 2	Homo sapiens	141-144
34000301-7	2021	Purine starvation-induced autophagy activation was concomitant with mTORC1 suppression, and was profoundly suppressed in cells deficient for TSC2, which negatively regulates mTORC1 through inhibition of RHEB, suggesting that purines regulate autophagy through the TSC-RHEB-mTORC1 signaling axis.	Purines	225-232	Ras homolog, mTORC1 binding	Homo sapiens	268-272
33562258-5	2021	Accordingly, CR reduced oxidative mtDNA damage assessed through the incidence of oxidized purines at specific mtDNA regions in CR-28 animals.	Purines	90-97	calbindin 2	Rattus norvegicus	13-15
33946407-5	2021	The lysosomal complex mTORC1 is directly involved in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines to support DNA replication.	Purines	70-77	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	22-28
33317068-4	2020	A focused array of N7/N9-substituted purines, featuring aromatic and non-aromatic rings, was designed, considering the size of hydrophobic pocket B in Hsp90 to obtain insights into their binding modes within the ATP binding site of Hsp90 in terms of pi-pi stacking interactions in pocket B as well as outer alpha-helix 4 configurations.	Purines	37-44	heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1	Homo sapiens	151-156
33532242-2	2021	PRPS1 is an initial and essential step for the synthesis of the nucleotides of purines, pyrimidines, and nicotinamide.	Purines	79-86	phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
33070379-5	2021	Even though purines are substrates for both AZG1 and AZG2, we found distinct transport mechanisms.	Purines	12-19	AZA-guanine resistant1	Arabidopsis thaliana	44-48
33070379-5	2021	Even though purines are substrates for both AZG1 and AZG2, we found distinct transport mechanisms.	Purines	12-19	Xanthine/uracil permease family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	53-57
33317068-4	2020	A focused array of N7/N9-substituted purines, featuring aromatic and non-aromatic rings, was designed, considering the size of hydrophobic pocket B in Hsp90 to obtain insights into their binding modes within the ATP binding site of Hsp90 in terms of pi-pi stacking interactions in pocket B as well as outer alpha-helix 4 configurations.	Purines	37-44	heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1	Homo sapiens	232-237
32346859-3	2020	We used CRISPR-Cas9 to knockout the genes that encode the bifunctional enzymes catalyzing the last two steps in the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines and purines (uridine monophosphate synthetase (UMPS) and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase (ATIC), respectively).	Purines	153-160	uridine 5'-monophosphate synthase	Cricetulus griseus	162-194
32933349-8	2022	We noted also reduced cellular medium concentration of total purines pool (17.1 +- 1.7; 24.7 +- 2.7 nmol/ml HTT KO vs. SCR) as well as IMP concentration (7.7 +- 0.6; 10.2 +- 0.4 nmol/ml HTT KO vs. SCR).	Purines	61-68	huntingtin	Mus musculus	108-111
32518066-6	2020	In contrast, the Lsm1-7 complex strongly discriminates against cyclic phosphates and tightly binds to oligouridylate tracts with terminal purines.	Purines	138-145	LSM1 homolog, mRNA degradation associated	Homo sapiens	17-23
32974014-0	2020	The conversion of formate into purines stimulates mTORC1 leading to CAD-dependent activation of pyrimidine synthesis.	Purines	31-38	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	50-56
32974014-0	2020	The conversion of formate into purines stimulates mTORC1 leading to CAD-dependent activation of pyrimidine synthesis.	Purines	31-38	aconitate decarboxylase 1	Homo sapiens	68-71
31736475-1	2020	Phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate synthetase 2 (PRPS2) is a rate-limiting enzyme and plays an important role in purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis.	Purines	107-113	phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 2	Mus musculus	0-41
31736475-1	2020	Phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate synthetase 2 (PRPS2) is a rate-limiting enzyme and plays an important role in purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis.	Purines	107-113	phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 2	Mus musculus	43-48
32346859-3	2020	We used CRISPR-Cas9 to knockout the genes that encode the bifunctional enzymes catalyzing the last two steps in the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines and purines (uridine monophosphate synthetase (UMPS) and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase (ATIC), respectively).	Purines	153-160	uridine 5'-monophosphate synthase	Cricetulus griseus	196-200
32346859-3	2020	We used CRISPR-Cas9 to knockout the genes that encode the bifunctional enzymes catalyzing the last two steps in the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines and purines (uridine monophosphate synthetase (UMPS) and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase (ATIC), respectively).	Purines	153-160	bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein ATIC	Cricetulus griseus	290-294
32832859-22	2020	Diets formulated to affect DMI and MCP flow resulted in differences in urinary PD excretion, and these results related well with MCP flow estimated from duodenal purines.	Purines	162-169	membrane cofactor protein	Bos taurus	129-132
32345632-7	2020	These results suggest that NMT1 motif RNAs function as aptamer domains for a riboswitch class that specifically responds to high concentrations of oxidized purines.	Purines	156-163	N-myristoyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	27-31
32392304-1	2020	The TRM10 family of methyltransferases is responsible for the N1-methylation of purines at position 9 of tRNAs in Archaea and Eukarya.	Purines	80-87	tRNA methyltransferase 10A	Homo sapiens	4-9
31984424-10	2020	We propose that DNMT1 RFTS mutations deregulate metabolism lowering ATP levels, as the result of increased purine catabolism and urea cycle pathways.	Purines	107-113	DNA methyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	16-21
31821713-6	2020	Purine stimulation elicits transient Ca2+ signals in OSNs and distinct non-neuronal cell populations, which are located exclusively in the basal OE and stain positive for the neuronal stem cell marker Sox2.	Purines	0-6	SRY-box transcription factor 2	Danio rerio	201-205
32533118-6	2020	Genetic approaches, studying both monogenic and polygenic factors in nephrolithiasis, have revealed that the following have important roles in the aetiology of kidney stones: transporters and channels; ions, protons and amino acids; the calcium-sensing receptor (a G protein-coupled receptor) signalling pathway; and the metabolic pathways for vitamin D, oxalate, cysteine, purines and uric acid.	Purines	374-381	calcium sensing receptor	Homo sapiens	237-261
32519009-2	2020	RECENT FINDINGS: Metabolic and epidemiological findings support a correlation between sUA and circulating levels of other purines with insulin resistance (IR) and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD).	Purines	122-129	insulin	Homo sapiens	135-142
31958569-11	2020	These findings suggest that GBP2 is primarily involved in the sexual development of malaria parasites, and its function may be suppressed by purine starvation.	Purines	141-147	single-stranded telomeric DNA-binding/mRNA-binding protein	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	28-32
32380118-9	2020	It seems that hAAG detected N7-methylguanines, the ring-opened purines derived at high pH, and 3-methlyladenines.	Purines	63-70	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	14-18
31971609-1	2020	BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Purine metabolism in mice and human differ in terms of uricase (Uox) activity as well as hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) activity.	Purines	24-30	urate oxidase (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	79-86
31971609-1	2020	BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Purine metabolism in mice and human differ in terms of uricase (Uox) activity as well as hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) activity.	Purines	24-30	urate oxidase (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	88-91
31971609-1	2020	BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Purine metabolism in mice and human differ in terms of uricase (Uox) activity as well as hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) activity.	Purines	24-30	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	113-151
31944095-3	2020	Experimental studies showed that calf PNP ribosylates purine analogs in specific positions - 2,6-diamino-8-azapurine in positions 7 or 8 and 8-azaguanine in position 9 of the triazole ring.	Purines	42-60	purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Bos taurus	38-41
31955828-2	2020	Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a rate-limiting enzyme in purine metabolism and is believed to play important roles in coronary atherosclerosis.	Purines	59-65	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-23
31955828-2	2020	Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a rate-limiting enzyme in purine metabolism and is believed to play important roles in coronary atherosclerosis.	Purines	59-65	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	25-28
31944095-5	2020	This hypothesis was verified by application of molecular modelling techniques to two complexes of purine analogs 2,6-diamino-azapurine - calf PNP (pdb-code: 1LVU) and 8-azaguanine - calf PNP (pdb-code: 2AI1).	Purines	98-104	purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Bos taurus	142-145
31944095-5	2020	This hypothesis was verified by application of molecular modelling techniques to two complexes of purine analogs 2,6-diamino-azapurine - calf PNP (pdb-code: 1LVU) and 8-azaguanine - calf PNP (pdb-code: 2AI1).	Purines	98-104	purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Bos taurus	187-190
31900757-1	2020	Molybdenum cofactor sulfurase (MOCOS) gene encodes an enzyme which is involved in purine metabolism.	Purines	82-88	molybdenum cofactor sulfurase	Homo sapiens	0-29
31971569-1	2020	Activating mutations in the cytosolic 5 -nucleotidase II (NT5C2) are considered to drive relapse formation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by conferring purine analogue resistance.	Purines	159-165	5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic II	Homo sapiens	58-63
31914405-3	2020	FOXN1 belongs to a subset of the FOX family that recognizes an alternative forkhead-like (FHL) consensus sequence (GACGC), that is different from the more widely-recognized forkhead (FKH)  sequence RYAAAYA (R = purine, Y = pyrimidine).	Purines	211-217	forkhead box N1	Homo sapiens	0-5
31975428-5	2020	Interestingly, UHMK1-induced GC progression was mediated primarily via enhancing de novo purine synthesis because inhibiting purine synthesis reversed the effects of UHMK1 overexpression.	Purines	89-95	U2AF homology motif kinase 1	Homo sapiens	15-20
31975428-5	2020	Interestingly, UHMK1-induced GC progression was mediated primarily via enhancing de novo purine synthesis because inhibiting purine synthesis reversed the effects of UHMK1 overexpression.	Purines	125-131	U2AF homology motif kinase 1	Homo sapiens	15-20
31975428-7	2020	This event significantly enhanced the binding of NCOA3 to ATF4 and the expression of purine metabolism-associated target genes.	Purines	85-91	nuclear receptor coactivator 3	Homo sapiens	49-54
31975428-7	2020	This event significantly enhanced the binding of NCOA3 to ATF4 and the expression of purine metabolism-associated target genes.	Purines	85-91	activating transcription factor 4	Homo sapiens	58-62
31975428-11	2020	Collectively, these results show that the UHMK1-activated de novo purine synthesis pathway significantly promotes GC development.	Purines	66-72	U2AF homology motif kinase 1	Homo sapiens	42-47
31812541-2	2020	Both subtypes couple to Gq proteins and are activated by the pyrimidine nucleotide UTP, but only P2Y2R is also activated by the purine nucleotide ATP.	Purines	128-134	purinergic receptor P2Y2	Homo sapiens	97-102
31900757-1	2020	Molybdenum cofactor sulfurase (MOCOS) gene encodes an enzyme which is involved in purine metabolism.	Purines	82-88	molybdenum cofactor sulfurase	Homo sapiens	31-36
32111063-1	2020	Purines are nitrogen compounds consisting mainly of a nitrogen base of adenine (ABP) or guanine (GBP) and their derivatives: nucleosides (nitrogen bases plus ribose) and nucleotides (nitrogen bases plus ribose and phosphate).	Purines	0-7	transmembrane protein 132A	Homo sapiens	97-100
32111063-7	2020	Finally, even if the cross regulation mechanisms between the two different purines (ABP and GBP) are still largely unknown, it is now possible to hypothesize the existence of specific signal paths for guanosine-based nucleotides that are capable of modulating the intensity and duration of the intracellular signal, particularly in excitable tissues such as brain and muscle.	Purines	75-82	amine oxidase copper containing 1	Homo sapiens	84-87
32111063-1	2020	Purines are nitrogen compounds consisting mainly of a nitrogen base of adenine (ABP) or guanine (GBP) and their derivatives: nucleosides (nitrogen bases plus ribose) and nucleotides (nitrogen bases plus ribose and phosphate).	Purines	0-7	amine oxidase copper containing 1	Homo sapiens	80-83
31699386-0	2020	New 2,6,9-trisubstituted purine derivatives as Bcr-Abl and Btk inhibitors and as promising agents against leukemia.	Purines	4-31	ABL proto-oncogene 1, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	47-54
31647103-3	2020	Among the identified genes, we discovered MET7, which encodes folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS), an enzyme that facilitates several folate-dependent reactions including the synthesis of purines, thymidylate (dTMP) and DNA methylation.	Purines	189-196	tetrahydrofolate synthase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	42-46
32057291-4	2020	Altered innate immune gene expression in Lrrk2 knockout (KO) macrophages is driven by a combination of mitochondrial stresses, including oxidative stress from low levels of purine metabolites and DRP1-dependent mitochondrial fragmentation.	Purines	173-179	leucine-rich repeat kinase 2	Mus musculus	41-46
31699386-0	2020	New 2,6,9-trisubstituted purine derivatives as Bcr-Abl and Btk inhibitors and as promising agents against leukemia.	Purines	4-31	Bruton tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	59-62
31699386-4	2020	In this study, we designed, synthesized and evaluated 2,6,9-trisubstituted purine derivatives as novel Bcr-Abl and Btk inhibitors.	Purines	56-81	ABL proto-oncogene 1, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	103-110
31699386-4	2020	In this study, we designed, synthesized and evaluated 2,6,9-trisubstituted purine derivatives as novel Bcr-Abl and Btk inhibitors.	Purines	56-81	Bruton tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	115-118
31707355-6	2020	Antitumor effects of AGF347 downstream of SHMT2 and purine biosynthesis included suppression of mTOR signaling, and glutathione depletion with increased levels of reactive oxygen species.	Purines	52-58	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	96-100
31956271-7	2020	The purine scaffold derivative DN401 inhibited all Hsp90 paralogs simultaneously and showed stronger anticancer activity than other Hsp90 inhibitors.	Purines	4-10	heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1	Homo sapiens	51-56
31956271-7	2020	The purine scaffold derivative DN401 inhibited all Hsp90 paralogs simultaneously and showed stronger anticancer activity than other Hsp90 inhibitors.	Purines	4-10	heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1	Homo sapiens	132-137
31707355-9	2020	We also establish that loss of serine catabolism and purine biosynthesis resulting from AGF347 treatment impacts mTOR signaling, glutathione pools and reactive oxygen species, contributing to antitumor efficacy.	Purines	53-59	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	113-117
31839921-1	2019	Background: Adenosine deaminase (ADA) regulates purine metabolism through the conversion of adenosine to uric acid (UA).	Purines	48-54	adenosine deaminase	Homo sapiens	33-36
31472336-0	2019	Degradation and DBP formations from pyrimidines and purines bases during sequential or simultaneous use of UV and chlorine.	Purines	52-59	D-box binding PAR bZIP transcription factor	Homo sapiens	16-19
31839921-1	2019	Background: Adenosine deaminase (ADA) regulates purine metabolism through the conversion of adenosine to uric acid (UA).	Purines	48-54	adenosine deaminase	Homo sapiens	12-31
31679978-1	2019	We previously showed that classical 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates bind to folate receptor (FR) alpha and the target purine biosynthetic enzyme glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFTase) with different cis and trans conformations.	Purines	137-143	phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase, phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase	Homo sapiens	164-208
31679978-1	2019	We previously showed that classical 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates bind to folate receptor (FR) alpha and the target purine biosynthetic enzyme glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFTase) with different cis and trans conformations.	Purines	137-143	phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase, phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase	Homo sapiens	210-218
31574190-4	2019	Here, we demonstrate that hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) show a strong dependence on HPRT-associated purine salvaging.	Purines	118-124	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	102-106
31337706-4	2019	MYC suppression attenuated [13C6]glucose, D3-serine, and [13C2]glycine incorporation into purines and reduced proliferation in PC9 but not in A549 cells.	Purines	90-97	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	0-3
31401334-2	2019	Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), an enzyme involved in folate metabolism converts dihydrofolate into tetrahydrofolate, which is required for the de novo synthesis of purines, and certain amino acids.	Purines	165-172	dihydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	0-23
31401334-2	2019	Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), an enzyme involved in folate metabolism converts dihydrofolate into tetrahydrofolate, which is required for the de novo synthesis of purines, and certain amino acids.	Purines	165-172	dihydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	25-29
31633017-4	2019	Employing human Kaposi"s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) to probe the role of protein deamidation, we identified a purine synthesis enzyme, phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthetase (PFAS) that inhibits KSHV transcriptional activation.	Purines	121-127	phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase	Homo sapiens	192-196
31552824-2	2019	Here, we elucidate the mechanism by which basal (p)ppGpp inhibits the purine salvage enzyme HPRT by sharing a conserved motif with its substrate PRPP.	Purines	70-76	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	92-96
31572402-4	2019	These investigations provided genome-wide maps illustrating significant effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the binding of VDR, the pioneer transcription factors purine-rich box 1 (PU.1) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA) and the chromatin modifier CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) as well as on chromatin accessibility and histone markers of promoter and enhancer regions, H3K4me3 and H3K27ac.	Purines	152-158	vitamin D receptor	Homo sapiens	113-116
31781678-2	2019	The ADA gene encodes adenosine deaminase, an enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible deamination of adenosine and deoxyadenosine in the catabolic pathway of purine.	Purines	156-162	adenosine deaminase	Homo sapiens	4-7
31781678-2	2019	The ADA gene encodes adenosine deaminase, an enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible deamination of adenosine and deoxyadenosine in the catabolic pathway of purine.	Purines	156-162	adenosine deaminase	Homo sapiens	21-40
31408726-4	2019	Studies have also demonstrated that in addition to its role in repairing oxidized purines, OGG1 has guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity when bound to 8-oxoG.	Purines	82-89	8-oxoguanine DNA-glycosylase 1	Mus musculus	91-95
31188623-10	2019	In conclusion, the location- and context-dependent extracellular nucleotide phosphohydrolysis by NTPDase1 and -2 substantially impacts gut function in health and disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Purines are important mediators of gastrointestinal physiology and pathophysiology.	Purines	187-194	ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1	Mus musculus	97-105
31945889-5	2019	As results, we found a significant correlation of purine metabolism and p53 signaling pathway role in colorectal cancer progression.	Purines	50-56	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	72-75
31428591-5	2019	We found that S. Typhimurium strains carrying mutations in PhoP or PurA, responsible for adaptation to the intracellular environment and efficient metabolism of purines, respectively, are attenuated in the zebrafish model.	Purines	161-168	purine-rich element binding protein Aa	Danio rerio	67-71
31310499-1	2019	Alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) is the only known human glycosylase capable of excising alkylated purines from DNA, including the highly mutagenic 1,N6-ethenoadenine (epsilonA) lesion.	Purines	101-108	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	0-28
31310499-1	2019	Alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) is the only known human glycosylase capable of excising alkylated purines from DNA, including the highly mutagenic 1,N6-ethenoadenine (epsilonA) lesion.	Purines	101-108	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	30-33
31188000-8	2019	These metabolites belong to TCA cycle, glycolysis, purines, and lipid metabolism and have been previously reported in liver metabolomic studies where high correlation with HCC progression is implied.	Purines	51-58	HCC	Homo sapiens	172-175
30837873-10	2019	Recent clinical studies indicated that treatment with xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors plus inosine had the strongest impact for increasing the pool of salvageable purines and leading to increased ATP levels in humans, thereby suggesting that this combination is more beneficial than a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor alone to treat disorders with ATP deficiency.	Purines	166-173	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	54-77
31040154-4	2019	As a combined consequence of purine production deficiency in MTAP-null GBM and the critical dependence of GSCs on purines, the enriched subset of CD133+ cells in MTAP-null GBM can be effectively depleted by inhibition of de novo purine synthesis.	Purines	114-121	prominin 1	Homo sapiens	146-151
31040154-4	2019	As a combined consequence of purine production deficiency in MTAP-null GBM and the critical dependence of GSCs on purines, the enriched subset of CD133+ cells in MTAP-null GBM can be effectively depleted by inhibition of de novo purine synthesis.	Purines	114-121	methylthioadenosine phosphorylase	Homo sapiens	162-166
30907983-7	2019	Additionally, CD73 is a membrane bound ectonucleotidase expressed on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that allows manipulation of extracellular purines in tissues such as bone marrow.	Purines	144-151	5'-nucleotidase ecto	Homo sapiens	14-18
31068791-17	2019	Hence, a dynamic balance of P2Y1 and P2X7 receptors expression and function during AIS assembly and maturation may represent a fine regulatory mechanism in response to physiological or pathological extracellular purines concentration.	Purines	212-219	purinergic receptor P2Y1	Homo sapiens	28-32
31068791-17	2019	Hence, a dynamic balance of P2Y1 and P2X7 receptors expression and function during AIS assembly and maturation may represent a fine regulatory mechanism in response to physiological or pathological extracellular purines concentration.	Purines	212-219	purinergic receptor P2X 7	Homo sapiens	37-41
30831305-1	2019	The nucleotide salvage pathway is used to recycle degraded nucleotides (purines and pyrimidines); one of the enzymes that helps to recycle purines is hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase 1 (HGPRT1).	Purines	72-79	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	150-199
30831305-1	2019	The nucleotide salvage pathway is used to recycle degraded nucleotides (purines and pyrimidines); one of the enzymes that helps to recycle purines is hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase 1 (HGPRT1).	Purines	72-79	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	201-207
30831305-1	2019	The nucleotide salvage pathway is used to recycle degraded nucleotides (purines and pyrimidines); one of the enzymes that helps to recycle purines is hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase 1 (HGPRT1).	Purines	139-146	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	150-199
30831305-1	2019	The nucleotide salvage pathway is used to recycle degraded nucleotides (purines and pyrimidines); one of the enzymes that helps to recycle purines is hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase 1 (HGPRT1).	Purines	139-146	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	201-207
30609614-1	2019	Human alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (hAAG) is an important protein enzyme which can specifically recognize and initiate the repair of a variety of alkylated purines and hypoxanthine, and the dysregulation of hAAG activity is associated with various human diseases.	Purines	156-163	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	36-40
30550929-10	2019	Moreover, we also found that the cytotoxic effects underlaying microglial LPA-LPA2 axis were mediated by the release of purines by microglia and the activation of P2X7 receptor on oligodendrocytes.	Purines	120-127	lysophosphatidic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	78-82
30249751-5	2018	We found that knockdown of Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase/Pfas (Ade2), a highly conserved gene involved the biosynthesis of purines, sleep regulation and energy stores.	Purines	136-143	Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase	Drosophila melanogaster	76-80
30285154-5	2018	A structural and thermodynamic analysis of purine-purine HG mismatches reveals that compared to B-DNA, the A-form geometry disfavors syn purines by 1.5-4 kcal/mol due to sugar-backbone rearrangements needed to sterically accommodate the syn base.	Purines	137-144	synemin	Homo sapiens	133-136
30830393-9	2018	TAP samples were characterized by increases in reduced glutathione and decreases in urate and cystine, markers of oxidation of purines and cysteine-overall suggesting decreased oxidation during draws.	Purines	127-134	nuclear RNA export factor 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
29848639-2	2018	The N-1 methylation of purines at position 9 of eukaryal and archaeal tRNA is catalyzed by the SPOUT methyltranferase Trm10.	Purines	23-30	tRNA (guanine(9)-N(1))-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	118-123
29907651-2	2018	Here we show that PAPAS interacts directly with DNA, forming a DNA-RNA triplex structure that tethers PAPAS to a stretch of purines within the enhancer region, thereby guiding associated CHD4/NuRD (nucleosome remodeling and deacetylation) to the rDNA promoter.	Purines	124-131	chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 4	Homo sapiens	187-191
30021045-3	2018	Sequencing and analysis of RPGR variants in ORF15 is challenging, as it is highly repetitive and rich in purines.	Purines	105-112	retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator	Homo sapiens	27-31
30021045-3	2018	Sequencing and analysis of RPGR variants in ORF15 is challenging, as it is highly repetitive and rich in purines.	Purines	105-112	retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator	Homo sapiens	44-49
29895827-6	2018	Since endothelial cells secrete purines in response to oxPAPC, the MTHFD2-controlled response maintains endothelial ATP.	Purines	32-39	methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 2, methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase	Homo sapiens	67-73
29305058-1	2018	Mutations in the HGPRT1 gene, which encodes hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGprt), housekeeping enzyme responsible for recycling purines, lead to Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND).	Purines	146-153	hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase	Mus musculus	44-90
29566083-5	2018	AQP9 is permeable to a broad spectrum of substrates including purines, pyrimidines, and lactate, in addition to water and glycerol.	Purines	62-69	aquaporin 9	Mus musculus	0-4
29305058-1	2018	Mutations in the HGPRT1 gene, which encodes hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGprt), housekeeping enzyme responsible for recycling purines, lead to Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND).	Purines	146-153	hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase	Mus musculus	92-97
29337348-3	2018	Phosphoribosyl formylglycinamidine synthase (FGAMS, also known as PFAS or FGARAT), a core enzyme involved in the de novo synthesis of purines, may play alternative roles in viral pathogenesis.	Purines	134-141	phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase	Homo sapiens	15-43
29337348-3	2018	Phosphoribosyl formylglycinamidine synthase (FGAMS, also known as PFAS or FGARAT), a core enzyme involved in the de novo synthesis of purines, may play alternative roles in viral pathogenesis.	Purines	134-141	phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase	Homo sapiens	45-50
29337348-3	2018	Phosphoribosyl formylglycinamidine synthase (FGAMS, also known as PFAS or FGARAT), a core enzyme involved in the de novo synthesis of purines, may play alternative roles in viral pathogenesis.	Purines	134-141	phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase	Homo sapiens	66-70
29337348-3	2018	Phosphoribosyl formylglycinamidine synthase (FGAMS, also known as PFAS or FGARAT), a core enzyme involved in the de novo synthesis of purines, may play alternative roles in viral pathogenesis.	Purines	134-141	phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase	Homo sapiens	74-80
29079593-8	2018	Stored red blood cells from human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient donors had higher levels of deaminated purines.	Purines	117-124	glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	34-67
28942694-2	2018	Aquaporin 9 may transport not only water but also small molecules, such as glycerol, monocarboxylates, purines and pyrimidines.	Purines	103-110	aquaporin 9	Homo sapiens	0-11
29148771-1	2017	Human alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) functions as part of the base excision repair pathway to excise structurally diverse oxidized and alkylated DNA purines.	Purines	153-160	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	6-34
29342136-5	2018	The loss-of-fitness phenotype of NT5C2+/R367Q mutant cells is associated with excess export of purines to the extracellular space and depletion of the intracellular purine-nucleotide pool.	Purines	95-102	5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic II	Homo sapiens	33-38
29148771-1	2017	Human alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) functions as part of the base excision repair pathway to excise structurally diverse oxidized and alkylated DNA purines.	Purines	153-160	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	36-39
28705804-7	2017	Colons from W/Wv, Nos1-/- , and Prkg1-/- mice displayed augmented neural release of purines that was likely due to altered nitrergic neuromodulation.	Purines	84-91	nitric oxide synthase 1, neuronal	Mus musculus	18-22
28705804-7	2017	Colons from W/Wv, Nos1-/- , and Prkg1-/- mice displayed augmented neural release of purines that was likely due to altered nitrergic neuromodulation.	Purines	84-91	protein kinase, cGMP-dependent, type I	Mus musculus	32-37
28994414-2	2017	This study tests whether Hoogsteens or other syn purines are either under-modeled or over-modeled, which are known problems for rare conformations.	Purines	49-56	synemin	Homo sapiens	45-48
29091770-3	2017	Depletion of cellular purines, but not pyrimidines, inhibits mTORC1, and restoration of intracellular adenine nucleotides via addition of exogenous purine nucleobases or nucleosides acutely reactivates mTORC1.	Purines	22-29	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	61-67
29091770-3	2017	Depletion of cellular purines, but not pyrimidines, inhibits mTORC1, and restoration of intracellular adenine nucleotides via addition of exogenous purine nucleobases or nucleosides acutely reactivates mTORC1.	Purines	22-29	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	202-208
28994414-3	2017	Candidate purines needing a syn/anti 180  flip were identified by diagnostic patterns of difference electron-density peaks.	Purines	10-17	synemin	Homo sapiens	28-31
28994414-7	2017	Syn/anti flips were also needed for some single-stranded purines.	Purines	57-64	synemin	Homo sapiens	0-3
28874730-4	2017	MPA produced an early and transient drop in the intracellular ATP content related to the inhibition of de novo synthesis of purines, leading to the activation of the energy sensor AMPK.	Purines	124-131	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	180-184
28825483-2	2017	eRF1 is highly selective for U in the first position and a combination of purines (except two consecutive guanines, i.e., GG) in the second and third positions.	Purines	74-81	eukaryotic translation termination factor 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
28547658-1	2017	Purinergic P2X and P2Y receptors are involved in mediating intercellular signalling via purines such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP).	Purines	88-95	purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel, 1	Mus musculus	11-14
28547658-1	2017	Purinergic P2X and P2Y receptors are involved in mediating intercellular signalling via purines such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP).	Purines	88-95	purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled 12	Mus musculus	19-22
28730837-3	2017	Topical application of TRPA1 agonists produces an acute nociceptive response through peripheral release of neuropeptides, purines and other transmitters from activated sensory nerve endings.	Purines	122-129	transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens	23-28
28727777-3	2017	8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) recognizes and cleaves oxidized and ring-fragmented purines, including 8-oxoguanine, the most commonly formed oxidative DNA lesion.	Purines	88-95	8-oxoguanine DNA-glycosylase 1	Mus musculus	30-34
28302652-1	2017	Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (NTPDase1) degrades the purines ATP and ADP that are key regulators of inflammation and clotting.	Purines	73-80	ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1	Homo sapiens	0-48
28302652-1	2017	Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (NTPDase1) degrades the purines ATP and ADP that are key regulators of inflammation and clotting.	Purines	73-80	ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1	Homo sapiens	50-58
28333944-1	2017	Human alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) initiates base excision repair (BER) to guard against mutations by excising alkylated and deaminated purines.	Purines	142-149	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	6-34
28429522-5	2017	In concentrations found in Fabry patients, lyso-Gb3 induced DNA damage (by alkaline comet assay) with oxidative origin in purines and pyrimidines (by comet assay with endonucleases).	Purines	122-129	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	48-51
28333944-1	2017	Human alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) initiates base excision repair (BER) to guard against mutations by excising alkylated and deaminated purines.	Purines	142-149	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	36-39
28333944-10	2017	In addition to the above results, we observed a dramatic mutator phenotype for N169S AAG, which has increased rates of excision of undamaged purines.	Purines	141-148	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	85-88
27349952-2	2017	Because ITPA degrades purines and RBV is a purine analogue, it is conceivable that ITPA activity may affect intracellular RBV concentrations.	Purines	22-29	inosine triphosphatase	Homo sapiens	8-12
28327087-13	2017	The study highlights the importance of cytosolic II 5"-nucleotidase (NT5C2) in maintaining the normal balance of purines" pool in the brain, which seems to play a pivotal role in the normal development of central white matter structures.	Purines	113-120	5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic II	Homo sapiens	69-74
28005359-1	2017	Purines and related heterocycles substituted at C-2 with 4"-sulfamoylanilino and at C-6 with a variety of groups have been synthesized with the aim of achieving selectivity of binding to CDK2 over CDK1.	Purines	0-7	cyclin dependent kinase 2	Homo sapiens	187-191
28005359-1	2017	Purines and related heterocycles substituted at C-2 with 4"-sulfamoylanilino and at C-6 with a variety of groups have been synthesized with the aim of achieving selectivity of binding to CDK2 over CDK1.	Purines	0-7	cyclin dependent kinase 1	Homo sapiens	197-201
27956135-0	2017	Effects of ribavirin/sofosbuvir treatment and ITPA phenotype on endogenous purines.	Purines	75-82	inosine triphosphatase	Homo sapiens	46-50
27956135-3	2017	Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding the inosine triphosphatase (ITPA) enzyme have been associated with protection against RBV-induced anemia and may mediate the effect of RBV treatment on endogenous purines.	Purines	216-223	inosine triphosphatase	Homo sapiens	57-79
27956135-3	2017	Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding the inosine triphosphatase (ITPA) enzyme have been associated with protection against RBV-induced anemia and may mediate the effect of RBV treatment on endogenous purines.	Purines	216-223	inosine triphosphatase	Homo sapiens	81-85
27349952-2	2017	Because ITPA degrades purines and RBV is a purine analogue, it is conceivable that ITPA activity may affect intracellular RBV concentrations.	Purines	22-29	inosine triphosphatase	Homo sapiens	83-87
26574047-4	2016	Analysis of urinary purines showed attenuated metabolism of 2",3"-cAMP to 2"-AMP in CNPase(-/-) mice.	Purines	20-27	2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3' phosphodiesterase	Mus musculus	84-90
28066160-8	2016	The "purinergic hypothesis" is that MS releases purines to act in an autocrine/paracrine manner to activate excitatory (P2Y1, P2Y4, P2Y6, and A2A/A2B) or inhibitory (P2Y12, A1, and A3) receptors to regulate 5-HT release.	Purines	48-55	purinergic receptor P2Y1	Homo sapiens	120-124
28066160-8	2016	The "purinergic hypothesis" is that MS releases purines to act in an autocrine/paracrine manner to activate excitatory (P2Y1, P2Y4, P2Y6, and A2A/A2B) or inhibitory (P2Y12, A1, and A3) receptors to regulate 5-HT release.	Purines	48-55	pyrimidinergic receptor P2Y4	Homo sapiens	126-130
28066160-8	2016	The "purinergic hypothesis" is that MS releases purines to act in an autocrine/paracrine manner to activate excitatory (P2Y1, P2Y4, P2Y6, and A2A/A2B) or inhibitory (P2Y12, A1, and A3) receptors to regulate 5-HT release.	Purines	48-55	pyrimidinergic receptor P2Y6	Homo sapiens	132-136
27593437-8	2016	A similar trend was measured for non-DSB oxidized base lesions detected using antibodies against the human repair enzymes 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase (OGG1) or AP endonuclease (APE1), that is damage foci as probes for oxidized purines or abasic sites, respectively.	Purines	228-235	8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	152-156
27593437-8	2016	A similar trend was measured for non-DSB oxidized base lesions detected using antibodies against the human repair enzymes 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase (OGG1) or AP endonuclease (APE1), that is damage foci as probes for oxidized purines or abasic sites, respectively.	Purines	228-235	apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1	Homo sapiens	178-182
26948503-8	2016	Reduced ABCB1 expression in habenular capillaries might contribute to increased brain levels of proinflammatory cytokines in patients with schizophrenia, while decreased expression of this protein in a subpopulation of medial habenular neurons (which are probably purinergic) might be related to abnormalities of purines and their receptors found in this disease.	Purines	313-320	ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1	Homo sapiens	8-13
27375492-0	2016	Plasma Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyl Transferase Activity in Bottlenose Dolphins Contributes to Avoiding Accumulation of Non-recyclable Purines.	Purines	142-149	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	7-54
27375492-6	2016	Plasma hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) activity in dolphins suggests an elevated purine recycling rate, and a mechanism for avoiding accumulation of non-recyclable purines (xanthine and uric acid).	Purines	188-195	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	7-54
27375492-6	2016	Plasma hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) activity in dolphins suggests an elevated purine recycling rate, and a mechanism for avoiding accumulation of non-recyclable purines (xanthine and uric acid).	Purines	188-195	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	56-61
26523462-3	2015	The restoration of the nitrogen in a position equivalent to the purines" N7 leads to "isofunctional" behavior, as illustrated by the ability of adenosine deaminase to deaminate (tz)A as effectively as adenosine, the native substrate.	Purines	64-71	adenosine deaminase	Homo sapiens	144-163
27007871-1	2016	To test the hypothesis that inhibitors of human concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 (hCNT2) suppress increases in serum urate levels derived from dietary purines, we previously identified adenosine derivative 1 as a potent hCNT2 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.64 muM), but further study was hampered due to its poor solubility.	Purines	157-164	solute carrier family 28 member 2	Homo sapiens	48-86
27007871-1	2016	To test the hypothesis that inhibitors of human concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 (hCNT2) suppress increases in serum urate levels derived from dietary purines, we previously identified adenosine derivative 1 as a potent hCNT2 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.64 muM), but further study was hampered due to its poor solubility.	Purines	157-164	solute carrier family 28 member 2	Homo sapiens	88-93
27066009-7	2016	Neonatal naive B cell deficiency of CD73 expression significantly impaired their capacity to acquire extracellular purines for purine salvage.	Purines	115-122	5'-nucleotidase ecto	Homo sapiens	36-40
26771001-3	2016	Purines generated during inflammation drive enteric neuron death by activating neuronal P2X7 purine receptors (P2X7R), triggering ATP release via neuronal pannexin-1 channels that subsequently recruits intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) responses in the surrounding enteric glia.	Purines	0-7	purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel, 7	Mus musculus	88-109
26771001-3	2016	Purines generated during inflammation drive enteric neuron death by activating neuronal P2X7 purine receptors (P2X7R), triggering ATP release via neuronal pannexin-1 channels that subsequently recruits intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) responses in the surrounding enteric glia.	Purines	0-7	purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel, 7	Mus musculus	111-116
26771001-3	2016	Purines generated during inflammation drive enteric neuron death by activating neuronal P2X7 purine receptors (P2X7R), triggering ATP release via neuronal pannexin-1 channels that subsequently recruits intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) responses in the surrounding enteric glia.	Purines	0-7	pannexin 1	Mus musculus	155-165
27213086-1	2016	Structural basis for exploration into MDM2 and MDM2-DHFR interaction plays a vital role in analyzing the obstruction in folate metabolism, nonsynthesis of purines, and further epigenetic regulation in Homo sapiens.	Purines	155-162	MDM2 proto-oncogene	Homo sapiens	38-42
27213086-1	2016	Structural basis for exploration into MDM2 and MDM2-DHFR interaction plays a vital role in analyzing the obstruction in folate metabolism, nonsynthesis of purines, and further epigenetic regulation in Homo sapiens.	Purines	155-162	MDM2 proto-oncogene	Homo sapiens	47-51
27213086-1	2016	Structural basis for exploration into MDM2 and MDM2-DHFR interaction plays a vital role in analyzing the obstruction in folate metabolism, nonsynthesis of purines, and further epigenetic regulation in Homo sapiens.	Purines	155-162	dihydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	52-56
26355916-0	2015	Identification of Purines and 7-Deazapurines as Potent and Selective Type I Inhibitors of Troponin I-Interacting Kinase (TNNI3K).	Purines	18-25	TNNI3 interacting kinase	Homo sapiens	121-127
26243310-2	2015	NOC induce DNA alkylations, including O (6)-methylguanine (O (6)-MeG) and N-methylated purines, which are repaired by O (6)-MeG-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and N-alkyladenine-DNA glycosylase (AAG)-initiated base excision repair, respectively.	Purines	87-94	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	151-155
26243310-2	2015	NOC induce DNA alkylations, including O (6)-methylguanine (O (6)-MeG) and N-methylated purines, which are repaired by O (6)-MeG-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and N-alkyladenine-DNA glycosylase (AAG)-initiated base excision repair, respectively.	Purines	87-94	N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase	Mus musculus	193-196
26221032-3	2015	Cut repeats from the CUX1 protein were recently shown to stimulate 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), an enzyme that removes oxidized purines from DNA and introduces a single strand break through its apurinic/apyrimidinic lyase activity to initiate base excision repair.	Purines	138-145	cut like homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	21-25
26221032-3	2015	Cut repeats from the CUX1 protein were recently shown to stimulate 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), an enzyme that removes oxidized purines from DNA and introduces a single strand break through its apurinic/apyrimidinic lyase activity to initiate base excision repair.	Purines	138-145	8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	67-97
26221032-3	2015	Cut repeats from the CUX1 protein were recently shown to stimulate 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), an enzyme that removes oxidized purines from DNA and introduces a single strand break through its apurinic/apyrimidinic lyase activity to initiate base excision repair.	Purines	138-145	8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	99-103
25645390-3	2015	We have thus investigated the potential release and role of the purines during GI mGluR-induced oscillations in rat hippocampal areas CA3 and CA1 using pharmacological techniques and microelectrode biosensors for ATP and adenosine.	Purines	64-71	carbonic anhydrase 3	Rattus norvegicus	134-137
26004513-12	2015	P2Y2, P2Y4 and P2Y6 receptors expressed on the vascular smooth muscle are coupled to vasocontraction, and may have a role in pathophysiological conditions, when purines are released from damaged cells, or when there is damage to the protective barrier that is the endothelium.	Purines	161-168	purinergic receptor P2Y2	Homo sapiens	0-4
26004513-12	2015	P2Y2, P2Y4 and P2Y6 receptors expressed on the vascular smooth muscle are coupled to vasocontraction, and may have a role in pathophysiological conditions, when purines are released from damaged cells, or when there is damage to the protective barrier that is the endothelium.	Purines	161-168	pyrimidinergic receptor P2Y4	Homo sapiens	6-10
26004513-12	2015	P2Y2, P2Y4 and P2Y6 receptors expressed on the vascular smooth muscle are coupled to vasocontraction, and may have a role in pathophysiological conditions, when purines are released from damaged cells, or when there is damage to the protective barrier that is the endothelium.	Purines	161-168	pyrimidinergic receptor P2Y6	Homo sapiens	15-19
25402681-3	2015	By comparing CD73 expression and function in mononuclear and endothelial cells (ECs) of blood and lymph, we show that extracellular purines and CD73 activity have differential effects in these two vascular systems.	Purines	132-139	5'-nucleotidase ecto	Homo sapiens	13-17
25813047-4	2015	It also uncovers HG-like bps with syn purines lacking HG hydrogen bonds or constricted C1"-C1" distances that are analogous to conformations that have been proposed to populate the WC-to-HG transition pathway.	Purines	38-45	synemin	Homo sapiens	34-37
25831123-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is involved in oxidative metabolism of purines and is a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS).	Purines	81-88	xanthine dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	12-35
25831123-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is involved in oxidative metabolism of purines and is a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS).	Purines	81-88	xanthine dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	37-40
25358475-4	2015	Ogg1-deficient (Ogg1 (-/-) ) mice were used as a sensitive model towards oxidative stress due to their reduced capacity to repair oxidised purines.	Purines	139-146	8-oxoguanine DNA-glycosylase 1	Mus musculus	0-4
25637355-5	2015	Basal IRF8-PU.1 binding maintained the expression of a broad panel of genes essential for macrophage functions (such as microbial recognition and response to purines) and contributed to basal expression of many LPS-inducible genes.	Purines	158-165	interferon regulatory factor 8	Homo sapiens	6-10
25637355-5	2015	Basal IRF8-PU.1 binding maintained the expression of a broad panel of genes essential for macrophage functions (such as microbial recognition and response to purines) and contributed to basal expression of many LPS-inducible genes.	Purines	158-165	Spi-1 proto-oncogene	Homo sapiens	11-15
25318479-3	2015	Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1, ENTPDase1 (CD39) is a cell surface nucleotide-metabolizing enzyme, which degrades the extracellular purines ATP and ADP, thereby regulating purinergic receptor signaling.	Purines	150-157	ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1	Mus musculus	0-48
25815140-2	2015	We hypothesized that inhibition of human concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 (hCNT2) would suppress increases in serum urate levels derived from dietary purines.	Purines	156-163	solute carrier family 28 member 2	Homo sapiens	41-79
25815140-2	2015	We hypothesized that inhibition of human concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 (hCNT2) would suppress increases in serum urate levels derived from dietary purines.	Purines	156-163	solute carrier family 28 member 2	Homo sapiens	81-86
25449036-3	2015	Cells contain high levels of intracellular uric acid, which is produced when purines are oxidized by the enzyme xanthine oxidase.	Purines	77-84	xanthine dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	112-128
25463392-0	2015	The repair of oxidized purines in the DNA of human lymphocytes requires an activation involving NF-YA-mediated upregulation of OGG1.	Purines	23-30	nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	96-101
25463392-0	2015	The repair of oxidized purines in the DNA of human lymphocytes requires an activation involving NF-YA-mediated upregulation of OGG1.	Purines	23-30	8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	127-131
25318479-3	2015	Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1, ENTPDase1 (CD39) is a cell surface nucleotide-metabolizing enzyme, which degrades the extracellular purines ATP and ADP, thereby regulating purinergic receptor signaling.	Purines	150-157	ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1	Mus musculus	61-65
25694082-2	2015	A wide variety of effects, exerted by ecto-purines, requires that their levels, and ATP in particular, must be precisely controlled.	Purines	43-50	tripartite motif containing 33	Homo sapiens	38-42
25694082-4	2015	Adenylate kinase, transferring the phosphate moiety between nucleotides, also plays a role in controlling ecto-purines concentration.	Purines	111-118	tripartite motif containing 33	Homo sapiens	106-110
25108837-5	2014	Surprisingly, in the presence of Mn(2+) ions, the wild-type and mutant Pol iota variants efficiently incorporated nucleotides opposite template purines containing modifications that disrupted either Hoogsteen or Watson-Crick base-pairing, suggesting that Pol iota may use various types of interactions during nucleotide addition.	Purines	144-151	DNA polymerase mu	Homo sapiens	71-79
25466177-2	2014	We have previously reported the identification of a series of purines as selective CB2 agonists and the identification of compound 1 as a clinical candidate for the treatment of joint pain.	Purines	62-69	cannabinoid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	83-86
25282265-2	2014	Among the newly described purines, five compounds showed antiproliferative activity with IC50 values below 10 muM, the tetrahydroquinoline derivative at position 6 of phenylaminopurine being the most active of the series in the six cell lines tested.	Purines	26-33	latexin	Homo sapiens	110-113
25481104-8	2015	The normal intracellular purines in the HGprt-deficient fibroblasts were likely due in part to a compensatory increase in purine synthesis, as demonstrated by a significant increase in purinosomes.	Purines	25-32	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	40-45
24957263-3	2014	hCNT2 is the best candidate to mediate ribavirin uptake into hepatocytes due to its high-affinity for purines and its capacity to concentrate its substrates intracellularly.	Purines	102-109	solute carrier family 28 member 2	Homo sapiens	0-5
25151301-3	2014	In the cornea, purines lead to post-translational modification of EGFR and structural proteins that participate in wound repair in the epithelium and influence the expression of matrix proteins in the stroma.	Purines	15-22	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	66-70
24632493-5	2014	The results show that NO at concentrations causing negligible DNA damage and little cytotoxicity strongly reduces the repair rates of oxidized purines in the DNA of HeLa cells overexpressing the OGG1-Cys326 variant.	Purines	143-150	8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	195-199
24823250-2	2014	Here we show that purines such as 8-chlorocaffeine and 8-bromo-9-methyladenine react with [Pt(PPh3)4] under oxidative addition of the C(8)-halogen bond to the metal center.	Purines	18-25	protein phosphatase 4 catalytic subunit	Homo sapiens	94-98
24396055-13	2014	These data suggest that purines activate SK currents via mainly P2Y1 receptors in PDGFRalpha(+) cells.	Purines	24-31	purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled 1	Mus musculus	64-68
24530799-2	2014	PNP metabolizes purine bases to synthetize purine nucleotides whereas XO catalyzes the oxidation of purines to uric acid.	Purines	100-107	purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Tursiops truncatus	0-3
24742089-5	2014	EXPERT OPINION: For Hsp90, there has been considerable creativity in the discovery of novel pharmacophores that fall outside the three initially discovered scaffolds (i.e., ansamycins, resorcinols and purines).	Purines	201-208	heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1	Homo sapiens	20-25
24628426-8	2014	Cytosine substitutions of conserved apical loop nucleobases show UP1 preferentially binds purines over pyrimidines, where site-specific interactions were detected via saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance.	Purines	90-97	heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1	Homo sapiens	65-68
24396055-13	2014	These data suggest that purines activate SK currents via mainly P2Y1 receptors in PDGFRalpha(+) cells.	Purines	24-31	platelet derived growth factor receptor, alpha polypeptide	Mus musculus	82-92
23939620-6	2013	Thus, the RNA loading and tight coupling of NTPase activity with RNA translocation in 8 P4 is due to a remarkable C-terminal structure, which wraps right around the outside of the molecule to insert into the central hole where RNA binds to coupled L1 and L2 loops, whereas in 12 P4, a C-terminal residue, serine 282, forms a specific hydrogen bond to the N7 of purines ring to confer purine specificity for the 12 enzyme.	Purines	361-368	L1 cell adhesion molecule	Homo sapiens	248-257
24349107-7	2013	Among the top hits of these screens were several purine analogs, whose postulated presence in the active site of NEIL1 was consistent with the paradigm of NEIL1 recognition and excision of damaged purines.	Purines	197-204	nei like DNA glycosylase 1	Homo sapiens	113-118
24349107-7	2013	Among the top hits of these screens were several purine analogs, whose postulated presence in the active site of NEIL1 was consistent with the paradigm of NEIL1 recognition and excision of damaged purines.	Purines	197-204	nei like DNA glycosylase 1	Homo sapiens	155-160
23704330-2	2013	p.R653Q (1958G>A) is a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 10-formyltetrahydrofolate (formylTHF) synthetase domain of the trifunctional enzyme MTHFD1; this domain produces the formylTHF which is required for the de novo synthesis of purines.	Purines	244-251	methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent), methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, formyltetrahydrofolate synthase	Mus musculus	154-160
24280569-3	2013	SLC29A1 gene encodes human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) protein that is mediating the transport of nucleotides, both purines and pyrimidines, into the tumor cells.	Purines	135-142	solute carrier family 29 member 1 (Augustine blood group)	Homo sapiens	0-7
24280569-3	2013	SLC29A1 gene encodes human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) protein that is mediating the transport of nucleotides, both purines and pyrimidines, into the tumor cells.	Purines	135-142	solute carrier family 29 member 1 (Augustine blood group)	Homo sapiens	27-65
24280569-3	2013	SLC29A1 gene encodes human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) protein that is mediating the transport of nucleotides, both purines and pyrimidines, into the tumor cells.	Purines	135-142	solute carrier family 29 member 1 (Augustine blood group)	Homo sapiens	67-72
24016581-4	2013	In a 50mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, this approach provides a high sensitivity with LOQ of sub-micro molar level of five purines and high stability with a RSD of 2.5% for 10 muM xanthine (N=12).	Purines	120-127	latexin	Homo sapiens	173-176
23795771-0	2013	Selective cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) agonists: optimization of a series of purines leading to the identification of a clinical candidate for the treatment of osteoarthritic pain.	Purines	82-89	cannabinoid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	39-42
24040113-1	2013	Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a cytoplasmic molybdenum-containing oxidoreductase, catalyzing both endogenous purines and exogenous compounds.	Purines	112-119	xanthine dehydrogenase	Bos taurus	0-23
24040113-1	2013	Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a cytoplasmic molybdenum-containing oxidoreductase, catalyzing both endogenous purines and exogenous compounds.	Purines	112-119	xanthine dehydrogenase	Bos taurus	25-28
23936457-6	2013	Compared to wild-type, Sca1(154Q/+) cerebella metabolic profile revealed changes in glucose, lipids, and metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and purines.	Purines	153-160	ataxin 1	Mus musculus	23-27
24108336-4	2013	Several purines and peptides have been postulated as neurotransmitters of this system, and some of them coexist with the acetylcholine or norepinephrine; for example, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on cholinergic nerves and neuropeptide Y in the adrenergic nerves.	Purines	8-15	vasoactive intestinal peptide	Homo sapiens	167-196
23755257-2	2013	We recently identified SDR5C1 as an essential component of human mitochondrial RNase P and its associated tRNA:m1R9 methyltransferase, the enzymes responsible for tRNA 5"-end processing and methylation of purines at tRNA position 9, respectively.	Purines	205-212	hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 10	Homo sapiens	23-29
23877847-1	2013	BACKGROUND: Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by allopurinol increases hypoxanthine and xanthine, which are converted to purines, including the inhibitory neuromodulator adenosine.	Purines	118-125	xanthine dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	26-42
23241934-5	2012	Guanine-based purines, exert neuroprotective effects and we previously reported that guanosine activates cell survival pathways including PI3K/Akt/PKB signaling in different kinds of cells including glia and neuroblastoma cells.	Purines	14-21	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	143-146
25009363-0	2013	Quantitative Detection of Purines in Biologically-Relevant Films with TOF-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry.	Purines	26-33	FEZ family zinc finger 2	Homo sapiens	70-73
23127499-8	2013	Decreased expression of the Nei-like glycosylases Neil1 and Neil2 that preferentially excise ring-opened purines and 5-hydroxyuracil, respectively, did not alter the above parameters of allergic immune responses to RWPE.	Purines	105-112	nei endonuclease VIII-like 1 (E. coli)	Mus musculus	50-55
23241934-5	2012	Guanine-based purines, exert neuroprotective effects and we previously reported that guanosine activates cell survival pathways including PI3K/Akt/PKB signaling in different kinds of cells including glia and neuroblastoma cells.	Purines	14-21	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	147-150
21902591-0	2012	Nonrandom distribution of cryptic repeating triplets of purines and pyrimidines (RNY)(n) in gp120 of HIV Type1.	Purines	56-63	inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4	Homo sapiens	92-97
23074184-5	2012	We used a functional footprinting approach to define the binding sites of the first two enzymes of the human BER pathway for the repair of deaminated purines, alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) and AP endonuclease (APE1).	Purines	150-157	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	159-187
23074184-5	2012	We used a functional footprinting approach to define the binding sites of the first two enzymes of the human BER pathway for the repair of deaminated purines, alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) and AP endonuclease (APE1).	Purines	150-157	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	189-192
23074184-5	2012	We used a functional footprinting approach to define the binding sites of the first two enzymes of the human BER pathway for the repair of deaminated purines, alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) and AP endonuclease (APE1).	Purines	150-157	apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1	Homo sapiens	215-219
23383496-1	2012	A new magnolol-bonded silica gel stationary phase (MSP) was used to separate the basic drugs including four purines, eight pyrimidines, four pterins and five flavonoids as polar representative samples by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).	Purines	108-115	microseminoprotein beta	Homo sapiens	51-54
22678977-1	2012	Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), also known as xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), has long been recognized as the key enzyme in the catabolism of purines, oxidizing hypoxanthine into xanthine and then xanthine into uric acid.	Purines	139-146	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-22
22678977-1	2012	Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), also known as xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), has long been recognized as the key enzyme in the catabolism of purines, oxidizing hypoxanthine into xanthine and then xanthine into uric acid.	Purines	139-146	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	24-27
22678977-1	2012	Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), also known as xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), has long been recognized as the key enzyme in the catabolism of purines, oxidizing hypoxanthine into xanthine and then xanthine into uric acid.	Purines	139-146	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	44-67
22678977-1	2012	Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), also known as xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), has long been recognized as the key enzyme in the catabolism of purines, oxidizing hypoxanthine into xanthine and then xanthine into uric acid.	Purines	139-146	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	69-72
24900538-0	2012	Discovery of Disubstituted Imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines and Purines as Potent TrkA Inhibitors.	Purines	55-62	neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 1	Mus musculus	73-77
24900538-2	2012	A crystal structure of TrkA with AZ-23 (1a) was obtained, and scaffold hopping resulted in two 5/6-bicyclic series comprising either imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines or purines.	Purines	160-167	neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 1	Mus musculus	23-27
23383496-8	2012	For example, in the separation of purines, pyrimidines and pterins on MSP, hydrogen-bonding and dipole-dipole interactions played leading roles besides hydrophobic interaction.	Purines	34-41	microseminoprotein beta	Homo sapiens	70-73
22709993-1	2012	We have developed concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 (CNT2) inhibitors as a novel pharmacological approach for improving hyperuricemia by inhibiting intestinal absorption of purines.	Purines	178-185	solute carrier family 28 member 2	Homo sapiens	18-56
22709993-1	2012	We have developed concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 (CNT2) inhibitors as a novel pharmacological approach for improving hyperuricemia by inhibiting intestinal absorption of purines.	Purines	178-185	solute carrier family 28 member 2	Homo sapiens	58-62
22765893-0	2012	Discovery and optimization of novel purines as potent and selective CB2 agonists.	Purines	36-43	cannabinoid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	68-71
22568941-4	2012	These studies document for the first time that in addition to its role in repairing oxidized purines, OGG1 has an independent guanine nuclear exchange factor activity when bound to 8-oxoG.	Purines	93-100	8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	102-106
22066541-4	2011	The RFCs values for endocyclic torsions of nucleic acid bases six-member rings lie within 15-45 kcal/(mole rad2) in pyrimidines and within 20-60 kcal/(mole rad2) in purines.	Purines	165-172	flap structure-specific endonuclease 1	Homo sapiens	107-111
22768707-1	2012	During millions years in all animals allantoine (oxidized by uricase uric acid) was catabolite of purines and ascorbic acid was an acceptor of active forms of oxygen.	Purines	98-105	urate oxidase (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	61-68
22768707-3	2012	Later on occurred a second spontaneous mutation and uricase gen minus and uric acid became catabolites of purines.	Purines	106-113	urate oxidase (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	52-59
22841835-2	2012	Panx1 proteins form membrane channels known to release purines such as ATP.	Purines	55-62	pannexin 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
22066541-4	2011	The RFCs values for endocyclic torsions of nucleic acid bases six-member rings lie within 15-45 kcal/(mole rad2) in pyrimidines and within 20-60 kcal/(mole rad2) in purines.	Purines	165-172	flap structure-specific endonuclease 1	Homo sapiens	156-160
22004273-0	2011	Microwave-assisted Pd/Cu-catalyzed C-8 direct alkenylation of purines and related azoles: an alternative access to 6,8,9-trisubstituted purines.	Purines	62-69	homeobox C8	Homo sapiens	35-38
21769584-10	2011	These data suggest that purines and pyrimidines might be involved in regulation of the release of the neuropeptides VP, OT, and orexin in the rat hypothalamus via P2Y(4) receptors.	Purines	24-31	hypocretin neuropeptide precursor	Rattus norvegicus	128-134
21769584-10	2011	These data suggest that purines and pyrimidines might be involved in regulation of the release of the neuropeptides VP, OT, and orexin in the rat hypothalamus via P2Y(4) receptors.	Purines	24-31	pyrimidinergic receptor P2Y4	Rattus norvegicus	163-169
22004273-1	2011	An efficient microwave-assisted palladium/copper comediated C-8 direct alkenylation of purines with styryl bromides has been developed.	Purines	87-94	homeobox C8	Homo sapiens	60-63
21852328-3	2011	Here, we show that the RNA-binding domain (RBD) of SRSF1 optimally binds to decameric purine rich ESE sequences although locations of purines are not stringently specified.	Purines	134-141	serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1	Homo sapiens	51-56
21832250-2	2011	In this study we characterized how elevated glucose and extracellular purines contribute to the activation of caspase-1 in a cultured rat Muller cell (rMC-1) model.	Purines	70-77	caspase 1	Rattus norvegicus	110-119
21982796-2	2011	Here we describe the synthesis of novel purines with greater solubility, lower metabolic clearance, and enhanced potency versus CDKs.	Purines	40-47	cyclin dependent kinase 2	Homo sapiens	128-132
22127945-0	2011	[The role of ecto-purines in inflammation leading to demyelination - new means for therapies against multiple sclerosis].	Purines	18-25	tripartite motif containing 33	Homo sapiens	13-17
21877721-0	2011	Modeling the chemical step utilized by human alkyladenine DNA glycosylase: a concerted mechanism AIDS in selectively excising damaged purines.	Purines	134-141	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	45-73
21877721-1	2011	Human alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) initiates the repair of a wide variety of (neutral or cationic) alkylated and deaminated purines by flipping damaged nucleotides out of the DNA helix and catalyzing the hydrolytic N-glycosidic bond cleavage.	Purines	130-137	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	6-34
21877721-1	2011	Human alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) initiates the repair of a wide variety of (neutral or cationic) alkylated and deaminated purines by flipping damaged nucleotides out of the DNA helix and catalyzing the hydrolytic N-glycosidic bond cleavage.	Purines	130-137	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	36-39
21877721-9	2011	Therefore, our work proposes how AAG discriminates against the natural purines in the chemical step and may also explain why some damaged pyrimidines are bound but are not excised by this enzyme.	Purines	71-78	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	33-36
21873463-7	2011	We find that syn nucleobases are much more common among purines than pyrimidines, and that they favor C2"-endo-like conformations especially among those nucleobases in the intermediate syn conformation.	Purines	56-63	synemin	Homo sapiens	13-16
21873463-7	2011	We find that syn nucleobases are much more common among purines than pyrimidines, and that they favor C2"-endo-like conformations especially among those nucleobases in the intermediate syn conformation.	Purines	56-63	synemin	Homo sapiens	185-188
21605007-4	2011	RESULTS: At baseline, the purines AMP and hypoxanthine correlated with multiple inflammatory markers including neutrophil counts and the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-1beta (r ranged from 0.41 to 0.66, all P < 0.05).	Purines	26-33	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	147-165
21567129-9	2011	The present data suggests that purines and/or pyrimidines could be involved in regulating the functions of gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs via P2Y(1) and P2Y(4) receptors, some lactotrophs via P2Y(2) receptors, and folliculo-stellate cells via P2Y(2) receptors in the rat anterior pituitary.	Purines	31-38	purinergic receptor P2Y1	Rattus norvegicus	140-146
21605007-4	2011	RESULTS: At baseline, the purines AMP and hypoxanthine correlated with multiple inflammatory markers including neutrophil counts and the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-1beta (r ranged from 0.41 to 0.66, all P < 0.05).	Purines	26-33	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	167-171
21605007-5	2011	Following ozone exposure, these purines remained correlated with IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha (r = 0.37-0.68).	Purines	32-39	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	65-69
21605007-5	2011	Following ozone exposure, these purines remained correlated with IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha (r = 0.37-0.68).	Purines	32-39	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	71-75
21605007-4	2011	RESULTS: At baseline, the purines AMP and hypoxanthine correlated with multiple inflammatory markers including neutrophil counts and the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-1beta (r ranged from 0.41 to 0.66, all P < 0.05).	Purines	26-33	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	173-200
21605007-5	2011	Following ozone exposure, these purines remained correlated with IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha (r = 0.37-0.68).	Purines	32-39	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	81-90
21605007-4	2011	RESULTS: At baseline, the purines AMP and hypoxanthine correlated with multiple inflammatory markers including neutrophil counts and the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-1beta (r ranged from 0.41 to 0.66, all P < 0.05).	Purines	26-33	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	202-211
21605007-4	2011	RESULTS: At baseline, the purines AMP and hypoxanthine correlated with multiple inflammatory markers including neutrophil counts and the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-1beta (r ranged from 0.41 to 0.66, all P < 0.05).	Purines	26-33	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	218-226
21277957-3	2011	Our data reveal that while in 99% of the genes the absolute purine/pyrimidine ratio ranges between 0.2 and 2.5, certain genes show exceptional skew in this balance (e.g. ratios of 82.3 in VWA3A, 61.5 in Sox5, and 24.0 in BRWD3), and consist of islands of purines or pyrimidines.	Purines	255-262	von Willebrand factor A domain containing 3A	Homo sapiens	188-193
21480791-2	2011	Formamide, a hydrolysis product of HCN, is known as the precursor of various biologically important compounds, for example, nucleobases (purines and pyrimidines).	Purines	137-144	metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1	Homo sapiens	35-38
20693687-3	2010	PurB catalyzes reactions that support the provision of purines and the control of AMP/fumarate levels.	Purines	55-62	purine rich element binding protein B	Homo sapiens	0-4
21243039-5	2011	Studies herein identified novel small-molecule trisubstituted purines as effective inhibitors of constitutively active Stat3 and of the viability of Stat3-dependent tumor cells, and are the first to validate the use of purine bases as templates for building novel Stat3 inhibitors.	Purines	62-69	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Homo sapiens	119-124
21243039-5	2011	Studies herein identified novel small-molecule trisubstituted purines as effective inhibitors of constitutively active Stat3 and of the viability of Stat3-dependent tumor cells, and are the first to validate the use of purine bases as templates for building novel Stat3 inhibitors.	Purines	62-69	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Homo sapiens	149-154
21243039-5	2011	Studies herein identified novel small-molecule trisubstituted purines as effective inhibitors of constitutively active Stat3 and of the viability of Stat3-dependent tumor cells, and are the first to validate the use of purine bases as templates for building novel Stat3 inhibitors.	Purines	62-69	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Homo sapiens	149-154
20460346-2	2010	Among other factors that modulate platelet aggregation and blood pressure, extracellular purines (e-purines) influence these processes via purinoceptors P1 and P2 for which they are natural ligands.	Purines	89-96	crystallin gamma F, pseudogene	Homo sapiens	153-162
20346739-1	2010	NEIL1, the mammalian homolog of Escherichia coli endonuclease VIII, is a DNA glycosylase that repairs ring-fragmented purines, saturated pyrimidines and several oxidative lesions like 5-hydroxyuracil, 5-hydroxycytosine, etc.	Purines	118-125	nei like DNA glycosylase 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
20363738-5	2010	281, 16084-16089) that establishes that L. donovani salvages purines primarily through hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) and xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (XPRT).	Purines	61-68	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Leishmania donovani	87-133
20363738-5	2010	281, 16084-16089) that establishes that L. donovani salvages purines primarily through hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) and xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (XPRT).	Purines	61-68	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Leishmania donovani	135-140
20363738-5	2010	281, 16084-16089) that establishes that L. donovani salvages purines primarily through hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) and xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (XPRT).	Purines	61-68	xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase	Leishmania donovani	146-180
19781676-8	2010	In conclusion, LIPUS treatment induces osteoblastogenesis via the release of purines, such as ATP, activating P2Y receptors, mainly the P2Y(1) receptor.	Purines	77-84	purinergic receptor P2Y1	Homo sapiens	136-151
20147562-2	2010	Extracellular purines and pyrimidines (e.g., ATP and UTP), released during bladder distension or from damaged cells after tissue insult, are thought to play an important role in bladder physiological and pathological states by actions at ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors.	Purines	14-21	purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel, 1	Mus musculus	249-283
20347426-1	2010	Human alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (hAAG) excises alkylated purines, hypoxanthine, and etheno bases from DNA to form abasic (AP) sites.	Purines	60-67	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	36-40
19496823-2	2009	Correcting oxidative damage in purines and pyrimidines is the primary function of the enzymes formamidopyrimidine (faPy)-DNA glycosylase (Fpg) and endonuclease VIII (Nei) of the base excision repair pathway, respectively.	Purines	31-38	formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv	138-141
19604477-1	2009	Human DNA polymerase-iota (Poliota) incorporates correct nucleotides opposite template purines with a much higher efficiency and fidelity than opposite template pyrimidines.	Purines	87-94	DNA polymerase iota	Homo sapiens	6-25
20113503-3	2010	Although the uptake of purines through the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter (hENT1), the human facilitative nucleobase transporter (hFNT1) and the parasite-induced new permeation pathway (NPP) has been studied, no information appears to exist on the relative contribution of these three transporters to the uptake of adenosine and hypoxanthine.	Purines	23-30	solute carrier family 29 member 1 (Augustine blood group)	Homo sapiens	87-92
19943897-1	2010	RdgB is a bacterial dNTPase with a strong in vitro preference for non-canonical DNA precursors dHapTP, dXTP and dITP that contain deaminated or aminogroup-modified purines.	Purines	164-171	NTPase	Drosophila melanogaster	20-27
19934379-7	2009	An analysis of the target sites requiring the five editing factors involved in editing of multiple sites (CRR22, CRR28, CLB19, OTP82, and OTP84) suggests that editing factors can generally distinguish pyrimidines from purines and, at some positions, must be able to recognize specific bases.	Purines	218-225	Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	106-111
19934379-7	2009	An analysis of the target sites requiring the five editing factors involved in editing of multiple sites (CRR22, CRR28, CLB19, OTP82, and OTP84) suggests that editing factors can generally distinguish pyrimidines from purines and, at some positions, must be able to recognize specific bases.	Purines	218-225	Tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	113-118
19934379-7	2009	An analysis of the target sites requiring the five editing factors involved in editing of multiple sites (CRR22, CRR28, CLB19, OTP82, and OTP84) suggests that editing factors can generally distinguish pyrimidines from purines and, at some positions, must be able to recognize specific bases.	Purines	218-225	Tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	120-125
19934379-7	2009	An analysis of the target sites requiring the five editing factors involved in editing of multiple sites (CRR22, CRR28, CLB19, OTP82, and OTP84) suggests that editing factors can generally distinguish pyrimidines from purines and, at some positions, must be able to recognize specific bases.	Purines	218-225	Tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	127-132
19934379-7	2009	An analysis of the target sites requiring the five editing factors involved in editing of multiple sites (CRR22, CRR28, CLB19, OTP82, and OTP84) suggests that editing factors can generally distinguish pyrimidines from purines and, at some positions, must be able to recognize specific bases.	Purines	218-225	Tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	138-143
19280600-1	2009	Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is the enzyme responsible for the NADPH-dependent reduction of 5,6-dihydrofolate to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate, an essential cofactor in the synthesis of purines, thymidylate, methionine, and other key metabolites.	Purines	183-190	Dihydrofolate reductase	Staphylococcus aureus	0-23
19280600-1	2009	Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is the enzyme responsible for the NADPH-dependent reduction of 5,6-dihydrofolate to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate, an essential cofactor in the synthesis of purines, thymidylate, methionine, and other key metabolites.	Purines	183-190	Dihydrofolate reductase	Staphylococcus aureus	25-29
19448666-5	2009	We demonstrate that endogenous c-myc increased (13)C labeling of ribose sugars, purines and amino acids, indicating partitioning of glucose carbons into C1/folate and pentose phosphate pathways, and increased tricarboxylic acid cycle turnover at the expense of anaplerotic flux.	Purines	80-87	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	31-36
19342420-2	2009	Since the functions of HPRT, a housekeeping enzyme responsible for recycling purines, have no direct relationships with the dopaminergic pathways, the mechanisms whereby HPRT deficiency affect them remain unknown.	Purines	77-84	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	23-27
18555557-1	2009	Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is involved in the metabolism of purines and converts methylthioadenosine (MTA) to adenine.	Purines	74-81	methylthioadenosine phosphorylase	Homo sapiens	0-33
19111604-5	2009	Western blot analyses confirmed that purines induced differentiation; cells exposed to purines showed increases in the levels of GAP43, MAP2, and tyrosine hydroxylase.	Purines	37-44	growth associated protein 43	Homo sapiens	129-134
19111604-5	2009	Western blot analyses confirmed that purines induced differentiation; cells exposed to purines showed increases in the levels of GAP43, MAP2, and tyrosine hydroxylase.	Purines	37-44	microtubule associated protein 2	Homo sapiens	136-140
19111604-5	2009	Western blot analyses confirmed that purines induced differentiation; cells exposed to purines showed increases in the levels of GAP43, MAP2, and tyrosine hydroxylase.	Purines	87-94	growth associated protein 43	Homo sapiens	129-134
19111604-5	2009	Western blot analyses confirmed that purines induced differentiation; cells exposed to purines showed increases in the levels of GAP43, MAP2, and tyrosine hydroxylase.	Purines	87-94	microtubule associated protein 2	Homo sapiens	136-140
19219989-2	2009	The crystal structures of AAG bound to epsilonA have provided insights into the structural basis for substrate recognition, base excision, and exclusion of normal purines and pyrimidines from its substrate recognition pocket.	Purines	163-170	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	26-29
19072331-0	2009	Role of the 2-amino group of purines during dNTP polymerization by human DNA polymerase alpha.	Purines	29-36	DNA polymerase alpha 1, catalytic subunit	Homo sapiens	73-93
19219989-1	2009	The human 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) recognizes and excises a broad range of purines damaged by alkylation and oxidative damage, including 3-methyladenine, 7-methylguanine, hypoxanthine (Hx), and 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine (epsilonA).	Purines	88-95	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	10-41
19219989-1	2009	The human 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) recognizes and excises a broad range of purines damaged by alkylation and oxidative damage, including 3-methyladenine, 7-methylguanine, hypoxanthine (Hx), and 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine (epsilonA).	Purines	88-95	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	43-46
19138659-3	2009	We have previously identified two families of bicyclic RTA inhibitors, pterins and purines.	Purines	83-90	MAS related GPR family member F	Homo sapiens	55-58
18555557-1	2009	Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is involved in the metabolism of purines and converts methylthioadenosine (MTA) to adenine.	Purines	74-81	methylthioadenosine phosphorylase	Homo sapiens	35-39
18543945-1	2008	The DNA glycosylase hNEIL1 initiates the base excision repair (BER) of a diverse array of lesions, including ring-opened purines and saturated pyrimidines.	Purines	121-128	nei like DNA glycosylase 1	Homo sapiens	20-26
20877800-3	2009	HCN as a precursor in prebiotic chemistry has gained interest in view of its polymers being involved in the formation of amino acids, purines, and orotic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of uracil.	Purines	134-141	metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
18761330-14	2008	Thus, the biological action of substituted purines is not restricted to the inhibition of CDKs and open new perspectives for their therapeutic applications.	Purines	43-50	cyclin dependent kinase 2	Homo sapiens	90-94
18431594-6	2008	The action of AVP is counterbalanced by several hormones like prostaglandin E2, bradykinin, dopamine, endothelin-1, acetylcholine, epidermal growth factor, and purines.	Purines	160-167	arginine vasopressin	Homo sapiens	14-17
18839966-2	2008	Human alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) is responsible for recognizing a variety of base lesions, including alkylated and deaminated purines, and initiating their repair via the base excision repair pathway.	Purines	134-141	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	6-34
18839966-2	2008	Human alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) is responsible for recognizing a variety of base lesions, including alkylated and deaminated purines, and initiating their repair via the base excision repair pathway.	Purines	134-141	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	36-39
18607626-1	2008	Adenosine is formed from extracellular purines by ecto-5"-nucleotidase (CD73) and is an essential player in allergic airway inflammation.	Purines	39-46	5' nucleotidase, ecto	Mus musculus	50-70
18607626-1	2008	Adenosine is formed from extracellular purines by ecto-5"-nucleotidase (CD73) and is an essential player in allergic airway inflammation.	Purines	39-46	5' nucleotidase, ecto	Mus musculus	72-76
18221369-0	2008	The separation of antagonist from agonist effects of trisubstituted purines on CaV2.2 (N-type) channels.	Purines	68-75	calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 B	Homo sapiens	79-85
18520302-8	2008	Several new classes of Hsp90 inhibitors are emerging, including purines and pyrazoles that have entered phase 1 trials.	Purines	64-71	heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1	Homo sapiens	23-28
18956616-7	2008	In the effort to discover better analgesic drugs for chronic pain, attention is being paid to specific ion channels at the periphery, include members of transient receptor potential family (TRPV1, capsaicin receptors), as well as P2x receptors, sensitive to purines released from tissue injury.	Purines	258-265	transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1	Homo sapiens	190-195
18221369-3	2008	We studied the effects induced by various trisubstituted purines on CaV2.2 (N-type) channels to learn about chemical structure-function relationships.	Purines	57-64	calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 B	Homo sapiens	68-74
17980039-0	2007	Recognition of essential purines by the U1A protein.	Purines	25-32	small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide A	Homo sapiens	40-43
18031250-1	2007	TLR8 (Toll-like receptor 8) is activated by ssRNAs (single-stranded RNAs) and synthetic imidazoquinoline compounds that resemble purines and have immunostimulatory activity.	Purines	129-136	toll like receptor 8	Homo sapiens	0-4
18031250-1	2007	TLR8 (Toll-like receptor 8) is activated by ssRNAs (single-stranded RNAs) and synthetic imidazoquinoline compounds that resemble purines and have immunostimulatory activity.	Purines	129-136	toll like receptor 8	Homo sapiens	6-26
18155646-1	2008	Human MutT homolog (hMTH1) hydrolyzes oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphates to monophosphates, thereby avoiding incorporation of such oxidized purines into DNA or RNA.	Purines	146-153	nudix hydrolase 1	Homo sapiens	20-25
17980039-4	2007	RESULTS: In this paper we have investigated the origins of specificity of the N terminal RRM of the U1A protein for stem loop 2 (SL2) of U1 snRNA by substituting modified bases for essential purines in SL2 RNA.	Purines	191-198	small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide A	Homo sapiens	100-103
17980039-7	2007	The results of these experiments show that three different approaches are used by the U1A protein to gain specificity for purines.	Purines	122-129	small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide A	Homo sapiens	86-89
17728871-6	2007	Although compounds 1a,b do not contain a nitrogen at position 7 (the enzyme binding site), they were deaminated by adenosine deaminase; however, their deamination occurred with a much slower velocity than that of the related purines.	Purines	225-232	adenosine deaminase	Homo sapiens	115-134
17556049-1	2007	The DNA glycosylase hNEIL1 initiates base excision repair (BER) of a number of oxidized purines and pyrimidines in cellular DNA and is one of three mammalian orthologs of the Escherichia coli Nei/Fpg enzymes.	Purines	88-95	nei like DNA glycosylase 1	Homo sapiens	20-26
17919258-4	2007	On the other hand, PARP activation modulates important inflammatory pathways, and PARP-1 activity can also be modulated by several endogenous factors such as various kinases, purines, vitamin D, thyroid hormones, polyamines, and estrogens, just to mention a few.	Purines	175-182	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	82-88
17626796-11	2007	This up-regulation reflects a feedback circuit, mediated at least in part by the P2Y1 receptor, to regulate levels of extracellular purines in subretinal space.	Purines	132-139	purinergic receptor P2Y1	Homo sapiens	81-94
17687494-1	2007	Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) plays an important role in the metabolic salvage of purines, and been used as an alternative pathway for mutant selection in many studies.	Purines	98-105	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase	Oryctolagus cuniculus	0-38
17687494-1	2007	Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) plays an important role in the metabolic salvage of purines, and been used as an alternative pathway for mutant selection in many studies.	Purines	98-105	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase	Oryctolagus cuniculus	40-44
17420066-1	2007	Suboptimal DNA repair capacity is a risk factor for cancer that may be modulated by dietary nutrient intake, and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) participates in folate metabolism and synthesis of purines and pyrimidines needed for DNA repair.	Purines	203-210	serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	146-150
17127104-0	2007	Oxidative damage to purines in DNA: role of mammalian Ogg1.	Purines	20-27	8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	54-58
17306769-3	2007	Adenosine kinase (EC.2.7.1.20) is the major enzyme in the salvage of purines in these parasites.	Purines	69-76	adenosine kinase	Homo sapiens	0-16
17558618-7	2007	In this loop glutamate-evoked release of ATP from both astrocytes and microglia cells, as well as ATP derived from an autocatalytic release from astrocytes, provides purines that can act on presynaptic P2X7 purinergic receptors.	Purines	166-173	purinergic receptor P2X 7	Homo sapiens	202-206
17382378-6	2007	Some studies report in lung cancer patients an high frequency of variations of the 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (hOGG1) gene that encodes a sluggish glycosylase for oxidized purines.	Purines	174-181	8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	83-111
17382378-6	2007	Some studies report in lung cancer patients an high frequency of variations of the 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (hOGG1) gene that encodes a sluggish glycosylase for oxidized purines.	Purines	174-181	8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	113-118
17382378-9	2007	FPG is 80-fold faster than hOGG1 in repairing oxidized purines and has broader substrate specificity.	Purines	55-62	8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	27-32
17266931-2	2007	TK2 is strictly pyrimidine-specific, whereas its phylogenetic relative, the Drosophila melanogaster deoxyribonucleoside kinase (DmdNK), shows higher activity and broader specificity towards both pyrimidines and purines.	Purines	211-218	breathless	Drosophila melanogaster	0-3
17266931-2	2007	TK2 is strictly pyrimidine-specific, whereas its phylogenetic relative, the Drosophila melanogaster deoxyribonucleoside kinase (DmdNK), shows higher activity and broader specificity towards both pyrimidines and purines.	Purines	211-218	deoxyribonucleoside kinase	Drosophila melanogaster	128-133
17148573-1	2007	The DNA glycosylase hOGG1 initiates base excision repair (BER) of oxidised purines in cellular DNA.	Purines	75-82	8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	20-25
17845983-3	2007	On the opposite methotrexate, pemetrexed inhibits several enzymes involved in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, in particular thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase, glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase.	Purines	95-102	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	134-154
17288740-2	2006	Hypoxanthine, a degradation product of ATP, can be salvaged by hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) and used to reform high-energy purines.	Purines	141-148	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Oryctolagus cuniculus	104-108
17041099-2	2006	Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) salvages purines by releasing adenine from methylthioadenosine and is often deleted in mesothelioma.	Purines	50-57	methylthioadenosine phosphorylase	Homo sapiens	0-33
17055069-4	2006	Recent studies have provided evidence that PARP-1 activity can also be modulated by several endogenous factors, including various kinases, purines and caffeine metabolites.	Purines	139-146	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	43-49
16967306-1	2006	Purines are extracellular nucleotides that have long-term effects on keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation and death through P2Y(1), P2Y(2), P2X(5) and P2X(7) receptors.	Purines	0-7	purinergic receptor P2Y1	Homo sapiens	131-137
16967306-1	2006	Purines are extracellular nucleotides that have long-term effects on keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation and death through P2Y(1), P2Y(2), P2X(5) and P2X(7) receptors.	Purines	0-7	purinergic receptor P2Y2	Homo sapiens	139-145
17041099-2	2006	Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) salvages purines by releasing adenine from methylthioadenosine and is often deleted in mesothelioma.	Purines	50-57	methylthioadenosine phosphorylase	Homo sapiens	35-39
16621731-2	2006	MTH1 is expressed in postmitotic neurons as well as in proliferative tissues, and it is localized both in the mitochondria and nucleus, thus suggesting that MTH1 plays an important role in the prevention of the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of such oxidized purines as 8-oxoG which are known to accumulate in the cellular genome.	Purines	258-265	nudix hydrolase 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
16914729-1	2006	Human DNA polymerase iota (Pol iota) differs from other DNA polymerases in that it exhibits a marked template specificity, being more efficient and accurate opposite template purines than opposite pyrimidines.	Purines	175-182	DNA polymerase mu	Homo sapiens	27-35
16621731-2	2006	MTH1 is expressed in postmitotic neurons as well as in proliferative tissues, and it is localized both in the mitochondria and nucleus, thus suggesting that MTH1 plays an important role in the prevention of the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of such oxidized purines as 8-oxoG which are known to accumulate in the cellular genome.	Purines	258-265	nudix hydrolase 1	Homo sapiens	157-161
16769123-5	2006	CNT2 proteins, the high-affinity transporters for purines like adenosine as well as for uridine, have been found in cells comprising the BBB of rats.	Purines	50-57	solute carrier family 28 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
16914729-0	2006	Role of hoogsteen edge hydrogen bonding at template purines in nucleotide incorporation by human DNA polymerase iota.	Purines	52-59	DNA polymerase iota	Homo sapiens	97-116
16914729-1	2006	Human DNA polymerase iota (Pol iota) differs from other DNA polymerases in that it exhibits a marked template specificity, being more efficient and accurate opposite template purines than opposite pyrimidines.	Purines	175-182	DNA polymerase iota	Homo sapiens	6-25
16603734-6	2006	These data establish genetically that either HGPRT or XPRT is absolutely essential for purine acquisition, parasite viability, and parasite infectivity of mouse macrophages, that all exogenous purines are funneled to hypoxanthine and/or xanthine by L. donovani, and that the purine sources within the macrophage to which the parasites have access are HGPRT or XPRT substrates.	Purines	193-200	hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase	Mus musculus	45-50
16923723-1	2006	In fungi, uptake of salvageable purines is carried out by members of two evolutionarily distinct protein families, the Purine-Related Transporters (PRT/NCS1) and the AzgA-like Transporters.	Purines	32-39	neuronal calcium sensor 1	Homo sapiens	152-156
16696946-3	2006	Significantly and age-independently elevated numbers of single strand breaks and oxidized bases (pyrimidines and purines) were found in the nuclear DNA of the lymphocytes in the DS group in the basal condition.	Purines	113-120	renin binding protein	Homo sapiens	18-21
16759232-2	2006	The peroxisomal enzyme urate oxidase plays a pivotal role in the degradation of purines in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.	Purines	80-87	uricase	Salmo salar	23-36
16603734-6	2006	These data establish genetically that either HGPRT or XPRT is absolutely essential for purine acquisition, parasite viability, and parasite infectivity of mouse macrophages, that all exogenous purines are funneled to hypoxanthine and/or xanthine by L. donovani, and that the purine sources within the macrophage to which the parasites have access are HGPRT or XPRT substrates.	Purines	193-200	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Leishmania donovani	351-356
16603734-6	2006	These data establish genetically that either HGPRT or XPRT is absolutely essential for purine acquisition, parasite viability, and parasite infectivity of mouse macrophages, that all exogenous purines are funneled to hypoxanthine and/or xanthine by L. donovani, and that the purine sources within the macrophage to which the parasites have access are HGPRT or XPRT substrates.	Purines	193-200	xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase	Leishmania donovani	360-364
16615915-3	2006	Human DNA polymerase-iota (hPoliota), a member of the Y family of DNA polymerases, differs strikingly from other polymerases in its much higher proficiency and fidelity for nucleotide incorporation opposite template purines than opposite template pyrimidines.	Purines	216-223	DNA polymerase iota	Homo sapiens	6-25
16510876-1	2006	Eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 1 maintains the fidelity of initiation codon selection and enables mammalian 43S preinitiation complexes to discriminate against AUG codons with a context that deviates from the optimum sequence GCC(A/G)CCAUGG, in which the purines at (-)3 and (+)4 positions are most important.	Purines	259-266	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1	Homo sapiens	0-36
16446448-4	2006	One enzyme that initiates base excision repair of ring-fragmented purines and some saturated pyrimidines is NEIL1, a mammalian homolog to Escherichia coli endonuclease VIII.	Purines	66-73	nei like DNA glycosylase 1	Homo sapiens	108-113
16280378-1	2006	Methotrexate (MTX), a synthetic folate analog, is a tight-binding inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), a key enzyme for the biosynthesis of purines, thymidylate, and several amino acids.	Purines	148-155	Dihydrofolate reductase	Drosophila melanogaster	79-102
16280378-1	2006	Methotrexate (MTX), a synthetic folate analog, is a tight-binding inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), a key enzyme for the biosynthesis of purines, thymidylate, and several amino acids.	Purines	148-155	Dihydrofolate reductase	Drosophila melanogaster	104-108
16325803-1	2006	Antifolates, such as methotrexate, are used to inhibit dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), an enzyme essential for the biosynthesis of thymidylate, purines, and several amino acids.	Purines	144-151	Dihydrofolate reductase	Drosophila melanogaster	55-78
16325803-1	2006	Antifolates, such as methotrexate, are used to inhibit dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), an enzyme essential for the biosynthesis of thymidylate, purines, and several amino acids.	Purines	144-151	Dihydrofolate reductase	Drosophila melanogaster	80-84
16529557-8	2006	Purines have to do with both, physiological and pharmacological regulation of the RyR activity.	Purines	0-7	ryanodine receptor 2	Homo sapiens	82-85
16529557-10	2006	However, some questions remain to be addressed and are at present aim of active scrutiny: How many sites for purines are present in the RyR?	Purines	109-116	ryanodine receptor 2	Homo sapiens	136-139
16529557-15	2006	The review article will examine the most recent specialized literature about the mechanism of activation of RyR by purines with emphasis on reports with approaches of structure-function and structure-activation.	Purines	115-122	ryanodine receptor 2	Homo sapiens	108-111
16328964-4	2006	In this work, we studied the possible role of extracellular purines in TNF-alpha signaling in cultured Sertoli cells.	Purines	60-67	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	71-80
15993080-3	2005	The introduced N at position 8 of the purine ring generally lowered CDK2 inhibitory activity of new 8-azapurines (1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines) in comparison to the model trisubstituted purines, whereas the antiproliferative potential of some derivatives remained very high, reflecting their ability to activate p53 tumor suppressor.	Purines	105-112	cyclin dependent kinase 2	Homo sapiens	68-72
16216587-1	2005	Human DNA polymerase iota (hPoliota), a member of the Y family of DNA polymerases, differs in remarkable ways from other DNA polymerases, incorporating correct nucleotides opposite template purines with a much higher efficiency and fidelity than opposite template pyrimidines.	Purines	190-197	DNA polymerase iota	Homo sapiens	6-25
16216587-1	2005	Human DNA polymerase iota (hPoliota), a member of the Y family of DNA polymerases, differs in remarkable ways from other DNA polymerases, incorporating correct nucleotides opposite template purines with a much higher efficiency and fidelity than opposite template pyrimidines.	Purines	190-197	DNA polymerase mu	Homo sapiens	27-35
16161999-2	2005	The design of the I45DCs was based in part on the structures of trisubstituted purines complexed with cyclin dependent kinase 2 (cdk2), a protein important in regulating the G1/S transition in the cell cycle, and the intramolecular hydrogen bond in I45DCs that predisposes the conformation to one that mimics substituted adenosines.	Purines	79-86	cyclin dependent kinase 2	Homo sapiens	102-127
16161999-2	2005	The design of the I45DCs was based in part on the structures of trisubstituted purines complexed with cyclin dependent kinase 2 (cdk2), a protein important in regulating the G1/S transition in the cell cycle, and the intramolecular hydrogen bond in I45DCs that predisposes the conformation to one that mimics substituted adenosines.	Purines	79-86	cyclin dependent kinase 2	Homo sapiens	129-133
16226730-1	2005	ENT1 is an equilibrative nucleoside transporter that enables trans-membrane bi-directional diffusion of biologically active purines such as adenosine.	Purines	124-131	solute carrier family 29 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
16215179-10	2005	Upon limitation for purines, the SAICAR/AICAR regulatory signal is transmitted to the nucleus to increase Bas1 and Pho2 interaction, recruiting Pho2 to promoters and freeing the activation domains for transactivation.	Purines	20-27	Bas1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	106-110
16215179-10	2005	Upon limitation for purines, the SAICAR/AICAR regulatory signal is transmitted to the nucleus to increase Bas1 and Pho2 interaction, recruiting Pho2 to promoters and freeing the activation domains for transactivation.	Purines	20-27	Pho2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	115-119
16215179-10	2005	Upon limitation for purines, the SAICAR/AICAR regulatory signal is transmitted to the nucleus to increase Bas1 and Pho2 interaction, recruiting Pho2 to promoters and freeing the activation domains for transactivation.	Purines	20-27	Pho2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	144-148
15990363-1	2005	Alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) excises a structurally diverse group of damaged purines including hypoxanthine, 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine, 3-methyladenine, and 7-methylguanine from DNA to initiate base excision repair at these sites.	Purines	83-90	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	0-28
15990363-1	2005	Alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) excises a structurally diverse group of damaged purines including hypoxanthine, 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine, 3-methyladenine, and 7-methylguanine from DNA to initiate base excision repair at these sites.	Purines	83-90	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	30-33
15993080-3	2005	The introduced N at position 8 of the purine ring generally lowered CDK2 inhibitory activity of new 8-azapurines (1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines) in comparison to the model trisubstituted purines, whereas the antiproliferative potential of some derivatives remained very high, reflecting their ability to activate p53 tumor suppressor.	Purines	105-112	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	316-319
16173928-13	2005	In conclusion, the results of the present study are compatible with the presence, in the bisected rat vas deferens, of an ecto-nucleotidase system that is involved in the degradation of extracellular purines, which may differ between the epididymal and prostatic portions, with the epididymal portion presenting a different and higher capacity to form adenosine.	Purines	200-207	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	102-105
15876539-3	2005	However, there is no crystal structure of dCK with a bound purine nucleoside, although purines are good substrates for dCK.	Purines	87-94	Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II	Drosophila melanogaster	119-122
16014707-2	2005	However, human DNA polymerase iota (Pol iota), a member of the Y family of DNA polymerases, exhibits a marked template specificity, being more efficient at incorporating the correct nucleotide opposite template purines than opposite pyrimidines.	Purines	211-218	DNA polymerase iota	Homo sapiens	15-34
16014707-2	2005	However, human DNA polymerase iota (Pol iota), a member of the Y family of DNA polymerases, exhibits a marked template specificity, being more efficient at incorporating the correct nucleotide opposite template purines than opposite pyrimidines.	Purines	211-218	DNA polymerase mu	Homo sapiens	36-44
16014707-4	2005	These observations provide biochemical evidence that, during normal DNA synthesis, template purines adopt a syn conformation in the Pol iota active site, enabling the formation of a Hoogsteen base pair with the incoming pyrimidine nucleotide.	Purines	92-99	DNA polymerase mu	Homo sapiens	132-140
16014707-5	2005	Additionally, mutational studies with Leu-62, which lies in close proximity to the templating residue in the Pol iota ternary complex, have indicated that both factors, steric constraints within the active site and the stability provided by the hydrogen bonds in the Hoogsteen base pair, contribute to the efficiency of correct nucleotide incorporation opposite template purines by Pol iota.	Purines	371-378	DNA polymerase mu	Homo sapiens	109-117
16009942-9	2005	Additionally, dose-dependent formation of oxidized and ring-opened purines and abasic sites was established in the p53 gene in only UVA1-irradiated cells.	Purines	67-74	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	115-118
15766245-5	2005	Analysis of chemically modified variants of the closing base pair showed that the presence of exocyclic groups in the major groove of purines 3" to the last nucleotide of the tetraloop inhibits Rnt1p cleavage without strongly inhibiting Rnt1p binding.	Purines	134-141	ribonuclease III	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	194-199
16852085-12	2005	The rate of the anti/syn transitions with purines is on the nanosecond time scale, confirming a long held assumption underpinning the interpretation of ultrasonic relaxation studies.	Purines	42-49	synemin	Homo sapiens	21-24
15921466-1	2005	A set of 538 inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase, Syk, including purines, pyrimidines, indoles, imidazoles, pyrazoles, and quinazolines, has been analyzed using a stepwise nonparametric regression (SNPR) algorithm, which has been developed for QSAR studies of pharmacological data.	Purines	63-70	spleen associated tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	48-51
15983407-2	2005	PNP is specific for purine nucleosides in the beta-configuration and exhibits a strong preference for purines containing a 6-keto group and ribosyl-containing nucleosides relative to the corresponding analogues.	Purines	102-109	purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Homo sapiens	0-3
15827580-7	2005	When there is cellular immunodepression (Hodgkin"s disease, advanced chronic lymphoproliferative syndromes, treatment with glucocorticoids, analogues of the purines and treatment with monoclonal antibodies) the risk of infection by opportunist germs is conditioned by the reduction of the figure of CD4 lymphocytes.	Purines	157-164	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	299-302
15651853-1	2005	The human 3-methyladenine (AAG, ANPG, MPG) DNA glycosylase excises alkylated purines from DNA.	Purines	77-84	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	27-30
15651853-1	2005	The human 3-methyladenine (AAG, ANPG, MPG) DNA glycosylase excises alkylated purines from DNA.	Purines	77-84	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	32-36
15651853-1	2005	The human 3-methyladenine (AAG, ANPG, MPG) DNA glycosylase excises alkylated purines from DNA.	Purines	77-84	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	38-41
15611171-7	2004	The semisterility is partially rescued by providing Prat mutant females with an RNA-enriched diet as a source of purines.	Purines	113-120	Phosphoribosylamidotransferase	Drosophila melanogaster	52-56
15451061-1	2004	Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a widely distributed enzyme, involved in the metabolism of purines, which generates superoxide and is thought to be involved in free radical-generated tissue injury.	Purines	92-99	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-23
15519670-7	2004	Our data show that different subtypes of P2Y receptors (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4 and P2Y6) are expressed in various retinal cells and indicate that extracellular purines and pyrimidines act on RGCs, BPCs and MCs via different P2Y receptors.	Purines	154-161	purinergic receptor P2Y1	Rattus norvegicus	56-60
15519670-7	2004	Our data show that different subtypes of P2Y receptors (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4 and P2Y6) are expressed in various retinal cells and indicate that extracellular purines and pyrimidines act on RGCs, BPCs and MCs via different P2Y receptors.	Purines	154-161	purinergic receptor P2Y2	Rattus norvegicus	62-66
15519670-7	2004	Our data show that different subtypes of P2Y receptors (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4 and P2Y6) are expressed in various retinal cells and indicate that extracellular purines and pyrimidines act on RGCs, BPCs and MCs via different P2Y receptors.	Purines	154-161	pyrimidinergic receptor P2Y4	Rattus norvegicus	68-72
15519670-7	2004	Our data show that different subtypes of P2Y receptors (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4 and P2Y6) are expressed in various retinal cells and indicate that extracellular purines and pyrimidines act on RGCs, BPCs and MCs via different P2Y receptors.	Purines	154-161	pyrimidinergic receptor P2Y6	Rattus norvegicus	77-81
15451061-1	2004	Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a widely distributed enzyme, involved in the metabolism of purines, which generates superoxide and is thought to be involved in free radical-generated tissue injury.	Purines	92-99	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	25-28
15020593-1	2004	Allantoicase (EC 3.5.3.4) catalyzes the conversion of allantoate into ureidoglycolate and urea, one of the final steps in the degradation of purines to urea.	Purines	141-148	allantoicase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-12
15208093-1	2004	Extracellular purines and pyrimidines regulate various physiological responses via the cell surface receptors known as purinoreceptors and may exert autocrine or paracrine effects on ion transport, fluid transport, ciliary beat frequency, and mucin secretion.	Purines	14-21	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	243-248
15247216-1	2004	Human apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) intron 2/exon 3 junction shows a peculiar tract of alternating pyrimidines and purines (GU tract) that makes the acceptor site deviate significantly from the consensus.	Purines	115-122	apolipoprotein A2	Homo sapiens	6-25
15247216-1	2004	Human apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) intron 2/exon 3 junction shows a peculiar tract of alternating pyrimidines and purines (GU tract) that makes the acceptor site deviate significantly from the consensus.	Purines	115-122	apolipoprotein A2	Homo sapiens	27-34
15532538-1	2004	The sequential hydrolysis of purines is present in rat CSF and generates nucleosides as inosine and guanosine that are usual substrates for purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP).	Purines	29-36	purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Rattus norvegicus	140-171
15532538-1	2004	The sequential hydrolysis of purines is present in rat CSF and generates nucleosides as inosine and guanosine that are usual substrates for purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP).	Purines	29-36	purine nucleoside phosphorylase	Rattus norvegicus	173-176
14766427-11	2004	The actions of purines on body temperature during fever are most likely "site specific" (brain vs. periphery), may or may not involve their effect on cytokine release and/or action, and are likely to involve P2 and P1 receptors of different subtypes.	Purines	15-22	neuropeptide Y receptor Y4	Homo sapiens	208-217
14729667-4	2004	As expected, B. subtilis Aag was found to be a DNA glycosylase, which releases 3-alkylated purines and hypoxanthine, as well as the cyclic etheno adduct 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine from DNA.	Purines	91-98	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	25-28
15130771-5	2004	Herein we demonstrate that three 2,6,9-trisubstituted purines: olomoucine, roscovitine, and purvalanol, used at concentrations ascribed by others to potently inhibit CDKs 1, 2, and 5, are powerful triggers of death in maturing cerebellar granule neurons, assessed by loss of mitochondrial reductive capacity and differential staining with fluorescent indicators of living/dead neurons.	Purines	54-61	cyclin dependent kinase 1	Homo sapiens	166-170
14688248-4	2004	Comparisons of the rate enhancements for excision of normal and modified purine nucleobases provide evidence that AAG excludes the normal purines via steric clashes with the exocyclic amino groups of adenine and guanine.	Purines	138-145	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	114-117
15561412-1	2004	Aquaporin 9 (AQP9) is a member of the aquaporin channel family involved in water flux through plasma membranes and exhibits the distinct feature of being also permeable to monocarboxylates, such as lactate, and various solutes, including glycerol, carbamides, purines, pyrimidines, and urea.	Purines	260-267	aquaporin 9	Homo sapiens	0-11
15561412-1	2004	Aquaporin 9 (AQP9) is a member of the aquaporin channel family involved in water flux through plasma membranes and exhibits the distinct feature of being also permeable to monocarboxylates, such as lactate, and various solutes, including glycerol, carbamides, purines, pyrimidines, and urea.	Purines	260-267	aquaporin 9	Homo sapiens	13-17
12933815-8	2003	This results in an acceleration of the overall repair process of oxidized purines to yield an APE1-cleaved abasic site, which can be used as a substrate by DNA polymerase beta.	Purines	74-81	apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1	Homo sapiens	94-98
12933815-8	2003	This results in an acceleration of the overall repair process of oxidized purines to yield an APE1-cleaved abasic site, which can be used as a substrate by DNA polymerase beta.	Purines	74-81	DNA polymerase beta	Homo sapiens	156-175
14567703-0	2003	Human alkyladenine DNA glycosylase uses acid-base catalysis for selective excision of damaged purines.	Purines	94-101	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	6-34
14567703-2	2003	The crystal structure of AAG bound to a DNA substrate reveals features of the active site that could discriminate between oxidatively damaged or alkylated purines and normal purines.	Purines	155-162	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	25-28
14567703-2	2003	The crystal structure of AAG bound to a DNA substrate reveals features of the active site that could discriminate between oxidatively damaged or alkylated purines and normal purines.	Purines	174-181	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	25-28
14567703-12	2003	The prominent role of nucleobase protonation in catalysis by AAG provides a rationale for its specialization toward damaged purines while effectively excluding pyrimidines.	Purines	124-131	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	61-64
12941318-1	2003	A search among analogues of anti-CDK purines led to the identification of substituted pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidines as novel inhibitors of CDK1/cyclin B.	Purines	37-44	cyclin dependent kinase 1	Homo sapiens	136-140
12941319-0	2003	2,6,8,9-tetrasubstituted purines as new CDK1 inhibitors.	Purines	25-32	cyclin dependent kinase 1	Homo sapiens	40-44
12578558-9	2003	Xanthine oxidoreductase is the key enzyme in the catabolism of purines, although recent data suggest that the physiological function of this enzyme is more complex than previously assumed.	Purines	63-70	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-23
12885439-5	2003	The rank order of inhibitory potency of endogenous purines on TNF-alpha release was: ATP>ADP>>UTP>UDP>CTP.	Purines	51-58	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	62-71
12885439-9	2003	These endogenous purines and selective ATP receptor agonists showed a similar inhibitory effect in their rank order on LPS-induced interleukin 6 release.	Purines	17-24	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	131-144
12876319-1	2003	Adenylosuccinate lyase is a homotetramer that catalyzes two discrete reactions in the de novo synthesis of purines: the cleavage of adenylosuccinate and succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide (SAICAR).	Purines	107-114	adenylosuccinate lyase	Homo sapiens	0-22
12235271-1	2002	Excitatory glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampal CA1 region of rats are potently inhibited by purines, including adenosine, ATP, and ATP analogs.	Purines	98-105	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	53-56
12643929-0	2003	Synthesis of imidazopyridines and purines as potent inhibitors of leukotriene A4 hydrolase.	Purines	34-41	leukotriene A4 hydrolase	Mus musculus	66-90
12392733-1	2002	Based on our previous experiences with synthesis of purines, novel 2,6,9-trisubstituted purine derivatives were prepared and assayed for the ability to inhibit CDK1/cyclin B kinase.	Purines	52-59	cyclin dependent kinase 1	Homo sapiens	160-164
12578822-7	2003	Val(296) (Ala in most other bZIPs) contributes to C/EBPalpha specificity by discriminating against purines at position -3 and imposing steric restraints on the invariant Arg(300).	Purines	99-106	CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), alpha	Mus musculus	50-60
12145297-12	2002	The two substrates differ only in the relative proportions of thymine glycol stereoisomers, suggesting that polkappa distinguishes among stereoisomers and exhibits reduced discrimination between purines when incorporating a base opposite a 5R thymine glycol stereoisomer.	Purines	195-202	DNA polymerase lambda	Homo sapiens	108-116
12464149-5	2002	Also, protein kinases involved in intracellular signalling, are directly activated resulting in phosphorylation of various targets of which Annexin (AXA)-1 is critical in inhibiting biosynthesis of both purines and DNA.	Purines	203-210	aprataxin	Homo sapiens	149-155
12235271-8	2002	In all cases, inhibition of synaptic responses by purines could be blocked by prior treatment with the competitive adenosine A(1) receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyltheophylline.	Purines	50-57	adenosine A1 receptor	Mus musculus	115-138
12237530-2	2002	Although all compounds did not display PDE1 and PDE3 inhibitory activities, several heterocycle [i]-condensed purines strongly inhibited PDE4.	Purines	110-117	phosphodiesterase 4A	Homo sapiens	137-141
12237530-0	2002	Synthesis and cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase 4 isoenzyme inhibitory activity of heterocycle condensed purines.	Purines	100-107	phosphodiesterase 4A	Homo sapiens	25-44
12323378-1	2002	The human 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG, MPG) removes a diverse array of damaged purines via a nucleotide-flipping mechanism.	Purines	88-95	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	10-41
12323378-1	2002	The human 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG, MPG) removes a diverse array of damaged purines via a nucleotide-flipping mechanism.	Purines	88-95	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	43-46
12323378-1	2002	The human 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG, MPG) removes a diverse array of damaged purines via a nucleotide-flipping mechanism.	Purines	88-95	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	48-51
12121920-0	2002	Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 by purines and pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines does not correlate with antiviral activity.	Purines	43-50	cyclin dependent kinase 1	Homo sapiens	14-39
12192062-12	2002	In addition to the stem-loop structure and dSLBP, 3" processing in Drosophila nuclear extracts depends on the presence of a short stretch of purines located ca.	Purines	141-148	Stem-loop binding protein	Drosophila melanogaster	43-48
12041737-2	2002	Research on cellular functions modulated by purines and pyrimidines has led to the identification and characterization of the different components of purine signaling, namely purinoceptors and ecto-nucleotidases.	Purines	44-51	tripartite motif containing 33	Homo sapiens	193-197
11927571-0	2002	A few amino acid substitutions can convert deoxyribonucleoside kinase specificity from pyrimidines to purines.	Purines	102-109	deoxyribonucleoside kinase	Drosophila melanogaster	43-69
12227425-3	2002	This demonstrates that both pyrimidines and purines could have been produced on the primitive earth in a short time by eutectic concentration of HCN, even though the concentration of HCN in the primitive ocean may have been low.	Purines	44-51	metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1	Homo sapiens	145-148
12054821-11	2002	These results support the previous proposal that purines regulate GDH activity by altering the dynamics of the NAD binding domain.	Purines	49-56	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	66-69
11867468-5	2002	The barrier between anti and syn in deoxyribonucleosides is found to be less than 10 kcal/mol and tends to be lower with purines than with pyrimidines.	Purines	121-128	synemin	Homo sapiens	29-32
11738231-16	2002	Venom dipeptidyl peptidase IV-like enzymes probably also contribute to hypotension by destroying vasoconstrictive peptides such as Peptide YY, neuropeptide Y and substance P. Purines apparently bind to other toxins which then serve as molecular chaperones to deposit the bound purines at specific subsets of purine receptors.	Purines	175-182	neuropeptide Y	Homo sapiens	143-157
11738231-16	2002	Venom dipeptidyl peptidase IV-like enzymes probably also contribute to hypotension by destroying vasoconstrictive peptides such as Peptide YY, neuropeptide Y and substance P. Purines apparently bind to other toxins which then serve as molecular chaperones to deposit the bound purines at specific subsets of purine receptors.	Purines	277-284	neuropeptide Y	Homo sapiens	143-157
11565747-5	2001	Alignment of high affinity PSI-binding RNAs revealed a degenerate consensus sequence consisting of a short core motif of CUU flanked by alternative purines and pyrimidines.	Purines	148-155	P-element somatic inhibitor	Drosophila melanogaster	27-30
11597198-5	2001	Since AQP3 is not only a water channels, but also permits the rapid passage of both urea and glycerol, while AQP9 also mediates the passage of carbamides, polyols, purines, and pyrimidines, we have speculated that these proteins could be involved in the transport of water and solutes from mother to fetus.	Purines	164-171	aquaporin 3 (Gill blood group)	Homo sapiens	6-10
11597198-5	2001	Since AQP3 is not only a water channels, but also permits the rapid passage of both urea and glycerol, while AQP9 also mediates the passage of carbamides, polyols, purines, and pyrimidines, we have speculated that these proteins could be involved in the transport of water and solutes from mother to fetus.	Purines	164-171	aquaporin 9	Homo sapiens	109-113
11756435-0	2002	Loss of DNA polymerase beta stacking interactions with templating purines, but not pyrimidines, alters catalytic efficiency and fidelity.	Purines	66-73	DNA polymerase beta	Homo sapiens	8-27
11784849-8	2002	Dnmt3a prefers CpG sites on a strand in which it is flanked by pyrimidines over CpG sites flanked by purines in vitro.	Purines	101-108	DNA methyltransferase 3A	Mus musculus	0-6
11593298-2	2001	These purines evoke responses in Sertoli cells through two subtypes of purinoreceptors, P2Y2 and P A1.	Purines	6-13	purinergic receptor P2Y2	Rattus norvegicus	88-92
11593298-11	2001	The ecto-5"-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) and ectoadenosine deaminase activities (specific activities of 32 +/- 2 nmol Pi mg(-1) min(-1) for AMP and 1.52 +/- 0.13 nmol adenosine mg(-1) min(-1), respectively) were shown to be able to terminate the effects of purines and may be relevant for the physiological control of extracellular levels of nucleotides and nucleosides inside the seminiferous tubules.	Purines	254-261	5' nucleotidase, ecto	Rattus norvegicus	4-24
11418581-1	2001	The FCY2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a purine-cytosine permease (PCP) that mediates the active transport of purines and cytosine.	Purines	121-128	purine-cytosine permease	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
11418581-1	2001	The FCY2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a purine-cytosine permease (PCP) that mediates the active transport of purines and cytosine.	Purines	121-128	purine-cytosine permease	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	52-76
11446592-1	2001	P2X3 is one receptor of a family of seven ligand-gated ion channels responding to purines.	Purines	82-89	purinergic receptor P2X 3	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
11217107-1	2001	On the basis of our study on the structure-activity relationships of 1,3,7-alkylxanthines and condensed-purines on cAMP-phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE 4) isoenzyme inhibitor, we investigated the synthesis and the inhibitory activity of 3-phenylxanthine and 4-phenyl[i]condensed-purine derivatives.	Purines	104-111	phosphodiesterase 4A	Homo sapiens	115-139
11283348-5	2001	Interestingly, overexpression of LPE1 from >10 gene copies resulted in transformants with pleiotropically reduced growth rates on various nitrogen sources and the absolute inability to transport purines.	Purines	198-205	nucleobase-ascorbate transporter LPE1	Zea mays	33-37
11283348-6	2001	Kinetic analysis established that LPE1 is a high-affinity (K(m) = 30 +/- 2.5 microM), high-capacity transporter specific for the oxidized purines xanthine and uric acid.	Purines	138-145	nucleobase-ascorbate transporter LPE1	Zea mays	34-38
11217107-1	2001	On the basis of our study on the structure-activity relationships of 1,3,7-alkylxanthines and condensed-purines on cAMP-phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE 4) isoenzyme inhibitor, we investigated the synthesis and the inhibitory activity of 3-phenylxanthine and 4-phenyl[i]condensed-purine derivatives.	Purines	104-111	phosphodiesterase 4A	Homo sapiens	141-146
11217107-2	2001	Xanthines and condensed-purines with the phenyl group exhibited potent and selective PDE 4 inhibitory activity.	Purines	24-31	phosphodiesterase 4A	Homo sapiens	85-90
11149897-13	2001	Our data imply that purines may serve as endogenous PARP inhibitors.	Purines	20-27	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	52-56
11146053-7	2001	These results suggest that the activity of xanthine oxidase in the brain of the sheep is very low so the metabolic degradation of purines is carried out only as far as hypoxanthine which then accumulates in the CSF.	Purines	130-137	granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor	Ovis aries	211-214
11149897-0	2001	Purines inhibit poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation and modulate oxidant-induced cell death.	Purines	0-7	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	16-43
11149897-3	2001	Here we provide evidence that purines protect against oxidant-induced cell injury by inhibiting the activation of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP).	Purines	30-37	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	133-160
11149897-14	2001	We propose that, by affecting PARP activation, purines may modulate the pattern of cell death during shock, inflammation, and reperfusion injury.	Purines	47-54	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	30-34
11149897-3	2001	Here we provide evidence that purines protect against oxidant-induced cell injury by inhibiting the activation of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP).	Purines	30-37	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	162-166
11149897-6	2001	We have identified some purines (hypoxanthine, inosine, and adenosine) as potential endogenous PARP inhibitors.	Purines	24-31	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	95-99
11062720-3	2000	N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase (MPG), a ubiquitous DNA repair enzyme, removes N-methylpurine and other damaged purines in DNA.	Purines	111-118	N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase	Mus musculus	0-30
11149897-7	2001	We have found that purines (hypoxanthine > inosine > adenosine) dose-dependently inhibited PARP activation in peroxynitrite-treated macrophages and also inhibited the activity of the purified PARP enzyme.	Purines	19-26	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	97-101
11149897-7	2001	We have found that purines (hypoxanthine > inosine > adenosine) dose-dependently inhibited PARP activation in peroxynitrite-treated macrophages and also inhibited the activity of the purified PARP enzyme.	Purines	19-26	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	198-202
11149897-8	2001	Consistently with their PARP inhibitory effects, the purines also protected interferon gamma + endotoxin (IFN/LPS) -stimulated RAW macrophages from the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and inhibited nitrite production from IFN/LPS-stimulated macrophages.	Purines	53-60	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	24-28
11149897-8	2001	Consistently with their PARP inhibitory effects, the purines also protected interferon gamma + endotoxin (IFN/LPS) -stimulated RAW macrophages from the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and inhibited nitrite production from IFN/LPS-stimulated macrophages.	Purines	53-60	interferon alpha 1	Homo sapiens	76-113
11149897-8	2001	Consistently with their PARP inhibitory effects, the purines also protected interferon gamma + endotoxin (IFN/LPS) -stimulated RAW macrophages from the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and inhibited nitrite production from IFN/LPS-stimulated macrophages.	Purines	53-60	interferon alpha 1	Homo sapiens	106-109
11149897-11	2001	In line with the PARP inhibitory effect of purines, hypoxanthine has prevented necrotic cell death while increasing caspase activity and DNA fragmentation.	Purines	43-50	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	17-21
11041831-2	2000	This article focuses on the effect of N-coordination by transition metals, especially Pt(II), Co(III), Cr(III), on isotopic C(2)-H or C(8)-H exchange of imidazoles, thiazoles, and purines.	Purines	180-187	mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase III	Homo sapiens	94-101
11041831-2	2000	This article focuses on the effect of N-coordination by transition metals, especially Pt(II), Co(III), Cr(III), on isotopic C(2)-H or C(8)-H exchange of imidazoles, thiazoles, and purines.	Purines	180-187	mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase III	Homo sapiens	97-100
10884596-12	2000	It was concluded that the greater expression of P2X(5) receptor at an early developmental stage and of P2X(4) in ageing might reflect functional roles for purines in cellular proliferation and/or differentiation, and in cellular degeneration, respectively, in adrenal glands of rat.	Purines	155-162	purinergic receptor P2X 5	Rattus norvegicus	48-54
10884596-12	2000	It was concluded that the greater expression of P2X(5) receptor at an early developmental stage and of P2X(4) in ageing might reflect functional roles for purines in cellular proliferation and/or differentiation, and in cellular degeneration, respectively, in adrenal glands of rat.	Purines	155-162	purinergic receptor P2X 4	Rattus norvegicus	103-109
11128283-0	2000	Synthesis and hybridization properties of oligonucleotides containing polyamines at the C-2 position of purines: a pre-synthetic approach for the incorporation of spermine into oligodeoxynucleotides containing 2-(4,9,13-triazatridecyl)-2"-deoxyguanosine.	Purines	104-111	complement C2	Homo sapiens	88-91
11062720-3	2000	N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase (MPG), a ubiquitous DNA repair enzyme, removes N-methylpurine and other damaged purines in DNA.	Purines	111-118	N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase	Mus musculus	32-35
10882069-2	2000	Subsequent to catalysis, the cleavage site residue (C-17), together with its 2",3"-cyclic phosphate, adopts a conformation close to and approximately perpendicular to the Watson-Crick base-pairing faces of two highly conserved purines in the ribozyme"s catalytic pocket (G-5 and A-6).	Purines	227-234	cytokine like 1	Homo sapiens	52-56
10899903-1	2000	Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a purine catabolic enzyme that manages levels of the biologically active purines adenosine and 2"-deoxyadenosine in tissues and cells.	Purines	102-109	adenosine deaminase	Mus musculus	21-24
10899903-1	2000	Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a purine catabolic enzyme that manages levels of the biologically active purines adenosine and 2"-deoxyadenosine in tissues and cells.	Purines	102-109	adenosine deaminase	Mus musculus	0-19
11783535-0	2000	Purines, lactate and myo-inositol in CSF might reflect excitotoxicity in inherited metabolic disorders.	Purines	0-7	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	37-40
10845757-6	1999	Extracellular purines also stimulate the synthesis and release of protein trophic factors by astrocytes, including bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3, ciliary neurotrophic factor and S-100beta protein.	Purines	14-21	fibroblast growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	115-119
10604966-1	2000	Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a mammalian enzyme that possesses a series of redox centers, which use either NAD(+) or molecular oxygen for oxidation of the purines xanthine and hypoxanthine to uric acid.	Purines	159-166	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-23
10604966-1	2000	Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a mammalian enzyme that possesses a series of redox centers, which use either NAD(+) or molecular oxygen for oxidation of the purines xanthine and hypoxanthine to uric acid.	Purines	159-166	xanthine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	25-28
10845757-6	1999	Extracellular purines also stimulate the synthesis and release of protein trophic factors by astrocytes, including bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3, ciliary neurotrophic factor and S-100beta protein.	Purines	14-21	fibroblast growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	121-151
10845757-6	1999	Extracellular purines also stimulate the synthesis and release of protein trophic factors by astrocytes, including bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3, ciliary neurotrophic factor and S-100beta protein.	Purines	14-21	nerve growth factor	Homo sapiens	154-173
10845757-6	1999	Extracellular purines also stimulate the synthesis and release of protein trophic factors by astrocytes, including bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3, ciliary neurotrophic factor and S-100beta protein.	Purines	14-21	nerve growth factor	Homo sapiens	175-178
10845757-6	1999	Extracellular purines also stimulate the synthesis and release of protein trophic factors by astrocytes, including bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3, ciliary neurotrophic factor and S-100beta protein.	Purines	14-21	neurotrophin 3	Homo sapiens	181-224
10845757-6	1999	Extracellular purines also stimulate the synthesis and release of protein trophic factors by astrocytes, including bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3, ciliary neurotrophic factor and S-100beta protein.	Purines	14-21	S100 calcium binding protein B	Homo sapiens	229-238
10542179-6	1999	The difference between the two enzymes" effects may be accounted for by the fact that Tag almost exclusively excises 3MeA lesions, whereas Mag1 excises a broad range of alkylated and other purines.	Purines	189-196	DNA-3-methyladenine glycosylase II	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	139-143
10564231-13	1999	When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, hAQP9 allowed passage of a wide variety of noncharged solutes, including carbamides, polyols, purines, and pyrimidines in a phloretin- and mercurial-sensitive manner.	Purines	129-136	aquaporin 9	Homo sapiens	35-40
10465404-1	1999	Novel C-2, C-6, N-9 trisubstituted purines derived from the olomoucine/roscovitine lead structure were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit starfish oocyte CDK1/cyclin B, neuronal CDK5/p35 and erk1 kinases in purified extracts.	Purines	35-42	complement C2	Homo sapiens	6-14
10477488-3	1999	Two genes, MPG and MGMT, involved in repair of alkylated purines, have been selected.	Purines	57-64	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	11-14
10477488-3	1999	Two genes, MPG and MGMT, involved in repair of alkylated purines, have been selected.	Purines	57-64	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	19-23
10465404-1	1999	Novel C-2, C-6, N-9 trisubstituted purines derived from the olomoucine/roscovitine lead structure were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit starfish oocyte CDK1/cyclin B, neuronal CDK5/p35 and erk1 kinases in purified extracts.	Purines	35-42	cyclin dependent kinase 1	Homo sapiens	174-178
10470377-12	1999	Cells expressing FPGS activity solely in the mitochondria are glycine prototrophs, but also possess cytosolic folylpolyglutamates and are prototrophic for thymidine and purines, products of cytosolic one carbon metabolism.	Purines	169-176	folylpolyglutamate synthase	Homo sapiens	17-21
9223305-13	1997	These results make this novel gene (hOGG1) a strong candidate for the human homolog of the yeast OGG1 and suggest an important role of its product in the protection of the genome from the mutagenic effects of the oxidatively damaged purines.	Purines	233-240	8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	36-41
10481745-2	1999	One of these pathways involves activation of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of purines and thymidylate.	Purines	120-127	dihydrofolate reductase	Mus musculus	45-68
10481745-2	1999	One of these pathways involves activation of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of purines and thymidylate.	Purines	120-127	dihydrofolate reductase	Mus musculus	70-74
9915878-7	1999	Regression analysis revealed significant negative relationships between the total amount of purines released from the artery and the systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures.	Purines	92-99	spermine binding protein	Rattus norvegicus	143-146
9915878-7	1999	Regression analysis revealed significant negative relationships between the total amount of purines released from the artery and the systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures.	Purines	92-99	D-box binding PAR bZIP transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	163-166
9776315-5	1998	Although the purines 2"-deoxyguanosine (dGuo) and 2"-deoxyadenosine are substrates for both dGK and dCK, only CdA among the purine nucleoside analogs tested was an efficient substrate for both dCK and dGK.	Purines	13-20	Diacyl glycerol kinase	Drosophila melanogaster	92-95
9776315-5	1998	Although the purines 2"-deoxyguanosine (dGuo) and 2"-deoxyadenosine are substrates for both dGK and dCK, only CdA among the purine nucleoside analogs tested was an efficient substrate for both dCK and dGK.	Purines	13-20	Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II	Drosophila melanogaster	100-103
9776315-5	1998	Although the purines 2"-deoxyguanosine (dGuo) and 2"-deoxyadenosine are substrates for both dGK and dCK, only CdA among the purine nucleoside analogs tested was an efficient substrate for both dCK and dGK.	Purines	13-20	Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II	Drosophila melanogaster	193-196
9776315-5	1998	Although the purines 2"-deoxyguanosine (dGuo) and 2"-deoxyadenosine are substrates for both dGK and dCK, only CdA among the purine nucleoside analogs tested was an efficient substrate for both dCK and dGK.	Purines	13-20	Diacyl glycerol kinase	Drosophila melanogaster	201-204
9733774-4	1998	AQP9 mediates passage of a wide variety of non-charged solutes including carbamides, polyols, purines, and pyrimidines in a phloretin- and mercury-sensitive manner, whereas amino acids, cyclic sugars, Na+, K+, Cl-, and deprotonated monocarboxylates are excluded.	Purines	94-101	aquaporin 9	Homo sapiens	0-4
9829169-12	1998	Because purines, pyrimidines, and certain amino acids necessary for the synthesis of myelin components, are, in part, provided by the glutamine synthetase pathway, 3,5,3"-triodo-L-thyronine effect on myelination development and maturation could be mediated in part, through the glutamine synthetase gene regulation.	Purines	8-15	glutamate-ammonia ligase	Rattus norvegicus	134-154
9637245-11	1998	Taken together, these results suggest that hydrophobic interactions are involved in the mechanism of inhibition and/or recognition and excision of alkylated purines by TagA protein.	Purines	157-164	w0020	Escherichia coli	168-172
9568183-5	1998	The medical literature reveals little information regarding the role of the thiamine dependent TK reaction in tumor cell ribose production which is a central process in de novo nucleic acid synthesis and the salvage pathways for purines.	Purines	229-236	transketolase	Homo sapiens	95-97
9862978-1	1999	Alternating pyrimidine-purine sequences typically form Z-DNA, with the pyrimidines in the anti and purines in the syn conformations.	Purines	99-106	synemin	Homo sapiens	114-117
9790531-2	1998	The human enzyme 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase removes a diverse group of damaged bases from DNA, including cytotoxic and mutagenic alkylation adducts of purines.	Purines	156-163	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	17-48
9679933-8	1998	This band was the same size as that expressed by the heart, which contains high levels of P2Y1 purinoceptor (Burnstock, G.: Physiological and pathological roles of purines: an update.	Purines	164-171	purinergic receptor P2Y1	Rattus norvegicus	90-94
9223305-13	1997	These results make this novel gene (hOGG1) a strong candidate for the human homolog of the yeast OGG1 and suggest an important role of its product in the protection of the genome from the mutagenic effects of the oxidatively damaged purines.	Purines	233-240	8-oxoguanine glycosylase OGG1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	37-41
9209080-3	1997	In addition, FSH increased, and HX suppressed, the de novo synthesis of purines in HPRT+ complexes, whereas de novo synthesis was elevated in HPRT complexes and was unaffected by FSH or HX.	Purines	72-79	hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase	Mus musculus	83-87