PMID-sentid Pub_year Sent_text comp_official_name comp_offsetprotein_name organism prot_offset 17064351-1 2006 Acute nicotine administration has been shown to activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and stimulate secretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone/cortisol and beta-endorphin (beta-END) in both rodents and humans, raising the possibility that activation of the HPA axis by nicotine may mediate some of the effects of nicotine. Nicotine 6-14 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 160-164 17064351-1 2006 Acute nicotine administration has been shown to activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and stimulate secretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone/cortisol and beta-endorphin (beta-END) in both rodents and humans, raising the possibility that activation of the HPA axis by nicotine may mediate some of the effects of nicotine. Nicotine 6-14 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 195-209 17064351-1 2006 Acute nicotine administration has been shown to activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and stimulate secretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone/cortisol and beta-endorphin (beta-END) in both rodents and humans, raising the possibility that activation of the HPA axis by nicotine may mediate some of the effects of nicotine. Nicotine 6-14 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 211-219 17064351-4 2006 Repeated exposure to stress increased the ability of nicotine to stimulate plasma ACTH (p<0.05) and beta-END (p<0.05), but not corticosterone secretion. Nicotine 53-61 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 82-86 17064351-4 2006 Repeated exposure to stress increased the ability of nicotine to stimulate plasma ACTH (p<0.05) and beta-END (p<0.05), but not corticosterone secretion. Nicotine 53-61 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 103-111 15870834-6 2005 After high-nicotine cigarette smoking began, plasma ACTH levels increased significantly above baseline within 12 min and reached peak levels of 21.88+/-5.34 pmol/l within 20 min. Nicotine 11-19 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 52-56 15870834-7 2005 ACTH increases were significantly correlated with increases in plasma nicotine (r=0.85; P<0.0001), DHEA (r=0.66; P=0.002), and epinephrine (r=0.86; P<0.0001). Nicotine 70-78 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 0-4 15939519-0 2005 Changes of smoking behavior and serum adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, prolactin, and endogenous opioids levels in nicotine dependence after naltrexone treatment. Nicotine 121-129 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 38-65 9621392-7 1998 A reduction in the modulatory effect of these catecholamines (by neurotoxic lesion, synthetic enzyme inhibitors or adrenergic receptor antagonists) resulted in an inhibition of nicotine-stimulated ACTH secretion. Nicotine 177-185 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 197-201 15735610-14 2005 The effects of nicotine on plasma ACTH and catecholamine levels and hemodynamic parameters are not altered by menstrual cycle phase in healthy, nonsmoking women. Nicotine 15-23 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 34-38 15613736-5 2004 The nicotine-induced increase in ACTH and corticosterone response was significantly supressed by piroxicam, and diminished by indomethacin, but was significantly augmented by L-NAME and L-NNA. Nicotine 4-12 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 33-37 15494107-8 2004 After culturing cells for 1 week in a medium containing serum, the release of met-enkephalin and norepinephrine from the cells was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay with nicotine stimulation, lasting approximately 3 weeks. Nicotine 208-216 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 78-92 10512318-1 1999 BACKGROUND: To gain a better insight into the alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in alcoholism, we evaluated the ACTH response to nicotine inhaled from cigarette smoking (two nonfilter cigarettes in succession within 10 min) in nine nonalcoholic men and nine age- and weight-matched alcoholic men who had been addicted to alcohol for at least 8 years. Nicotine 150-158 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 133-137 7972134-8 1994 The present results indicate that nicotine-induced stimulation of alpha-MSH release in frog melanotrophs can be explained by activation of inositolphospholipid breakdown and mobilization of inositol triphosphate-dependent intracellular Ca2+ pools. Nicotine 34-42 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 66-75 9151352-2 1997 Cortisol and ACTH were increased by nicotine, but not by noise and there was no noise by dose interaction. Nicotine 36-44 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 13-17 9621392-1 1998 Nicotine has been shown to be a potent stimulus for the secretion of the stress-responsive hormones, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and prolactin. Nicotine 0-8 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 122-126 9621392-4 1998 Data are presented demonstrating that nicotine acts via a central mechanism to stimulate indirectly the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary corticotropes. Nicotine 38-46 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 115-119 9250725-0 1997 The secretory response of hypothalamic beta-endorphin neurons to acute and chronic nicotine treatments and following nicotine withdrawal. Nicotine 83-91 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 39-53 9250725-0 1997 The secretory response of hypothalamic beta-endorphin neurons to acute and chronic nicotine treatments and following nicotine withdrawal. Nicotine 117-125 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 39-53 9250725-1 1997 In the present study, we determined the effect of acute and chronic nicotine treatments on the secretion of immunoreactive beta-endorphin (IR-beta-EP) and cell viability of cultured hypothalamic neurons. Nicotine 68-76 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 123-137 1325853-0 1992 The role of vasopressin in the nicotine-induced stimulation of ACTH and cortisol in men. Nicotine 31-39 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 63-67 7972134-2 1994 We have recently observed that, in frog pituitary melanotrophs, nicotine stimulates alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) release through a noncholinergic mechanism. Nicotine 64-72 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 84-120 7972134-2 1994 We have recently observed that, in frog pituitary melanotrophs, nicotine stimulates alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) release through a noncholinergic mechanism. Nicotine 64-72 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 122-131 7972134-4 1994 Nicotine was capable of stimulating alpha-MSH release in the absence of Ca2+ and/or Na+ in the extracellular medium. Nicotine 0-8 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 36-45 7862939-2 1994 The purpose of this study was to examine changes in plasma beta-endorphin and mood states during periods of chronic smoking, abstinence from smoking, and abstinence while chewing nicotine gum. Nicotine 179-187 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 59-73 8390182-0 1993 Nicotine-induced stimulation of alpha-MSH release in frog pituitary melanotrophs is mediated through a novel type of receptor. Nicotine 0-8 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 32-41 8386611-1 1993 The rapid secretion of ACTH in response to nicotine is mediated by a central mechanism involving brainstem catecholaminergic regions. Nicotine 43-51 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 23-27 8386611-3 1993 Nicotine (0.05 mg/kg) stimulated cFos expression in the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (pcPVN; containing CRH-positive neurons mediating ACTH secretion); this correlated with the expression of cFos in the A2 (norepinephrinergic) and C2 (epinephrinergic) regions of the brainstem nucleus tractus solitarius, which project directly to the pcPVN. Nicotine 0-8 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 144-148 1325853-14 1992 Nicotine infusion led to greater increments of AVP, ACTH and cortisol than smoking without causing nausea. Nicotine 0-8 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 52-56 1325853-17 1992 However, it slightly attenuated the effect of nicotine on ACTH and cortisol (P less than 0.05, ANOVA). Nicotine 46-54 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 58-62 2169395-1 1990 Previous studies determined that iv nicotine stimulates ACTH secretion by acting on sites accessible from the fourth ventricle (IV), rather than directly on CRF-containing neurons in the hypothalamus. Nicotine 36-44 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 56-60 1891072-5 1991 Subacute nicotine decreased splenic concentrations of native and cryptic Met-enkephalin and native Leu-enkephalin, consistent with increased release of Met- and Leu-enkephalin from spleen and decreased synthesis of proenkephalin A or inadequate processing of larger peptides to enkephalin pentapeptides in spleen to compensate for the increased release during this period. Nicotine 9-17 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 73-87 1891072-6 1991 HPLC characterization revealed that nicotine-induced decrease in native Met-enkephalin in spleen resulted from reductions in both pentapeptide and its sulfoxide. Nicotine 36-44 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 72-86 1891072-7 1991 Nicotine also increased native Met-enkephalin in jejunum, decreased cryptic Met-enkephalin in heart atrium, increased native Leu-enkephalin in anterior pituitary and decreased cryptic Leu-enkephalin in jejunum. Nicotine 0-8 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 31-45 1891072-7 1991 Nicotine also increased native Met-enkephalin in jejunum, decreased cryptic Met-enkephalin in heart atrium, increased native Leu-enkephalin in anterior pituitary and decreased cryptic Leu-enkephalin in jejunum. Nicotine 0-8 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 76-90 2169395-3 1990 Therefore, these studies investigated the role of catecholamines in nicotine-stimulated ACTH secretion. Nicotine 68-76 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 88-92 2169395-4 1990 Experiments with the catecholaminergic neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine, demonstrate that the ACTH response to nicotine delivered iv (0.03 or 0.05 mg/kg body wt) or instilled into the IV (1 or 2.5 micrograms) was significantly reduced in lesioned animals (P less than 0.01). Nicotine 108-116 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 91-95 2169395-5 1990 Selective inhibitors of epinephrine synthesis, SKF 64139 and 2,3-dichloro-alpha-methylbenzylamine (DCMB), significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) the ACTH response to 0.05 mg/kg body wt nicotine iv, without affecting median eminence CRF content. Nicotine 187-195 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 151-155 2169395-7 1990 To determine whether alpha 2 receptors are indeed involved in the ACTH response to nicotine, yohimbine, an alpha 2 antagonist, was injected into the third ventricle before nicotine injection into the IV. Nicotine 83-91 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 66-70 3335857-5 1988 Analysis of the perfusate by gel filtration showed that 80% of the total Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity whose release was induced by pilocarpine was eluted in fractions corresponding to fragments of low molecular weight, whereas these fractions accounted only for 10% of the total Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity whose release was induced by nicotine. Nicotine 343-351 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 73-87 2169395-12 1990 Thus, both alpha 1 and alpha 2 receptors are involved in mediating the ACTH response to nicotine. Nicotine 88-96 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 71-75 1966302-2 1990 Measurement of plasma ACTH, cortisol, and prolactin showed that nicotine produced in both groups a dose-dependent increase in cortisol, with ACTH in both groups and prolactin in the Alzheimer"s group significantly elevated only by the 0.5 micrograms dose. Nicotine 64-72 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 22-26 1966302-2 1990 Measurement of plasma ACTH, cortisol, and prolactin showed that nicotine produced in both groups a dose-dependent increase in cortisol, with ACTH in both groups and prolactin in the Alzheimer"s group significantly elevated only by the 0.5 micrograms dose. Nicotine 64-72 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 141-145 2660182-2 1989 The initial effects of nicotine are characterized by a marked hypersecretion of ACTH, vasopressin, beta-endorphin, prolactin and LH. Nicotine 23-31 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 80-84 2660182-2 1989 The initial effects of nicotine are characterized by a marked hypersecretion of ACTH, vasopressin, beta-endorphin, prolactin and LH. Nicotine 23-31 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 99-113 2558799-1 1989 Fifteen white patients participated in this study of a family-practice-based smoking cessation program in which corticotropin (ACTH) was used to assist patients during the first one to two weeks of abstinence from nicotine. Nicotine 214-222 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 127-131 3788413-7 1986 Met-enk, FK33-824 (FK) (Met-enkephalin analogue), and dynorphin 1-13 (Dyn) significantly suppressed the secretion of CA evoked by 10(-5) M nicotine. Nicotine 139-147 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 24-38 3040045-0 1987 [Changes in the plasma levels of ACTH and cortisol during the inhalation of nicotine from cigarette smoke in normal smoking and non-smoking subjects]. Nicotine 76-84 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 33-37 6617738-6 1983 These changes in NA levels may be related to the nicotine- and stress-induced increases of ACTH (SEL and PA FP) and prolactin secretion (PV II) found in the present experiments. Nicotine 49-57 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 91-95 6151160-2 1984 Because nicotine alters the bioavailability of several behaviorally active neuroregulators, including acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, beta-endorphin, and vasopressin, we propose that nicotine is "used" by smokers to produce temporary improvements in performance or affect. Nicotine 192-200 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 143-174 6308959-6 1983 Nicotine counteracted to a minor degree the immobilization stress-induced reduction in NA levels, and also the stress-induced secretion of ACTH, but not of prolactin suggesting the involvement of noradrenergic mechanisms possibly in the paraventricular nucleus in the nicotine modulation of stress induced increases of ACTH secretion. Nicotine 0-8 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 319-323 27609221-0 2016 Epigenomic and metabolic responses of hypothalamic POMC neurons to gestational nicotine exposure in adult offspring. Nicotine 79-87 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 51-55 6314418-6 1983 Data from an experiment that used an extraction step to remove beta-lipotropin corroborated the functional relationship between plasma nicotine and beta-endorphin implied by the original findings. Nicotine 135-143 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 148-162 6314418-5 1983 In the high-nicotine (2.87 mg) condition, there were significant positive correlations between integrated plasma nicotine and plasma arginine vasopressin (r = +0.985), its carrier protein neurophysin I (r = +0.944), and beta-endorphin-beta-lipotropin (r = +0.977), but not adrenocorticotropic hormone. Nicotine 12-20 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 220-234 32190681-10 2020 In the nicotine exposed group, maternal hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) level decreased, but pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and serum Cort levels increased. Nicotine 7-15 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 122-149 32190681-13 2020 In the nicotine exposed group, maternal hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) level decreased, but pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and serum Cort levels increased. Nicotine 7-15 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 122-149 30054897-3 2018 Nicotine"s weight effects appear to result especially from the drug"s stimulation of alpha3beta4 nicotine acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are located on pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), leading to activation of the melanocortin circuit, which is associated with body weight. Nicotine 0-8 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 161-181 30054897-3 2018 Nicotine"s weight effects appear to result especially from the drug"s stimulation of alpha3beta4 nicotine acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are located on pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), leading to activation of the melanocortin circuit, which is associated with body weight. Nicotine 0-8 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 183-187 30054897-3 2018 Nicotine"s weight effects appear to result especially from the drug"s stimulation of alpha3beta4 nicotine acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are located on pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), leading to activation of the melanocortin circuit, which is associated with body weight. Nicotine 97-105 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 161-181 30054897-3 2018 Nicotine"s weight effects appear to result especially from the drug"s stimulation of alpha3beta4 nicotine acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are located on pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), leading to activation of the melanocortin circuit, which is associated with body weight. Nicotine 97-105 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 183-187 30054897-5 2018 This review summarizes current understanding of the regulatory effects of nicotine on food intake and body weight according to the findings from pharmacological, molecular genetic, electrophysiological, and feeding studies on these appetite-regulating molecules, such as alpha3beta4, alpha7, and alpha4beta2 nAChRs; neuropeptide Y (NPY); POMC; melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R); agouti-related peptide (AgRP); leptin, ghrelin, and protein YY (PYY). Nicotine 74-82 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 338-342 30423575-5 2018 Nicotine withdrawal was monitored by evaluating the following objective signs - skin conductance, heart rate, temperature, respiration, locomotor activity, cortisol, prolactin and ACTH levels as well as craving. Nicotine 0-8 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 180-184 27609221-3 2016 Furthermore, hypothalamic POMC neurons were recently found to mediate the anorectic effects of nicotine through activation of acetylcholine receptors. Nicotine 95-103 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 26-30 27179524-8 2016 RESULTS: Concomitant EA application blocked nicotine-induced changes in lung morphology, lung peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and wingless-int signaling, two key lung developmental signaling pathways, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (hypothalamic corticotropic releasing hormone and lung glucocorticoid receptor levels), and plasma beta-endorphin levels. Nicotine 44-52 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 353-367 21653710-0 2011 Nicotine excites hypothalamic arcuate anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin neurons and orexigenic neuropeptide Y neurons: similarities and differences. Nicotine 0-8 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 51-70 25783522-5 2015 RESULTS: Smoked nicotine activated HPA, measured by adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) response and affected subjective states in both follicular and luteal phases, with increased "High," "Rush," and decreased "Craving." Nicotine 16-24 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 81-85 22483037-0 2012 Nicotine-induced changes of brain beta-endorphin. Nicotine 0-8 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 34-48 22483037-2 2012 Although behavioral studies have shown that beta-endorphin contributes to the rewarding and emotional effects of nicotine, whether the drug alters the function of brain endorphinergic neurons is not fully explored. Nicotine 113-121 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 44-58 22483037-3 2012 These studies investigated the effect of acute, 1mg/kg, sc, and chronic, daily injection of 1mg/kg, sc, for 14 days, administration of free base nicotine on brain beta-endorphin and its precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Nicotine 145-153 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 163-177 22483037-4 2012 Acute and chronic treatment with nicotine decreased beta-endorphin content in hypothalamus, the principal site of beta-endorphin producing neurons in the brain, and in the endorphinergic terminal fields in striatum and hippocampus. Nicotine 33-41 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 52-66 22483037-4 2012 Acute and chronic treatment with nicotine decreased beta-endorphin content in hypothalamus, the principal site of beta-endorphin producing neurons in the brain, and in the endorphinergic terminal fields in striatum and hippocampus. Nicotine 33-41 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 114-128 22483037-5 2012 The acute effect of nicotine on beta-endorphin was reversed by the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine and the dopamine antagonist haloperidol, indicating pharmacological specificity and involvement of dopamine D2-like receptors. Nicotine 20-28 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 32-46 22483037-7 2012 POMC mRNA in hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex was unchanged following acute nicotine, but it decreased moderately with chronic treatment. Nicotine 78-86 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 0-4 22483037-9 2012 Taken together, these results could be interpreted to indicate that nicotine alters the synthesis and release of beta-endorphin in the limbic brain in vivo. Nicotine 68-76 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 113-127 21653710-3 2011 Here we address the hypothesis that if weight-reducing actions of nicotine are mediated by anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, nicotine should excite these cells. Nicotine 66-74 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 104-123 21653710-3 2011 Here we address the hypothesis that if weight-reducing actions of nicotine are mediated by anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, nicotine should excite these cells. Nicotine 66-74 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 125-129 21653710-3 2011 Here we address the hypothesis that if weight-reducing actions of nicotine are mediated by anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, nicotine should excite these cells. Nicotine 176-184 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 104-123 21653710-3 2011 Here we address the hypothesis that if weight-reducing actions of nicotine are mediated by anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, nicotine should excite these cells. Nicotine 176-184 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 125-129 21653710-4 2011 Nicotine at concentrations similar to those found in smokers, 100-1,000 nM, excited POMC cells by mechanisms based on increased spike frequency, depolarization of membrane potential, and opening of ion channels. Nicotine 0-8 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 84-88 21653710-7 2011 Nicotine exerted similar actions on POMC and NPY cells, with a slightly greater depolarizing action on POMC cells. Nicotine 0-8 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 36-40 21653710-7 2011 Nicotine exerted similar actions on POMC and NPY cells, with a slightly greater depolarizing action on POMC cells. Nicotine 0-8 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 103-107 21653710-13 2011 Together, these results indicate that nicotine has a number of similar actions, but also a few different actions, on POMC and NPY neurons that could contribute to the weight loss associated with smoking. Nicotine 38-46 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 117-121 21108953-7 2011 1) The synthesis and release of beta-endorphin, met-enkephalin and dynorphin in brain, especially nucleus accumbens (NAc), are altered after acute or chronic nicotine treatment and during nicotine withdrawal. Nicotine 158-166 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 32-46 21108953-7 2011 1) The synthesis and release of beta-endorphin, met-enkephalin and dynorphin in brain, especially nucleus accumbens (NAc), are altered after acute or chronic nicotine treatment and during nicotine withdrawal. Nicotine 158-166 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 48-62 21108953-7 2011 1) The synthesis and release of beta-endorphin, met-enkephalin and dynorphin in brain, especially nucleus accumbens (NAc), are altered after acute or chronic nicotine treatment and during nicotine withdrawal. Nicotine 188-196 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 32-46 20715483-4 2010 These psychopharmacological effects of nicotine may be produced by the ability of nicotine to promote the release of catecholamines, acetylcholine, beta-endorphin, glucocorticoid, and other hormones. Nicotine 39-47 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 148-162 20715483-4 2010 These psychopharmacological effects of nicotine may be produced by the ability of nicotine to promote the release of catecholamines, acetylcholine, beta-endorphin, glucocorticoid, and other hormones. Nicotine 82-90 proopiomelanocortin Homo sapiens 148-162