PMID-sentid	Pub_year	Sent_text	compound_name	comp_offset	prot_official_name	organism	prot_offset
10545786-3	1999	TS has been used as a target for cancer chemotherapy in the development of fluoropyrimidines such as 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and novel folate-based TS inhibitors such as ZD1694 (Tomudex, Raltitrexed), LY231514, AG337 (Thymitaq) and GW1843U89.	fluoropyrimidines	75-92	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	0-2
10892578-0	1999	Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase inhibitory fluoropyrimidines: a novel class of oral antineoplastic agents.	fluoropyrimidines	43-60	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-31
10892578-5	1999	The use of 5-FU pro-drugs and/or DPD inhibitors can overcome this absorption problem and allow for oral dosing of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	114-131	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	33-36
10892578-7	1999	More recently, encouraging clinical results have led to the development of a new generation of oral fluoropyrimidines, commonly referred to as DPD inhibitory fluoropyrimidines, that specifically target DPD.	fluoropyrimidines	100-117	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	143-146
10892578-7	1999	More recently, encouraging clinical results have led to the development of a new generation of oral fluoropyrimidines, commonly referred to as DPD inhibitory fluoropyrimidines, that specifically target DPD.	fluoropyrimidines	100-117	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	202-205
10892578-7	1999	More recently, encouraging clinical results have led to the development of a new generation of oral fluoropyrimidines, commonly referred to as DPD inhibitory fluoropyrimidines, that specifically target DPD.	fluoropyrimidines	158-175	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	143-146
10892578-7	1999	More recently, encouraging clinical results have led to the development of a new generation of oral fluoropyrimidines, commonly referred to as DPD inhibitory fluoropyrimidines, that specifically target DPD.	fluoropyrimidines	158-175	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	202-205
10892578-8	1999	Several DPD inhibitory fluoropyrimidines are in advanced stages of clinical development in the United States.	fluoropyrimidines	23-40	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	8-11
10442353-5	1999	This article describes how drugs that modulate DPD activity have been used to develop a new class of orally administered fluoropyrimidines, now referred to as DPD-inhibiting fluoropyrimidine (DIF) drugs.	fluoropyrimidines	121-138	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	47-50
10416617-5	1999	The suppression of cyclin D1 expression after the stable transfection of a cyclin D1 antisense construct in PANC-1 and COLO-357 human pancreatic cancer cells resulted in a significant increase in sensitivity to the fluoropyrimidines 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluoro-2"-deoxyuridine and to mitoxantrone.	fluoropyrimidines	215-232	cyclin D1	Homo sapiens	19-28
10416617-5	1999	The suppression of cyclin D1 expression after the stable transfection of a cyclin D1 antisense construct in PANC-1 and COLO-357 human pancreatic cancer cells resulted in a significant increase in sensitivity to the fluoropyrimidines 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluoro-2"-deoxyuridine and to mitoxantrone.	fluoropyrimidines	215-232	cyclin D1	Homo sapiens	75-84
10442353-5	1999	This article describes how drugs that modulate DPD activity have been used to develop a new class of orally administered fluoropyrimidines, now referred to as DPD-inhibiting fluoropyrimidine (DIF) drugs.	fluoropyrimidines	121-138	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	159-162
9893621-5	1998	In this paper the preclinical and clinical development of oral fluoropyrimidines and their modulators is reviewed, including UFT, capecitabine, ethynyluracil and S-1.	fluoropyrimidines	63-80	proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 1	Homo sapiens	162-165
10821538-4	1999	Among clinically relevant mechanisms of resistance to fluoropyrimidines, increased expression of thymidylate synthase (TS) has been emphasized.	fluoropyrimidines	54-71	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	97-117
10821538-4	1999	Among clinically relevant mechanisms of resistance to fluoropyrimidines, increased expression of thymidylate synthase (TS) has been emphasized.	fluoropyrimidines	54-71	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	119-121
9766655-5	1998	These E2F-1 transfectants, although resistant to fluoropyrimidines and serum deprivation, were more sensitive to etoposide, doxorubicin, and SN38 (the active metabolite of irinotecan) but not to Taxol.	fluoropyrimidines	49-66	E2F transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens	6-11
10212232-4	1999	The fluoropyrimidines 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluoro-2"-deoxyuridine are cytotoxic as a consequence of inhibition of TS by the metabolite 5-fluoro-2"-deoxyuridine 5"-monophosphate (FdUMP).	fluoropyrimidines	4-21	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	114-116
10212232-12	1999	Our results, in total, indicate that enzyme stabilization, rather than translational derepression, is the primary mechanism of TS induction by fluoropyrimidines and call into question the general applicability of the autoregulatory translation model.	fluoropyrimidines	143-160	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	127-129
10188059-1	1999	OBJECTIVES: To determine the association of intratumoral thymidylate synthase (TS) gene expression with resistance to fluoropyrimidines and to study the association of TS gene expression with outcome in patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	118-135	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	57-77
10188059-1	1999	OBJECTIVES: To determine the association of intratumoral thymidylate synthase (TS) gene expression with resistance to fluoropyrimidines and to study the association of TS gene expression with outcome in patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	118-135	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	79-81
21374032-3	1999	Several cellular targets for fluoropyrimidines have been well-characterized, including inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TS) by fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP) and false base incorporation into RNA or DNA.	fluoropyrimidines	29-46	thymidylate synthase	Mus musculus	101-121
9748143-0	1998	Desensitization and sensitization of cells to fluoropyrimidines with different antisenses directed against thymidylate synthase messenger RNA.	fluoropyrimidines	46-63	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	107-127
9748143-1	1998	Previous studies have shown that the cytotoxicity of fluoropyrimidines is mediated, in large part, by inhibition of the enzyme thymidylate synthase (TS).	fluoropyrimidines	53-70	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	127-147
9748143-1	1998	Previous studies have shown that the cytotoxicity of fluoropyrimidines is mediated, in large part, by inhibition of the enzyme thymidylate synthase (TS).	fluoropyrimidines	53-70	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	149-151
9748143-2	1998	The aim of this study was to determine whether the chemosensitivity of human cancer cells to fluoropyrimidines could be increased by decreasing TS expression with antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs).	fluoropyrimidines	93-110	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	144-146
9748143-8	1998	These results show that the level of expression of TS in human malignant cells can be down-regulated with antisense TS RNA, and their sensitivity to fluoropyrimidines can, thereby, be increased.	fluoropyrimidines	149-166	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	51-53
9048835-1	1997	BACKGROUND: Thymidylate synthase (TS), an essential enzyme in DNA synthesis, is a target for the fluoropyrimidines, an important group of antineoplastic agents used widely in the treatment of head and neck cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	97-114	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	12-32
9698077-1	1998	Thymidylate synthase (TS, EC 2.1.1.45) is an important target enzyme for the fluoropyrimidines used in cancer chemotherapy.	fluoropyrimidines	77-94	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	0-20
9048835-1	1997	BACKGROUND: Thymidylate synthase (TS), an essential enzyme in DNA synthesis, is a target for the fluoropyrimidines, an important group of antineoplastic agents used widely in the treatment of head and neck cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	97-114	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	34-36
8996166-2	1997	Preclinical and clinical results in advanced and adjuvant colorectal cancers confirmed that the therapeutic efficacy of fluoropyrimidines, with thymidylate synthase (TS) as a primary target, can be improved significantly with leucovorin (LV) modulation.	fluoropyrimidines	120-137	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	144-164
8996166-2	1997	Preclinical and clinical results in advanced and adjuvant colorectal cancers confirmed that the therapeutic efficacy of fluoropyrimidines, with thymidylate synthase (TS) as a primary target, can be improved significantly with leucovorin (LV) modulation.	fluoropyrimidines	120-137	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	166-168
9038600-3	1996	As a consequence, there is no doubt that high response rates can be achieved with HAI fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	86-103	serine peptidase inhibitor, Kunitz type 1	Homo sapiens	82-85
9436193-3	1997	The fluoropyrimidines were the first class of agents to be directed against TS.	fluoropyrimidines	4-21	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	76-78
21597785-2	1995	Doxifluridine (5 deoxy-5-fluorouridine, dFUR) is a new fluropyrimidine derivative that demonstrated higher antitumoral activity than other fluoropyrimidines in murine tumors and optimal gastrointestinal absorption when administered orally.	fluoropyrimidines	139-156	fur	Drosophila melanogaster	40-44
7577043-1	1995	Several preclinical studies have demonstrated that interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) may enhance the cytotoxicity of fluoropyrimidines in a greater-than-additive manner in a variety of human cancer cell lines.	fluoropyrimidines	112-129	interferon alpha 1	Homo sapiens	69-78
9816304-0	1996	Therapeutic efficacy of fluoropyrimidines depends on the duration of thymidylate synthase inhibition in the murine colon 26-B carcinoma tumor model.	fluoropyrimidines	24-41	thymidylate synthase	Mus musculus	69-89
8162567-1	1994	Recent studies from our laboratory suggested that, in some human colorectal tumor cell lines, sensitivity to fluorodeoxyuridine may depend upon the extent of dUTP accumulation that occurs following drug treatment and that elevation of dUTPase activity might be the basis for some instances of resistance to fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	307-324	Deoxyuridine triphosphatase	Drosophila melanogaster	235-242
8239685-0	1993	[Some problems of TS measurement after administration of fluoropyrimidines in colorectal cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	57-74	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	18-20
7518280-2	1994	Thymidylate synthase forms the target for anticancer therapy with fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	66-83	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	0-20
7518280-9	1994	Although the addition of modulators increases the activity of fluoropyrimidines at the level of thymidylate synthase, most solid tumours, especially colorectal carcinomas, are resistant to these combinations.	fluoropyrimidines	62-79	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	96-116
8471333-1	1993	Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is the major catabolic enzyme of pyrimidines and fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	87-104	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-31
8509220-12	1993	In contrast, the activity of thymidylate synthase, the target enzyme for fluoropyrimidines, was higher in the wild-type cells.	fluoropyrimidines	73-90	thymidylate synthase	Mus musculus	29-49
8422641-1	1993	BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Various factors, including thymidylate synthase, thymidine kinase, 5-fluorouracil phosphorylation and degradation pathways, folate concentrations, and the stability of ternary complex, which influence thymidylate synthase inhibition rate of fluoropyrimidines, were studied in 87 human adenocarcinoma tissues.	fluoropyrimidines	265-282	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	225-245
8471333-1	1993	Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is the major catabolic enzyme of pyrimidines and fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	87-104	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	33-36
8400672-8	1993	From these pharmacodynamic data, it was concluded that postoperative chemotherapy with oral fluoropyrimidines can achieve the MEC in portal and peripheral blood.	fluoropyrimidines	92-109	C-C motif chemokine ligand 28	Homo sapiens	126-129
2023705-0	1991	Low uracil concentration in the liver might be responsible for the decreased antineoplastic activity of fluoropyrimidines in mice with CCl4-induced chronic liver dysfunction.	fluoropyrimidines	104-121	chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4	Mus musculus	135-139
1449968-2	1992	In vivo and ex vivo MRS has been used extensively in studies with fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	66-83	MROS	Homo sapiens	20-23
1532673-6	1992	The resistant cells showed significantly increased levels of thymidylate synthase, the target enzyme of the fluoropyrimidines" active metabolite, 5-fluoro-2"-deoxyuridine-5"-monophosphate (FdUMP).	fluoropyrimidines	108-125	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	61-81
33824328-5	2021	Targeting dUTPase and inducing uracil misincorporation during the repair of DNA damage induced by fluoropyrimidines or anthracyclines represents an effective strategy to induce cell lethality.	fluoropyrimidines	98-115	Deoxyuridine triphosphatase	Drosophila melanogaster	10-17
2141051-0	1990	[Chemotherapy with fluoropyrimidines for MOPC-104E plasmacytoma transplanted in mice with CCl4 induced chronic liver dysfunction].	fluoropyrimidines	19-36	chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4	Mus musculus	90-94
33824328-6	2021	dUTPase inhibition significantly sensitised TNBC cell lines to fluoropyrimidines and anthracyclines through imbalanced nucleotide pools and increased DNA damage leading to decreased proliferation and increased cell death.	fluoropyrimidines	63-80	Deoxyuridine triphosphatase	Drosophila melanogaster	0-7
33235483-2	2020	Pharmacogenomic guidelines recommended pre-treatment identification of at-risk patients suggesting dose adjustment of fluoropyrimidines based on dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD), and irinotecan on UDP glucuronosyl-transferase 1 family polypeptide A1 (UGT1A1) genetic variants, but they are poorly applied in clinical practice.	fluoropyrimidines	118-135	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	178-182
33235483-11	2020	Implementation of up-front evaluation of the five validated DPYD variants and UGT1A1*28 in the multidisciplinary molecular tumor board, also including CRC genetic characterization, addresses potential treatments with fluoropyrimidines and irinotecan associations at proper doses and schedules, particularly for early CRC, MCRC patients fit for intensive regimens or unfit for conventional regimens, requiring treatment modulations, and also for patients who experience severe, unexpected toxicities.	fluoropyrimidines	217-234	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	60-64
33235483-11	2020	Implementation of up-front evaluation of the five validated DPYD variants and UGT1A1*28 in the multidisciplinary molecular tumor board, also including CRC genetic characterization, addresses potential treatments with fluoropyrimidines and irinotecan associations at proper doses and schedules, particularly for early CRC, MCRC patients fit for intensive regimens or unfit for conventional regimens, requiring treatment modulations, and also for patients who experience severe, unexpected toxicities.	fluoropyrimidines	217-234	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A1	Homo sapiens	78-84
34808283-5	2022	Some clinically established pharmacogenetic tests allow for the adjustment of drug dosage, for example, the analysis of DPYD allelic variants for administration of fluoropyrimidines and UGT1A1 genotyping for the use of irinotecan.	fluoropyrimidines	164-181	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	120-124
34959317-2	2021	Polymorphism of the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) gene may reduce DPD function, the main enzyme responsible for the metabolism of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	139-156	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	20-51
34897655-1	2022	Fluoropyrimidines are chemotherapy drugs that may cause severe adverse events, and their metabolism occurs by dihydropyrimidine deydrogenase (DPD), coded by DPYD.	fluoropyrimidines	0-17	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	142-145
34897655-1	2022	Fluoropyrimidines are chemotherapy drugs that may cause severe adverse events, and their metabolism occurs by dihydropyrimidine deydrogenase (DPD), coded by DPYD.	fluoropyrimidines	0-17	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	157-161
34959317-2	2021	Polymorphism of the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) gene may reduce DPD function, the main enzyme responsible for the metabolism of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	139-156	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	53-57
34959317-2	2021	Polymorphism of the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) gene may reduce DPD function, the main enzyme responsible for the metabolism of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	139-156	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	75-78
34550548-1	2021	PURPOSE: The standard first-line treatment for human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)-positive advanced gastric cancer (AGC) is trastuzumab in combination with cisplatin and fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	188-205	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	94-98
34773566-0	2022	Consensus of experts from the Spanish Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Society and the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology for the genotyping of DPYD in cancer patients who are candidates for treatment with fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	212-229	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	150-154
34484488-30	2021	We estimate that publicly funding DPYD genotyping in Ontario may be cost-saving, with an estimated total of $714,963 over the next 5 years, provided that the implementation, service delivery, and program coordination costs do not exceed this amount.For people treated with fluoropyrimidines, cancer and treatment side effects had a substantial negative effect on their quality of life and mental health.	fluoropyrimidines	273-290	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	34-38
34650886-4	2021	The production of these toxic events depends on the capacity of a subject to metabolize the fluoropyrimidines adequately, and this depends on the activity of the enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD).	fluoropyrimidines	92-109	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	202-205
2503704-0	1989	[Anti-tumor effect of fluoropyrimidines on human tumor cell lines transplanted in nude mice with CCl4-induced liver dysfunction].	fluoropyrimidines	22-39	chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4	Mus musculus	97-101
34442436-0	2021	DPYD Exome, mRNA Expression and Uracil Levels in Early Severe Toxicity to Fluoropyrimidines: An Extreme Phenotype Approach.	fluoropyrimidines	74-91	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-4
34355022-2	2021	Aberrant expression of ANXA3 promotes tumor cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and therapy resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic drugs including platinum-based agents, fluoropyrimidines, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and docetaxel.	fluoropyrimidines	191-208	annexin A3	Homo sapiens	23-28
35427566-5	2022	Thymidylate synthase (TYMS), the major target of chemotherapeutic drugs 5-FU or other fluoropyrimidines, which catalyzes the conversion of dUMP to dTMP and provides the sole de novo source of thymidylate for DNA synthesis.	fluoropyrimidines	86-103	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	0-20
35427566-5	2022	Thymidylate synthase (TYMS), the major target of chemotherapeutic drugs 5-FU or other fluoropyrimidines, which catalyzes the conversion of dUMP to dTMP and provides the sole de novo source of thymidylate for DNA synthesis.	fluoropyrimidines	86-103	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	22-26
34484488-0	2021	DPYD Genotyping in Patients Who Have Planned Cancer Treatment With Fluoropyrimidines: A Health Technology Assessment.	fluoropyrimidines	67-84	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-4
34211587-1	2021	Background: Trastuzumab combined with cisplatin and fluoropyrimidines, either capecitabine or 5-fluorouracile (XP/FP), is the standard first-line treatment for advanced, HER2-positive, gastric cancer patients based on the ToGA trial.	fluoropyrimidines	52-69	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	170-174
2971656-6	1988	These results are in accord with the concept that folinic acid augments the effects of the fluoropyrimidines by expansion of cellular 5,10-CH2-H4PteGlun pools with subsequent stabilization of ternary complexes among 5-fluoro-2"-deoxyuridine 5"-monophosphate, TS, and 5,10-CH2-H4PteGlun.	fluoropyrimidines	91-108	thymidylate synthase	Mus musculus	259-261
2521810-0	1989	Leucovorin enhancement of the effects of the fluoropyrimidines on thymidylate synthase.	fluoropyrimidines	45-62	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	66-86
2528450-1	1989	Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD; EC 1.3.1.2) catalyzes the rate-limiting reaction in the catabolism of endogenous uracil and thymine and exogenous fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	152-169	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-31
2528450-1	1989	Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD; EC 1.3.1.2) catalyzes the rate-limiting reaction in the catabolism of endogenous uracil and thymine and exogenous fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	152-169	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	33-36
2971656-7	1988	In light of the accumulation of TS that occurs following exposure to fluoropyrimidines, this stabilization may be needed for efficient tumor cell killing by these agents.	fluoropyrimidines	69-86	thymidylate synthase	Mus musculus	32-34
2944577-9	1986	We conclude that folinic acid stabilizes the effects of the fluoropyrimidines on thymidylate synthase of both mouse and human leukemic cell populations and that this enhancement is reflected in both inhibition of the growth of and the lethality to these cells.	fluoropyrimidines	60-77	thymidylate synthase	Mus musculus	81-101
2963229-4	1987	The most probable mechanism of the interaction between folinic acid and the fluoropyrimidines is stabilization of thymidylate synthase (TS) in inactive complexes with 5-fluoro-2"-deoxyuridine-5"-monophosphate (FdUMP) and folate cofactor.	fluoropyrimidines	76-93	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	114-134
2944577-10	1986	We suggest that only doses of the fluoropyrimidines that are capable of initially inhibiting thymidylate synthase to a high degree will be synergistic with excess reduced folates.	fluoropyrimidines	34-51	thymidylate synthase	Mus musculus	93-113
33877893-2	2021	A dihydropyridine dehydrogenase (DPYD) gene variant, c.1905 + 1G>A, leads to intolerance to fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	92-109	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	2-31
33995592-10	2021	Other oral fluoropyrimidines, such as FTD/TPI, are effective in patients with mCRC who are refractory, intolerant or ineligible for 5-FU.	fluoropyrimidines	11-28	triosephosphate isomerase 1	Homo sapiens	42-45
33951613-1	2021	BACKGROUND: Concomitant use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may negatively affect the efficacy of anticancer drugs such as fluoropyrimidines in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC).	fluoropyrimidines	124-141	ATPase H+/K+ transporting subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	31-42
33544210-5	2021	Preemptive screening for DPYD gene alterations enables the identification of DPD-deficient patients before administering fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	121-138	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	25-29
33587160-4	2021	Phenotypic and genotypic investigation of DPD activity revealed that the patient had a partial deficiency and had therefore been exposed to a higher risk of developing severe toxicities on fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	189-206	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	42-45
33877893-2	2021	A dihydropyridine dehydrogenase (DPYD) gene variant, c.1905 + 1G>A, leads to intolerance to fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	92-109	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	33-37
32899374-1	2020	Fluoropyrimidines (FP) are mainly metabolised by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), encoded by the DPYD gene.	fluoropyrimidines	0-17	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	49-80
33644953-12	2021	IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This study showed a significant interaction between the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and the type of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	136-153	ATPase H+/K+ transporting subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	90-101
33280607-0	2020	Predictive value of clinical toxicities of chemotherapy with fluoropyrimidines and oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer by DPYD and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms.	fluoropyrimidines	61-78	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	119-123
33280607-0	2020	Predictive value of clinical toxicities of chemotherapy with fluoropyrimidines and oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer by DPYD and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms.	fluoropyrimidines	61-78	glutathione S-transferase pi 1	Homo sapiens	128-133
33197222-4	2020	Pharmacology guidelines provide recommendations on avoiding treatment with fluoropyrimidines or reducing their dose in patients carrying DPYD genetic variants conferring an increased risk of toxicity.	fluoropyrimidines	75-92	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	137-141
33020924-5	2021	The most established strategy for individualized dosing of fluoropyrimidines is upfront genotyping of the DPYD gene.	fluoropyrimidines	59-76	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	106-110
33620159-13	2021	Our data support a role for DPYD genotyping in the use of fluoropyrimidines in North America.	fluoropyrimidines	58-75	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	28-32
28520376-0	2012	Fluorouracil Therapy and DPYD Genotype Fluorouracil is a chemotherapy agent that belongs to the drug class of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	110-127	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	25-29
33140501-9	2021	Further, dUTPase inhibition has the potential to maximize the antitumor activity of fluoropyrimidines in cancers that are defective in BER or HR.	fluoropyrimidines	84-101	Deoxyuridine triphosphatase	Drosophila melanogaster	9-16
33305610-1	2021	Cancers of the colon are commonly treated with fluoropyrimidines, which often cause severe toxicities in patients with certain variants in DPYD.	fluoropyrimidines	47-64	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	139-143
28520372-0	2012	Capecitabine Therapy and DPYD Genotype Capecitabine is a chemotherapy agent that belongs to the drug class of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	110-127	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	25-29
32899374-1	2020	Fluoropyrimidines (FP) are mainly metabolised by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), encoded by the DPYD gene.	fluoropyrimidines	0-17	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	82-85
32899374-1	2020	Fluoropyrimidines (FP) are mainly metabolised by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), encoded by the DPYD gene.	fluoropyrimidines	0-17	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	103-107
31377317-0	2019	Histone chaperone CHAF1A impacts the outcome of fluoropyrimidines-based adjuvant therapy in gastric cancer by regulating the expression of thymidylate synthetase.	fluoropyrimidines	48-65	chromatin assembly factor 1 subunit A	Homo sapiens	18-24
32625092-6	2020	The chemotherapeutic backbone of nCRT is represented by fluoropyrimidines, mainly metabolized by DPD (Dihydro-Pyrimidine Dehydrogenase, DPYD).	fluoropyrimidines	56-73	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	102-134
32625092-6	2020	The chemotherapeutic backbone of nCRT is represented by fluoropyrimidines, mainly metabolized by DPD (Dihydro-Pyrimidine Dehydrogenase, DPYD).	fluoropyrimidines	56-73	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	136-140
32625092-7	2020	The clinical impact of testing DPYD*2A, DPYD*13, c.2846A > T and c.1236G > A-HapB3 before a fluoropyrimidines administration to increase treatment safety is widely acknowledged.	fluoropyrimidines	92-109	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	31-35
31768696-1	2020	BACKGROUND: Trastuzumab (T-mab) combined with cisplatin and fluoropyrimidines is a standard first-line treatment for HER2+ advanced gastric cancer (AGC).	fluoropyrimidines	60-77	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	117-121
31274208-7	2019	Close monitoring should be undertaken when administering fluoropyrimidines with CYP2C9 substrates with narrow therapeutic indexes while also weighing the benefits and risks for individual patients.	fluoropyrimidines	57-74	cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 9	Homo sapiens	80-86
30723313-1	2019	Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) is a highly polymorphic gene and classic deficient variants (i.e., c.1236G>A/HapB3, c.1679T>G, c.1905+1G>A and c.2846A>T) are characterized by impaired enzyme activity and risk of severe adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in patients treated with fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	281-298	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-31
30723313-1	2019	Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) is a highly polymorphic gene and classic deficient variants (i.e., c.1236G>A/HapB3, c.1679T>G, c.1905+1G>A and c.2846A>T) are characterized by impaired enzyme activity and risk of severe adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in patients treated with fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	281-298	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	33-37
30723313-3	2019	Therefore, the search for additional DPYD polymorphisms associated with ADRs may improve the safety of treatment with fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	118-135	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	37-41
31102009-1	2019	BACKGROUND: Trastuzumab with cisplatin and fluoropyrimidines improves overall survival (OS) in patients with HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer (AGC).	fluoropyrimidines	43-60	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	109-113
31377317-0	2019	Histone chaperone CHAF1A impacts the outcome of fluoropyrimidines-based adjuvant therapy in gastric cancer by regulating the expression of thymidylate synthetase.	fluoropyrimidines	48-65	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	139-161
31377317-3	2019	METHODS: CHAF1A protein expression was measured in independent discovery and validation sets that included 86 and 325 patients respectively who received fluoropyrimidines-based adjuvant chemotherapy after radical gastrectomy.	fluoropyrimidines	153-170	chromatin assembly factor 1 subunit A	Homo sapiens	9-15
31160238-0	2019	The Prevalence of DPYD*9A(c.85T>C) Genotype and the Genotype-Phenotype Correlation in Patients with Gastrointestinal Malignancies Treated With Fluoropyrimidines: Updated Analysis.	fluoropyrimidines	146-163	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	18-22
31155283-3	2019	Individuals suffering from cancer with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of cancer, who received a fluoropyrimidines-based treatment, were retrospectively genotyped in the DPYD gene.	fluoropyrimidines	102-119	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	175-179
31155283-8	2019	These findings suggest that DPYD-guided fluoropyrimidines treatment represent a cost-saving choice for individuals suffering from cancer in the Italian healthcare setting.	fluoropyrimidines	40-57	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	28-32
30487465-8	2018	Four out of seven patients carrying multiple DPYD variants received a full dose of fluoropyrimidines and experienced severe toxicity.	fluoropyrimidines	83-100	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	45-49
30915274-1	2019	Variations in the activity, up to absolute deficiency, of the enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), result in the occurrence of adverse reactions to chemotherapy, and have been included among the pharmacogenetic factors underlying inter-individual variability in response to fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	283-300	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	69-100
30915274-1	2019	Variations in the activity, up to absolute deficiency, of the enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), result in the occurrence of adverse reactions to chemotherapy, and have been included among the pharmacogenetic factors underlying inter-individual variability in response to fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	283-300	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	102-105
30349988-2	2019	Genetic variations in DPYD have also emerged as predictive risk factors for severe toxicity in cancer patients treated with fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	124-141	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	22-26
30131855-1	2018	Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a critical enzyme influencing the metabolism of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	95-112	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	37-42
30510364-2	2018	5-FU acts by inhibiting thymidylate synthase (TS), and high levels of TS correlate with resistance to treatment with fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	117-134	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	70-72
29748212-3	2018	TAS-114 strongly and competitively inhibited deoxyuridine 5"-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase), a gatekeeper protein preventing aberrant base incorporation into DNA, and enhanced the cytotoxicity of fluoropyrimidines in cancer cells; however, it had little intrinsic activity.	fluoropyrimidines	208-225	Deoxyuridine triphosphatase	Drosophila melanogaster	95-102
30348537-17	2018	Since fluoropyrimidines are among the most commonly used anticancer agents, these findings suggest that implementation of DPYD genotype-guided individualised dosing should be a new standard of care.	fluoropyrimidines	6-23	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	122-126
30349384-7	2018	With this case, we show that exon sequencing of DPYD in patients who experience marked toxicity to fluoropyrimidines and test negative for commonly evaluated variants can prove extremely useful for identifying new genetic variants and better explain adverse reactions causality.	fluoropyrimidines	99-116	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	48-52
30131855-1	2018	Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a critical enzyme influencing the metabolism of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	95-112	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	0-35
29141899-9	2018	Together, our results suggest that inhibition of Gbeta5 might represent a novel means to circumvent cardiotoxicity in cancer patients whose treatment regimens include anthracyclines, taxanes, or fluoropyrimidines.Significance: These findings suggest that inhibiting an atypical G-protein might provide a strategy to limit the cardiotoxicity in cancer patients treated with anthracyclines, taxanes, or fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	195-212	G protein subunit beta 5	Homo sapiens	49-55
30087856-0	2018	A Novel DPYD Variant Associated With Severe Toxicity of Fluoropyrimidines: Role of Pre-emptive DPYD Genotype Screening.	fluoropyrimidines	56-73	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	8-12
29998006-0	2018	Germline pharmacogenomics of DPYD*9A (c.85T>C) variant in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies treated with fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	118-135	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	29-33
29998006-3	2018	This study explored DPYD*9A genotype and clinical phenotype correlation in patients with gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies treated with fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	137-154	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	20-24
29998006-12	2018	Grade 3-4 diarrhea was associated with DPYD*9A variant in patients treated with full dose fluoropyrimidines (P=0.0055).	fluoropyrimidines	90-107	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	39-43
29998006-14	2018	The correlation between DPYD*9A genotype and DPD deficiency in clinical phenotype was noticeable in patients who received full dose fluoropyrimidines as they all experienced grade 3-4 toxicities (diarrhea).	fluoropyrimidines	132-149	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	24-28
29152729-1	2018	The purpose of this guideline is to provide information for the interpretation of clinical dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) genotype tests so that the results can be used to guide dosing of fluoropyrimidines (5-fluorouracil and capecitabine).	fluoropyrimidines	196-213	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	91-122
29152729-1	2018	The purpose of this guideline is to provide information for the interpretation of clinical dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) genotype tests so that the results can be used to guide dosing of fluoropyrimidines (5-fluorouracil and capecitabine).	fluoropyrimidines	196-213	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	124-128
29141899-9	2018	Together, our results suggest that inhibition of Gbeta5 might represent a novel means to circumvent cardiotoxicity in cancer patients whose treatment regimens include anthracyclines, taxanes, or fluoropyrimidines.Significance: These findings suggest that inhibiting an atypical G-protein might provide a strategy to limit the cardiotoxicity in cancer patients treated with anthracyclines, taxanes, or fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	401-418	G protein subunit beta 5	Homo sapiens	49-55
29960638-0	2018	[Fluoropyrimidines cardiac toxicity: 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine, compound S-1 and trifluridine/tipiracil].	fluoropyrimidines	1-18	proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 1	Homo sapiens	76-79
29065426-1	2017	BACKGROUND: Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) catabolises ~85% of the administered dose of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	95-112	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	12-43
29045513-4	2017	This toxicity is strongly affected by interindividual variability in activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), the main metabolic enzyme for inactivation of fluoropyrimidines, with an estimated 3%-8% of the population being partially DPD deficient.	fluoropyrimidines	166-183	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	81-112
29045513-4	2017	This toxicity is strongly affected by interindividual variability in activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), the main metabolic enzyme for inactivation of fluoropyrimidines, with an estimated 3%-8% of the population being partially DPD deficient.	fluoropyrimidines	166-183	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	114-117
29045513-6	2017	When these partially DPD deficient patients are treated with a full dose of fluoropyrimidines, they are generally exposed to toxic levels of 5-FU and its metabolites, and the risk of developing severe treatment-related toxicity is therefore significantly increased.Currently, functional and clinical validity is well established for four DPYD variants (DPYD*2A, c.2846A>T, c.1679T>G and c.1236G>A), as those variants have retrospectively and in a large population study prospectively been shown to be associated with increased risk of fluoropyrimidine-associated toxicity.	fluoropyrimidines	76-93	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	338-342
29045513-6	2017	When these partially DPD deficient patients are treated with a full dose of fluoropyrimidines, they are generally exposed to toxic levels of 5-FU and its metabolites, and the risk of developing severe treatment-related toxicity is therefore significantly increased.Currently, functional and clinical validity is well established for four DPYD variants (DPYD*2A, c.2846A>T, c.1679T>G and c.1236G>A), as those variants have retrospectively and in a large population study prospectively been shown to be associated with increased risk of fluoropyrimidine-associated toxicity.	fluoropyrimidines	76-93	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	353-357
29045550-0	2017	DPYD genotype-guided fluoropyrimidines dose: is it ready for prime time?	fluoropyrimidines	21-38	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-4
29257755-4	2017	Our aim was to assess the association between variants of TYMS with response and toxicity to fluoropyrimidines in patients with CRC in independent retrospective and prospective studies.	fluoropyrimidines	93-110	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	58-62
29257755-5	2017	METHODS: Variants namely rs45445694, rs183205964, rs2853542 and rs151264360 of TYMS were genotyped in 105 CRC patients and were evaluated to define their association with clinical response and toxicity to fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	205-222	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	79-83
29340111-2	2017	DPD (dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, encoded by DPYD gene) is the initial and rate-limiting enzyme of metabolic pathway of fluoropyrimidines, and fluoropyrimidines are common used drug therapies for breast cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	124-141	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-3
29340111-2	2017	DPD (dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, encoded by DPYD gene) is the initial and rate-limiting enzyme of metabolic pathway of fluoropyrimidines, and fluoropyrimidines are common used drug therapies for breast cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	124-141	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	5-36
29340111-2	2017	DPD (dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, encoded by DPYD gene) is the initial and rate-limiting enzyme of metabolic pathway of fluoropyrimidines, and fluoropyrimidines are common used drug therapies for breast cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	124-141	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	49-53
29340111-2	2017	DPD (dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, encoded by DPYD gene) is the initial and rate-limiting enzyme of metabolic pathway of fluoropyrimidines, and fluoropyrimidines are common used drug therapies for breast cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	147-164	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-3
29340111-2	2017	DPD (dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, encoded by DPYD gene) is the initial and rate-limiting enzyme of metabolic pathway of fluoropyrimidines, and fluoropyrimidines are common used drug therapies for breast cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	147-164	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	5-36
29340111-2	2017	DPD (dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, encoded by DPYD gene) is the initial and rate-limiting enzyme of metabolic pathway of fluoropyrimidines, and fluoropyrimidines are common used drug therapies for breast cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	147-164	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	49-53
29340111-3	2017	Previous studies on DPYD polymorphism were mainly focused on its association with fluoropyrimidines toxicity.	fluoropyrimidines	82-99	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	20-24
29065426-1	2017	BACKGROUND: Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) catabolises ~85% of the administered dose of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	95-112	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	45-48
27569869-8	2016	Of the SNPs described in this review, dose reduction of fluoropyrimidines based on the presence of DPYD variants *2A (rs3918290), *13 (rs55886062), -2846A>T (rs67376798) and -1236G>A/HapB3 (rs56038477) has already been recommended.	fluoropyrimidines	56-73	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	99-103
28693254-1	2017	Thymidylate synthase (TYMS) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) are associated with the response of tumors to fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	117-134	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	0-20
28693254-1	2017	Thymidylate synthase (TYMS) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) are associated with the response of tumors to fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	117-134	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	22-26
28693254-1	2017	Thymidylate synthase (TYMS) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) are associated with the response of tumors to fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	117-134	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	32-63
28693254-1	2017	Thymidylate synthase (TYMS) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) are associated with the response of tumors to fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	117-134	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	65-69
28347776-2	2017	SNPs have been identified in genes involved in the pharmacodynamics of fluoropyrimidines, and guidelines even recommend genotyping some DPYD variants in order to estimate the risk of toxicity.	fluoropyrimidines	71-88	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	136-140
28347776-4	2017	The aim of the present study was to identify new genetic variants by selecting a group of tag SNPs in genes associated with the pharmacodynamics of fluoropyrimidines (CDA, DPYD, ENOSF1, CES1, TYMS, SLC22A7, TYMP, and UMPS).	fluoropyrimidines	148-165	solute carrier family 22 member 7	Homo sapiens	198-205
28347776-4	2017	The aim of the present study was to identify new genetic variants by selecting a group of tag SNPs in genes associated with the pharmacodynamics of fluoropyrimidines (CDA, DPYD, ENOSF1, CES1, TYMS, SLC22A7, TYMP, and UMPS).	fluoropyrimidines	148-165	thymidine phosphorylase	Homo sapiens	207-211
28347776-4	2017	The aim of the present study was to identify new genetic variants by selecting a group of tag SNPs in genes associated with the pharmacodynamics of fluoropyrimidines (CDA, DPYD, ENOSF1, CES1, TYMS, SLC22A7, TYMP, and UMPS).	fluoropyrimidines	148-165	uridine monophosphate synthetase	Homo sapiens	217-221
28427087-1	2017	BACKGROUND: We investigated the predictive value of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) phenotype, measured as pretreatment serum uracil and dihydrouracil concentrations, for severe as well as fatal fluoropyrimidine-associated toxicity in 550 patients treated previously with fluoropyrimidines during a prospective multicenter study.	fluoropyrimidines	278-295	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	85-88
28024938-10	2017	A lethal toxicity in two DPD patients suggests that fluoropyrimidines combined with other therapies such as radiotherapy might be particularly toxic for DPD deficient patients.	fluoropyrimidines	52-69	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	25-28
28435393-2	2017	Based on its potent inhibition of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), S-1 is expected to be more active than other fluoropyrimidines against HCC with DPD activity.	fluoropyrimidines	118-135	proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 1	Homo sapiens	73-76
28895423-2	2017	Therefore, TS is a suitable target for cytotoxic drugs such as fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	63-80	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	11-13
27544765-0	2016	Patients homozygous for DPYD c.1129-5923C>G/haplotype B3 have partial DPD deficiency and require a dose reduction when treated with fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	135-152	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	24-28
27143148-1	2016	PURPOSE: Patients with unresectable wild-type KRAS metastatic colorectal cancer benefit from fluoropyrimidines (FP), oxaliplatin (O), irinotecan (I), bevacizumab (Bev), and epithelial growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRI).	fluoropyrimidines	93-110	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	46-50
27589829-5	2016	Therefore, there is a sound rationale for individualizing treatment with fluoropyrimidines based on DPD status in order to improve patient safety.	fluoropyrimidines	73-90	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	100-103
27774364-10	2016	Our case report further underlines the fact that TYMS polymorphism not only predicts response to 5-FU by relating to intratumoral-TYMS mRNA expression but also the toxicity in these patients receiving fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	201-218	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	49-53
27248859-0	2016	Cost-effectiveness of screening for DPYD polymorphisms to prevent neutropenia in cancer patients treated with fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	110-127	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	36-40
27181275-2	2016	Prospective DPYD screening identifies patients at risk for toxicity and leads to a safer treatment with fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	104-121	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	12-16
24510588-6	2014	In the subgroup of 56 patients treated with fluoropyrimidines and in the smaller subgroup of 32 stage II patients treated with fluoropyrimidines, those with high levels of miR-200a, miR-200c, miR-141, or miR-429 had significantly longer overall and DFS.	fluoropyrimidines	127-144	microRNA 200a	Homo sapiens	172-180
26811188-0	2016	S-1-based regimens and the risk of leucopenic complications; a Meta-analysis with comparison to other fluoropyrimidines and non fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	102-119	proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
26099996-0	2015	Clinical validity of a DPYD-based pharmacogenetic test to predict severe toxicity to fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	85-102	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	23-27
26099996-1	2015	Pre-therapeutic DPYD pharmacogenetic test to prevent fluoropyrimidines (FL)-related toxicities is not yet common practice in medical oncology.	fluoropyrimidines	53-70	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	16-20
26603945-13	2015	Upfront screening for these variants, in addition to the established variants DPYD*2A and c.2846A>T, is recommended to improve the safety of patients with cancer treated with fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	178-195	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	78-82
25906475-3	2015	In patients carrying non-functional DPYD variants (c.1905+1G>A, c.1679T>G, c.2846A>T), fluoropyrimidines should be avoided or reduced according to the patients" homozygous or heterozygous status, respectively.	fluoropyrimidines	96-113	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	36-40
25906475-7	2015	DPYD promoter methylation and its regulation by microRNAs may affect the toxicity risk of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	90-107	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-4
25808438-5	2015	For upfront identification of patients at high risk of suffering from severe therapy-related toxicity, specific variants of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase may be measured for predicting toxicity from fluoropyrimidines and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase*28 (UGT1A1*28) for predicting toxicity from irinotecan.	fluoropyrimidines	201-218	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A1	Homo sapiens	271-277
25272957-14	2014	Nevertheless, AREG/EREG negative, PTEN positive and Hif-1 alpha negative patients might profit significantly in terms of DFS from a treatment containing fluoropyrimidines and irinotecan.	fluoropyrimidines	153-170	amphiregulin	Homo sapiens	14-18
25272957-14	2014	Nevertheless, AREG/EREG negative, PTEN positive and Hif-1 alpha negative patients might profit significantly in terms of DFS from a treatment containing fluoropyrimidines and irinotecan.	fluoropyrimidines	153-170	epiregulin	Homo sapiens	19-23
25272957-14	2014	Nevertheless, AREG/EREG negative, PTEN positive and Hif-1 alpha negative patients might profit significantly in terms of DFS from a treatment containing fluoropyrimidines and irinotecan.	fluoropyrimidines	153-170	phosphatase and tensin homolog	Homo sapiens	34-38
25272957-14	2014	Nevertheless, AREG/EREG negative, PTEN positive and Hif-1 alpha negative patients might profit significantly in terms of DFS from a treatment containing fluoropyrimidines and irinotecan.	fluoropyrimidines	153-170	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	52-63
25027354-0	2014	Thymidine phosphorylase gene variant, platelet counts and survival in gastrointestinal cancer patients treated by fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	114-131	thymidine phosphorylase	Homo sapiens	0-23
26801900-10	2016	Moreover, as regards fluoropyrimidines, the frequency of two polymorphisms within the DPYD gene associated with drug toxicity (e.g., rs2297595-C allele and rs3918290-T allele, LOE 2A and 1, respectively) was extremely low in FVG population thus suggesting that a larger number of FVG patients could benefit from full dosage of fluoropyrimidine therapy.	fluoropyrimidines	21-38	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	86-90
26189437-1	2016	The fluoropyrimidines act by inhibiting thymidylate synthase (TS).	fluoropyrimidines	4-21	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	40-60
26189437-1	2016	The fluoropyrimidines act by inhibiting thymidylate synthase (TS).	fluoropyrimidines	4-21	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	62-64
26396533-0	2015	Polymorphism in miR-146a associated with clinical characteristics and outcomes in gastric cancer patients treated with adjuvant oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	144-161	microRNA 146a	Homo sapiens	16-24
26330892-0	2015	Discovery of novel mutations in the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene associated with toxicity of fluoropyrimidines and viewpoint on preemptive pharmacogenetic screening in patients.	fluoropyrimidines	101-118	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	36-67
26330892-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is the initial and rate-limiting enzyme of the metabolic pathway of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and other fluoropyrimidines to inactive compounds.	fluoropyrimidines	150-167	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	12-43
26330892-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is the initial and rate-limiting enzyme of the metabolic pathway of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and other fluoropyrimidines to inactive compounds.	fluoropyrimidines	150-167	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	45-48
25782327-0	2015	DPD and UGT1A1 deficiency in colorectal cancer patients receiving triplet chemotherapy with fluoropyrimidines, oxaliplatin and irinotecan.	fluoropyrimidines	92-109	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-3
25782327-0	2015	DPD and UGT1A1 deficiency in colorectal cancer patients receiving triplet chemotherapy with fluoropyrimidines, oxaliplatin and irinotecan.	fluoropyrimidines	92-109	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A1	Homo sapiens	8-14
26027741-8	2015	Heritable genetic variants in the ABC and SLC transport pathways; in the CYP450, GST, and UGT-mediated phase I and II metabolism; in the folate metabolic pathway; as well as in the EGF and VEGF signaling pathways, have been associated with a distinct tumor sensitivity phenotype in CRC patients treated with fluoropyrimidines combined with either irinotecan, oxaliplatin or targeted biological agents.	fluoropyrimidines	308-325	ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 6 (Langereis blood group)	Homo sapiens	34-37
26027741-8	2015	Heritable genetic variants in the ABC and SLC transport pathways; in the CYP450, GST, and UGT-mediated phase I and II metabolism; in the folate metabolic pathway; as well as in the EGF and VEGF signaling pathways, have been associated with a distinct tumor sensitivity phenotype in CRC patients treated with fluoropyrimidines combined with either irinotecan, oxaliplatin or targeted biological agents.	fluoropyrimidines	308-325	C-C motif chemokine ligand 21	Homo sapiens	42-45
26027741-8	2015	Heritable genetic variants in the ABC and SLC transport pathways; in the CYP450, GST, and UGT-mediated phase I and II metabolism; in the folate metabolic pathway; as well as in the EGF and VEGF signaling pathways, have been associated with a distinct tumor sensitivity phenotype in CRC patients treated with fluoropyrimidines combined with either irinotecan, oxaliplatin or targeted biological agents.	fluoropyrimidines	308-325	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A complex locus	Homo sapiens	90-93
26027741-8	2015	Heritable genetic variants in the ABC and SLC transport pathways; in the CYP450, GST, and UGT-mediated phase I and II metabolism; in the folate metabolic pathway; as well as in the EGF and VEGF signaling pathways, have been associated with a distinct tumor sensitivity phenotype in CRC patients treated with fluoropyrimidines combined with either irinotecan, oxaliplatin or targeted biological agents.	fluoropyrimidines	308-325	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	189-193
26265346-1	2015	The dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase enzyme (DPD, encoded by the gene DPYD) plays a key role in the metabolism of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	113-130	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	44-47
26265346-1	2015	The dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase enzyme (DPD, encoded by the gene DPYD) plays a key role in the metabolism of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	113-130	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	69-73
25537222-8	2014	CONCLUSION: 5-FU administration results in the decrease of TP activity in tumor and normal adjacent tissues that might have importance for chemotherapy with fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	157-174	thymidine phosphorylase	Homo sapiens	59-61
24048758-7	2014	Oral fluoropyrimidines, especially S-1 and capecitabine, can substitute for 5-fluorouracil.	fluoropyrimidines	5-22	proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 1	Homo sapiens	35-55
29764069-1	2014	Reduced activity of DPD leads to severe toxicity in cancer patients receiving standard doses of fluoropyrimidines, particularly in the case of combination regimens.	fluoropyrimidines	96-113	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	20-23
23232805-8	2013	The magnitude of the intratumoral TP/DPD enzyme ratio may be a potential indicator for the individualization of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with oral fluoropyrimidines for stage III colorectal cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	158-175	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	37-40
24452393-0	2014	First-in-human, phase I dose-escalation study of single and multiple doses of a first-in-class enhancer of fluoropyrimidines, a dUTPase inhibitor (TAS-114) in healthy male volunteers.	fluoropyrimidines	107-124	Deoxyuridine triphosphatase	Drosophila melanogaster	128-135
23988873-2	2013	Detoxifying metabolism of fluoropyrimidines requires dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD, encoded by the DPYD gene), and reduced or absent activity of this enzyme can result in severe, and sometimes fatal, toxicity.	fluoropyrimidines	26-43	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	53-84
23988873-2	2013	Detoxifying metabolism of fluoropyrimidines requires dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD, encoded by the DPYD gene), and reduced or absent activity of this enzyme can result in severe, and sometimes fatal, toxicity.	fluoropyrimidines	26-43	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	86-89
23988873-2	2013	Detoxifying metabolism of fluoropyrimidines requires dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD, encoded by the DPYD gene), and reduced or absent activity of this enzyme can result in severe, and sometimes fatal, toxicity.	fluoropyrimidines	26-43	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	106-110
23988873-3	2013	We summarize evidence from the published literature supporting this association and provide dosing recommendations for fluoropyrimidines based on DPYD genotype (updates at http://www.pharmgkb.org).	fluoropyrimidines	119-136	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	146-150
23041588-1	2013	BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combination of panitumumab and irinotecan in patients with KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer refractory to standard chemotherapy (oxaliplatin, fluoropyrimidines-irinotecan and bevacizumab).	fluoropyrimidines	211-228	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	117-121
23152010-3	2012	For fluoropyrimidines, the standard drugs used in chemotherapy for gastrointestinal cancer, biomarker research has been conducted on targets such as thymidylate synthase(TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase(DPD), and thymidine phosphorylase(TP).	fluoropyrimidines	4-21	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	207-210
24683387-3	2012	It has been well established that thymidylate synthase (TYMS, TS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) are two major targets for fluoropyrimidines and antifolates, respectively.	fluoropyrimidines	127-144	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	34-54
24683387-3	2012	It has been well established that thymidylate synthase (TYMS, TS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) are two major targets for fluoropyrimidines and antifolates, respectively.	fluoropyrimidines	127-144	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	56-60
24683387-3	2012	It has been well established that thymidylate synthase (TYMS, TS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) are two major targets for fluoropyrimidines and antifolates, respectively.	fluoropyrimidines	127-144	dihydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	70-93
24683387-3	2012	It has been well established that thymidylate synthase (TYMS, TS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) are two major targets for fluoropyrimidines and antifolates, respectively.	fluoropyrimidines	127-144	dihydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	95-99
20809360-1	2011	The present preclinical study was designed to evaluate a new combination therapy comprised of the aromatase inhibitor anastrozole (ANA) and the oral fluoropyrimidines, UFT and S-1 against the estrogen receptor (ER)-positive human breast cancer cell line MCF-7/Arom 14, which was stably transfected with the cDNA of human aromatase.	fluoropyrimidines	149-166	estrogen receptor 1	Homo sapiens	211-213
22876876-2	2012	BACKGROUND: To evaluate the value of KRAS codon 13 mutations in patients with advanced colorectal cancer (advanced CRC) treated with oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	149-166	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	37-41
23191966-2	2012	The primary enzyme responsible for the inactivation of the fluoropyrimidines is dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD).	fluoropyrimidines	59-76	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	113-116
21787270-4	2011	We analyzed predictive markers of fluoropyrimidines effectiveness, principally for 5-Fluorouracil (5- FU) and also for oral fluoropyrimidines, as thymidylate Synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase), microsatellite instability.	fluoropyrimidines	34-51	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	206-209
21787270-4	2011	We analyzed predictive markers of fluoropyrimidines effectiveness, principally for 5-Fluorouracil (5- FU) and also for oral fluoropyrimidines, as thymidylate Synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase), microsatellite instability.	fluoropyrimidines	34-51	uridine monophosphate synthetase	Homo sapiens	212-246
21787270-4	2011	We analyzed predictive markers of fluoropyrimidines effectiveness, principally for 5-Fluorouracil (5- FU) and also for oral fluoropyrimidines, as thymidylate Synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase), microsatellite instability.	fluoropyrimidines	34-51	uridine monophosphate synthetase	Homo sapiens	248-252
21787270-4	2011	We analyzed predictive markers of fluoropyrimidines effectiveness, principally for 5-Fluorouracil (5- FU) and also for oral fluoropyrimidines, as thymidylate Synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase), microsatellite instability.	fluoropyrimidines	34-51	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	255-290
21787270-4	2011	We analyzed predictive markers of fluoropyrimidines effectiveness, principally for 5-Fluorouracil (5- FU) and also for oral fluoropyrimidines, as thymidylate Synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase), microsatellite instability.	fluoropyrimidines	34-51	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	292-297
21954436-5	2011	UPase expressing colon 38 tumors implanted in UPase(-/-) mice revealed an improved therapeutic efficacy when treated with 5-FU and capecitabine because of the higher maximum tolerated dose for fluoropyrimidines achievable in UPase(-/-) mice.	fluoropyrimidines	193-210	uridine phosphorylase 1	Mus musculus	0-5
21954436-5	2011	UPase expressing colon 38 tumors implanted in UPase(-/-) mice revealed an improved therapeutic efficacy when treated with 5-FU and capecitabine because of the higher maximum tolerated dose for fluoropyrimidines achievable in UPase(-/-) mice.	fluoropyrimidines	193-210	uridine phosphorylase 1	Mus musculus	46-56
21954436-5	2011	UPase expressing colon 38 tumors implanted in UPase(-/-) mice revealed an improved therapeutic efficacy when treated with 5-FU and capecitabine because of the higher maximum tolerated dose for fluoropyrimidines achievable in UPase(-/-) mice.	fluoropyrimidines	193-210	uridine phosphorylase 1	Mus musculus	225-235
21954436-10	2011	Overall, these results indicate the importance of UPase in the activation of fluoropyrimidines, the effect of uridine in protecting normal tissues, and the role for tumor-specific modulation of the phosphorolytic activity in 5-FU or capecitabine-based chemotherapy.	fluoropyrimidines	77-94	uridine phosphorylase 1	Mus musculus	50-55
22824673-0	2012	A thymidylate synthase ternary complex-specific antibody, FTS, permits functional monitoring of fluoropyrimidines dosing.	fluoropyrimidines	96-113	thymidylate synthase	Mus musculus	2-22
22824673-0	2012	A thymidylate synthase ternary complex-specific antibody, FTS, permits functional monitoring of fluoropyrimidines dosing.	fluoropyrimidines	96-113	AKT interacting protein	Mus musculus	58-61
22824673-1	2012	5-Fluorouracil (5FU) and similar fluoropyrimidines induce covalent modification of thymidylate synthase (TS) and inhibit its activity.	fluoropyrimidines	33-50	thymidylate synthase	Mus musculus	83-103
22824673-1	2012	5-Fluorouracil (5FU) and similar fluoropyrimidines induce covalent modification of thymidylate synthase (TS) and inhibit its activity.	fluoropyrimidines	33-50	thymidylate synthase	Mus musculus	105-107
21780905-6	2011	Results indicate that RNAi silencing of dUTPase induces a complex cellular response wherein sensitivity towards fluoropyrimidines and gene expression levels of related enzymes are both modulated.	fluoropyrimidines	112-129	Deoxyuridine triphosphatase	Drosophila melanogaster	40-47
20544543-1	2010	Uridine phosphorylase (UPase) has been shown to be induced in various human and murine tumors and could potentially serve as a specific target for the modulation of tumor-selectivity of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	186-203	uridine phosphorylase 1	Homo sapiens	23-28
21380490-2	2011	Given that LV effects are attributable to increased levels of reduced folate in cancer cells, we attempted here to show the in vivo role of folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS), which stabilizes intracellular reduced folate, in the anticancer activities of oral fluoropyrimidines, UFT or S-1, combined with LV.	fluoropyrimidines	262-279	folylpolyglutamate synthase	Homo sapiens	140-169
21380490-2	2011	Given that LV effects are attributable to increased levels of reduced folate in cancer cells, we attempted here to show the in vivo role of folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS), which stabilizes intracellular reduced folate, in the anticancer activities of oral fluoropyrimidines, UFT or S-1, combined with LV.	fluoropyrimidines	262-279	folylpolyglutamate synthase	Homo sapiens	171-175
20165956-2	2010	Thymidylate synthase (TS) is an important target enzyme for the fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	64-81	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	0-20
20165956-2	2010	Thymidylate synthase (TS) is an important target enzyme for the fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	64-81	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	22-24
20647698-1	2010	Oral fluoropyrimidines, such as uracil plus tegafur (UFT), S-1 and capecitabine, have been developed and evaluated in the treatment of colorectal cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	5-22	proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 1	Homo sapiens	59-62
20368715-3	2011	Two polymorphisms were associated with TRG in a multivariate analysis: hOGG1-1245C > G, which can affect radiosensitivity and MTHFR-677C > T, which is involved in fluoropyrimidines action.	fluoropyrimidines	169-186	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	129-134
23199091-4	2010	Several studies have demonstrated significant associations between severe toxicities by fluoropyrimidines and germline polymorphisms of DPD gene.	fluoropyrimidines	88-105	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	136-139
19576666-2	2010	Thymidylate synthase (TS) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo DNA biosynthetic pathway, and improves clinical response to chemotherapy with fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	147-164	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	0-20
19576666-2	2010	Thymidylate synthase (TS) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo DNA biosynthetic pathway, and improves clinical response to chemotherapy with fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	147-164	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	22-24
20037296-4	2009	The frequency of concomitant use of PSK with fluoropyrimidines was 79% (56 patients).	fluoropyrimidines	45-62	TAO kinase 2	Homo sapiens	36-39
19795123-5	2010	METHODS: Sequencing of the coding region of DPYD was undertaken in 47 patients (27 female, mean age 61 years), mainly with GI malignancy, experiencing grade 3 or 4 toxicity on fluoropyrimidines according to CTCAE criteria.	fluoropyrimidines	176-193	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	44-48
19955218-1	2010	Owing to its central role in DNA synthesis, human thymidylate synthase (hTS) is a well-established target for chemotherapeutic agents, such as fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	143-160	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	50-70
19955218-1	2010	Owing to its central role in DNA synthesis, human thymidylate synthase (hTS) is a well-established target for chemotherapeutic agents, such as fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	143-160	APC down-regulated 1	Homo sapiens	72-75
20146975-1	2010	Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is a key enzyme in the metabolic catabolism of fluoropyrimidines, such as 5-Fluorouracil and its oral prodrugs derivatives, including capecitabine and ftorafur (UFT, S1).	fluoropyrimidines	85-102	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-31
20146975-1	2010	Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is a key enzyme in the metabolic catabolism of fluoropyrimidines, such as 5-Fluorouracil and its oral prodrugs derivatives, including capecitabine and ftorafur (UFT, S1).	fluoropyrimidines	85-102	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	33-36
20037296-5	2009	Among the patients who were given PSK, the frequency of concomitant use of UFT alone was higher in Stage III a patients, while the rate of concomitant use of fluoropyrimidines and Leucovorin was higher in Stage III b patients (p<0.01).	fluoropyrimidines	158-175	TAO kinase 2	Homo sapiens	34-37
17339891-1	2007	Colorectal cancer (CRC) resistance to fluoropyrimidines and other inhibitors of thymidylate synthase (TS) is a serious clinical problem often associated with increased intracellular levels of TS.	fluoropyrimidines	38-55	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	80-100
19288105-1	2009	PURPOSE: Deficiency of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) has been associated with severe fluoropyrimidines (FP) toxicity.	fluoropyrimidines	93-110	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	56-59
19632929-1	2009	BACKGROUND: The enhancer region of the thymidylate synthase (TS) gene (TSER) contains a polymorphic tandem repeat sequence (2 or 3 repeats, 2R or 3R) and a single-nucleotide polymorphism (G > C) within the second repeat of the 3R alleles which might influence TS expression/activity and response to fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	299-316	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	39-59
19632929-1	2009	BACKGROUND: The enhancer region of the thymidylate synthase (TS) gene (TSER) contains a polymorphic tandem repeat sequence (2 or 3 repeats, 2R or 3R) and a single-nucleotide polymorphism (G > C) within the second repeat of the 3R alleles which might influence TS expression/activity and response to fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	299-316	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	61-63
19632929-1	2009	BACKGROUND: The enhancer region of the thymidylate synthase (TS) gene (TSER) contains a polymorphic tandem repeat sequence (2 or 3 repeats, 2R or 3R) and a single-nucleotide polymorphism (G > C) within the second repeat of the 3R alleles which might influence TS expression/activity and response to fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	299-316	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	71-73
19473056-1	2009	Alterations in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene (DPYD) coding for the key enzyme (DPD) of fluoropyrimidines (FPs) catabolism contribute to the development of serious FPs-related toxicity.	fluoropyrimidines	94-111	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	15-46
19473056-1	2009	Alterations in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene (DPYD) coding for the key enzyme (DPD) of fluoropyrimidines (FPs) catabolism contribute to the development of serious FPs-related toxicity.	fluoropyrimidines	94-111	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	53-57
19473056-1	2009	Alterations in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene (DPYD) coding for the key enzyme (DPD) of fluoropyrimidines (FPs) catabolism contribute to the development of serious FPs-related toxicity.	fluoropyrimidines	94-111	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	86-89
19015155-8	2009	The suppression of dUTPase by oxaliplatin promoted increased levels of dUTP that was enhanced by subsequent addition of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	120-137	Deoxyuridine triphosphatase	Drosophila melanogaster	19-26
19102414-1	2008	BACKGROUND/AIMS: Thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) are reported to be a major determinant of variations in the sensitivity for fluoropyrimidines in gastric cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	161-178	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	17-37
19102414-1	2008	BACKGROUND/AIMS: Thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) are reported to be a major determinant of variations in the sensitivity for fluoropyrimidines in gastric cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	161-178	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	39-41
19102414-1	2008	BACKGROUND/AIMS: Thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) are reported to be a major determinant of variations in the sensitivity for fluoropyrimidines in gastric cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	161-178	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	47-78
19102414-1	2008	BACKGROUND/AIMS: Thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) are reported to be a major determinant of variations in the sensitivity for fluoropyrimidines in gastric cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	161-178	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	80-83
18172246-0	2008	Can inhibiting dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase limit hand-foot syndrome caused by fluoropyrimidines?	fluoropyrimidines	82-99	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	15-46
18172246-6	2008	DPD inhibitors were initially combined with fluoropyrimidines to increase the efficacy of the drugs by impairing the DPD-mediated catabolism of 5-FU.	fluoropyrimidines	44-61	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	117-120
18034621-2	2007	Optimal cytotoxicity of fluoropyrimidines requires elevated CH(2)FH(4) tumoral concentrations, controlled by the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme, which irreversibly converts CH(2)FH(4) into 5-methyltetrahydrofolate.	fluoropyrimidines	24-41	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	113-148
18034621-2	2007	Optimal cytotoxicity of fluoropyrimidines requires elevated CH(2)FH(4) tumoral concentrations, controlled by the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme, which irreversibly converts CH(2)FH(4) into 5-methyltetrahydrofolate.	fluoropyrimidines	24-41	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	150-155
17425594-7	2007	These results suggest that amplification of the TYMS gene is associated with innate resistance, supporting the possibility that TYMS copy number might be a predictive marker of drug sensitivity to fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	197-214	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	48-52
17425594-7	2007	These results suggest that amplification of the TYMS gene is associated with innate resistance, supporting the possibility that TYMS copy number might be a predictive marker of drug sensitivity to fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	197-214	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	128-132
18997184-0	2009	Oral fluoropyrimidines (capecitabine or S-1) and cisplatin as first line treatment in elderly patients with advanced gastric cancer: a retrospective study.	fluoropyrimidines	5-22	proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 1	Homo sapiens	40-43
19033715-6	2009	Overexpression of EGFR was a significant predictor of clinical response to fluoropyrimidines (p = 0.032).	fluoropyrimidines	75-92	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	18-22
18628737-5	2008	Fluoropyrimidines (S-1 included) have been considered part of standard front-line therapy without the establishment of level 1 evidence for prolonging survival.	fluoropyrimidines	0-17	proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 1	Homo sapiens	19-22
18310281-1	2008	ABCC11 (Multidrug resistance protein 8; MRP8), a plasma membrane ATP-binding cassette transporter, has been implicated in drug resistance of breast cancer by virtue of its ability to confer resistance to fluoropyrimidines and to efflux methotrexate, and by its expression in this tumor.	fluoropyrimidines	204-221	ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 11	Homo sapiens	0-6
18310281-1	2008	ABCC11 (Multidrug resistance protein 8; MRP8), a plasma membrane ATP-binding cassette transporter, has been implicated in drug resistance of breast cancer by virtue of its ability to confer resistance to fluoropyrimidines and to efflux methotrexate, and by its expression in this tumor.	fluoropyrimidines	204-221	ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 11	Homo sapiens	40-44
19037763-6	2008	Capecitabine was substituted because of severe toxicity with 5-FU after determining that the level of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), the rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolism of fluoropyrimidines, was within normal limits.	fluoropyrimidines	187-204	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	102-133
19037763-6	2008	Capecitabine was substituted because of severe toxicity with 5-FU after determining that the level of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), the rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolism of fluoropyrimidines, was within normal limits.	fluoropyrimidines	187-204	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	135-138
18216719-1	2008	OBJECTIVE: Approximately 30-40% of grade III-IV toxicity to 5-FU has been associated with partial or profound deficiency in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), the first of three enzymes in the catabolic pathway of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	218-235	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	157-160
17551252-0	2007	Measurement of DPD and TS transcripts aimed to predict clinical benefit from fluoropyrimidines: confirmation of the trend in Russian colorectal cancer series and caution regarding the gene referees.	fluoropyrimidines	77-94	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	15-18
17551252-0	2007	Measurement of DPD and TS transcripts aimed to predict clinical benefit from fluoropyrimidines: confirmation of the trend in Russian colorectal cancer series and caution regarding the gene referees.	fluoropyrimidines	77-94	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	23-25
17454857-1	2007	OBJECTIVE: Thymidylate synthase (TS) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides and as such a critical target for fluoropyrimidines, which are widely used in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC).	fluoropyrimidines	142-159	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	11-31
17454857-1	2007	OBJECTIVE: Thymidylate synthase (TS) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides and as such a critical target for fluoropyrimidines, which are widely used in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC).	fluoropyrimidines	142-159	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	33-35
17339891-1	2007	Colorectal cancer (CRC) resistance to fluoropyrimidines and other inhibitors of thymidylate synthase (TS) is a serious clinical problem often associated with increased intracellular levels of TS.	fluoropyrimidines	38-55	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	102-104
17339891-1	2007	Colorectal cancer (CRC) resistance to fluoropyrimidines and other inhibitors of thymidylate synthase (TS) is a serious clinical problem often associated with increased intracellular levels of TS.	fluoropyrimidines	38-55	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	192-194
17582309-2	2007	These toxic effects are due to a large interindividual variability of the metabolism, mainly depending on dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity (DPD), the major enzyme of the catabolism of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	192-209	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	148-151
17952005-2	2007	The effect of long-term treatment with oral fluoropyrimidines on DPD activity has not been investigated.	fluoropyrimidines	44-61	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	65-68
15918040-2	2005	The cellular thymidylate synthase level is one of the determining factors for the antitumor activity of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	104-121	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	13-33
17000685-2	2006	Genes for which polymorphisms may potentially influence pharmacodynamics of fluoropyrimidines, including capecitabine, are thymidylate synthase (TS), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD).	fluoropyrimidines	76-93	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	123-143
16897968-3	2006	As a single agent, S-1 showed higher antitumor activity with its low intestinal toxicity compared to continuous venous infusion 5-FU, the most effective dosing method of 5-FU, and/or to clinically available oral fluoropyrimidines such as UFT, doxyfluridine and capecitabine on various murine tumors and human tumor xenografts.	fluoropyrimidines	212-229	proteasome (prosome, macropain) 26S subunit, non-ATPase, 1	Mus musculus	19-22
16897968-4	2006	Especially, it was noteworthy that S-1 as a DPD-inhibitory fluoropyrimidine markedly affected human tumor xenografts with high expression levels of DPD on which other fluoropyrimidines showed a low antitumor activity.	fluoropyrimidines	167-184	proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 1	Homo sapiens	35-38
16133529-0	2006	The MMP-9 expression determined the efficacy of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy using oral fluoropyrimidines in stage II or III colorectal cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	95-112	matrix metallopeptidase 9	Homo sapiens	4-9
16133529-1	2006	BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine any correlation between the efficacy of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy using oral fluoropyrimidines and the matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) expression in primary colorectal cancer tissues.	fluoropyrimidines	138-155	matrix metallopeptidase 9	Homo sapiens	164-190
16133529-1	2006	BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine any correlation between the efficacy of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy using oral fluoropyrimidines and the matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) expression in primary colorectal cancer tissues.	fluoropyrimidines	138-155	matrix metallopeptidase 9	Homo sapiens	192-197
16596171-0	2006	The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor determines the efficacy of post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy using oral fluoropyrimidines in stage II or III colorectal cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	128-145	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	18-52
16596171-1	2006	The aim of this study was to determine any correlation between the efficacy of post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy using oral fluoropyrimidines and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in primary colorectal cancer tissues.	fluoropyrimidines	127-144	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	153-187
16596171-1	2006	The aim of this study was to determine any correlation between the efficacy of post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy using oral fluoropyrimidines and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in primary colorectal cancer tissues.	fluoropyrimidines	127-144	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	189-193
16387426-4	2006	The technique had to be suitable in clinical practice for determination of several factors involved in resistance to a given drug family, for example, fluoropyrimidines resistance factors: thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), thymidine kinase (TK), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS).	fluoropyrimidines	151-168	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	189-209
16387426-4	2006	The technique had to be suitable in clinical practice for determination of several factors involved in resistance to a given drug family, for example, fluoropyrimidines resistance factors: thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), thymidine kinase (TK), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS).	fluoropyrimidines	151-168	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	211-213
16387426-4	2006	The technique had to be suitable in clinical practice for determination of several factors involved in resistance to a given drug family, for example, fluoropyrimidines resistance factors: thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), thymidine kinase (TK), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS).	fluoropyrimidines	151-168	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	216-247
16387426-4	2006	The technique had to be suitable in clinical practice for determination of several factors involved in resistance to a given drug family, for example, fluoropyrimidines resistance factors: thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), thymidine kinase (TK), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS).	fluoropyrimidines	151-168	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	249-252
16387426-4	2006	The technique had to be suitable in clinical practice for determination of several factors involved in resistance to a given drug family, for example, fluoropyrimidines resistance factors: thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), thymidine kinase (TK), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS).	fluoropyrimidines	151-168	dihydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	278-301
16387426-4	2006	The technique had to be suitable in clinical practice for determination of several factors involved in resistance to a given drug family, for example, fluoropyrimidines resistance factors: thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), thymidine kinase (TK), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS).	fluoropyrimidines	151-168	dihydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	303-307
16387426-4	2006	The technique had to be suitable in clinical practice for determination of several factors involved in resistance to a given drug family, for example, fluoropyrimidines resistance factors: thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), thymidine kinase (TK), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS).	fluoropyrimidines	151-168	folylpolyglutamate synthase	Homo sapiens	310-339
16387426-4	2006	The technique had to be suitable in clinical practice for determination of several factors involved in resistance to a given drug family, for example, fluoropyrimidines resistance factors: thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), thymidine kinase (TK), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS).	fluoropyrimidines	151-168	folylpolyglutamate synthase	Homo sapiens	341-345
17000685-2	2006	Genes for which polymorphisms may potentially influence pharmacodynamics of fluoropyrimidines, including capecitabine, are thymidylate synthase (TS), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD).	fluoropyrimidines	76-93	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	145-147
17000685-2	2006	Genes for which polymorphisms may potentially influence pharmacodynamics of fluoropyrimidines, including capecitabine, are thymidylate synthase (TS), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD).	fluoropyrimidines	76-93	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	150-185
17000685-2	2006	Genes for which polymorphisms may potentially influence pharmacodynamics of fluoropyrimidines, including capecitabine, are thymidylate synthase (TS), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD).	fluoropyrimidines	76-93	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	187-192
17000685-2	2006	Genes for which polymorphisms may potentially influence pharmacodynamics of fluoropyrimidines, including capecitabine, are thymidylate synthase (TS), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD).	fluoropyrimidines	76-93	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	199-230
17000685-2	2006	Genes for which polymorphisms may potentially influence pharmacodynamics of fluoropyrimidines, including capecitabine, are thymidylate synthase (TS), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD).	fluoropyrimidines	76-93	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	232-235
16720348-4	2006	UPase activity is usually elevated in various tumor tissues, including breast cancer, compared to matched normal tissues and this induction appears to contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of fluoropyrimidines in cancer patients.	fluoropyrimidines	193-210	uridine phosphorylase 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
16720348-5	2006	In this review, we will discuss in detail the role of UPase in the activation of fluoropyrimidines and its effect on the prognosis of breast cancer patients.	fluoropyrimidines	81-98	uridine phosphorylase 1	Homo sapiens	54-59
16722845-1	2006	AIMS: Thymidylate synthase (TYMS) is an important target enzyme for the fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	72-89	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	6-26
16722845-1	2006	AIMS: Thymidylate synthase (TYMS) is an important target enzyme for the fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	72-89	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	28-32
15918040-16	2005	These results were consistent with numerous previous in vitro and in vivo findings that tumors showing high TS expression were less sensitive to fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	145-162	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	108-110
15944764-0	2005	Correlations between antitumor activities of fluoropyrimidines and DPD activity in lung tumor xenografts.	fluoropyrimidines	45-62	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	67-70
16270526-0	2005	High hRFI expression correlates with resistance to fluoropyrimidines in human colon cancer cell lines and in xenografts.	fluoropyrimidines	51-68	ring finger protein 34	Homo sapiens	5-9
16270526-2	2005	In this study, we sought to determine the potential effect of hRFI expression on the sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and/or other fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	135-152	ring finger protein 34	Homo sapiens	62-66
16077970-1	2005	Thymidylate synthase (TS) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides, required for DNA synthesis, and is also a critical target for fluoropyrimidines, which are widely used in the treatment of gastrointestinal tumours.	fluoropyrimidines	160-177	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	0-20
16077970-1	2005	Thymidylate synthase (TS) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides, required for DNA synthesis, and is also a critical target for fluoropyrimidines, which are widely used in the treatment of gastrointestinal tumours.	fluoropyrimidines	160-177	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	22-24
15828025-5	2005	The main aim of this review is to provide an overview of the known polymorphisms present in the genes which codify for factors (thymidylate synthase dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyl-transferase 1A1, enzymes implicated in DNA repair) involved in the action mechanisms of the drugs now utilized in chemotherapeutic treatment of colorectal carcinoma, such as fluoropyrimidines, irinotecan, and platinum agents.	fluoropyrimidines	395-412	UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A1	Homo sapiens	182-236
15386342-12	2004	Since hCNT1, hENT1 and hENT2 recognize fluoropyrimidines as substrates, but with different affinities, this study anticipates high variability in drug uptake efficiency in solid tumors.	fluoropyrimidines	39-56	solute carrier family 28 member 1	Homo sapiens	6-11
15875081-1	2005	Thymidylate synthase [TS], thymidine phosphorylase [TP] and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [DPD] play the essential role in the activation and catabolism of the fluoropyrimidines used in cancer therapy.	fluoropyrimidines	162-179	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	0-20
15875081-1	2005	Thymidylate synthase [TS], thymidine phosphorylase [TP] and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [DPD] play the essential role in the activation and catabolism of the fluoropyrimidines used in cancer therapy.	fluoropyrimidines	162-179	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	93-96
15564287-7	2005	However, other cytotoxic effects of these fluoropyrimidines are comparable in both wild-type and Ung-deficient cells, demonstrating that excision of uracil from DNA by the Ung uracil-DNA glycosylase is not a prerequisite for obtaining cytotoxicity.	fluoropyrimidines	42-59	uracil DNA glycosylase	Mus musculus	172-175
15386342-12	2004	Since hCNT1, hENT1 and hENT2 recognize fluoropyrimidines as substrates, but with different affinities, this study anticipates high variability in drug uptake efficiency in solid tumors.	fluoropyrimidines	39-56	solute carrier family 29 member 1 (Augustine blood group)	Homo sapiens	13-18
15386342-12	2004	Since hCNT1, hENT1 and hENT2 recognize fluoropyrimidines as substrates, but with different affinities, this study anticipates high variability in drug uptake efficiency in solid tumors.	fluoropyrimidines	39-56	solute carrier family 29 member 2	Homo sapiens	23-28
15547751-2	2004	Therefore, the present study was performed to clarify the effects of TP levels on the prognosis of gastric cancer patients treated postoperatively with different fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	162-179	thymidine phosphorylase	Homo sapiens	69-71
15309506-0	2004	Tumor dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase expression is a useful marker in adjuvant therapy with oral fluoropyrimidines after curative resection of colorectal cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	98-115	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	6-37
15309506-2	2004	We examined whether tumor DPD expression is an effective marker in adjuvant therapy with oral fluoropyrimidines after curative resection of colorectal cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	94-111	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	26-29
15309506-11	2004	CONCLUSIONS: Tumor DPD expression is a useful marker for use with adjuvant chemotherapy with oral fluoropyrimidines after curative resection of colorectal cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	98-115	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	19-22
15319798-8	2004	In this review, we discuss in detail the role of UPase in the regulation of uridine homeostasis and pyrimidine metabolism and in the activation of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	147-164	uridine phosphorylase 1	Homo sapiens	49-54
15514566-2	2004	This cutaneous toxicity is less frequently encountered with other oral fluoropyrimidines containing a dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) inhibitor.	fluoropyrimidines	71-88	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	102-133
15514566-2	2004	This cutaneous toxicity is less frequently encountered with other oral fluoropyrimidines containing a dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) inhibitor.	fluoropyrimidines	71-88	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	135-138
14551502-1	2003	Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), the rate-limiting enzyme in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) catabolism, has been a key target for the development of novel oral fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	157-174	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-31
14716816-1	2004	AIM: To determine the expression levels of three metabolic enzymes of fluoropyrimidines: thymidylate synthase (TS), thymidine phosphorylase (TP) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) in seven human gastrointestinal cancer cell lines, and to compare the enzyme levels with the sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and 5-fluoro-2"-deoxyuridine (FdUrd).	fluoropyrimidines	70-87	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	89-109
14716816-1	2004	AIM: To determine the expression levels of three metabolic enzymes of fluoropyrimidines: thymidylate synthase (TS), thymidine phosphorylase (TP) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) in seven human gastrointestinal cancer cell lines, and to compare the enzyme levels with the sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and 5-fluoro-2"-deoxyuridine (FdUrd).	fluoropyrimidines	70-87	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	182-185
14654960-2	2004	Some studies reported that the cytotoxicity of fluoropyrimidines is mediated, in large part, by inhibition of the thymidylate synthase (TS), an essential DNA synthetic enzyme.	fluoropyrimidines	47-64	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	114-134
14654960-2	2004	Some studies reported that the cytotoxicity of fluoropyrimidines is mediated, in large part, by inhibition of the thymidylate synthase (TS), an essential DNA synthetic enzyme.	fluoropyrimidines	47-64	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	136-138
14636615-1	2003	Thymidylate synthase (TS), an enzyme involved in the DNA synthesis, is a critical target for fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	93-110	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	0-20
14636615-1	2003	Thymidylate synthase (TS), an enzyme involved in the DNA synthesis, is a critical target for fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	93-110	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	22-24
14632965-0	2003	Fas/FasL expression in tumor biopsies: a prognostic response factor to fluoropyrimidines?	fluoropyrimidines	71-88	Fas ligand	Homo sapiens	4-8
15063894-1	2004	AIMS: Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a key-enzyme for DNA synthesis and targeted by fluoropyrimidines (FPs).	fluoropyrimidines	82-99	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	6-26
15063894-1	2004	AIMS: Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a key-enzyme for DNA synthesis and targeted by fluoropyrimidines (FPs).	fluoropyrimidines	82-99	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	28-30
14737075-5	2004	Furthermore, selected members of the expanding ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein family have recently been identified as putative efflux pumps for the phosphorylated forms of these nucleoside-derived drugs, ABCC11 (MRP8) being a good candidate to modulate cell sensitivity to fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	277-294	ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 11	Homo sapiens	208-214
14737075-5	2004	Furthermore, selected members of the expanding ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein family have recently been identified as putative efflux pumps for the phosphorylated forms of these nucleoside-derived drugs, ABCC11 (MRP8) being a good candidate to modulate cell sensitivity to fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	277-294	ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 11	Homo sapiens	216-220
14581344-1	2003	PURPOSE: The efficacy of new oral fluoropyrimidines, including capecitabine, is improved in cells expressing high levels of thymidine phosphorylase (TP) and low levels of thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase.	fluoropyrimidines	34-51	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	171-191
14551502-4	2003	Although DPD-inhibiting oral fluoropyrimidines have some activity in colorectal cancer and oral administration provides significant convenience advantages, the inferior efficacy of UFT/leucovorin and eniluracil/5-FU versus 5-FU/leucovorin in phase III trials does not support the use of these compounds.	fluoropyrimidines	29-46	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	9-12
14551502-6	2003	Thus the DPD-inhibiting oral fluoropyrimidines have failed to fulfill their early promise: clinical data indicate that none of these compounds is likely to improve outcomes for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	29-46	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	9-12
14551502-1	2003	Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), the rate-limiting enzyme in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) catabolism, has been a key target for the development of novel oral fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	157-174	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	33-36
14551502-2	2003	DPD-inhibiting oral fluoropyrimidines showing promise in early clinical studies included UFT (the 5-FU prodrug, tegafur, plus the DPD substrate, uracil), eniluracil (an irreversible DPD inhibitor that improves the oral bioavailability of 5-FU) and S-1 (tegafur plus a reversible DPD inhibitor, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine, and oxonic acid).	fluoropyrimidines	20-37	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-3
14551502-2	2003	DPD-inhibiting oral fluoropyrimidines showing promise in early clinical studies included UFT (the 5-FU prodrug, tegafur, plus the DPD substrate, uracil), eniluracil (an irreversible DPD inhibitor that improves the oral bioavailability of 5-FU) and S-1 (tegafur plus a reversible DPD inhibitor, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine, and oxonic acid).	fluoropyrimidines	20-37	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	130-133
14551502-2	2003	DPD-inhibiting oral fluoropyrimidines showing promise in early clinical studies included UFT (the 5-FU prodrug, tegafur, plus the DPD substrate, uracil), eniluracil (an irreversible DPD inhibitor that improves the oral bioavailability of 5-FU) and S-1 (tegafur plus a reversible DPD inhibitor, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine, and oxonic acid).	fluoropyrimidines	20-37	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	130-133
14551502-2	2003	DPD-inhibiting oral fluoropyrimidines showing promise in early clinical studies included UFT (the 5-FU prodrug, tegafur, plus the DPD substrate, uracil), eniluracil (an irreversible DPD inhibitor that improves the oral bioavailability of 5-FU) and S-1 (tegafur plus a reversible DPD inhibitor, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine, and oxonic acid).	fluoropyrimidines	20-37	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	130-133
12763215-13	2003	S-1 can be administered with an acceptable safety and toxicity in European patients at a dose of 35 mg/m(2) days 1 - 28 every 5 weeks and is associated with a moderate response rate similar to the results achieved with other fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	225-242	proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
12851835-5	2003	These fluorinated pyrimidines with DPD-inhibiting activity, called DPD-inhibitory fluoropyrimidines, contribute to oral therapy with 5-FU for cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	82-99	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	67-70
12851836-12	2003	DPD inhibitory fluoropyrimidines (DIFs), including uracil plus tegafur (UFT) and tegafur plus 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine plus potassium oxonate, in a molar ratio of 1:0.4:1 (TS-1), have recently been used in clinical settings.	fluoropyrimidines	15-32	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-3
12851836-0	2003	Clinical implications of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) activity in 5-FU-based chemotherapy: mutations in the DPD gene, and DPD inhibitory fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	146-163	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	25-56
12851836-0	2003	Clinical implications of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) activity in 5-FU-based chemotherapy: mutations in the DPD gene, and DPD inhibitory fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	146-163	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	58-61
12684658-1	2003	Thymidylate synthase (TS), a critical enzyme in the de novo synthesis of thymidylate, is an important target for fluoropyrimidines and folate-based TS inhibitors.	fluoropyrimidines	113-130	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	0-20
12684658-1	2003	Thymidylate synthase (TS), a critical enzyme in the de novo synthesis of thymidylate, is an important target for fluoropyrimidines and folate-based TS inhibitors.	fluoropyrimidines	113-130	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	22-24
11956089-0	2002	Uridine phosphorylase (-/-) murine embryonic stem cells clarify the key role of this enzyme in the regulation of the pyrimidine salvage pathway and in the activation of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	169-186	uridine phosphorylase 1	Mus musculus	0-21
12738713-5	2003	The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the MTHFR polymorphism and response to 5-FU and other fluoropyrimidines in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.	fluoropyrimidines	126-143	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Homo sapiens	76-81
12644837-1	2003	Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF)/thymidine phosphorylase (TP) catalyses the reversible phosphorolysis of thymidine to thymine and 2-deoxyribose-1-phosphate and is involved in the metabolism of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	218-235	thymidine phosphorylase	Homo sapiens	0-47
12644837-1	2003	Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF)/thymidine phosphorylase (TP) catalyses the reversible phosphorolysis of thymidine to thymine and 2-deoxyribose-1-phosphate and is involved in the metabolism of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	218-235	thymidine phosphorylase	Homo sapiens	49-56
12644837-1	2003	Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF)/thymidine phosphorylase (TP) catalyses the reversible phosphorolysis of thymidine to thymine and 2-deoxyribose-1-phosphate and is involved in the metabolism of fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	218-235	triosephosphate isomerase 1	Homo sapiens	83-85
12644837-3	2003	We studied the contribution of TP activity to the sensitivity for these fluoropyrimidines by modulating its activity and/or expression level in colon and lung cancer cells using a specific inhibitor of TP (TPI) or by overproduction of TP via stable transfection of human TP.	fluoropyrimidines	72-89	triosephosphate isomerase 1	Homo sapiens	31-33
12680178-13	2003	CONCLUSION: Fluoropyrimidines-based ACT improves the long-term outcome of patients with HER-2/neu-overexpression (3+) and ER (-) breast cancer after surgery.	fluoropyrimidines	12-29	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	88-93
12680178-13	2003	CONCLUSION: Fluoropyrimidines-based ACT improves the long-term outcome of patients with HER-2/neu-overexpression (3+) and ER (-) breast cancer after surgery.	fluoropyrimidines	12-29	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	94-97
12775013-3	2003	In the panel discussion on the therapeutic significance of oral fluoropyrimidines in gastric cancer, 9 papers were related to S-1 (sensitivities to oral fluoropyrimidines, 2 papers; clinical results of treatment with S-1, 5 papers; and combination therapy with S-1, 2 papers).	fluoropyrimidines	64-81	proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 1	Homo sapiens	126-129
12775013-3	2003	In the panel discussion on the therapeutic significance of oral fluoropyrimidines in gastric cancer, 9 papers were related to S-1 (sensitivities to oral fluoropyrimidines, 2 papers; clinical results of treatment with S-1, 5 papers; and combination therapy with S-1, 2 papers).	fluoropyrimidines	64-81	proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 1	Homo sapiens	217-220
12775013-3	2003	In the panel discussion on the therapeutic significance of oral fluoropyrimidines in gastric cancer, 9 papers were related to S-1 (sensitivities to oral fluoropyrimidines, 2 papers; clinical results of treatment with S-1, 5 papers; and combination therapy with S-1, 2 papers).	fluoropyrimidines	64-81	proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 1	Homo sapiens	217-220
12775023-0	2003	Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) activity in gastric cancer tissue and effect of DPD inhibitory fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	101-118	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	86-89
12775023-2	2003	The effect of DPD inhibitory fluoropyrimidines (DIF) is presumably related to DPD activity.	fluoropyrimidines	29-46	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	14-17
12775023-2	2003	The effect of DPD inhibitory fluoropyrimidines (DIF) is presumably related to DPD activity.	fluoropyrimidines	29-46	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	78-81
12775024-15	2003	The use of DPD inhibitory fluoropyrimidines is strongly recommended for tumors with high DPD activity.	fluoropyrimidines	26-43	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	11-14
12775024-15	2003	The use of DPD inhibitory fluoropyrimidines is strongly recommended for tumors with high DPD activity.	fluoropyrimidines	26-43	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	89-92
12931018-9	2003	The present finding of a wide range in these enzyme expressions in RCC suggests that a certain subpopulation with a high TP/DPD ratio has potential responsiveness to fluoropyrimidines, especially 5"-deoxy-5-fluorouridine and capecitabine.	fluoropyrimidines	166-183	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	124-127
12528808-9	2003	Suppression of cyclin D1 by cyclin D1 antisense mRNA expression was associated with growth inhibition and an increase in chemosensitivity to fluoropyrimidines and platinum compounds.	fluoropyrimidines	141-158	cyclin D1	Homo sapiens	15-24
12528808-9	2003	Suppression of cyclin D1 by cyclin D1 antisense mRNA expression was associated with growth inhibition and an increase in chemosensitivity to fluoropyrimidines and platinum compounds.	fluoropyrimidines	141-158	cyclin D1	Homo sapiens	28-37
12114411-12	2002	Evaluation of once-daily dosing of S-1 in malignancies for which fluoropyrimidines have known antitumor activity is warranted.	fluoropyrimidines	65-82	proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 1	Homo sapiens	35-38
12044515-1	2002	The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine (CDHP), a potent inhibitor of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), to enhance the antitumour activity of the fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	195-212	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	114-145
12044515-1	2002	The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine (CDHP), a potent inhibitor of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), to enhance the antitumour activity of the fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	195-212	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	147-150
12044515-10	2002	These findings suggest that the combination of fluoropyrimidine and CDHP for the treatment of tumours with a high basal DPD elicits a greater antitumour effect than treatment with fluoropyrimidines alone and we suggest that CDHP inhibits the degradation of 5-FU in the tumour.	fluoropyrimidines	180-197	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	120-123
11081569-0	2000	The tegafur-based dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase inhibitory fluoropyrimidines, UFT/leucovorin (ORZEL) and S-1: a review of their clinical development and therapeutic potential.	fluoropyrimidines	61-78	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	18-49
11705873-1	2001	Thymidylate synthase (TS) is responsible for the de novo synthesis of thymidylate, which is required for DNA synthesis and repair and which is an important target for fluoropyrimidines such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and antifolates such as Tomudex (TDX), ZD9331, and multitargeted antifolate (MTA).	fluoropyrimidines	167-184	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	0-20
11705873-1	2001	Thymidylate synthase (TS) is responsible for the de novo synthesis of thymidylate, which is required for DNA synthesis and repair and which is an important target for fluoropyrimidines such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and antifolates such as Tomudex (TDX), ZD9331, and multitargeted antifolate (MTA).	fluoropyrimidines	167-184	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	22-24
11710628-0	2001	Combined effects of docetaxel and fluoropyrimidines on tumor growth and expression of interleukin-6 and thymidine phosphorylase in breast cancer xenografts.	fluoropyrimidines	34-51	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	86-99
11710628-9	2001	In addition, combined treatment with docetaxel and oral fluoropyrimidines may decrease serum IL-6 levels and may ameliorate IL-6-induced cancer cachexia.	fluoropyrimidines	56-73	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	93-97
11710628-9	2001	In addition, combined treatment with docetaxel and oral fluoropyrimidines may decrease serum IL-6 levels and may ameliorate IL-6-induced cancer cachexia.	fluoropyrimidines	56-73	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	124-128
11545541-4	2001	Several oral fluoropyrimidines are in development, including capecitabine, UFT (uracil plus tegafur), S-1 and eniluracil.	fluoropyrimidines	13-30	proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 1	Homo sapiens	102-105
12467230-12	2001	Our results suggest that FUra exhibits stronger antiproliferative activity when activated via TP through the DNA pathway and that high tumoral TP activity therefore leads to enhanced sensitivity to fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	198-215	thymidine phosphorylase	Homo sapiens	143-145
11329775-4	2001	Recently, these drugs, referred to as DIFs (DPD inhibitory fluoropyrimidines), have brought us to a new era of oral 5-FU therapy.	fluoropyrimidines	59-76	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	44-47
11251009-1	2001	PURPOSE: Thymidylate synthase (TS) is an important target enzyme for the fluoropyrimidines.	fluoropyrimidines	73-90	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	9-29
11179438-1	2001	Tumor cell resistance to fluoropyrimidines and other inhibitors of thymidylate synthase (TS) is a serious problem often associated with increased intracellular TS.	fluoropyrimidines	25-42	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	67-87
11179438-1	2001	Tumor cell resistance to fluoropyrimidines and other inhibitors of thymidylate synthase (TS) is a serious problem often associated with increased intracellular TS.	fluoropyrimidines	25-42	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	89-91
11179438-1	2001	Tumor cell resistance to fluoropyrimidines and other inhibitors of thymidylate synthase (TS) is a serious problem often associated with increased intracellular TS.	fluoropyrimidines	25-42	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	160-162
11054680-1	2000	Fluoropyrimidines induce cytotoxicity, in part, by inhibiting the proliferation-coordinated enzyme thymidylate synthase (TS), which is essential for DNA synthesis.	fluoropyrimidines	0-17	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	99-119
11054680-1	2000	Fluoropyrimidines induce cytotoxicity, in part, by inhibiting the proliferation-coordinated enzyme thymidylate synthase (TS), which is essential for DNA synthesis.	fluoropyrimidines	0-17	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	121-123
11054680-8	2000	In normal tissues most damaged by fluoropyrimidines (bone marrow, small intestinal mucosa and oral mucosa/tongue), TS activity varies up to 2-fold throughout each day.	fluoropyrimidines	34-51	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	115-117
11081569-4	2000	Two oral fluoropyrimidines commonly referred to as DPD inhibitory fluoropyrimidines, or DIFs, UFT plus leucovorin (LV) and S-1 are reviewed herein.	fluoropyrimidines	9-26	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	51-54
11081569-4	2000	Two oral fluoropyrimidines commonly referred to as DPD inhibitory fluoropyrimidines, or DIFs, UFT plus leucovorin (LV) and S-1 are reviewed herein.	fluoropyrimidines	66-83	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	51-54
10847455-2	2000	TS has been used as a target for cancer chemotherapy in the development of fluoropyrimidines such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and of novel folate-based TS inhibitors such as ZD1694 (Tomudex, Raltitrexed), ZD9331, LY231514 (ALIMTA, Pemetrexed), AG337 (Thymitaq, Nolatrexed) and AG331.	fluoropyrimidines	75-92	thymidylate synthetase	Homo sapiens	0-2
11073333-13	2000	PD-ECGF is thymidine phosphorylase, a key enzyme in the activation of fluoropyrimidines, including 5-fluorouracil.	fluoropyrimidines	70-87	thymidine phosphorylase	Homo sapiens	0-7
11098485-4	2000	In order to lessen this variability, and potentially improve 5-FU pharmacology, the pharmaceutical industry has made an effort to develop DPD inhibitors to modulate 5-FU metabolism, which has resulted in the creation of a new subclass of orally administered fluoropyrimidines, known as DPD-inhibiting fluoropyrimidines (DIF).	fluoropyrimidines	258-275	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	138-141
11098485-4	2000	In order to lessen this variability, and potentially improve 5-FU pharmacology, the pharmaceutical industry has made an effort to develop DPD inhibitors to modulate 5-FU metabolism, which has resulted in the creation of a new subclass of orally administered fluoropyrimidines, known as DPD-inhibiting fluoropyrimidines (DIF).	fluoropyrimidines	301-318	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	138-141
10931684-2	2000	We wished to determine if TP53 function affected the response of cells to fluoropyrimidines and radiation, a combination used for tens of thousands of patients each year.	fluoropyrimidines	74-91	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	26-30