PMID-sentid Pub_year Sent_text comp_official_name comp_offsetprotein_name organism prot_offset 34013835-0 2021 Hypoxia reduces cell attachment of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by modulating the expression of ACE2, neuropilin-1, syndecan-1 and cellular heparan sulfate. Heparitin Sulfate 136-151 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 46-51 34013835-4 2021 In addition, hypoxia inhibits the binding of the spike to NCI-H460 human lung epithelial cells by decreasing the cell surface levels of heparan sulfate (HS), a known attachment receptor of SARS-CoV-2. Heparitin Sulfate 136-151 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 49-54 34013835-4 2021 In addition, hypoxia inhibits the binding of the spike to NCI-H460 human lung epithelial cells by decreasing the cell surface levels of heparan sulfate (HS), a known attachment receptor of SARS-CoV-2. Heparitin Sulfate 153-155 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 49-54 33791697-2 2021 The interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) promotes viral entry 3 . Heparitin Sulfate 62-77 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 30-35 33915212-10 2021 Heparin-binding to the open conformation of spike structurally supports the state and may aid ACE2 binding as reported with cell surface-bound heparan sulfate. Heparitin Sulfate 143-158 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 44-49 33791697-2 2021 The interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) promotes viral entry 3 . Heparitin Sulfate 79-81 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 30-35 33298900-2 2020 Here we combine genetics and chemical perturbation to demonstrate that ACE2-mediated entry of SARS-Cov and CoV-2 requires the cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) as an assisting cofactor: ablation of genes involved in HS biosynthesis or incubating cells with a HS mimetic both inhibit Spike-mediated viral entry. Heparitin Sulfate 139-154 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 283-288 33968333-7 2021 Docking studies using GlycoTorch Vina and subsequent MD simulations of the spike trimer in the presence of dodecasaccharides of the GAGs heparin and heparan sulfate supported this possibility. Heparitin Sulfate 149-164 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 75-80 33968333-10 2021 These findings identify a site in the spike protein that favors heparan sulfate binding that may be particularly pertinent for a better understanding of the recent UK and South African strains. Heparitin Sulfate 64-79 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 38-43 32970989-1 2020 We show that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with both cellular heparan sulfate and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through its receptor-binding domain (RBD). Heparitin Sulfate 67-82 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 24-29 32970989-5 2020 On cells, spike protein binding depends on both heparan sulfate and ACE2. Heparitin Sulfate 48-63 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 10-15 32970989-6 2020 Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, heparin lyases, and lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and/or infection by pseudotyped virus and authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus. Heparitin Sulfate 76-91 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 107-112 33514685-0 2021 Engaging the spikes: heparan sulfate facilitates SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding to ACE2 and potentiates viral infection. Heparitin Sulfate 21-36 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 13-18 33298900-2 2020 Here we combine genetics and chemical perturbation to demonstrate that ACE2-mediated entry of SARS-Cov and CoV-2 requires the cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) as an assisting cofactor: ablation of genes involved in HS biosynthesis or incubating cells with a HS mimetic both inhibit Spike-mediated viral entry. Heparitin Sulfate 156-158 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 283-288 33298900-3 2020 We show that heparin/HS binds to Spike directly, and facilitates the attachment of Spike-bearing viral particles to the cell surface to promote viral entry. Heparitin Sulfate 21-23 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 33-38 33298900-3 2020 We show that heparin/HS binds to Spike directly, and facilitates the attachment of Spike-bearing viral particles to the cell surface to promote viral entry. Heparitin Sulfate 21-23 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 83-88 32699853-5 2020 Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, treatment with heparin lyases, and purified lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and infection by spike protein-pseudotyped virus and SARS-CoV-2 virus. Heparitin Sulfate 100-115 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 170-175 32699853-1 2020 We show that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with cell surface heparan sulfate and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through its Receptor Binding Domain. Heparitin Sulfate 66-81 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 24-29 32699853-4 2020 Contrary to studies with purified components, spike protein binding to heparan sulfate and ACE2 on cells occurs codependently. Heparitin Sulfate 71-86 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 46-51 32699853-5 2020 Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, treatment with heparin lyases, and purified lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and infection by spike protein-pseudotyped virus and SARS-CoV-2 virus. Heparitin Sulfate 100-115 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 131-136 34743814-0 2021 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein causes blood coagulation and thrombosis by competitive binding to heparan sulfate. Heparitin Sulfate 91-106 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 11-16 34743814-3 2021 Heparan sulfate (HS)/heparin, a key factor in coagulation process, was found to bind SARS-CoV-2 S protein with high affinity. Heparitin Sulfate 0-15 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 96-97 34743814-3 2021 Heparan sulfate (HS)/heparin, a key factor in coagulation process, was found to bind SARS-CoV-2 S protein with high affinity. Heparitin Sulfate 17-19 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 96-97 34179075-0 2021 Heparan Sulfate Facilitates Spike Protein-Mediated SARS-CoV-2 Host Cell Invasion and Contributes to Increased Infection of SARS-CoV-2 G614 Mutant and in Lung Cancer. Heparitin Sulfate 0-15 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 28-33 34356644-3 2021 The causes of such events may be related to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interactions with different C-type lectin receptors, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and the CD147 receptor, or to different soluble splice variants of the spike protein, adenovirus vector interactions with the CD46 receptor or platelet factor 4 antibodies. Heparitin Sulfate 122-137 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 55-60 34235261-2 2021 Microarray binding experiments, using an extensive heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharide library, showed that the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike of SARS-CoV-2 can bind HS in a length- and sequence-dependent manner. Heparitin Sulfate 51-66 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 150-155 34235261-2 2021 Microarray binding experiments, using an extensive heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharide library, showed that the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike of SARS-CoV-2 can bind HS in a length- and sequence-dependent manner. Heparitin Sulfate 68-70 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 150-155 34179075-2 2021 Cellular heparan sulfate (HS) has been found to bind SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SV2-S) and co-operate with cell surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to mediate SARS-CoV-2 infection of host cells. Heparitin Sulfate 9-24 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 64-69 35440680-0 2022 Mitoxantrone modulates a heparan sulfate-spike complex to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. Heparitin Sulfate 25-40 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 41-46 34200372-11 2021 The glycosaminoglycans heparan sulphate and dermatan sulphate, but not chondroitin sulphate, also inhibited the binding of spike protein, indicating that it might bind to one or both of these glycosaminoglycans on the surface of target cells. Heparitin Sulfate 23-39 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 123-128 35440680-2 2022 In addition to protein receptors, the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein also interacts with heparan sulfate, a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) attached to certain membrane proteins on the cell surface. Heparitin Sulfate 87-102 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 49-54 35440680-2 2022 In addition to protein receptors, the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein also interacts with heparan sulfate, a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) attached to certain membrane proteins on the cell surface. Heparitin Sulfate 87-102 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 56-57 35440680-4 2022 Here, we show that Mitoxantrone, an FDA-approved topoisomerase inhibitor, targets a heparan sulfate-spike complex to compromise the fusogenic function of spike in viral entry. Heparitin Sulfate 84-99 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 100-105 35440680-4 2022 Here, we show that Mitoxantrone, an FDA-approved topoisomerase inhibitor, targets a heparan sulfate-spike complex to compromise the fusogenic function of spike in viral entry. Heparitin Sulfate 84-99 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 154-159 35054983-6 2022 Compared to the wild-type spike, the Delta one shows a higher affinity towards heparan sulfate proteoglycans than towards ACE2. Heparitin Sulfate 79-94 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 26-31 35020256-3 2022 We propose based on a chemical rational that the elevated occurrence of positively charged amino acids in certain domains of the spike protein (Delta: +4; Omicron: +5 vs. wild type) increases binding to cellular polyanionic receptors, such as heparan sulfate due to multivalent charge-charge interactions. Heparitin Sulfate 243-258 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 129-134 35269476-7 2022 In particular, the importance of considering secondary co-receptors for Spike, such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans is discussed. Heparitin Sulfate 87-102 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 72-77 35060381-0 2022 Structural Insights into the Cofactor Role of Heparin/Heparan Sulfate in Binding between the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Host Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme II. Heparitin Sulfate 54-69 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 104-109 35060381-1 2022 The viral entry process of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) requires heparin and heparan sulfates from the cell surface, functioning as a cofactor for human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for recognizing the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein on the surface of the virion. Heparitin Sulfate 119-135 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 291-296 35169535-1 2022 The heparin polysaccharide nanoparticles block the interaction between heparan sulfate/S protein and inhibit the infection of both wild-type SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and the mutated strains through pulmonary delivery.Image 1. Heparitin Sulfate 71-86 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 87-88 35054983-7 2022 In addition to attachment to the polyanionic heparan sulfate chains, the Delta spike"s molecular interactions with syndecan-4 also involve syndecan-4"s cell-binding domain that mediates cell-to-cell adhesion. Heparitin Sulfate 45-60 surface glycoprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 79-84