PMID-sentid Pub_year Sent_text comp_official_name comp_offsetprotein_name organism prot_offset 33994742-12 2021 p53 was overexpressed in smokers (80.95%) and those consuming alcohol (60%). Alcohols 62-69 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 0-3 33290139-9 2020 Conclusion: The p53 rs1042522 arg allele together with tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking, was associated with an increased risk, for gastric cancer and EC, but not the survival among northwestern Chinese patients. Alcohols 75-82 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 16-19 33560536-4 2021 TP53 mutations are highly prevalent in OPSCC driven by mutagens in tobacco and alcohol. Alcohols 79-86 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 0-4 29351612-10 2018 This alcohol consumption signature was also observed in liver cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and its mutational activity was substantially higher in samples with mutations in TP53. Alcohols 5-12 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 194-198 31786674-6 2020 This increased risk of death observed for alcohol consumers was more evident in patients with normal p53 expression, GLUT-1 positive or CD-8 positive tumors. Alcohols 42-49 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 101-104 20301488-16 1993 Agents/circumstances to avoid: People with germline TP53 pathogenic variants should: (1) avoid known carcinogens including sun exposure, tobacco use, occupational exposures, and excessive alcohol use; and (2) minimize exposure to diagnostic and therapeutic radiation. Alcohols 188-195 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 52-56 30057300-5 2018 Further experimental testing demonstrated that Michael acceptors, aldehydes, imines, and primary alcohols can promote thermodynamic stabilization of mutant p53. Alcohols 97-105 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 156-159 30057300-6 2018 Moreover, mild thiol reactivity, often coupled with combined chemical functional groups, such as in imines, aldehydes, and primary alcohols, can stimulate mutant p53 refolding. Alcohols 131-139 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 162-165 28369097-0 2017 p53 pathway determines the cellular response to alcohol-induced DNA damage in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Alcohols 48-55 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 0-3 28799801-0 2017 Cross-generational effects of alcohol dependence in humans on HRAS and TP53 methylation in offspring. Alcohols 30-37 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 71-75 28799801-1 2017 AIM: We hypothesized that cross-generational effects of alcohol exposure could alter DNA methylation and expression of the HRAS oncogene and TP53 tumor suppressor gene that drive cancer development. Alcohols 56-63 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 141-145 28799801-4 2017 CONCLUSION: The results suggest that ancestral exposure to alcohol can have enduring effects that impact epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation that controls expression of genes that drive cancer development such as HRAS and TP53. Alcohols 59-66 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 231-235 28369097-4 2017 The impact of alcohol on p53 is recognized, yet the role of p53 in alcohol-induced mammary carcinogenesis remains poorly defined. Alcohols 67-74 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 60-63 28369097-6 2017 p53 activity and target gene expression after alcohol exposure were determined using p53 luciferase reporter assay, qPCR, and Western blotting. Alcohols 46-53 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 0-3 28369097-6 2017 p53 activity and target gene expression after alcohol exposure were determined using p53 luciferase reporter assay, qPCR, and Western blotting. Alcohols 46-53 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 85-88 28369097-9 2017 A p53-dependent signaling cascade was stimulated by alcohol-induced DNA damage. Alcohols 52-59 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 2-5 28369097-2 2017 Alcohol is known to induce oxidative stress and DNA damage; likewise, p53 is a critical modulator of the DNA repair pathway and ensures genomic integrity. Alcohols 0-7 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 70-73 28369097-10 2017 Moderate to high concentrations of alcohol (0.1-0.8% v/v) induced p53 activation, as indicated by increased p53 phosphorylation, reporter gene activity, and p21/Bax gene expression, which led to G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Alcohols 35-42 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 66-69 28369097-10 2017 Moderate to high concentrations of alcohol (0.1-0.8% v/v) induced p53 activation, as indicated by increased p53 phosphorylation, reporter gene activity, and p21/Bax gene expression, which led to G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Alcohols 35-42 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 108-111 28357076-7 2017 However, interactions between p53 codon 72 SNP and smoking, alcohol consumption and HBV infection may increase the risk of HCC [smoking odds ratio (OR), 2.00; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.21-3.29; alcohol consumption OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.08-3.26; HBV infection OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.10-3.08]. Alcohols 200-207 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 30-33 28369097-13 2017 Our study suggests that functional p53 plays a critical role in cellular responses to alcohol-induced DNA damage, which protects the cells from DNA damage associated with breast cancer risk. Alcohols 86-93 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 35-38 18242117-3 2008 As mutations in the tumour suppressor gene TP53 are the most common genetic alterations involved in human cancers, especially esophageal tumours, the aim of this work was to establish the mutational pattern induced by acetaldehyde in vitro on the TP53 gene, and to compare this pattern with that found in human alcohol-related tumours. Alcohols 311-318 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 43-47 24935359-10 2014 The combined p53 with p16(INK4a) profiles were significantly correlated with alcohol consumption in younger patients (p=0.006). Alcohols 77-84 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 13-16 21468597-7 2011 We found that the TP53 Pro/Pro genotype compared to the Arg/Arg genotype had a profound effect on pancreatic cancer risk among males, particularly among heavy smokers and excessive alcohol drinkers. Alcohols 181-188 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 18-22 20228093-5 2010 We observed significantly higher mean intakes of alcohol, total meat and red meat, in the group with p53 mutations and advanced Dukes" stage disease (daily alcohol intake was 7 and 12 g for p53- and p53+ cases, respectively, P = 0.04; daily total meat intake was 69 and 100 g for p53- and p53+ cases, respectively, P = 0.03 and daily red meat intake was 39 and 75 g for p53- and p53+ cases, respectively, P = 0.01). Alcohols 49-56 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 101-104 19948747-0 2010 Study of p53 codon 72 polymorphism and codon 249 mutations in Southern India in relation to age, alcohol drinking and smoking habits. Alcohols 97-104 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 9-12 24521534-6 2014 Although p53 mutations were associated with tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking, this association disappeared in virus-unrelated HNSCC. Alcohols 64-71 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 9-12 24435975-7 2014 However, in a multivariate analysis adjusted for alcohol consumption, smoking, ethnicity, and number of pregnancies, the interaction between the genotypes TP53 Arg/Arg (rs1042522) and MDM2 TT (rs2279744) showed to be associated to RPL, increasing the risk for this condition (OR = 2.58, 95% CI: 1.31-5.07, p = 0.006). Alcohols 49-56 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 155-159 21159183-9 2010 There were indications of p53 aberrations being associated with the combined effect of smoking, alcohol and work history. Alcohols 96-103 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 26-29 21072901-1 2010 AIM: To investigate p53 mutations in esophageal cancer in a high-risk population, and correlate them with smoking, alcohol consumption and betel chewing. Alcohols 115-122 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 20-23 18331287-6 2008 RESULTS: p53 expression was significantly higher in users of tobacco and alcohol than in non-users. Alcohols 73-80 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 9-12 18242117-3 2008 As mutations in the tumour suppressor gene TP53 are the most common genetic alterations involved in human cancers, especially esophageal tumours, the aim of this work was to establish the mutational pattern induced by acetaldehyde in vitro on the TP53 gene, and to compare this pattern with that found in human alcohol-related tumours. Alcohols 311-318 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 247-251 16477330-2 2006 This study investigated the genotype distribution of p53 codon 72 polymorphism in hypopharyngeal cancer patients and non-cancer controls matched for age, gender, alcohol consumption and smoking habit. Alcohols 162-169 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 53-56 16318864-7 2006 The incidence of p53 overexpression was additively increased with environmental exposure to cigarette smoke, alcohol, and areca quid. Alcohols 109-116 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 17-20 17599946-6 2007 We conclude that the TP53 R72P polymorphism may contribute to the etiology of colorectal cancer in the Chinese population, particularly among alcohol consumers. Alcohols 142-149 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 21-25 16326430-9 2005 The levels of p53, bcl-2, and 8-OHdG were concomitantly changed by alcohol and acetaldehyde treatment in midbrain cells. Alcohols 67-74 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 14-17 16277102-4 2005 RESULTS: P53 alteration occurred in 20 of 45 tumors (44%) and was more common among younger patients (58% versus 36% for younger versus older patients, respectively) and those lacking tobacco/alcohol exposure (53% versus 40% for "no-risk" and "risk" groups, respectively), but the differences were not statistically significant. Alcohols 192-199 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 9-12 16271069-12 2005 Noticeably, alcohol consumption could enhance this peculiar spectrum of p53 mutation in ESCC. Alcohols 12-19 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 72-75 12837832-5 2003 Association of clinical and pathologic variables (e.g., alcohol consumption, sex, age, pathologic stage) with mutation of the p53 gene was determined by logistic regression. Alcohols 56-63 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 126-129 14742318-0 2004 Diet and alcohol consumption in relation to p53 mutations in breast tumors. Alcohols 9-16 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 44-47 15069555-7 2004 While the results suggest that the p53 codon 72 polymorphism may contribute to gastric cancer susceptibility, further larger studies are needed to substantiate our findings and to explore a possible interaction between p53 codon 72 polymorphism and alcohol in the etiology of gastric cancer. Alcohols 249-256 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 35-38 15023836-0 2004 Association between p53 gene mutations and tobacco and alcohol exposure in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Alcohols 55-62 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 20-23 15023836-1 2004 OBJECTIVES: To analyze the relationship between p53 gene mutations, tobacco smoke, and alcohol consumption in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Alcohols 87-94 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 48-51 16054986-4 2005 One cellular consequence of sustained oxidative stress and redox imbalance resulting from the combined actions of alcohol and iron is lipid peroxidation, resulting in the production of aldehydic products such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, which has been linked to site-specific mutations of the p53 gene. Alcohols 114-121 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 289-292 14742318-8 2004 Our data were consistent with increased likelihood of tumors with p53 mutations for premenopausal breast cancer with increased alcohol intake 10 or 20 years previous; for intake of 16 or more drinks per month in the period 20 years before the interview compared with non-drinkers, the OR was 5.25, 95% CI 1.48-18.58. Alcohols 127-134 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 66-69 14742318-12 2004 For premenopausal women, alcohol consumption in the past was associated with p53 mutations. Alcohols 25-32 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 77-80 12401821-7 2002 p53 immunoexpression in more than 25% of the neoplastic cells was significantly associated with smoking but not with alcohol consumption. Alcohols 117-124 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 0-3 12772781-5 2003 The incidence of p53 mutation in hepatocellular cancer patients with chronic liver disease due to hepatitis B virus infection was significantly higher than in those with chronic liver disease due to alcohol, indicating that not alcohol but hepatitis B virus, in fact induces the mutations in p53 gene. Alcohols 228-235 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 17-20 12750239-10 2003 After adjustment for age, cigarette smoking, areca quid chewing, and alcohol drinking, the Gln/Gln genotype still showed an independent association with the frequency of p53 mutation (odd ratio, 4.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.52-13.36). Alcohols 69-76 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 170-173 11857392-7 2002 TP53 mutations, mainly transversions, were more frequently found in heavy smokers (p = 0.03), with the same tendency after chronic alcohol consumption. Alcohols 131-138 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 0-4 11771346-6 2001 Moreover, there was also an interesting correlation between the degree of positivity to p53 and exposure to smoke, and to a lesser extent to alcohol, in the oncological patients. Alcohols 141-148 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 88-91 11914604-5 2002 Thus, use of both alcohol and cigarettes is clearly associated with a high frequency of p53 protein accumulation in multiple oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma present at the same time. Alcohols 18-25 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 88-91 11564575-1 2001 Tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking are the principal factors associated with p53 expression in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) in the west, whereas betel quid chewing and smokeless tobacco are important factors in the east. Alcohols 20-27 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 79-82 11564575-5 2001 Multivariate modelling showed that lifetime exposure to alcohol drinking was significantly positively associated with p53 expression (likelihood ratio P value 0.01). Alcohols 56-63 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 118-121 11532872-2 2001 In this study, we used PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism and DNA sequencing to analyze the conserved regions of the p53 gene (exons 5-9) in OSCC tumor specimens from 187 patients with varied histories of betel quid, tobacco and alcohol use. Alcohols 238-245 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 126-129 11532872-5 2001 However, alcohol drinkers exhibited a significantly higher incidence (57/101, 56.44%) of p53 mutations than non-users (39.53%, 34/86) (P = 0.02). Alcohols 9-16 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 89-92 11532872-6 2001 The effect of alcohol on the incidence of p53 mutations was still statistically significant (RR = 2.24; 95% CI, 1.21-4.15) after adjustment for cigarette smoking and betel quid (BQ) chewing. Alcohols 14-21 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 42-45 11323100-1 2001 In esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), we used immunohistochemical analysis to further elucidate the correlation of p53 protein expression with clinicopathological factors, as well as with risk factors, such as tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and a family history of cancer, using odds ratios (ORs). Alcohols 234-241 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 122-125 11323100-6 2001 The esophageal SCC in either smokers or alcohol users was 4.67-5.83 times more likely to express p53 protein, while the likelihood of p53 expression in patients who use both tobacco and alcohol was more than 14.0 times. Alcohols 40-47 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 97-100 11323100-6 2001 The esophageal SCC in either smokers or alcohol users was 4.67-5.83 times more likely to express p53 protein, while the likelihood of p53 expression in patients who use both tobacco and alcohol was more than 14.0 times. Alcohols 186-193 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 134-137 11323100-9 2001 In contrast, tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption were shown to be strongly associated with p53 mutations in esophageal carcinogenesis. Alcohols 33-40 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 95-98 10866304-0 2000 Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking increase the frequency of p53 mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. Alcohols 0-7 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 68-71 10866304-6 2000 p53 mutations were more common in patients who used alcohol than in patients who consumed less than one drink per day (72 versus 39%; P = 0.003), and were detected more often smokers than nonsmokers (58% versus 10%, P = 0.02). Alcohols 52-59 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 0-3 10866304-7 2000 Mutations in the p53 gene were present more often (P = 0.01) in alcohol drinkers who smoked cigarettes [76% (31 of 41)], than in nondrinkers (<1 drink per day) who smoked cigarettes [42% (20 of 48)] or in nondrinkers who did not smoke [14% (1 of 7)]. Alcohols 64-71 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 17-20 10866304-8 2000 In conclusion, alcohol consumption and tobacco use are both associated with p53 mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. Alcohols 15-22 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 76-79 10866304-9 2000 The link between exposure to both alcohol and tobacco and p53 mutations raises the possibility that alcohol may enhance the mutagenic effects of cigarette smoke in the lung. Alcohols 34-41 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 58-61 10866304-9 2000 The link between exposure to both alcohol and tobacco and p53 mutations raises the possibility that alcohol may enhance the mutagenic effects of cigarette smoke in the lung. Alcohols 100-107 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 58-61 10839309-0 2000 Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking in relation to high frequency of p53 protein accumulation in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in the Japanese. Alcohols 0-7 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 75-78 10839309-2 2000 A significantly larger proportion of heavy alcohol drinkers and cigarette smokers was evident in the p53-positive group. Alcohols 43-50 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 101-104 10619896-6 1999 A correlation was found between alcohol intake and p53 expression. Alcohols 32-39 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 51-54 10754498-8 2000 Interestingly, heavy drinking had a significant positive correlation with the p53 mutation, but heavy smoking did not, suggesting that prolonged exposure to alcohol is more related to p53 mutation in oropharyngeal SCC than to tobacco consumption. Alcohols 157-164 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 78-81 10754498-8 2000 Interestingly, heavy drinking had a significant positive correlation with the p53 mutation, but heavy smoking did not, suggesting that prolonged exposure to alcohol is more related to p53 mutation in oropharyngeal SCC than to tobacco consumption. Alcohols 157-164 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 184-187 10398108-7 1999 Abuse of alcohol, an additional factor in these HNSCC patients, together with the abuse of tobacco, might play a role in the development of the p53-positive clusters. Alcohols 9-16 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 144-147 9158397-18 1997 Paucity of p53 mutations may be explained by the absence of exposure to tobacco smoke or alcohol. Alcohols 89-96 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 11-14 10895614-7 1998 p53 tumour suppressor gene mutations are the most frequently found genetic errors in oral cancer and the p53 gene is a likely target for tobacco and alcohol. Alcohols 149-156 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 0-3 10895614-7 1998 p53 tumour suppressor gene mutations are the most frequently found genetic errors in oral cancer and the p53 gene is a likely target for tobacco and alcohol. Alcohols 149-156 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 105-108 9790097-7 1998 p53 staining following microwave enhancement of alcohol-fixed tissue showed a significant incidence of conversion of negative results to positive and of positive staining in unexpected tissue components. Alcohols 48-55 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 0-3 9158397-17 1997 CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that p53 gene mutations are less frequent in squamous carcinomas occurring in nonsmoking young patients who do not drink alcohol than in young smokers or in the general population. Alcohols 154-161 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 38-41 9891551-2 1998 The aim of this study was to establish the status of p53 gene and p53-regulated proteins (Bax, Bcl-2 and Waf-1) expression in head and neck simultaneous preneoplastic and invasive lesions from patients with chronic alcohol and tobacco exposure. Alcohols 215-222 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 53-56 9891551-2 1998 The aim of this study was to establish the status of p53 gene and p53-regulated proteins (Bax, Bcl-2 and Waf-1) expression in head and neck simultaneous preneoplastic and invasive lesions from patients with chronic alcohol and tobacco exposure. Alcohols 215-222 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 66-69 9366703-12 1997 A significant correlation existed with both p53 gene mutation status and HPV status with respect to alcohol and tobacco use. Alcohols 100-107 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 44-47 9366703-13 1997 The presence of the p53 gene mutation positively correlated with increased tobacco and alcohol use, whereas infection with HPV predicted a significantly lower rate of alcohol and tobacco consumption. Alcohols 87-94 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 20-23 9366703-15 1997 Conversely, there is a strong association between heavy alcohol and tobacco use and mutation of the p53 gene. Alcohols 56-63 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 100-103 7896460-0 1995 Analysis of the p53 gene in relation to tobacco and alcohol in cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract. Alcohols 52-59 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 16-19 8960021-8 1996 The association we found between alcohol intake and mutant p53 expression may deserve further investigation. Alcohols 33-40 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 59-62 8645592-2 1996 Alcohol use as well as medication with hydralazine-containing antihypertensive drugs, but not heredity were associated with p53 staining. Alcohols 0-7 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 124-127 7734291-8 1995 Our data suggest that subjects with increased susceptibility to carcingogens after exposure to tobacco or alcohol are at higher risk for multiple cancers in which one of the most common genetic events is aberrant p53 expression. Alcohols 106-113 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 213-216 7854378-2 1995 We performed a molecular analysis to determine the pattern of mutations in the p53 gene in neoplasms from patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck and a history of tobacco or alcohol use. Alcohols 193-200 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 79-82 7854378-9 1995 CONCLUSIONS: In our study, a history of tobacco and alcohol use was associated with a high frequency of p53 mutations in patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Alcohols 52-59 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 104-107 11706422-0 1993 Relationship of tobacco/alcohol use to p53 expression in patients with lingual squamous cell carcinomas. Alcohols 24-31 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 39-42 7848689-1 1994 BACKGROUND AND METHODS: p53 protein expression was studied immunohistochemically in 73 colorectal adenocarcinomas, using monoclonal antibody D07 in alcohol fixed, paraffin embedded tissue. Alcohols 148-155 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 24-27 8076382-0 1994 p53 expression and mutations in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: expression correlates with the patients" use of tobacco and alcohol. Alcohols 138-145 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 0-3 11706422-1 1993 This study examined p53 expression immunocytochemically in 40 lingual squamous cell carcinomas from Dutch patients with known histories of smoking and/or drinking alcohol. Alcohols 163-170 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 20-23 11706422-4 1993 25% (3/12) of p53-positive neoplasms and 71.4% (20/28) of p53-negative neoplasms were found in patients who had been exposed to both alcohol and tobacco. Alcohols 133-140 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 14-17 11706422-4 1993 25% (3/12) of p53-positive neoplasms and 71.4% (20/28) of p53-negative neoplasms were found in patients who had been exposed to both alcohol and tobacco. Alcohols 133-140 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 58-61 11706422-5 1993 A similar negative association with p53 reactivity was also found when either tobacco or alcohol were used in isolation. Alcohols 89-96 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 36-39 11706422-6 1993 The results contrast with previous observations in head/neck and oral carcinomas and indicate that the association of alcohol/tobacco and p53 expression remains open to question. Alcohols 118-125 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 138-141 1731521-8 1992 This is the first demonstration of widespread p53 overexpression in alcohol-fixed, embedded tissue and confirms the major role played by p53 in human malignancies. Alcohols 68-75 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 46-49