PMID-sentid Pub_year Sent_text comp_official_name comp_offsetprotein_name organism prot_offset 28666462-14 2017 The mTORC2 effector protein kinase C (PKC)alpha did rescue Rictor-mediated RhoGDI2 downregulation, partially rescuing Rac-guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and migration/motility. Guanosine Triphosphate 122-144 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 118-121 35186026-4 2022 Effector proteins, present in an inactive state gets activated after binding to the GTP bound Cdc42/Rac to relay a signal downstream. Guanosine Triphosphate 84-87 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 100-103 33502586-5 2021 RESULTS: Macrophages incubated with VIP showed increased phospho-AKT and phospho-ERK1/2 levels in a GTP-RhoA-GTPase-dependent manner. Guanosine Triphosphate 100-103 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 65-68 33238110-7 2020 In contrast to GDP-Rho, GTP-Rho antagonizes mTORC2-AKT signaling by inhibiting the oligomerization of GDP-Rho with GTP-Ras. Guanosine Triphosphate 24-27 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 51-54 33238110-7 2020 In contrast to GDP-Rho, GTP-Rho antagonizes mTORC2-AKT signaling by inhibiting the oligomerization of GDP-Rho with GTP-Ras. Guanosine Triphosphate 115-118 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 51-54 32159236-5 2020 Overexpression of activated AKT induces TIF-90 T310, but not a GTP-binding site (TIF-90 T310N) mutant, to translocate into the nucleolus and increase rRNA synthesis. Guanosine Triphosphate 63-66 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 28-31 32159236-6 2020 Complementing this result, treatment with mycophenolic acid (MPA), an inhibitor of GTP production, dissociates TIF-90 from Pol I and hence abolishes AKT-increased rRNA synthesis by way of TIF-90 activation. Guanosine Triphosphate 83-86 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 149-152 29858187-3 2018 Rac and Cdc42 are hyperactivated via signaling through oncogenic cell surface receptors, such as growth factor receptors, which converge on the guanine nucleotide exchange factors that regulate their GDP/GTP exchange. Guanosine Triphosphate 204-207 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 0-3 32411442-5 2020 The key proteins (Tie2, Akt, eNOS, and GTPCH I) in the guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase/tetrahydrobiopterin (GTPCH/BH4) pathway and Tie2/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway were evaluated in these women. Guanosine Triphosphate 55-77 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 24-27 32411442-5 2020 The key proteins (Tie2, Akt, eNOS, and GTPCH I) in the guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase/tetrahydrobiopterin (GTPCH/BH4) pathway and Tie2/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway were evaluated in these women. Guanosine Triphosphate 55-77 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 142-145 31172470-3 2019 Activation of the phagocyte oxidase NOX2 requires p47phox, p67phox, and GTP-bound Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 72-75 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 82-85 30560466-1 2018 BACKGROUND: Overexpression of the RAN GTP (RAN) gene has been shown to be linked to metastatic activity of MDA-MB231 human breast cancer cells by increasing Ras/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 signalling. Guanosine Triphosphate 38-41 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 178-181 29743547-7 2018 We show that PAR2 stimulation promotes AKT phosphorylation which activates Rab5a by converting inactive Rab5a-GDP to active Rab5a-GTP. Guanosine Triphosphate 130-133 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 39-42 29114068-1 2017 We report several receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands increase RhoA-guanosine triphosphate (GTP) in untransformed and transformed cell lines and determine this phenomenon depends on the RTKs activating the AKT serine/threonine kinase. Guanosine Triphosphate 71-93 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 209-212 29114068-1 2017 We report several receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands increase RhoA-guanosine triphosphate (GTP) in untransformed and transformed cell lines and determine this phenomenon depends on the RTKs activating the AKT serine/threonine kinase. Guanosine Triphosphate 95-98 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 209-212 29114068-2 2017 The increased RhoA-GTP results from AKT phosphorylating three serines (S298, S329, and S567) in the DLC1 tumor suppressor, a Rho GTPase-activating protein (RhoGAP) associated with focal adhesions. Guanosine Triphosphate 19-22 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 36-39 26425463-2 2015 These isoprenoid intermediates are required for activation of various intracellular/signaling proteins- small guanosine triphosphate bound protein Ras and Ras-like proteins like Rho, Rab, Rac, Ral, or Rap which plays an indispensible role in multiple cellular processes. Guanosine Triphosphate 110-132 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 188-191 28386321-9 2017 Furthermore, aFGF administration significantly decreased GTP-RhoA expression in the treated group compared with the vehicle group, while PI3K/Akt inhibition increased GTP-RhoA expression. Guanosine Triphosphate 167-170 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 142-145 27588399-5 2016 Knock-down of 14-3-3zeta inhibited Tiam1/Rac-GTP activation and blocked the invasive behavior of cells lacking Par3. Guanosine Triphosphate 45-48 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 41-44 28601080-9 2017 Moreover, (iii) expression of GTP-Rac1, p-PI3K, and p-AKT was decreased by miR-630 overexpression but increased by FoxM1 overexpression. Guanosine Triphosphate 30-33 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 54-57 24526684-1 2014 The small GTP-binding protein Arf6 reorganizes the actin cytoskeleton through the regulation of Rac activity. Guanosine Triphosphate 10-13 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 96-99 25676701-7 2015 PTP-oc overexpression in osteoclasts also increased the GTP-Rac level to 300% of controls, but decreased the GTP-Rho level to ~50% of controls. Guanosine Triphosphate 56-59 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 60-63 25056956-2 2014 Nox2 activation requires two switches to be turned on simultaneously: a conformational change of the cytosolic protein p47(phox) and GDP/GTP exchange on the small GTPase Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 137-140 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 170-173 25056956-5 2014 Here we show that AA elicits GDP-to-GTP exchange on Rac at the cellular level, consistent with its role as a potent Nox2 activator. Guanosine Triphosphate 36-39 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 52-55 24316235-11 2014 Overall, the results support a model in which RhoA GTP represses mTORC1 signaling upstream of Akt and mTORC2. Guanosine Triphosphate 51-54 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 94-97 24316235-10 2014 Consistent with this suggestion, RhoA GTP repressed phosphorylation of TSC2 (Ser939), PRAS40 (Thr246), Akt (Ser473), and mTORC2-associated mTOR (Ser2481). Guanosine Triphosphate 38-41 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 103-106 24598074-4 2014 The participation of Rac is expressed in the following sequence: (1) Translocation of the RacGDP-RhoGDI complex to the membrane; (2) Dissociation of RacGDP from RhoGDI; (3) GDP to GTP exchange on Rac, mediated by a guanine nucleotide exchange factor; (4) Binding of RacGTP to p67(phox); (5) Induction of a conformational change in p67(phox), promoting interaction with Nox2. Guanosine Triphosphate 180-183 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 21-24 24321316-2 2014 In the case of Nox1-3, which depend on the small GTPase Rac, acceleration of GTP hydrolysis by GTPase activating protein (GAP) could represent a feasible temporal control mechanism. Guanosine Triphosphate 49-52 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 56-59 24269559-2 2014 Akt and Rheb, a GTP-binding protein, regulate mTOR protein kinase activity. Guanosine Triphosphate 16-19 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 0-3 24322054-5 2013 We demonstrated that GTP-activated Rac acts as a dual kinase-tuning scaffold for p21-activated kinase (PAK) and PKA activities. Guanosine Triphosphate 21-24 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 35-38 24598074-4 2014 The participation of Rac is expressed in the following sequence: (1) Translocation of the RacGDP-RhoGDI complex to the membrane; (2) Dissociation of RacGDP from RhoGDI; (3) GDP to GTP exchange on Rac, mediated by a guanine nucleotide exchange factor; (4) Binding of RacGTP to p67(phox); (5) Induction of a conformational change in p67(phox), promoting interaction with Nox2. Guanosine Triphosphate 180-183 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 90-93 24322054-6 2013 We showed that receptor-triggered PKA trans-phosphorylation of GTP-Rac-organized PAK contributes to elevations of nuclear Erk1/2 signaling and proliferation. Guanosine Triphosphate 63-66 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 67-70 23657011-7 2013 We show that GTP-Rac stabilizes the inactive PKA holoenzyme. Guanosine Triphosphate 13-16 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 17-20 23936510-1 2013 P21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) is activated by binding to GTP-bound Rho GTPases Cdc42 and Rac via its CRIB domain. Guanosine Triphosphate 57-60 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 89-92 23657011-6 2013 The formation of this transient core complex depends on binary interactions with PKA subunits, cAMP levels and cellular GTP-loading accounting for bidirectional consequences on PKA and Rac downstream signaling. Guanosine Triphosphate 120-123 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 185-188 23657011-8 2013 However, beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated activation of GTP-Rac-bound PKA routes signals to the Raf-Mek-Erk cascade, which is critically implicated in cell proliferation. Guanosine Triphosphate 57-60 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 61-64 23657011-9 2013 We describe a further mechanism of how cAMP enhances nuclear Erk1/2 signaling: It emanates from transphosphorylation of p21-activated kinases in their evolutionary conserved kinase-activation loop through GTP-Rac compartmentalized PKA activities. Guanosine Triphosphate 205-208 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 209-212 23657011-13 2013 Our findings offer additional mechanistic insights how beta-adrenergic receptor-controlled PKA activities enhance GTP-Rac-mediated activation of nuclear Erk1/2 signaling. Guanosine Triphosphate 114-117 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 118-121 23518456-3 2013 Their GTPase activator proteins (Rho/Rac GAPs) are able to increase the GTP hydrolysis of small GTPases, which turns them to an inactive state. Guanosine Triphosphate 6-9 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 37-40 23033535-1 2012 Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that promote GTP loading onto the guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) Rho and Rac are prominent players in cancer progression. Guanosine Triphosphate 56-59 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 121-124 23263278-5 2013 However, loss of Par3 inhibited E-cadherin junction stability, disrupted membrane and actin dynamics at cell-cell junctions and decreased cell-cell cohesion in a manner dependent on the Tiam1/Rac-GTP pathway. Guanosine Triphosphate 196-199 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 192-195 23326220-2 2013 Although the primary members of this family (RhoA, Rac and Cdc42) have different downstream effects on actin remodeling, the basic mechanism involves targeting to the plasma membrane and activation by GTP binding. Guanosine Triphosphate 201-204 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 51-54 22520755-3 2012 Although DOCK2 does not contain Dbl homology domain typically found in guanine nucleotide exchange factors, DOCK2 mediates the GTP-GDP exchange reaction for Rac through its DHR-2 domain. Guanosine Triphosphate 127-130 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 157-160 22404134-1 2012 INTRODUCTION: The p21-activated kinase (PAK) family of serine/threonine protein kinases is activated by binding to the small (p21) GTP-binding proteins Cdc42 and Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 131-134 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 162-165 23285096-7 2012 In parallel, treatment of cells with GTP resulted in inhibition of survival pathway, mediated by Akt deactivation and loss of BAD phosphorylation more prominently in LNCaPshp53 cells. Guanosine Triphosphate 37-40 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 97-100 22144279-3 2012 This chapter describes FRET microscopy methods to image the distribution of GTP-bound Rac and Cdc42 during the well-defined morphological transitions of phagocytosis by macrophages. Guanosine Triphosphate 76-79 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 86-89 23285096-9 2012 GTP-induced apoptosis was attenuated with JNK inhibitor, SP600125 in both cell lines; whereas PI3K-Akt inhibitor, LY294002 resulted in increased cell death prominently in LNCaPshp53 cells, establishing the role of two distinct pathways of GTP-mediated apoptosis. Guanosine Triphosphate 0-3 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 99-102 18802007-6 2009 Surprisingly, SWAP70, hitherto known to bind F-actin and Rac, also binds RhoA-GTP. Guanosine Triphosphate 78-81 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 45-60 23050005-2 2012 Although DOCK2 does not contain the Dbl homology domain typically found in guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), DOCK2 mediates the GTP-GDP exchange reaction for Rac via its DOCK homology region (DHR)-2 (also known as CZH2 or Docker) domain. Guanosine Triphosphate 138-141 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 168-171 22448228-3 2012 The phosphorylated ITAM-like sequence triggers GTP-loading of Rac by directly associating with the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Vav. Guanosine Triphosphate 47-50 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 62-65 22027834-7 2011 Furthermore, ADIP interacted with Vav2, a GDP/GTP exchange factor for Rac, in a Src phosphorylation-dependent manner, suggesting that ADIP mediates the activation of Rac through Vav2. Guanosine Triphosphate 46-49 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 70-73 20127720-4 2010 ELMO3 is an essential upstream regulator of the GTP-binding protein RAC during cell migration. Guanosine Triphosphate 48-51 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 68-71 22027834-7 2011 Furthermore, ADIP interacted with Vav2, a GDP/GTP exchange factor for Rac, in a Src phosphorylation-dependent manner, suggesting that ADIP mediates the activation of Rac through Vav2. Guanosine Triphosphate 46-49 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 166-169 21787760-5 2011 The CDC25 and REM domains provide the catalytic activity of SOS1 towards Ras and the histone fold DH/PH (Dbl homology and Pleckstrin homology) domains function, in tandem, to stimulate GTP/GDP exchange for Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 185-188 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 206-209 20592186-4 2010 Although the capacity of alpha5beta1 to signal for GTP loading of Rac is preserved, the joint engagement of alpha2beta1 interferes with membrane anchorage of Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 51-54 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 66-69 20231290-5 2010 PTX increased the expression of IL-1beta and AT1R through NF-kappaB, and a small GTP-binding protein, Rac, mediated PTX-induced NF-kappaB activation through NADPH oxidase-dependent production of reactive oxygen species. Guanosine Triphosphate 81-84 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 102-105 20007513-3 2010 While Rac, a small GTP-binding protein, has been shown to enhance NADPH oxidase activity, its role in O(2)(-) generation by the MD is unknown. Guanosine Triphosphate 19-22 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 6-9 19451552-6 2009 Conversely, deficiency in the Rac guanine exchange factor DOCK2 significantly impaired CCL21-mediated costimulation in TCR-tg CD4(+) T cells, concomitant with impaired Rac- but not Ras-GTP formation. Guanosine Triphosphate 185-188 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 30-33 19176382-1 2009 GGAP2/PIKE-A is a GTP-binding protein that can enhance Akt activity. Guanosine Triphosphate 18-21 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 55-58 19176382-5 2009 In addition, we have found that activated Akt can bind and phosphorylate GGAP2 at serine 629, which enhances GTP binding by GGAP2. Guanosine Triphosphate 109-112 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 42-45 18505730-0 2008 Dissociation of Rac1(GDP).RhoGDI complexes by the cooperative action of anionic liposomes containing phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor, and GTP. Guanosine Triphosphate 187-190 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 16-19 19074886-3 2008 In this study, we show that down-regulation of PLCgamma1 expression severely impairs activation of the small GTP-binding protein Rac and cell invasion in breast cancer cell lines and U87 in vitro. Guanosine Triphosphate 109-112 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 129-132 18505730-11 2008 Phagocyte membranes enriched in PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) responded by NADPH oxidase activation upon exposure in vitro to Rac1(GDP).RhoGDI complexes, p67(phox), GTP, and Rac GEF constructs with affinity for PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) at a level superior to that of native membranes. Guanosine Triphosphate 153-156 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 114-117 17151107-10 2007 PIKE-A binds and activates the kinase activity of Akt in a GTP-dependent manner and promotes the invasiveness of human cancer cell lines. Guanosine Triphosphate 59-62 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 50-53 18495429-0 2008 The cAMP-activated GTP exchange factor, Epac1 upregulates plasma membrane and nuclear Akt kinase activities in 8-CPT-2-O-Me-cAMP-stimulated macrophages: Gene silencing of the cAMP-activated GTP exchange Epac1 prevents 8-CPT-2-O-Me-cAMP activation of Akt activity in macrophages. Guanosine Triphosphate 19-22 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 86-89 18495429-0 2008 The cAMP-activated GTP exchange factor, Epac1 upregulates plasma membrane and nuclear Akt kinase activities in 8-CPT-2-O-Me-cAMP-stimulated macrophages: Gene silencing of the cAMP-activated GTP exchange Epac1 prevents 8-CPT-2-O-Me-cAMP activation of Akt activity in macrophages. Guanosine Triphosphate 19-22 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 250-253 18513786-3 2008 METHODS: G-protein Gi was inhibited by pertussis toxin (PTX) and GTP binding protein Rac by NSC23766. Guanosine Triphosphate 65-68 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 85-88 18480413-9 2008 These results provide a novel molecular mechanism for the GTP-Rac1 localization through the elevating PLD activity, and they suggest a general mechanism for diverse cellular functions that is required localized Rac activation. Guanosine Triphosphate 58-61 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 62-65 17234718-3 2007 These intrinsic and extrinsic biochemical pathways in turn often converge to stimulate the activity of members of the Rho family of Ras-related guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins, including RhoA, Rac and Cdc42, which control the organization of the actin cytoskeleton thereby regulating cell adhesion, polarity and motility. Guanosine Triphosphate 144-166 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 207-210 17234718-3 2007 These intrinsic and extrinsic biochemical pathways in turn often converge to stimulate the activity of members of the Rho family of Ras-related guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins, including RhoA, Rac and Cdc42, which control the organization of the actin cytoskeleton thereby regulating cell adhesion, polarity and motility. Guanosine Triphosphate 168-171 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 207-210 17516238-0 2007 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine triphosphate(8-oxoGTP) down-regulates respiratory burst of neutrophils by antagonizing GTP toward Rac, a small GTP binding protein. Guanosine Triphosphate 45-48 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 125-128 17516238-0 2007 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine triphosphate(8-oxoGTP) down-regulates respiratory burst of neutrophils by antagonizing GTP toward Rac, a small GTP binding protein. Guanosine Triphosphate 114-117 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 125-128 17516238-9 2007 These results imply the possibility that 8-oxoGTP is formed during respiratory burst of neutrophils and limits neutrophil production of superoxides by antagonizing GTP toward Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 46-49 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 175-178 17024099-6 2007 We have shown previously that the guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins Rac and Rho link hormone signaling and dendricity in melanocytes. Guanosine Triphosphate 34-56 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 74-77 18480413-0 2008 Phospholipase D activity regulates integrin-mediated cell spreading and migration by inducing GTP-Rac translocation to the plasma membrane. Guanosine Triphosphate 94-97 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 98-101 18480413-2 2008 It is generally accepted that Rac activity is regulated by the guanosine triphosphate (GTP)/guanosine diphosphate (GDP) cycle. Guanosine Triphosphate 63-85 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 30-33 18480413-2 2008 It is generally accepted that Rac activity is regulated by the guanosine triphosphate (GTP)/guanosine diphosphate (GDP) cycle. Guanosine Triphosphate 87-90 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 30-33 18480413-3 2008 But, it is suggested that in addition to Rac-GTP loading, membrane localization is required for the initiation of downstream effector signaling. Guanosine Triphosphate 45-48 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 41-44 18480413-4 2008 However, the molecular mechanisms that control the targeting of GTP-Rac to the plasma membrane remain largely unknown. Guanosine Triphosphate 64-67 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 68-71 17274760-2 2007 Considerable evidence indicates that the phosphorylation of this protein by Akt (protein kinase B) leads to suppression of its GAP activity and results in the elevation of the GTP form of a critical Rab. Guanosine Triphosphate 176-179 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 76-79 16998826-1 2006 The Rho GTPases-Rho, Rac and Cdc42-act as molecular switches, cycling between an active GTP-bound state and an inactive GDP-bound state, to regulate the actin cytoskeleton. Guanosine Triphosphate 8-11 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 21-24 16844845-7 2006 Affinity precipitation assays showed that gabapentin-lactam increased the GTP binding of the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42, which facilitate branch addition. Guanosine Triphosphate 74-77 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 107-110 16837009-3 2006 GTP-bound forms of Cdc42 and Rac bind to the regulatory domain and displace it, thereby allowing phosphorylation of the kinase domain and maximal activation. Guanosine Triphosphate 0-3 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 16762923-4 2006 Electropermeabilized HeLa cells, ectopically expressing Nox1, Noxo1, and Noxa1, produce superoxide in a GTP-dependent manner, which is abrogated by expression of a mutant Noxa1(R103E), defective in Rac binding. Guanosine Triphosphate 104-107 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 198-201 16916597-1 2007 The dbl oncogene product is the founding member of a large family of oncogenic proteins that function by activating the small GTP-binding proteins Cdc42, Rac and Rho. Guanosine Triphosphate 126-129 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 154-157 16916489-2 2006 Key components of the pathway are the lipid kinase PI3-K, the small guanosine triphosphate-binding protein Rheb, and the protein kinases Akt and mTOR. Guanosine Triphosphate 68-90 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 137-140 16597700-5 2006 Thus, the major route for dissociation is conversion of membrane-bound GTP-Rac to GDP-Rac; however, dissociation of GTP-Rac occurs at a detectable rate. Guanosine Triphosphate 71-74 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 75-78 16597700-5 2006 Thus, the major route for dissociation is conversion of membrane-bound GTP-Rac to GDP-Rac; however, dissociation of GTP-Rac occurs at a detectable rate. Guanosine Triphosphate 71-74 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 86-89 16597700-5 2006 Thus, the major route for dissociation is conversion of membrane-bound GTP-Rac to GDP-Rac; however, dissociation of GTP-Rac occurs at a detectable rate. Guanosine Triphosphate 71-74 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 86-89 16597700-6 2006 Overexpression of the GEF Tiam1 unexpectedly decreased k(off) for wtRac, most likely by converting membrane-bound GDP-Rac back to GTP-Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 130-133 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 68-71 16301320-10 2006 LPA increased the amount of GTP-bound Rac in the cells and isoproterenol reduced basal levels of GTP-bound Rac and blunted the effect of LPA. Guanosine Triphosphate 28-31 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 38-41 16571745-5 2006 NF2 is involved in suppression of Rac signaling, and cultured schwannoma cells contain elevated, GTP-bound, active Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 97-100 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 115-118 16301320-10 2006 LPA increased the amount of GTP-bound Rac in the cells and isoproterenol reduced basal levels of GTP-bound Rac and blunted the effect of LPA. Guanosine Triphosphate 97-100 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 107-110 16301320-11 2006 Treatment of the cells with S(p)-cAMPS also reduced the levels of GTP-bound Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 66-69 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 76-79 16170364-6 2006 c-Src then tyrosine-phosphorylated Vav2, one of the Rac-GDP/GTP exchange factors (GEFs), and induced activation of C3G, one of the Rap1-GEFs, through Crk adaptor protein, resulting in the activation of Rap1 locally at the cadherin-based cell-cell adhesion sites. Guanosine Triphosphate 60-63 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 52-55 16190977-1 2005 Small GTP-binding proteins of the Rho/Rac/Cdc42 family combine their GDP/GTP cycle, regulated by guanine nucleotide-exchange factors and GTPase-activating proteins, to a cytosol/membrane cycle, regulated by guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (rhoGDIs). Guanosine Triphosphate 6-9 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 38-41 16918362-1 2006 The enzyme protein:geranylgeranyl transferase-1 (PGGT-1 or GGTase-I) catalyzes the geranylgeranylation of cysteine residues near the C-termini of a variety of proteins, including most monomeric GTP binding precursor proteins belonging to the Rho, Rac and Rap subfamilies. Guanosine Triphosphate 194-197 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 247-250 16472687-6 2006 In fibroblast cells, NSC23766 inhibited Rac1 GTP-loading without affecting Cdc42 or RhoA activity and suppressed cell proliferation induced by a Rac GEF Tiam1. Guanosine Triphosphate 45-48 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 40-43 16253996-8 2005 Thus we propose a model in which GTP-bound Cdc42/Rac binds MLK3 and disrupts SH3-mediated autoinhibition leading to dimerization and activation loop autophosphorylation. Guanosine Triphosphate 33-36 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 49-52 16190977-1 2005 Small GTP-binding proteins of the Rho/Rac/Cdc42 family combine their GDP/GTP cycle, regulated by guanine nucleotide-exchange factors and GTPase-activating proteins, to a cytosol/membrane cycle, regulated by guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (rhoGDIs). Guanosine Triphosphate 73-76 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 38-41 16101281-3 2005 This interaction is thought to affect the localization of PAK, as well as increased GTP/GDP exchange of Rac and Cdc42. Guanosine Triphosphate 84-87 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 104-107 16049005-2 2005 The activity of Rac is stimulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that promote GDP release and GTP binding. Guanosine Triphosphate 109-112 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 16-19 16042555-5 2005 In addition to their effect on GTP loading, integrins independently control the translocation of GTP-bound Rac to the plasma membrane. Guanosine Triphosphate 31-34 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 107-110 16042555-5 2005 In addition to their effect on GTP loading, integrins independently control the translocation of GTP-bound Rac to the plasma membrane. Guanosine Triphosphate 97-100 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 107-110 16025104-3 2005 A form of DOCK180 that lacks DHR-1 fails to promote cell migration, although it is capable of inducing Rac GTP-loading. Guanosine Triphosphate 107-110 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 103-106 16025104-6 2005 These results demonstrate that DOCK180, via its DHR-1 and DHR-2 domains, couples PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) signalling to Rac GTP-loading, which is essential for directional cell movement. Guanosine Triphosphate 117-120 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 113-116 15850775-5 2005 We propose that the Rac GEF reaction may proceed by competitive displacement of bound GDP by GTP through a transient intermediate of GEF-[GTP-Rac-GDP]. Guanosine Triphosphate 93-96 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 20-23 15863513-2 2005 beta2-Chimerin possesses a C-terminal Rac-GAP (GTPase-activating protein) domain that accelerates the hydrolysis of GTP from the Rac GTPase, leading to its inactivation. Guanosine Triphosphate 47-50 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 38-41 15863513-2 2005 beta2-Chimerin possesses a C-terminal Rac-GAP (GTPase-activating protein) domain that accelerates the hydrolysis of GTP from the Rac GTPase, leading to its inactivation. Guanosine Triphosphate 47-50 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 129-132 15850775-5 2005 We propose that the Rac GEF reaction may proceed by competitive displacement of bound GDP by GTP through a transient intermediate of GEF-[GTP-Rac-GDP]. Guanosine Triphosphate 93-96 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 142-145 15850775-5 2005 We propose that the Rac GEF reaction may proceed by competitive displacement of bound GDP by GTP through a transient intermediate of GEF-[GTP-Rac-GDP]. Guanosine Triphosphate 138-141 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 20-23 15850775-5 2005 We propose that the Rac GEF reaction may proceed by competitive displacement of bound GDP by GTP through a transient intermediate of GEF-[GTP-Rac-GDP]. Guanosine Triphosphate 138-141 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 142-145 15649357-9 2005 These findings demonstrate that by serving as a target for GTP bound Cdc42 and a GEF for Rac, Cool-2 mediates a GTPase cascade where the activation of Cdc42 is translated into the activation of Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 59-62 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 89-92 15657050-5 2005 These data were also supported by the ability of LTD4 to activate the Rac GDP/GTP exchange factor Vav2. Guanosine Triphosphate 78-81 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 70-73 16787319-1 2005 Aberrant signalling through the pathways of small GTP-binding proteins, belonging to the Ras superfamily (Ras, Rho, Rac, Cdc42 etc. Guanosine Triphosphate 50-53 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 116-119 15649357-9 2005 These findings demonstrate that by serving as a target for GTP bound Cdc42 and a GEF for Rac, Cool-2 mediates a GTPase cascade where the activation of Cdc42 is translated into the activation of Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 59-62 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 194-197 15304342-4 2004 P-REX2 promoted increased levels of GTP-bound Rac that could be further stimulated by enhancing PI-3K activity. Guanosine Triphosphate 36-39 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 46-49 15642749-4 2005 Using a pull-down assay, we found that the level of GTP-Cdc42 elevates in metaphase, whereas the level of GTP-Rac does not change significantly in mitosis. Guanosine Triphosphate 106-109 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 110-113 15385472-1 2004 Cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (CNF1) from Escherichia coli activates the small GTP-binding proteins of the Rho family (Rho, Rac, and Cdc42) by catalyzing their deamidation at a specific glutamine residue. Guanosine Triphosphate 85-88 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 130-133 15337751-5 2004 Small GTP-binding proteins of the Rho family, Rac, Cdc42, and Rho control chemotaxis by mediating the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Guanosine Triphosphate 6-9 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 46-49 15146537-1 2004 The pathways by which activation of the small GTP-binding protein Rac causes cytoskeletal changes are not fully understood but are likely to involve both assembly of new actin filaments and reorganization of actin filaments driven by the actin-dependent ATPase activity of myosin II. Guanosine Triphosphate 46-49 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 66-69 15118108-2 2004 PIKE-A stimulates Akt activity in a GTP-dependent manner and promotes invasiveness of cancer cell lines. Guanosine Triphosphate 36-39 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 18-21 15187145-4 2004 Rac1, a small GTP-binding protein that is activated upon LPS stimulation of macrophages, activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt and leads to NF-kappaB activation. Guanosine Triphosphate 14-17 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 133-136 14707113-5 2004 Moreover, CEACAM3 engagement triggers membrane recruitment and increased GTP loading of Rac that are not observed upon bacterial binding to CEACAM6. Guanosine Triphosphate 73-76 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 88-91 15107133-5 2004 In contrast to most DH-PH-domain containing proteins, it binds the activated, GTP-bound forms of Rac and Cdc42. Guanosine Triphosphate 78-81 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 97-100 14615606-9 2004 In contrast to TC10 alpha, endogenous Rac is readily detectable in both muscle cells and adipocytes and binds GTP after insulin in a PI3-K-dependent manner. Guanosine Triphosphate 110-113 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 38-41 12907671-2 2003 PAK2 is activated by autophosphorylation upon binding of small G proteins such as Cdc42 and Rac in the GTP-bound state. Guanosine Triphosphate 103-106 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 92-95 14720507-7 2004 Pull-down assays of GTP-loaded Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 demonstrated that Rac, but not Rho or Cdc42, was preferentially activated on laminin-8 and laminin-10/11, when compared with fibronectin. Guanosine Triphosphate 20-23 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 69-72 14699954-2 2004 Stimulation of p75NTR with neurotrophin can activate multiple downstream signals, including the small GTP binding protein Rac, the transcription factor NF-kappa B and the stress activated kinase, JNK. Guanosine Triphosphate 102-105 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 122-125 14641027-4 2003 Our recent work has shown that LPA signals Rac activation via the Tiam1 GDP/GTP exchange factor and thereby stimulates cell migration. Guanosine Triphosphate 76-79 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 43-46 12962702-8 2003 The enzyme phosphoinositide 3-kinase and the small cytosolic GTP-binding proteins Rho and Rac emerge as key regulators of neutrophil migration. Guanosine Triphosphate 61-64 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 90-93 12958025-0 2003 Rac regulates cardiovascular superoxide through diverse molecular interactions: more than a binary GTP switch. Guanosine Triphosphate 99-102 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 0-3 12955089-7 2003 Failure to spread coincided with inhibition of adhesion-induced GTP loading of Rac and also with inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)/Akt pathway. Guanosine Triphosphate 64-67 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 79-82 12955089-8 2003 Subsequent studies demonstrated that an activated form of PI 3-kinase restored Rac GTP loading in the presence of EGFR inhibition, while a dominant-negative form of PI 3-kinase blocked Rac GTP loading in fibronectin-adherent cells. Guanosine Triphosphate 83-86 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 79-82 12955089-8 2003 Subsequent studies demonstrated that an activated form of PI 3-kinase restored Rac GTP loading in the presence of EGFR inhibition, while a dominant-negative form of PI 3-kinase blocked Rac GTP loading in fibronectin-adherent cells. Guanosine Triphosphate 189-192 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 185-188 12676940-4 2003 The PI 3-kinase dependence of the beta2 integrin-mediated decrease in GTP-bound Rac could be explained by an enhanced Rac-GAP activity, since this activity was blocked by LY204002, whereas PP1 only had a minor effect. Guanosine Triphosphate 70-73 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 80-83 12716910-5 2003 The protein p51nox as well as p67phox can form a complex with p47phox and with p41nox via the C-terminal SH3 domain and binds to GTP-bound Rac via the N-terminal domain containing four tetratricopeptide repeat motifs. Guanosine Triphosphate 129-132 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 139-142 12676940-4 2003 The PI 3-kinase dependence of the beta2 integrin-mediated decrease in GTP-bound Rac could be explained by an enhanced Rac-GAP activity, since this activity was blocked by LY204002, whereas PP1 only had a minor effect. Guanosine Triphosphate 70-73 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 118-121 12383793-5 2002 The studies reveal that ADP-ribosylation factor and vesicle coat proteins are able to act through the Rho-family GTP-binding proteins, Cdc42 and Rac, and several specific actin-binding proteins to direct actin assembly through the Arp2/3 complex. Guanosine Triphosphate 113-116 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 145-148 12297274-1 2002 Proteins containing a RhoGAP (Rho GTPase activating protein) domain usually function to catalyze the hydrolysis of GTP that is bound to Rho, Rac and/or Cdc42, inactivating these regulators of the actin cytoskeleton. Guanosine Triphosphate 34-37 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 141-144 12186557-3 2002 (2) p67(phox) inhibits GTP hydrolysis on Rac whereas p47(phox) has no effect on Rac GTPase activity. Guanosine Triphosphate 23-26 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 41-44 12186557-6 2002 Taken together, we propose that the GTP-bound active form of Rac is required for sustained enzyme activity and that membrane-localized GAPs have a role in the deactivation of NADPH oxidase. Guanosine Triphosphate 36-39 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 61-64 12626562-2 2003 Herein we demonstrate that NK cell binding to endothelium activates proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk-2) and the small GTP binding protein Rac that are coupled to integrin and chemokine receptors. Guanosine Triphosphate 121-124 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 141-144 12475976-0 2003 The guanine nucleotide exchange factor trio activates the phagocyte NADPH oxidase in the absence of GDP to GTP exchange on Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 107-110 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 123-126 12432077-5 2002 Importantly, we have identified several novel homologues of DOCK180 that possess this domain and found that many of them directly bind to and exchange GDP for GTP both in vitro and in vivo on either Rac or another Rho-family member, Cdc42. Guanosine Triphosphate 159-162 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 199-202 12134158-3 2002 Here, we identify a domain within Dock180 (denoted Docker) that specifically recognizes nucleotide-free Rac and can mediate GTP loading of Rac in vitro. Guanosine Triphosphate 124-127 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 104-107 12134164-1 2002 Rac is a member of the Ras superfamily of GTPases and functions as a GDP/GTP-regulated switch. Guanosine Triphosphate 42-45 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 0-3 12134164-7 2002 Here we demonstrate that Tiam1, a Rac-specific GEF, preferentially associates with activated GTP-bound Ras through a Ras-binding domain. Guanosine Triphosphate 93-96 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 34-37 12134158-3 2002 Here, we identify a domain within Dock180 (denoted Docker) that specifically recognizes nucleotide-free Rac and can mediate GTP loading of Rac in vitro. Guanosine Triphosphate 124-127 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 139-142 12134158-5 2002 In cells, binding of Dock180 to Rac alone is insufficient for GTP loading, and a Dock180 ELMO1 interaction is required. Guanosine Triphosphate 62-65 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 32-35 12027902-8 2002 Direct binding of purified Rac1 to PAK68 was quantified using a fluorescent analog of GTP (methylanthraniloyl guanosine-5"-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate) bound to Rac as a reporter group. Guanosine Triphosphate 86-89 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 27-30 12021256-6 2002 Consistently, the amount of GTP-Rac increased significantly by Y-27632 in LPA-stimulated cells. Guanosine Triphosphate 28-31 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 32-35 11950933-4 2002 We show herein that in response to ligation of Fc receptors for IgG (FcgammaR), the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav translocates to nascent phagosomes and catalyzes GTP loading on Rac, but not Cdc42. Guanosine Triphosphate 172-175 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 187-190 11950933-7 2002 We conclude that Rac is recruited to Fcgamma membrane receptors in its inactive, GDP-bound state and that Vav regulates phagocytosis through subsequent catalysis of GDP/GTP exchange on Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 169-172 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 17-20 11950933-7 2002 We conclude that Rac is recruited to Fcgamma membrane receptors in its inactive, GDP-bound state and that Vav regulates phagocytosis through subsequent catalysis of GDP/GTP exchange on Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 169-172 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 185-188 11779690-3 2002 To date, the best-known function of Vav proteins is their role as GDP/GTP exchange factors for Rho/Rac molecules. Guanosine Triphosphate 70-73 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 99-102 11862216-0 2002 Integrins regulate GTP-Rac localized effector interactions through dissociation of Rho-GDI. Guanosine Triphosphate 19-22 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 23-26 11862216-2 2002 Integrin-mediated cell adhesion modulates the interaction of GTP-Rac with its effectors by controlling GTP-Rac membrane targeting. Guanosine Triphosphate 61-64 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 65-68 11862216-2 2002 Integrin-mediated cell adhesion modulates the interaction of GTP-Rac with its effectors by controlling GTP-Rac membrane targeting. Guanosine Triphosphate 61-64 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 107-110 11862216-2 2002 Integrin-mediated cell adhesion modulates the interaction of GTP-Rac with its effectors by controlling GTP-Rac membrane targeting. Guanosine Triphosphate 103-106 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 65-68 11862216-2 2002 Integrin-mediated cell adhesion modulates the interaction of GTP-Rac with its effectors by controlling GTP-Rac membrane targeting. Guanosine Triphosphate 103-106 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 107-110 11862216-3 2002 Here, we show that the translocation of GTP-Rac to membranes is independent of effector interactions, but instead requires the polybasic sequence near the carboxyl terminus. Guanosine Triphosphate 40-43 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 44-47 11861422-3 2002 In rat and human aortic SMCs, the chemoattractant platelet-derived growth factor B-chain (PDGF) induced rapid 5- to 6-fold increases in the cellular amount of GTP-bound, active form of Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 159-162 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 185-188 11792816-4 2001 The p95-APP1 protein is a member of this family, isolated as part of a multi-molecular complex interacting with GTP-Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 112-115 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 116-119 11773441-3 2002 PAK6 bound strongly to GTP-Cdc42 and weakly to GTP-Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 47-50 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 51-54 11607839-4 2001 To date, the best-known function of Vav proteins is their role as GDP/GTP exchange factors for Rho/Rac molecules, a function strictly controlled by tyrosine phosphorylation. Guanosine Triphosphate 70-73 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 99-102 11438672-2 2001 They become activated by interaction with Rho-type small GTP-binding proteins Rac and Cdc42 in the GTP-bound conformation, thereby relieving the inhibition of the regulatory domain (RD) on the catalytic domain (CD). Guanosine Triphosphate 57-60 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 78-81 11593437-1 2001 The small GTP-binding protein Rac is a downstream effector of the oncogene product p21-ras. Guanosine Triphosphate 10-13 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 30-33 11554716-4 2001 We demonstrate that this protein construct allows significant FRET between EBFP and EGFP and retains the ability to bind to Rac in its GTP-bound form with a binding affinity similar to the uncomplexed PAK fragment, and furthermore, on binding to Rac or Cdc42 a marked change in FRET takes place. Guanosine Triphosphate 135-138 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 124-127 11554716-4 2001 We demonstrate that this protein construct allows significant FRET between EBFP and EGFP and retains the ability to bind to Rac in its GTP-bound form with a binding affinity similar to the uncomplexed PAK fragment, and furthermore, on binding to Rac or Cdc42 a marked change in FRET takes place. Guanosine Triphosphate 135-138 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 246-249 11554716-6 2001 Since the signal is dependent upon the interaction with active GTP-bound forms it acts as a biosensor for the activation of Rac/Cdc42. Guanosine Triphosphate 63-66 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 124-127 11513579-1 2001 The low molecular weight GTP binding protein Rac is essential to the activation of the NADPH oxidase complex, involved in pathogen killing during phagocytosis. Guanosine Triphosphate 25-28 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 45-48 11438672-2 2001 They become activated by interaction with Rho-type small GTP-binding proteins Rac and Cdc42 in the GTP-bound conformation, thereby relieving the inhibition of the regulatory domain (RD) on the catalytic domain (CD). Guanosine Triphosphate 99-102 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 78-81 11369773-5 2001 Pull-down assays of GTP-loaded Rac and Rho demonstrated the preferential activation of Rac on laminin-10/11, in contrast to the activation of Rho on fibronectin. Guanosine Triphosphate 20-23 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 31-34 11369773-5 2001 Pull-down assays of GTP-loaded Rac and Rho demonstrated the preferential activation of Rac on laminin-10/11, in contrast to the activation of Rho on fibronectin. Guanosine Triphosphate 20-23 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 87-90 11260256-3 2001 The PAR6 proteins harbour a PDZ domain and a CRIB-like motif, and directly interact with GTP-bound Rac and Cdc42 via this motif and with the aPKC isoforms PKCiota/lambda and PKCzeta via the N-terminal head-to-head association. Guanosine Triphosphate 89-92 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 99-102 11278702-7 2001 Moreover, the Pak binding activity of Rac, which is indicative of the amount of GTP-bound Rac, was higher in K-RasV12-expressing cells than Ha-RasV12-expressing cells. Guanosine Triphosphate 80-83 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 38-41 11278702-7 2001 Moreover, the Pak binding activity of Rac, which is indicative of the amount of GTP-bound Rac, was higher in K-RasV12-expressing cells than Ha-RasV12-expressing cells. Guanosine Triphosphate 80-83 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 90-93 11267870-4 2001 Using yeast two-hybrid screening and in vitro interaction assays, we show that Rac in its active, GTP bound state interacts directly with the cytoplasmic domain of mammalian and Drosophila B plexins. Guanosine Triphosphate 98-101 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 79-82 10820483-4 2000 Four isoforms of chimaerins (alpha1-, alpha2-, beta1-, and beta2-chimaerins) have been isolated to-date, all of them possessing GTPase-activating protein activity for Rac, a small GTP-binding protein that controls actin cytoskeleton organization, cell-cycle progression, adhesion, and migration. Guanosine Triphosphate 128-131 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 167-170 11090627-0 2000 Structure of the TPR domain of p67phox in complex with Rac.GTP. Guanosine Triphosphate 59-62 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 55-58 11090627-3 2000 The structure of Rac.GTP bound to the N-terminal TPR (tetratricopeptide repeat) domain of p67phox reveals a novel mode of Rho family/effector interaction and explains the basis of GTPase specificity. Guanosine Triphosphate 21-24 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 17-20 10975833-11 2000 Rac cycling between its GTP- and GDP-bound states is necessary for this signaling. Guanosine Triphosphate 24-27 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 0-3 10930578-8 2000 These results implicate PKB/Akt in the regulation of GTP biosynthesis through its interaction with IMPDH, which is involved in providing the GTP pool used by signal transducing G-proteins. Guanosine Triphosphate 53-56 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 24-27 10930578-8 2000 These results implicate PKB/Akt in the regulation of GTP biosynthesis through its interaction with IMPDH, which is involved in providing the GTP pool used by signal transducing G-proteins. Guanosine Triphosphate 53-56 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 28-31 10930578-8 2000 These results implicate PKB/Akt in the regulation of GTP biosynthesis through its interaction with IMPDH, which is involved in providing the GTP pool used by signal transducing G-proteins. Guanosine Triphosphate 141-144 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 24-27 10930578-8 2000 These results implicate PKB/Akt in the regulation of GTP biosynthesis through its interaction with IMPDH, which is involved in providing the GTP pool used by signal transducing G-proteins. Guanosine Triphosphate 141-144 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 28-31 10975528-1 2000 The p21-activated kinases (PAKs), stimulated by binding with GTP-liganded forms of Cdc42 or Rac, modulate cytoskeletal actin assembly and activate MAP-kinase pathways. Guanosine Triphosphate 61-64 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 92-95 10860831-1 2000 The small GTP-binding protein family including Rac proteins represents a paradigm for signaling molecules shared by animal and plants. Guanosine Triphosphate 10-13 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 47-50 11036608-0 2000 Determination of GTP loading on Rac and Cdc42 in platelets and fibroblasts. Guanosine Triphosphate 17-20 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 32-35 10865126-5 2000 While preactivated Rac and Cdc42 can induce secretion from permeabilised mast cells in the absence of a guanine nucleotide betagamma-subunits only act to enhance the secretion induced by other GTP-binding proteins (likely to be members of the Rho family of monomeric GTPases). Guanosine Triphosphate 193-196 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 19-22 10652228-6 2000 Moreover, accumulation of the GTP-bound form of Rho and Rac within the cell paralleled ACK-1-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of Dbl. Guanosine Triphosphate 30-33 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 56-59 10679324-6 2000 We previously demonstrated that Rac interacts with a type I phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP 5-kinase) in a GTP-independent manner [12] [13]. Guanosine Triphosphate 122-125 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 32-35 10648409-1 2000 Stimulation of platelet PAR-1 receptors results in the rapid (10 to 30 seconds) and extensive (30% to 40% of total) guanosine triphosphate (GTP) charging of endogenous platelet rac, previously identified as a possible key intermediate in the signal pathway between PAR-1 and actin filament barbed-end uncapping, leading to actin assembly. Guanosine Triphosphate 116-138 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 177-180 10648409-1 2000 Stimulation of platelet PAR-1 receptors results in the rapid (10 to 30 seconds) and extensive (30% to 40% of total) guanosine triphosphate (GTP) charging of endogenous platelet rac, previously identified as a possible key intermediate in the signal pathway between PAR-1 and actin filament barbed-end uncapping, leading to actin assembly. Guanosine Triphosphate 140-143 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 177-180 10673424-1 2000 BACKGROUND: Members of the Rho family of small GTP-binding proteins, such as Rho, Rac and Cdc42, have a role in a wide range of cell responses. Guanosine Triphosphate 47-50 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 82-85 11075828-2 2000 When GTP-bound, Rac binds specific effectors to induce downstream signaling events, including actin cytoskeletal rearrangements (Hall, Science 1998;279:509-514). Guanosine Triphosphate 5-8 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 16-19 10551809-1 1999 p21-activated kinases (Pak)/Ste20 kinases are regulated in vitro and in vivo by the small GTP-binding proteins Rac and Cdc42 and lipids, such as sphingosine, which stimulate autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of exogenous substrates. Guanosine Triphosphate 90-93 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 111-114 10047984-3 1998 In this study we report that gamma-PAK, which is activated by the GTP-binding proteins Cdc42 and Rac, catalyses phosphorylation of intact non-muscle myosin II and isolated recombinant RLC. Guanosine Triphosphate 66-69 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 97-100 10485927-0 1999 The small GTP-binding protein rac is a regulator of cell death in plants. Guanosine Triphosphate 10-13 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 30-33 10485927-3 1999 We introduced the constitutively active and the dominant negative forms of the small GTP-binding protein OsRac1, a rice homolog of human Rac, into the wild type and a lesion mimic mutant of rice and analyzed H(2)O(2) production and cell death in transformed cell cultures and plants. Guanosine Triphosphate 85-88 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 107-110 10461188-1 1999 Members of the Pak family of serine/threonine kinases serve as targets for the small GTP-binding proteins Cdc42 and Rac and have been implicated in a wide range of biological activities. Guanosine Triphosphate 85-88 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 116-119 10455184-2 1999 During formation of the active oxidase complex at the membrane, the GTP-bound Rac appears to interact with the N-terminal region of p67(phox), another indispensable activator that translocates from the cytosol upon phagocyte stimulation. Guanosine Triphosphate 68-71 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 78-81 10364257-3 1999 Here we describe a novel method to detect the GTP-bound, active Rac in cells by pulling it down with the Rac-binding domain of the protein kinase PAK. Guanosine Triphosphate 46-49 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 64-67 10364257-3 1999 Here we describe a novel method to detect the GTP-bound, active Rac in cells by pulling it down with the Rac-binding domain of the protein kinase PAK. Guanosine Triphosphate 46-49 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 105-108 10617634-0 2000 Akt protein kinase inhibits Rac1-GTP binding through phosphorylation at serine 71 of Rac1. Guanosine Triphosphate 33-36 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 0-3 10537179-2 1999 These effects are mediated by the PRL receptor (PRLr); when stimulated the PRL-PRLr complex activates several signaling cascades, including those involving the GTP-binding proteins Ras and Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 160-163 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 189-192 10486263-3 1999 Rac is a GTPase that in the GTP-bound state binds p67phox to activate NADPH oxidase. Guanosine Triphosphate 9-12 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 0-3 10499589-1 1999 The small guanine nucleotide (GTP)-binding protein Rac regulates mitogen-induced cytoskeletal changes and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK), and its activity is required for Ras-mediated cell transformation. Guanosine Triphosphate 30-33 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 51-54 10499589-2 1999 Epistatic analysis placed Rac as a key downstream target in Ras signalling; however, the biochemical mechanism regulating the cross-talk among these small GTP-binding proteins remains to be elucidated. Guanosine Triphosphate 155-158 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 26-29 10508262-0 1999 The small GTP-binding proteins Rho and Rac induce T cell adhesion to the mucosal addressin MAdCAM-1 in a hierarchical fashion. Guanosine Triphosphate 10-13 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 39-42 10496324-3 1999 The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are specific targets of activated GTP-bound Rac and Cdc42, and have been proposed as regulators of chemoattractant-driven actin cytoskeletal changes in fibroblasts. Guanosine Triphosphate 67-70 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 77-80 10360578-1 1999 The Rho-family GTP-hydrolysing proteins (GTPases), Cdc42, Rac and Rho, act as molecular switches in signalling pathways that regulate cytoskeletal architecture, gene expression and progression of the cell cycle. Guanosine Triphosphate 15-18 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 58-61 10360578-2 1999 Cdc42 and Rac transmit many signals through GTP-dependent binding to effector proteins containing a Cdc42/Rac-interactive-binding (CRIB) motif. Guanosine Triphosphate 44-47 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 10-13 10360578-2 1999 Cdc42 and Rac transmit many signals through GTP-dependent binding to effector proteins containing a Cdc42/Rac-interactive-binding (CRIB) motif. Guanosine Triphosphate 44-47 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 106-109 10360579-4 1999 The effector loop of Cdc42 and Rac (comprising residues 30-40, also called switch I), is one of two regions which change conformation on exchange of GDP for GTP. Guanosine Triphosphate 157-160 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 31-34 10224076-5 1999 A p21-binding domain glutathione S-transferase fusion protein specifically binds Rac and Cdc42 in their GTP-bound forms both in vitro and in cell samples. Guanosine Triphosphate 104-107 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 81-84 9852136-13 1998 Taken together these data demonstrate that within the cell, the Rho/Rac GAP activity of p190 can be regulated by the N-terminal GTP binding domain. Guanosine Triphosphate 128-131 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 68-71 9712880-1 1998 IQGAP is a recently identified actin-binding protein, which is a putative target for the Cdc42 and Rac GTP-binding proteins. Guanosine Triphosphate 103-106 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 99-102 9744280-5 1998 Furthermore, p35 associates directly with Rac in a GTP-dependent manner. Guanosine Triphosphate 51-54 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 42-45 9642115-2 1998 GTP-bound Rac binds to the cytosol protein p67-phox enabling it to participate in oxidase assembly. Guanosine Triphosphate 0-3 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 10-13 9642115-4 1998 Previous studies showed that Rac/p67-phox binding is GTP-dependent and that several Rac1 mutants lost the ability to activate the oxidase even though they still bound p67-phox. Guanosine Triphosphate 53-56 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 9642115-7 1998 We also showed that GTP-Cdc42 binds p67-phox N-terminus similar to GTP-Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 20-23 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 71-74 9642115-7 1998 We also showed that GTP-Cdc42 binds p67-phox N-terminus similar to GTP-Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 67-70 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 71-74 9422735-0 1998 The small GTP-binding protein Rac promotes the dissociation of gelsolin from actin filaments in neutrophils. Guanosine Triphosphate 10-13 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 30-33 10076523-3 1998 The activity of NADPH oxidase is regulated by Rac, a small GTP binding protein of the Ras family. Guanosine Triphosphate 59-62 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 46-49 9422735-6 1998 GTP-loaded activated Rac, but not activated Rho, induced the dissociation of cytosolic actin-gelsolin complexes. Guanosine Triphosphate 0-3 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 21-24 9823474-1 1998 The GTP-binding proteins, Rho, Rac and Cdc42 are known to regulate actin organisation. Guanosine Triphosphate 4-7 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 31-34 9228059-5 1997 Direct binding of Rac1 and Rac2 to p67(phox) was shown using a fluorescent analog of GTP (methylanthraniloyl guanosine-5"-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate) bound to Rac as a reporter group. Guanosine Triphosphate 85-88 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 18-21 21528195-0 1997 Inhibition of tumor promoter induced transformation by expression of the small GTP-binding protein Rac in JB6 cells. Guanosine Triphosphate 79-82 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 99-102 21528195-1 1997 The small GTP-binding protein rac-1 has been reported to be a mediator for tumor promoter, growth factor and serum-induced cell membrane ruffling. Guanosine Triphosphate 10-13 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 30-33 9121475-7 1997 Moreover, the interaction of p140 with Rho in vitro is nucleotide independent, whereas the interaction with Rac is completely GTP dependent. Guanosine Triphosphate 126-129 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 108-111 9013670-1 1997 Rho, Rac and Cdc42 are three Ras-related GTP-binding proteins that control the assembly and disassembly of the actin cytoskeleton in response to extracellular signals. Guanosine Triphosphate 41-44 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 5-8 9012677-4 1997 The Rac2 G12V and Q61L activating mutations were shown to hydrolyze bound GTP very slowly and were unresponsive to p190 Rac GTPase-activating protein. Guanosine Triphosphate 74-77 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 4-7 9354853-3 1997 PI3kinase regulates the activation status of the small GTP-binding protein Rac which, in turn, is able to activate another G-protein Rho. Guanosine Triphosphate 55-58 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 75-78 9255350-6 1997 Rac proteins interact with p67phox in a GTP-dependent manner, but do not interact with p47phox. Guanosine Triphosphate 40-43 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 0-3 8663428-7 1996 These data demonstrate that the alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein G12, like tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors, activates Ras and recruits a signal transduction pathway involving the small GTP-binding protein Rac that leads to JNK activation. Guanosine Triphosphate 206-209 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 226-229 8973630-6 1996 The Ras-related subfamily of Rho p21s, including Rho, Rac and Cdc42 are similarly active in their GTP-bound forms. Guanosine Triphosphate 98-101 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 54-57 9381982-7 1997 GTP bound rac may then localize to sites of actin reorganization, bringing the PtdIns-4-P 5-kinase with it. Guanosine Triphosphate 0-3 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 10-13 8706742-1 1996 Possible involvement of a factor activating GTP hydrolysis on Rac (Rac-GAP). Guanosine Triphosphate 44-47 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 62-65 8706742-1 1996 Possible involvement of a factor activating GTP hydrolysis on Rac (Rac-GAP). Guanosine Triphosphate 44-47 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 67-74 8706742-9 1996 In this way, fluoride could prolong the prevalence of Rac in the GTP-bound state and, as a consequence, activate NADPH oxidase. Guanosine Triphosphate 65-68 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 54-57 7618083-1 1995 The Rac guanosine 5"-triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins regulate oxidant production by phagocytic leukocytes. Guanosine Triphosphate 8-33 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 4-7 8805223-7 1996 The Cdc42/Rac-binding domain was identified in a region between amino acids 201-321 of WASP, and binding was dependent on Cdc42 and Rac being in the GTP-bound conformation. Guanosine Triphosphate 149-152 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 10-13 8805223-7 1996 The Cdc42/Rac-binding domain was identified in a region between amino acids 201-321 of WASP, and binding was dependent on Cdc42 and Rac being in the GTP-bound conformation. Guanosine Triphosphate 149-152 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 132-135 8805224-5 1996 RESULTS: A dominant-negative mutant of the small GTP-binding protein Rac (Rac N17, containing an asparagine residue at position 17) was found to block v-Abl-induced activation of two mitogenic enhancer elements. Guanosine Triphosphate 49-52 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 69-72 8805224-5 1996 RESULTS: A dominant-negative mutant of the small GTP-binding protein Rac (Rac N17, containing an asparagine residue at position 17) was found to block v-Abl-induced activation of two mitogenic enhancer elements. Guanosine Triphosphate 49-52 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 74-77 7618083-1 1995 The Rac guanosine 5"-triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins regulate oxidant production by phagocytic leukocytes. Guanosine Triphosphate 35-38 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 4-7 7618083-4 1995 Native and recombinant PAKs phosphorylated the p47phox reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase component in a Rac-GTP-dependent manner. Guanosine Triphosphate 142-145 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 138-141 8089125-1 1994 The Rac GTP-binding proteins regulate the actin cytoskeleton and the superoxide-forming NADPH oxidase of phagocytic leukocytes. Guanosine Triphosphate 8-11 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 4-7 7627555-5 1995 RESULTS: We show here that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) can stimulate an increase in the level of GTP-Rac by at least two distinct mechanisms: firstly, by increased guanine nucleotide exchange; and secondly, by inhibition of a Rac GTPase activity. Guanosine Triphosphate 107-110 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 111-114 7627555-5 1995 RESULTS: We show here that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) can stimulate an increase in the level of GTP-Rac by at least two distinct mechanisms: firstly, by increased guanine nucleotide exchange; and secondly, by inhibition of a Rac GTPase activity. Guanosine Triphosphate 107-110 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 236-239 7702629-0 1995 Phosphoinositide 3-kinase as an upstream regulator of the small GTP-binding protein Rac in the insulin signaling of membrane ruffling. Guanosine Triphosphate 64-67 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 84-87 7702629-3 1995 Microinjection of Rac, a Ras-related small GTP-binding protein, induced membrane ruffling in human epidermoid carcinoma KB cells, and this effect of Rac was not blocked by coinjection of delta p85 or by exposure of cells to wortmannin, a specific PI 3-kinase inhibitor. Guanosine Triphosphate 43-46 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 18-21 7982999-2 1994 When the neutrophil NADPH oxidase is activated to generate superoxide, the cytosolic components, p47phox, p67phox, and the GTP-binding protein Rac, become stably associated with the plasma membrane. Guanosine Triphosphate 123-126 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 143-146 7947751-5 1994 Only the GTP gamma S-bound form associated, since the GDP-bound form of Rac neither activated alone nor competed with GTP gamma S-Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 9-12 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 72-75 8089125-2 1994 These functions of Rac are determined by the GTP/GDP state of the protein, which can be modulated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Guanosine Triphosphate 45-48 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 19-22 8253741-5 1993 These lipids were active at concentrations from 0.5-50 microM and were capable of disrupting complexation of (Rho)GDI with both GDP- and GTP-bound forms of Rac, although the latter were more sensitive to lipid. Guanosine Triphosphate 137-140 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 156-159 8024541-3 1994 The small GTP-binding protein Rac is a key regulator of membrane ruffling, and proteins that can regulate Rac activity, such as Bcr, are likely to act on this signalling pathway. Guanosine Triphosphate 10-13 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 30-33 8024541-3 1994 The small GTP-binding protein Rac is a key regulator of membrane ruffling, and proteins that can regulate Rac activity, such as Bcr, are likely to act on this signalling pathway. Guanosine Triphosphate 10-13 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 106-109 8193544-1 1994 During the past year, the small GTP-binding proteins Rho and Rac have each been shown to regulate a signal transduction pathway linking growth factor receptors to distinct changes in the actin cytoskeleton. Guanosine Triphosphate 32-35 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 61-64 8036496-1 1994 Rho and Rac, two members of the Ras superfamily of guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins, regulate a variety of signal transduction pathways in eukaryotic cells. Guanosine Triphosphate 51-73 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 8-11 8036496-1 1994 Rho and Rac, two members of the Ras superfamily of guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins, regulate a variety of signal transduction pathways in eukaryotic cells. Guanosine Triphosphate 75-78 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 8-11 8117279-0 1994 The small GTP-binding protein rac is not recruited to the plasma membrane upon NADPH oxidase activation in human neutrophils. Guanosine Triphosphate 10-13 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 30-33 1628497-1 1992 C3 and C3-like ADP-ribosyltransferases modify the low-molecular-mass GTP-binding proteins Rho and Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 69-72 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 98-101 8352776-1 1993 Rho p21 and rac p21 small GTP-binding proteins are regulated by the same inhibitory and stimulatory GDP/GTP exchange proteins termed rho GDI and smg GDS, respectively. Guanosine Triphosphate 26-29 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 12-15 8352776-1 1993 Rho p21 and rac p21 small GTP-binding proteins are regulated by the same inhibitory and stimulatory GDP/GTP exchange proteins termed rho GDI and smg GDS, respectively. Guanosine Triphosphate 104-107 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 12-15 8387355-0 1993 Requirement for posttranslational processing of Rac GTP-binding proteins for activation of human neutrophil NADPH oxidase. Guanosine Triphosphate 52-55 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 48-51 8419353-0 1993 GDP dissociation inhibitor prevents intrinsic and GTPase activating protein-stimulated GTP hydrolysis by the Rac GTP-binding protein. Guanosine Triphosphate 50-53 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 109-112 8419353-0 1993 GDP dissociation inhibitor prevents intrinsic and GTPase activating protein-stimulated GTP hydrolysis by the Rac GTP-binding protein. Guanosine Triphosphate 87-90 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 109-112 8419353-5 1993 (Rho)GDI produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of GTP hydrolysis by Rac1 that paralleled its ability to inhibit GDP dissociation from the Rac protein. Guanosine Triphosphate 58-61 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 76-79 8419353-7 1993 The ability of two molecules exhibiting GTPase activating protein (GAP) activity toward Rac to stimulate GTP hydrolysis was also inhibited by the presence of (Rho)GDI. Guanosine Triphosphate 40-43 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 88-91 8305740-2 1993 Rac proteins are active when in the GTP-bound form and can be regulated by a variety of proteins that modulate the exchange of GDP for GTP and/or GTP hydrolysis. Guanosine Triphosphate 36-39 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 0-3 8305740-2 1993 Rac proteins are active when in the GTP-bound form and can be regulated by a variety of proteins that modulate the exchange of GDP for GTP and/or GTP hydrolysis. Guanosine Triphosphate 135-138 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 0-3 8305740-2 1993 Rac proteins are active when in the GTP-bound form and can be regulated by a variety of proteins that modulate the exchange of GDP for GTP and/or GTP hydrolysis. Guanosine Triphosphate 135-138 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 0-3 8305740-6 1993 The effect of p190 on superoxide (O2-) formation was reversed by the addition of a constitutively GTP-bound Rac2 mutant or Rac1-GTP gamma S but not by RhoA-GTP gamma S. Addition of p190 to an activated oxidase produced no inhibitory effect, suggesting either that p190 no longer has access to Rac in the assembled oxidase or that Rac-GTP is not required for activity once O2- generation has been initiated. Guanosine Triphosphate 98-101 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 108-111 8305740-7 1993 These data confirm the role of Rac in NADPH oxidase regulation and support the view that it is the GTP form of Rac that is necessary for oxidase activation. Guanosine Triphosphate 99-102 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 111-114 8407934-3 1993 It has recently been established that one of the required components for NADPH oxidase activity is the GTP-binding protein Rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 103-106 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 123-126 8497321-1 1993 The Ras-related Rho subfamily of GTP-binding proteins (p21s), which includes Rho, Rac and Cdc42Hs, is implicated in different aspects of cytoskeletal organization. Guanosine Triphosphate 33-36 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 82-85 8491184-3 1993 In vitro, RhoGDI can form stable complexes with Rho and Rac proteins in both the GTP and GDP bound states. Guanosine Triphosphate 81-84 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 56-59 8491184-5 1993 Thus GDI, by complexing with Rac-GTP and preventing GAP stimulated GTP hydrolysis, may allow transit of the activated form of the Rac protein between physically separated activator and effector proteins in the cell. Guanosine Triphosphate 33-36 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 8491184-5 1993 Thus GDI, by complexing with Rac-GTP and preventing GAP stimulated GTP hydrolysis, may allow transit of the activated form of the Rac protein between physically separated activator and effector proteins in the cell. Guanosine Triphosphate 33-36 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 130-133 34607932-5 2021 Herein, we used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to show that MBQ-167 directly interacts with Rac1 to displace specific amino acids, and consequently inhibits Rac.GTP loading and viability in TNBC cell lines. Guanosine Triphosphate 163-166 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 159-162 8550629-6 1996 Rac proteins interact with p67phox in a GTP-dependent manner, but do not interact with p47phox. Guanosine Triphosphate 40-43 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 0-3 1936284-0 1991 Interaction of mastoparan with the low molecular mass GTP-binding proteins rho/rac. Guanosine Triphosphate 54-57 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 4-7