PMID-sentid Pub_year Sent_text comp_official_name comp_offsetprotein_name organism prot_offset 26372666-2 2016 OBJECTIVES: We investigated the influence of the AHR ligand 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) on ER-mediated signaling in mammary gland tissue of ovariectomized (ovx) rats. Methylcholanthrene 60-80 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 49-52 29094188-8 2018 Co-treatment with alpha-naphthoflavone (alphaNF), a specific antagonist of AhR, prevented almost every 3MC-induced changes. Methylcholanthrene 103-106 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 75-78 18524872-1 2008 Aromatic hydrocarbons such as 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) elicit toxic and adaptive responses through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Methylcholanthrene 30-50 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 104-129 25582180-2 2015 The suppressive effects of brewed green tea and black tea on 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-induced AhR activation and its downstream events were examined in the liver of rats. Methylcholanthrene 61-81 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 95-98 25582180-2 2015 The suppressive effects of brewed green tea and black tea on 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-induced AhR activation and its downstream events were examined in the liver of rats. Methylcholanthrene 83-85 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 95-98 25582180-3 2015 Ad-libitum drinking of green tea and black tea suppressed MC-induced AhR activation and elevation of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity in the liver, whereas the teas themselves did not induce them. Methylcholanthrene 58-60 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 69-72 23026235-2 2012 AhR is ligand activated transcription factor with high affinities for aromatic planar compounds such as beta-naphthoflavone (BNF), 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) or dioxin (TCDD). Methylcholanthrene 131-151 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 0-3 23026235-2 2012 AhR is ligand activated transcription factor with high affinities for aromatic planar compounds such as beta-naphthoflavone (BNF), 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) or dioxin (TCDD). Methylcholanthrene 153-157 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 0-3 20881032-5 2011 AHR mRNA was induced 4-fold 6 h after MC in SHAM rats, but no induction was observed in ADX rats. Methylcholanthrene 38-40 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 0-3 20881032-8 2011 We have shown that the response to MC in ADX rats is suppressed for some, but not all, AHR-mediated responses and that reduced POR activity after ADX could contribute to a decreased capacity for P450-dependent metabolism. Methylcholanthrene 35-37 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 87-90 20881032-0 2011 The aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway and the response to 3-methylcholanthrene are altered in the liver of adrenalectomized rats. Methylcholanthrene 58-78 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 4-29 20881032-1 2011 The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is activated by 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and environmental contaminants, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Methylcholanthrene 52-72 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 4-29 20881032-1 2011 The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is activated by 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and environmental contaminants, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Methylcholanthrene 52-72 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 31-34 20881032-1 2011 The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is activated by 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and environmental contaminants, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Methylcholanthrene 74-76 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 4-29 20881032-1 2011 The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is activated by 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and environmental contaminants, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Methylcholanthrene 74-76 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 31-34 19951702-4 2010 However, significant increase in the mRNA expression of these isoenzymes as well as AhR and ARNT in lymphocytes following pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) have demonstrated that responsiveness is retained in the blood lymphocytes, though the magnitude of increase is several fold lower when compared to liver. Methylcholanthrene 140-160 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 84-87 19951702-4 2010 However, significant increase in the mRNA expression of these isoenzymes as well as AhR and ARNT in lymphocytes following pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) have demonstrated that responsiveness is retained in the blood lymphocytes, though the magnitude of increase is several fold lower when compared to liver. Methylcholanthrene 162-164 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 84-87 19615983-1 2009 The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates the effects of aromatic hydrocarbons, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC); the prototypical response is induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Methylcholanthrene 179-199 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 4-29 19615983-1 2009 The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates the effects of aromatic hydrocarbons, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC); the prototypical response is induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Methylcholanthrene 179-199 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 31-34 19615983-1 2009 The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates the effects of aromatic hydrocarbons, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC); the prototypical response is induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Methylcholanthrene 201-203 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 4-29 19615983-1 2009 The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates the effects of aromatic hydrocarbons, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC); the prototypical response is induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Methylcholanthrene 201-203 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 31-34 19615983-6 2009 To assess whether the observed AHR depletion affected aromatic hydrocarbon responsiveness, the induction of hepatic cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) mRNA by MC was measured as an AHR-mediated adaptive response. Methylcholanthrene 153-155 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 31-34 19615983-6 2009 To assess whether the observed AHR depletion affected aromatic hydrocarbon responsiveness, the induction of hepatic cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) mRNA by MC was measured as an AHR-mediated adaptive response. Methylcholanthrene 153-155 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 175-178 19615983-9 2009 These data demonstrate that: (1) adrenal-dependent factors contribute to the physiological maintenance of hepatic AHR protein levels; (2) the depletion of hepatic AHR protein in ADX rats coincided with a diminished adaptive response to MC; and (3) exogenous glucocorticoid treatment increases hepatic ARNT mRNA levels regardless of adrenal status. Methylcholanthrene 236-238 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 163-166 18524872-1 2008 Aromatic hydrocarbons such as 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) elicit toxic and adaptive responses through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Methylcholanthrene 30-50 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 131-134 18524872-1 2008 Aromatic hydrocarbons such as 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) elicit toxic and adaptive responses through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Methylcholanthrene 52-54 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 104-129 18524872-1 2008 Aromatic hydrocarbons such as 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) elicit toxic and adaptive responses through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Methylcholanthrene 52-54 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 131-134 18524872-6 2008 As a positive control for AHR activation, MC dramatically induced the luciferase activity of a Cyp1a1-driven luciferase plasmid under AHR control. Methylcholanthrene 42-44 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 26-29 18524872-6 2008 As a positive control for AHR activation, MC dramatically induced the luciferase activity of a Cyp1a1-driven luciferase plasmid under AHR control. Methylcholanthrene 42-44 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 134-137 18203689-8 2008 Therefore, in this investigation, we tested the hypothesis that MC elicits persistent induction of CYP1B1 and phase II genes, which are in part regulated by the Ah receptor (AHR). Methylcholanthrene 64-66 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 161-172 18203689-8 2008 Therefore, in this investigation, we tested the hypothesis that MC elicits persistent induction of CYP1B1 and phase II genes, which are in part regulated by the Ah receptor (AHR). Methylcholanthrene 64-66 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 174-177 16115717-5 2006 Moreover, oral administration of the molokhia extract (100mg/kg body weight) decreased 3-methylcholanthrene-induced AhR transformation to the control level by inhibiting translocation of the AhR from cytosol into the nucleus in the liver of rats. Methylcholanthrene 87-107 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 116-119 16945501-1 2006 During the conduct of a study designed to determine the effect of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), a synthetic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that acts through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), on uterine contractility in Wistar rats, uterine tumors were identified in both vehicle and 3-MC-treated animals. Methylcholanthrene 88-92 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 194-197 16945501-1 2006 During the conduct of a study designed to determine the effect of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), a synthetic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that acts through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), on uterine contractility in Wistar rats, uterine tumors were identified in both vehicle and 3-MC-treated animals. Methylcholanthrene 292-296 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 194-197 16257430-8 2006 Finally, studies carried out in the AhR-positive rat hepatoma cell line 5L and the AhR-deficient variant BP8 demonstrated that ER reporter activity could be induced by 3MC in a manner that was independent of AhR and thus distinct from the AhR-ER "hijacking" mechanism described recently. Methylcholanthrene 168-171 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 36-39 16257430-8 2006 Finally, studies carried out in the AhR-positive rat hepatoma cell line 5L and the AhR-deficient variant BP8 demonstrated that ER reporter activity could be induced by 3MC in a manner that was independent of AhR and thus distinct from the AhR-ER "hijacking" mechanism described recently. Methylcholanthrene 168-171 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 83-86 16257430-8 2006 Finally, studies carried out in the AhR-positive rat hepatoma cell line 5L and the AhR-deficient variant BP8 demonstrated that ER reporter activity could be induced by 3MC in a manner that was independent of AhR and thus distinct from the AhR-ER "hijacking" mechanism described recently. Methylcholanthrene 168-171 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 83-86 16257430-8 2006 Finally, studies carried out in the AhR-positive rat hepatoma cell line 5L and the AhR-deficient variant BP8 demonstrated that ER reporter activity could be induced by 3MC in a manner that was independent of AhR and thus distinct from the AhR-ER "hijacking" mechanism described recently. Methylcholanthrene 168-171 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 83-86 17069994-8 2006 Expression of AhR mRNA and of the markers of its activation, CYP1A1 and NQO1, was significantly increased by administration of TCDD, 3-MC and, to lower extent, BNF. Methylcholanthrene 133-137 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 14-17 16945501-1 2006 During the conduct of a study designed to determine the effect of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), a synthetic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that acts through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), on uterine contractility in Wistar rats, uterine tumors were identified in both vehicle and 3-MC-treated animals. Methylcholanthrene 66-86 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 167-192 16945501-1 2006 During the conduct of a study designed to determine the effect of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), a synthetic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that acts through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), on uterine contractility in Wistar rats, uterine tumors were identified in both vehicle and 3-MC-treated animals. Methylcholanthrene 66-86 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 194-197 16945501-1 2006 During the conduct of a study designed to determine the effect of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), a synthetic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that acts through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), on uterine contractility in Wistar rats, uterine tumors were identified in both vehicle and 3-MC-treated animals. Methylcholanthrene 88-92 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 167-192 16595894-6 2006 The dose-dependent suppression of AhR-dependent transcriptional activation in both the presence and absence of 3-MC was observed in rat liver-derived RL-34 cells transiently transfected with the expression plasmid for AhRR in combination with the reporter plasmid. Methylcholanthrene 111-115 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 34-37 16115717-5 2006 Moreover, oral administration of the molokhia extract (100mg/kg body weight) decreased 3-methylcholanthrene-induced AhR transformation to the control level by inhibiting translocation of the AhR from cytosol into the nucleus in the liver of rats. Methylcholanthrene 87-107 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 191-194 14987951-5 2004 The mechanism of benzimidazole-mediated induction of CYP1A1 was investigated by comparison with 3-MC, a prototypical AhR ligand. Methylcholanthrene 96-100 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 117-120 16300371-3 2005 Here, we tested the hypothesis that MC elicits persistent induction of other genes that are regulated by the Ah receptor (AHR). Methylcholanthrene 36-38 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 109-120 16300371-3 2005 Here, we tested the hypothesis that MC elicits persistent induction of other genes that are regulated by the Ah receptor (AHR). Methylcholanthrene 36-38 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 122-125 12665258-2 2003 Most responses to aromatic hydrocarbons such as 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin are mediated by the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Methylcholanthrene 48-68 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 134-163 12665258-2 2003 Most responses to aromatic hydrocarbons such as 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin are mediated by the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Methylcholanthrene 48-68 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 165-168 12665258-2 2003 Most responses to aromatic hydrocarbons such as 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin are mediated by the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Methylcholanthrene 70-72 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 134-163 12665258-2 2003 Most responses to aromatic hydrocarbons such as 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin are mediated by the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Methylcholanthrene 70-72 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 165-168 11285323-8 2001 Expression of the Ah receptor correlated with 3-MC-inducibility of CYP1A1 mRNA in rats fed the three diets. Methylcholanthrene 46-50 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 18-29 12505364-7 2002 Agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis showed A-277249 to have a profile most similar to the aromatic hydrocarbons Aroclor 1254 and 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), two known activators of the aryl hydrocarbon nuclear receptor (AhR). Methylcholanthrene 137-157 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 193-226 12505364-7 2002 Agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis showed A-277249 to have a profile most similar to the aromatic hydrocarbons Aroclor 1254 and 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), two known activators of the aryl hydrocarbon nuclear receptor (AhR). Methylcholanthrene 137-157 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 228-231 12505364-7 2002 Agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis showed A-277249 to have a profile most similar to the aromatic hydrocarbons Aroclor 1254 and 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), two known activators of the aryl hydrocarbon nuclear receptor (AhR). Methylcholanthrene 159-162 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 193-226 12505364-7 2002 Agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis showed A-277249 to have a profile most similar to the aromatic hydrocarbons Aroclor 1254 and 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), two known activators of the aryl hydrocarbon nuclear receptor (AhR). Methylcholanthrene 159-162 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 228-231 12490138-1 2002 The aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) acts as a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates many of the biological responses to aromatic hydrocarbons, such as 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Methylcholanthrene 169-189 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 35-38 12490138-1 2002 The aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) acts as a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates many of the biological responses to aromatic hydrocarbons, such as 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Methylcholanthrene 191-193 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 35-38 9632741-9 1998 These findings strongly suggest that AhR translocates from hepatocyte cytoplasm to the nucleus and forms XRE-BP in the nucleus after MC stimulation. Methylcholanthrene 133-135 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 37-40 10769184-8 2000 Thus, the patterns of sedimentation, distribution and elimination of radioactivity from the 8 S fraction of the liver cytosols from beta-NF-, 3-MC-, TCDD- or alpha-NF-treated rats were characteristic for the AhR, whereas those from the 4 S fraction appeared specific for [(3)H]beta-NF binding. Methylcholanthrene 142-146 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 208-211 10769184-9 2000 The data indicate that potent AhR agonists, TCDD, 3-MC and beta-NF, and to a lesser extent alpha-NF, a weak AhR agonist, induce a 4 S [(3)H]beta-NF-binding protein in liver cytosol of female rats. Methylcholanthrene 50-54 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 30-33 9882450-10 1999 Western analysis confirms the presence of AhR and ARNT proteins in 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rat liver, as well as ARNT protein in rat corneal epithelium. Methylcholanthrene 67-87 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 42-45 9514075-3 1998 We had previously observed that 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) and beta-naphthoflavone (betaNF) induced the AHR-associated CYP1A1/1A2 pair in different liver regions, an effect not explained by the acinar distribution of the AHR protein. Methylcholanthrene 32-52 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 104-107 9514075-3 1998 We had previously observed that 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) and beta-naphthoflavone (betaNF) induced the AHR-associated CYP1A1/1A2 pair in different liver regions, an effect not explained by the acinar distribution of the AHR protein. Methylcholanthrene 32-52 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 221-224 9514075-3 1998 We had previously observed that 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) and beta-naphthoflavone (betaNF) induced the AHR-associated CYP1A1/1A2 pair in different liver regions, an effect not explained by the acinar distribution of the AHR protein. Methylcholanthrene 54-57 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 104-107 9514075-3 1998 We had previously observed that 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) and beta-naphthoflavone (betaNF) induced the AHR-associated CYP1A1/1A2 pair in different liver regions, an effect not explained by the acinar distribution of the AHR protein. Methylcholanthrene 54-57 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 221-224 8878250-11 1996 The distinct difference in the acinar induction pattern of GST Ya between beta-naphthoflavone and 3-methylcholanthrene resembles that reported for cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1 and CYP1A2), also members of the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor genes, suggesting common regionally acting regulatory elements in the expression of these genes in the liver. Methylcholanthrene 98-118 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 204-234 8996235-6 1997 Treatment of rats with omeprazole, an atypical nonligand activator of the AHR, caused a zone-specific induction of CYP1A1 in the centrilobular region similar to that seen after pretreatment with the AHR ligand 3-methylcholanthrene. Methylcholanthrene 210-230 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 74-77 2157855-10 1990 After the separation of Ah receptor fraction from liver cytosol in the presence of molybdate, 3-MC consistently bound to a greater extent. Methylcholanthrene 94-98 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 24-35 2125771-5 1990 MC-type inducers (representing a large number of planar polycyclic aromatics, beta-naphthoflavone and polyhalogenated aromatics) bind with high affinity to the Ah receptor which controls gene expression similar to steroid hormone receptors. Methylcholanthrene 0-2 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 160-171 2171791-3 1990 The amount of Ah receptor, i.e. the specific cytosolic binding protein of 3-methylcholanthrene or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in H4IIEC3/T cells was characterized and quantitated by high performance gel filtration. Methylcholanthrene 74-94 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 14-25 3536915-5 1986 On Western (immuno) blot analysis, large increases in this hepatic menadione reductase protein (NMOR1) of 3-methylcholanthrene-treated C57BL/6N but not DBA/2N mice confirmed that induction of this enzyme by 3-methyl-cholanthrene is regulated by the Ah receptor. Methylcholanthrene 106-126 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 249-260 3402044-8 1988 These results show that there was a correlation between the Ah receptor binding affinities of MC, B[a]P and perylene and their potencies as AHH inducers in Sprague-Dawley rats, and this corresponds to previous correlations for the induction of AHH in rat hepatoma H-4-II E cells in culture. Methylcholanthrene 94-96 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 60-71 6322806-0 1984 Elevated binding of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 3-methylcholanthrene to the Ah receptor in hepatic cytosols from phenobarbital-treated rats and mice. Methylcholanthrene 60-80 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Rattus norvegicus 88-99