PMID-sentid	Pub_year	Sent_text	compound_name	comp_offset	prot_official_name	organism	prot_offset
26996892-3	2016	Here, we show that Hxt13, Hxt15, Hxt16 and Hxt17 transport two major hexitols in nature, mannitol and sorbitol, with moderate affinities, by a facilitative mechanism.	Sorbitol	102-110	hexose transporter HXT13	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	19-24
26996892-3	2016	Here, we show that Hxt13, Hxt15, Hxt16 and Hxt17 transport two major hexitols in nature, mannitol and sorbitol, with moderate affinities, by a facilitative mechanism.	Sorbitol	102-110	hexose transporter HXT15	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	26-31
26996892-3	2016	Here, we show that Hxt13, Hxt15, Hxt16 and Hxt17 transport two major hexitols in nature, mannitol and sorbitol, with moderate affinities, by a facilitative mechanism.	Sorbitol	102-110	hexose transporter HXT16	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	33-38
26996892-3	2016	Here, we show that Hxt13, Hxt15, Hxt16 and Hxt17 transport two major hexitols in nature, mannitol and sorbitol, with moderate affinities, by a facilitative mechanism.	Sorbitol	102-110	hexose transporter HXT17	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	43-48
26734996-4	2016	ENO1 silencing increased reactive oxygen species that were mainly generated through the sorbitol and NADPH oxidase pathways, as well as autophagy and catabolic pathway adaptations, which together affect cancer cell growth and induce senescence.	Sorbitol	88-96	enolase 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
30979182-1	2016	Biodegradable and hydrophilic functional polyesters were synthesized enzymatically using xylitol or d-sorbitol together with divinyl adipate and lipase B from Candida antartica (CAL-B).	Sorbitol	100-110	calbindin 1	Homo sapiens	178-183
26857963-7	2016	The DSSC fabricated using the anatase TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized in the presence of D-sorbitol, exhibited an enhanced eta (6%, 1.5-fold improvement) compared with the device fabricated using the rutile TiO2 synthesized without D-sorbitol.	Sorbitol	88-98	endothelin receptor type A	Homo sapiens	122-125
25998127-4	2015	We found that de-differentiated Schwann cells could be re-differentiated in vitro into mature cells by treatment with an aldose reductase inhibitor, to reduce sorbitol levels, or with vitamin D3, to elevate Igf1 expression.	Sorbitol	159-167	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	121-137
27215094-13	2016	Concomitant fructose and/or sorbitol malabsorption should be considered in individuals with suspected lactase-non-persistence.	Sorbitol	28-36	lactase	Homo sapiens	102-109
27396410-3	2016	Controlling of sorbitol flux into lens epithelial cells through aldose reductase inhibitors is an important treatment strategy.	Sorbitol	15-23	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	64-80
26349493-2	2016	Aldose reductase (AR) is an enzyme of aldoketo reductase super-family that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to sorbitol in the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism.	Sorbitol	114-122	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
26349493-2	2016	Aldose reductase (AR) is an enzyme of aldoketo reductase super-family that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to sorbitol in the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism.	Sorbitol	114-122	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	18-20
26474964-10	2015	The insulin in vitro release studies demonstrated that formulations with co-encapsulated trehalose, glucose, sucrose, fructose and sorbitol achieved 83%, 69%, 70%, 77% and 74%, respectively after 48h.	Sorbitol	131-139	insulin	Homo sapiens	4-11
26272532-2	2015	Aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) blocks sorbitol production, and results in prevention of damage of nerve fibers.	Sorbitol	40-48	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
26668595-8	2015	3AO cell proliferation was inhibited by hyperosmotic stress, while the expression of AQP5, but not that of AQP1, AQP3 or AQP9, was increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner in hypertonic sorbitol-containing medium.	Sorbitol	192-200	aquaporin 5	Homo sapiens	85-89
26579191-5	2015	Lifespan extension from 5% sorbitol behaves similarly to dietary restriction in a variety of genetic backgrounds, increasing lifespan additively with mutation of daf-2(e1370) and independently of daf-16(mu86), sir-2.1(ok434), aak-2(ok524), and hif-1(ia04).	Sorbitol	27-35	5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2	Caenorhabditis elegans	226-231
26076968-3	2015	In this study we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) profiling to characterize the transcriptome of leaves from transgenic lines of the apple cultivar "Greensleeves" exhibiting suppressed expression of aldose-6-phosphate reductase (A6PR) to gain insights into sorbitol function and the consequences of decreased sorbitol synthesis on gene expression.	Sorbitol	254-262	NADP-dependent D-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Malus domestica	226-230
25986969-5	2015	The supplementation of Compound 2 suppresses sorbitol accumulation in retina by decreased AR activity in STZ induced diabetic rat in dose dependent manner.	Sorbitol	45-53	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	90-92
25986969-1	2015	Increased aldose reductase activity has been implicated in the development of retinopathy due to accumulation of intracellular sugar alcohol, i.e., sorbitol.	Sorbitol	148-156	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	10-26
25874813-0	2015	The effects of xylitol and sorbitol on lysozyme- and peroxidase-related enzymatic and candidacidal activities.	Sorbitol	27-35	lysozyme C, tracheal isozyme	Bos taurus	39-47
25874813-1	2015	OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether xylitol and sorbitol affect enzymatic and candidacidal activities of lysozyme, the peroxidase system, and the glucose oxidase-mediated peroxidase system.	Sorbitol	46-54	lysozyme C, tracheal isozyme	Bos taurus	103-111
25874813-9	2015	CONCLUSIONS: Xylitol and sorbitol inhibited salivary lysozyme activity, but enhanced both bovine lactoperoxidase and salivary peroxidase activities significantly in solution.	Sorbitol	25-33	lysozyme C, tracheal isozyme	Bos taurus	53-61
25315636-2	2015	AR inhibitors have been proposed as therapeutic agents for diabetic complications through suppression of sorbitol formation and accumulation.	Sorbitol	105-113	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-2
26062605-3	2015	RESULTS: RCK2 encodes for a MAPKAP (MAPK-activated protein kinase) enzyme and was identified on a locus by QTL analysis in yeast cells under osmotic stress, RCK2 expression was placed under a tetracycline regulatable vector and rescued glucose, sorbitol or glycerol induced osmotic stress in an rck2 null strain.	Sorbitol	245-253	serine/threonine protein kinase RCK2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	9-13
26132779-3	2015	METHODS: Sorbinil-mediated AR inhibition was determined by measuring sorbitol accumulation.	Sorbitol	69-77	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	27-29
25809993-0	2015	Lipase-Catalyzed Production of 6-O-cinnamoyl-sorbitol from D-sorbitol and Cinnamic Acid Esters.	Sorbitol	59-69	PAN0_003d1715	Moesziomyces antarcticus	0-6
24865414-7	2015	Biochemical analyses revealed that ESBL producers more frequently utilized inositol, ornithine, sorbitol, melibiose, and saccharose, whereas the control group more frequently used esculin, lysine, arginine, and dulcitol.	Sorbitol	96-104	EsbL	Escherichia coli	35-39
25781955-2	2015	We reported that sorbitol-induced osmotic stress mediates alterations in the phosphorylation of pivotal cytoskeletal proteins, particularly Src and cofilin.	Sorbitol	17-25	SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	140-143
25874865-3	2015	We found that both JNK and AMPK were phosphorylated at their activation sites by TNF-alpha, Anisomycin, H2O2 and sorbitol.	Sorbitol	113-121	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	19-22
25874865-3	2015	We found that both JNK and AMPK were phosphorylated at their activation sites by TNF-alpha, Anisomycin, H2O2 and sorbitol.	Sorbitol	113-121	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	27-31
25874865-4	2015	Interestingly, sorbitol stimulated phosphorylation of AMPK at T172 in LKB1-deficient cells.	Sorbitol	15-23	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	54-58
25874865-4	2015	Interestingly, sorbitol stimulated phosphorylation of AMPK at T172 in LKB1-deficient cells.	Sorbitol	15-23	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	70-74
25781955-2	2015	We reported that sorbitol-induced osmotic stress mediates alterations in the phosphorylation of pivotal cytoskeletal proteins, particularly Src and cofilin.	Sorbitol	17-25	cofilin 1	Homo sapiens	148-155
25781955-7	2015	LMWPTP knockdown attenuates the effects of sorbitol induced-stress in HaCaT cells, mainly in the status of Src kinase, Rac and STAT5 phosphorylation and activity.	Sorbitol	43-51	acid phosphatase 1	Homo sapiens	0-6
25781955-7	2015	LMWPTP knockdown attenuates the effects of sorbitol induced-stress in HaCaT cells, mainly in the status of Src kinase, Rac and STAT5 phosphorylation and activity.	Sorbitol	43-51	SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	107-110
25781955-7	2015	LMWPTP knockdown attenuates the effects of sorbitol induced-stress in HaCaT cells, mainly in the status of Src kinase, Rac and STAT5 phosphorylation and activity.	Sorbitol	43-51	signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A	Homo sapiens	127-132
25617675-6	2015	The sucrose and sorbitol achieved excellent performance that protected HAR-SNC from crystal growth during lyophilization.	Sorbitol	16-24	lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1	Homo sapiens	71-74
25462813-6	2015	We show that the refolding of recombinant CES1 was successful in Tris-HCl at pH 7.5 containing a combination of 1% glycerol and 2 mM beta-mercaptoethanol, whereas a mixture of other additives (trehalose, sorbitol and sucrose) and beta-mercaptoethanol failed to recover a functional protein.	Sorbitol	204-212	carboxylesterase 1	Homo sapiens	42-46
24903533-1	2015	Aldose reductase (ALR) enzyme plays a significant role in conversion of excess amount of glucose into sorbitol in diabetic condition, inhibitors of which decrease the secondary complication of diabetes mellitus.	Sorbitol	102-110	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
25755662-2	2015	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(+)-dependent SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE (SDH, E. C. 1.1.1.14) from Arabidopsis thaliana L. sorbitol dehydrogenase (AtSDH) is capable of oxidizing several polyols including sorbitol, ribitol, and xylitol.	Sorbitol	121-129	lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase bifunctional enzyme	Arabidopsis thaliana	71-74
25755662-2	2015	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(+)-dependent SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE (SDH, E. C. 1.1.1.14) from Arabidopsis thaliana L. sorbitol dehydrogenase (AtSDH) is capable of oxidizing several polyols including sorbitol, ribitol, and xylitol.	Sorbitol	121-129	lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase bifunctional enzyme	Arabidopsis thaliana	145-150
25755662-3	2015	In the present study, enzymatic assays using recombinant AtSDH demonstrated a higher specificity constant for xylitol compared to sorbitol and ribitol, all of which are C2 (S) and C4 (R) polyols.	Sorbitol	130-138	lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase bifunctional enzyme	Arabidopsis thaliana	57-62
24903533-1	2015	Aldose reductase (ALR) enzyme plays a significant role in conversion of excess amount of glucose into sorbitol in diabetic condition, inhibitors of which decrease the secondary complication of diabetes mellitus.	Sorbitol	102-110	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	18-21
26163626-3	2015	Aldose reductase (AR) catalyzes the rate limiting step of the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism; besides reducing glucose to sorbitol, AR reduces lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes and their glutathione conjugates.	Sorbitol	128-136	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
25907638-5	2015	Furthermore, the limits of detection for sorbitol and xylitol by the CE method were estimated at 15 and 27 muM, respectively.	Sorbitol	41-49	latexin	Homo sapiens	107-110
26163626-3	2015	Aldose reductase (AR) catalyzes the rate limiting step of the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism; besides reducing glucose to sorbitol, AR reduces lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes and their glutathione conjugates.	Sorbitol	128-136	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	18-20
25491744-9	2014	Combination of (RS)-baclofen, naltrexone hydrochloride and D-sorbitol, termed PXT3003, improved myelination in the Pmp22 transgenic co-culture cellular model, and moderately down-regulated Pmp22 mRNA expression in Schwannoma cells.	Sorbitol	59-69	peripheral myelin protein 22	Mus musculus	115-120
26291727-1	2015	The aim of the present work was to study the effect of 3-mercapto-5H-1,2,4-triazino[5,6-b]indole-5-acetic acid (CMTI), an efficient aldose reductase inhibitor, on sorbitol accumulation in selected organs of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats in vivo.	Sorbitol	163-171	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	132-148
25884412-3	2015	However, peptides prepared from Mf conjugated with alginate oligosaccharide (AO; 19 mug/mg protein) (dMSA) through the Maillard reaction in the presence of sorbitol significantly reduced the secretion of the pro-inflammatory mediators nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6, as well as mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2.	Sorbitol	156-164	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	249-282
25884412-3	2015	However, peptides prepared from Mf conjugated with alginate oligosaccharide (AO; 19 mug/mg protein) (dMSA) through the Maillard reaction in the presence of sorbitol significantly reduced the secretion of the pro-inflammatory mediators nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6, as well as mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2.	Sorbitol	156-164	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	287-305
25884412-3	2015	However, peptides prepared from Mf conjugated with alginate oligosaccharide (AO; 19 mug/mg protein) (dMSA) through the Maillard reaction in the presence of sorbitol significantly reduced the secretion of the pro-inflammatory mediators nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6, as well as mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2.	Sorbitol	156-164	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	337-346
25884412-3	2015	However, peptides prepared from Mf conjugated with alginate oligosaccharide (AO; 19 mug/mg protein) (dMSA) through the Maillard reaction in the presence of sorbitol significantly reduced the secretion of the pro-inflammatory mediators nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6, as well as mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2.	Sorbitol	156-164	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	348-352
25884412-3	2015	However, peptides prepared from Mf conjugated with alginate oligosaccharide (AO; 19 mug/mg protein) (dMSA) through the Maillard reaction in the presence of sorbitol significantly reduced the secretion of the pro-inflammatory mediators nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6, as well as mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2.	Sorbitol	156-164	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Mus musculus	390-406
26989482-1	2015	Gallotannins containing a glucitol core, which are only produced by members of the maple (Acer) genus, are more potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitors than the clinical drug, acarbose.	Sorbitol	26-34	sucrase-isomaltase	Homo sapiens	119-136
26989482-3	2015	Herein, we investigated ligand-enzyme interactions and binding mechanisms of a series of "glucitol-core containing gallotannins (GCGs)" against the alpha-glucosidase enzyme.	Sorbitol	90-98	sucrase-isomaltase	Homo sapiens	148-165
26989482-10	2015	This is the first study to evaluate the mechanisms of inhibitory activities of gallotannins containing a glucitol core on alpha-glucosidase.	Sorbitol	105-113	sucrase-isomaltase	Homo sapiens	122-139
25491744-9	2014	Combination of (RS)-baclofen, naltrexone hydrochloride and D-sorbitol, termed PXT3003, improved myelination in the Pmp22 transgenic co-culture cellular model, and moderately down-regulated Pmp22 mRNA expression in Schwannoma cells.	Sorbitol	59-69	peripheral myelin protein 22	Mus musculus	189-194
25223397-1	2014	Sorbitol was effectively converted to isosorbide by treatment with [TMPA][NTf2 ] in the presence of catalytic amounts of TsOH under microwave heating at 180  C. The reaction completed within 10 min and isosorbide was isolated to about 60%.	Sorbitol	0-8	nuclear transport factor 2	Homo sapiens	74-78
25493192-5	2014	Applying a fed-batch strategy with methanol:sorbitol as the enzyme inducers, a chymosin production of 8.53 International Milk Clotting Units (IMCU) per mg protein was obtained in the supernatant.	Sorbitol	44-52	chymosin	Bos taurus	79-87
24876114-1	2014	Diabetes is associated with activation of the polyol pathway, in which glucose is converted to sorbitol by aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	95-103	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	107-123
24876114-3	2014	However, in the proximal tubule, sorbitol can be converted to fructose, which is then metabolized largely by fructokinase, also known as ketohexokinase, leading to ATP depletion, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and oxidative stress.	Sorbitol	33-41	ketohexokinase	Mus musculus	137-151
25803886-2	2014	There are five reactions related to 2-KGA metabolism, including: (1) Oxidation of D-sorbitol to L-sorbose; (2) Oxidation of L-sorbose to L-sorbosone; (3) Oxidation of L-sorbosone (Pyranose form) to 2-KGA; (4) Oxidation of L-sorbosone (Furanose form) to vitamin C, and (5) Reduction of 2-KGA to L-idonate.	Sorbitol	82-92	glutaminase	Homo sapiens	38-41
25180545-2	2014	Insulin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles with a size around 450 nm were dehydrated using a standard freeze-drying cycle, using trehalose, glucose, sucrose, fructose, and sorbitol at 10% (w/v) as cryoprotectants.	Sorbitol	163-171	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
25180545-7	2014	Formulations collapsed after freeze-drying showed better protein stabilization upon storage, in special sorbitol added formulation, preserving 76, 80, and 78% of insulin structure at 4  C, 25  C/60% RH, and 40  C/75% RH, respectively.	Sorbitol	104-112	insulin	Homo sapiens	162-169
25180545-8	2014	Principal component analysis also showed that the sorbitol-added formulation showed the most similar insulin structural modifications among the tested storage conditions.	Sorbitol	50-58	insulin	Homo sapiens	101-108
24792829-8	2014	The effect of annealing on beta2-relaxation times was neutralized by sorbitol while PVP negated the effect of annealing on both beta1- and beta2-relaxations.	Sorbitol	69-77	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 2	Homo sapiens	27-32
24858301-4	2014	RESULTS: HA/sorbitol prevented IL-1beta-induced oxidative stress, as measured by reactive oxygen species, p47-NADPH oxidase phosphorylation, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) production and HNE-metabolizing glutathione-S-transferase A4-4 expression.	Sorbitol	12-20	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	31-39
25062087-1	2014	A straightforward synthetic approach was adopted for the construction of a lysosome-targeted drug delivery system (TDDS) using sorbitol scaffold (Sor) linked to octa-guanidine and tetrapeptide GLPG, a peptide substrate of lysosomal cysteine protease, cathepsin B.	Sorbitol	127-135	cathepsin B	Homo sapiens	251-262
25985564-2	2014	In the present work we studied the effect of a novel zwitterionic inhibitor of aldose reductase [(2-benzyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1 H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-yl)-acetic acid, compound 1] on sorbitol accumulation in ex vivo and in vivo models of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	184-192	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	79-95
24867932-7	2014	Glucose was the major free sugar and bound monosaccharide in all SCF except for G1-SCF-hydrog that had greater concentrations of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	129-137	KIT ligand	Canis lupus familiaris	80-93
24858301-4	2014	RESULTS: HA/sorbitol prevented IL-1beta-induced oxidative stress, as measured by reactive oxygen species, p47-NADPH oxidase phosphorylation, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) production and HNE-metabolizing glutathione-S-transferase A4-4 expression.	Sorbitol	12-20	pleckstrin	Homo sapiens	106-109
24858301-5	2014	Moreover, HA/sorbitol stifled IL-1beta-induced metalloproteinase-13, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 release as well as inducible NO synthase expression.	Sorbitol	13-21	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	30-38
24858301-7	2014	Examination of signaling pathway components disclosed that HA/sorbitol prevented IL-1beta-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B activation, but not that of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2.	Sorbitol	62-70	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	81-89
24792618-4	2014	In this study, different combinations of five L-sorbose dehydrogenases (SDH) and two L-sorbosone dehydrogenases (SNDH) from Ketogulonicigenium vulgare WSH-001 were introduced into Gluconobacter oxydans WSH-003, an industrial strain used for the conversion of d-sorbitol to L-sorbose.	Sorbitol	259-269	sndH	Ketogulonicigenium vulgare WSH-001	113-117
24389872-9	2014	Different stimuli considered as cell stresses (rotenone, cyanide, sorbitol, and complete absence of intracellular Ca(2+) by BAPTA-AM) also cause AMPK phosphorylation in spermatozoa.	Sorbitol	66-74	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	145-149
24932277-8	2014	The investigation for the downstream signal pathway revealed that sorbitol-induced apoptosis was mediated by an increase in phosphorylated p38 MAPK expression.	Sorbitol	66-74	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	139-142
24631628-8	2014	In addition, carvacrol (0.43%) was able to inhibit the pro-apoptotic effects induced by sorbitol (0.3M), as seen by the reduction in caspase-3 activity on HaCaT cells.	Sorbitol	88-96	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	133-142
24236461-1	2014	Aldose reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme of the polyol pathway that leads to conversion of glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	106-114	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
24587200-7	2014	Sorbitol can improve blood glucose uptake by liver and muscle in a manner associated with upregulation of the AMPK-related enzyme SNARK, but with undesirable gastrointestinal side effects not seen with meglumine.	Sorbitol	0-8	NUAK family, SNF1-like kinase, 2	Mus musculus	130-135
24932277-0	2014	Sorbitol induces apoptosis of human colorectal cancer cells via p38 MAPK signal transduction.	Sorbitol	0-8	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	64-67
24932277-6	2014	Following treatment with sorbitol for 3 h, western blotting demonstrated cleavage of the caspase-3 zymogen protein and a cleavage product of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a known substrate of caspase-3, was also evident.	Sorbitol	25-33	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	89-98
24932277-6	2014	Following treatment with sorbitol for 3 h, western blotting demonstrated cleavage of the caspase-3 zymogen protein and a cleavage product of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a known substrate of caspase-3, was also evident.	Sorbitol	25-33	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	141-169
24932277-6	2014	Following treatment with sorbitol for 3 h, western blotting demonstrated cleavage of the caspase-3 zymogen protein and a cleavage product of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a known substrate of caspase-3, was also evident.	Sorbitol	25-33	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	171-175
24932277-6	2014	Following treatment with sorbitol for 3 h, western blotting demonstrated cleavage of the caspase-3 zymogen protein and a cleavage product of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a known substrate of caspase-3, was also evident.	Sorbitol	25-33	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	199-208
24932277-7	2014	During sorbitol-induced apoptosis, the mitochondrial pathway was activated by a dose-dependent increase in Bax expression and cytochrome c release, while the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner.	Sorbitol	7-15	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	107-110
24932277-7	2014	During sorbitol-induced apoptosis, the mitochondrial pathway was activated by a dose-dependent increase in Bax expression and cytochrome c release, while the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner.	Sorbitol	7-15	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	126-138
24932277-7	2014	During sorbitol-induced apoptosis, the mitochondrial pathway was activated by a dose-dependent increase in Bax expression and cytochrome c release, while the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner.	Sorbitol	7-15	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	195-200
24932277-9	2014	Overall, the observations from the present study imply that sorbitol causes increased levels of Bax in response to p38 MAPK signaling, which results in the initiation of the mitochondrial death cascade.	Sorbitol	60-68	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	96-99
24932277-9	2014	Overall, the observations from the present study imply that sorbitol causes increased levels of Bax in response to p38 MAPK signaling, which results in the initiation of the mitochondrial death cascade.	Sorbitol	60-68	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	115-118
24917928-8	2014	Additionally, maternal insulin infusion resulted in lower fetal sorbitol and fructose (P < 0.01).	Sorbitol	64-72	LOC105613195	Ovis aries	23-30
24607578-1	2014	Aldose reductase is the key enzyme of polypol pathway leading to accumulation of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	81-89	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
24991118-5	2014	In human erythrocytes, sorbitol formation was measured as an index of aldose reductase activity under normoglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions.	Sorbitol	23-31	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	70-86
24420571-3	2014	By using BY-2 tobacco cells, it was shown that both NaCl- and sorbitol-induced PCD seemed to be dependent on superoxide anion (O2 (-)) generation by NADPH-oxidase.	Sorbitol	62-70	respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein A-like	Nicotiana tabacum	149-162
26058108-3	2014	Reduce of serum-cholecystokinin concentration growth (ACCK) after intake of Sorbitol was revealed in subgroup of patients with low-symptom variant.	Sorbitol	76-84	cholecystokinin	Homo sapiens	16-31
24498410-3	2014	Strikingly, all the deletion mutants became more sensitive to hyperosmotic NaCl and sorbitol with the Western blot of Hog1 phosphorylation being weakened in Deltabck1 and absent in Deltamkk1 and Deltaslt2.	Sorbitol	84-92	mitogen-activated protein kinase HOG1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	118-122
24370601-5	2014	Results show that sorbitol levels were higher in neural retinas of diabetic AK-SMAA-GFP-hAR compared to AK-SMAA-GFP mice.	Sorbitol	18-26	lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1	Homo sapiens	88-91
24278440-7	2013	The expression of AtKEA1, -3 and -4 was enhanced under low K(+) stress, whereas AtKEA2 and AtKEA5 were induced by sorbitol and ABA treatments.	Sorbitol	114-122	K+ efflux antiporter 2	Arabidopsis thaliana	80-86
24141135-3	2013	Cell growth and recombinant bovine chymosin production were optimized in flask cultures during methanol induction phase achieving the highest coagulant activity with low pH values, a temperature of 25 C and with the addition of sorbitol and ascorbic acid at the beginning of this period.	Sorbitol	228-236	chymosin	Bos taurus	35-43
24278440-7	2013	The expression of AtKEA1, -3 and -4 was enhanced under low K(+) stress, whereas AtKEA2 and AtKEA5 were induced by sorbitol and ABA treatments.	Sorbitol	114-122	K+ efflux antiporter 5	Arabidopsis thaliana	91-97
24191005-4	2013	Inhibition of the PI3K target pathway, the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), by depletion of Sin1, one of its components, decreased activation of OSR1 by sorbitol and reduced activity of the OSR1 substrate, the sodium, potassium, two chloride cotransporter, in HeLa cells.	Sorbitol	170-178	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2	Mus musculus	84-90
24191005-4	2013	Inhibition of the PI3K target pathway, the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), by depletion of Sin1, one of its components, decreased activation of OSR1 by sorbitol and reduced activity of the OSR1 substrate, the sodium, potassium, two chloride cotransporter, in HeLa cells.	Sorbitol	170-178	MAPK associated protein 1	Homo sapiens	109-113
23843618-8	2013	Moreover, plectin S4642 phosphorylation was enhanced after cell treatment with EGF, phorbol ester, sorbitol and 8-bromo-cyclic AMP, as well as during wound healing and protease-mediated cell detachment.	Sorbitol	99-107	plectin	Homo sapiens	10-17
24191005-4	2013	Inhibition of the PI3K target pathway, the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), by depletion of Sin1, one of its components, decreased activation of OSR1 by sorbitol and reduced activity of the OSR1 substrate, the sodium, potassium, two chloride cotransporter, in HeLa cells.	Sorbitol	170-178	oxidative stress responsive kinase 1	Homo sapiens	162-166
23625794-4	2013	Here, we demonstrate that endogenous FUS exerts a robust response to hyperosmolar stress induced by sorbitol.	Sorbitol	100-108	FUS RNA binding protein	Homo sapiens	37-40
23625794-8	2013	Intriguingly, cells with reduced expression of FUS exhibit a loss of cell viability in response to sorbitol, indicating a prosurvival role for endogenous FUS in the cellular response to hyperosmolar stress.	Sorbitol	99-107	FUS RNA binding protein	Homo sapiens	47-50
23625794-8	2013	Intriguingly, cells with reduced expression of FUS exhibit a loss of cell viability in response to sorbitol, indicating a prosurvival role for endogenous FUS in the cellular response to hyperosmolar stress.	Sorbitol	99-107	FUS RNA binding protein	Homo sapiens	154-157
23623797-7	2013	Addition of sorbitol or glycerol to HES/trehalose base formulations appears to significantly decrease free volume, consistent with the positive impact of such additions on pharmaceutical stability (i.e., degradation) in the glassy state.	Sorbitol	12-20	ribosome binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	36-39
23901876-1	2013	Aldose reductase reduces glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	36-44	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
23850972-2	2013	Hyperglycemia increases glucose flux through the polyol pathway, in which aldose reductase converts glucose into intracellular sorbitol, which is subsequently converted to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH).	Sorbitol	127-135	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	74-90
23850972-2	2013	Hyperglycemia increases glucose flux through the polyol pathway, in which aldose reductase converts glucose into intracellular sorbitol, which is subsequently converted to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH).	Sorbitol	127-135	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	184-206
23850972-2	2013	Hyperglycemia increases glucose flux through the polyol pathway, in which aldose reductase converts glucose into intracellular sorbitol, which is subsequently converted to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH).	Sorbitol	127-135	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	208-211
24019949-2	2013	It is currently defined as the first enzyme in the so-called polyol pathway, in which glucose is transformed into sorbitol by AR and then to fructose by an NAD(+)-dependent dehydrogenase.	Sorbitol	114-122	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	126-128
23712705-6	2013	Peptide treatment inhibited the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in H9c2 cells subjected to cell stress with sorbitol by preventing the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibition of caspase-3 activation.	Sorbitol	104-112	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	198-207
23402912-2	2013	Biochemical fractionation and indirect immunofluorescence demonstrated that sorbitol induced hyperosmotic stress stimulated expression and triggered the localization of endogenous Sgk-1 into the mitochondria of NMuMG mammary epithelial cells.	Sorbitol	76-84	serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1	Mus musculus	180-185
23736045-10	2013	Hydrolyzed monosaccharide concentrations for the SCF:pullulan:sorbitol:fructose blends followed similar trends to the SCFsd blends where greater percentages of fructose and sorbitol resulted in decreased (P < 0.05) hydrolyzed monosaccharide concentrations.	Sorbitol	62-70	KIT ligand	Canis lupus familiaris	49-52
23736045-14	2013	The SCF:pullulan:sorbitol:fructose blends also had intermediate to high released monosaccharides as a result of in vitro hydrolytic digestion.	Sorbitol	17-25	KIT ligand	Canis lupus familiaris	4-7
23995405-7	2013	Cell viability, post-thaw attachment rate and metabolic activity of cryopreserved hepatocytes are enhanced by the addition of 0.4M sorbitol into 5% Me2SO solution.	Sorbitol	131-139	malic enzyme 2	Homo sapiens	148-151
23498864-0	2013	Sorbitol dehydrogenase is a cytosolic protein required for sorbitol metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana.	Sorbitol	59-67	lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase bifunctional enzyme	Arabidopsis thaliana	0-22
22678928-4	2013	The increased synthesis of aldose reductase in transgenic plants correlated with reduced methylglyoxal and malondialdehyde accumulation and an elevated level of sorbitol under stress conditions.	Sorbitol	161-169	aldose reductase	Nicotiana tabacum	27-43
23498864-1	2013	Sorbitol is converted to fructose in Rosaceae species by SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE (SDH, EC 1.1.1.14), especially in sink organs.	Sorbitol	0-8	lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase bifunctional enzyme	Arabidopsis thaliana	57-79
23498864-1	2013	Sorbitol is converted to fructose in Rosaceae species by SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE (SDH, EC 1.1.1.14), especially in sink organs.	Sorbitol	0-8	lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase bifunctional enzyme	Arabidopsis thaliana	81-84
23498864-6	2013	In the presence of NAD+, recombinant SDH exhibited greatest oxidative activity with sorbitol, ribitol and xylitol as substrates; other sugar alcohols were oxidized to a lesser extent.	Sorbitol	84-92	lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase bifunctional enzyme	Arabidopsis thaliana	37-40
23247009-3	2013	In this study, we found that BGG showed low cytotoxicity in Raw264.7 murine macrophages and effectively inhibited AR activity as measured by a decrease in sorbitol accumulation.	Sorbitol	155-163	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	114-116
23639868-8	2013	MHTS data showed that addition of 0.5% w/v polysorbate 20 together with either 40% w/v sucrose or 40% w/v sorbitol could stabilize VLPs at elevated temperatures up to 58  C. AF4 data further confirmed that the formulation containing 40% w/v sorbitol and 0.5% w/v polysorbate 20 effectively protected VLPs during freeze-thawing and freeze-drying, increasing recoveries from these processes by 80 and 50 percentage points, respectively.	Sorbitol	106-114	AF4/FMR2 family member 1	Homo sapiens	174-177
23535337-3	2013	Here, we report that AtWNK8 is mainly expressed in primary root, hypocotyl, stamen and pistil and is induced by NaCl and sorbitol treatment.	Sorbitol	121-129	with no lysine (K) kinase 8	Arabidopsis thaliana	21-27
23535337-4	2013	Compared to the wild-type, the T-DNA knock-out wnk8 mutant was more tolerant to severe salinity and osmotic stresses, as indicated by 27% and 198% more fresh weight in the NaCl and sorbitol treatment, respectively.	Sorbitol	181-189	with no lysine (K) kinase 8	Arabidopsis thaliana	47-51
23535337-5	2013	The wnk8 mutant also accumulated 1.43-fold more proline than the wild-type in the sorbitol treatment.	Sorbitol	82-90	with no lysine (K) kinase 8	Arabidopsis thaliana	4-8
23535337-6	2013	Under NaCl and sorbitol stresses, catalase (CAT) activity in wnk8 mutant was 1.92- and 3.7-times of that in Col-0, respectively.	Sorbitol	15-23	catalase 2	Arabidopsis thaliana	34-42
23535337-6	2013	Under NaCl and sorbitol stresses, catalase (CAT) activity in wnk8 mutant was 1.92- and 3.7-times of that in Col-0, respectively.	Sorbitol	15-23	catalase 2	Arabidopsis thaliana	44-47
23535337-6	2013	Under NaCl and sorbitol stresses, catalase (CAT) activity in wnk8 mutant was 1.92- and 3.7-times of that in Col-0, respectively.	Sorbitol	15-23	with no lysine (K) kinase 8	Arabidopsis thaliana	61-65
22850292-6	2012	Second we tested the effect of 6 naturally occurring extremolytes (trehalose, sucrose, ectoine, hydroxyectoine, sorbitol, mannitol) on the thermal stability of G-CSF, using a central composite circumscribed design.	Sorbitol	112-120	colony stimulating factor 3	Homo sapiens	160-165
23573236-7	2013	The growth phenotype of dys1-1 mutant is severe, growing only in the presence of 1 M sorbitol, an osmotic stabilizer.	Sorbitol	85-93	deoxyhypusine synthase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	24-30
23573236-8	2013	Although this phenotype is characteristic of Pkc1 cell wall integrity mutants, the sorbitol requirement from dys1-1 is not associated with cell lysis.	Sorbitol	83-91	deoxyhypusine synthase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	109-115
22989884-8	2012	C-terminal fragments of WNK1 that contain three RFXV interaction motifs can bind OSR1, block activation of OSR1 by sorbitol, and prevent the OSR1-induced enhancement of ion co-transporter activity in cells, further supporting the conclusion that association with WNK1 is required for OSR1 activation and function at least in some contexts.	Sorbitol	115-123	WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	24-28
22989884-8	2012	C-terminal fragments of WNK1 that contain three RFXV interaction motifs can bind OSR1, block activation of OSR1 by sorbitol, and prevent the OSR1-induced enhancement of ion co-transporter activity in cells, further supporting the conclusion that association with WNK1 is required for OSR1 activation and function at least in some contexts.	Sorbitol	115-123	oxidative stress responsive kinase 1	Homo sapiens	107-111
22989884-8	2012	C-terminal fragments of WNK1 that contain three RFXV interaction motifs can bind OSR1, block activation of OSR1 by sorbitol, and prevent the OSR1-induced enhancement of ion co-transporter activity in cells, further supporting the conclusion that association with WNK1 is required for OSR1 activation and function at least in some contexts.	Sorbitol	115-123	oxidative stress responsive kinase 1	Homo sapiens	107-111
22989884-8	2012	C-terminal fragments of WNK1 that contain three RFXV interaction motifs can bind OSR1, block activation of OSR1 by sorbitol, and prevent the OSR1-induced enhancement of ion co-transporter activity in cells, further supporting the conclusion that association with WNK1 is required for OSR1 activation and function at least in some contexts.	Sorbitol	115-123	oxidative stress responsive kinase 1	Homo sapiens	107-111
23507897-8	2012	After freeze-drying with cryoprotectants, the amount of insulin released was higher for trehalose and lower for sucrose, glucose, fructose and sorbitol comparatively to freeze-dried PLGA-NP with no cryoprotectant added.	Sorbitol	143-151	insulin	Homo sapiens	56-63
22902692-9	2012	AKIN10-overexpressing seeds and seedlings are hypersensitive to glucose, while those overexpressing FUS3 display overall defects in osmotic stress, primarily during seedling growth, as they show increased sensitivity toward sorbitol and glucose.	Sorbitol	224-232	AP2/B3-like transcriptional factor family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	100-104
22752999-3	2012	Monosaccharide production is controlled, in part, by the polyol pathway and requires two enzymes: an aldose reductase (AR) that reduces glucose into sorbitol, followed by its oxidation into fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH).	Sorbitol	149-157	aldose reductase	Bos taurus	119-121
22752999-3	2012	Monosaccharide production is controlled, in part, by the polyol pathway and requires two enzymes: an aldose reductase (AR) that reduces glucose into sorbitol, followed by its oxidation into fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH).	Sorbitol	149-157	aldose reductase	Bos taurus	101-117
22752999-3	2012	Monosaccharide production is controlled, in part, by the polyol pathway and requires two enzymes: an aldose reductase (AR) that reduces glucose into sorbitol, followed by its oxidation into fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH).	Sorbitol	149-157	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Bos taurus	202-224
22752999-9	2012	Instead, the levels of AR and SDH expression were associated with higher ratios of sorbitol to fructose in the isthmus (1.6) than in the ampulla (4.1; P = 0.005).	Sorbitol	83-91	aldose reductase	Bos taurus	23-25
22752999-9	2012	Instead, the levels of AR and SDH expression were associated with higher ratios of sorbitol to fructose in the isthmus (1.6) than in the ampulla (4.1; P = 0.005).	Sorbitol	83-91	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Bos taurus	30-33
22710095-1	2012	In sugar cataract formation in rats, aldose reductase (AR) activity is not only linked to lenticular sorbitol (diabetic) or galactitol (galactosemic) formation but also to signal transduction changes, cytotoxic signals and activation of apoptosis.	Sorbitol	101-109	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	37-53
22710095-1	2012	In sugar cataract formation in rats, aldose reductase (AR) activity is not only linked to lenticular sorbitol (diabetic) or galactitol (galactosemic) formation but also to signal transduction changes, cytotoxic signals and activation of apoptosis.	Sorbitol	101-109	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	55-57
22449018-4	2012	Our analyses on the gene expression and enzymatic activity levels generally showed an increased production of thiamine biosynthesis enzymes (THI4 and THI6/THI6), a TDP synthesizing enzyme (THI80/THI80) and a TDP-requiring enzyme, transketolase (TKL1/TKL) by yeast subjected to oxidative (1 mM hydrogen peroxide) and osmotic (1 M sorbitol) stress.	Sorbitol	329-337	thiamine diphosphokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	189-194
22577168-0	2012	Expression of RASSF6 in kidney and the implication of RASSF6 and the Hippo pathway in the sorbitol-induced apoptosis in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells.	Sorbitol	90-98	Ras association domain family member 6	Homo sapiens	14-20
22575729-5	2012	After 48 h fermentation with continuous feeding of 25% (w/v) D-sorbitol and 0.8% PTM4, the cell grew to A(600)=178 and intracellularly expressed Canstatin-N reached 780 mg/L.	Sorbitol	61-71	collagen type IV alpha 2 chain	Homo sapiens	145-154
22565168-10	2012	Based on these findings, we propose a mechanism whereby glucose triggers a synergistic effect of tubulin and sorbitol, leading to activation of aldose reductase, microtubule formation, and consequent Na(+),K(+)-ATPase inhibition.	Sorbitol	109-117	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	144-160
22538237-5	2012	CPI-17 transcription was suppressed in response to the proliferative stimulus with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) through the ERK1/2 pathway, whereas it was elevated in response to inflammatory, stress-induced and excitatory stimuli with transforming growth factor-beta, IL-1beta, TNFalpha, sorbitol, and serotonin.	Sorbitol	298-306	protein phosphatase 1 regulatory inhibitor subunit 14A	Homo sapiens	0-6
22538237-9	2012	The 173-bp proximal promoter activity was negatively and positively regulated through PDGF-induced ERK1/2 and sorbitol-induced p38/JNK pathways, respectively.	Sorbitol	110-118	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	127-130
22538237-9	2012	The 173-bp proximal promoter activity was negatively and positively regulated through PDGF-induced ERK1/2 and sorbitol-induced p38/JNK pathways, respectively.	Sorbitol	110-118	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	131-134
22577168-11	2012	We demonstrated that RASSF6 as well as the Hippo pathway are involved in the sorbitol-induced apoptosis in immortalized human proximal renal tubular epithelial HK-2 cells.	Sorbitol	77-85	Ras association domain family member 6	Homo sapiens	21-27
22249747-1	2012	Aldose reductase 2 (ALR2), which catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol using NADP as a cofactor, has been implicated in the etiology of secondary complications of diabetes.	Sorbitol	71-79	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-18
22249747-1	2012	Aldose reductase 2 (ALR2), which catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol using NADP as a cofactor, has been implicated in the etiology of secondary complications of diabetes.	Sorbitol	71-79	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	20-24
32480797-3	2012	sdh knockout mutants, we show that SDH (At5g51970) plays a primary role in sorbitol metabolism as well as an unexpected role in ribitol metabolism.	Sorbitol	75-83	lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase bifunctional enzyme	Arabidopsis thaliana	0-3
22154358-7	2012	Stress stimuli (sorbitol, hydrogen peroxide, and UV irradiation) were used to active p38, which was measured by phospho-antibody.	Sorbitol	16-24	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	85-88
32480797-3	2012	sdh knockout mutants, we show that SDH (At5g51970) plays a primary role in sorbitol metabolism as well as an unexpected role in ribitol metabolism.	Sorbitol	75-83	lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase bifunctional enzyme	Arabidopsis thaliana	35-38
32480797-5	2012	The lack of functional SDH in mutant plants was accompanied by accumulation of foliar sorbitol and at least 10-fold more ribitol, neither of which decreased in mutant plants after rewatering.	Sorbitol	86-94	lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase bifunctional enzyme	Arabidopsis thaliana	23-26
32480797-8	2012	The results indicate a role for SDH in metabolism of sorbitol to fructose and in ribitol conversion to ribulose in A. thaliana during recovery from drought stress.	Sorbitol	53-61	lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase bifunctional enzyme	Arabidopsis thaliana	32-35
22285226-2	2012	Increased activity of aldose reductase, the first enzyme of the sorbitol pathway, leads to accumulation of cytosolic Ca2+, essentially required for 12/15-lipoxygenase activation.	Sorbitol	64-72	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	22-38
22203099-5	2012	To answer this question, the effect of ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol, xylitol, sorbitol, trehalose and glucose at pH 2.5 on the structure and stability of yeast hexokinase A was investigated using spectroscopy and calorimetry.	Sorbitol	80-88	hexokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	162-172
22582044-3	2012	Aldose reductase (AR; ALR2; EC 1.1.1.21), a key enzyme in the polyol pathway, catalyzes nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent reduction of glucose to sorbitol, leading to excessive accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various tissues of DM including the heart, vasculature, neurons, eyes, and kidneys.	Sorbitol	168-176	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
22582044-3	2012	Aldose reductase (AR; ALR2; EC 1.1.1.21), a key enzyme in the polyol pathway, catalyzes nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent reduction of glucose to sorbitol, leading to excessive accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various tissues of DM including the heart, vasculature, neurons, eyes, and kidneys.	Sorbitol	168-176	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	18-20
22582044-3	2012	Aldose reductase (AR; ALR2; EC 1.1.1.21), a key enzyme in the polyol pathway, catalyzes nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent reduction of glucose to sorbitol, leading to excessive accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various tissues of DM including the heart, vasculature, neurons, eyes, and kidneys.	Sorbitol	168-176	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	22-26
21833829-2	2012	It initializes the polyol pathway and under hyperglycemic conditions, catalyzes the conversion of glucose into sorbitol in the presence of NADPH.	Sorbitol	111-119	2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1	Homo sapiens	139-144
22448670-1	2012	In this study, the structure of concentrated d-sorbitol-water mixtures is studied by wide- and small-angle neutron scattering (WANS and SANS) as a function of temperature.	Sorbitol	45-55	USH1 protein network component sans	Homo sapiens	136-140
22285226-2	2012	Increased activity of aldose reductase, the first enzyme of the sorbitol pathway, leads to accumulation of cytosolic Ca2+, essentially required for 12/15-lipoxygenase activation.	Sorbitol	64-72	arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase	Mus musculus	148-166
22045062-5	2012	Both c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) became non-responsive to serum in 293/RGS19 cells, yet the two SAPKs responded to UV irradiation or osmotic stress induced by sorbitol.	Sorbitol	209-217	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	77-81
22190709-1	2012	TonEBP/NFAT5 (the tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein/nuclear factor of activated T cells) modulates cellular response to osmotic changes by accumulating inositol and sorbitol inside the cells.	Sorbitol	176-184	NFAT5	Ovis aries	7-12
22190709-10	2012	We conclude that both placental osmolytes inositol and sorbitol (and their corresponding proteins SLC5A3 and AR) change with gestational age and are regulated, at least in part, by NFAT5 and DE-CR1 (NADPH).	Sorbitol	55-63	sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter	Ovis aries	98-104
22190709-10	2012	We conclude that both placental osmolytes inositol and sorbitol (and their corresponding proteins SLC5A3 and AR) change with gestational age and are regulated, at least in part, by NFAT5 and DE-CR1 (NADPH).	Sorbitol	55-63	NFAT5	Ovis aries	181-186
22190709-10	2012	We conclude that both placental osmolytes inositol and sorbitol (and their corresponding proteins SLC5A3 and AR) change with gestational age and are regulated, at least in part, by NFAT5 and DE-CR1 (NADPH).	Sorbitol	55-63	2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase [(3E)-enoyl-CoA-producing], mitochondrial	Ovis aries	191-197
23552557-4	2012	Our results show that MLK4beta inhibits sorbitol- and tumor necrosis factor-induced activation of p38.	Sorbitol	40-48	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	98-101
21604265-3	2012	High salt and sorbitol were found to activate similar molecular pathways, including the p38 MAPK and the p53-p21(WAF1)-pRb axis, that were not stimulated by high urea.	Sorbitol	14-22	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	105-108
21604265-3	2012	High salt and sorbitol were found to activate similar molecular pathways, including the p38 MAPK and the p53-p21(WAF1)-pRb axis, that were not stimulated by high urea.	Sorbitol	14-22	cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A	Homo sapiens	109-112
21604265-3	2012	High salt and sorbitol were found to activate similar molecular pathways, including the p38 MAPK and the p53-p21(WAF1)-pRb axis, that were not stimulated by high urea.	Sorbitol	14-22	cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A	Homo sapiens	113-117
21604265-3	2012	High salt and sorbitol were found to activate similar molecular pathways, including the p38 MAPK and the p53-p21(WAF1)-pRb axis, that were not stimulated by high urea.	Sorbitol	14-22	RB transcriptional corepressor 1	Homo sapiens	119-122
21604265-5	2012	Furthermore, salt- and sorbitol-treated cells were able to phosphorylate histone H2A.X on Ser139, in contrast to cells exposed to urea, indicating a common mechanism for DNA repair, which was achieved by a p53-dependent activation of the G1 checkpoint by both solutes.	Sorbitol	23-31	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	206-209
21720823-8	2012	Isobutanol production increased substantially in all genetically manipulated strains compared to the wild-type strain, whereas only mutant strains expressing the sorbitol producing SOR1 and srlD genes showed increases in isoamyl alcohol and 2-phenyl alcohol.	Sorbitol	162-170	L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase SOR1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	181-185
22062776-8	2012	Hyperosomotic injury of HaCaT cells caused by sorbitol resulted in increased cleaved caspase-3 expression and this effect was decreased by FIR pretreatment; these findings were confirmed by TUNEL staining and MTT tests.	Sorbitol	46-54	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	85-94
21319207-1	2011	Aldose reductase (ARL2) is the first enzyme in the polyol pathway which catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	126-134	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
21969089-6	2012	MKKK20 transcripts were increased by the treatments with NaCl, mannitol, MV, sorbitol, and cold, suggesting that MKKK20 is involved in the response to osmotic, ROS, and cold stresses.	Sorbitol	77-85	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 20	Arabidopsis thaliana	0-6
21969089-6	2012	MKKK20 transcripts were increased by the treatments with NaCl, mannitol, MV, sorbitol, and cold, suggesting that MKKK20 is involved in the response to osmotic, ROS, and cold stresses.	Sorbitol	77-85	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 20	Arabidopsis thaliana	113-119
23251343-10	2012	Sorbitol levels were higher in neural retinas of AK-SMAA-GFP-hAR compared to AK-SMAA-GFP mice.	Sorbitol	0-8	lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1	Homo sapiens	61-64
21899598-8	2011	mSPINK12 mRNA levels were not affected by any cytokines tested while treatment of primary murine keratinocytes with the combination of calcium and sorbitol resulted in a strong increase in its mRNA.	Sorbitol	147-155	serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 12	Mus musculus	0-8
21820018-8	2011	Lsc3 and LscA could both transfructosylate D-xylose, D-fucose, L- and D-arabinose, D-ribose, D-sorbitol, xylitol, xylobiose, D-mannitol, D-galacturonic acid and methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside and heterooligofructans with degree of polymerization up to 5 were detected.	Sorbitol	93-103	glycoside hydrolase family 68 protein	Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato str. DC3000	0-4
21188613-5	2011	We investigated the possibility of converting this excess NADH to NAD(+) by transforming a double mutant (gpd1 gpd2 ) with alternative oxidoreductase genes that might restore the redox balance and produce either sorbitol or propane-1,2-diol.	Sorbitol	212-220	glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) GPD1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	106-110
22844269-1	2012	Accumulation of intracellular sorbitol due to increased aldose reductase (ALR2) activity has been implicated in the development of various secondary complications of diabetes.	Sorbitol	30-38	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	74-78
22808162-8	2012	Similarly, culture medium supplemented with 25 mM sorbitol displayed a remarkable increase active XBP-1 expression in the nuclei of 1-cell and 2-cell embryos.	Sorbitol	50-58	X-box binding protein 1	Mus musculus	98-103
22808162-9	2012	Conversely, high concentrations of TM or sorbitol led to reduced nuclear XBP-1 density and significant ER stress-induced apoptosis.	Sorbitol	41-49	X-box binding protein 1	Mus musculus	73-78
22253906-11	2012	With improvement of such pathological findings, AR inhibitor treatment suppressed the elevation of cytokine mRNA levels in multiple organs and renal sorbitol accumulation.	Sorbitol	149-157	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	48-50
22113782-5	2012	Furthermore, the mitotic arrest of the  htl1 mutant is moderated by 1 m sorbitol and deletion of SLT2.	Sorbitol	72-80	Htl1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	40-44
22006917-5	2011	Here, we report that serine 44 in the N-terminal head domain of K17 (K17-Ser(44)) is phosphorylated in response to extracellular stimuli (serum, EGF, and the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) that alter skin keratinocyte growth, and to cellular stresses (sorbitol-induced hyperosmotic shock, UV irradiation, and hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress).	Sorbitol	273-281	keratin 17	Mus musculus	64-67
22006917-5	2011	Here, we report that serine 44 in the N-terminal head domain of K17 (K17-Ser(44)) is phosphorylated in response to extracellular stimuli (serum, EGF, and the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) that alter skin keratinocyte growth, and to cellular stresses (sorbitol-induced hyperosmotic shock, UV irradiation, and hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress).	Sorbitol	273-281	keratin 17	Mus musculus	69-80
21945491-7	2011	Both intracellular arsenic accumulation and its cytotoxicity in the C-cells were significantly abrogated by sorbitol, a competitive AQP9 inhibitor, in a dose-dependent manner.	Sorbitol	108-116	aquaporin 9	Homo sapiens	132-136
21319207-1	2011	Aldose reductase (ARL2) is the first enzyme in the polyol pathway which catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	126-134	ADP ribosylation factor like GTPase 2	Homo sapiens	18-22
21394451-11	2011	T6P accumulation in tre1-1 plants grown on sorbitol was about twice the level of T6P found in WT.	Sorbitol	43-51	trehalase 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	20-24
21376710-1	2011	Aldose reductase (AKR1B1), which catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol and lipid aldehydes to lipid alcohols, has been shown to be involved in secondary diabetic complications including cataractogenesis.	Sorbitol	71-79	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
21376710-1	2011	Aldose reductase (AKR1B1), which catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol and lipid aldehydes to lipid alcohols, has been shown to be involved in secondary diabetic complications including cataractogenesis.	Sorbitol	71-79	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	18-24
21376710-12	2011	Biochemical analysis of lens homogenates showed that the AKR1B1 activity and sorbitol levels were significantly lower in sugar-treated AKR1B1 knockdown rat lenses as compared to WT rat lenses treated with 50mM glucose.	Sorbitol	77-85	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	135-141
21377527-11	2011	The highly purified SDH showed a higher Km value (125 mM) for sorbitol, being similar to the value (136 mM) determined previously from Eadie-Hofstee plots using egg crude extract as an enzyme source; additionally, the plots showed one slope indicating one Km value.	Sorbitol	62-70	L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase	Bombyx mori	20-23
21486002-5	2011	Interestingly, while both enantiomers of gulitol- and mannonamide-terminated monolayer resisted adsorption of proteins (bovine serum albumin, lysozyme, and fibrinogen) and confined biofilms formed on the micropatterns, the monolayers formed by the racemic mixture of either pair of enantiomers exhibited stronger antifouling chemistry against both protein adsorption and biofilm formation than monolayers formed by one enantiomer alone.	Sorbitol	41-48	lysozyme	Homo sapiens	142-150
21486002-5	2011	Interestingly, while both enantiomers of gulitol- and mannonamide-terminated monolayer resisted adsorption of proteins (bovine serum albumin, lysozyme, and fibrinogen) and confined biofilms formed on the micropatterns, the monolayers formed by the racemic mixture of either pair of enantiomers exhibited stronger antifouling chemistry against both protein adsorption and biofilm formation than monolayers formed by one enantiomer alone.	Sorbitol	41-48	fibrinogen beta chain	Homo sapiens	156-166
20844983-7	2011	Namely, in such solution, sorbitol molecules can stabilize a misfolded state of ADH, and prevent the protein from folding to its native structure.	Sorbitol	26-34	alcohol dehydrogenase 1A (class I), alpha polypeptide	Homo sapiens	80-83
21188590-7	2011	A sorbitol positive, streptomycin resistant STEC strain was isolated from the drinking water, and belonged to the serotype O100:H(-), produced Stx2 toxin (titre 1:8 by reversed-passive latex agglutination method), and carried the genes stx(2e), estIa and irp2.	Sorbitol	2-10	syntaxin 2	Homo sapiens	143-147
21188590-7	2011	A sorbitol positive, streptomycin resistant STEC strain was isolated from the drinking water, and belonged to the serotype O100:H(-), produced Stx2 toxin (titre 1:8 by reversed-passive latex agglutination method), and carried the genes stx(2e), estIa and irp2.	Sorbitol	2-10	iron responsive element binding protein 2	Homo sapiens	255-259
21470685-7	2011	Mac-1-dependent, but not Mac-1-independent, transmigration was significantly reduced in the presence of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and d-mannose, the saccharides that disrupt uPAR/Mac-1 association, but was unaffected in the presence of control saccharides (d-sorbitol and sucrose).	Sorbitol	254-264	integrin subunit alpha M	Homo sapiens	0-5
20844983-0	2011	Theoretical investigation of interaction of sorbitol molecules with alcohol dehydrogenase in aqueous solution using molecular dynamics simulation.	Sorbitol	44-52	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1	Homo sapiens	68-89
20939801-3	2011	Special attention is focused on aldose reductase, the first enzyme of the sorbitol pathway of glucose metabolism.	Sorbitol	74-82	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	32-48
20844983-2	2011	In order to do this task, two molecular dynamics simulations of the protein ADH in solution at room temperature have been carried out, one in the presence (about 0.9 M) and another in the absence of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	199-207	alcohol dehydrogenase 1A (class I), alpha polypeptide	Homo sapiens	76-79
20844983-5	2011	Thus, it is concluded that at moderate concentration of sorbitol solution, sorbitol molecules interact with ADH via many H-bonds that prevent the protein folding.	Sorbitol	56-64	alcohol dehydrogenase 1A (class I), alpha polypeptide	Homo sapiens	108-111
20844983-5	2011	Thus, it is concluded that at moderate concentration of sorbitol solution, sorbitol molecules interact with ADH via many H-bonds that prevent the protein folding.	Sorbitol	75-83	alcohol dehydrogenase 1A (class I), alpha polypeptide	Homo sapiens	108-111
20843823-6	2010	Glucose and sorbitol promoted the translocation of glucokinase from nucleus to cytoplasm.	Sorbitol	12-20	glucokinase	Rattus norvegicus	51-62
21173160-0	2011	TDP-43 is directed to stress granules by sorbitol, a novel physiological osmotic and oxidative stressor.	Sorbitol	41-49	TAR DNA binding protein	Homo sapiens	0-6
21173160-4	2011	In this study, we establish sorbitol as a novel physiological stressor that directs TDP-43 to stress granules in Hek293T cells and primary cultured glia.	Sorbitol	28-36	TAR DNA binding protein	Homo sapiens	84-90
20937836-11	2010	Based on these findings, we hypothesize that osmolytes such as urea or sorbitol may modulate PC1 mechanical properties and may lead to changes in the activation of the associated polycystin-2 channel or other intracellular events mediated by PC1.	Sorbitol	71-79	polycystin 1, transient receptor potential channel interacting	Homo sapiens	93-96
20937836-11	2010	Based on these findings, we hypothesize that osmolytes such as urea or sorbitol may modulate PC1 mechanical properties and may lead to changes in the activation of the associated polycystin-2 channel or other intracellular events mediated by PC1.	Sorbitol	71-79	polycystin 2, transient receptor potential cation channel	Homo sapiens	179-191
20937836-11	2010	Based on these findings, we hypothesize that osmolytes such as urea or sorbitol may modulate PC1 mechanical properties and may lead to changes in the activation of the associated polycystin-2 channel or other intracellular events mediated by PC1.	Sorbitol	71-79	polycystin 1, transient receptor potential channel interacting	Homo sapiens	242-245
22145049-9	2011	Hyperosmotic stress induced by sorbitol treatment (100 mM, 24 h) reduced AQP5 expression in MCF7 cells, which was also associated with a significant reduction in cell proliferation and migration.	Sorbitol	31-39	aquaporin 5	Homo sapiens	73-77
20609311-5	2010	RESULTS: Exposure to sorbitol (0.6 M, 3 h) decreased cell viability and increased DNA fragmentation and caspase-3, -8 and -9 activation.	Sorbitol	21-29	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	104-124
20713714-6	2010	Whole-body SNARK heterozygotic knockout mice also had impaired contraction-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle, and knockdown of SNARK in C2C12 muscle cells impaired sorbitol-stimulated glucose transport.	Sorbitol	178-186	NUAK family, SNF1-like kinase, 2	Mus musculus	141-146
20798394-11	2010	Activation of p38 MAPK in cells by sorbitol-induced hyperosmotic stress increased phosphorylation of S-tag-tensin1, which reduced binding to deleted in liver cancer-1 and increased binding to endogenous pTyr proteins, including p130Cas and focal adhesion kinase.	Sorbitol	35-43	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	14-17
20798394-11	2010	Activation of p38 MAPK in cells by sorbitol-induced hyperosmotic stress increased phosphorylation of S-tag-tensin1, which reduced binding to deleted in liver cancer-1 and increased binding to endogenous pTyr proteins, including p130Cas and focal adhesion kinase.	Sorbitol	35-43	tensin 1	Homo sapiens	107-114
20798394-11	2010	Activation of p38 MAPK in cells by sorbitol-induced hyperosmotic stress increased phosphorylation of S-tag-tensin1, which reduced binding to deleted in liver cancer-1 and increased binding to endogenous pTyr proteins, including p130Cas and focal adhesion kinase.	Sorbitol	35-43	BCAR1 scaffold protein, Cas family member	Homo sapiens	228-235
20855949-5	2010	Here we report necessity of diverse DAD1-like lipases in response to salt and sorbitol treatment.	Sorbitol	78-86	alpha/beta-Hydrolases superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	36-40
20551953-12	2010	Furthermore, methylation in the DUSP16 CpG island blocked transcriptional induction of DUSP16, thereby abrogating a normal physiological negative feedback loop that limits JNK activity, and conferred increased cellular sensitivity to agents, such as sorbitol and anthracycline chemotherapeutic agents that activate JNK.	Sorbitol	250-258	dual specificity phosphatase 16	Homo sapiens	32-38
20551953-12	2010	Furthermore, methylation in the DUSP16 CpG island blocked transcriptional induction of DUSP16, thereby abrogating a normal physiological negative feedback loop that limits JNK activity, and conferred increased cellular sensitivity to agents, such as sorbitol and anthracycline chemotherapeutic agents that activate JNK.	Sorbitol	250-258	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	172-175
20551953-12	2010	Furthermore, methylation in the DUSP16 CpG island blocked transcriptional induction of DUSP16, thereby abrogating a normal physiological negative feedback loop that limits JNK activity, and conferred increased cellular sensitivity to agents, such as sorbitol and anthracycline chemotherapeutic agents that activate JNK.	Sorbitol	250-258	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	315-318
19902381-8	2010	In addition, sorbitol synthesized from glucose catalyzed by AR is directly related to cell volume regulation.	Sorbitol	13-21	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	60-62
20372835-1	2010	Sorbitol is an intermediate in the polyol pathway, which converts from glucose to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORD).	Sorbitol	0-8	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	94-116
20466987-4	2010	Under diabetic conditions AR converts glucose into sorbitol, which is then converted to fructose.	Sorbitol	51-59	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	26-28
20520742-1	2010	Reductions in fasting serum fructose or erythrocyte sorbitol have been proposed as markers for early proof of mechanism in clinical development of aldose reductase (AR) inhibitors.	Sorbitol	52-60	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	147-163
20520742-1	2010	Reductions in fasting serum fructose or erythrocyte sorbitol have been proposed as markers for early proof of mechanism in clinical development of aldose reductase (AR) inhibitors.	Sorbitol	52-60	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	165-167
20520742-9	2010	These data suggest that serum sorbitol may be a robust proof of mechanism biomarker and facilitate dose selection for clinical development of AR inhibitors.	Sorbitol	30-38	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	142-144
20372835-1	2010	Sorbitol is an intermediate in the polyol pathway, which converts from glucose to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORD).	Sorbitol	0-8	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	118-122
20190093-8	2010	In contrast, lipoxygenase 2-RNAi lines and the allene oxid synthase-deficient mutant dde2 were less sensitive to sorbitol than the wild type, indicating that oxylipins contribute to the response to sorbitol stress.	Sorbitol	113-121	lipoxygenase 2	Arabidopsis thaliana	13-27
20190093-8	2010	In contrast, lipoxygenase 2-RNAi lines and the allene oxid synthase-deficient mutant dde2 were less sensitive to sorbitol than the wild type, indicating that oxylipins contribute to the response to sorbitol stress.	Sorbitol	198-206	lipoxygenase 2	Arabidopsis thaliana	13-27
19799961-1	2010	Aldose-6-phosphate reductase (A6PRase) is a key enzyme for glucitol biosynthesis in plants from the Rosaceae family.	Sorbitol	59-67	NADP-dependent D-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Malus domestica	0-28
20218967-1	2010	Aldose Reductase (AR), the key enzyme of the polyol pathway catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate as an essential cofactor, has been demonstrated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	98-106	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
20218967-1	2010	Aldose Reductase (AR), the key enzyme of the polyol pathway catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate as an essential cofactor, has been demonstrated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	98-106	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	18-20
20585507-9	2010	Our work showed that AMPK is ultrasensitive to an apoptotic stimulus (hyperosmolar sorbitol) but, in contrast to JNK, does not show hysteresis.	Sorbitol	83-91	protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 2 catalytic subunit S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	21-25
20585507-10	2010	By single cell analysis we found that the response of AMPK and JNK to hyperosmolar sorbitol is all-or-none (digital) in character, and that initial graded responses of both protein kinases are converted into digital during the critical period of cytochrome c release.	Sorbitol	83-91	protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 2 catalytic subunit S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	54-58
20585507-10	2010	By single cell analysis we found that the response of AMPK and JNK to hyperosmolar sorbitol is all-or-none (digital) in character, and that initial graded responses of both protein kinases are converted into digital during the critical period of cytochrome c release.	Sorbitol	83-91	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	63-66
19799961-1	2010	Aldose-6-phosphate reductase (A6PRase) is a key enzyme for glucitol biosynthesis in plants from the Rosaceae family.	Sorbitol	59-67	NADP-dependent D-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Malus domestica	30-37
19834918-7	2009	In contrast, in a hyperosmotic environment generated with sorbitol, gadd45b mRNA is induced exclusively by mRNA stabilization.	Sorbitol	58-66	growth arrest and DNA damage inducible beta	Homo sapiens	68-75
19778627-1	2010	Aldose reductase (AR), that catalyzes the rate limiting step of the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism, besides reducing glucose to sorbitol, reduces a number of lipid peroxidation - derived aldehydes and their glutathione conjugates.	Sorbitol	134-142	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
19778627-1	2010	Aldose reductase (AR), that catalyzes the rate limiting step of the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism, besides reducing glucose to sorbitol, reduces a number of lipid peroxidation - derived aldehydes and their glutathione conjugates.	Sorbitol	134-142	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	18-20
19880675-6	2010	Whole-blood sorbitol-induced phosphorylated (p) heat shock protein (HSP) 27 levels as a marker of p38 pathway activation and lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production were assessed.	Sorbitol	12-20	heat shock protein family B (small) member 1	Homo sapiens	48-75
20197634-6	2010	The attenuation of retinal vascular responses to ACh were not modified by treatment with GP-1447, whereas the aldose reductase inhibitor completely prevented diabetes-induced thinning of the retina and sorbitol accumulation in the retina and the lens.	Sorbitol	202-210	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	110-126
20402658-1	2010	Aldose Reductase (AR), the key enzyme of the polyol pathway catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate as an essential cofactor, has been demonstrated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	98-106	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
20402658-1	2010	Aldose Reductase (AR), the key enzyme of the polyol pathway catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate as an essential cofactor, has been demonstrated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	98-106	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	18-20
19850041-1	2009	Accumulation of intracellular sorbitol due to increased aldose reductase (ALR2) activity has been implicated in the development of various secondary complications of diabetes.	Sorbitol	30-38	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	56-72
19850041-1	2009	Accumulation of intracellular sorbitol due to increased aldose reductase (ALR2) activity has been implicated in the development of various secondary complications of diabetes.	Sorbitol	30-38	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	74-78
19598258-4	2009	Sorbitol exposure-induced apoptosis in these different cell lines with a marked activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, whereas heat-shock pretreatment before sorbitol exposure, induced expression of HSP70 and inhibited sorbitol-mediated cytochrome c release and subsequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3.	Sorbitol	0-8	caspase 9	Homo sapiens	94-103
19796171-5	2009	Here, we report that the tumor suppressor p53 is colocalized with FE65 in the nuclear patches and is stabilized by FE65 in sorbitol-treated cells.	Sorbitol	123-131	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	42-45
19796171-5	2009	Here, we report that the tumor suppressor p53 is colocalized with FE65 in the nuclear patches and is stabilized by FE65 in sorbitol-treated cells.	Sorbitol	123-131	amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 1	Homo sapiens	115-119
19796171-6	2009	In FE65 knockdown cells, protein levels of p53 targeted to the nuclear matrix were rapidly decreased through the proteasome degradation pathway after sorbitol treatment, as compared with control cells.	Sorbitol	150-158	amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 1	Homo sapiens	3-7
19796171-6	2009	In FE65 knockdown cells, protein levels of p53 targeted to the nuclear matrix were rapidly decreased through the proteasome degradation pathway after sorbitol treatment, as compared with control cells.	Sorbitol	150-158	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	43-46
19598258-4	2009	Sorbitol exposure-induced apoptosis in these different cell lines with a marked activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, whereas heat-shock pretreatment before sorbitol exposure, induced expression of HSP70 and inhibited sorbitol-mediated cytochrome c release and subsequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3.	Sorbitol	0-8	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	108-117
19598258-4	2009	Sorbitol exposure-induced apoptosis in these different cell lines with a marked activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, whereas heat-shock pretreatment before sorbitol exposure, induced expression of HSP70 and inhibited sorbitol-mediated cytochrome c release and subsequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3.	Sorbitol	0-8	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	237-249
19598258-4	2009	Sorbitol exposure-induced apoptosis in these different cell lines with a marked activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, whereas heat-shock pretreatment before sorbitol exposure, induced expression of HSP70 and inhibited sorbitol-mediated cytochrome c release and subsequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3.	Sorbitol	0-8	caspase 9	Homo sapiens	287-296
19598258-4	2009	Sorbitol exposure-induced apoptosis in these different cell lines with a marked activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, whereas heat-shock pretreatment before sorbitol exposure, induced expression of HSP70 and inhibited sorbitol-mediated cytochrome c release and subsequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3.	Sorbitol	0-8	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	301-310
19598258-7	2009	By contrast, the expression of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Mn-SOD proteins increased during heat-shock pretreatment before sorbitol exposure.	Sorbitol	132-140	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	31-57
19598258-7	2009	By contrast, the expression of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Mn-SOD proteins increased during heat-shock pretreatment before sorbitol exposure.	Sorbitol	132-140	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	59-62
19598258-7	2009	By contrast, the expression of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Mn-SOD proteins increased during heat-shock pretreatment before sorbitol exposure.	Sorbitol	132-140	superoxide dismutase 2	Homo sapiens	68-74
19598258-8	2009	We conclude that, heat-shock pretreatment protects different cell lines against sorbitol-induced apoptosis through a mechanism that is likely to involve SOD family members.	Sorbitol	80-88	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	153-156
19301313-5	2009	Catalyzing the NADPH-dependent reduction of glucose to sorbitol, aldose reductase (ALR2) is an important target in the prevention of these complications.	Sorbitol	55-63	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	65-81
19559063-4	2009	At NaCl-450mOsm/kg, the q(COMP-Ang1) was 7.7-fold higher than that at NaCl-300mOsm/kg, while, at sorbitol-450mOsm/kg, it was 2.9-fold higher than that at sorbitol-300mOsm/kg.	Sorbitol	97-105	angiopoietin-1	Cricetulus griseus	31-35
19559063-4	2009	At NaCl-450mOsm/kg, the q(COMP-Ang1) was 7.7-fold higher than that at NaCl-300mOsm/kg, while, at sorbitol-450mOsm/kg, it was 2.9-fold higher than that at sorbitol-300mOsm/kg.	Sorbitol	154-162	angiopoietin-1	Cricetulus griseus	31-35
19559063-5	2009	This can be attributed to the increased relative mRNA level of COMP-Ang1 at NaCl-450mOsm/kg which was approximately 2.4-fold higher than that at sorbitol-450mOsm/kg.	Sorbitol	145-153	angiopoietin-1	Cricetulus griseus	68-72
19559063-7	2009	When sorbitol was used to raise the medium osmolality, a severe aggregation of COMP-Ang1 was observed.	Sorbitol	5-13	angiopoietin-1	Cricetulus griseus	84-88
19674460-2	2009	Previous data demonstrated that LAD and XDH not only differ in the activity on their biological substrate, but also that only XDH has significant activity on D-sorbitol and may therefore be more closely related to D-sorbitol dehydrogenases (SDH).	Sorbitol	158-168	succinate dehydrogenase complex iron sulfur subunit B	Homo sapiens	241-244
19417006-5	2009	Over-expression of h-mtTFB1 causes 12S rRNA hypermethylation, aberrant mitochondrial biogenesis and increased sorbitol-induced cell death.	Sorbitol	110-118	transcription factor B1, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens	19-27
19369093-6	2009	Moreover, in diglycated insulin we found the coexistence of one specie glycated at the N-terminals of both chains (Gly1 and Phe1) and another specie containing the two glucitol adducts in B-chain (Phe1 and Lys29).	Sorbitol	168-176	insulin	Bos taurus	24-31
19727824-6	2009	Cells relying on these spt16 mutant alleles display sorbitol-remediated temperature sensitivity, altered sensitivity to detergent, and abnormal morphologies, and are further inhibited by the ssd1-d mutation.	Sorbitol	52-60	chromatin-remodeling protein SPT16	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	23-28
19727824-6	2009	Cells relying on these spt16 mutant alleles display sorbitol-remediated temperature sensitivity, altered sensitivity to detergent, and abnormal morphologies, and are further inhibited by the ssd1-d mutation.	Sorbitol	52-60	mRNA-binding translational repressor SSD1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	191-195
19737936-4	2009	Following exposure of cells to sorbitol, MKK4 underwent ubiquitination and degradation in a proteasome-dependent manner.	Sorbitol	31-39	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4	Homo sapiens	41-45
19801848-5	2009	U937 cells co-treated with costunolide and sorbitol, a JNK activator, exhibited higher levels of cell death.	Sorbitol	43-51	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	55-58
19423711-0	2009	ZAC1 is up-regulated by hypertonicity and decreases sorbitol dehydrogenase expression, allowing accumulation of sorbitol in kidney cells.	Sorbitol	52-60	pleiomorphic adenoma gene-like 1	Mus musculus	0-4
19423711-9	2009	Taken together, these data strongly suggest that ZAC1 is up-regulated under hypertonic stress and negatively regulates expression of SDH, allowing for accumulation of sorbitol as a compatible organic osmolyte.	Sorbitol	167-175	pleiomorphic adenoma gene-like 1	Mus musculus	49-53
19423711-9	2009	Taken together, these data strongly suggest that ZAC1 is up-regulated under hypertonic stress and negatively regulates expression of SDH, allowing for accumulation of sorbitol as a compatible organic osmolyte.	Sorbitol	167-175	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	133-136
19341753-4	2009	Pretreatment with sorbitol as a competitive inhibitor of AQP9 and siRNA-mediated knockdown of AQP9 resulted in a significant decrease of arsenite uptake in the cell and its cytotoxicity.	Sorbitol	18-26	aquaporin 9	Mus musculus	57-61
19341753-4	2009	Pretreatment with sorbitol as a competitive inhibitor of AQP9 and siRNA-mediated knockdown of AQP9 resulted in a significant decrease of arsenite uptake in the cell and its cytotoxicity.	Sorbitol	18-26	aquaporin 9	Mus musculus	94-98
19301313-5	2009	Catalyzing the NADPH-dependent reduction of glucose to sorbitol, aldose reductase (ALR2) is an important target in the prevention of these complications.	Sorbitol	55-63	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	83-87
19170760-6	2009	When cells were treated with agents, puromycin, sorbitol or arsenite, which induced the formation of stress granules (SGs), cytoplasmic aggregates of stalled translational pre-initiation complexes, both hnRNP K and RBM42 localized at SGs.	Sorbitol	48-56	heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K	Homo sapiens	203-210
19435873-5	2009	Activation of p38 MAPK by sorbitol pretreatment resembled the sensitization effects, whereas inhibition of p38 MAPK activation by its inhibitor SB202190 counteracted the sensitization effects induced by TCTP.	Sorbitol	26-34	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	14-17
19224447-2	2009	Sorbitol synthesis is regulated by the enzyme aldose reductase (AR) and its degradation to fructose is catalyzed by the enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH).	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	46-62
19224447-2	2009	Sorbitol synthesis is regulated by the enzyme aldose reductase (AR) and its degradation to fructose is catalyzed by the enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH).	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	64-66
19224447-2	2009	Sorbitol synthesis is regulated by the enzyme aldose reductase (AR) and its degradation to fructose is catalyzed by the enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH).	Sorbitol	0-8	succinate dehydrogenase complex iron sulfur subunit B	Homo sapiens	151-154
19170760-6	2009	When cells were treated with agents, puromycin, sorbitol or arsenite, which induced the formation of stress granules (SGs), cytoplasmic aggregates of stalled translational pre-initiation complexes, both hnRNP K and RBM42 localized at SGs.	Sorbitol	48-56	RNA binding motif protein 42	Homo sapiens	215-220
19056286-5	2009	In maize endosperm, the presence of an aldose reductase (AR; EC 1.1.1.21) enzyme has also been hypothesized based on the extensive metabolism of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	145-153	Deoxymugineic acid synthase 1	Zea mays	39-55
18843255-3	2009	When HepG2 cells were cultured in hypertonic conditions by addition of salt or sorbitol, EP3 expression was induced.	Sorbitol	79-87	prostaglandin E receptor 3	Homo sapiens	89-92
19056286-5	2009	In maize endosperm, the presence of an aldose reductase (AR; EC 1.1.1.21) enzyme has also been hypothesized based on the extensive metabolism of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	145-153	Deoxymugineic acid synthase 1	Zea mays	57-59
18760274-6	2008	Contribution of osmotic stress was assessed by HPLC measurement of sorbitol and by observing the effect of blocking sorbitol accumulation by aldose reductase (AR) null mutation in the SDH deficient mice.	Sorbitol	116-124	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	141-157
19001414-7	2009	The NXF gene was up-regulated by several neurodegenerative cell-stress inducers such as thapsigargin (endoplasmic reticulum stress), SIN-1 (oxidative stress), and sorbitol (osmotic stress) in cultured cells.	Sorbitol	163-171	neuronal PAS domain protein 4	Mus musculus	4-7
18799757-0	2009	Sorbitol can fuel mouse sperm motility and protein tyrosine phosphorylation via sorbitol dehydrogenase.	Sorbitol	0-8	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	80-102
18799757-3	2009	Furthermore, sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORD) can convert sorbitol to fructose, which can then be metabolized via the glycolytic pathway in sperm to make ATP.	Sorbitol	13-21	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	37-41
19251051-4	2009	In this study, we examined the IR signaling in sorbitol-induced hyperosmotic stressed retinas.	Sorbitol	47-55	insulin receptor	Homo sapiens	31-33
18760274-6	2008	Contribution of osmotic stress was assessed by HPLC measurement of sorbitol and by observing the effect of blocking sorbitol accumulation by aldose reductase (AR) null mutation in the SDH deficient mice.	Sorbitol	116-124	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	159-161
18760274-8	2008	Lenticular sorbitol level was significantly increased in the SDH deficient mice, and blocking sorbitol accumulation by the AR null mutation prevented cataract development, demonstrating the contribution of osmotic stress in cataract development.	Sorbitol	11-19	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	61-64
18760274-8	2008	Lenticular sorbitol level was significantly increased in the SDH deficient mice, and blocking sorbitol accumulation by the AR null mutation prevented cataract development, demonstrating the contribution of osmotic stress in cataract development.	Sorbitol	94-102	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	123-125
18681440-7	2008	Moreover, chamomile extract showed potent inhibition against aldose reductase (ALR2), with an IC50 value of 16.9 microg/mL, and its components, umbelliferone (1), esculetin (3), luteolin (6), and quercetin (7), could significantly inhibit the accumulation of sorbitol in human erythrocytes.	Sorbitol	259-267	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	79-83
18566893-4	2008	To gain insights on the role of sorbitol synthesis in maize endosperm we cloned and characterized the transcriptional control of the maize sorbitol dehydrogenase (Sdh1) gene.	Sorbitol	32-40	sorbitol dehydrogenase homolog 1	Zea mays	163-167
18655782-10	2008	This study is the first report on the effects of MAPK activators (sorbitol, anisomycin, EGF) and MAPK inhibitors in primary human hepatocytes.	Sorbitol	66-74	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	49-53
20151040-3	2008	Aldose reductase (AR), the first and the rate limiting enzyme in the pathway reduces glucose to sorbitol and the diabetic complications are prevented by drugs that inhibit AR.	Sorbitol	96-104	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
18586681-11	2008	Inhibition of PAK by overexpression of PP2Calpha or the kinase inhibitory domain prevented sorbitol-induced focal adhesion dissolution.	Sorbitol	91-99	protein phosphatase 2 catalytic subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	39-48
18810861-8	2008	HOA also revealed that an atypical sorbitol-fermenting bovine O157 isolate lacked some genes of the type 3 secretion system, plasmid pO157, and the stx1 and stx2 genes.	Sorbitol	35-43	syntaxin 2	Bos taurus	157-161
20151040-3	2008	Aldose reductase (AR), the first and the rate limiting enzyme in the pathway reduces glucose to sorbitol and the diabetic complications are prevented by drugs that inhibit AR.	Sorbitol	96-104	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	18-20
20151040-3	2008	Aldose reductase (AR), the first and the rate limiting enzyme in the pathway reduces glucose to sorbitol and the diabetic complications are prevented by drugs that inhibit AR.	Sorbitol	96-104	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	172-174
18800628-5	2008	In endothelial cells, high glucose levels increase mitochondrial ROS, and the normalization of mitochondrial ROS production by inhibitors of mitochondrial metabolism, or by the overexpression of UCP-1 or MnSOD, prevents the glucose-induced accumulation of sorbitol, activation of protein kinase C, and formation of advanced glycation end products, all of which are believed to be major molecular mechanisms of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	256-264	uncoupling protein 1 (mitochondrial, proton carrier)	Mus musculus	195-200
18452589-7	2008	The effects of metabolizable sugars and osmolytes on sweetie morphogenesis were distinct; in light, sweetie was hypersensitive to sucrose and glucose during vegetative growth and a partial phenotypic reversion took place in the presence of high sorbitol concentrations.	Sorbitol	245-253	HEAT repeat-containing protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	100-107
18800628-5	2008	In endothelial cells, high glucose levels increase mitochondrial ROS, and the normalization of mitochondrial ROS production by inhibitors of mitochondrial metabolism, or by the overexpression of UCP-1 or MnSOD, prevents the glucose-induced accumulation of sorbitol, activation of protein kinase C, and formation of advanced glycation end products, all of which are believed to be major molecular mechanisms of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	256-264	superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	204-209
19058613-8	2008	In the formation of diabetic cataracts an adequate supply of NADPH (G6PD activity) is essential to produce osmotically active sorbitol in the lens.	Sorbitol	126-134	2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1	Homo sapiens	61-66
18456458-6	2008	Overexpression of DMKP-4 inhibited the activation of ERK, JNK and p38 by H(2)O(2), sorbitol and heat shock in HEK293-T cells, and JNK activation in Drosophila S2 cells under PGN stimuli.	Sorbitol	83-91	MAPK Phosphatase 4	Drosophila melanogaster	18-24
18456458-6	2008	Overexpression of DMKP-4 inhibited the activation of ERK, JNK and p38 by H(2)O(2), sorbitol and heat shock in HEK293-T cells, and JNK activation in Drosophila S2 cells under PGN stimuli.	Sorbitol	83-91	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	58-61
18456458-6	2008	Overexpression of DMKP-4 inhibited the activation of ERK, JNK and p38 by H(2)O(2), sorbitol and heat shock in HEK293-T cells, and JNK activation in Drosophila S2 cells under PGN stimuli.	Sorbitol	83-91	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	66-69
18468999-4	2008	This membrane-tethered FE65 is liberated from membranes by APP phosphorylation, which is facilitated by a stress-activated protein kinase in sorbitol-treated cells.	Sorbitol	141-149	amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 1	Homo sapiens	23-27
19058613-8	2008	In the formation of diabetic cataracts an adequate supply of NADPH (G6PD activity) is essential to produce osmotically active sorbitol in the lens.	Sorbitol	126-134	glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	68-72
18046541-0	2008	Sorbitol-induced apoptosis of human leukemia is mediated by caspase activation and cytochrome c release.	Sorbitol	0-8	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	83-95
18046541-5	2008	This sorbitol-induced apoptosis in human K562 cells was also accompanied by the up-regulation of Bax, and down-regulation of p-Bcl-2, but no effect on the levels of Bcl-X(L).	Sorbitol	5-13	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	97-100
18046541-5	2008	This sorbitol-induced apoptosis in human K562 cells was also accompanied by the up-regulation of Bax, and down-regulation of p-Bcl-2, but no effect on the levels of Bcl-X(L).	Sorbitol	5-13	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	127-132
18046541-6	2008	Moreover, the sorbitol treatment resulted in a significant reduction of mitochondria membrane potential, increase in the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c (cyt c), and activation of caspase 3.	Sorbitol	14-22	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	146-158
18046541-6	2008	Moreover, the sorbitol treatment resulted in a significant reduction of mitochondria membrane potential, increase in the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c (cyt c), and activation of caspase 3.	Sorbitol	14-22	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	160-165
18046541-6	2008	Moreover, the sorbitol treatment resulted in a significant reduction of mitochondria membrane potential, increase in the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c (cyt c), and activation of caspase 3.	Sorbitol	14-22	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	186-195
18046541-7	2008	Furthermore, treatment with caspase 3 inhibitor (z-DEVD-fmk) was capable of preventing the sorbitol-induced caspase 3 activity and cell death.	Sorbitol	91-99	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	28-37
18046541-7	2008	Furthermore, treatment with caspase 3 inhibitor (z-DEVD-fmk) was capable of preventing the sorbitol-induced caspase 3 activity and cell death.	Sorbitol	91-99	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	108-117
18046541-8	2008	These results clearly demonstrate that the induction of apoptosis by sorbitol involves multiple cellular/molecular pathways and strongly suggest that pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial cyt c, and caspase 3, they all participate in sorbitol-induced apoptotic process in human K562 cells.	Sorbitol	69-77	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	174-179
18046541-8	2008	These results clearly demonstrate that the induction of apoptosis by sorbitol involves multiple cellular/molecular pathways and strongly suggest that pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial cyt c, and caspase 3, they all participate in sorbitol-induced apoptotic process in human K562 cells.	Sorbitol	69-77	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	245-250
18046541-8	2008	These results clearly demonstrate that the induction of apoptosis by sorbitol involves multiple cellular/molecular pathways and strongly suggest that pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial cyt c, and caspase 3, they all participate in sorbitol-induced apoptotic process in human K562 cells.	Sorbitol	69-77	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	256-265
18351334-5	2008	When yeast cells were exposed to 1 M sorbitol stress, the expression of GPD1 encoding glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is induced, leading to glycerol accumulation.	Sorbitol	37-45	glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) GPD1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	72-76
18433978-0	2008	Influence of NaCl and sorbitol on the stability of conformations of cytochrome c.	Sorbitol	22-30	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	68-80
18433978-1	2008	Influence of ionic (NaCl) and non-ionic (sorbitol) additives on structural transitions of cytochrome c was investigated by circular dichroism, optical and EPR spectroscopy.	Sorbitol	41-49	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	90-102
18800712-0	2008	[Study of interaction between sorbitol and bovine serum albumin by fluorescence spectrometry].	Sorbitol	30-38	albumin	Homo sapiens	50-63
18800712-5	2008	The results show that sorbitol has strongly quenched the fluorescence of bovine serum albumin in natural physiological condition, the quenching mechanism is a static quenching procedure at different temperatures and drug concentration, and the variational absorption spectra also proves this deduction.	Sorbitol	22-30	albumin	Homo sapiens	80-93
18800712-6	2008	At the same time, this article has also examined the influences of sorbitol on the fluorescence quenching of bovine serum albumin at different temperatures and drug concentration.	Sorbitol	67-75	albumin	Homo sapiens	116-129
18569331-2	2008	AR enzyme appears to be the key factor in the reduction of glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	70-78	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-2
18569331-3	2008	Synthesis and accumulation of sorbitol in cells due to AR activity is the main cause of diabetic complications, such as diabetic cataract, retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy.	Sorbitol	30-38	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	55-57
18569331-4	2008	Aldose reductase inhibitors have been found to prevent sorbitol accumulation in tissues.	Sorbitol	55-63	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
18351334-5	2008	When yeast cells were exposed to 1 M sorbitol stress, the expression of GPD1 encoding glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is induced, leading to glycerol accumulation.	Sorbitol	37-45	glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	86-120
18342933-8	2008	In the presence of 30% sorbitol there was an increase in the apparent thermal transition temperature (apparent T(m)) from 65 to 71 degrees C. These results indicate that the selected cosolvents in this study stabilizes alpha-lactalbumin without altering the structure of the protein.	Sorbitol	23-31	lactalbumin alpha	Bos taurus	219-236
18252807-3	2008	In HepG2 cells, oltipraz treatment inhibited insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 1 serine phosphorylation, a marker of insulin resistance, induced by sorbitol-, mannitol-, or sodium chloride-induced hyperosmotic stress.	Sorbitol	147-155	insulin receptor substrate 1	Homo sapiens	45-79
18252807-3	2008	In HepG2 cells, oltipraz treatment inhibited insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 1 serine phosphorylation, a marker of insulin resistance, induced by sorbitol-, mannitol-, or sodium chloride-induced hyperosmotic stress.	Sorbitol	147-155	insulin	Homo sapiens	45-52
18365118-4	2008	Voltammetric and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) studies and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements show that the binding of HRP-anti-CEA to the APBA interface is reversible and the HRP-anti-CEA can be removed with an acidic buffer or a solution containing sorbitol.	Sorbitol	277-285	CEA cell adhesion molecule 3	Homo sapiens	154-157
18299322-3	2008	Nucleolin that normally resides in the innermost fibrillar core of the nucleolus, where it assists rDNA transcription and replication, was expelled within 30 min of sorbitol addition.	Sorbitol	165-173	nucleolin	Homo sapiens	0-9
18365118-4	2008	Voltammetric and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) studies and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements show that the binding of HRP-anti-CEA to the APBA interface is reversible and the HRP-anti-CEA can be removed with an acidic buffer or a solution containing sorbitol.	Sorbitol	277-285	CEA cell adhesion molecule 3	Homo sapiens	211-214
18363521-3	2008	The involvement of the sorbitol pathway in complications has provided mechanistic insights into the biochemistry of complications and the key enzyme, aldose reductase, has become an attractive pharmacologic target.	Sorbitol	23-31	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	150-166
18385795-3	2008	We investigated the relationship between ALR2 levels and human DR by measuring ALR2 activity and its product, sorbitol, in erythrocytes.	Sorbitol	110-118	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	41-45
18385795-7	2008	RESULTS: T2D patients with DR showed significantly higher specific activity of ALR2 as compared to T2D patients without DR. Elevated levels of sorbitol in T2D patients with DR, as compared to T2D patients without DR, corroborated the increased ALR2 activity in erythrocytes of DR patients.	Sorbitol	143-151	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	79-83
18385795-7	2008	RESULTS: T2D patients with DR showed significantly higher specific activity of ALR2 as compared to T2D patients without DR. Elevated levels of sorbitol in T2D patients with DR, as compared to T2D patients without DR, corroborated the increased ALR2 activity in erythrocytes of DR patients.	Sorbitol	143-151	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	244-248
17906693-10	2008	On the other hand, stk38 short hairpin RNA enhanced sorbitol-induced activation of MEKK2 and phosphorylation of the downstream MAPKKs, MKK3/6.	Sorbitol	52-60	serine/threonine kinase 38	Homo sapiens	19-24
17906693-10	2008	On the other hand, stk38 short hairpin RNA enhanced sorbitol-induced activation of MEKK2 and phosphorylation of the downstream MAPKKs, MKK3/6.	Sorbitol	52-60	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 12	Homo sapiens	83-88
18177856-6	2008	Consistently, sorbitol, a model activator of JNK, inhibited TCDD-mediated induction of CYP1A2 mRNA and down-regulated tyrosine aminotransferase mRNA - a target gene of glucocorticoid receptor.	Sorbitol	14-22	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	45-48
17906693-10	2008	On the other hand, stk38 short hairpin RNA enhanced sorbitol-induced activation of MEKK2 and phosphorylation of the downstream MAPKKs, MKK3/6.	Sorbitol	52-60	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3	Homo sapiens	135-139
18177856-6	2008	Consistently, sorbitol, a model activator of JNK, inhibited TCDD-mediated induction of CYP1A2 mRNA and down-regulated tyrosine aminotransferase mRNA - a target gene of glucocorticoid receptor.	Sorbitol	14-22	cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 2	Homo sapiens	87-93
18177856-6	2008	Consistently, sorbitol, a model activator of JNK, inhibited TCDD-mediated induction of CYP1A2 mRNA and down-regulated tyrosine aminotransferase mRNA - a target gene of glucocorticoid receptor.	Sorbitol	14-22	nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1	Homo sapiens	168-191
18199594-2	2008	Elevated glucose concentrations and precursors of fructose 1-phosphate (e.g., sorbitol) cause dissociation of glucokinase from GKRP and translocation to the cytoplasm.	Sorbitol	78-86	glucokinase	Homo sapiens	110-121
18199594-2	2008	Elevated glucose concentrations and precursors of fructose 1-phosphate (e.g., sorbitol) cause dissociation of glucokinase from GKRP and translocation to the cytoplasm.	Sorbitol	78-86	glucokinase regulator	Homo sapiens	127-131
18199594-6	2008	AICAR also counteracted translocation induced by a glucokinase activator and partially counteracted translocation by sorbitol.	Sorbitol	117-125	5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase	Homo sapiens	0-5
18220710-1	2008	Aldose reductase (AR) enzymatically transforms cytosolic glucose into sorbitol, a molecule that poorly penetrates cell membranes and is sometimes slowly metabolized.	Sorbitol	70-78	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	0-16
18086667-9	2008	The ability of wild type and mutant clones of R67 DHFR to allow host Escherichia coli to grow in the presence of trimethoprim plus added sorbitol parallels the catalytic efficiency of the DHFR clones, indicating water content strongly correlates with the in vivo function of R67 DHFR.	Sorbitol	137-145	dihydrofolate reductase	Escherichia coli	50-54
18086667-9	2008	The ability of wild type and mutant clones of R67 DHFR to allow host Escherichia coli to grow in the presence of trimethoprim plus added sorbitol parallels the catalytic efficiency of the DHFR clones, indicating water content strongly correlates with the in vivo function of R67 DHFR.	Sorbitol	137-145	dihydrofolate reductase	Escherichia coli	188-192
18086667-9	2008	The ability of wild type and mutant clones of R67 DHFR to allow host Escherichia coli to grow in the presence of trimethoprim plus added sorbitol parallels the catalytic efficiency of the DHFR clones, indicating water content strongly correlates with the in vivo function of R67 DHFR.	Sorbitol	137-145	dihydrofolate reductase	Escherichia coli	188-192
18537622-2	2008	As such, ALR2 would convert glucose to sorbitol through an NADPH dependent reaction.	Sorbitol	39-47	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	9-13
18220710-1	2008	Aldose reductase (AR) enzymatically transforms cytosolic glucose into sorbitol, a molecule that poorly penetrates cell membranes and is sometimes slowly metabolized.	Sorbitol	70-78	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	18-20
18220710-10	2008	Reliance on nerve sorbitol to assess AR inhibition likely caused underestimation of doses needed for clinical efficacy and overestimation of drug safety margins.	Sorbitol	18-26	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	37-39
18460876-4	2008	Evaluation of the polyol pathway for sorbitol production revealed a reduction in sorbitol dehydrogenase and an increase in aldose reductase mRNA in adapted cells.	Sorbitol	37-45	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	123-139
17873009-6	2007	Incubation of arterioles with sorbitol (10(-7) M) reduced flow-dependent dilations (from maximum of 39 +/- 2% to 20 +/- 1.5%), which was not further affected by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester but was prevented by SOD plus CAT and mitigated by SQ-29548.	Sorbitol	30-38	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	260-263
17911381-4	2007	Allelic variation of the Tas1r3 gene influenced taste responsiveness to nonnutritive sweeteners (saccharin, acesulfame-K, sucralose, SC-45647), sugars (sucrose, maltose, glucose, fructose), sugar alcohols (erythritol, sorbitol), and some amino acids (D-tryptophan, D-phenylalanine, L-proline).	Sorbitol	218-226	taste receptor, type 1, member 3	Mus musculus	25-31
17996851-3	2007	Hyperosmotic stress, produced by addition of sorbitol to the incubation buffer, increased p38 phosphorylation; in contrast, JNK phosphorylation was not increased above control levels.	Sorbitol	45-53	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	90-93
17996851-7	2007	Exposure to sorbitol also resulted in cleavage of the nuclear repair enzyme, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and induced DNA fragmentation in slices.	Sorbitol	12-20	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Rattus norvegicus	77-104
17996851-7	2007	Exposure to sorbitol also resulted in cleavage of the nuclear repair enzyme, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and induced DNA fragmentation in slices.	Sorbitol	12-20	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Rattus norvegicus	106-110
17996851-8	2007	Concomitant treatment with sorbitol and SB202190, a selective p38 inhibitor, prevented the increase in cytosolic cytochrome c, decreased caspase-3 activation, and partially reduced PARP cleavage in a concentration-dependent manner.	Sorbitol	27-35	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	62-65
17996851-8	2007	Concomitant treatment with sorbitol and SB202190, a selective p38 inhibitor, prevented the increase in cytosolic cytochrome c, decreased caspase-3 activation, and partially reduced PARP cleavage in a concentration-dependent manner.	Sorbitol	27-35	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	137-146
17996851-8	2007	Concomitant treatment with sorbitol and SB202190, a selective p38 inhibitor, prevented the increase in cytosolic cytochrome c, decreased caspase-3 activation, and partially reduced PARP cleavage in a concentration-dependent manner.	Sorbitol	27-35	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Rattus norvegicus	181-185
17873009-5	2007	Increasing doses of sorbitol (10(-10)-10(-4) M) elicited dose-dependent constrictions (maximum 22 +/- 3%), which were abolished by endothelium removal, a prostaglandin H(2)/thromboxane A(2) (PGH(2)/TXA(2)) receptor (TP) antagonist SQ-29548, or superoxide dismutase (SOD) plus catalase (CAT).	Sorbitol	20-28	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	244-264
17873009-5	2007	Increasing doses of sorbitol (10(-10)-10(-4) M) elicited dose-dependent constrictions (maximum 22 +/- 3%), which were abolished by endothelium removal, a prostaglandin H(2)/thromboxane A(2) (PGH(2)/TXA(2)) receptor (TP) antagonist SQ-29548, or superoxide dismutase (SOD) plus catalase (CAT).	Sorbitol	20-28	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	266-269
17873009-6	2007	Incubation of arterioles with sorbitol (10(-7) M) reduced flow-dependent dilations (from maximum of 39 +/- 2% to 20 +/- 1.5%), which was not further affected by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester but was prevented by SOD plus CAT and mitigated by SQ-29548.	Sorbitol	30-38	catalase	Homo sapiens	269-272
17873009-5	2007	Increasing doses of sorbitol (10(-10)-10(-4) M) elicited dose-dependent constrictions (maximum 22 +/- 3%), which were abolished by endothelium removal, a prostaglandin H(2)/thromboxane A(2) (PGH(2)/TXA(2)) receptor (TP) antagonist SQ-29548, or superoxide dismutase (SOD) plus catalase (CAT).	Sorbitol	20-28	catalase	Homo sapiens	276-284
17873009-5	2007	Increasing doses of sorbitol (10(-10)-10(-4) M) elicited dose-dependent constrictions (maximum 22 +/- 3%), which were abolished by endothelium removal, a prostaglandin H(2)/thromboxane A(2) (PGH(2)/TXA(2)) receptor (TP) antagonist SQ-29548, or superoxide dismutase (SOD) plus catalase (CAT).	Sorbitol	20-28	catalase	Homo sapiens	286-289
17873009-8	2007	Sorbitol significantly increased arterial superoxide production detected by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence, which was inhibited by SOD plus CAT.	Sorbitol	0-8	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	137-140
17873009-8	2007	Sorbitol significantly increased arterial superoxide production detected by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence, which was inhibited by SOD plus CAT.	Sorbitol	0-8	catalase	Homo sapiens	146-149
17702752-15	2007	Immunopurification of overexpressed PPIP5K1 from osmotically stressed HEK cells (0.2 M sorbitol; 30 min) revealed a persistent, 3.9 +/- 0.4-fold activation when compared with control cells.	Sorbitol	87-95	diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	36-43
17761537-2	2007	Here we show that hyperosmotic stress signaling induced by sorbitol disrupts the Ran protein gradient and reduces the production of RanGTP.	Sorbitol	59-67	RAN, member RAS oncogene family	Homo sapiens	81-84
17761537-7	2007	Sorbitol stress also slowed RCC1 mobility in the nucleus, which is predicted to reduce RCC1 dissociation from chromatin and RanGTP production.	Sorbitol	0-8	regulator of chromosome condensation 1	Homo sapiens	28-32
17761537-7	2007	Sorbitol stress also slowed RCC1 mobility in the nucleus, which is predicted to reduce RCC1 dissociation from chromatin and RanGTP production.	Sorbitol	0-8	regulator of chromosome condensation 1	Homo sapiens	87-91
17497245-2	2007	Aldose reductase has been identified as the first enzyme involved in the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism which converts glucose into sorbitol.	Sorbitol	138-146	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
17954976-4	2007	The survival rate of yeast cells was improved by overexpressing the TaNHX2 gene under NaCl, KCl, sorbitol and freezing stresses when compared with the control.	Sorbitol	97-105	sodium/hydrogen exchanger 2	Triticum aestivum	68-74
17540596-3	2007	Here, we show that the osmolyte chemical chaperones glycerol, trimethylamine-N-oxide, dimethylsulfoxide, proline or sorbitol, when added to yeast media, allows growth on cysteine-free media and causes increased enzyme activity from I278T and three other mutant CBS proteins.	Sorbitol	116-124	cystathionine beta-synthase	Homo sapiens	261-264
17508915-2	2007	Our studies suggest that cytosolic NADH reductive stress under high glucose is largely caused by increased flux of glucose through polyol (sorbitol) pathway consisting of aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase.	Sorbitol	139-147	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	171-187
17408888-2	2007	One previous study showed that transient transfection of bovine herpesvirus type-1 (BHV-1) UL14 protein is efficient in protecting Madin Darby kidney (MDBK) and human chronic myelogenous leukemia (K562) cells from sorbitol-induced apoptosis.	Sorbitol	214-222	tegument protein UL14	Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1	91-95
17408888-4	2007	The pBK-CMV-UL14 plasmid transfected MDBK cells treated with sorbitol did not show caspase-3 and caspase-9 activation with respect to non-transfected MDBK cells (UL14 negative).	Sorbitol	61-69	tegument protein UL14	Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1	12-16
17408888-5	2007	Furthermore, we report that the expression of the full length sequence of BHV-1 UL14 is evident after 7 h of infection of BHV-1 on MDBK cells which were then treated with sorbitol.	Sorbitol	171-179	tegument protein UL14	Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1	80-84
17508915-2	2007	Our studies suggest that cytosolic NADH reductive stress under high glucose is largely caused by increased flux of glucose through polyol (sorbitol) pathway consisting of aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase.	Sorbitol	139-147	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	192-214
17449011-7	2007	Embryos cultured in 0.5mM sorbitol (JNK activator) had a malformation rate that was significantly higher than that of the control group.	Sorbitol	26-34	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	36-39
17483086-7	2007	Phosphorylated SAPK was induced rapidly in embryos at 0.5 h in a dose-dependent manner from 0 to 600 mM sorbitol.	Sorbitol	104-112	mitogen-activated protein kinase 9	Homo sapiens	15-19
17483086-8	2007	Higher hyperosmolarity caused a biphasic peak of phosphorylated SAPK, but there was no return to baseline through 3 h. At 24 h, a dose-dependent response persisted that was linear from 0 to 200 mM sorbitol.	Sorbitol	197-205	mitogen-activated protein kinase 9	Homo sapiens	64-68
17363249-7	2007	A phosphorylation-site mutation (Sho1(S166E)) diminishes the formation of Sho1-oligomers, dampens activation of the Hog1 kinase, and impairs growth in high-salt or sorbitol conditions.	Sorbitol	164-172	osmosensor SHO1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	33-37
17438131-5	2007	The alpha-4 dominant-negative domain (DND) (residues 220 to 340) associated with MEK3, but not PP2A, and its overexpression sensitized cells to activation of p38 MAPK by TNF-alpha and interleukin-1beta, but not by ansiomycin or sorbitol.	Sorbitol	228-236	immunoglobulin binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	4-11
17184177-2	2007	In endothelial cells, high-glucose treatment increases mitochondrial ROS and normalization of the ROS production by inhibitors of mitochondrial metabolism, or by overexpression of UCP-1 or MnSOD, prevents glucose-induced activation of PKC, formation of AGE, and accumulation of sorbitol, all of which are believed to be the main molecular mechanisms of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	278-286	uncoupling protein 1	Homo sapiens	180-185
17204595-1	2007	Effect of stimulation of glucokinase (GK) export from the nucleus by small amounts of sorbitol on hepatic glucose flux in response to elevated plasma glucose was examined in 6-h fasted Zucker diabetic fatty rats at 10 wk of age.	Sorbitol	86-94	glucokinase	Rattus norvegicus	25-36
17204595-1	2007	Effect of stimulation of glucokinase (GK) export from the nucleus by small amounts of sorbitol on hepatic glucose flux in response to elevated plasma glucose was examined in 6-h fasted Zucker diabetic fatty rats at 10 wk of age.	Sorbitol	86-94	glucokinase	Rattus norvegicus	38-40
17204595-6	2007	When sorbitol was infused at 5.6 and 16.7 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1), along with the increase in plasma glucose, GK was exported to the cytoplasm.	Sorbitol	5-13	glucokinase	Rattus norvegicus	114-116
17108010-3	2007	Steady-state levels of AQP5 mRNA and protein were increased by exposure to sorbitol (200 mM in culture fluid) for 24 h. The increase in AQP5 was not accompanied by changes in mRNA half-life.	Sorbitol	75-83	aquaporin 5	Rattus norvegicus	23-27
17108010-3	2007	Steady-state levels of AQP5 mRNA and protein were increased by exposure to sorbitol (200 mM in culture fluid) for 24 h. The increase in AQP5 was not accompanied by changes in mRNA half-life.	Sorbitol	75-83	aquaporin 5	Rattus norvegicus	136-140
17108010-4	2007	Transduction of mouse lung epithelial (MLE-15) cells and primary rat AEC with lentivirus vectors encoding AQP5-luciferase demonstrated transcriptional activation of the reporter by exposure to hypertonic sorbitol solution.	Sorbitol	204-212	aquaporin 5	Rattus norvegicus	106-110
17108010-5	2007	Hybridization of proteins from sorbitol-treated cells to a transcription factor DNA array demonstrated induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) by hypertonicity, which was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR.	Sorbitol	31-39	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Rattus norvegicus	116-147
17108010-5	2007	Hybridization of proteins from sorbitol-treated cells to a transcription factor DNA array demonstrated induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) by hypertonicity, which was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR.	Sorbitol	31-39	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Rattus norvegicus	149-159
16624439-7	2006	Addition of the aldose reductase inhibitor SNK-860 dose-dependently decreased the intracellular sorbitol concentration in HUVECs incubated in high glucose medium, and also significantly suppressed the increases in fragmented DNA, caspase-3 activity and 8-OHdG by conditioning with high glucose medium.	Sorbitol	96-104	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	16-32
17121853-6	2007	Here we present the three-dimensional structure of Gal80p from Kluyveromyces lactis and show that it is structurally homologous to glucose-fructose oxidoreductase, an enzyme in the sorbitol-gluconate pathway.	Sorbitol	181-189	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	51-57
17214902-3	2007	Recently, a novel scaffolding protein called Osmosensing Scaffold for MEKK3 (OSM) was linked to p38 MAPK activation in response to sorbitol-induced hypertonicity.	Sorbitol	131-139	cerebral cavernous malformation 2	Mus musculus	45-75
17214902-3	2007	Recently, a novel scaffolding protein called Osmosensing Scaffold for MEKK3 (OSM) was linked to p38 MAPK activation in response to sorbitol-induced hypertonicity.	Sorbitol	131-139	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	96-104
17875425-7	2007	Interactions among OSM, Rac, and MEKK3 are augmented in response to sorbitol and are also localized to membrane ruffles, sites of rapid actin turnover.	Sorbitol	68-76	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	24-27
17875425-7	2007	Interactions among OSM, Rac, and MEKK3 are augmented in response to sorbitol and are also localized to membrane ruffles, sites of rapid actin turnover.	Sorbitol	68-76	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3	Homo sapiens	33-38
17875425-8	2007	Suppression of the expression of OSM or MEKK3 by RNA interference strongly inhibits the sorbitol-dependent activation of p38.	Sorbitol	88-96	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3	Homo sapiens	40-45
17875425-8	2007	Suppression of the expression of OSM or MEKK3 by RNA interference strongly inhibits the sorbitol-dependent activation of p38.	Sorbitol	88-96	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	121-124
17875425-10	2007	Our laboratory has also demonstrated that Krit1, another gene harboring mutations that lead to CCM, binds OSM and its interaction is enhanced in response to sorbitol in a similar manner as the MEKK3-OSM interaction.	Sorbitol	157-165	KRIT1 ankyrin repeat containing	Homo sapiens	42-47
17875425-10	2007	Our laboratory has also demonstrated that Krit1, another gene harboring mutations that lead to CCM, binds OSM and its interaction is enhanced in response to sorbitol in a similar manner as the MEKK3-OSM interaction.	Sorbitol	157-165	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3	Homo sapiens	193-198
16710360-3	2006	Here, we have found that ERK5 is required for mediating the survival of fibroblasts under basal conditions and in response to sorbitol treatment.	Sorbitol	126-134	mitogen-activated protein kinase 7	Mus musculus	25-29
16710360-5	2006	Compared to wild-type cells, erk5-/- and mek5-/- fibroblasts treated with sorbitol display a reduced protein kinase B (PKB) activity associated with increased Forkhead box O3a (Foxo3a) activity.	Sorbitol	74-82	mitogen-activated protein kinase 7	Mus musculus	29-33
16710360-5	2006	Compared to wild-type cells, erk5-/- and mek5-/- fibroblasts treated with sorbitol display a reduced protein kinase B (PKB) activity associated with increased Forkhead box O3a (Foxo3a) activity.	Sorbitol	74-82	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5	Mus musculus	41-45
16710360-5	2006	Compared to wild-type cells, erk5-/- and mek5-/- fibroblasts treated with sorbitol display a reduced protein kinase B (PKB) activity associated with increased Forkhead box O3a (Foxo3a) activity.	Sorbitol	74-82	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	101-117
16710360-5	2006	Compared to wild-type cells, erk5-/- and mek5-/- fibroblasts treated with sorbitol display a reduced protein kinase B (PKB) activity associated with increased Forkhead box O3a (Foxo3a) activity.	Sorbitol	74-82	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	119-122
16710360-5	2006	Compared to wild-type cells, erk5-/- and mek5-/- fibroblasts treated with sorbitol display a reduced protein kinase B (PKB) activity associated with increased Forkhead box O3a (Foxo3a) activity.	Sorbitol	74-82	forkhead box O3	Mus musculus	159-175
16710360-5	2006	Compared to wild-type cells, erk5-/- and mek5-/- fibroblasts treated with sorbitol display a reduced protein kinase B (PKB) activity associated with increased Forkhead box O3a (Foxo3a) activity.	Sorbitol	74-82	forkhead box O3	Mus musculus	177-183
17070440-8	2006	Aldose reductase inhibitor treatment may be clinically useful in the control of polyol activation, especially in patients with excessive accumulation of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	153-161	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
17056059-1	2006	Previously, we showed that chilling of diapausing Bombyx eggs activated ERK/MAPK in yolk cells coincidentally with acquisition of developmental competence, and that ERK regulates diapause termination via activating transcription of key enzyme genes for ecdysteroid and sorbitol metabolism.	Sorbitol	269-277	extracellular regulated MAP kinase	Bombyx mori	165-168
16950235-3	2006	Hyperosmotic stress of rat brain slices, produced by addition of sorbitol to the incubation buffer, produced prolonged phosphorylation and activation of p38, most prominently in the hippocampus as compared to the cortex or cerebellum.	Sorbitol	65-73	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	153-156
16988267-5	2006	Sorbitol suppresses the growth defect in the tps1 and tps2 mutants at 37 degrees C, which supports the hypothesis that these sugars (trehalose and sorbitol) act primarily as stress protectants for proteins and membranes during exposure to high temperatures in C. neoformans.	Sorbitol	0-8	Alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase [UDP-forming] 1	Caenorhabditis elegans	45-49
16988267-5	2006	Sorbitol suppresses the growth defect in the tps1 and tps2 mutants at 37 degrees C, which supports the hypothesis that these sugars (trehalose and sorbitol) act primarily as stress protectants for proteins and membranes during exposure to high temperatures in C. neoformans.	Sorbitol	147-155	Alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase [UDP-forming] 1	Caenorhabditis elegans	45-49
16930323-3	2006	Here, we show a novel strategy in which a sorbitol cycle was engineered by introducing apple cDNA encoding NAD-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) in addition to sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (S6PDH).	Sorbitol	42-50	NADP-dependent D-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Malus domestica	165-199
16930323-3	2006	Here, we show a novel strategy in which a sorbitol cycle was engineered by introducing apple cDNA encoding NAD-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) in addition to sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (S6PDH).	Sorbitol	42-50	NADP-dependent D-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Malus domestica	201-206
16930323-5	2006	In contrast, many transgenic plants with both S6PDH and SDH were easily obtained, and their growth was normal despite their accumulation of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	140-148	NADP-dependent D-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Malus domestica	46-51
17309679-2	2007	This was evaluated by synthesizing sorbitol in sugarcane (Saccharum hybrids) using the Malus domestica sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (mds6pdh).	Sorbitol	35-43	NADP-dependent D-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Malus domestica	103-137
17080328-7	2007	While the knock-down of Bcl-2/Bcl-X(L) sensitized to sorbitol-induced killing, overexpression of a Bcl-2 variant that specifically localizes to mitochondria (but not of the wild-type nor of a endoplasmic reticulum-targeted form) strongly inhibited sorbitol effects.	Sorbitol	53-61	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	24-29
17080328-7	2007	While the knock-down of Bcl-2/Bcl-X(L) sensitized to sorbitol-induced killing, overexpression of a Bcl-2 variant that specifically localizes to mitochondria (but not of the wild-type nor of a endoplasmic reticulum-targeted form) strongly inhibited sorbitol effects.	Sorbitol	53-61	BCL2 like 1	Homo sapiens	30-38
17080328-7	2007	While the knock-down of Bcl-2/Bcl-X(L) sensitized to sorbitol-induced killing, overexpression of a Bcl-2 variant that specifically localizes to mitochondria (but not of the wild-type nor of a endoplasmic reticulum-targeted form) strongly inhibited sorbitol effects.	Sorbitol	53-61	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	99-104
17080328-7	2007	While the knock-down of Bcl-2/Bcl-X(L) sensitized to sorbitol-induced killing, overexpression of a Bcl-2 variant that specifically localizes to mitochondria (but not of the wild-type nor of a endoplasmic reticulum-targeted form) strongly inhibited sorbitol effects.	Sorbitol	248-256	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	99-104
17088254-4	2006	Alkalinization resulted in fast and transient activation of the Slt2 MAPK, which depended on the integrity of the kinase module and was largely abolished by sorbitol.	Sorbitol	157-165	mitogen-activated serine/threonine-protein kinase SLT2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	64-68
17056543-3	2006	In this study, we examined the effects of KSR deficiency on ERK activation by stress stimuli and show that ERK activation by TNF, IL-1, and sorbitol is attenuated in the absence of KSR1.	Sorbitol	140-148	kinase suppressor of ras 1	Mus musculus	42-45
17056543-3	2006	In this study, we examined the effects of KSR deficiency on ERK activation by stress stimuli and show that ERK activation by TNF, IL-1, and sorbitol is attenuated in the absence of KSR1.	Sorbitol	140-148	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Mus musculus	60-63
17056543-3	2006	In this study, we examined the effects of KSR deficiency on ERK activation by stress stimuli and show that ERK activation by TNF, IL-1, and sorbitol is attenuated in the absence of KSR1.	Sorbitol	140-148	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Mus musculus	107-110
16797533-8	2006	Together, these data suggest that increased PLD2 activity in the lens under hyperglycemic condition might impair its osmoregulatory mechanism and reduce its ability to cope with the osmotic stress triggered by sorbitol accumulation.	Sorbitol	210-218	phospholipase D2	Mus musculus	44-48
16624439-7	2006	Addition of the aldose reductase inhibitor SNK-860 dose-dependently decreased the intracellular sorbitol concentration in HUVECs incubated in high glucose medium, and also significantly suppressed the increases in fragmented DNA, caspase-3 activity and 8-OHdG by conditioning with high glucose medium.	Sorbitol	96-104	polo like kinase 2	Homo sapiens	43-46
16718375-8	2006	Blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin levels and polyol pathway enzymes AR and SDH increased significantly causing accumulation of sorbitol and fructose in the diabetic lens and treatment with SOV and TSP significantly (p < 0.05) decreased these to control levels.	Sorbitol	133-141	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	74-76
16718375-8	2006	Blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin levels and polyol pathway enzymes AR and SDH increased significantly causing accumulation of sorbitol and fructose in the diabetic lens and treatment with SOV and TSP significantly (p < 0.05) decreased these to control levels.	Sorbitol	133-141	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	81-84
16883035-2	2006	The absolute, and/or relative insulin lack state deteriorate the function and reduce the number of osteoblast, in addition, the osteoblast dysfunction is also caused by the sorbitol accumulation brought in the osteoblast as the result of the continuation of high blood glucose state.	Sorbitol	173-181	insulin	Homo sapiens	30-37
16925551-9	2006	However, the hypersensitivity of a tor1 null mutant to this drug was rescued neither by sorbitol nor by adenine, which was found to outcompete caffeine effects specially on mutants in the PKC pathway.	Sorbitol	88-96	phosphatidylinositol kinase-related protein kinase TOR1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	35-39
16631166-2	2006	We have shown earlier that aldose reductase (AR) besides reducing glucose to sorbitol, efficiently reduces various toxic lipid-derived aldehydes, generated under oxidative stress, with K(m) in the physiological range.	Sorbitol	77-85	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	27-43
16631166-2	2006	We have shown earlier that aldose reductase (AR) besides reducing glucose to sorbitol, efficiently reduces various toxic lipid-derived aldehydes, generated under oxidative stress, with K(m) in the physiological range.	Sorbitol	77-85	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	45-47
16805838-4	2006	The application of an AR inhibitor, SNK-860, to the high glucose medium ameliorated the increased sorbitol and fructose contents and the reduced AKR1A4 mRNA expression, while it had no effect on mRNA expressions for SAA3, ANGPTL4 or Evi3.	Sorbitol	98-106	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	22-24
16804062-5	2006	Sorbitol levels in the sciatic nerves of diabetic AR(+/+) mice were increased significantly, whereas sorbitol levels in the diabetic AR(-/-) mice were significantly lower than those in diabetic AR(+/+) mice.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	50-52
16804062-5	2006	Sorbitol levels in the sciatic nerves of diabetic AR(+/+) mice were increased significantly, whereas sorbitol levels in the diabetic AR(-/-) mice were significantly lower than those in diabetic AR(+/+) mice.	Sorbitol	101-109	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	133-135
16804062-5	2006	Sorbitol levels in the sciatic nerves of diabetic AR(+/+) mice were increased significantly, whereas sorbitol levels in the diabetic AR(-/-) mice were significantly lower than those in diabetic AR(+/+) mice.	Sorbitol	101-109	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	133-135
16713599-4	2006	The transcription of stress protein genes in the rsp5 mutant was significantly lower than that in the wild-type strain when exposed to temperature up-shift, ethanol or sorbitol.	Sorbitol	168-176	NEDD4 family E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	49-53
16596633-5	2006	The observations are consistent with diffusion of circulating glucose into the lumen, its conversion via AR to sorbitol which accumulates in the lumen and the action of SDH on sorbitol to produce fructose.	Sorbitol	176-184	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	169-172
16768449-7	2006	The modulation of the BuChE activity, exerted by either neutral molecules (glycerol, GOL) or a second butyrylcholine (CHO) molecule bound to the cation-pi site, does not involve any significant allosteric effect.	Sorbitol	85-88	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	22-27
16768449-8	2006	Interestingly, the presence of GOL or CHO stabilizes a product complex formed between a butyric acid molecule and BuChE.	Sorbitol	31-34	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	114-119
16546206-0	2006	ERK/MAPK regulates ecdysteroid and sorbitol metabolism for embryonic diapause termination in the silkworm, Bombyx mori.	Sorbitol	35-43	extracellular regulated MAP kinase	Bombyx mori	0-3
16717427-6	2006	A high concentration of sorbitol compensates for the temperature sensitivity of the ost2 mutant.	Sorbitol	24-32	dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide-protein glycotransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	84-88
16412651-0	2006	Quantitative structure-activity relationship of spirosuccinimide type aldose reductase inhibitors diminishing sorbitol accumulation in vivo.	Sorbitol	110-118	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	70-86
16412651-1	2006	Racemate physicochemical descriptors are employed to probe the quantitative structure-activity relationship of spirosuccinimide type aldose reductase inhibitors and the in vivo inhibitory activity of sorbitol accumulation.	Sorbitol	200-208	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	133-149
16278369-1	2006	Two enzymes are involved in the polyol pathway: an aldose reductase that reduces glucose in sorbitol followed by its oxidation in fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase.	Sorbitol	92-100	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	51-67
16762846-4	2006	The phosphorylation of ATF2 was detected to assay the effect of His-TAT-p38 on endogeneious p38 activity after the cells were stimulated by sorbitol.	Sorbitol	140-148	activating transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	23-27
16762846-4	2006	The phosphorylation of ATF2 was detected to assay the effect of His-TAT-p38 on endogeneious p38 activity after the cells were stimulated by sorbitol.	Sorbitol	140-148	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	72-75
16762846-4	2006	The phosphorylation of ATF2 was detected to assay the effect of His-TAT-p38 on endogeneious p38 activity after the cells were stimulated by sorbitol.	Sorbitol	140-148	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	92-95
16452468-2	2006	One of the biochemical mechanisms activated by excess glucose is the polyol pathway, the key enzyme of which, aldose reductase, transforms d-glucose into d-sorbitol, leading to imbalances of intracellular homeostasis.	Sorbitol	154-164	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	110-126
16452468-8	2006	Activation of transketolase may shift excess glycolytic metabolites into the pentose phosphate cycle, accelerate the glycolytic flux, and reduce intracellular free glucose, thereby preventing its conversion to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	210-218	transketolase	Homo sapiens	14-27
16402204-7	2006	Upon sorbitol-mediated stress, the Nha1p potassium export activity decreases in order to maintain a higher intracellular concentration of solutes.	Sorbitol	5-13	Nha1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	35-40
16361699-5	2006	Sorbitol, which was reported to decrease dCK activity, also decreased the labeling of dCK.	Sorbitol	0-8	sticky	Drosophila melanogaster	41-44
16237705-5	2006	Transient transfections showed that UL14 protein is efficient in protecting MDBK and K562 cells from sorbitol induced apoptosis.	Sorbitol	101-109	tegument protein UL14	Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1	36-40
16361699-5	2006	Sorbitol, which was reported to decrease dCK activity, also decreased the labeling of dCK.	Sorbitol	0-8	sticky	Drosophila melanogaster	86-89
16352664-2	2006	Here we identify a new nuclear protein, NP60, which regulates the activation of p38alpha in response to sorbitol treatment.	Sorbitol	104-112	glyoxylate reductase 1 homolog	Homo sapiens	40-44
15898954-4	2006	RESULTS: A human keratocarcinoma cell line was found to express AQP3 mRNA and protein, which responded to hypertonic stimulation with sorbitol, suggesting that the AQP3 expression is normally regulated in this cell line.	Sorbitol	134-142	aquaporin 3 (Gill blood group)	Homo sapiens	64-68
15898954-4	2006	RESULTS: A human keratocarcinoma cell line was found to express AQP3 mRNA and protein, which responded to hypertonic stimulation with sorbitol, suggesting that the AQP3 expression is normally regulated in this cell line.	Sorbitol	134-142	aquaporin 3 (Gill blood group)	Homo sapiens	164-168
16462043-4	2006	Gelation of sorbitol-free formulations was observed at pH 1.2 and in vitro release of acetaminophen from the gels followed diffusion-controlled kinetics; in vitro gelation of these formulations, however, was incomplete at pH 3.0 resulting in poor sustained release characteristics.	Sorbitol	12-20	disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 2	Oryctolagus cuniculus	222-228
16352664-2	2006	Here we identify a new nuclear protein, NP60, which regulates the activation of p38alpha in response to sorbitol treatment.	Sorbitol	104-112	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	80-88
16362778-2	2005	We show here that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is activated by both cell swelling (hyposmolarity, isosmotic urea, hyperosmotic sorbitol) or shrinkage (hyperosmotic NaCl or raffinose) and discuss the mechanisms by which these apparently opposed conditions come to the same effect, i.e., EGFR activation.	Sorbitol	142-150	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	22-54
16330753-6	2005	The RSOR expression also increased in cells treated with various organic osmolytes, e.g., sorbitol, myoinositol, and glycerolphosphoryl-choline and H(2)O(2).	Sorbitol	90-98	myo-inositol oxygenase	Mus musculus	4-8
16980595-11	2006	Sorbitol and sucrose act as signal molecules to modulate the expression and activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase and sucrose synthase, both of which play an important role in determining the sink strength of apple shoot tips.	Sorbitol	0-8	sucrose synthase	Malus domestica	117-133
16165096-2	2005	CHO-K1 cells stably express green fluorescent protein-5-lipoxygenase fusion protein (GFP-5LO), which is located predominantly in the nucleus, and is exported by anisomycin, hydrogen peroxide, and sorbitol, with activation of p38 MAPK.	Sorbitol	196-204	arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase	Homo sapiens	54-68
16165096-2	2005	CHO-K1 cells stably express green fluorescent protein-5-lipoxygenase fusion protein (GFP-5LO), which is located predominantly in the nucleus, and is exported by anisomycin, hydrogen peroxide, and sorbitol, with activation of p38 MAPK.	Sorbitol	196-204	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	225-228
16362778-2	2005	We show here that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is activated by both cell swelling (hyposmolarity, isosmotic urea, hyperosmotic sorbitol) or shrinkage (hyperosmotic NaCl or raffinose) and discuss the mechanisms by which these apparently opposed conditions come to the same effect, i.e., EGFR activation.	Sorbitol	142-150	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	56-60
16198317-11	2005	Stress response upon UV or sorbitol stimuli, leading to mitogen activate protein kinase activated kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2) phosphorylation, was only observed in RKOP.	Sorbitol	27-35	MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2	Mus musculus	108-116
16226225-2	2005	Synthesis and accumulation of sorbitol in cells due to aldose reductase (AR) activity is implicated in secondary diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	30-38	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	55-71
16226225-2	2005	Synthesis and accumulation of sorbitol in cells due to aldose reductase (AR) activity is implicated in secondary diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	30-38	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	73-75
16289145-1	2005	The enzyme NAD-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) is well characterized in the Rosaceae family of fruit trees, which synthesizes sorbitol as a translocatable photosynthate.	Sorbitol	25-33	sorbitol related enzyme	Solanum lycopersicum	49-52
16289145-2	2005	Expressed sequence tags of SDH-like sequences have also been generated from various non-Rosaceae species that do not synthesize sorbitol as a primary photosynthetic product, but the physiological roles of the encoded proteins in non-Rosaceae plants are unknown.	Sorbitol	128-136	sorbitol related enzyme	Solanum lycopersicum	27-30
15975915-3	2005	It is already established that elevation of the activity of aldose reductase and hence an increase in intracellular sorbitol are indispensable for the osmotic adaptation and stability of the TALH cells.	Sorbitol	116-124	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	60-76
16168389-5	2005	Exposure of cardiac myocytes to hyperosmotic stress (sorbitol 600 mOsm) decreased IGF-1-induced CREB activation Moreover, overexpression of a dominant negative CREB abolished the anti-apoptotic effects of IGF-1.	Sorbitol	53-61	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	96-100
16168389-5	2005	Exposure of cardiac myocytes to hyperosmotic stress (sorbitol 600 mOsm) decreased IGF-1-induced CREB activation Moreover, overexpression of a dominant negative CREB abolished the anti-apoptotic effects of IGF-1.	Sorbitol	53-61	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	160-164
16168389-5	2005	Exposure of cardiac myocytes to hyperosmotic stress (sorbitol 600 mOsm) decreased IGF-1-induced CREB activation Moreover, overexpression of a dominant negative CREB abolished the anti-apoptotic effects of IGF-1.	Sorbitol	53-61	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	205-210
16168389-5	2005	Exposure of cardiac myocytes to hyperosmotic stress (sorbitol 600 mOsm) decreased IGF-1-induced CREB activation Moreover, overexpression of a dominant negative CREB abolished the anti-apoptotic effects of IGF-1.	Sorbitol	53-61	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	82-87
16356118-5	2005	Others put forward a so-called "unifying hypothesis" suggesting that activation of several major pathways implicated in diabetic complications (e.g., sorbitol pathway) occurs due to increased production of superoxide anion radicals in mitochondria and resulting poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation.	Sorbitol	150-158	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	262-289
16151632-7	2005	Activation of the ERK signaling pathway by phorbol myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and sorbitol protected K562 cells from serum deprivation induced apoptosis.	Sorbitol	82-90	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	18-21
16054711-4	2005	Anisomycin and sorbitol induced COX-2 expression in non-transformed, intestinal epithelial IEC-18 cells.	Sorbitol	15-23	cytochrome c oxidase II, mitochondrial	Rattus norvegicus	32-37
16054711-5	2005	Both anisomycin and sorbitol activated p38(MAPK) followed by phosphorylation of CREB.	Sorbitol	20-28	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	39-42
16054711-11	2005	Ang II and sorbitol require small GTPase activity for COX-2 expression via p38MAPK while anisomycin-induced COX-2 expression by p38MAPK does not require small GTPases.	Sorbitol	11-19	cytochrome c oxidase II, mitochondrial	Rattus norvegicus	54-59
16054711-5	2005	Both anisomycin and sorbitol activated p38(MAPK) followed by phosphorylation of CREB.	Sorbitol	20-28	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	80-84
16050953-3	2005	This study directly compares the cellular and biological properties of GLP-1, GIP and their N-terminally modified counterparts, with glucitol extension at positions His7 and Tyr1 respectively, to confer DPP-IV resistance.	Sorbitol	133-141	dipeptidylpeptidase 4	Mus musculus	203-209
16050953-8	2005	N-terminal extension by means of glucitol addition is more beneficial to bioactivity of GIP than it is to GLP-1.	Sorbitol	33-41	gastric inhibitory polypeptide	Mus musculus	88-91
16166459-1	2005	It has been hypothesized that in individuals with diabetes mellitus the peripheral nerve is swollen owing to increased water content related to increased aldose reductase conversion of glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	196-204	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	154-170
15929202-4	2005	Spot assays of BL/PM2 and BL/pET28 (as control) showed that protein PM2 increased salt tolerance (500 mM NaCl or 500 mM KCl) of Escherichia coli, rather than osmotic tolerance (1100 mM sorbitol).	Sorbitol	185-193	maturation polypeptide	Glycine max	68-71
15905020-1	2005	Thermal denaturation curves of lysozyme and ribonuclease-A were determined by measuring their far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectra in the presence of different concentrations of five polyols (sorbitol, glycerol, mannitol, xylitol and adonitol) at various pH values in the range 7.0--1.9.	Sorbitol	194-202	lysozyme	Homo sapiens	31-39
15722195-5	2005	Furthermore, whilst expression of WT-MKP-2, NLS-1 or NLS-2 reduced both sorbitol- or UV-stimulated nuclear c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity in HEK293 cells, this effect was absent in cells expressing DNLS-MKP-2.	Sorbitol	72-80	dual specificity phosphatase 4	Homo sapiens	37-42
15722195-5	2005	Furthermore, whilst expression of WT-MKP-2, NLS-1 or NLS-2 reduced both sorbitol- or UV-stimulated nuclear c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity in HEK293 cells, this effect was absent in cells expressing DNLS-MKP-2.	Sorbitol	72-80	major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A	Homo sapiens	44-49
15722195-5	2005	Furthermore, whilst expression of WT-MKP-2, NLS-1 or NLS-2 reduced both sorbitol- or UV-stimulated nuclear c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity in HEK293 cells, this effect was absent in cells expressing DNLS-MKP-2.	Sorbitol	72-80	phosphoserine aminotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	53-58
15722195-5	2005	Furthermore, whilst expression of WT-MKP-2, NLS-1 or NLS-2 reduced both sorbitol- or UV-stimulated nuclear c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity in HEK293 cells, this effect was absent in cells expressing DNLS-MKP-2.	Sorbitol	72-80	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	107-130
15722195-5	2005	Furthermore, whilst expression of WT-MKP-2, NLS-1 or NLS-2 reduced both sorbitol- or UV-stimulated nuclear c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity in HEK293 cells, this effect was absent in cells expressing DNLS-MKP-2.	Sorbitol	72-80	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	132-135
15755558-2	2005	Diabetes-induced alterations in the sorbitol pathway occur in sympathetic ganglia and therapeutic agents which inhibit aldose reductase or sorbitol dehydrogenase improve or exacerbate, respectively, diabetes-induced NAD.	Sorbitol	36-44	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	119-135
15778219-5	2005	Here we present evidence that the basis for the depletion of MI in diabetes is likely to be mediated by the increased expression of MIOX, which is induced by sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol in a porcine renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line, LLC-PK1.	Sorbitol	158-166	myo-inositol oxygenase	Homo sapiens	132-136
15778219-5	2005	Here we present evidence that the basis for the depletion of MI in diabetes is likely to be mediated by the increased expression of MIOX, which is induced by sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol in a porcine renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line, LLC-PK1.	Sorbitol	158-166	prokineticin 1	Homo sapiens	252-255
15772076-11	2005	We also show that the effects of hydrogen peroxide and sorbitol, cell stresses that impair mTOR signaling, are independent of TSC2.	Sorbitol	55-63	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	91-95
15728653-9	2005	One product of aldose reductase is sorbitol, which has been linked to osmotic stress, oxidative stress and optic neuropathy, and sorbitol levels were increased in LHON cybrids.	Sorbitol	35-43	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	15-31
15766794-3	2005	Conditionally lethal double mutants containing the temperature sensitive allele cin8-3 in a background deletion of either kip1 or dyn1 grew normally at the restrictive temperature when osmolytes such as sorbitol were added to the medium.	Sorbitol	203-211	kinesin motor protein CIN8	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	80-84
15687098-9	2005	Sorbitol dehydrogenase and sucrose phosphate synthase were critical regulators of sorbitol and sucrose metabolism, respectively.	Sorbitol	82-90	probable sucrose-phosphate synthase 1	Malus domestica	27-53
15766794-3	2005	Conditionally lethal double mutants containing the temperature sensitive allele cin8-3 in a background deletion of either kip1 or dyn1 grew normally at the restrictive temperature when osmolytes such as sorbitol were added to the medium.	Sorbitol	203-211	dynein heavy chain	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	130-134
15611083-10	2005	Indeed, when aquaglyceroporin-expressing gpd1Delta gpd2Delta mutants were treated with glycerol, xylitol, or sorbitol, the osmosensing HOG pathway was activated, and the period of activation correlated with the apparent rate of polyol uptake.	Sorbitol	109-117	glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) GPD1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	41-45
15791436-7	2005	Activation of caspase 3 after incubation of HSC45-M2 cells with both sorbitol and 213Bi-d9MAb was analysed via Western blotting.	Sorbitol	69-77	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	14-23
15582661-0	2005	The pseudorabies virus US3 protein kinase possesses anti-apoptotic activity that protects cells from apoptosis during infection and after treatment with sorbitol or staurosporine.	Sorbitol	153-161	serine/threonine protein kinase US3	Suid alphaherpesvirus 1	23-26
15582661-3	2005	Here, we demonstrate that US3 of the swine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) suppresses PRV-induced apoptosis in swine-testicle (ST) cells at late stages in infection, and that it protects ST cells from apoptosis induced by either sorbitol or staurosporine.	Sorbitol	239-247	serine/threonine protein kinase US3	Suid alphaherpesvirus 1	26-29
15786723-2	2005	It is known that the induction of cataractous process in this case is initiated by aldose reductase (AR) catalyzed synthesis and accumulation of excessive sorbitol in the lens fibres and epithelium and their consequent osmotic hydration.	Sorbitol	155-163	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	83-99
15601854-5	2005	The absence of MEK5 does not affect cell cycle progression but sensitizes mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to the ability of sorbitol to enhance caspase 3 activity.	Sorbitol	127-135	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5	Mus musculus	15-19
15601854-5	2005	The absence of MEK5 does not affect cell cycle progression but sensitizes mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to the ability of sorbitol to enhance caspase 3 activity.	Sorbitol	127-135	caspase 3	Mus musculus	147-156
15786723-2	2005	It is known that the induction of cataractous process in this case is initiated by aldose reductase (AR) catalyzed synthesis and accumulation of excessive sorbitol in the lens fibres and epithelium and their consequent osmotic hydration.	Sorbitol	155-163	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	101-103
15522436-0	2004	Sorbitol prevents the self-aggregation of unfolded lysozyme leading to and up to 13 degrees C stabilisation of the folded form.	Sorbitol	0-8	lysozyme	Homo sapiens	51-59
15637423-2	2005	Aldose reductase (AR) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the pathway that catalyses the reduction of glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	118-126	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
15637423-2	2005	Aldose reductase (AR) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the pathway that catalyses the reduction of glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	118-126	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	18-20
15598803-4	2005	Transient expression of an AtPLT5-green fluorescent protein fusion in plant cells and functional analyses of the AtPLT5 protein in yeast and Xenopus oocytes demonstrate that AtPLT5 is located in the plasma membrane and characterize this protein as a broad-spectrum H+-symporter for linear polyols, such as sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol, or glycerol.	Sorbitol	306-314	AINTEGUMENTA-like 5	Arabidopsis thaliana	113-119
15598803-4	2005	Transient expression of an AtPLT5-green fluorescent protein fusion in plant cells and functional analyses of the AtPLT5 protein in yeast and Xenopus oocytes demonstrate that AtPLT5 is located in the plasma membrane and characterize this protein as a broad-spectrum H+-symporter for linear polyols, such as sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol, or glycerol.	Sorbitol	306-314	AINTEGUMENTA-like 5	Arabidopsis thaliana	113-119
15522436-10	2004	An increase in the sorbitol concentration to 2 M stabilises lysozyme by 11.3-13.4 degrees C in the pH range 9.5-10.5.	Sorbitol	19-27	lysozyme	Homo sapiens	60-68
15522436-12	2004	This indicates together with the results from the titration experiments that sorbitol may stabilise the folded form of lysozyme by destabilising the unfolded form of lysozyme.	Sorbitol	77-85	lysozyme	Homo sapiens	119-127
15522436-12	2004	This indicates together with the results from the titration experiments that sorbitol may stabilise the folded form of lysozyme by destabilising the unfolded form of lysozyme.	Sorbitol	77-85	lysozyme	Homo sapiens	166-174
15522436-15	2004	These results strongly suggest a negative influence of sorbitol on the unfolded form of lysozyme and thereby stabilising the native form.	Sorbitol	55-63	lysozyme	Homo sapiens	88-96
15522436-1	2004	We present a calorimetric investigation of stabilisation of hen egg-white lysozyme with sorbitol in the pH range 3.8-10.5.	Sorbitol	88-96	lysozyme	Homo sapiens	74-82
15522436-2	2004	Differential scanning calorimetry and steady-state fluorescence were used to determine the denaturation temperatures of lysozyme as a function of sorbitol concentration.	Sorbitol	146-154	lysozyme	Homo sapiens	120-128
15281913-6	2004	Forced expression of LDP-3 does not alter activation of ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase), but rather enhances activation of JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and p38 and their respective upstream kinases MKK4 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4) and MKK6 in cells treated with 0.4 M sorbitol.	Sorbitol	297-305	dual specificity phosphatase 23	Mus musculus	21-26
15302877-2	2004	Hyperosmotic stress induced by treatment of Swiss 3T3 cells with the non-permeant solutes sucrose or sorbitol, rapidly and robustly stimulated endogenous focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation at Tyr-397, the major autophosphorylation site, and at Tyr-577, within the kinase activation loop.	Sorbitol	101-109	PTK2 protein tyrosine kinase 2	Mus musculus	154-175
15531183-0	2004	Erythrocytic sorbitol contents in diabetic patients correlate with blood aldose reductase protein contents and plasma glucose levels, and are normalized by the potent aldose reductase inhibitor fidarestat (SNK-860).	Sorbitol	13-21	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	73-89
15531183-0	2004	Erythrocytic sorbitol contents in diabetic patients correlate with blood aldose reductase protein contents and plasma glucose levels, and are normalized by the potent aldose reductase inhibitor fidarestat (SNK-860).	Sorbitol	13-21	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	167-183
15531183-0	2004	Erythrocytic sorbitol contents in diabetic patients correlate with blood aldose reductase protein contents and plasma glucose levels, and are normalized by the potent aldose reductase inhibitor fidarestat (SNK-860).	Sorbitol	13-21	polo like kinase 2	Homo sapiens	206-209
15531183-2	2004	Because the erythrocytic sorbitol contents reportedly reflects that in nerves, erythrocytic sorbitol measurement would be useful for confirming the effect of an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI).	Sorbitol	92-100	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	161-177
15531183-7	2004	In the diabetic patients, erythrocytic sorbitol contents were highly correlated with blood AR contents multiplied by the plasma glucose levels, whereas in the normal and fidarestat-treated diabetic patients no such correlation was observed.	Sorbitol	39-47	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	91-93
15531183-8	2004	Taken together, these results suggest both the blood AR contents and the plasma glucose levels are factors determining erythrocytic sorbitol contents in diabetic patients.	Sorbitol	132-140	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	53-55
15302877-2	2004	Hyperosmotic stress induced by treatment of Swiss 3T3 cells with the non-permeant solutes sucrose or sorbitol, rapidly and robustly stimulated endogenous focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation at Tyr-397, the major autophosphorylation site, and at Tyr-577, within the kinase activation loop.	Sorbitol	101-109	PTK2 protein tyrosine kinase 2	Mus musculus	177-180
15202016-9	2004	In conclusion, PARP is involved in diabetes- and hypoxia-induced VEGF production at post-transcriptional level, downstream from the sorbitol pathway activation and oxidative stress.	Sorbitol	132-140	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Rattus norvegicus	15-19
15470097-1	2004	Although ROT1 is essential for growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain BY4741, the growth of a rot1Delta haploid was partially restored by the addition of 0.6 M sorbitol to the growth medium.	Sorbitol	163-171	Rot1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	9-13
15548364-3	2004	Using a p73-specific antibody, we confirmed that c-Abl is required for cisplatin-induced p73 upregulation, and further demonstrate that the p73 protein is upregulated by UV irradiation and other stress stimuli including sorbitol, hydrogen peroxide, nocodazol, and taxol.	Sorbitol	220-228	tumor protein p73	Homo sapiens	8-11
15548364-3	2004	Using a p73-specific antibody, we confirmed that c-Abl is required for cisplatin-induced p73 upregulation, and further demonstrate that the p73 protein is upregulated by UV irradiation and other stress stimuli including sorbitol, hydrogen peroxide, nocodazol, and taxol.	Sorbitol	220-228	ABL proto-oncogene 1, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	49-54
15548364-3	2004	Using a p73-specific antibody, we confirmed that c-Abl is required for cisplatin-induced p73 upregulation, and further demonstrate that the p73 protein is upregulated by UV irradiation and other stress stimuli including sorbitol, hydrogen peroxide, nocodazol, and taxol.	Sorbitol	220-228	tumor protein p73	Homo sapiens	89-92
15548364-3	2004	Using a p73-specific antibody, we confirmed that c-Abl is required for cisplatin-induced p73 upregulation, and further demonstrate that the p73 protein is upregulated by UV irradiation and other stress stimuli including sorbitol, hydrogen peroxide, nocodazol, and taxol.	Sorbitol	220-228	tumor protein p73	Homo sapiens	89-92
15456078-4	2004	We found that lipopolysaccharides (LPS), unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG ODN) and sorbitol enhanced CVLP-induced stimulation of C57BL/6 mouse BMDCs as revealed by increased levels of CD40, CD80, MHC II and CD54 at the cell surface.	Sorbitol	79-87	CD40 antigen	Mus musculus	180-184
15456078-4	2004	We found that lipopolysaccharides (LPS), unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG ODN) and sorbitol enhanced CVLP-induced stimulation of C57BL/6 mouse BMDCs as revealed by increased levels of CD40, CD80, MHC II and CD54 at the cell surface.	Sorbitol	79-87	CD80 antigen	Mus musculus	186-190
15321028-1	2004	The initiation of sugar cataract formation by the aldose reductase catalyzed accumulation of sorbitol in diabetic rats, and its prevention by the administration of aldose reductase inhibitors at the onset or early stages of diabetes, has been well established.	Sorbitol	93-101	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	50-66
15466233-2	2004	We have identified a T-DNA insertion mutation of Arabidopsis (ecotype C24), named sto1 (salt tolerant), that results in enhanced germination on both ionic (NaCl) and nonionic (sorbitol) hyperosmotic media.	Sorbitol	176-184	nine-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 3	Arabidopsis thaliana	82-86
15466233-4	2004	Postgermination growth of the sto1 plants on sorbitol was not improved.	Sorbitol	45-53	nine-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 3	Arabidopsis thaliana	30-34
15456078-4	2004	We found that lipopolysaccharides (LPS), unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG ODN) and sorbitol enhanced CVLP-induced stimulation of C57BL/6 mouse BMDCs as revealed by increased levels of CD40, CD80, MHC II and CD54 at the cell surface.	Sorbitol	79-87	histocompatibility-2, MHC	Mus musculus	192-198
15456078-4	2004	We found that lipopolysaccharides (LPS), unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG ODN) and sorbitol enhanced CVLP-induced stimulation of C57BL/6 mouse BMDCs as revealed by increased levels of CD40, CD80, MHC II and CD54 at the cell surface.	Sorbitol	79-87	intercellular adhesion molecule 1	Mus musculus	203-207
15356329-4	2004	MdSOT3- and MdSOT5-dependent sorbitol uptake was strongly inhibited by xylitol and myo-inositol, but not or only weakly by mannitol and dulcitol.	Sorbitol	29-37	putative polyol transporter 1	Malus domestica	0-6
15356329-4	2004	MdSOT3- and MdSOT5-dependent sorbitol uptake was strongly inhibited by xylitol and myo-inositol, but not or only weakly by mannitol and dulcitol.	Sorbitol	29-37	polyol transporter 5-like	Malus domestica	12-18
15356329-5	2004	Apparent K(m) values of MdSOT3 and MdSOT5 for sorbitol were estimated to be 0.71 mM and 3.2 mM, respectively.	Sorbitol	46-54	putative polyol transporter 1	Malus domestica	24-30
15356329-5	2004	Apparent K(m) values of MdSOT3 and MdSOT5 for sorbitol were estimated to be 0.71 mM and 3.2 mM, respectively.	Sorbitol	46-54	polyol transporter 5-like	Malus domestica	35-41
15202016-9	2004	In conclusion, PARP is involved in diabetes- and hypoxia-induced VEGF production at post-transcriptional level, downstream from the sorbitol pathway activation and oxidative stress.	Sorbitol	132-140	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	65-69
15048855-3	2004	Therefore, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), which contributes to stroke-induced brain injury and activates p38/SAPK2, and hyperosmolarity induced by sorbitol, a potent stimulus of p38/SAPK2 in non-neuronal cells, were used to investigate a possible involvement of p38/SAPK2 in GJC modulation in mouse cultured astrocytes.	Sorbitol	146-154	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	30-38
15171691-0	2004	Alteration of urinary sorbitol excretion in WBN-kob diabetic rats - treatment with an aldose reductase inhibitor.	Sorbitol	22-30	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	86-102
15128296-3	2004	The resulting enzyme preparation catalyzed the oxidation of pentitols (L-arabinitol) and hexitols (D-allitol, D-sorbitol, L-iditol, L-mannitol) to the same corresponding ketoses as mammalian sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), albeit with different catalytic efficacies, showing highest k(cat)/K(m) for L-arabinitol.	Sorbitol	112-120	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	191-213
15128296-3	2004	The resulting enzyme preparation catalyzed the oxidation of pentitols (L-arabinitol) and hexitols (D-allitol, D-sorbitol, L-iditol, L-mannitol) to the same corresponding ketoses as mammalian sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), albeit with different catalytic efficacies, showing highest k(cat)/K(m) for L-arabinitol.	Sorbitol	112-120	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	215-218
15128296-6	2004	Juxtapositioning of the Lad1 3D structure over that of SDH revealed major amino acid exchanges at topologies flanking the binding pocket for d-sorbitol.	Sorbitol	141-151	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	55-58
15048855-3	2004	Therefore, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), which contributes to stroke-induced brain injury and activates p38/SAPK2, and hyperosmolarity induced by sorbitol, a potent stimulus of p38/SAPK2 in non-neuronal cells, were used to investigate a possible involvement of p38/SAPK2 in GJC modulation in mouse cultured astrocytes.	Sorbitol	146-154	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	177-180
15048855-3	2004	Therefore, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), which contributes to stroke-induced brain injury and activates p38/SAPK2, and hyperosmolarity induced by sorbitol, a potent stimulus of p38/SAPK2 in non-neuronal cells, were used to investigate a possible involvement of p38/SAPK2 in GJC modulation in mouse cultured astrocytes.	Sorbitol	146-154	mitogen-activated protein kinase 11	Mus musculus	181-186
15048855-3	2004	Therefore, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), which contributes to stroke-induced brain injury and activates p38/SAPK2, and hyperosmolarity induced by sorbitol, a potent stimulus of p38/SAPK2 in non-neuronal cells, were used to investigate a possible involvement of p38/SAPK2 in GJC modulation in mouse cultured astrocytes.	Sorbitol	146-154	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	177-180
15048855-3	2004	Therefore, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), which contributes to stroke-induced brain injury and activates p38/SAPK2, and hyperosmolarity induced by sorbitol, a potent stimulus of p38/SAPK2 in non-neuronal cells, were used to investigate a possible involvement of p38/SAPK2 in GJC modulation in mouse cultured astrocytes.	Sorbitol	146-154	mitogen-activated protein kinase 11	Mus musculus	181-186
15048855-7	2004	Immunocytochemical studies showed that IL-1beta and sorbitol induced a p38/SAPK2 translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.	Sorbitol	52-60	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	71-74
15048855-7	2004	Immunocytochemical studies showed that IL-1beta and sorbitol induced a p38/SAPK2 translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.	Sorbitol	52-60	mitogen-activated protein kinase 11	Mus musculus	75-80
15048855-9	2004	Further characterization of the p38/SAPK2 mode of action on GJC, performed with sorbitol, revealed an increased phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC) substrates abolished by both PKC inhibitors and SB203580.	Sorbitol	80-88	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	32-35
15048855-9	2004	Further characterization of the p38/SAPK2 mode of action on GJC, performed with sorbitol, revealed an increased phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC) substrates abolished by both PKC inhibitors and SB203580.	Sorbitol	80-88	mitogen-activated protein kinase 11	Mus musculus	36-41
15048855-11	2004	Altogether, these results demonstrate that p38/SAPK2 is a central mediator of IL-1beta and sorbitol inhibitory actions on GJC and establish PKC among the distal effectors of p38/SAPK2.	Sorbitol	91-99	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	43-46
15048855-11	2004	Altogether, these results demonstrate that p38/SAPK2 is a central mediator of IL-1beta and sorbitol inhibitory actions on GJC and establish PKC among the distal effectors of p38/SAPK2.	Sorbitol	91-99	mitogen-activated protein kinase 11	Mus musculus	47-52
15048855-11	2004	Altogether, these results demonstrate that p38/SAPK2 is a central mediator of IL-1beta and sorbitol inhibitory actions on GJC and establish PKC among the distal effectors of p38/SAPK2.	Sorbitol	91-99	mitogen-activated protein kinase 11	Mus musculus	178-183
15114651-3	2004	When glucose levels are elevated under diabetic conditions, hexokinase becomes saturated, and the excess glucose is then shunted to aldose reductase, which converts glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	176-184	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	132-148
15114651-5	2004	Increasing concentrations of sorbitol suppressed FSH-induced maturation in oocytes from control mice.	Sorbitol	29-37	follicle stimulating hormone beta	Mus musculus	49-52
15114651-8	2004	In addition, treatment with sorbitol or activators of the polyol pathway led to reduced cell-cell communication between the oocyte and the cumulus cells, as well as compromised FSH-mediated cAMP production and de novo purine synthesis.	Sorbitol	28-36	follicle stimulating hormone beta	Mus musculus	177-180
14707132-1	2004	In examining the protein kinase components of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (MAPK) cascades that regulate the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in Drosophila S2 cells, we previously found that distinct upstream kinases were involved in responses to sorbitol and lipopolysaccharide.	Sorbitol	254-262	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	86-90
15095003-1	2004	Aldose reductase is involved in the polyol pathway, catalyzing the reduction of glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	91-99	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
15051807-7	2004	Furosemide and NPPB blocked the outward-rectifying lactate current and the sorbitol hemolysis with IC(50)s in the range of 0.1 and 1 microM, respectively.	Sorbitol	75-83	natriuretic peptide B	Homo sapiens	15-19
14707132-1	2004	In examining the protein kinase components of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (MAPK) cascades that regulate the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in Drosophila S2 cells, we previously found that distinct upstream kinases were involved in responses to sorbitol and lipopolysaccharide.	Sorbitol	254-262	basket	Drosophila melanogaster	119-142
14707132-1	2004	In examining the protein kinase components of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (MAPK) cascades that regulate the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in Drosophila S2 cells, we previously found that distinct upstream kinases were involved in responses to sorbitol and lipopolysaccharide.	Sorbitol	254-262	basket	Drosophila melanogaster	144-147
14707132-3	2004	Fray, a putative Drosophila MAP4K, provided a major contribution to JNK activation by sorbitol.	Sorbitol	86-94	frayed	Drosophila melanogaster	0-4
14707132-3	2004	Fray, a putative Drosophila MAP4K, provided a major contribution to JNK activation by sorbitol.	Sorbitol	86-94	basket	Drosophila melanogaster	68-71
14707132-6	2004	Of potential regulators surveyed, endogenous OSR1 is activated only by osmotic stresses, notably sorbitol and to a lesser extent NaCl.	Sorbitol	97-105	oxidative stress responsive kinase 1	Homo sapiens	45-49
14988235-4	2004	In hepatocytes, GKA1 and GKA2 stimulated glucose phosphorylation, glycolysis, and glycogen synthesis to a similar extent as sorbitol, a precursor of fructose 1-phosphate, which indirectly activates GK through promoting its dissociation from GKRP.	Sorbitol	124-132	glucokinase regulator	Homo sapiens	241-245
14968292-0	2004	Redox state-dependent and sorbitol accumulation-independent diabetic albuminuria in mice with transgene-derived human aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase deficiency.	Sorbitol	26-34	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	118-134
14988235-7	2004	This effect was additive with the effect of sorbitol and is best explained by a "glucose-like" effect of the GK activators in translocating GK to the cytoplasm.	Sorbitol	44-52	glucokinase	Homo sapiens	109-111
14968292-7	2004	In the diabetic and non-diabetic groups, hAR-Tg:SDH null mice had the highest sorbitol content among all four genetic types including hAR-Tg:SDH null, SDH null, hAR-Tg and littermates.	Sorbitol	78-86	lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1	Homo sapiens	41-44
14988235-7	2004	This effect was additive with the effect of sorbitol and is best explained by a "glucose-like" effect of the GK activators in translocating GK to the cytoplasm.	Sorbitol	44-52	glucokinase	Homo sapiens	140-142
14968292-7	2004	In the diabetic and non-diabetic groups, hAR-Tg:SDH null mice had the highest sorbitol content among all four genetic types including hAR-Tg:SDH null, SDH null, hAR-Tg and littermates.	Sorbitol	78-86	aminoadipate-semialdehyde synthase	Mus musculus	48-51
14551196-4	2004	NADPH-coupled aldehyde reductase reduces a wide variety of aldehydes to the corresponding alcohols, including converting glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	132-140	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1	Homo sapiens	14-32
14871941-8	2004	The transcriptional and posttranslational modifications of Mpk1 were not observed when the internal K+ concentration (and thus turgor pressure) was lowered by disrupting the TRK1 and -2 K+ transporter genes or when the cell wall was stabilized by the addition of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	263-271	mitogen-activated serine/threonine-protein kinase SLT2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	59-63
15128041-5	2004	CR3-to-GPI-80 proximity was blocked by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NADG), but not by other monosaccharides such as D-mannose, fructose, fucose, glucose, sorbitol, or galactose; molecular proximity was also disrupted by the glycolipid raft depleting agents 2-OH-propyl-betaCD and MbetaCD.	Sorbitol	149-157	vanin 2	Homo sapiens	7-13
14965227-1	2004	Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), a member of the medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase protein family and the second enzyme of the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism, converts sorbitol to fructose strictly using NAD(+) as coenzyme.	Sorbitol	174-182	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-22
14965227-1	2004	Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), a member of the medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase protein family and the second enzyme of the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism, converts sorbitol to fructose strictly using NAD(+) as coenzyme.	Sorbitol	174-182	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	24-27
14551196-13	2004	Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy indicates that the concentrations of several metabolites are altered in alrA- cells, suggesting that the Dictyostelium aldehyde reductase affects several metabolic pathways in addition to converting glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	247-255	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1	Homo sapiens	156-174
14673144-8	2004	Treatment of cells with sorbitol to induce hyperosmolarity results in the translocation of Pak2 and Syk to the region surrounding the nucleus and in dramatic enhancement of their association.	Sorbitol	24-32	p21 (RAC1) activated kinase 2	Homo sapiens	91-95
14673144-10	2004	Pak2 short interfering RNA suppresses sorbitol-mediated activation of endogenous Syk and JNK, thus identifying a novel pathway for JNK activation by Cdc42.	Sorbitol	38-46	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	89-92
14673144-8	2004	Treatment of cells with sorbitol to induce hyperosmolarity results in the translocation of Pak2 and Syk to the region surrounding the nucleus and in dramatic enhancement of their association.	Sorbitol	24-32	spleen associated tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	100-103
14673144-10	2004	Pak2 short interfering RNA suppresses sorbitol-mediated activation of endogenous Syk and JNK, thus identifying a novel pathway for JNK activation by Cdc42.	Sorbitol	38-46	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	131-134
14673144-10	2004	Pak2 short interfering RNA suppresses sorbitol-mediated activation of endogenous Syk and JNK, thus identifying a novel pathway for JNK activation by Cdc42.	Sorbitol	38-46	cell division cycle 42	Homo sapiens	149-154
14673144-10	2004	Pak2 short interfering RNA suppresses sorbitol-mediated activation of endogenous Syk and JNK, thus identifying a novel pathway for JNK activation by Cdc42.	Sorbitol	38-46	p21 (RAC1) activated kinase 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
14673144-10	2004	Pak2 short interfering RNA suppresses sorbitol-mediated activation of endogenous Syk and JNK, thus identifying a novel pathway for JNK activation by Cdc42.	Sorbitol	38-46	spleen associated tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	81-84
14525943-1	2003	Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) is a polyol pathway enzyme that catalyzes conversion of sorbitol to fructose.	Sorbitol	85-93	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-22
14525943-1	2003	Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) is a polyol pathway enzyme that catalyzes conversion of sorbitol to fructose.	Sorbitol	85-93	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	24-27
14634666-5	2003	RNA interference (RNAi) demonstrates that MEKK3 and the scaffold protein are required for p38 activation in response to sorbitol-induced hyperosmolarity.	Sorbitol	120-128	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3	Homo sapiens	42-47
14634666-5	2003	RNA interference (RNAi) demonstrates that MEKK3 and the scaffold protein are required for p38 activation in response to sorbitol-induced hyperosmolarity.	Sorbitol	120-128	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	90-93
14634666-6	2003	FRET identifies a cytoplasmic complex of the MEKK3 scaffold protein that is recruited to dynamic actin structures in response to sorbitol treatment.	Sorbitol	129-137	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3	Homo sapiens	45-50
14634666-7	2003	Through its ability to bind actin, relocalize to Rac-containing membrane ruffles and its obligate requirement for p38 activation in response to sorbitol, we have termed this protein osmosensing scaffold for MEKK3 (OSM).	Sorbitol	144-152	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	49-52
14634666-7	2003	Through its ability to bind actin, relocalize to Rac-containing membrane ruffles and its obligate requirement for p38 activation in response to sorbitol, we have termed this protein osmosensing scaffold for MEKK3 (OSM).	Sorbitol	144-152	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	114-117
14634666-7	2003	Through its ability to bind actin, relocalize to Rac-containing membrane ruffles and its obligate requirement for p38 activation in response to sorbitol, we have termed this protein osmosensing scaffold for MEKK3 (OSM).	Sorbitol	144-152	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3	Homo sapiens	207-212
14597423-4	2003	Using stable transfectants that express Us3 under the control of constitutive or inducible promoters we demonstrate that apoptosis induced by treatment with anti-Fas antibody and sorbitol is blocked when Us3 is expressed at levels comparable to those achieved during virus infection.	Sorbitol	179-187	serine/threonine protein kinase US3	Human alphaherpesvirus 1	40-43
14597423-4	2003	Using stable transfectants that express Us3 under the control of constitutive or inducible promoters we demonstrate that apoptosis induced by treatment with anti-Fas antibody and sorbitol is blocked when Us3 is expressed at levels comparable to those achieved during virus infection.	Sorbitol	179-187	serine/threonine protein kinase US3	Human alphaherpesvirus 1	204-207
14564185-9	2003	Regarding sorbitol H2-BT, it was positive in 40 of 42 (95.24%) patients before GFD, while it was positive in 31 of 34 (91.17%), 13 of 17 (76.47%), and 4 of 6 (50%) of patients with a persistence in histologic lesions 6, 12, and then 18 months after GFD starting (see Fig.	Sorbitol	10-18	H2B clustered histone 20, pseudogene	Homo sapiens	19-24
32689086-1	2003	Aldose-6-phosphate reductase (A6PR), a key enzyme in sorbitol biosynthesis, has been purified to apparent homogeneity from fully developed apple (Malus domestica Borkh.	Sorbitol	53-61	NADP-dependent D-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Malus domestica	0-28
32689086-1	2003	Aldose-6-phosphate reductase (A6PR), a key enzyme in sorbitol biosynthesis, has been purified to apparent homogeneity from fully developed apple (Malus domestica Borkh.	Sorbitol	53-61	NADP-dependent D-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Malus domestica	30-34
14564185-11	2003	So, anti-tTG and EMA were ineffective in assessing the histologic recovery at each follow-up visit (P = NS), while sorbitol H2-BT seems more effective than anti-tTG and EMA in this field (P < 0.0001 sorbitol H2-BT versus anti-tTG and versus EMA at 18 months after gluten withdrawal).	Sorbitol	115-123	H2B clustered histone 20, pseudogene	Homo sapiens	124-129
12871133-1	2003	Aldose reductase [ALR2; EC 1.1.1.21], a key enzyme of polyol pathway, catalyzes NADPH-dependent reduction of glucose to sorbitol (Sorbitol pathway), and an excessive accumulation of intracellular sorbitol found in various tissues of diabetic animals and in cells cultured under high glucose conditions has been proposed to be an important factor for the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	120-128	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
14560018-6	2003	In contrast to MK2, which shows interaction with and chaperoning properties for p38 MAPK and which is activated by extracellular stresses such as arsenite or sorbitol treatment, endogenous MK5 did not show these properties.	Sorbitol	158-166	MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2	Mus musculus	15-18
14656054-4	2003	Sorbitol caused a minor increase in CDPK activity and affected plant morphology but did not induce tuber development.	Sorbitol	0-8	calcium-dependent protein kinase	Solanum tuberosum	36-40
12966043-3	2003	The expression of StCDPK1, and other tuber-specific genes was enhanced when in vitro-cultured potato plants were transferred to high sucrose or high sorbitol containing media.	Sorbitol	149-157	calcium-dependent protein kinase	Solanum tuberosum	18-25
14551351-2	2003	For characterization we studied regulation of sorbitol synthesis by aldose reductase (AR) and degradation by sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) in papillary interstitial cells.	Sorbitol	46-54	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	68-84
12881532-0	2003	Aldose reductase induced by hyperosmotic stress mediates cardiomyocyte apoptosis: differential effects of sorbitol and mannitol.	Sorbitol	106-114	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
12881532-6	2003	Sorbitol resulted in activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p54 c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and protein kinase B.	Sorbitol	0-8	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	39-76
12881532-6	2003	Sorbitol resulted in activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p54 c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and protein kinase B.	Sorbitol	0-8	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	78-81
12881532-7	2003	Furthermore, sorbitol treatment resulting in induction and activation of aldose reductase, decreased expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL, increased DNA fragmentation, and glutathione depletion.	Sorbitol	13-21	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	73-89
12881532-7	2003	Furthermore, sorbitol treatment resulting in induction and activation of aldose reductase, decreased expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL, increased DNA fragmentation, and glutathione depletion.	Sorbitol	13-21	Bcl2-like 1	Rattus norvegicus	141-147
12871133-1	2003	Aldose reductase [ALR2; EC 1.1.1.21], a key enzyme of polyol pathway, catalyzes NADPH-dependent reduction of glucose to sorbitol (Sorbitol pathway), and an excessive accumulation of intracellular sorbitol found in various tissues of diabetic animals and in cells cultured under high glucose conditions has been proposed to be an important factor for the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	120-128	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	18-22
12871133-1	2003	Aldose reductase [ALR2; EC 1.1.1.21], a key enzyme of polyol pathway, catalyzes NADPH-dependent reduction of glucose to sorbitol (Sorbitol pathway), and an excessive accumulation of intracellular sorbitol found in various tissues of diabetic animals and in cells cultured under high glucose conditions has been proposed to be an important factor for the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	130-138	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
12871133-1	2003	Aldose reductase [ALR2; EC 1.1.1.21], a key enzyme of polyol pathway, catalyzes NADPH-dependent reduction of glucose to sorbitol (Sorbitol pathway), and an excessive accumulation of intracellular sorbitol found in various tissues of diabetic animals and in cells cultured under high glucose conditions has been proposed to be an important factor for the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	130-138	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	18-22
12871133-1	2003	Aldose reductase [ALR2; EC 1.1.1.21], a key enzyme of polyol pathway, catalyzes NADPH-dependent reduction of glucose to sorbitol (Sorbitol pathway), and an excessive accumulation of intracellular sorbitol found in various tissues of diabetic animals and in cells cultured under high glucose conditions has been proposed to be an important factor for the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	196-204	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
12871133-1	2003	Aldose reductase [ALR2; EC 1.1.1.21], a key enzyme of polyol pathway, catalyzes NADPH-dependent reduction of glucose to sorbitol (Sorbitol pathway), and an excessive accumulation of intracellular sorbitol found in various tissues of diabetic animals and in cells cultured under high glucose conditions has been proposed to be an important factor for the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	196-204	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	18-22
12871134-2	2003	Diabetic complications including neuropathy, nephropathy, cataracts and retinopathy are considerately caused by accumulation of sorbitol, which is produced from glucose by AR in polyol pathway.	Sorbitol	128-136	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	172-174
12871134-3	2003	The aim of AR inhibitor therapy is to normalize the elevated flux of blood and sorbitol through the polyol pathway in the target tissue.	Sorbitol	79-87	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	11-13
12827498-10	2003	Furthermore, the genes CSG2 and IPT1 were found to be required for normal growth of gas1Delta cells in the presence of 1 M sorbitol.	Sorbitol	123-131	mannosylinositol phosphorylceramide synthase regulatory subunit	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	23-27
12892488-0	2003	Lipase-catalyzed esterification of conjugated linoleic acid with sorbitol: a kinetic study.	Sorbitol	65-73	PAN0_003d1715	Moesziomyces antarcticus	0-6
12874437-4	2003	The first enzyme in the pathway, aldose reductase (AR), reduces glucose to sorbitol, which is then converted to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH).	Sorbitol	75-83	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	33-49
12874437-4	2003	The first enzyme in the pathway, aldose reductase (AR), reduces glucose to sorbitol, which is then converted to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH).	Sorbitol	75-83	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	51-53
12874437-4	2003	The first enzyme in the pathway, aldose reductase (AR), reduces glucose to sorbitol, which is then converted to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH).	Sorbitol	75-83	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	124-146
12874437-4	2003	The first enzyme in the pathway, aldose reductase (AR), reduces glucose to sorbitol, which is then converted to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH).	Sorbitol	75-83	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	148-151
12827498-10	2003	Furthermore, the genes CSG2 and IPT1 were found to be required for normal growth of gas1Delta cells in the presence of 1 M sorbitol.	Sorbitol	123-131	inositolphosphotransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-36
12773033-1	2003	We report here on the discovery path that led to a structurally unprecedented non-hydantoin, non-carboxylic acid aldose reductase inhibitor, 24, which shows remarkably potent oral activity in normalizing elevated sorbitol levels and, more significantly, fructose levels in the sciatic nerve of chronically diabetic rats, with ED(90) values of 0.8 and 3 mpk, respectively.	Sorbitol	213-221	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	113-129
12704800-8	2003	From these results, we propose that BHV-1 has one or more genes encoding apoptosis-inhibiting factors which interfere with the involvement of bcl-2 gene family members and apoptotic pathway, depending upon caspase-3, triggered by sorbitol.	Sorbitol	230-238	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	142-147
12637551-4	2003	Pretreatment of MMICs with a COX2-specific inhibitor (SC58236, 10 micromol/liter) dramatically reduced osmolyte accumulation (by 79 +/- 9, 57 +/- 12, and 96 +/- 10% for inositol, sorbitol, and betaine respectively, p < 0.05).	Sorbitol	179-187	cytochrome c oxidase II, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	29-33
12637551-6	2003	Dehydrated COX2-/- mice also exhibited an impressive defect in sorbitol accumulation (88 +/- 9% less than wild type, p < 0.05) after dehydration.	Sorbitol	63-71	cytochrome c oxidase II, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	11-15
12679381-4	2003	Colocalization studies, sorbitol density gradient/phase partitioning analysis and microtubule-affinity purification of membranes showed that some dynein and dynactin complex were associated with VAMP2-enriched membranes.	Sorbitol	24-32	vesicle-associated membrane protein 2	Oryctolagus cuniculus	195-200
12686455-6	2003	This strategy revealed an N-terminal fragment of monoglycated proinsulin Phe(1)-Glu(13), which contained a single glucitol adduct (M(r) 1642.0 Da).	Sorbitol	114-122	insulin	Homo sapiens	62-72
12686455-7	2003	A similar treatment of small amounts of purified diglycated proinsulin revealed a fragment with Phe(1)-Glu(13) linked by a disulphide bridge to Gln(70)-Glu(82) containing two glucitol adducts (M(r) 3292.7 Da).	Sorbitol	175-183	insulin	Homo sapiens	60-70
12684816-1	2003	The expression of aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), which, in concert, catalyze the conversion of glucose to fructose via sorbitol, in the rat ovary, oviduct, and uterus, was investigated by immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses.	Sorbitol	44-52	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	68-71
12834837-2	2003	The investigation, designed to detect substrate-mediated isomerization of pyruvate kinase, has revealed a 15% enhancement of maximal velocity by supplementation of reaction mixtures with 0.1 M proline, glycine or sorbitol.	Sorbitol	213-221	pyruvate kinase PKLR	Oryctolagus cuniculus	74-89
12663474-1	2003	Diabetes is known to affect cataract formation by means of osmotic stress induced by activated aldose reductase in the sorbitol pathway.	Sorbitol	119-127	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	95-111
12684816-5	2003	Collectively, these data indicate that fructose is produced by coordinately expressed AR and SDH in the egg and epithelia of the oviduct and suggest that the resulting sorbitol and fructose can be used as energy sources for spermatozoa motility during the fertilization process.	Sorbitol	168-176	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	86-88
12604220-5	2003	We show that exposure of rat erythrocytes to NO donors inhibits AR activity and AR mediated accumulation of sorbitol, possibly by S-glutathiolation of Cys-298.	Sorbitol	108-116	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	80-82
12630936-15	2003	Sorbitol accumulation in low aldose reductase situations, being minor, could, however, act synergistically with other factors.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	29-45
12488318-1	2003	The effects of multiple stress stimuli on the cellular utilization of the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible protein kinase (Sgk) were examined in NMuMg mammary epithelial cells exposed to hyperosmotic stress induced by the organic osmolyte sorbitol, heat shock, ultraviolet irradiation, oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide, or to dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid that represents a general class of physiological stress hormones.	Sorbitol	242-250	serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1	Mus musculus	126-129
12615520-1	2003	The polyol pathway consists of two enzymes aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH); the former is the first enzyme in the polyol pathway, that catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol, the latter is the second one, that converts sorbitol to fructose using by NAD(+) as a cofactor.	Sorbitol	69-77	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	43-59
12615520-1	2003	The polyol pathway consists of two enzymes aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH); the former is the first enzyme in the polyol pathway, that catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol, the latter is the second one, that converts sorbitol to fructose using by NAD(+) as a cofactor.	Sorbitol	69-77	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	93-96
12615520-1	2003	The polyol pathway consists of two enzymes aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH); the former is the first enzyme in the polyol pathway, that catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol, the latter is the second one, that converts sorbitol to fructose using by NAD(+) as a cofactor.	Sorbitol	196-204	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	43-59
12615520-1	2003	The polyol pathway consists of two enzymes aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH); the former is the first enzyme in the polyol pathway, that catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol, the latter is the second one, that converts sorbitol to fructose using by NAD(+) as a cofactor.	Sorbitol	196-204	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	61-63
12615520-1	2003	The polyol pathway consists of two enzymes aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH); the former is the first enzyme in the polyol pathway, that catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol, the latter is the second one, that converts sorbitol to fructose using by NAD(+) as a cofactor.	Sorbitol	196-204	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	69-91
12615520-1	2003	The polyol pathway consists of two enzymes aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH); the former is the first enzyme in the polyol pathway, that catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol, the latter is the second one, that converts sorbitol to fructose using by NAD(+) as a cofactor.	Sorbitol	196-204	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	93-96
12593797-4	2003	The steady-state responses of JNK to sorbitol and anisomycin were found to be highly ultrasensitive in HeLa cells, HEK 293 cells, and Jurkat T cells.	Sorbitol	37-45	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	30-33
12604220-2	2003	The first step of this pathway, which generates sorbitol from glucose, is catalyzed by aldose reductase (AR) (AKR1B).	Sorbitol	48-56	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	87-103
12604220-2	2003	The first step of this pathway, which generates sorbitol from glucose, is catalyzed by aldose reductase (AR) (AKR1B).	Sorbitol	48-56	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	105-107
12523665-3	2002	RESULTS: Small molecular excipients (glycerol, sorbitol, 1,6-anhydroglucose, sucrose, and trehalose) were found to stabilize the activity and/or the native structure of freeze-dried lysozyme and catalase, despite the processing temperatures being above Tg" of excipent-protein mixtures.	Sorbitol	47-55	catalase	Homo sapiens	195-203
12388395-3	2003	In the presence of the cAMP analog dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP, 500 microM), NaCl and sorbitol, but not urea, evoked a robust increase of AQP2 expression in IMCD cells, with NaCl being far more potent than sorbitol.	Sorbitol	81-89	aquaporin 2	Rattus norvegicus	133-137
12388395-3	2003	In the presence of the cAMP analog dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP, 500 microM), NaCl and sorbitol, but not urea, evoked a robust increase of AQP2 expression in IMCD cells, with NaCl being far more potent than sorbitol.	Sorbitol	201-209	aquaporin 2	Rattus norvegicus	133-137
12513977-5	2003	On culture media containing sorbitol as the sole carbon source, the growth of the strain with a deletion of the ace1 gene was severely impaired, suggesting that ACEI regulates expression of other genes in addition to cellulase and xylanase genes.	Sorbitol	28-36	Cup2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	112-116
12351623-6	2002	On the other hand, sorbitol requires expression of four MAP3Ks to cause maximal JNK activation.	Sorbitol	19-27	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	80-83
12437967-9	2002	Our present results suggest that SDH-mediated conversion of sorbitol to fructose and the resultant ROS generation may play an active role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.	Sorbitol	60-68	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	33-36
12395196-7	2002	Levels of seb1 mRNA increased under conditions of osmotic stress (sorbitol, NaCl) but not under other stress conditions (cadmium sulfate, pH, membrane perturbance).	Sorbitol	66-74	Arf family guanine nucleotide exchange factor SBH1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	10-14
12372778-7	2002	Hypertonicity of various forms (NaCl, KCl, sorbitol, or mannitol) always induces GADD45 transcripts, whereas nonhypertonic hyperosmolality (urea) has no effect.	Sorbitol	43-51	growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 alpha	Mus musculus	81-87
12231402-4	2002	Sorbitol (100 micromol/L) inhibited the Ca(2+)-ATPases by 41% (126 +/- 7.6 vs 74 +/- 4.4) and CaM by 42% (253 +/- 17.7 vs 147 +/- 10.3).	Sorbitol	0-8	calmodulin 3	Homo sapiens	94-97
12135705-2	2002	Using HaCaT keratinocytes as a model system, we present experimental evidence that in these cells, cPLA(2) is constitutively phosphorylated and that the degree of phosphorylation dramatically increases in cells under hyperosmotic stress induced by sorbitol.	Sorbitol	248-256	phospholipase A2 group IVA	Homo sapiens	99-106
12186953-5	2002	The accumulation of cGMP in response to 0.4 M sorbitol was reduced after rapA antisense RNA induction and was enhanced in cells expressing the constitutively activated Rap1(G12V) protein, suggesting a role for Rap1 in the generation of cGMP.	Sorbitol	46-54	transcriptional regulating factor 1	Homo sapiens	73-77
12186953-5	2002	The accumulation of cGMP in response to 0.4 M sorbitol was reduced after rapA antisense RNA induction and was enhanced in cells expressing the constitutively activated Rap1(G12V) protein, suggesting a role for Rap1 in the generation of cGMP.	Sorbitol	46-54	RAP1A, member of RAS oncogene family	Homo sapiens	168-172
12186953-5	2002	The accumulation of cGMP in response to 0.4 M sorbitol was reduced after rapA antisense RNA induction and was enhanced in cells expressing the constitutively activated Rap1(G12V) protein, suggesting a role for Rap1 in the generation of cGMP.	Sorbitol	46-54	RAP1A, member of RAS oncogene family	Homo sapiens	210-214
12186953-7	2002	This assay was used to demonstrate that activation of Rap1 in response to 0.4 M sorbitol occurred with initial kinetics similar to those observed for the accumulation of cGMP.	Sorbitol	80-88	RAP1A, member of RAS oncogene family	Homo sapiens	54-58
12167599-3	2002	Sorbitol is produced from glucose in a reaction catalyzed by aldose reductase (AR).	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	61-77
12167599-3	2002	Sorbitol is produced from glucose in a reaction catalyzed by aldose reductase (AR).	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	79-81
12169650-3	2002	Twenty-four hours later, there was a marked increase in AR protein and activity and in the myocardial content of sorbitol, a unique product of AR catalysis.	Sorbitol	113-121	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	143-145
12394272-2	2002	Increased activity of aldose reductase, the rate-limiting polyol pathway enzyme that converts glucose into sorbitol, mediates pathologies associated with diabetes and is thought to be involved in increased resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs.	Sorbitol	107-115	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	22-38
12185102-9	2002	Because uterine fluid and seminal plasma both contain sorbitol, it is likely that SDH in spermatozoa converts sorbitol to fructose for use as an energy source.	Sorbitol	54-62	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	82-85
12185102-9	2002	Because uterine fluid and seminal plasma both contain sorbitol, it is likely that SDH in spermatozoa converts sorbitol to fructose for use as an energy source.	Sorbitol	110-118	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	82-85
12169650-5	2002	The AR-selective inhibitors tolrestat and sorbinil prevented AR-mediated accumulation of sorbitol and abrogated the infarct-sparing effect of late PC, demonstrating that enhanced AR activity is necessary for this cardioprotective phenomenon to occur.	Sorbitol	89-97	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	4-6
12169650-5	2002	The AR-selective inhibitors tolrestat and sorbinil prevented AR-mediated accumulation of sorbitol and abrogated the infarct-sparing effect of late PC, demonstrating that enhanced AR activity is necessary for this cardioprotective phenomenon to occur.	Sorbitol	89-97	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	61-63
12169650-5	2002	The AR-selective inhibitors tolrestat and sorbinil prevented AR-mediated accumulation of sorbitol and abrogated the infarct-sparing effect of late PC, demonstrating that enhanced AR activity is necessary for this cardioprotective phenomenon to occur.	Sorbitol	89-97	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	61-63
12115730-3	2002	Here, we show that hyperosmolar concentrations of sorbitol activate the EGFR in human keratinocytes.	Sorbitol	50-58	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	72-76
12115730-0	2002	Stress kinase p38 mediates EGFR transactivation by hyperosmolar concentrations of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	82-90	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	14-17
12115730-0	2002	Stress kinase p38 mediates EGFR transactivation by hyperosmolar concentrations of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	82-90	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	27-31
12115730-5	2002	Furthermore, sorbitol treatment results in a strong activation of stress kinase p38.	Sorbitol	13-21	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	80-83
12122692-1	2002	Coupling of cis-1-bromo-2-pentene and (S,S)-hydrobenzoin stannylene acetal followed by regio- and stereoselective transformations of the resulting allylic ether gave (+)-polyoxamic acid and a similar procedure was applied to the synthesis of D-sorbitol from trans-1-iodo-2-hexene.	Sorbitol	242-252	suppressor of cytokine signaling 1	Homo sapiens	12-17
12132580-4	2002	The expression of AGP2 was down-regulated by osmotic stresses, including NaCl, sorbitol, and KCI.	Sorbitol	79-87	Agp2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	18-22
12031484-8	2002	In leaves, the Ugdh expression was upregulated by a short-term feeding with sucrose, sorbitol and polyethylene glycol, and this effect was to some extent mimicked by light exposure.	Sorbitol	85-93	UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase	Bos taurus	15-19
12067830-0	2002	Herpes simplex virus type 2 US3 blocks apoptosis induced by sorbitol treatment.	Sorbitol	60-68	tegument protein	Human alphaherpesvirus 2	28-31
12067830-2	2002	Using these cells, we examined whether expression of US3 is sufficient to protect cells from apoptotic cell death induced by sorbitol.	Sorbitol	125-133	tegument protein	Human alphaherpesvirus 2	53-56
12067830-5	2002	Expression of US3 resulted in the suppression of sorbitol-induced phosphorylation of JNK and MKK4/SEK1, suggesting that the suppression of apoptotic cell death was due to the attenuation of JNK activity.	Sorbitol	49-57	tegument protein	Human alphaherpesvirus 2	14-17
12067830-5	2002	Expression of US3 resulted in the suppression of sorbitol-induced phosphorylation of JNK and MKK4/SEK1, suggesting that the suppression of apoptotic cell death was due to the attenuation of JNK activity.	Sorbitol	49-57	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	85-88
12067830-5	2002	Expression of US3 resulted in the suppression of sorbitol-induced phosphorylation of JNK and MKK4/SEK1, suggesting that the suppression of apoptotic cell death was due to the attenuation of JNK activity.	Sorbitol	49-57	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4	Homo sapiens	93-97
12067830-5	2002	Expression of US3 resulted in the suppression of sorbitol-induced phosphorylation of JNK and MKK4/SEK1, suggesting that the suppression of apoptotic cell death was due to the attenuation of JNK activity.	Sorbitol	49-57	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4	Homo sapiens	98-102
12067830-5	2002	Expression of US3 resulted in the suppression of sorbitol-induced phosphorylation of JNK and MKK4/SEK1, suggesting that the suppression of apoptotic cell death was due to the attenuation of JNK activity.	Sorbitol	49-57	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	190-193
12047628-8	2002	Seedling steady-state mRNA levels of AtNHX1 and AtNHX2 increase similarly after treatment with NaCl, an equi-osmolar concentration of sorbitol, or ABA, whereas AtNHX5 transcript abundance increases only in response to salt treatment.	Sorbitol	134-142	Na+/H+ exchanger 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	37-43
12047628-8	2002	Seedling steady-state mRNA levels of AtNHX1 and AtNHX2 increase similarly after treatment with NaCl, an equi-osmolar concentration of sorbitol, or ABA, whereas AtNHX5 transcript abundance increases only in response to salt treatment.	Sorbitol	134-142	sodium hydrogen exchanger 2	Arabidopsis thaliana	48-54
11968061-5	2002	ICAM-1 levels were similar in astrocytes grown in glucose or sorbitol both under basal conditions and after TNF-alpha stimulation for 48 h. In contrast, levels of proMMP-9 released from astrocytes cultured for 14 days in 25 mM sorbitol reached only 55-28% of those obtained from cultures in 25 mM glucose after stimulation with 1,000 U/ml (P = 0.05) or 5,000 U/ml (P < 0.025) TNF-alpha, respectively.	Sorbitol	227-235	matrix metallopeptidase 9	Mus musculus	163-171
11968061-6	2002	Limiting the duration of pre-stimulation sorbitol exposure to 48 h resulted in lower proMMP-9 levels than in glucose cultures after 5,000, but not 1,000, U/ml TNF-alpha, and differences were not significant when sorbitol exposure was further reduced to 24 h. Incubation in mixed glucose/sorbitol media did not affect the release of proMMP-9.	Sorbitol	41-49	matrix metallopeptidase 9	Mus musculus	85-93
11968061-6	2002	Limiting the duration of pre-stimulation sorbitol exposure to 48 h resulted in lower proMMP-9 levels than in glucose cultures after 5,000, but not 1,000, U/ml TNF-alpha, and differences were not significant when sorbitol exposure was further reduced to 24 h. Incubation in mixed glucose/sorbitol media did not affect the release of proMMP-9.	Sorbitol	41-49	matrix metallopeptidase 9	Mus musculus	332-340
11968061-7	2002	These findings suggest that MMP-9 production may be increased in astrocytes as a consequence of glucose metabolism, which can be avoided by growth in sorbitol alone.	Sorbitol	150-158	matrix metallopeptidase 9	Mus musculus	28-33
12049732-5	2002	Significantly, cells expressing ERK2 with the docking motif mutation were resistant to sorbitol-induced apoptosis.	Sorbitol	87-95	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	32-36
32689502-10	2002	We observed that sorbitol-6-phosphate, an intermediate metabolite in sorbitol biosynthesis, was a competitive inhibitor of SPS with a Ki of 1.83 mM.	Sorbitol	17-25	probable sucrose-phosphate synthase 1	Malus domestica	123-126
11948429-5	2002	On the contrary, both Jnk1-/- and Jnk2-/- cells were more sensitive to tumor necrosis factor - alpha (TNF-alpha) and sorbitol-induced cell death.	Sorbitol	117-125	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	22-26
11948429-5	2002	On the contrary, both Jnk1-/- and Jnk2-/- cells were more sensitive to tumor necrosis factor - alpha (TNF-alpha) and sorbitol-induced cell death.	Sorbitol	117-125	mitogen-activated protein kinase 9	Homo sapiens	34-38
11918747-16	2002	CONCLUSIONS: Our results show a new sorbitol transport system in renal inner medullary interstitial cells, which is rather different from the described sorbitol permease in renal epithelial cells and from glucose transporters of the GLUT- and SGLT-family.	Sorbitol	36-44	glutaminase	Rattus norvegicus	233-237
11973298-6	2002	The glc7-109 mutant is sensitive to cations, aminoglycosides, and alkaline pH and exhibits increased rates of l-leucine and 3,3"-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide uptake, but it is resistant to molar concentrations of sorbitol or KCl, indicating that it has normal osmoregulation.	Sorbitol	214-222	type 1 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase catalytic subunit GLC7	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
11879194-7	2002	Our findings suggest that sorbitol sequentially activates PYK2, the ERK pathway and PLD, thereby increasing PA, which activates aPKCs and GLUT4 translocation.	Sorbitol	26-34	protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta	Rattus norvegicus	58-62
11879194-0	2002	Sorbitol activates atypical protein kinase C and GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation/glucose transport through proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and phospholipase D. Sorbitol, "osmotic stress", stimulates GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation to the plasma membrane and glucose transport by a phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase-independent mechanism that reportedly involves non-receptor proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 (PYK2) but subsequent events are obscure.	Sorbitol	0-8	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	49-54
11879194-7	2002	Our findings suggest that sorbitol sequentially activates PYK2, the ERK pathway and PLD, thereby increasing PA, which activates aPKCs and GLUT4 translocation.	Sorbitol	26-34	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	68-71
11879194-0	2002	Sorbitol activates atypical protein kinase C and GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation/glucose transport through proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and phospholipase D. Sorbitol, "osmotic stress", stimulates GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation to the plasma membrane and glucose transport by a phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase-independent mechanism that reportedly involves non-receptor proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 (PYK2) but subsequent events are obscure.	Sorbitol	0-8	protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta	Rattus norvegicus	115-145
11879194-0	2002	Sorbitol activates atypical protein kinase C and GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation/glucose transport through proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and phospholipase D. Sorbitol, "osmotic stress", stimulates GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation to the plasma membrane and glucose transport by a phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase-independent mechanism that reportedly involves non-receptor proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 (PYK2) but subsequent events are obscure.	Sorbitol	0-8	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	151-188
11879194-0	2002	Sorbitol activates atypical protein kinase C and GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation/glucose transport through proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and phospholipase D. Sorbitol, "osmotic stress", stimulates GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation to the plasma membrane and glucose transport by a phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase-independent mechanism that reportedly involves non-receptor proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 (PYK2) but subsequent events are obscure.	Sorbitol	0-8	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	257-262
11879194-0	2002	Sorbitol activates atypical protein kinase C and GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation/glucose transport through proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and phospholipase D. Sorbitol, "osmotic stress", stimulates GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation to the plasma membrane and glucose transport by a phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase-independent mechanism that reportedly involves non-receptor proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 (PYK2) but subsequent events are obscure.	Sorbitol	0-8	protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta	Rattus norvegicus	442-472
11879194-0	2002	Sorbitol activates atypical protein kinase C and GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation/glucose transport through proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and phospholipase D. Sorbitol, "osmotic stress", stimulates GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation to the plasma membrane and glucose transport by a phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase-independent mechanism that reportedly involves non-receptor proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 (PYK2) but subsequent events are obscure.	Sorbitol	0-8	protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta	Rattus norvegicus	474-478
11879194-0	2002	Sorbitol activates atypical protein kinase C and GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation/glucose transport through proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and phospholipase D. Sorbitol, "osmotic stress", stimulates GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation to the plasma membrane and glucose transport by a phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase-independent mechanism that reportedly involves non-receptor proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 (PYK2) but subsequent events are obscure.	Sorbitol	218-226	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	49-54
11879194-7	2002	Our findings suggest that sorbitol sequentially activates PYK2, the ERK pathway and PLD, thereby increasing PA, which activates aPKCs and GLUT4 translocation.	Sorbitol	26-34	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	138-143
11942168-3	2002	High glucose levels are associated with the non-enzymatic glycation of both extra- and intracellular proteins, the accumulation of sorbitol via the aldose-reductase pathway, the activation of protein kinase C isoforms, and the reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide.	Sorbitol	131-139	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	148-164
11879194-0	2002	Sorbitol activates atypical protein kinase C and GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation/glucose transport through proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and phospholipase D. Sorbitol, "osmotic stress", stimulates GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation to the plasma membrane and glucose transport by a phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase-independent mechanism that reportedly involves non-receptor proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 (PYK2) but subsequent events are obscure.	Sorbitol	218-226	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	151-188
11879194-0	2002	Sorbitol activates atypical protein kinase C and GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation/glucose transport through proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and phospholipase D. Sorbitol, "osmotic stress", stimulates GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation to the plasma membrane and glucose transport by a phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase-independent mechanism that reportedly involves non-receptor proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 (PYK2) but subsequent events are obscure.	Sorbitol	218-226	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	257-262
11879194-0	2002	Sorbitol activates atypical protein kinase C and GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation/glucose transport through proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and phospholipase D. Sorbitol, "osmotic stress", stimulates GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation to the plasma membrane and glucose transport by a phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase-independent mechanism that reportedly involves non-receptor proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 (PYK2) but subsequent events are obscure.	Sorbitol	218-226	protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta	Rattus norvegicus	442-472
11879194-0	2002	Sorbitol activates atypical protein kinase C and GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation/glucose transport through proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and phospholipase D. Sorbitol, "osmotic stress", stimulates GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation to the plasma membrane and glucose transport by a phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase-independent mechanism that reportedly involves non-receptor proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 (PYK2) but subsequent events are obscure.	Sorbitol	218-226	protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta	Rattus norvegicus	474-478
11879194-2	2002	Furthermore, sorbitol activated atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) through a similar mechanism depending on the PYK2/ERK pathway, independent of PI 3-kinase and its downstream effector, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK-1).	Sorbitol	13-21	protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta	Rattus norvegicus	110-114
11879194-2	2002	Furthermore, sorbitol activated atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) through a similar mechanism depending on the PYK2/ERK pathway, independent of PI 3-kinase and its downstream effector, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK-1).	Sorbitol	13-21	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	115-118
11879194-2	2002	Furthermore, sorbitol activated atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) through a similar mechanism depending on the PYK2/ERK pathway, independent of PI 3-kinase and its downstream effector, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK-1).	Sorbitol	13-21	3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1	Rattus norvegicus	231-236
11879194-3	2002	Like PYK2/ERK pathway components, aPKCs were required for sorbitol-stimulated GLUT4 translocation/glucose transport.	Sorbitol	58-66	protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta	Rattus norvegicus	5-9
11879194-3	2002	Like PYK2/ERK pathway components, aPKCs were required for sorbitol-stimulated GLUT4 translocation/glucose transport.	Sorbitol	58-66	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	10-13
11879194-3	2002	Like PYK2/ERK pathway components, aPKCs were required for sorbitol-stimulated GLUT4 translocation/glucose transport.	Sorbitol	58-66	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	78-83
11879194-5	2002	As with aPKCs and glucose transport, sorbitol-stimulated PLD activity was dependent on the ERK pathway.	Sorbitol	37-45	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	91-94
11879194-6	2002	Moreover, PLD-generated PA was required for sorbitol-induced activation of aPKCs and GLUT4 translocation/glucose transport.	Sorbitol	44-52	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	85-90
12039395-0	2002	Fidarestat (SNK-860), a potent aldose reductase inhibitor, normalizes the elevated sorbitol accumulation in erythrocytes of diabetic patients.	Sorbitol	83-91	polo like kinase 2	Homo sapiens	12-15
11884280-2	2002	Platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-2, sorbitol, and serum all increased the activation of BMK1 in rat carotid SMCs, whereas angiotensin II, phorbol esters, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha had only slight effects.	Sorbitol	60-68	mitogen-activated protein kinase 7	Rattus norvegicus	112-116
11861562-5	2002	We show that ine mutants lacking both isoforms are hypersensitive to osmotic stress, which we assayed by maintaining flies on media containing NaCl, KCl, or sorbitol, and that this hypersensitivity is completely rescued by high-level ectopic expression of the ine-RB isoform.	Sorbitol	157-165	inebriated	Drosophila melanogaster	13-16
11796181-1	2002	Recent studies suggest that the gene encoding aldose reductase, the enzyme that converts glucose to sorbitol, may confer susceptibility to microvascular disease.	Sorbitol	100-108	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	46-62
11840340-2	2002	When subjected to a hyperosmolar concentration of sorbitol, HaCaT/E5 cells respond with cytochrome c release, activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9, and PARP-cleavage, showing that the mitochondria and death-receptor mediated apoptotic pathways are involved in subsequent cell death.	Sorbitol	50-58	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	151-155
11854404-9	2002	XCL100 was a labile protein in G2-arrested and progesterone-stimulated oocytes; surprisingly, its degradation rate was increased more than twofold after exposure to hyperosmolar sorbitol.	Sorbitol	178-186	dual specificity phosphatase 1 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	0-6
11854404-10	2002	In sorbitol-treated oocytes expressing a conditionally active DeltaRaf-DD:ER chimera, activation of the p42 MAPK cascade led to phosphorylation of XCL100 and a pronounced decrease in the rate of its degradation.	Sorbitol	3-11	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	104-112
11854404-10	2002	In sorbitol-treated oocytes expressing a conditionally active DeltaRaf-DD:ER chimera, activation of the p42 MAPK cascade led to phosphorylation of XCL100 and a pronounced decrease in the rate of its degradation.	Sorbitol	3-11	dual specificity phosphatase 1 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	147-153
11840340-2	2002	When subjected to a hyperosmolar concentration of sorbitol, HaCaT/E5 cells respond with cytochrome c release, activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9, and PARP-cleavage, showing that the mitochondria and death-receptor mediated apoptotic pathways are involved in subsequent cell death.	Sorbitol	50-58	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	88-100
11840340-2	2002	When subjected to a hyperosmolar concentration of sorbitol, HaCaT/E5 cells respond with cytochrome c release, activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9, and PARP-cleavage, showing that the mitochondria and death-receptor mediated apoptotic pathways are involved in subsequent cell death.	Sorbitol	50-58	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	124-145
11701599-10	2001	In support of this hypothesis, treating diabetic Tg with an aldose reductase inhibitor (WAY121-509, 4 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks significantly prevented the accumulation of sorbitol, the decrease in MNCV and the increased myelinated fibre atrophy in diabetic Tg.	Sorbitol	169-177	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	60-76
11805047-3	2002	Loss of Mpt5p results in phenotypes associated with a weakened cell wall, including sorbitol-remedial temperature sensitivity and sensitivities to calcofluor white and sodium dodecyl sulfate.	Sorbitol	84-92	Mpt5p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	8-13
11841617-10	2002	Another pathway relevant to diabetic nephropathy is polyol pathway, where glucose is reduced to sorbitol by aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	96-104	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	108-124
11750058-5	2001	Incubation of keratinocytes in sorbitol-added hypertonic medium increased AQP3 mRNA expression.	Sorbitol	31-39	aquaporin 3 (Gill blood group)	Homo sapiens	74-78
12164386-1	2001	Aldose reductase ([EC1.1.1.21]: AR) acts on the first step of the polyol metabolic pathway to catalyze the reduction of glucose to sorbitol with NADPH as a coenzyme.	Sorbitol	131-139	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
11764088-2	2001	Studies with the sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor SDI-158, which interrupts the conversion of sorbitol to fructose (and reactions dependent on the second step of the sorbitol pathway), have shown a dramatically increased frequency of NAD in ileal mesenteric nerves and SMG of SDI-treated versus untreated diabetics.	Sorbitol	94-102	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	17-39
11520112-5	2001	For the biochemical analysis, we measured the enzyme activity of aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and the sorbitol levels using 20, 40 and 60 week old OLETF or control Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats.	Sorbitol	91-99	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	115-118
11710946-8	2001	We have demonstrated that the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase was strongly activated by 200 mM and 300 mM sorbitol.	Sorbitol	111-119	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	30-33
11710946-9	2001	The specific p38 mitogen activated protein kinase inhibitor PD169316 almost completely blocked heat shock protein 70 mRNA induction by 200 mM and 300 mM sorbitol and completely suppressed heat shock protein 27 mRNA induction with 200 mM sorbitol.	Sorbitol	153-161	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	13-16
11710946-9	2001	The specific p38 mitogen activated protein kinase inhibitor PD169316 almost completely blocked heat shock protein 70 mRNA induction by 200 mM and 300 mM sorbitol and completely suppressed heat shock protein 27 mRNA induction with 200 mM sorbitol.	Sorbitol	237-245	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	13-16
12363257-2	2001	Aldose reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the polyol pathway in which glucose is converted to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	100-108	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
12363257-3	2001	METHOD: Sorbitol accumulation from increased aldose reductase activity may play a role in diabetic corneal pathology as well.	Sorbitol	8-16	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	45-61
11686216-5	2001	RESULTS: EMAs were positive in 77/96 (80.80%) and sorbitol H2-BT in 94/96 (97.91%) patients with subclinical coeliac disease, while EMAs were positive in 17/27 (62.96%) and sorbitol H2-BT in 26/27 (96.29%) patients with silent coeliac disease (P < 0.001 in both forms of coeliac disease).	Sorbitol	50-58	H2B clustered histone 20, pseudogene	Homo sapiens	59-64
11686216-7	2001	CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that almost all subclinical/silent coeliac patients show abnormal sorbitol H2-BT and that there is a strict correlation between cut-off value (in ppm and minutes) and histologic lesions.	Sorbitol	100-108	H2B clustered histone 20, pseudogene	Homo sapiens	109-114
11520112-10	2001	AR activity was also increased causing the elevation of sorbitol in lenses of OLETF rats during the early stages of cataract formation.	Sorbitol	56-64	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-2
12035507-2	2001	The increase of sorbitol and fructose levels caused by aldose reductase activation and sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibition were observed in sciatic nerve of streptozotocin-diabetic rats.	Sorbitol	16-24	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	55-71
11986691-2	2001	METHODS: Analysis of the expression of Bcl-2 on the cortical neurons of primary cultured fetal mice in vitro infected with HSV-1 for 11 hours or exposed to sorbitol for 5 hours was made by flow cytometry and Western blotting.	Sorbitol	156-164	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	39-44
11986691-4	2001	The Bcl-2 protein of HSV-1 infected and exposed to sorbitol neurons expressed upregulating compared with the control group.	Sorbitol	51-59	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	4-9
11279172-4	2001	Similar effects were elicited by chronic (24 h) exposure to tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1beta, or 200 mm sorbitol, all activate the MKK6/3-p38 MAPK pathway.	Sorbitol	118-126	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6	Homo sapiens	145-149
11516948-3	2001	We experimentally assessed the response of JNK to a physiological stimulus (progesterone) and a pathological stress (hyperosmolar sorbitol) in Xenopus laevis oocytes, a cell type that is well-suited to the quantitative analysis of cell signaling.	Sorbitol	130-138	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	43-46
11516948-5	2001	RESULTS: The responses of JNK to both progesterone and sorbitol were found to be essentially all-or-none.	Sorbitol	55-63	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	26-29
11516948-8	2001	JNK also exhibited hysteresis, a form of biochemical memory, in its response to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	80-88	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	0-3
11279172-4	2001	Similar effects were elicited by chronic (24 h) exposure to tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1beta, or 200 mm sorbitol, all activate the MKK6/3-p38 MAPK pathway.	Sorbitol	118-126	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	152-155
11278326-7	2001	Although the BCR domain of p85 binds Rac, the effects of the p85 constructs were not because of a general inhibition of Rac signaling, because sorbitol-induced JNK activation in MTLn3 cells was not inhibited.	Sorbitol	143-151	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Rattus norvegicus	160-163
11506188-5	2001	p38-MAPK was phosphorylated by sorbitol (almost 12-fold, maximal within 10-15 min) and JNKs were phosphorylated and activated by sorbitol or anoxia/reoxygenation (approximately 4- and 2.5-fold, respectively).	Sorbitol	31-39	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	0-3
11279118-6	2001	Sorbitol, and to a lesser extent, sodium chloride, Taxol, and nocodazole increased TAO2 activity toward itself and kinase-dead MEKs 3 and 6.	Sorbitol	0-8	TAO kinase 2	Homo sapiens	83-87
11405640-7	2001	Significantly, growth in the presence of 1 M sorbitol or overexpression of PKC1 also partially suppresses the lethal phenotype of the sds3 swi6 strain.	Sorbitol	45-53	Sds3p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	134-138
11506188-5	2001	p38-MAPK was phosphorylated by sorbitol (almost 12-fold, maximal within 10-15 min) and JNKs were phosphorylated and activated by sorbitol or anoxia/reoxygenation (approximately 4- and 2.5-fold, respectively).	Sorbitol	129-137	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	0-3
11506188-6	2001	SB203580 completely blocked the activation of p38-MAPK by sorbitol.	Sorbitol	58-66	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	46-49
11405640-7	2001	Significantly, growth in the presence of 1 M sorbitol or overexpression of PKC1 also partially suppresses the lethal phenotype of the sds3 swi6 strain.	Sorbitol	45-53	transcriptional regulator SWI6	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	139-143
11359994-4	2001	On the other hand, epalrestat, the only aldose reductase inhibitor used clinically, inhibited increase in sorbitol content at a concentration over 500-fold higher than fidarestat.	Sorbitol	106-114	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	40-56
11741252-2	2001	Our lab developed proniosomes, a dry formulation using a sorbitol carrier coated with nonionic surfactant, which can be used to produce niosomes within minutes by the addition of hot water followed by agitation.	Sorbitol	57-65	alcohol dehydrogenase iron containing 1	Homo sapiens	179-182
11240205-6	2001	Both cryoprotectants sorbitol and glycerol significantly (P < 0.01) enhanced enzyme preservation, particularly cathepsin D and the activity on myofibrils, even at a freezing temperature of -20 degrees C.	Sorbitol	21-29	cathepsin D	Bos taurus	114-125
11325026-5	2001	The inhibitory character of isoquercitrin for aldose reductase was a mix of uncompetitive and noncompetitive inhibitions, and its IC50 was 1 x 10(-6) M. In rat sciatic nerve tissue preparations, sorbitol accumulation in the presence of high concentrations of glucose (30 mM) was inhibited by 38% at 5 x 10(-4) M of isoquercitrin.	Sorbitol	195-203	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	46-62
11046056-3	2000	We analyzed the effects of the inflammatory and stress agents, IL-1, TNF-alpha, LPS, sorbitol, and H(2)O(2), on signaling by IL-6 and IL-10, pleiotropic cytokines that activate the Jak-Stat signaling pathway and have both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions.	Sorbitol	85-93	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	125-129
11064216-4	2000	The binary formulations containing the different sugar entities produced differences in the fine (<6.4 microm) particle fraction (FPF) of SS in a decreasing order of mannitol >sorbitol >lactose, but failed to produce efficient dispersion of SS since the FPF was <10%.	Sorbitol	182-190	TNF receptor superfamily member 1A	Homo sapiens	133-136
11064216-7	2000	In conclusion, other sugars such as mannitol or sorbitol, besides lactose, may be employed as coarse and/or fine carriers for incorporation into dry powder aerosol formulations to increase FPF.	Sorbitol	48-56	TNF receptor superfamily member 1A	Homo sapiens	189-192
11078444-5	2000	In contrast, c-jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)/stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) phosphorylation was stimulated only by sorbitol (sevenfold) and not by insulin.	Sorbitol	123-131	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	13-38
11078444-5	2000	In contrast, c-jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)/stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) phosphorylation was stimulated only by sorbitol (sevenfold) and not by insulin.	Sorbitol	123-131	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	40-43
11078444-6	2000	Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was stimulated strongly by sorbitol (22-fold) but weakly by insulin (2.7-fold).	Sorbitol	55-63	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	19-22
11078444-8	2000	JNK and p38 MAPK were activated only significantly by sorbitol.	Sorbitol	54-62	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	0-3
11078444-8	2000	JNK and p38 MAPK were activated only significantly by sorbitol.	Sorbitol	54-62	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	8-11
11078444-11	2000	MKK4 was phosphorylated only in response to sorbitol, and neither of the stimuli caused phosphorylation of MKK3 or 6.	Sorbitol	44-52	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4	Homo sapiens	0-4
11139490-6	2001	pcl1 Delta pcl2 Delta mpk1 Delta, pcl1 Delta pcl2 Delta bck1, and pcl1 Delta pcl2 Delta cln1 Delta cln2 Delta strains are also inviable, but are rescued by osmotic stabilization with 1 m sorbitol.	Sorbitol	187-195	Pcl1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
11108278-7	2000	High levels of D-sorbitol or 2-deoxy-D-glucose (i.e. > or = 35 mM) also stimulated the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, but did not stimulate ANG secretion or gene expression.	Sorbitol	15-25	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	109-117
11132246-9	2000	These results suggest that the augmenting effect of high glucose on IL-1beta-induced PG production and COX-2 expression is, at least in part, due to increased glucose metabolism via sorbitol pathway following PKC activation.	Sorbitol	182-190	interleukin 1 beta	Rattus norvegicus	68-76
11132246-9	2000	These results suggest that the augmenting effect of high glucose on IL-1beta-induced PG production and COX-2 expression is, at least in part, due to increased glucose metabolism via sorbitol pathway following PKC activation.	Sorbitol	182-190	cytochrome c oxidase II, mitochondrial	Rattus norvegicus	103-108
11032718-1	2000	Aldose reductase (AKR1B1) is the first enzyme in the polyol pathway through which glucose is converted to sorbitol, and has been implicated in the etiology of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	106-114	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	0-16
11032718-1	2000	Aldose reductase (AKR1B1) is the first enzyme in the polyol pathway through which glucose is converted to sorbitol, and has been implicated in the etiology of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	106-114	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	18-24
10816593-10	2000	Thus, under these conditions, the activation of MKK6, p38, and MAPKAP-K2 by sorbitol can provide a degree of protection against stress-induced apoptosis.	Sorbitol	76-84	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6	Homo sapiens	48-52
10982349-6	2000	The results were as follows: (i) AIF was translocated to the nucleus in all infected cell cultures and in cells treated with dexamethasone or sorbitol, but cells infected with the wild type-virus showed no evidence of undergoing programmed death.	Sorbitol	142-150	apoptosis inducing factor mitochondria associated 1	Homo sapiens	33-36
10982349-7	2000	(ii) Cytochrome c was released from mitochondria of cells infected with the d120 mutant or exposed to dexamethasone or sorbitol but not from mitochondria in cells treated with sorbitol and infected with the wild-type virus.	Sorbitol	119-127	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	5-17
10982349-8	2000	(iii) Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase was cleaved in mock-infected cells exposed to sorbitol or dexamethasone and in cells infected with the d120 mutant but not in either untreated cells infected with wild-type virus or cells exposed to sorbitol and then infected with wild-type virus.	Sorbitol	80-88	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	6-33
10982349-8	2000	(iii) Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase was cleaved in mock-infected cells exposed to sorbitol or dexamethasone and in cells infected with the d120 mutant but not in either untreated cells infected with wild-type virus or cells exposed to sorbitol and then infected with wild-type virus.	Sorbitol	233-241	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	6-33
10842168-3	2000	Additionally, we have found that the newly identified insulin receptor substrate Gab-1 (Grb2-associated binder-1) is tyrosine-phosphorylated following sorbitol stimulation.	Sorbitol	151-159	GRB2 associated binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	81-86
10842168-3	2000	Additionally, we have found that the newly identified insulin receptor substrate Gab-1 (Grb2-associated binder-1) is tyrosine-phosphorylated following sorbitol stimulation.	Sorbitol	151-159	GRB2 associated binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	88-112
10842168-5	2000	Furthermore, pretreatment with the selective Src family kinase inhibitor PP2 completely inhibited the ability of sorbitol treatment to cause tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab-1.	Sorbitol	113-121	neuropeptide Y receptor Y6 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	73-76
10842168-5	2000	Furthermore, pretreatment with the selective Src family kinase inhibitor PP2 completely inhibited the ability of sorbitol treatment to cause tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab-1.	Sorbitol	113-121	GRB2 associated binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	169-174
10974101-0	2000	Suppression of sorbitol dependence in a strain bearing a mutation in the SRB1/PSA1/VIG9 gene encoding GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase by PDE2 overexpression suggests a role for the Ras/cAMP signal-transduction pathway in the control of yeast cell-wall biogenesis.	Sorbitol	15-23	mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	73-77
10974101-0	2000	Suppression of sorbitol dependence in a strain bearing a mutation in the SRB1/PSA1/VIG9 gene encoding GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase by PDE2 overexpression suggests a role for the Ras/cAMP signal-transduction pathway in the control of yeast cell-wall biogenesis.	Sorbitol	15-23	mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	78-82
10974101-0	2000	Suppression of sorbitol dependence in a strain bearing a mutation in the SRB1/PSA1/VIG9 gene encoding GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase by PDE2 overexpression suggests a role for the Ras/cAMP signal-transduction pathway in the control of yeast cell-wall biogenesis.	Sorbitol	15-23	mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	83-87
10974101-0	2000	Suppression of sorbitol dependence in a strain bearing a mutation in the SRB1/PSA1/VIG9 gene encoding GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase by PDE2 overexpression suggests a role for the Ras/cAMP signal-transduction pathway in the control of yeast cell-wall biogenesis.	Sorbitol	15-23	3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase PDE2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	135-139
10974101-3	2000	Genetic evidence is presented showing that at least one further mutation is required for the sorbitol dependence of srb1(D276).	Sorbitol	93-101	mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	116-120
10974101-4	2000	A previously reported complementing gene, which this study has now identified as PDE2, is a multi-copy suppressor of sorbitol dependence and is not, as was previously suggested, the SRB1 gene.	Sorbitol	117-125	3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase PDE2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	81-85
10842172-2	2000	Treatment of NMuMg mammary epithelial cells with the organic osmolyte, sorbitol, caused the stable accumulation of Sgk transcripts and protein after an approximately 4-h lag.	Sorbitol	71-79	serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1	Mus musculus	115-118
10842172-3	2000	Transient transfection of a series of sgk-CAT reporter plasmids containing either 5" deletions or continuous 6-base pair substitutions identified a hyperosmotic stress-regulated element that is GC-rich and is necessary for the sorbitol stimulation of sgk gene promoter activity.	Sorbitol	227-235	serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1	Mus musculus	38-41
10842172-3	2000	Transient transfection of a series of sgk-CAT reporter plasmids containing either 5" deletions or continuous 6-base pair substitutions identified a hyperosmotic stress-regulated element that is GC-rich and is necessary for the sorbitol stimulation of sgk gene promoter activity.	Sorbitol	227-235	serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1	Mus musculus	251-254
10842172-6	2000	Treatment with pharmacological inhibitors of p38 MAPK or with a dominant negative form of MKK3, an upstream regulator of p38 MAPK, significantly reduced or ablated the sorbitol induction of sgk promoter activity or protein production.	Sorbitol	168-176	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	45-53
10842172-6	2000	Treatment with pharmacological inhibitors of p38 MAPK or with a dominant negative form of MKK3, an upstream regulator of p38 MAPK, significantly reduced or ablated the sorbitol induction of sgk promoter activity or protein production.	Sorbitol	168-176	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3	Mus musculus	90-94
10842172-6	2000	Treatment with pharmacological inhibitors of p38 MAPK or with a dominant negative form of MKK3, an upstream regulator of p38 MAPK, significantly reduced or ablated the sorbitol induction of sgk promoter activity or protein production.	Sorbitol	168-176	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	121-129
10842172-6	2000	Treatment with pharmacological inhibitors of p38 MAPK or with a dominant negative form of MKK3, an upstream regulator of p38 MAPK, significantly reduced or ablated the sorbitol induction of sgk promoter activity or protein production.	Sorbitol	168-176	serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1	Mus musculus	190-193
10842172-7	2000	Using an in vitro peptide transphosphorylation assay, sorbitol treatment activates either endogenous or exogenous Sgk that is localized to the cytoplasmic compartment.	Sorbitol	54-62	serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1	Mus musculus	114-117
10842172-8	2000	Thus, we propose that the stimulated expression of enzymatically active Sgk after sorbitol treatment is a newly defined component of the p38 MAPK-mediated response to hyperosmotic stress.	Sorbitol	82-90	serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1	Mus musculus	72-75
10842172-8	2000	Thus, we propose that the stimulated expression of enzymatically active Sgk after sorbitol treatment is a newly defined component of the p38 MAPK-mediated response to hyperosmotic stress.	Sorbitol	82-90	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	137-140
10816593-7	2000	Initially, exposure of cells to the hyperosmotic stressor, sorbitol, stimulated MKK6, p38, and MAPKAP-K2 and increased phosphorylation of alphaB-crystallin on serine 59.	Sorbitol	59-67	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6	Homo sapiens	80-84
10816593-7	2000	Initially, exposure of cells to the hyperosmotic stressor, sorbitol, stimulated MKK6, p38, and MAPKAP-K2 and increased phosphorylation of alphaB-crystallin on serine 59.	Sorbitol	59-67	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	86-89
10816593-7	2000	Initially, exposure of cells to the hyperosmotic stressor, sorbitol, stimulated MKK6, p38, and MAPKAP-K2 and increased phosphorylation of alphaB-crystallin on serine 59.	Sorbitol	59-67	MAPK activated protein kinase 2	Homo sapiens	95-104
10816593-9	2000	This sorbitol-induced apoptosis was increased when p38 was inhibited in a manner that would block alphaB-crystallin induction and phosphorylation.	Sorbitol	5-13	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	51-54
10816593-10	2000	Thus, under these conditions, the activation of MKK6, p38, and MAPKAP-K2 by sorbitol can provide a degree of protection against stress-induced apoptosis.	Sorbitol	76-84	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	54-57
10816593-10	2000	Thus, under these conditions, the activation of MKK6, p38, and MAPKAP-K2 by sorbitol can provide a degree of protection against stress-induced apoptosis.	Sorbitol	76-84	MAPK activated protein kinase 2	Homo sapiens	63-72
10816593-11	2000	Supporting this view was the finding that sorbitol-induced apoptosis was nearly completely blocked in cells expressing MKK6(Glu).	Sorbitol	42-50	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6	Homo sapiens	119-123
10801814-6	2000	Furthermore, the overexpression of MBIP partially inhibits the activation of JNK by 0.3 m sorbitol in 293T cells.	Sorbitol	90-98	MAP3K12 binding inhibitory protein 1	Homo sapiens	35-39
10801814-6	2000	Furthermore, the overexpression of MBIP partially inhibits the activation of JNK by 0.3 m sorbitol in 293T cells.	Sorbitol	90-98	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	77-80
10923253-19	2000	Aldose reductase inhibitors might reduce sorbitol and fructose production and normalize myo-inositol levels.	Sorbitol	41-49	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
10873673-3	2000	IGF-1 attenuated sorbitol-induced cardiomyocyte viability and nuclear DNA fragmentation.	Sorbitol	17-25	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
10777497-5	2000	Growth of the psr1psr2 mutant is severely inhibited under conditions of sodium but not potassium ion or sorbitol stress.	Sorbitol	104-112	phosphatase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	14-22
10787425-8	2000	The deleterious effects of MEK/ERK expression and high temperature were significantly mitigated by 1 m sorbitol, which also enhanced the filamentous phenotype.	Sorbitol	103-111	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7	Homo sapiens	27-30
10989935-3	2000	Higher concentrations of glucose, 5 mM glucose plus 1 mM fructose, and 5 mM glucose plus 1 mM sorbitol all induced the translocation of glucokinase from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in hepatocytes from these rats.	Sorbitol	94-102	glucokinase	Rattus norvegicus	136-147
10677361-3	2000	There was strong synergism on glucokinase translocation between effects of glucose analogues (glucosamine, 5-thioglucose, mannoheptulose) and sorbitol, a precursor of fructose 1-phosphate.	Sorbitol	142-150	glucokinase	Homo sapiens	30-41
10781688-5	2000	Although K562 cells were very resistant to sorbitol-induced apoptosis, DNA fragmentation was induced rapidly in Jurkat, HL-60 and U937 cells after exposure to sorbitol, despite that these apoptosis-sensitive cells have similar or lower activities of JNK/SAPK and p38 kinase compared with K562 cells after treatment of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	159-167	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	250-253
10781688-5	2000	Although K562 cells were very resistant to sorbitol-induced apoptosis, DNA fragmentation was induced rapidly in Jurkat, HL-60 and U937 cells after exposure to sorbitol, despite that these apoptosis-sensitive cells have similar or lower activities of JNK/SAPK and p38 kinase compared with K562 cells after treatment of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	159-167	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	263-266
10781688-5	2000	Although K562 cells were very resistant to sorbitol-induced apoptosis, DNA fragmentation was induced rapidly in Jurkat, HL-60 and U937 cells after exposure to sorbitol, despite that these apoptosis-sensitive cells have similar or lower activities of JNK/SAPK and p38 kinase compared with K562 cells after treatment of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	159-167	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	250-253
10781688-5	2000	Although K562 cells were very resistant to sorbitol-induced apoptosis, DNA fragmentation was induced rapidly in Jurkat, HL-60 and U937 cells after exposure to sorbitol, despite that these apoptosis-sensitive cells have similar or lower activities of JNK/SAPK and p38 kinase compared with K562 cells after treatment of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	159-167	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	263-266
10928550-2	2000	Counteracting compounds (sorbitol, mannitol or inositol), despite slightly (10-20%) inhibiting the ATPase activity, also protect the F0F1-ATPase against denaturation by urea.	Sorbitol	25-33	dynein axonemal heavy chain 8	Homo sapiens	99-105
10928550-2	2000	Counteracting compounds (sorbitol, mannitol or inositol), despite slightly (10-20%) inhibiting the ATPase activity, also protect the F0F1-ATPase against denaturation by urea.	Sorbitol	25-33	ATP synthase F1 subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens	133-144
10772945-2	2000	The role of IGF-1 in attenuating apoptosis induced by osmotic stress (sorbitol, SOR) or by other known apoptotic stimuli (doxorubicin, angiotensin II, and serum withdrawal) was determined in cultured cardiac myocytes.	Sorbitol	70-78	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	12-17
10772945-4	2000	These effects were maximal after 24 h. IGF-1 partially attenuated apoptosis induced by sorbitol but not that induced by angiotensin II, doxorubicin, or serum withdrawal.	Sorbitol	87-95	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	39-44
10744755-6	2000	Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of GKRP (by up to 2-fold above endogenous levels) increased glucokinase binding and inhibited glucose phosphorylation, glycolysis, and glycogen synthesis over a wide range of concentrations of glucose and sorbitol.	Sorbitol	240-248	glucokinase regulator	Homo sapiens	38-42
10828847-8	2000	Most prominent effects were observed in the former group where plasma glucose values at 60 min together with the area under the curve (AUC) for glucose were significantly lower following GIP (AUC, 874+/-72 mmol/l.min; P<0.01) or Tyr(1)-glucitol GIP (770+/-134 mmol/l.min; P<0.001) as compared with administration of glucose alone (1344+/-136 mmol/l.min).	Sorbitol	239-247	gastric inhibitory polypeptide	Mus musculus	187-190
10828847-9	2000	This was associated with a significantly greater and more protracted insulin response following Tyr(1)-glucitol GIP than GIP (AUC, 491+/-118 vs 180+/-33 ng/ml.min; P<0.05).	Sorbitol	103-111	gastric inhibitory polypeptide	Mus musculus	112-115
10828847-10	2000	Administration of Tyr(1)-glucitol GIP also enhanced the glucose-lowering ability of 50 units/kg insulin (218.4+/-30.2 vs insulin alone 133.9+/-16.2 mmol/l.min; P<0.05).	Sorbitol	25-33	gastric inhibitory polypeptide	Mus musculus	34-37
10828847-11	2000	These data demonstrate that Tyr(1)-glucitol GIP displays resistance to plasma DPP IV degradation in a commonly used animal model of type 2 diabetes, resulting in enhanced antihyperglycaemic activity and insulin-releasing action in vivo.	Sorbitol	35-43	gastric inhibitory polypeptide	Mus musculus	44-47
10828847-11	2000	These data demonstrate that Tyr(1)-glucitol GIP displays resistance to plasma DPP IV degradation in a commonly used animal model of type 2 diabetes, resulting in enhanced antihyperglycaemic activity and insulin-releasing action in vivo.	Sorbitol	35-43	dipeptidylpeptidase 4	Mus musculus	78-84
10781688-7	2000	In HL-60 cells, sorbitol-induced apoptosis was prevented by the treatment of phorbol myristate 13-acetate (PMA), which activates the ERK/MAPK pathway, and this was blocked by PD98059.	Sorbitol	16-24	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	133-136
10781688-7	2000	In HL-60 cells, sorbitol-induced apoptosis was prevented by the treatment of phorbol myristate 13-acetate (PMA), which activates the ERK/MAPK pathway, and this was blocked by PD98059.	Sorbitol	16-24	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	137-141
10733904-4	2000	Sorbitol is produced via the reduction of glucose by aldose reductase (AR), while betaine and myo-inositol are transported into the cells through specific transporters.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	53-69
10733904-4	2000	Sorbitol is produced via the reduction of glucose by aldose reductase (AR), while betaine and myo-inositol are transported into the cells through specific transporters.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	71-73
10679005-6	2000	First, sbe2 sbe22 cells display a sorbitol-remediable lysis defect at 37 degrees C and are hypersensitive to SDS and calcofluor.	Sorbitol	34-42	Sbe2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	7-11
10698502-6	2000	Neither anisomycin nor actinomycin D altered p73-mediated transcriptional activities, whereas sorbitol profoundly inhibited them through a rapid proteasome-dependent degradation of p73.	Sorbitol	94-102	tumor protein p73	Homo sapiens	181-184
10671568-3	2000	Overexpression of a catalytically inactive mutant (SHP-2C/S) of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 in Rat-1 fibroblasts that also express human insulin receptors has now revealed that activation of JNKs by insulin and epidermal growth factor, but not that by anisomycin or sorbitol, requires SHP-2.	Sorbitol	277-285	protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11	Rattus norvegicus	51-56
10671568-3	2000	Overexpression of a catalytically inactive mutant (SHP-2C/S) of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 in Rat-1 fibroblasts that also express human insulin receptors has now revealed that activation of JNKs by insulin and epidermal growth factor, but not that by anisomycin or sorbitol, requires SHP-2.	Sorbitol	277-285	protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens	97-102
10666418-8	2000	Neither agonist affected p38 activity, which was increased with sorbitol.	Sorbitol	64-72	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	25-28
10668857-3	2000	In addition to renal filtration, sorbitol [elimination half-life (t1/2beta) approximately 1h] and glycerol (t1/2beta 0.2 to 1h) are metabolised, mainly by the liver.	Sorbitol	33-41	interleukin 1 receptor like 1	Homo sapiens	66-74
10766308-5	2000	The E5-mediated, sorbitol-dependent increase in ERK1/2 activation is EGF-independent and is only partially inhibited by tyrphostin AG1478, which is known to inhibit specifically EGF receptor activation.	Sorbitol	17-25	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Homo sapiens	48-54
16232909-4	2000	A static culture of sake yeast in hyperosmotic media including 1 M sorbitol or 20% glucose resulted in high acetate production and increased transcription of ALD2/3.	Sorbitol	67-75	aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) ALD2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	158-164
10660069-9	2000	Introduction of slt2delta into the rrd1,2delta background improved the growth of rrd1,2delta on sorbitol-containing medium, indicating that the Rrd proteins also interact with the Slt2p/Mpk1p signaling pathway.	Sorbitol	96-104	peptidylprolyl isomerase RRD1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	35-39
10660069-9	2000	Introduction of slt2delta into the rrd1,2delta background improved the growth of rrd1,2delta on sorbitol-containing medium, indicating that the Rrd proteins also interact with the Slt2p/Mpk1p signaling pathway.	Sorbitol	96-104	peptidylprolyl isomerase RRD1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	81-85
10766308-3	2000	After treatment with 600 mM sorbitol or low concentrations of anisomycin, E5-expressing cells upregulate the activation of ERK1/2.	Sorbitol	28-36	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Homo sapiens	123-129
10607425-1	1999	The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) can be activated in T-cells either by the combination of TCR and CD28 costimulation or by a variety of stress-related stimuli including UV light, H(2)O(2), and hyperosmolar sorbitol solutions.	Sorbitol	207-215	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	4-27
10591149-1	1999	Both sorbitol accumulation-linked osmotic stress and "pseudohypoxia" [increase in NADH/NAD+, similar to that in hypoxic tissues, and attributed to increased sorbitol dehydrogenase (1-iditol:NAD+ 5-oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.14; SDH) activity] have been invoked among the mechanisms underlying oxidative injury in target tissues for diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	5-13	serine dehydratase	Rattus norvegicus	226-229
10622744-0	1999	Evidence for glucose and sorbitol-induced nuclear export of glucokinase regulatory protein in hepatocytes.	Sorbitol	25-33	glucokinase regulator	Homo sapiens	60-90
10567216-12	1999	Both H(2)O(2) and sorbitol increased phosphorylation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) and its intrinsic activity; both responses were blocked by SB 203580.	Sorbitol	18-26	phospholipase A2 group IVA	Homo sapiens	56-93
10590461-10	1999	As for mutants altered in PKC pathway, the accumulation of small-budded dead cells in slg1, rgd1 and mid2 after heat shock was prevented by 1 M sorbitol.	Sorbitol	144-152	Slg1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	86-90
10590461-10	1999	As for mutants altered in PKC pathway, the accumulation of small-budded dead cells in slg1, rgd1 and mid2 after heat shock was prevented by 1 M sorbitol.	Sorbitol	144-152	GTPase-activating protein RGD1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	92-96
10590461-10	1999	As for mutants altered in PKC pathway, the accumulation of small-budded dead cells in slg1, rgd1 and mid2 after heat shock was prevented by 1 M sorbitol.	Sorbitol	144-152	Mid2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	101-105
10567216-7	1999	A high osmolarity solution of sorbitol induced comparatively small activation of SAPK2a and MAPKAP-K2.	Sorbitol	30-38	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	81-87
10567216-7	1999	A high osmolarity solution of sorbitol induced comparatively small activation of SAPK2a and MAPKAP-K2.	Sorbitol	30-38	MAPK activated protein kinase 2	Homo sapiens	92-101
10607425-1	1999	The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) can be activated in T-cells either by the combination of TCR and CD28 costimulation or by a variety of stress-related stimuli including UV light, H(2)O(2), and hyperosmolar sorbitol solutions.	Sorbitol	207-215	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	29-32
10514426-5	1999	Comparison of JNK/p38 activities in response to methyl methanesulfonate, hydrogen peroxide, UVC irradiation, sorbitol, and anisomycin treatment of gadd45(+/+) and gadd45(-/-) fibroblasts revealed no deficiency in JNK/p38 activation in gadd45(-/-) fibroblasts.	Sorbitol	109-117	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	14-17
10514426-5	1999	Comparison of JNK/p38 activities in response to methyl methanesulfonate, hydrogen peroxide, UVC irradiation, sorbitol, and anisomycin treatment of gadd45(+/+) and gadd45(-/-) fibroblasts revealed no deficiency in JNK/p38 activation in gadd45(-/-) fibroblasts.	Sorbitol	109-117	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	18-21
10516137-7	1999	In high AR-expressing cells, prolonged exposure to 20 mM glucose resulted in intracellular taurine depletion, which paralleled sorbitol accumulation and was prevented by ARI.	Sorbitol	127-135	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	8-10
10527909-5	1999	Although transiently overexpressed SEK1 activates p38 in cells, the importance of endogenous SEK1 for the activation of p38 by specific types of stimuli is unclear because some agents, such as sorbitol, can activate p38 in cells derived from SEK1 knockout mice.	Sorbitol	193-201	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	120-123
10527909-5	1999	Although transiently overexpressed SEK1 activates p38 in cells, the importance of endogenous SEK1 for the activation of p38 by specific types of stimuli is unclear because some agents, such as sorbitol, can activate p38 in cells derived from SEK1 knockout mice.	Sorbitol	193-201	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	120-123
10455142-1	1999	While studying the stress regulation of p70/85 S6 kinase (S6K), we observed that anisomycin and UV light stimulated S6K activity, but that sorbitol inactivated S6K.	Sorbitol	139-147	ubiquitin associated and SH3 domain containing B	Homo sapiens	40-43
10559643-11	1999	Fibronectin accumulation was also demonstrated following both apical and basolateral addition of 1 mM sorbitol, but not following the addition of 25 mM galactose to either aspect of the cells.	Sorbitol	102-110	fibronectin 1	Homo sapiens	0-11
10559643-14	1999	The mechanisms of glucose-induced modulation of fibronectin were mediated by polyol pathway activation, and more specifically related to the metabolism of sorbitol to fructose.	Sorbitol	155-163	fibronectin 1	Homo sapiens	48-59
10455142-4	1999	Rapamycin-resistant S6K truncation mutants were similarly resistant to deactivation by sorbitol.	Sorbitol	87-95	ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1	Homo sapiens	20-23
10455142-8	1999	However, calyculin A prevented both rapamycin- and sorbitol-mediated deactivation of S6K.	Sorbitol	51-59	ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1	Homo sapiens	85-88
10455142-1	1999	While studying the stress regulation of p70/85 S6 kinase (S6K), we observed that anisomycin and UV light stimulated S6K activity, but that sorbitol inactivated S6K.	Sorbitol	139-147	ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1	Homo sapiens	47-56
10455142-1	1999	While studying the stress regulation of p70/85 S6 kinase (S6K), we observed that anisomycin and UV light stimulated S6K activity, but that sorbitol inactivated S6K.	Sorbitol	139-147	ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1	Homo sapiens	58-61
10455142-3	1999	Comparison of sorbitol and rapamycin revealed that both agents inactivated S6K and caused dephosphorylation of Ser/Thr-Pro sites in the COOH terminus of S6K, including Thr(412), a residue essential to S6K regulation, as determined by phospho-specific antibodies.	Sorbitol	14-22	ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1	Homo sapiens	75-78
10455142-3	1999	Comparison of sorbitol and rapamycin revealed that both agents inactivated S6K and caused dephosphorylation of Ser/Thr-Pro sites in the COOH terminus of S6K, including Thr(412), a residue essential to S6K regulation, as determined by phospho-specific antibodies.	Sorbitol	14-22	ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1	Homo sapiens	153-156
10455142-3	1999	Comparison of sorbitol and rapamycin revealed that both agents inactivated S6K and caused dephosphorylation of Ser/Thr-Pro sites in the COOH terminus of S6K, including Thr(412), a residue essential to S6K regulation, as determined by phospho-specific antibodies.	Sorbitol	14-22	ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1	Homo sapiens	153-156
10449124-8	1999	CONCLUSIONS: Aldose reductase pathway inhibition improves NCV slowing and small myelinated nerve fiber loss in DPN in humans, but >80% suppression of nerve sorbitol content is required.	Sorbitol	159-167	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	13-29
10428782-7	1999	Sorbitol, H(2)O(2), and arsenite each blocked IkappaBalpha phosphorylation induced by TNF, and SB203580 reversed the inhibitory effects of sorbitol and H(2)O(2), but not arsenite.	Sorbitol	0-8	NFKB inhibitor alpha	Homo sapiens	46-58
10428782-7	1999	Sorbitol, H(2)O(2), and arsenite each blocked IkappaBalpha phosphorylation induced by TNF, and SB203580 reversed the inhibitory effects of sorbitol and H(2)O(2), but not arsenite.	Sorbitol	0-8	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	86-89
10428782-7	1999	Sorbitol, H(2)O(2), and arsenite each blocked IkappaBalpha phosphorylation induced by TNF, and SB203580 reversed the inhibitory effects of sorbitol and H(2)O(2), but not arsenite.	Sorbitol	139-147	NFKB inhibitor alpha	Homo sapiens	46-58
10428782-7	1999	Sorbitol, H(2)O(2), and arsenite each blocked IkappaBalpha phosphorylation induced by TNF, and SB203580 reversed the inhibitory effects of sorbitol and H(2)O(2), but not arsenite.	Sorbitol	139-147	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	86-89
10428782-8	1999	In addition, sorbitol and H(2)O(2) blocked TNF-induced but not interleukin-1-induced IkappaBalpha phosphorylation, whereas arsenite inhibited IkappaBalpha phosphorylation induced by TNF and interleukin-1.	Sorbitol	13-21	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	43-46
10440899-4	1999	SNK-860 (fidarestat), an inhibitor of AR, decreased the sorbitol levels at 10(-6)M, while addition of SDI-158, an inhibitor of sorbitol dehydrogenase, did not affect the level in the cells grown in high glucose.	Sorbitol	56-64	polo-like kinase 2	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
10440899-4	1999	SNK-860 (fidarestat), an inhibitor of AR, decreased the sorbitol levels at 10(-6)M, while addition of SDI-158, an inhibitor of sorbitol dehydrogenase, did not affect the level in the cells grown in high glucose.	Sorbitol	56-64	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	38-40
10440899-5	1999	These observations suggested that sorbitol produced by AR in the isolated Schwann cells may be predominantly excreted.	Sorbitol	34-42	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	55-57
10440899-7	1999	A significant correlation was observed between sorbitol level and AR activity (r = 0.998).	Sorbitol	47-55	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	66-68
10400634-3	1999	Two representative genes are the aldose reductase enzyme (AR, EC 1.1.1.21), which is responsible for the conversion of glucose to sorbitol, and the betaine transporter (BGT1), which mediates Na+-coupled betaine uptake in response to osmotic stress.	Sorbitol	130-138	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	33-49
10400634-3	1999	Two representative genes are the aldose reductase enzyme (AR, EC 1.1.1.21), which is responsible for the conversion of glucose to sorbitol, and the betaine transporter (BGT1), which mediates Na+-coupled betaine uptake in response to osmotic stress.	Sorbitol	130-138	solute carrier family 6 member 12	Homo sapiens	169-173
10347227-9	1999	Anisomycin, sorbitol, or the expression of MEKK3 in HEK293 cells enhanced MAPKAPK2 phosphorylation, whereas MEKK2 was less effective.	Sorbitol	12-20	MAPK activated protein kinase 2	Homo sapiens	74-82
10074175-7	1999	(iv) Although caspase-3 was activated in cells infected with wild-type HSV-1 and exposed to sorbitol, cytochrome c outflow, depolarization of the inner mitochondrial membrane, and DNA fragmentation were blocked.	Sorbitol	92-100	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	14-23
10376815-7	1999	In the most prevalent STEC serogroup, O157, it was observed that the plasmid of sorbitol-fermenting STEC O157:H- lacks the espP and katP genes although both genes are present in the plasmid of the non-sorbitol-fermenting STEC O157:H7.	Sorbitol	80-88	extracellular serine protease (autotransporter)	Escherichia coli	123-127
10102692-12	1999	These data demonstrate that Tyr1-glucitol GIP displays resistance to plasma DPP IV degradation and exhibits enhanced antihyperglycemic activity and insulin-releasing action in vivo.	Sorbitol	33-41	gastric inhibitory polypeptide	Homo sapiens	42-45
10102692-12	1999	These data demonstrate that Tyr1-glucitol GIP displays resistance to plasma DPP IV degradation and exhibits enhanced antihyperglycemic activity and insulin-releasing action in vivo.	Sorbitol	33-41	dipeptidyl peptidase 4	Homo sapiens	76-82
10102692-12	1999	These data demonstrate that Tyr1-glucitol GIP displays resistance to plasma DPP IV degradation and exhibits enhanced antihyperglycemic activity and insulin-releasing action in vivo.	Sorbitol	33-41	insulin	Homo sapiens	148-155
10354269-7	1999	In accord with these observations, no SAPK activity was detected in lysates from mesangial cells or whole glomeruli from normal rats, although mesangial cell SAPK activity was readily induced in vitro by sorbitol.	Sorbitol	204-212	mitogen-activated protein kinase 9	Rattus norvegicus	158-162
10207058-9	1999	Similarly, the presence of a membrane stabilizer (sorbitol) or the loss of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PLC1) protects Ume3p from oxidative-stress-induced degradation.	Sorbitol	50-58	cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase regulator SSN8	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	137-142
10082138-4	1999	Activation of JNK or p38 MAPK by NaSal (or aspirin) was not due to a nonspecific hyperosmotic effect because much higher molar concentrations of sorbitol or NaCl were required to produce a similar activation.	Sorbitol	145-153	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	14-17
10082138-4	1999	Activation of JNK or p38 MAPK by NaSal (or aspirin) was not due to a nonspecific hyperosmotic effect because much higher molar concentrations of sorbitol or NaCl were required to produce a similar activation.	Sorbitol	145-153	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	21-24
10051678-4	1999	Cellular accumulation of compatible osmolytes in the renal medulla is catalyzed by the sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter (SMIT), the sodium/chloride/betaine cotransporter, and aldose reductase (synthesis of sorbitol).	Sorbitol	207-215	solute carrier family 5 member 3	Homo sapiens	87-120
10234786-11	1999	A triple mutant, delta dhh1 ssd1-d delta elm1, apparently had very fragile cell walls and could grow only in a medium supplemented with 1 M sorbitol.	Sorbitol	140-148	DExD/H-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHH1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	23-27
10234786-11	1999	A triple mutant, delta dhh1 ssd1-d delta elm1, apparently had very fragile cell walls and could grow only in a medium supplemented with 1 M sorbitol.	Sorbitol	140-148	mRNA-binding translational repressor SSD1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	28-32
10220113-2	1999	In the present study, we show that interleukin 1beta (IL1beta), H2O2, and sorbitol-induced hyperosmolarity mediate a 5- to 10-fold increase in phosphorylation (activation) of the p38 protein kinase in rat primary glial cells as measured by analyses of Western blots using an antibody directed against the dually phosphorylated (active) p38.	Sorbitol	74-82	interleukin 1 beta	Rattus norvegicus	35-52
10220113-2	1999	In the present study, we show that interleukin 1beta (IL1beta), H2O2, and sorbitol-induced hyperosmolarity mediate a 5- to 10-fold increase in phosphorylation (activation) of the p38 protein kinase in rat primary glial cells as measured by analyses of Western blots using an antibody directed against the dually phosphorylated (active) p38.	Sorbitol	74-82	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	179-182
10220113-2	1999	In the present study, we show that interleukin 1beta (IL1beta), H2O2, and sorbitol-induced hyperosmolarity mediate a 5- to 10-fold increase in phosphorylation (activation) of the p38 protein kinase in rat primary glial cells as measured by analyses of Western blots using an antibody directed against the dually phosphorylated (active) p38.	Sorbitol	74-82	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	336-339
10220113-6	1999	Pretreatment of cells with either PBN or NAC at 1.0 mM suppressed IL1beta H2O2, and sorbitol-mediated activation of p38 and significantly increased phosphatase activity.	Sorbitol	84-92	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	116-119
10051678-4	1999	Cellular accumulation of compatible osmolytes in the renal medulla is catalyzed by the sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter (SMIT), the sodium/chloride/betaine cotransporter, and aldose reductase (synthesis of sorbitol).	Sorbitol	207-215	solute carrier family 5 member 3	Homo sapiens	122-126
10051678-4	1999	Cellular accumulation of compatible osmolytes in the renal medulla is catalyzed by the sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter (SMIT), the sodium/chloride/betaine cotransporter, and aldose reductase (synthesis of sorbitol).	Sorbitol	207-215	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	149-192
10068486-6	1999	These observations linking iris vessel changes with galactose-feeding, coupled with the fact that aldose reductase inhibitors also prevent these changes, strongly suggest a link between the sorbitol pathway and the appearance and progression of iris vessel changes.	Sorbitol	190-198	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	98-114
10069994-3	1999	In mammals, the cells of the renal medulla are uniquely exposed to high and variable salt concentrations; in response, renal cells accumulate the osmolyte sorbitol through increased transcription of the aldose reductase (AR) gene.	Sorbitol	155-163	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	203-219
10069994-3	1999	In mammals, the cells of the renal medulla are uniquely exposed to high and variable salt concentrations; in response, renal cells accumulate the osmolyte sorbitol through increased transcription of the aldose reductase (AR) gene.	Sorbitol	155-163	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	221-223
10221768-3	1999	The cellular stress agents sodium arsenite and hyperosmotic sorbitol significantly stimulated p38 MAPK activity, as did the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor sodium pervanadate and the serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid.	Sorbitol	60-68	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	94-97
10199583-2	1999	Incubation of erythrocytes with increasing concentrations of glucose (5-40 mM) progressively increased erythrocyte sorbitol contents, reflecting increased flux through aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	115-123	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	168-184
9890881-2	1999	Due to its ability to catalyze the formation of sorbitol from glucose during hyperglycemic and hypertonic stress, the aldose-reducing property of AR has been accepted as its main physiological and pathological function.	Sorbitol	48-56	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	146-148
10229296-6	1999	Both AR inhibitors reduced the sorbitol content in neutrophils exposed to 40 mmol/l glucose medium.	Sorbitol	31-39	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	5-7
10199583-6	1999	Hemolysates reduced glucose to sorbitol in a dose-dependent manner that was inhibited with a Ki of 120 microM by the aldose reductase inhibitor tetramethylene glutaric acid.	Sorbitol	31-39	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	117-133
10229296-0	1999	Effect of aldose reductase inhibitors on glucose-induced changes in sorbitol and myo-inositol metabolism in human neutrophils.	Sorbitol	68-76	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	10-26
9727040-3	1998	CCK and osmotic stress induced by sorbitol activated p38 MAP kinase within minutes; their effects were dose-dependent, with maximal activation of 2.8- and 4.4-fold, respectively.	Sorbitol	34-42	cholecystokinin	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
9792547-3	1998	We reported previously, using skin chambers mounted on backs of SD rats, that neutralizing antibodies directed against VEGF blocked vascular permeability and blood flow changes induced by elevated tissue glucose and sorbitol levels in a dosage-dependent manner.	Sorbitol	216-224	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	119-123
9792547-4	1998	We report in this study, using the same skin chamber model and neutralizing antibodies directed against basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), that another member of the heparin-binding growth factor family also mediates glucose- and sorbitol-induced vascular permeability and blood flow increases.	Sorbitol	235-243	fibroblast growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	104-134
9792547-4	1998	We report in this study, using the same skin chamber model and neutralizing antibodies directed against basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), that another member of the heparin-binding growth factor family also mediates glucose- and sorbitol-induced vascular permeability and blood flow increases.	Sorbitol	235-243	fibroblast growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	136-141
9824308-1	1998	In seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana the thionin gene Thi2.1 is inducible by methyl jasmonate, wounding, silver nitrate, coronatine, and sorbitol.	Sorbitol	137-145	thionin 2.1	Arabidopsis thaliana	54-60
9872926-5	1999	AR reduction of glucose to sorbitol probably contributes to oxidative stress by depleting its cofactor NADPH, which is also required for the regeneration of GSH.	Sorbitol	27-35	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	0-2
9872926-6	1999	Sorbitol dehydrogenase, the second enzyme in the polyol pathway that converts sorbitol to fructose, also contributes to oxidative stress, most likely because depletion of its cofactor NAD+ leads to more glucose being channeled through the polyol pathway.	Sorbitol	78-86	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	0-22
10209867-1	1998	The carbohydrate specificity of the two enzymes that catalyze the metabolic interconversions in the sorbitol pathway, aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase, has been examined through the use of fluoro- and deoxy-substrate analogs.	Sorbitol	100-108	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	118-134
10209867-1	1998	The carbohydrate specificity of the two enzymes that catalyze the metabolic interconversions in the sorbitol pathway, aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase, has been examined through the use of fluoro- and deoxy-substrate analogs.	Sorbitol	100-108	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	139-161
9856779-8	1998	The affinity (Km) of AR for 3-FG is approximately 20-fold better than that for D-glucose, whereas the Km of SDH for 3-FS was fourfold less than for D-sorbitol.	Sorbitol	148-158	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	21-23
9856779-8	1998	The affinity (Km) of AR for 3-FG is approximately 20-fold better than that for D-glucose, whereas the Km of SDH for 3-FS was fourfold less than for D-sorbitol.	Sorbitol	148-158	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Canis lupus familiaris	108-111
9862641-4	1998	In the current studies we have examined the effect of the sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDI) CP-166,572, which interrupts the conversion of sorbitol to fructose (and reactions dependent on the second step of the polyol pathway) resulting in markedly increased levels of sorbitol in peripheral nerve.	Sorbitol	144-152	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	58-80
9806907-1	1998	Protein kinase B (PKB) isoforms became activated [and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) became inhibited] when mouse Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts were exposed to oxidative stress (H2O2) or heat shock, but not when they were exposed to osmotic shock (0.5 M sorbitol or 0.	Sorbitol	249-257	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 2	Mus musculus	0-16
9806907-1	1998	Protein kinase B (PKB) isoforms became activated [and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) became inhibited] when mouse Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts were exposed to oxidative stress (H2O2) or heat shock, but not when they were exposed to osmotic shock (0.5 M sorbitol or 0.	Sorbitol	249-257	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 2	Mus musculus	18-21
19003420-4	1998	The use of E1B-19K significantly enhanced cell survival in the presence of osmolytes (sorbitol, NaCl), DNA synthesis inhibitors (hydroxyurea, excess thymidine), and the cell culture additive OptiMAbtrade mark.	Sorbitol	86-94	small nucleolar RNA, H/ACA box 73a	Mus musculus	11-14
19003420-8	1998	For both control and E1B-19K cells, incubation with sorbitol or hydroxyurea was detrimental for MAb secretion, while addition of NaCl, excess thymidine and OptiMAbtrade mark resulted in an increased specific MAb productivity as compared to the batch culture.	Sorbitol	52-60	small nucleolar RNA, H/ACA box 73a	Mus musculus	21-24
10599142-7	1998	The picamilon and aldose reductase inhibitors administration to diabetic rats is accompanied by the partial reduction of brain sorbitol level.	Sorbitol	127-135	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	18-34
9755098-6	1998	Sorbitol and ultraviolet C radiation, but not TPA or ATP, were also found to activate both p38 and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase.	Sorbitol	0-8	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	91-94
9716718-4	1998	The enzymes aldose reductase (which mediates the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (which converts sorbitol into fructose) were expressed not only in macula densa cells but also in the surrounding tubular cells, and the expression was insensitive to furosemide.	Sorbitol	74-82	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	12-28
9727040-5	1998	Both CCK and sorbitol also increased the tyrosyl phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase.	Sorbitol	13-21	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	68-71
9727040-7	1998	SB 203580 reduced the level of basal phosphorylation and blocked the increased phosphorylation of Hsp 27 after stimulation with either CCK or sorbitol.	Sorbitol	142-150	heat shock protein family B (small) member 1	Rattus norvegicus	98-104
9727040-3	1998	CCK and osmotic stress induced by sorbitol activated p38 MAP kinase within minutes; their effects were dose-dependent, with maximal activation of 2.8- and 4.4-fold, respectively.	Sorbitol	34-42	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	53-56
9604875-6	1998	This finding suggested that C57BL/LiA mouse strain is a valid model for studying the role in diabetic neuropathy of the polyol pathway, which consists of two enzymes-aldose reductase for converting glucose to sorbitol and SDH for converting sorbitol to fructose.	Sorbitol	209-217	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	166-182
9677404-6	1998	Overexpression of Munc18c in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer resulted in inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose transport in a virus dose-dependent manner (maximal effect, approximately 50%) as well as in inhibition of sorbitol-induced glucose transport (by approximately 35%), which is mediated by a pathway different from that used by insulin.	Sorbitol	244-252	syntaxin binding protein 3	Mus musculus	18-25
9686698-7	1998	Both aldose reductase inhibitors reduced sorbitol pathway intermediates in a dose-related manner.	Sorbitol	41-49	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	5-21
9678260-1	1998	The aldose reductase enzyme, involved in the sorbitol pathway which is an important mechanism in regulation of mammalian glucose metabolism, has been known to play a significant role in the initiation of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	45-53	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	4-20
9614624-6	1998	The aldose reductase content in erythrocytes was well correlated with its activity, and there was a significant correlation between the enzyme content and the erythrocyte sorbitol (r = 0.58, P < 0.001) or fructose (r = 0.57, P < 0.001) levels as well as between the enzyme level and the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio (r = 0.38, P < 0.05).	Sorbitol	171-179	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	4-20
9571366-0	1998	Changes in erythrocyte sorbitol concentrations measured using an improved assay system in patients with diabetic complications and treated with aldose reductase inhibitor.	Sorbitol	23-31	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	144-160
9695123-3	1998	In both normal and diabetic rats, the aldose reductase inhibitors suppressed glucose-stimulated sorbitol output, but failed to affect the metabolism of D-[5(-3H]glucose or D-[U-14C]glucose and the secretory response to the hexose.	Sorbitol	96-104	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	38-54
9545260-7	1998	However other stresses such as heat shock, sorbitol, and H2O2, which also stimulate p38 MAP kinase and increase Mnk1 activity, do not increase phosphorylation of eIF4E.	Sorbitol	43-51	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	84-87
9545260-7	1998	However other stresses such as heat shock, sorbitol, and H2O2, which also stimulate p38 MAP kinase and increase Mnk1 activity, do not increase phosphorylation of eIF4E.	Sorbitol	43-51	MAPK interacting serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	112-116
9568904-7	1998	The results in sorbitol solutions, for example, suggested that the preferential hydration effect of the co-solvent stabilizes the MG conformer of cyt c.	Sorbitol	15-23	cytochrome c, somatic	Equus caballus	146-151
9560389-7	1998	An inp51 inp52 inp53 triple mutant is inviable on standard medium, but can grow weakly on media supplemented with an osmotic stabilizer (1 M sorbitol).	Sorbitol	141-149	phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase INP51	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	3-8
9560389-7	1998	An inp51 inp52 inp53 triple mutant is inviable on standard medium, but can grow weakly on media supplemented with an osmotic stabilizer (1 M sorbitol).	Sorbitol	141-149	phosphatidylinositol-3-/phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase INP52	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	9-14
9560389-7	1998	An inp51 inp52 inp53 triple mutant is inviable on standard medium, but can grow weakly on media supplemented with an osmotic stabilizer (1 M sorbitol).	Sorbitol	141-149	phosphatidylinositol-3-/phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase INP53	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	15-20
9613578-8	1998	Finally, functional association between Cdc14 and Dbf2 (and also Cdc15) was confirmed by the finding that the cdc14, dbf2 and cdc15 mutations could be partially rescued by the addition of 1.2 M sorbitol to the culture medium.	Sorbitol	194-202	phosphoprotein phosphatase CDC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	40-45
9613578-8	1998	Finally, functional association between Cdc14 and Dbf2 (and also Cdc15) was confirmed by the finding that the cdc14, dbf2 and cdc15 mutations could be partially rescued by the addition of 1.2 M sorbitol to the culture medium.	Sorbitol	194-202	serine/threonine-protein kinase DBF2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	50-54
9613578-8	1998	Finally, functional association between Cdc14 and Dbf2 (and also Cdc15) was confirmed by the finding that the cdc14, dbf2 and cdc15 mutations could be partially rescued by the addition of 1.2 M sorbitol to the culture medium.	Sorbitol	194-202	serine/threonine protein kinase CDC15	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	65-70
9613578-8	1998	Finally, functional association between Cdc14 and Dbf2 (and also Cdc15) was confirmed by the finding that the cdc14, dbf2 and cdc15 mutations could be partially rescued by the addition of 1.2 M sorbitol to the culture medium.	Sorbitol	194-202	phosphoprotein phosphatase CDC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	110-115
9613578-8	1998	Finally, functional association between Cdc14 and Dbf2 (and also Cdc15) was confirmed by the finding that the cdc14, dbf2 and cdc15 mutations could be partially rescued by the addition of 1.2 M sorbitol to the culture medium.	Sorbitol	194-202	serine/threonine-protein kinase DBF2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	117-121
9613578-8	1998	Finally, functional association between Cdc14 and Dbf2 (and also Cdc15) was confirmed by the finding that the cdc14, dbf2 and cdc15 mutations could be partially rescued by the addition of 1.2 M sorbitol to the culture medium.	Sorbitol	194-202	serine/threonine protein kinase CDC15	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	126-131
9403062-1	1997	Sorbitol dehydrogenase (Sord) catalyzes the interconversion of sorbitol and fructose and is functionally important both in the metabolism of dietary sorbitol and as a source of fructose in semen.	Sorbitol	63-71	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	0-22
9949255-2	1998	Very little information is available concerning the expression of the enzymes of sorbitol metabolism (aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH)) on the RNA level under different osmotic conditions.	Sorbitol	81-89	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	102-118
9949255-2	1998	Very little information is available concerning the expression of the enzymes of sorbitol metabolism (aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH)) on the RNA level under different osmotic conditions.	Sorbitol	81-89	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	120-122
9949255-2	1998	Very little information is available concerning the expression of the enzymes of sorbitol metabolism (aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH)) on the RNA level under different osmotic conditions.	Sorbitol	81-89	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	128-150
9949255-2	1998	Very little information is available concerning the expression of the enzymes of sorbitol metabolism (aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH)) on the RNA level under different osmotic conditions.	Sorbitol	81-89	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	152-155
10959252-1	1998	Increased activation of the first half of the polyol pathway, the conversion of glucose to sorbitol by aldose reductase, has been implicated in aldose reductase inhibitor-preventable neurochemical changes that may contribute to the aetiology of diabetic neuropathy.	Sorbitol	91-99	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	103-119
10959252-1	1998	Increased activation of the first half of the polyol pathway, the conversion of glucose to sorbitol by aldose reductase, has been implicated in aldose reductase inhibitor-preventable neurochemical changes that may contribute to the aetiology of diabetic neuropathy.	Sorbitol	91-99	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	144-160
9435695-3	1997	The present study tests this hypothesis by determining the effects of urea and methylamines, singly and in combination, on the activity of aldose reductase, an enzyme that is important in renal medullas for catalyzing production of sorbitol from glucose.	Sorbitol	232-240	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	139-155
9392864-1	1997	Using 13C-NMR analysis of cell extracts, enzymatic determination of metabolites and cofactors as well as enzyme assays on cell homogenates aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis, sorbitol formation by aldose reductase, the pentose phosphate shunt, and gluconeogenesis could be identified as the major pathways of D-glucose metabolism in renal inner medullary collecting ducts.	Sorbitol	173-181	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	195-211
9539155-2	1998	Sorbitol induced apoptosis, activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family and stimulated accumulation of cytosolic cytochrome c and procaspase-3 cleavage.	Sorbitol	0-8	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	130-142
9539155-2	1998	Sorbitol induced apoptosis, activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family and stimulated accumulation of cytosolic cytochrome c and procaspase-3 cleavage.	Sorbitol	0-8	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	147-159
9583077-1	1998	Aldose reductase (AR), an enzyme in the polyol pathway, catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	94-102	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
9583077-1	1998	Aldose reductase (AR), an enzyme in the polyol pathway, catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	94-102	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	18-20
9518868-1	1998	This study investigates the effects of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glycated GIP (glucitol adduct of GIP) on glucose uptake and metabolism in muscle.	Sorbitol	94-102	gastric inhibitory polypeptide	Mus musculus	89-92
9518868-1	1998	This study investigates the effects of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glycated GIP (glucitol adduct of GIP) on glucose uptake and metabolism in muscle.	Sorbitol	94-102	gastric inhibitory polypeptide	Mus musculus	89-92
9547715-7	1998	Sorbitol (0.55-1.1 M) and sucrose (0.55 M) each shifted the denaturation transition temperatures of RNase A to higher values, whereas PEG 400 and MPD had minimal effect on the unfolding transition midpoint at the concentrations evaluated (0.55 M for each).	Sorbitol	0-8	ribonuclease A family member 1, pancreatic	Homo sapiens	100-107
9762360-4	1998	An increase in extracellular glucose concentration, within the range occurring in the portal vein in the absorptive state, or low concentrations of fructose or sorbitol (precursors of fructose 1-phosphate), cause the translocation of glucokinase from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and this is associated with a corresponding increase in glucose phosphorylation.	Sorbitol	160-168	glucokinase	Homo sapiens	234-245
9368070-1	1997	Phosphorylation of alphaB-crystallin, a member of the hsp27 family, in human glioma (U373 MG) cells was stimulated by exposure of the cells to various stimuli, which included heat, arsenite, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), okadaic acid, H2O2, anisomycin, and high concentrations of NaCl or sorbitol, but not in response to agents that elevated intracellular levels of cyclic AMP.	Sorbitol	297-305	crystallin, alpha B	Rattus norvegicus	19-36
9403062-1	1997	Sorbitol dehydrogenase (Sord) catalyzes the interconversion of sorbitol and fructose and is functionally important both in the metabolism of dietary sorbitol and as a source of fructose in semen.	Sorbitol	63-71	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	24-28
9403062-1	1997	Sorbitol dehydrogenase (Sord) catalyzes the interconversion of sorbitol and fructose and is functionally important both in the metabolism of dietary sorbitol and as a source of fructose in semen.	Sorbitol	149-157	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	0-22
9403062-1	1997	Sorbitol dehydrogenase (Sord) catalyzes the interconversion of sorbitol and fructose and is functionally important both in the metabolism of dietary sorbitol and as a source of fructose in semen.	Sorbitol	149-157	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	24-28
15989571-5	1997	Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been linked to increased metabolism of glucose via the sorbitol pathway, to nonenzymatic glycation, and to increased PKC activity, and appears to modulate the hyperpermeability and hyperproliferative responses of diabetes.	Sorbitol	125-133	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	24-58
15989571-5	1997	Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been linked to increased metabolism of glucose via the sorbitol pathway, to nonenzymatic glycation, and to increased PKC activity, and appears to modulate the hyperpermeability and hyperproliferative responses of diabetes.	Sorbitol	125-133	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	60-64
9413431-5	1997	In medium containing sorbitol as an osmotic stabilizer, the enb1 mpk1 ttp1 triple mutant exhibits a more severe growth defect than does any of the double mutants enb1 ttp1, enb1 mpk1 or mpk1 ttp1.	Sorbitol	21-29	Enb1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	60-74
9413431-5	1997	In medium containing sorbitol as an osmotic stabilizer, the enb1 mpk1 ttp1 triple mutant exhibits a more severe growth defect than does any of the double mutants enb1 ttp1, enb1 mpk1 or mpk1 ttp1.	Sorbitol	21-29	Enb1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	60-64
9413431-5	1997	In medium containing sorbitol as an osmotic stabilizer, the enb1 mpk1 ttp1 triple mutant exhibits a more severe growth defect than does any of the double mutants enb1 ttp1, enb1 mpk1 or mpk1 ttp1.	Sorbitol	21-29	alpha-1,2-mannosyltransferase MNN2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	70-74
9413431-5	1997	In medium containing sorbitol as an osmotic stabilizer, the enb1 mpk1 ttp1 triple mutant exhibits a more severe growth defect than does any of the double mutants enb1 ttp1, enb1 mpk1 or mpk1 ttp1.	Sorbitol	21-29	mitogen-activated serine/threonine-protein kinase SLT2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	65-69
9413431-5	1997	In medium containing sorbitol as an osmotic stabilizer, the enb1 mpk1 ttp1 triple mutant exhibits a more severe growth defect than does any of the double mutants enb1 ttp1, enb1 mpk1 or mpk1 ttp1.	Sorbitol	21-29	mitogen-activated serine/threonine-protein kinase SLT2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	178-182
9359399-2	1997	We have demonstrated previously that an exposure of mammalian cells to hypo-osmotic stress, either in growth medium (30% growth medium and 70% water) or in binary solution containing sorbitol and water, prominently induced the DNA-binding activity of the heat-shock transcription factor (HSF1) [Huang, Caruccio, Liu and Chen (1995) Biochem.	Sorbitol	183-191	heat shock transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens	288-292
9346907-4	1997	In a strain background in which stt4 mutants are rescued by osmotic support with sorbitol, the toxic effects of wortmannin are similarly prevented by sorbitol.	Sorbitol	81-89	1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase STT4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-36
9359399-6	1997	In this study we have examined the HSF DNA-binding activity in HeLa cells maintained in the sorbitol/water binary solution over a wide concentration range (0.1-0.9 M) and in Dulbecco"s medium supplemented with sorbitol or NaCl.	Sorbitol	92-100	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	35-38
9359399-6	1997	In this study we have examined the HSF DNA-binding activity in HeLa cells maintained in the sorbitol/water binary solution over a wide concentration range (0.1-0.9 M) and in Dulbecco"s medium supplemented with sorbitol or NaCl.	Sorbitol	210-218	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	35-38
9413170-3	1997	On the other hand, it is well-known that sorbitol, a metabolite of glucose mediated by aldose reductase, reduces Na+, K(+)-ATPase in diabetic neuropathy.	Sorbitol	41-49	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	87-103
9361380-4	1997	The taxonomic relevance of ornithine decarboxylase and fermentation of L-arabinose, D-sorbitol and glucosides for taxonomic delineation within the (P.) haemolytica-complex was supported.	Sorbitol	84-94	ornithine decarboxylase	Bos taurus	27-50
9315717-5	1997	When cultures were exposed to 0.8 M NaCl or 1.5 M sorbitol the cif1 strain showed greatly reduced transcription of osmotically induced genes compared to the wild type.	Sorbitol	50-58	alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) TPS1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	63-67
9315717-8	1997	Treatment with 0.6 M sorbitol induced small but reproducible differences, with gene expression higher in the CIF1 strain compared to the cif1 mutant.	Sorbitol	21-29	alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) TPS1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	109-113
9315717-8	1997	Treatment with 0.6 M sorbitol induced small but reproducible differences, with gene expression higher in the CIF1 strain compared to the cif1 mutant.	Sorbitol	21-29	alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) TPS1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	137-141
9315717-9	1997	When cultures were treated with 0.3 M NaCl or 0.6 M sorbitol for 1 h, glycerol production was similar for both strains, but after 3 h of the same treatment, total glycerol production was higher in the CIF1 strain.	Sorbitol	52-60	alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) TPS1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	201-205
9148932-5	1997	Sorbitol synthesis is catalyzed by aldose reductase (AR).	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	35-51
9286667-7	1997	The cdc24-4ls mutant, like delta vma5::LEU2 and csl3 mutants, was sensitive to high levels of Ca2+ as well as Na+ in the growth media, which did not appear to be a result of a fragile cell wall because the phenotypes were not remedied by 1 M sorbitol.	Sorbitol	242-250	Rho family guanine nucleotide exchange factor CDC24	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-9
9280070-4	1997	Although GH and hyperosmolarity attributable to 300 mM sorbitol each promoted glucose uptake and translocation of glucose transporter (GLUT)4 to an extent comparable to that of insulin, these stimuli triggered little or no association of PI 3-kinase activity with tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins.	Sorbitol	55-63	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Homo sapiens	114-141
9376178-8	1997	Mannose (20 mM), a substrate of GK, and sorbitol (1 mM), a stimulator of glucose phosphorylation by GK, induced the translocation of GK from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in the presence of 5 mM glucose.	Sorbitol	40-48	glucokinase	Rattus norvegicus	100-102
9376178-8	1997	Mannose (20 mM), a substrate of GK, and sorbitol (1 mM), a stimulator of glucose phosphorylation by GK, induced the translocation of GK from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in the presence of 5 mM glucose.	Sorbitol	40-48	glucokinase	Rattus norvegicus	100-102
9249589-7	1997	The relationship between overexpression of GLUT-5 in GMC and accumulation of sorbitol and advanced glycosylation end products are discussed.	Sorbitol	77-85	solute carrier family 2 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	43-49
9195951-1	1997	Aldose reductase (AR) has been implicated in osmoregulation in the kidney because it reduces glucose to sorbitol, which can serve as an osmolite.	Sorbitol	104-112	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
9195951-1	1997	Aldose reductase (AR) has been implicated in osmoregulation in the kidney because it reduces glucose to sorbitol, which can serve as an osmolite.	Sorbitol	104-112	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	18-20
9232031-5	1997	Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to examine interactions between lysozyme and sorbitol.	Sorbitol	110-118	lysozyme	Homo sapiens	97-105
9232031-10	1997	Comparison to NMR-spectra of lysozyme with a bound inhibitor (tri-N-acetyl-glucosamine) shows that the interaction with sorbitol affects spatially disparate regions of the protein.	Sorbitol	120-128	lysozyme	Homo sapiens	29-37
9298844-3	1997	The first metabolic step for all sugars, including fructose being generated by enzymatic oxidation of sorbitol, is phosphorylation by hexokinase.	Sorbitol	102-110	hexokinase 1	Homo sapiens	134-144
9271087-14	1997	It is concluded that resorcinol inhibits glycolysis at elevated glucose concentration or when stimulated by sorbitol through increased glucokinase binding.	Sorbitol	108-116	glucokinase	Homo sapiens	135-146
9172386-4	1997	Myo-inositol, betaine and taurine are accumulated by increased activity of specific sodium-coupled transporters, sorbitol by increased synthesis of aldose reductase that catalyses the synthesis of sorbitol from glucose.	Sorbitol	113-121	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	148-164
9172386-4	1997	Myo-inositol, betaine and taurine are accumulated by increased activity of specific sodium-coupled transporters, sorbitol by increased synthesis of aldose reductase that catalyses the synthesis of sorbitol from glucose.	Sorbitol	197-205	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	148-164
9232031-0	1997	Towards a molecular level understanding of protein stabilization: the interaction between lysozyme and sorbitol.	Sorbitol	103-111	lysozyme	Homo sapiens	90-98
9232031-2	1997	It is addressing the interactions of sorbitol, a polyol commonly used as a protein stabilizing agent, with hen egg white lysozyme, a well studied protein.	Sorbitol	37-45	lysozyme	Homo sapiens	121-129
9232031-3	1997	Differential scanning calorimetry shows an increase in denaturation temperature of lysozyme upon addition of sorbitol at a concentration of 250 mM and above.	Sorbitol	109-117	lysozyme	Homo sapiens	83-91
9232031-4	1997	Increasing sorbitol concentration also caused an increase in signal intensity of the CD spectrum of lysozyme in the wavelength region of 280-300 nm.	Sorbitol	11-19	lysozyme	Homo sapiens	100-108
9148932-4	1997	In the present study we asked whether p38 or SAPK/JNK signal synthesis of the osmoprotectant sorbitol in rabbit renal medullary cells (PAP-HT25), analogous to the glycerol system in yeast.	Sorbitol	93-101	mitogen-activated protein kinase 9	Homo sapiens	45-49
9148932-4	1997	In the present study we asked whether p38 or SAPK/JNK signal synthesis of the osmoprotectant sorbitol in rabbit renal medullary cells (PAP-HT25), analogous to the glycerol system in yeast.	Sorbitol	93-101	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	50-53
21245219-7	1997	Furthermore, lowering of extracellular K(+) concentration, by replacement with osmotically equivalent sorbitol, significantly retards the opening of Akt1 channels; that is, the gating kinetics for Akt1 are clearly influenced by the concentration of permeant ions.	Sorbitol	102-110	K+ transporter 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	149-153
9151791-1	1997	The purpose of these experiments was to investigate a potential role for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in mediating vascular dysfunction induced by increased glucose flux via the sorbitol pathway.	Sorbitol	191-199	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	73-107
9151791-1	1997	The purpose of these experiments was to investigate a potential role for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in mediating vascular dysfunction induced by increased glucose flux via the sorbitol pathway.	Sorbitol	191-199	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	109-113
9151791-3	1997	Albumin permeation and blood flow were increased two- to three-fold by 30 mM glucose and 1 mM sorbitol; these increases were prevented by coadministration of neutralizing VEGF antibodies.	Sorbitol	94-102	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	171-175
9151791-7	1997	These observations suggest a potentially important role for VEGF in mediating vascular dysfunction induced by "hypoxia-like" cytosolic metabolic imbalances (reductive stress, increased superoxide, and nitric oxide production) linked to increased flux of glucose via the sorbitol pathway.	Sorbitol	270-278	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	60-64
9505366-5	1997	Administration of aldose reductase inhibitors to diabetic rats is accompanied by partial reduction of sorbitol level in sciatic nerve.	Sorbitol	102-110	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	18-34
21245219-7	1997	Furthermore, lowering of extracellular K(+) concentration, by replacement with osmotically equivalent sorbitol, significantly retards the opening of Akt1 channels; that is, the gating kinetics for Akt1 are clearly influenced by the concentration of permeant ions.	Sorbitol	102-110	K+ transporter 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	197-201
9000706-1	1997	Recent studies suggest that the gene encoding aldose reductase (ALR2), the enzyme that converts glucose to sorbitol, may confer susceptibility to microvascular disease.	Sorbitol	107-115	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	46-62
9118444-3	1997	Accumulation of intracellular sorbitol, the product of glucose reduction catalyzed by aldose reductase (AR) [EC 1.1.1.21], is thought to be the main culprit in the development of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	30-38	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	86-102
9057855-3	1997	Accumulation of intracellular sorbitol, the reduced product of glucose, catalyzed by aldose reductase (AR) (EC 1.1.1.21), is thought to be the cause of the development of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	30-38	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	85-101
9057855-3	1997	Accumulation of intracellular sorbitol, the reduced product of glucose, catalyzed by aldose reductase (AR) (EC 1.1.1.21), is thought to be the cause of the development of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	30-38	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	103-105
9118444-3	1997	Accumulation of intracellular sorbitol, the product of glucose reduction catalyzed by aldose reductase (AR) [EC 1.1.1.21], is thought to be the main culprit in the development of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	30-38	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	104-106
9000706-1	1997	Recent studies suggest that the gene encoding aldose reductase (ALR2), the enzyme that converts glucose to sorbitol, may confer susceptibility to microvascular disease.	Sorbitol	107-115	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	64-68
9071579-3	1997	Ts pph22 mutant cells underwent lysis at 37 degrees, showing an accompanying viability loss that was suppressed by inclusion of 1 M sorbitol in the growth medium.	Sorbitol	132-140	phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit PPH22	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	3-8
9029308-10	1997	This difference of Km values suggested that aldehyde reductase rather than aldose reductase is mainly responsible for reducing glucose to sorbitol in the liver.	Sorbitol	138-146	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1	Homo sapiens	44-62
9006894-1	1997	Aldose reductase (AR; EC 1.1.1.21) is an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent conversion of glucose to sorbitol, the first step of the polyol pathway.	Sorbitol	116-124	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	0-16
9006894-1	1997	Aldose reductase (AR; EC 1.1.1.21) is an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent conversion of glucose to sorbitol, the first step of the polyol pathway.	Sorbitol	116-124	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	18-20
9006894-3	1997	In renal medullary cells, AR also plays an osmoregulatory role by accumulating sorbitol to maintain the intracellular osmotic balance during antidiuresis.	Sorbitol	79-87	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	26-28
9029308-10	1997	This difference of Km values suggested that aldehyde reductase rather than aldose reductase is mainly responsible for reducing glucose to sorbitol in the liver.	Sorbitol	138-146	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	75-91
9552433-5	1997	The phosphate adsorptive capacity of the ferrihydrite suspension containing 0% sorbitol decreased steadily from 0.012 mgP/mg to 0.007 mgP/mg during the 1-year aging period.	Sorbitol	79-87	matrix Gla protein	Homo sapiens	118-121
9552433-5	1997	The phosphate adsorptive capacity of the ferrihydrite suspension containing 0% sorbitol decreased steadily from 0.012 mgP/mg to 0.007 mgP/mg during the 1-year aging period.	Sorbitol	79-87	matrix Gla protein	Homo sapiens	134-137
9003425-3	1997	In cultures, sorbitol, commercial mannitol, fructose, D-glyceraldehyde or high concentrations of glucose caused fructose 1-phosphate formation and glucokinase translocation in parallel.	Sorbitol	13-21	glucokinase	Rattus norvegicus	147-158
9438356-2	1997	Osmotic stabilization with 1 mol/L glucitol improves the growth of rad6-1 polyauxotrophic strains in supplemented minimal medium and partially suppresses both the uracilless death and cannibalistic growth of papillae on colonies.	Sorbitol	35-43	Rad61p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	67-73
8972182-6	1997	Intriguingly, p38 activation by sorbitol and etoposide was resistant to YVAD-CMK and Z-VAD-FMK, suggesting the existence of an additional mechanism(s) of p38 regulation.	Sorbitol	32-40	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	14-17
8972182-6	1997	Intriguingly, p38 activation by sorbitol and etoposide was resistant to YVAD-CMK and Z-VAD-FMK, suggesting the existence of an additional mechanism(s) of p38 regulation.	Sorbitol	32-40	cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	77-80
8972182-6	1997	Intriguingly, p38 activation by sorbitol and etoposide was resistant to YVAD-CMK and Z-VAD-FMK, suggesting the existence of an additional mechanism(s) of p38 regulation.	Sorbitol	32-40	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	154-157
9007993-0	1997	Mechanism of the stabilization of ribonuclease A by sorbitol: preferential hydration is greater for the denatured then for the native protein.	Sorbitol	52-60	ribonuclease A family member 1, pancreatic	Homo sapiens	34-48
9007993-1	1997	The effect of interactions of sorbitol with ribonuclease A (RNase A) and the resulting stabilization of structure was examined in parallel thermal unfolding and preferential binding studies with the application of multicomponent thermodynamic theory.	Sorbitol	30-38	ribonuclease A family member 1, pancreatic	Homo sapiens	44-58
9007993-1	1997	The effect of interactions of sorbitol with ribonuclease A (RNase A) and the resulting stabilization of structure was examined in parallel thermal unfolding and preferential binding studies with the application of multicomponent thermodynamic theory.	Sorbitol	30-38	ribonuclease A family member 1, pancreatic	Homo sapiens	60-67
9007993-5	1997	The chemical potential change on transferring the denatured RNase A from water to sorbitol solution is larger than that for the native protein, delta mu(2D) > delta mu(2N), which is consistent with the effect of sorbitol on the free energy change of denaturation.	Sorbitol	82-90	ribonuclease A family member 1, pancreatic	Homo sapiens	60-67
9007993-5	1997	The chemical potential change on transferring the denatured RNase A from water to sorbitol solution is larger than that for the native protein, delta mu(2D) > delta mu(2N), which is consistent with the effect of sorbitol on the free energy change of denaturation.	Sorbitol	215-223	ribonuclease A family member 1, pancreatic	Homo sapiens	60-67
8779923-8	1996	NHE3 protein, measured by immunoblot with the use of an NHE3-specific antibody, was detected at 83-85 kDa in renal cortex and codistributed on sorbitol gradients with the brush-border marker alkaline phosphatase.	Sorbitol	143-151	solute carrier family 9 member A3	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
8955387-7	1996	The amino acid sequence of the glp repressor was similar to several repressors of carbohydrate catabolic systems, including those of the glucitol (GutR), fucose (FucR), and deoxyribonucleoside (DeoR) systems of E. coli, as well as those of the lactose (LacR) and inositol (IolR) systems of gram-positive bacteria and agrocinopine (AccR) system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.	Sorbitol	137-145	repressor	Escherichia coli	35-44
8939945-10	1996	Finally, while some stress-dependent activators of the JNK pathway (NaCl and sorbitol) stimulated CADTK, others (anisomycin, UV, and TNFalpha) did not.	Sorbitol	77-85	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	55-58
8939945-10	1996	Finally, while some stress-dependent activators of the JNK pathway (NaCl and sorbitol) stimulated CADTK, others (anisomycin, UV, and TNFalpha) did not.	Sorbitol	77-85	protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta	Homo sapiens	98-103
8710921-1	1996	Aldose reductase (EC 1.1.1.21) catalyzes the NADPH-mediated conversion of glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	85-93	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
8710921-3	1996	Increased sorbitol production can also occur at normoglycemic levels via rapid increases in aldose reductase transcription and expression, which have been shown to occur upon exposure of many cell types to hyperosmotic conditions.	Sorbitol	10-18	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	92-108
8795268-4	1996	An IPQ ester with the free carboxyl group at C-3 inhibited sorbitol accumulation in rat red blood cells.	Sorbitol	59-67	complement C3	Rattus norvegicus	45-48
8809342-3	1996	We have shown earlier that under hyperglycemia, lipid peroxides increase; and aldose reductase, an enzyme that reduces glucose to sorbitol, efficiently reduces HNE.	Sorbitol	130-138	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	78-94
8767875-2	1996	For some years, various aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) have been used, which avoid the accumulation of sorbitol in tissues as well as complications.	Sorbitol	107-115	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	24-40
8733731-3	1996	These findings indicate that the enzymatic kinetics of aldose reductase sorbitol (ARS) in diabetic brain undergo alteration favoring intracellular sorbitol and fructose accumulation, the frequently implicated biochemical basis of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	72-80	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	55-71
8733731-3	1996	These findings indicate that the enzymatic kinetics of aldose reductase sorbitol (ARS) in diabetic brain undergo alteration favoring intracellular sorbitol and fructose accumulation, the frequently implicated biochemical basis of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	147-155	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	55-71
8779887-5	1996	The accumulation of sorbitol appeared to be due to an increase of aldose reductase activity, which catalyzed sorbitol synthesis.	Sorbitol	20-28	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	66-82
8779887-5	1996	The accumulation of sorbitol appeared to be due to an increase of aldose reductase activity, which catalyzed sorbitol synthesis.	Sorbitol	109-117	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	66-82
8954157-6	1996	In neonates, sorbitol contents were tenfold lower than in the adult, probably as a result of a lower affinity and a lower number of enzymatic aldose-reductase sites.	Sorbitol	13-21	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	142-158
8889497-1	1996	Sorbitol formation in rat lenses incubated with high levels of glucose was related to activation of aldose reductase (AR).	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	100-116
8889497-1	1996	Sorbitol formation in rat lenses incubated with high levels of glucose was related to activation of aldose reductase (AR).	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	118-120
8872957-4	1996	We focused on the synthesis of sorbitol catalyzed by the enzyme, aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	31-39	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	65-81
8702469-4	1996	Sorbitol, synthesized through aldose reductase, is a predominant osmolyte induced under hyperosmotic conditions in renal cells.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	30-46
8770004-6	1996	In addition, we find that CFTR conductance is decreased by high concentrations of intracellular sucrose, sorbitol, and urea in a manner consistent with a rapid block of the channel by these molecules.	Sorbitol	105-113	cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator	Cricetulus griseus	26-30
8663194-8	1996	Sorbitol activated both BMK1 and ERK1/2.	Sorbitol	0-8	mitogen-activated protein kinase 7	Homo sapiens	24-28
8663194-8	1996	Sorbitol activated both BMK1 and ERK1/2.	Sorbitol	0-8	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Homo sapiens	33-39
8743477-5	1996	Sorbitol is synthesized from glucose, catalyzed by aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	51-67
8743477-7	1996	Hypertonicity increases transcription of the aldose reductase and betaine transporter genes, ultimately elevating cell sorbitol and betaine.	Sorbitol	119-127	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	45-61
8743477-8	1996	If aldose reductase is inhibited, which prevents accumulation of sorbitol, betaine transporter gene expression increases, resulting in a higher cell betaine that compensates for the lower sorbitol.	Sorbitol	65-73	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	3-19
8743477-8	1996	If aldose reductase is inhibited, which prevents accumulation of sorbitol, betaine transporter gene expression increases, resulting in a higher cell betaine that compensates for the lower sorbitol.	Sorbitol	188-196	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	3-19
8743477-9	1996	Conversely, when cell betaine is altered by changing its concentration in the medium, aldose reductase transcription changes reciprocally, resulting in compensating changes in cell sorbitol.	Sorbitol	181-189	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	86-102
8666253-7	1996	While the control strain showed a long lag phase of 40 h, le25-expressing cells showed a shortened lag phase of 10 h. However, no growth improvement was observed in a medium with 2 M sorbitol.	Sorbitol	183-191	protein LE25	Solanum lycopersicum	58-62
8626550-5	1996	Treatment of HeLa cells with sorbitol or TNF resulted in activation of CSBP and MAPKAP kinase-3 and activation of MAPKAP kinase-3 could be blocked by preincubation of cells with SB203580, a specific inhibitor of CSBP kinase activity.	Sorbitol	29-37	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	71-75
8626550-5	1996	Treatment of HeLa cells with sorbitol or TNF resulted in activation of CSBP and MAPKAP kinase-3 and activation of MAPKAP kinase-3 could be blocked by preincubation of cells with SB203580, a specific inhibitor of CSBP kinase activity.	Sorbitol	29-37	MAPK activated protein kinase 3	Homo sapiens	80-95
8626550-5	1996	Treatment of HeLa cells with sorbitol or TNF resulted in activation of CSBP and MAPKAP kinase-3 and activation of MAPKAP kinase-3 could be blocked by preincubation of cells with SB203580, a specific inhibitor of CSBP kinase activity.	Sorbitol	29-37	MAPK activated protein kinase 3	Homo sapiens	114-129
8626550-5	1996	Treatment of HeLa cells with sorbitol or TNF resulted in activation of CSBP and MAPKAP kinase-3 and activation of MAPKAP kinase-3 could be blocked by preincubation of cells with SB203580, a specific inhibitor of CSBP kinase activity.	Sorbitol	29-37	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	212-216
8779931-10	1996	We previously observed similar results for aldose reductase, the enzyme responsible for osmotically regulated sorbitol accumulation.	Sorbitol	110-118	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	43-59
8786718-4	1995	Sor-3P and Fru-3P are also present in the galactosemic lens, apparently synthesized directly from their precursors, sorbitol and fructose, which are elevated in the lens due to increased flux of glucose through the aldose reductase (AR) pathway.	Sorbitol	116-124	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	215-231
8785398-8	1996	In water-deprived, sodium-loaded, and potassium-loaded rats, the inner medullary sorbitol content increased significantly in accordance with the rise in the enzymatic activity and the level of aldose reductase mRNA.	Sorbitol	81-89	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	193-209
8971927-3	1996	The difference in mass (163.7 Da) from nonglycated insulin (5807.6 Da) corresponds to a single reduced glucose (glucitol) residue.	Sorbitol	112-120	insulin	Homo sapiens	51-58
8530360-8	1995	Sorbitol (but not anisomycin) also stimulated the ERKs.	Sorbitol	0-8	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Homo sapiens	50-54
8530360-9	1995	Sorbitol-stimulated JNK activity could be resolved into three peaks by fast protein liquid chromatography on a Mono Q column.	Sorbitol	0-8	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	20-23
8927032-1	1995	The insulin mimetic effect of vanadate in in vitro incubation of erythrocytes with high glucose concentrations showed an increase in sorbitol accumulation and glucose utilization using U-14C-glucose.	Sorbitol	133-141	insulin	Homo sapiens	4-11
8927032-2	1995	Aldose reductase inhibitors and vanadate addition reversed the sorbitol accumulation, whereas insulin could not reverse it.	Sorbitol	63-71	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
8530360-1	1995	Anisomycin or osmotic stress induced by sorbitol activated c-Jun N-terminal protein kinases (JNKs) in ventricular myocytes cultured from neonatal rat hearts.	Sorbitol	40-48	Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Homo sapiens	59-64
7503236-4	1995	Similar results were obtained for the activity of aldose reductase (sorbitol synthesis) [25 +/- 4 U/g (control), 19 +/- 3 U/g (diuresis), and 48 +/- 7 U/g (antidiuresis)].	Sorbitol	68-76	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	50-66
7590309-1	1995	Mutations of genes involved in the STT1/PKC1 pathway in yeast show staurosporine and temperature sensitivities (stt) which are suppressed by the addition of 1 M sorbitol [Yoshida et al., Mol.	Sorbitol	161-169	protein kinase C	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	35-39
7590309-1	1995	Mutations of genes involved in the STT1/PKC1 pathway in yeast show staurosporine and temperature sensitivities (stt) which are suppressed by the addition of 1 M sorbitol [Yoshida et al., Mol.	Sorbitol	161-169	protein kinase C	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	40-44
8535074-1	1995	The polyol pathway comprises the enzymes aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase, which convert glucose to sorbitol and sorbitol to fructose, respectively, particularly in hyperglycemic states.	Sorbitol	62-70	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	41-57
7592635-5	1995	By contrast, replacement of Cl- with NO3- caused a slight (although not significant) decrease in the malaria-induced influx of sorbitol and lactate.	Sorbitol	127-135	NBL1, DAN family BMP antagonist	Homo sapiens	37-40
7560072-6	1995	MCs transduced with the human GLUT1 gene (MCGT1) grown in 8 mM glucose had a 10-fold greater GLUT1 protein expression and a 1.9, 2.1, and 2.5-fold increase in cell myo-inositol, lactate production, and cell sorbitol content, respectively, as compared to control MCs transduced with bacterial beta-galactosidase (MCLacZ).	Sorbitol	207-215	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Homo sapiens	30-35
8535074-1	1995	The polyol pathway comprises the enzymes aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase, which convert glucose to sorbitol and sorbitol to fructose, respectively, particularly in hyperglycemic states.	Sorbitol	111-119	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	41-57
8535074-1	1995	The polyol pathway comprises the enzymes aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase, which convert glucose to sorbitol and sorbitol to fructose, respectively, particularly in hyperglycemic states.	Sorbitol	111-119	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	62-84
8535074-3	1995	Inappropriate sorbitol accumulation in some patients may be the result of polymorphic variation in the human sorbitol dehydrogenase gene, causing reduced expression levels or enzymatic activity.	Sorbitol	14-22	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	109-131
8549021-5	1995	Potential pathogenic mechanisms include the accumulation of sorbitol and other biochemical changes in tissues with aldose reductase, and the modification of proteins by glycation.	Sorbitol	60-68	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	115-131
7646471-6	1995	In other experiments performed in the presence of various concentrations of either sorbitol or sucrose it could be demonstrated that the value of the equilibrium association constant for thrombin-TM interaction increases as a function of the osmotic pressure, while the thrombin-Hir54-65 interaction was not affected by the same conditions.	Sorbitol	83-91	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	187-195
7646471-6	1995	In other experiments performed in the presence of various concentrations of either sorbitol or sucrose it could be demonstrated that the value of the equilibrium association constant for thrombin-TM interaction increases as a function of the osmotic pressure, while the thrombin-Hir54-65 interaction was not affected by the same conditions.	Sorbitol	83-91	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	270-278
7628704-2	1995	The stt10 mutant shows an osmoremedial phenotype in a medium with 1 M sorbitol.	Sorbitol	70-78	Vps45p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-9
7564101-2	1995	Galactosemia and hyperglycemia can cause excessive levels of galactitol or sorbitol in several organs via aldose reductase (AR) catalysis.	Sorbitol	75-83	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	106-122
7564101-2	1995	Galactosemia and hyperglycemia can cause excessive levels of galactitol or sorbitol in several organs via aldose reductase (AR) catalysis.	Sorbitol	75-83	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	124-126
7752919-4	1995	Aldose reductase inhibitors are thought to have an effect by decreasing peripheral nerve sorbitol content and increasing nerve myo-inositol.	Sorbitol	89-97	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
7599164-1	1995	Aldose reductase, which catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol as part of the polyol pathway, has been implicated in the development of diabetic complications and is a prime target for drug development.	Sorbitol	62-70	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
7562408-6	1995	Likewise, the Tm of lysozyme decreased from 156 degrees C to 142, 128, and 97 degrees C due to the addition of sucrose, sorbitol, and glycerol, respectively.	Sorbitol	120-128	lysozyme C, tracheal isozyme	Bos taurus	20-28
7648800-4	1995	The addition of 10 mumol l-1 SNK normalized the increased sorbitol levels in neutrophils exposed to 40 mmol l-1 glucose and improved, but did not normalize, the decrease in CL induced by 40 mmol l-1 glucose (p < 0.001).	Sorbitol	58-66	polo like kinase 2	Homo sapiens	29-32
7748183-1	1995	Aldose reductase (aldehyde reductase 2) catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol, and methylglyoxal to acetol.	Sorbitol	79-87	aldose reductase	Bos taurus	0-16
7733868-6	1995	Addition of sorbitol to the hypotonic medium abolished HSF activation.	Sorbitol	12-20	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	55-58
7733868-7	1995	Hypo-osmotic stress-induced HSF binding could also be demonstrated in HeLa cells maintained in simple sorbitol solution by decreasing the sorbitol concentration from 300 mM to 200 mM or less.	Sorbitol	102-110	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	28-31
7733868-7	1995	Hypo-osmotic stress-induced HSF binding could also be demonstrated in HeLa cells maintained in simple sorbitol solution by decreasing the sorbitol concentration from 300 mM to 200 mM or less.	Sorbitol	138-146	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	28-31
7748183-1	1995	Aldose reductase (aldehyde reductase 2) catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol, and methylglyoxal to acetol.	Sorbitol	79-87	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Bos taurus	18-36
7859946-8	1995	These observations, together with other evidence, suggest that sorbitol pathway-linked vascular dysfunction (in ocular tissues, peripheral nerve, and aorta) and electrophysiological dysfunction (in peripheral nerve) induced by diabetes are more closely linked to increased oxidation of sorbitol to fructose than to putative osmotic effects of elevated sorbitol levels or redox and metabolic imbalances associated with reduction of glucose to sorbitol by aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	63-71	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	454-470
7758869-4	1995	Ingestion of a 30% glucose diet for 5 days caused sorbitol concentrations in the liver, kidney, and muscle of hAR-Tg mice to be elevated significantly.	Sorbitol	50-58	lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1	Homo sapiens	110-113
7757342-0	1995	Sorbitol synthesis in transgenic tobacco with apple cDNA encoding NADP-dependent sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.	Sorbitol	0-8	NADP-dependent D-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Malus domestica	81-115
7757342-8	1995	These results provide key genetic evidence that S6PDH expression is sufficient for the synthesis of sorbitol in tobacco, implicating it as a key enzyme in the sorbitol biosynthetic pathway in apple and perhaps other members of the woody Rosaceae.	Sorbitol	100-108	NADP-dependent D-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Malus domestica	48-53
7757342-8	1995	These results provide key genetic evidence that S6PDH expression is sufficient for the synthesis of sorbitol in tobacco, implicating it as a key enzyme in the sorbitol biosynthetic pathway in apple and perhaps other members of the woody Rosaceae.	Sorbitol	159-167	NADP-dependent D-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Malus domestica	48-53
7734741-7	1995	Incubating retinal tissue with an aldose reductase inhibitor decreased sorbitol formation from glucose but did not influence the formation of sorbitol from fructose.	Sorbitol	71-79	aldose reductase	Bos taurus	34-50
7617436-8	1995	Sorbitol may enhance enterocyte Ca transport via a direct interaction with calmodulin and/or the Ca pump.	Sorbitol	0-8	calmodulin 1	Rattus norvegicus	75-85
7702712-4	1995	Since the Ca(2+)-stimulated ATPase activity is unaffected, sorbitol and mannitol uncouple the Ca2+ transport from the ATPase activity.	Sorbitol	59-67	dynein axonemal heavy chain 8	Homo sapiens	118-124
7867887-7	1994	Phospholipase D hydrolysis of lipids from human retinal pigment epithelial cells constitutively overexpressing the aldose reductase gene yielded a sorbitol-like compound whose appearance was increased by glucose exposure and was decreased by an aldose reductase inhibitor.	Sorbitol	147-155	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	115-131
7867887-7	1994	Phospholipase D hydrolysis of lipids from human retinal pigment epithelial cells constitutively overexpressing the aldose reductase gene yielded a sorbitol-like compound whose appearance was increased by glucose exposure and was decreased by an aldose reductase inhibitor.	Sorbitol	147-155	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	245-261
8074186-8	1994	We conclude that 1) a specific inhibitor of the permease was not found, 2) the sorbitol permease or associated regulator is a protein, and 3) the C-6 atom of sorbitol is important in the selectivity of the permease.	Sorbitol	79-87	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: complement component C6	Oryctolagus cuniculus	146-149
7938022-3	1994	Aldose reductase [AR; alditol:NAD(P)+ 1-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.21], which catalyzes the conversion of glucose to sorbitol (an organic osmolyte), is induced in renal medullary cells under hyperosmotic conditions.	Sorbitol	115-123	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	0-16
7938022-3	1994	Aldose reductase [AR; alditol:NAD(P)+ 1-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.21], which catalyzes the conversion of glucose to sorbitol (an organic osmolyte), is induced in renal medullary cells under hyperosmotic conditions.	Sorbitol	115-123	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	18-20
7839671-5	1994	Kinetic parameters of the enzyme showed that aldose reductase a may be active in hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus, thus contributing to intensification of the sorbitol pathway in these patients.	Sorbitol	161-169	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	45-61
7963139-2	1994	Since the intracellular accumulation of sorbitol, or its sequelae, are postulated to contribute to the progression of chronic diabetic complications, aldose reductase inhibitors (ARI) offer therapeutic promise.	Sorbitol	40-48	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	150-166
8039602-3	1994	Aldose reductase catalyzes the NADPH-dependent conversion of glucose to sorbitol, the first step in the polyol pathway.	Sorbitol	72-80	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
7963139-0	1994	Vitamin C: an aldose reductase inhibitor that normalizes erythrocyte sorbitol in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.	Sorbitol	69-77	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	14-30
8040341-4	1994	In accordance with this construct, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase reversed the increased nerve conduction velocity afforded by aldose reductase inhibitor treatment in the acutely diabetic rat without affecting the attendant correction of nerve sorbitol and myo-inositol.	Sorbitol	295-303	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	178-194
7963139-1	1994	OBJECTIVE: Diabetic hyperglycemia promotes sorbitol production from glucose via aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	43-51	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	80-96
8052153-3	1994	The NADPH used by glutathione reductase for the reduction of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to GSH is also used by aldose reductase for the reduction of glucose to sorbitol through the polyol pathway.	Sorbitol	161-169	2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1	Homo sapiens	4-9
8052153-3	1994	The NADPH used by glutathione reductase for the reduction of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to GSH is also used by aldose reductase for the reduction of glucose to sorbitol through the polyol pathway.	Sorbitol	161-169	glutathione-disulfide reductase	Homo sapiens	18-39
8052153-3	1994	The NADPH used by glutathione reductase for the reduction of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to GSH is also used by aldose reductase for the reduction of glucose to sorbitol through the polyol pathway.	Sorbitol	161-169	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	112-128
8075474-14	1994	Specific agents, such as antihypertensives, lipid lowering agents and sorbitol inhibitors, may be needed to prevent the complications arising from the spectrum of clinical and metabolic abnormalities which arise from insulin resistance.	Sorbitol	70-78	insulin	Homo sapiens	217-224
7940997-1	1994	Aldose reductase converts glucose to sorbitol, which is further processed to fructose.	Sorbitol	37-45	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
8027986-4	1994	The first enzyme in this pathway, aldose reductase, reduces glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	71-79	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	34-50
8129726-11	1994	3,3"-Tetramethylene-glutaric acid (5 mM), an inhibitor of aldose reductase, inhibited glucokinase translocation induced by glucose, but not that by sorbitol or fructose, suggesting that glucose may induce glucokinase translocation by conversion into sorbitol.	Sorbitol	250-258	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	58-74
8201009-1	1994	Sorbitol (aldose reductase) pathway flux in diabetes perturbs intracellular metabolism by two putative mechanisms: reciprocal osmoregulatory depletion of other organic osmolytes e.g., myo-inositol, and alterations in NADPH/NADP+ and/or NADH/NAD+.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	10-26
8125328-2	1994	The SDH1 structural gene was isolated from a lambda gt11 yeast genomic library using an antibody to a 40-kDa protein induced in yeast cells growing in medium containing sorbitol.	Sorbitol	169-177	succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein subunit SDH1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
8125328-5	1994	Yeast transformants containing the cloned gene carried on a multicopy plasmid express high levels of SDH1 only when grown on sorbitol, suggesting that the cloned gene contains both regulatory and coding sequences.	Sorbitol	125-133	succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein subunit SDH1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	101-105
8129726-0	1994	Control of glucokinase translocation in rat hepatocytes by sorbitol and the cytosolic redox state.	Sorbitol	59-67	glucokinase	Rattus norvegicus	11-22
8129726-6	1994	A comparison of various substrates showed that sorbitol (A50 8 microM) was 6-fold more potent than fructose at causing glucokinase translocation, whereas tagatose was as potent and mannitol was > 10-fold less potent (A50 550 microM).	Sorbitol	47-55	glucokinase	Rattus norvegicus	119-130
8129726-11	1994	3,3"-Tetramethylene-glutaric acid (5 mM), an inhibitor of aldose reductase, inhibited glucokinase translocation induced by glucose, but not that by sorbitol or fructose, suggesting that glucose may induce glucokinase translocation by conversion into sorbitol.	Sorbitol	250-258	glucokinase	Rattus norvegicus	86-97
8129726-8	1994	Ethanol and glycerol inhibited the effects of fructose, sorbitol and glucose on glucokinase translocation, whereas dihydroxy-acetone had a small additive effect at sub-maximal substrate stimulation.	Sorbitol	56-64	glucokinase	Rattus norvegicus	80-91
8129726-12	1994	Sorbitol generated from glucose intrahepatically or extrahepatically in hyperglycaemic conditions may be a physiological regulator of hepatic glucokinase translocation.	Sorbitol	0-8	glucokinase	Rattus norvegicus	142-153
8051955-4	1994	These findings suggest that an increase in the ratio of aldose reductase to sorbitol dehydrogenase may contribute to the tissue accumulation of sorbitol in the elderly and may be a mechanism of a disease that is common in elderly individuals.	Sorbitol	76-84	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	56-72
8141248-1	1994	Sorbitol, a polyol derived from glucose by the enzyme, aldose reductase, is a common organic solute in many cells.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	55-71
8301253-3	1994	Sorbitol is synthesized from glucose, catalyzed by aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	51-67
8028228-4	1994	Sorbitol accumulation in isolated human erythrocytes was effectively inhibited by SPR-210 during incubation with 50 mM glucose (IC50 = 1.6 x 10(-8) M).	Sorbitol	0-8	TGFB1-induced anti-apoptotic factor 1	Homo sapiens	82-89
8028228-7	1994	Moreover, the deterioration in motor nerve conduction velocity in diabetic rats was ameliorated by treatment with SPR-210 (1-30 mg/kg/day) accompanying the reduction in sorbitol content in the sciatic nerve.	Sorbitol	169-177	TGFB1-induced anti-apoptotic factor 1	Homo sapiens	114-121
8241103-7	1993	The increases in PAI-1 were specific (as shown by metabolic labeling experiments) and not attributable to osmotic effects (as shown by replacement of glucose by sorbitol).	Sorbitol	161-169	serpin family E member 1	Homo sapiens	17-22
8312678-2	1993	Epalrestat is a carboxylic acid derivative which inhibits aldose reductase, an enzyme of the sorbitol (polyol) pathway.	Sorbitol	93-101	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	58-74
8241288-0	1993	Control of sorbitol metabolism in renal inner medulla of diabetic rats: regulation by substrate, cosubstrate and products of the aldose reductase reaction.	Sorbitol	11-19	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	129-145
8241288-12	1993	Combining the results obtained on the properties of the aldose reductase in vitro and the observation made in the intact cells, the investigators suggest that the decrease in NADPH/NADP ratio, as well as changes in the redox state in the cells of diabetic animals, can play a significant role in the control of sorbitol synthesis.	Sorbitol	311-319	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	56-72
8226103-4	1993	Increased aldose reductase (AR) expression in the RVE and RPE cells of diabetics as well as in the perivascular retinal astrocytes, which interact with RVE cells to establish the inner BRB, suggests that AR activity and the subsequent intracellular accumulation of sorbitol in these cell types may impair the function of the BRB in diabetes.	Sorbitol	265-273	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	10-26
8214052-2	1993	Osmoregulation may be the primary physiological function of aldose reductase, which catalyzes the conversion of glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	123-131	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	60-76
8214052-5	1993	High basal expression of the aldose reductase gene was associated with rapid sorbitol accumulation and myo-inositol depletion in response to hyperglycemic (20 mM) concentrations of glucose.	Sorbitol	77-85	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	29-45
8226103-4	1993	Increased aldose reductase (AR) expression in the RVE and RPE cells of diabetics as well as in the perivascular retinal astrocytes, which interact with RVE cells to establish the inner BRB, suggests that AR activity and the subsequent intracellular accumulation of sorbitol in these cell types may impair the function of the BRB in diabetes.	Sorbitol	265-273	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	28-30
8226103-4	1993	Increased aldose reductase (AR) expression in the RVE and RPE cells of diabetics as well as in the perivascular retinal astrocytes, which interact with RVE cells to establish the inner BRB, suggests that AR activity and the subsequent intracellular accumulation of sorbitol in these cell types may impair the function of the BRB in diabetes.	Sorbitol	265-273	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	204-206
8396031-6	1993	Haploid cells carrying a double disruption of PPZ1 and PPZ2 genes also show a marked increase in cell size and cell lysis, which can be significantly reduced by the addition of 1 M sorbitol to the growth medium.	Sorbitol	181-189	salt homeostasis regulator	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	46-50
8396031-6	1993	Haploid cells carrying a double disruption of PPZ1 and PPZ2 genes also show a marked increase in cell size and cell lysis, which can be significantly reduced by the addition of 1 M sorbitol to the growth medium.	Sorbitol	181-189	salt homeostasis regulator	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	55-59
8389817-3	1993	Sorbitol, the product of glucose metabolism by aldose reductase, was detected in all nerves from control animals, whereas it was below detection limits in 7 of 11 nerves from Ponalrestat-treated rats.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	47-63
8359577-10	1993	Prevention of sorbitol accumulation with the aldose reductase inhibitor sorbinil increased nerve taurine levels by 22% (p < 0.05) when compared with untreated diabetic animals.	Sorbitol	14-22	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	45-61
8325441-4	1993	Aldose reductase inhibitors are thought to lower tissue sorbitol while increasing myo-inositol.	Sorbitol	56-64	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
8349800-1	1993	Aldose reductase (AR2), a putative "hypertonicity stress protein" whose gene is induced by hyperosmolarity, protects renal medullary cells against the interstitial hyperosmolarity of antidiuresis by catalyzing the synthesis of millimolar concentrations of intracellular sorbitol from glucose.	Sorbitol	270-278	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
8457142-1	1993	Aldose reductase is a rate limiting enzyme in the polyol pathway associated with the conversion of glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	110-118	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
8464370-2	1993	Quantitative determination of testis aldose reductase activities, expressed as the sorbitol index, showed a value similar to that of brain.	Sorbitol	83-91	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	37-53
8464370-3	1993	Sorbitol imaging demonstrated aldose reductase activities in testis to be confined primarily to the central region of this organ.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	30-46
8457142-6	1993	Since glucose and other hexoses are poor substrates for aldose reductase, it is only in hyperglycemia when the enzyme hexokinase is saturated that aldose reductase is activated, leading to accumulation of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	205-213	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	56-72
8457142-6	1993	Since glucose and other hexoses are poor substrates for aldose reductase, it is only in hyperglycemia when the enzyme hexokinase is saturated that aldose reductase is activated, leading to accumulation of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	205-213	hexokinase 1	Homo sapiens	118-128
8457142-6	1993	Since glucose and other hexoses are poor substrates for aldose reductase, it is only in hyperglycemia when the enzyme hexokinase is saturated that aldose reductase is activated, leading to accumulation of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	205-213	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	147-163
1363299-4	1992	Sorbitol synthesis was inhibited by feeding male Wistar rats the aldose reductase inhibitor sorbinil at 40 mg/kg/day for 71 d, and renal inner medullas were extracted for analysis.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	65-81
8236522-3	1993	A decrease of enzyme activity at the sorbitol way of glucose exchange (sorbitol-dehydrogenase and aldose reductase) in placenta reflects accumulation of sorbitol in tissue, which intensifies the damage of membrane structures in placenta.	Sorbitol	37-45	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	71-93
8236522-3	1993	A decrease of enzyme activity at the sorbitol way of glucose exchange (sorbitol-dehydrogenase and aldose reductase) in placenta reflects accumulation of sorbitol in tissue, which intensifies the damage of membrane structures in placenta.	Sorbitol	37-45	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	98-114
7679153-5	1993	Treatment with an aldose reductase inhibitor, zopolrestat, normalized the elevated red blood cell sorbitol levels in diabetic rabbits.	Sorbitol	98-106	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	18-34
7607342-3	1993	Aldose reductase, an intracellular enzyme, converts glucose to sorbitol, and it is the intracellular accumulation of sorbitol which is thought to result in irreversible damage.	Sorbitol	63-71	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
7607342-3	1993	Aldose reductase, an intracellular enzyme, converts glucose to sorbitol, and it is the intracellular accumulation of sorbitol which is thought to result in irreversible damage.	Sorbitol	117-125	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
7607346-6	1993	The activity of AR in the human lens lies mainly in the epithelium and there appears to be a marginal expectation that sufficient sorbitol accumulates in cortical lens fibres to explain the lens swelling and cataract on an osmotic basis.	Sorbitol	130-138	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	16-18
8330752-1	1993	Conversion of glucose to fructose via sorbitol depends upon the enzymes aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase and is called the polyol pathway.	Sorbitol	38-46	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	72-88
8330752-1	1993	Conversion of glucose to fructose via sorbitol depends upon the enzymes aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase and is called the polyol pathway.	Sorbitol	38-46	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	93-115
8487505-5	1993	In SORD-deficient patients, the enzymatic deficiency was observed in both crude haemolysate and SORD-M preparations with sorbitol, galactitol, xylitol or ribitol as substrates.	Sorbitol	121-129	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	3-7
1459146-1	1992	The relations between the kinetic parameters for both sorbitol oxidation and fructose reduction by sheep liver sorbitol dehydrogenase show that a Theorell-Chance compulsory order mechanism operates from pH 7.4 to 9.9.	Sorbitol	54-62	L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase	Ovis aries	111-133
1314495-5	1992	The results suggest that sorbitol accumulation limits the PI synthase reaction in these cells by selectively depleting specific intracellular pools of D-myo-inositol and/or by possible independent effects of sorbitol on PI synthase.	Sorbitol	25-33	CDP-diacylglycerol--inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase	Homo sapiens	58-69
1401064-2	1992	With development of the concentrating system and a hypertonic medullary interstitium, there is a need to generate intracellular osmolytes such as sorbitol, which is produced in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	146-154	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	212-228
1314495-5	1992	The results suggest that sorbitol accumulation limits the PI synthase reaction in these cells by selectively depleting specific intracellular pools of D-myo-inositol and/or by possible independent effects of sorbitol on PI synthase.	Sorbitol	25-33	CDP-diacylglycerol--inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase	Homo sapiens	220-231
1738141-3	1992	Several benzoxazole- and 1,2,4-oxadiazole-derived analogues were found to be potent inhibitors of aldose reductase from human placenta and were orally active in preventing sorbitol accumulation in rat sciatic nerve, in an acute test of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	172-180	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	98-114
1550215-2	1992	PAP-HT25 renal medullary cells in hypertonic medium accumulate sorbitol through a reaction catalyzed by aldose reductase and betaine through osmotically regulated transport.	Sorbitol	63-71	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	104-120
1550215-10	1992	The osmotically induced rise in aldose reductase transcription is blunted by the accumulation of intracellular betaine and is exaggerated and prolonged by preventing the accumulation of both sorbitol (by aldose reductase inhibition) and betaine (by removal from the medium).	Sorbitol	191-199	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	32-48
1550215-10	1992	The osmotically induced rise in aldose reductase transcription is blunted by the accumulation of intracellular betaine and is exaggerated and prolonged by preventing the accumulation of both sorbitol (by aldose reductase inhibition) and betaine (by removal from the medium).	Sorbitol	191-199	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	204-220
1370506-5	1992	On the other hand, aldose reductase inhibitors significantly reduced the sorbitol content and increased the cAMP and myoinositol contents in the sciatic nerves of diabetic rats.	Sorbitol	73-81	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	19-35
1547925-3	1992	When cells were exposed to increasing glucose concentrations up to 40 mmol/l, the heparan sulphate proteoglycan content was concomitantly decreased to 53% when compared to cells cultured under normal glucose concentrations or in the presence of 40 mmol/l sorbitol.	Sorbitol	255-263	glypican 3	Homo sapiens	82-111
1370506-7	1992	There was a negative correlation between cAMP and sorbitol in the sciatic nerves of diabetic rats treated with aldose reductase inhibitors and a positive correlation between cAMP and motor nerve conduction velocity.	Sorbitol	50-58	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	111-127
1370506-9	1992	Aldose reductase inhibitors inhibited sorbitol accumulation and increased cAMP in sciatic nerves.	Sorbitol	38-46	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
1513548-2	1992	The pathogenetic mechanism is triggered by fetal hyperglycemia and presents the following steps: (1) a high glucose concentration in the lens; (2) reduction of glucose to sorbitol by aldose reductase; (3) accumulation of sorbitol into the fibers of the lens creating a hyperosmotic effect, leading to (4) an infusion of liquid into the fibers, which (5) become hydropic and degenerate (vacuolization).	Sorbitol	171-179	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	183-199
1734286-1	1992	Aldose reductase is the first enzyme in the polyol pathway and catalyses the NADPH-dependent reduction of D-glucose to D-sorbitol.	Sorbitol	119-129	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Sus scrofa	0-16
1562755-1	1992	In tissues susceptible to damage from chronic diabetes, excess glucose is metabolized by aldose reductase (AR) to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	114-122	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	89-105
1562755-1	1992	In tissues susceptible to damage from chronic diabetes, excess glucose is metabolized by aldose reductase (AR) to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	114-122	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	107-109
1562755-2	1992	Originally, AR-catalyzed sorbitol formation (and accumulation) was found in the diabetic lens; the cataractogenicity of this process was proven by preventing cataract formation with an AR inhibitor (ARI).	Sorbitol	25-33	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	12-14
1748061-1	1991	The effects of a high-glucose medium, insulin, and an aldose reductase inhibitor (ONO-2235) on sorbitol accumulation were compared in the human erythrocyte and the rabbit retina, while the effects of epinephrine on in vitro sorbitol accumulation were investigated in the human and rabbit retina.	Sorbitol	95-103	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	54-70
1438531-1	1992	Aldose reductase inhibitors impede flux of glucose through the sorbitol pathway in diabetes mellitus.	Sorbitol	63-71	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
1410879-2	1992	The evidence of sorbitol excess in the crystalline lens of alloxan-diabetic rats has led to anticipate the role of the enzyme aldose-reductase in the pathogenesis of the diabetic cataract.	Sorbitol	16-24	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	126-142
1779770-1	1991	By genetic analysis of a thermosensitive autolytic mutant whose phenotype was complemented by osmotic stabilization with sorbitol, we identified gene LYT2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is probably involved in cell wall formation.	Sorbitol	121-129	mitogen-activated serine/threonine-protein kinase SLT2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	150-154
1776411-0	1991	Influence of glucose, fructose and aldose reductase inhibition on retinal sorbitol metabolism.	Sorbitol	74-82	aldose reductase	Bos taurus	35-51
1776411-2	1991	Addition of an aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor prevented the sorbitol increase.	Sorbitol	61-69	aldose reductase	Bos taurus	15-31
1776411-2	1991	Addition of an aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor prevented the sorbitol increase.	Sorbitol	61-69	aldose reductase	Bos taurus	33-35
1958230-1	1991	Many of the complications of diabetes seem to be due to aldose reductase (aldehyde reductase 2, ALR2) catalysing the increased conversion of glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	152-160	aldose reductase	Bos taurus	56-72
1958230-1	1991	Many of the complications of diabetes seem to be due to aldose reductase (aldehyde reductase 2, ALR2) catalysing the increased conversion of glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	152-160	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Bos taurus	74-92
1958230-1	1991	Many of the complications of diabetes seem to be due to aldose reductase (aldehyde reductase 2, ALR2) catalysing the increased conversion of glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	152-160	lens aldose reductase pseudogene	Bos taurus	96-100
1936600-2	1991	We previously demonstrated sorbitol accumulation, due in part to enhanced expression of aldose reductase (AR) in the diabetic kidney.	Sorbitol	27-35	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	88-104
1936600-2	1991	We previously demonstrated sorbitol accumulation, due in part to enhanced expression of aldose reductase (AR) in the diabetic kidney.	Sorbitol	27-35	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	106-108
1936586-0	1991	Crucial role of aldose reductase activity and plasma glucose level in sorbitol accumulation in erythrocytes from diabetic patients.	Sorbitol	70-78	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	16-32
1936586-3	1991	This variability in tissue sorbitol levels may be due to differences in the activity of aldose reductase, the enzyme that converts glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	27-35	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	88-104
1936586-3	1991	This variability in tissue sorbitol levels may be due to differences in the activity of aldose reductase, the enzyme that converts glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	142-150	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	88-104
1936586-6	1991	Erythrocyte aldose reductase activity and fasting plasma glucose levels significantly correlated with the erythrocyte sorbitol level in all individuals (r = 0.48, P less than 0.005 and r = 0.63, P less than 0.005, respectively).	Sorbitol	118-126	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	12-28
1936586-7	1991	The sorbitol level was higher in patients with high aldose reductase activity than in those who had low enzyme activity for any given level of glycemia.	Sorbitol	4-12	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	52-68
1936586-8	1991	The sorbitol production rate calculated from Km and Vmax values showed a better correlation with the erythrocyte sorbitol level (r = 0.80, P less than 0.005), and there was also a good correlation between the erythrocyte sorbitol level and the product of aldose reductase activity by plasma glucose level (r = 0.70, P less than 0.005).	Sorbitol	4-12	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	255-271
1936595-0	1991	Sorbitol, myo-inositol, and rod outer segment phagocytosis in cultured hRPE cells exposed to glucose.	Sorbitol	0-8	ribulose-5-phosphate-3-epimerase	Homo sapiens	71-75
1936595-6	1991	Exposure of hRPE cells to 20-40 mM glucose produced time- and dose-dependent increases in sorbitol content and decreases in myo-inositol content that were partially blocked by the aldose reductase inhibitor sorbinil.	Sorbitol	90-98	ribulose-5-phosphate-3-epimerase	Homo sapiens	12-16
1936595-6	1991	Exposure of hRPE cells to 20-40 mM glucose produced time- and dose-dependent increases in sorbitol content and decreases in myo-inositol content that were partially blocked by the aldose reductase inhibitor sorbinil.	Sorbitol	90-98	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	180-196
1954333-1	1991	Sorbitol production in the renal medulla increases in dehydrated rats, indicating that aldose reductase activity varies with the state of hydration.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	87-103
1954333-9	1991	The stability of aldose reductase activity despite changes in ionic composition or osmolality supports the hypothesis that acute regulation of intracellular sorbitol content occurs by variation in cell sorbitol permeability and not by variation in cell sorbitol production.	Sorbitol	157-165	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	17-33
1924548-4	1991	Sorbitol is synthesized from glucose in a reaction catalyzed by aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	64-80
1909528-2	1991	We report here that some experimental inhibitors of the enzyme aldose reductase (implicated in diabetes mellitus via its ability to catalyse glucose reduction to sorbitol) are also potent inhibitors of transition metal-catalysed ascorbate oxidation.	Sorbitol	162-170	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	63-79
1889345-2	1991	The serum and urinary levels of glycated albumin were measured by enzyme-immunoassay with monoclonal antibody to glucitol-lysine residues in human glycated albumin.	Sorbitol	113-121	albumin	Homo sapiens	41-48
1889345-2	1991	The serum and urinary levels of glycated albumin were measured by enzyme-immunoassay with monoclonal antibody to glucitol-lysine residues in human glycated albumin.	Sorbitol	113-121	albumin	Homo sapiens	156-163
2280574-3	1990	Studying their behaviour under vasopressin treatment in diabetes insipidus rats and after insulin treatment in diabetes mellitus rats confirmed this conclusion: AVP led to a steady increase of sorbitol and glycerophosphorylcholine over 7 days with no effect on inositol levels.	Sorbitol	193-201	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	161-164
1827067-3	1991	One such clone (pG22-69) with a putative gene product of 34 kd displays high structural homology to mammalian genes encoding an NADPH dependent aldose reductase involved in the synthesis of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	190-198	2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1	Homo sapiens	128-133
1827067-3	1991	One such clone (pG22-69) with a putative gene product of 34 kd displays high structural homology to mammalian genes encoding an NADPH dependent aldose reductase involved in the synthesis of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	190-198	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	144-160
1828737-2	1991	In order to explain the enhanced sorbitol formation, it has been suggested that aldose reductase might be activated by hyperglycaemia.	Sorbitol	33-41	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	80-96
1790735-2	1991	Glucose is converted to sorbitol with the aid of the enzyme aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	24-32	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	60-76
1901090-5	1991	Sorbitol accumulates by synthesis from glucose, catalyzed by aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	61-77
2066156-10	1991	Gas-related symptoms require elimination of contributory dietary factors, such as lactose-containing foods, sorbitol, or fructose, as well as certain oligosaccharides.	Sorbitol	108-116	gastrin	Homo sapiens	0-3
1901456-3	1991	The sorbitol is synthesized from glucose, catalyzed by aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	4-12	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	55-71
1901456-6	1991	In the present experiments we find that addition of betaine to the medium, and its resultant uptake by the cells, largely replaces the decrease in sorbitol caused by aldose reductase inhibitors and restores the cloning efficiency.	Sorbitol	147-155	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	166-182
1901456-7	1991	We presume that in vivo uptake of betaine by renal medullary cells similarly protects them from harm when aldose reductase inhibitors lower sorbitol.	Sorbitol	140-148	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	106-122
1903044-4	1991	The sorbitol index, a measure of aldose reductase activities in vivo, determined by the 3-FDG 19F NMR method, revealed that aldose reductase activities were significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in aged brain.	Sorbitol	4-12	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	33-49
1903044-4	1991	The sorbitol index, a measure of aldose reductase activities in vivo, determined by the 3-FDG 19F NMR method, revealed that aldose reductase activities were significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in aged brain.	Sorbitol	4-12	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	124-140
2116792-0	1990	Role of Ca2+ in sorbitol release from rat inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells under hypoosmotic stress.	Sorbitol	16-24	carbonic anhydrase 2	Rattus norvegicus	8-11
2124193-5	1990	Although the addition of an aldose reductase inhibitor (0.7 mmol/l) to the hyperglycaemic culture media containing an additional 66.7 mmol/l glucose significantly reduced the sorbitol content of embryos to approximately one-eighth, the myo-inositol content of embryos remained decreased and the frequency of neural lesions was unchanged (23.1% vs 23.9%, NS).	Sorbitol	175-183	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	28-44
2120282-2	1990	Aldose reductase (AR) is an enzyme responsible for converting glucose into sorbitol and galactose into galactitol.	Sorbitol	75-83	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
2120282-2	1990	Aldose reductase (AR) is an enzyme responsible for converting glucose into sorbitol and galactose into galactitol.	Sorbitol	75-83	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	18-20
2115481-5	1990	When cells growing 24 h on 27.5 mM glucose were changed to medium containing 5.5 mM glucose, sorbitol concentration returned to the control level within 12 h. The activity of aldose reductase was increased by a factor of 1.6 by exposure to elevated glucose concentrations, and the relative reactivity of the enzyme with glucose as substrate was approximately 0.1 compared with that of glyceraldehyde as substrate.	Sorbitol	93-101	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	175-191
2083274-1	1990	Interaction of alcohols (methanol, glycerol, sorbitol) with human serum albumin (HSA) was studied by the use of NMR spectroscopy in frozen aqueous solutions.	Sorbitol	45-53	albumin	Homo sapiens	66-79
2116792-1	1990	The role of Ca2+ was studied in the release of the organic osmolyte sorbitol from rat IMCD cells in response to hypoosmotic stress.	Sorbitol	68-76	carbonic anhydrase 2	Rattus norvegicus	12-15
2129508-2	1990	To examine the mechanism for changes in net sorbitol production, we measured activities of enzymes regulating sorbitol production (aldose reductase) and degradation (sorbitol dehydrogenase) in untreated, water diuretic, and antidiuretic (water restriction and/or vasopressin administration) rats.	Sorbitol	110-118	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	131-147
2114645-1	1990	Aldose reductase (alditol:NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.21), an enzyme that converts glucose to sorbitol, the first step of the polyol pathway, has been implicated in secondary complications of diabetes, such as cataracts, retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy.	Sorbitol	97-105	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
18595064-4	1990	A multienzyme system composed of NADPH-dependent aldose reductase (AR) and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) was used for the production of sorbitol and gluconic acid from glucose and for the conjugated enzymatic regeneration of NADP(H).	Sorbitol	134-142	2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1	Homo sapiens	33-38
2234795-3	1990	It is suggested that fructose enters the cycle via the sorbitol pathway in which aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase are involved.	Sorbitol	55-63	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Gallus gallus	102-124
18595064-4	1990	A multienzyme system composed of NADPH-dependent aldose reductase (AR) and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) was used for the production of sorbitol and gluconic acid from glucose and for the conjugated enzymatic regeneration of NADP(H).	Sorbitol	134-142	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	49-65
18595064-4	1990	A multienzyme system composed of NADPH-dependent aldose reductase (AR) and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) was used for the production of sorbitol and gluconic acid from glucose and for the conjugated enzymatic regeneration of NADP(H).	Sorbitol	134-142	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	67-69
18595064-4	1990	A multienzyme system composed of NADPH-dependent aldose reductase (AR) and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) was used for the production of sorbitol and gluconic acid from glucose and for the conjugated enzymatic regeneration of NADP(H).	Sorbitol	134-142	hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase/glucose 1-dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	75-96
18595064-4	1990	A multienzyme system composed of NADPH-dependent aldose reductase (AR) and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) was used for the production of sorbitol and gluconic acid from glucose and for the conjugated enzymatic regeneration of NADP(H).	Sorbitol	134-142	hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase/glucose 1-dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	98-101
2114249-4	1990	In nonphysiological hyperglycemia the activity of hexokinase becomes saturated while that of aldose reductase is enhanced, resulting in intracellular accumulation of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	166-174	hexokinase 1	Homo sapiens	50-60
2114249-4	1990	In nonphysiological hyperglycemia the activity of hexokinase becomes saturated while that of aldose reductase is enhanced, resulting in intracellular accumulation of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	166-174	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	93-109
2115449-3	1990	Animal studies indicate that aldose reductase inhibitors, by inhibiting the formation of sorbitol in target tissues affected by diabetes, can either prevent or significantly delay the onset of many of these diabetes-associated changes.	Sorbitol	89-97	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	29-45
2115455-6	1990	Cells grown in media supplemented with 250 mM sorbitol also showed a substantial increase in AR mRNA.	Sorbitol	46-54	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	93-95
2138728-9	1990	The aldose reductase inhibitor Sorbinil prevented the increase in lens sorbitol in both the 21- and 44-d streptozotocin diabetic rats; cataract formation was prevented in the 44-d diabetic animals.	Sorbitol	71-79	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	4-20
2161992-4	1990	In contrast, treatment with ADN-138 for 3 weeks reduced sorbitol levels in diabetic nerves and resulted in significant increases in MNCV and Na+, K(+)-ATPase in the nerves.	Sorbitol	56-64	complement factor D	Rattus norvegicus	28-31
2161992-7	1990	These results suggest that treatment with ADN-138 elevates MNCV through a series of processes: ARI----reduction of sorbitol level----increase in Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity----correction of K+, Na+ imbalance----increase in MNCV.	Sorbitol	115-123	complement factor D	Rattus norvegicus	42-45
2109701-2	1990	The accumulation of sorbitol was due to increased aldose reductase (AR) activity, apparently brought about by increased levels of AR mRNA and protein.	Sorbitol	20-28	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Cricetulus griseus	50-66
2109701-2	1990	The accumulation of sorbitol was due to increased aldose reductase (AR) activity, apparently brought about by increased levels of AR mRNA and protein.	Sorbitol	20-28	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Cricetulus griseus	68-70
2109701-2	1990	The accumulation of sorbitol was due to increased aldose reductase (AR) activity, apparently brought about by increased levels of AR mRNA and protein.	Sorbitol	20-28	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Cricetulus griseus	130-132
2109701-7	1990	Of special interest is the induction of large amounts of AR in rat kidney cortex mesangial cells, a target tissue of diabetes and a site where excessive accumulation of sorbitol is suspected to be a critical factor in diabetic nephropathy.	Sorbitol	169-177	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	57-59
1366550-3	1990	The capability of the CMBR was demonstrated by the continuous production of sorbitol using a multi-enzyme system of NADPH-dependent aldose reductase and glucose dehydrogenase.	Sorbitol	76-84	hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase/glucose 1-dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	153-174
2105652-2	1990	With PAP-HT25 cells grown to near confluence, high NaCl increases aldose reductase activity, causing enough rise in cell sorbitol concentration to balance most of the increased osmolality of the high extracellular NaCl.	Sorbitol	121-129	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	66-82
2105733-1	1990	Many of the complications of diabetes appear to be closely linked to increased conversion of tissue glucose to sorbitol which is catalysed by aldose reductase (aldehyde reductase 2, ALR2).	Sorbitol	111-119	aldose reductase	Bos taurus	142-158
2105733-1	1990	Many of the complications of diabetes appear to be closely linked to increased conversion of tissue glucose to sorbitol which is catalysed by aldose reductase (aldehyde reductase 2, ALR2).	Sorbitol	111-119	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Bos taurus	160-178
2105733-1	1990	Many of the complications of diabetes appear to be closely linked to increased conversion of tissue glucose to sorbitol which is catalysed by aldose reductase (aldehyde reductase 2, ALR2).	Sorbitol	111-119	lens aldose reductase pseudogene	Bos taurus	182-186
2105661-1	1990	Sorbitol accumulates in renal medullary cells by synthesis from glucose in a reaction catalyzed by aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	99-115
2105652-3	1990	Inhibition of aldose reductase prevents both the increased enzyme activity and sorbitol accumulation in a dose-related manner.	Sorbitol	79-87	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	14-30
2105652-6	1990	Under those conditions, aldose reductase inhibitors lower cell sorbitol and reverse (at 300-350 mosmol/kgH2O) or reduce (at 500-550 mosmol/kgH2O) the decrease in colony-forming efficiency caused by high glucose.	Sorbitol	63-71	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	24-40
33945128-4	2021	Aldose reductase, also known as AKR1B1, catalyzes the conversion of excess glucose to sorbitol and has been studied extensively for its role in a number of diabetic pathologies.	Sorbitol	86-94	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
2144507-3	1990	The specific activities of the sorbitol pathway enzymes, sorbitol dehydrogenase and aldose reductase, are increased 2.5-fold and unchanged, respectively, if the cells are grown in the presence of sorbitol instead of glucose.	Sorbitol	31-39	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	57-79
2144507-3	1990	The specific activities of the sorbitol pathway enzymes, sorbitol dehydrogenase and aldose reductase, are increased 2.5-fold and unchanged, respectively, if the cells are grown in the presence of sorbitol instead of glucose.	Sorbitol	31-39	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	84-100
2122421-4	1990	Aldose reductase is an enzyme present in several human tissues that reduces glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	87-95	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
33945128-4	2021	Aldose reductase, also known as AKR1B1, catalyzes the conversion of excess glucose to sorbitol and has been studied extensively for its role in a number of diabetic pathologies.	Sorbitol	86-94	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	32-38
19221820-5	2009	The optimum medium composition for amidase production was found to contain sorbitol (5 g/L), yeast extract (4 g/L), meat peptone (2.5 g/L), and acetamide (12.25 mM).	Sorbitol	75-83	amidase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	35-42
34570396-5	2022	Both aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1(AKR1B1) and AKR1B10 were significantly reduced in BGC823 and GES-1 cells in response to Propofol stimulation, leading to decrease AR activity and sorbitol level.	Sorbitol	191-199	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	5-44
34570396-5	2022	Both aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1(AKR1B1) and AKR1B10 were significantly reduced in BGC823 and GES-1 cells in response to Propofol stimulation, leading to decrease AR activity and sorbitol level.	Sorbitol	191-199	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	45-51
34570396-5	2022	Both aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1(AKR1B1) and AKR1B10 were significantly reduced in BGC823 and GES-1 cells in response to Propofol stimulation, leading to decrease AR activity and sorbitol level.	Sorbitol	191-199	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10	Homo sapiens	57-64
34652821-9	2021	Sorbitol levels were increased in the urine of 74% of PMM2-CDG patients and correlated with the presence of peripheral neuropathy, and CDG severity rating scale.	Sorbitol	0-8	phosphomannomutase 2	Homo sapiens	54-58
34652821-0	2021	Sorbitol is a severity biomarker for PMM2-CDG with therapeutic implications.	Sorbitol	0-8	phosphomannomutase 2	Homo sapiens	37-41
34378050-5	2021	We show that sorbitol drives TDP-43 redistribution to the cytoplasm, while arsenite induces the recruitment of cytoplasmic TDP-43 to TIA-1 positive SGs.	Sorbitol	13-21	TAR DNA binding protein	Homo sapiens	29-35
34517598-5	2021	The concentration of cofactors (NADH, NAD+) and substrates (fructose, sorbitol) for SDH determination at a strip was optimized via internally-calibrated amperometric assays at a chitosan/nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube electrode.	Sorbitol	70-78	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	84-87
34768205-1	2021	Aldose reductase (ALR2), one of the metabolically important enzymes, catalyzes the formation of sorbitol from glucose in the polyol pathway.	Sorbitol	96-104	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
34768205-1	2021	Aldose reductase (ALR2), one of the metabolically important enzymes, catalyzes the formation of sorbitol from glucose in the polyol pathway.	Sorbitol	96-104	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	18-22
34517598-7	2021	The assays yielded kinetic parameters Km and kcat and demonstrated higher apparent affinity of SDH for NADH and fructose than NAD+ and sorbitol.	Sorbitol	135-143	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	95-98
34392079-5	2021	This value was improved to 101.7 and 51.8 mumol min-1 mg-1 in the presence of sorbitol and proline, respectively.	Sorbitol	78-86	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	48-58
34677370-1	2021	Aldose reductase (AR) is an aldo-keto reductase that catalyzes the first step in the polyol pathway which converts glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	126-134	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
34314916-1	2021	The over expression of aldose reductase (ALR2) in the state of hyperglycemia causes the conversion of glucose into sorbitol and initiates polyol pathway.	Sorbitol	115-123	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	23-39
34314916-1	2021	The over expression of aldose reductase (ALR2) in the state of hyperglycemia causes the conversion of glucose into sorbitol and initiates polyol pathway.	Sorbitol	115-123	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	41-45
34314916-2	2021	Accumulation of sorbitol in insulin insensitive tissue like peripheral nerves, glomerulus and eyes, induces diabetic complications like neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy.	Sorbitol	16-24	insulin	Homo sapiens	28-35
34827446-10	2021	Further approaches are aimed at correcting metabolic abnormalities, including the accumulation of sorbitol caused by biallelic mutations in the sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORD) gene and of neurotoxic glycosphingolipids in HSN1.	Sorbitol	98-106	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	144-166
34827446-10	2021	Further approaches are aimed at correcting metabolic abnormalities, including the accumulation of sorbitol caused by biallelic mutations in the sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORD) gene and of neurotoxic glycosphingolipids in HSN1.	Sorbitol	98-106	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	168-172
34827446-10	2021	Further approaches are aimed at correcting metabolic abnormalities, including the accumulation of sorbitol caused by biallelic mutations in the sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORD) gene and of neurotoxic glycosphingolipids in HSN1.	Sorbitol	98-106	serine palmitoyltransferase long chain base subunit 1	Homo sapiens	219-223
34677370-1	2021	Aldose reductase (AR) is an aldo-keto reductase that catalyzes the first step in the polyol pathway which converts glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	126-134	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	18-20
34738094-3	2021	In several tissues, including heart and brain, ischemia activates polyol pathway enzymes-aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH)-that convert glucose to sorbitol and fructose in reactions, causing oxidative stress and tissue loss.	Sorbitol	168-176	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	89-105
34738094-3	2021	In several tissues, including heart and brain, ischemia activates polyol pathway enzymes-aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH)-that convert glucose to sorbitol and fructose in reactions, causing oxidative stress and tissue loss.	Sorbitol	168-176	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10	Rattus norvegicus	107-109
34738094-3	2021	In several tissues, including heart and brain, ischemia activates polyol pathway enzymes-aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH)-that convert glucose to sorbitol and fructose in reactions, causing oxidative stress and tissue loss.	Sorbitol	168-176	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	115-137
34738094-3	2021	In several tissues, including heart and brain, ischemia activates polyol pathway enzymes-aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH)-that convert glucose to sorbitol and fructose in reactions, causing oxidative stress and tissue loss.	Sorbitol	168-176	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	139-142
34180916-8	2021	Also, we confirmed yes-associated protein (YAP) phase separation of HEK293 cells under stimulation using sorbitol.	Sorbitol	105-113	Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator	Homo sapiens	19-41
34180916-8	2021	Also, we confirmed yes-associated protein (YAP) phase separation of HEK293 cells under stimulation using sorbitol.	Sorbitol	105-113	Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator	Homo sapiens	43-46
34116746-3	2021	Despite a regio- and stereo-selective enzymatic synthesis of l-gulose from d-sorbitol using a variant of NAD+-dependent mannitol-1-dehydrogenase from Apium graveolens (mMDH) was explored, low efficiency and productivity caused by NADH accumulation or insufficient amount of NAD+ limited the practical utility of this process.	Sorbitol	75-85	malate dehydrogenase 2, NAD (mitochondrial)	Mus musculus	168-172
34169068-11	2021	Specifically, in response to sorbitol treatment, TDP-43 W T remained in the nucleus, whereas mutant TDP-43 relocalized to HuR positive SGs in the cytoplasm following exposure to sorbitol stress, resulting in a significant increase in TDP-43 SG numbers.	Sorbitol	29-37	TAR DNA binding protein	Mus musculus	49-55
34169068-11	2021	Specifically, in response to sorbitol treatment, TDP-43 W T remained in the nucleus, whereas mutant TDP-43 relocalized to HuR positive SGs in the cytoplasm following exposure to sorbitol stress, resulting in a significant increase in TDP-43 SG numbers.	Sorbitol	29-37	TAR DNA binding protein	Mus musculus	100-106
34169068-11	2021	Specifically, in response to sorbitol treatment, TDP-43 W T remained in the nucleus, whereas mutant TDP-43 relocalized to HuR positive SGs in the cytoplasm following exposure to sorbitol stress, resulting in a significant increase in TDP-43 SG numbers.	Sorbitol	29-37	ELAV (embryonic lethal, abnormal vision)-like 1 (Hu antigen R)	Mus musculus	122-125
34169068-11	2021	Specifically, in response to sorbitol treatment, TDP-43 W T remained in the nucleus, whereas mutant TDP-43 relocalized to HuR positive SGs in the cytoplasm following exposure to sorbitol stress, resulting in a significant increase in TDP-43 SG numbers.	Sorbitol	29-37	TAR DNA binding protein	Mus musculus	234-240
34169068-11	2021	Specifically, in response to sorbitol treatment, TDP-43 W T remained in the nucleus, whereas mutant TDP-43 relocalized to HuR positive SGs in the cytoplasm following exposure to sorbitol stress, resulting in a significant increase in TDP-43 SG numbers.	Sorbitol	178-186	TAR DNA binding protein	Mus musculus	49-55
34169068-11	2021	Specifically, in response to sorbitol treatment, TDP-43 W T remained in the nucleus, whereas mutant TDP-43 relocalized to HuR positive SGs in the cytoplasm following exposure to sorbitol stress, resulting in a significant increase in TDP-43 SG numbers.	Sorbitol	178-186	TAR DNA binding protein	Mus musculus	100-106
34169068-11	2021	Specifically, in response to sorbitol treatment, TDP-43 W T remained in the nucleus, whereas mutant TDP-43 relocalized to HuR positive SGs in the cytoplasm following exposure to sorbitol stress, resulting in a significant increase in TDP-43 SG numbers.	Sorbitol	178-186	ELAV (embryonic lethal, abnormal vision)-like 1 (Hu antigen R)	Mus musculus	122-125
34169068-11	2021	Specifically, in response to sorbitol treatment, TDP-43 W T remained in the nucleus, whereas mutant TDP-43 relocalized to HuR positive SGs in the cytoplasm following exposure to sorbitol stress, resulting in a significant increase in TDP-43 SG numbers.	Sorbitol	178-186	TAR DNA binding protein	Mus musculus	234-240
35395280-2	2022	In the present study, polyols (glycerol, sorbitol, sucrose, xylitol), were evaluated for their ability to modulate structure, activity and aggregation of catalase using in vitro and in silico approaches.	Sorbitol	41-49	catalase	Homo sapiens	154-162
34070087-7	2021	Through this work it was shown that D-Sorbitol from Carlo Erba allows to obtain a diameter variability of less than 2% due to its unique particle"s size distribution.	Sorbitol	36-46	thyroid hormone receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	58-62
35227738-5	2022	Profiling the basal level metabolites showed an elevated pentose phosphate pathway and increased levels of sugar alcohols, sorbitol, L-arabitol, xylitol and xylonic acid, in Nrf2 KO cells.	Sorbitol	123-131	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	174-178
35224818-9	2022	UPLC-tandem mass spectrometry confirmed that the patient had elevated serum sorbitol levels (12.0 mg/L) consistent with levels previously observed in patients with biallelic SORD mutations.	Sorbitol	76-84	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	174-178
35151821-10	2022	In the 1:3 mixtures with glucose and sorbitol, complex SANS and SAXS/WAXS patterns are observed.	Sorbitol	37-45	USH1 protein network component sans	Homo sapiens	55-59
35388067-1	2022	The role of aldose reductase (ALR2) in causing diabetic complications is well-studied, with overactivity of ALR2 in the hyperglycemic state leading to an accumulation of intracellular sorbitol, depletion of cytoplasmic NADPH and oxidative stress and causing a variety of different conditions including retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and cardiovascular disorders.	Sorbitol	184-192	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	12-28
35474219-4	2022	Mangoes treated with sorbitol showed lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), and reduced polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity.	Sorbitol	21-29	Prophenoloxidase 1	Drosophila melanogaster	119-137
35474219-4	2022	Mangoes treated with sorbitol showed lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), and reduced polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity.	Sorbitol	21-29	Prophenoloxidase 1	Drosophila melanogaster	139-142
35388067-1	2022	The role of aldose reductase (ALR2) in causing diabetic complications is well-studied, with overactivity of ALR2 in the hyperglycemic state leading to an accumulation of intracellular sorbitol, depletion of cytoplasmic NADPH and oxidative stress and causing a variety of different conditions including retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and cardiovascular disorders.	Sorbitol	184-192	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	30-34
35388067-1	2022	The role of aldose reductase (ALR2) in causing diabetic complications is well-studied, with overactivity of ALR2 in the hyperglycemic state leading to an accumulation of intracellular sorbitol, depletion of cytoplasmic NADPH and oxidative stress and causing a variety of different conditions including retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and cardiovascular disorders.	Sorbitol	184-192	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	108-112
35221061-7	2022	Finally, we show that custom chewable lactoferrin tablets formulated in dextrose or sorbitol have equivalent potency to unformulated samples and provide an option for future human clinical trials.	Sorbitol	84-92	lactotransferrin	Bos taurus	38-49
2506182-5	1989	There is a large increase in the amount of aldose reductase, which catalyzes production of sorbitol from glucose.	Sorbitol	91-99	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	43-59
35454074-2	2022	AKR1B1 is the first enzyme of the so-called polyol pathway that allows the conversion of glucose into sorbitol, which in turn is oxidized to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase.	Sorbitol	102-110	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-6
35335893-9	2022	However, both sucralose- and acesulfame K-based ODFs have a more enhanced sweet and palatable taste than sorbitol-sweetened ODF.	Sorbitol	105-113	outer dense fiber of sperm tails 1	Homo sapiens	124-127
2513728-1	1989	The renal papillary epithelial cell line, GRB-PAP1, accumulates sorbitol when grown in a hypertonic (500 mosmol/kgH2O) bathing medium.	Sorbitol	64-72	lipin 1	Homo sapiens	46-50
35213229-3	2022	Here, we demonstrate how a physiologically relevant ribosome population arises during high Na+, sorbitol, or pH stress via dissociation of Rps26 from fully assembled ribosomes to enable a translational response to these stresses.	Sorbitol	96-104	ribosomal protein S26	Homo sapiens	139-144
2533041-1	1989	Erythrocyte sorbitol level has previously been used as a measure of the efficacy of aldose reductase inhibitors, but its value is limited by fluctuations related to variations in blood glucose concentration.	Sorbitol	12-20	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	84-100
2516241-5	1989	Hyperglycemia activates aldose reductase which could efficiently reduce glucose to sorbitol in the presence of NADPH.	Sorbitol	83-91	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	24-40
2506182-9	1989	When control cells were switched to hypertonic medium, the synthesis rate increased 15-fold by 24 h, then decreased to 11-fold after 48 h. In contrast, synthesis rate continued to increase past 24 h when accumulation of sorbitol was prevented by inhibiting aldose reductase activity with Tolrestat.	Sorbitol	220-228	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	257-273
2506182-10	1989	Thus, there is a feedback mechanism by which cellular sorbitol accumulation inhibits aldose reductase protein synthesis.	Sorbitol	54-62	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	85-101
2506183-8	1989	The sorbitol is synthesized from glucose in a reaction catalyzed by aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	4-12	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	68-84
2507378-6	1989	All three aldose reductase inhibitors completely prevented or markedly reduced these hemodynamic and vascular filtration changes and increases in tissue sorbitol levels in the anterior uvea, posterior uvea, retina, sciatic nerve, and granulation tissue.	Sorbitol	153-161	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	10-26
2514349-1	1989	Aldose reductase (AR), an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to sorbitol, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many of the complications of diabetes mellitus, but its normal physiological function in various tissues remains uncertain.	Sorbitol	77-85	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
2514349-1	1989	Aldose reductase (AR), an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to sorbitol, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many of the complications of diabetes mellitus, but its normal physiological function in various tissues remains uncertain.	Sorbitol	77-85	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	18-20
2514350-1	1989	Aldose reductase (AR), an enzyme which converts glucose to sorbitol, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic cataracts and retinopathy.	Sorbitol	59-67	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
2514350-1	1989	Aldose reductase (AR), an enzyme which converts glucose to sorbitol, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic cataracts and retinopathy.	Sorbitol	59-67	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	18-20
2514350-8	1989	Since it has been suggested that AR-catalyzed sorbitol production could be an osmoprotective device of lens epithelium during systemic hyperosmolar stress, AR mRNA levels from dehydrated hyperosmolar rats were compared with euvolemic control values, and no difference was found.	Sorbitol	46-54	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	33-35
2514350-8	1989	Since it has been suggested that AR-catalyzed sorbitol production could be an osmoprotective device of lens epithelium during systemic hyperosmolar stress, AR mRNA levels from dehydrated hyperosmolar rats were compared with euvolemic control values, and no difference was found.	Sorbitol	46-54	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	156-158
2776653-2	1989	Bovine serum albumin supplemented with various concentrations of glucose, fructose or sorbitol was incubated for 14 days.	Sorbitol	86-94	albumin	Homo sapiens	13-20
2515932-2	1989	Supplementing the high-glucose cultures with an aldose reductase inhibitor markedly decreased the sorbitol levels without affecting the malformations or the retarded growth of the embryos.	Sorbitol	98-106	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	48-64
2759193-4	1989	The results showed that (1) the activity of aldose reductase increased initially and decreased after 11 days of diabetes; (2) the fructose pool increased initially but started to decline after 3 days; (3) the HMPS activity increased nearly 40% immediately after diabetes induction; and (4) the turnover rates of glucose, alpha-glycerophosphate (GP), lactate, sorbitol, and fructose were 80.8 +/- 2.6, 10.1 +/- 1.4, 47.7 +/- 3.7, 7.9 +/- 0.9 and 5.2 +/- 2.2 nmol hr-1 lens-1 (34 mg wet weight lens-1), respectively.	Sorbitol	359-367	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	44-60
2528720-1	1989	Intracellular accumulation of sorbitol, generated from D-glucose via the aldose reductase pathway, is thought to play an important role in diabetic complications such as lens cataracts and neuropathy.	Sorbitol	30-38	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	73-89
2496284-4	1989	D-[6-13C]Glucose and D-[1-13C]fructose are converted directly into D-sorbitol via the aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase pathway, respectively, whereas D-[1-13C]ribose and [2-13C]glycerol give rise to labeling of the D-glyceraldehyde pool which on its turn causes a labeling of D-sorbitol.	Sorbitol	67-77	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	86-102
2502128-5	1989	The inhibition of sorbitol synthesis may be mediated by an inhibitory action of calcium dobesilate on aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	18-26	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	102-118
2495737-1	1989	Osmoregulation in inner medullary cells depends in part on cellular accumulation of sorbitol, the production of which from glucose is catalyzed by aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	84-92	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	147-163
2493741-3	1989	The accumulation involves an increase in aldose reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes production of sorbitol from glucose.	Sorbitol	98-106	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	41-57
2527143-1	1989	Intracellular accumulation of sorbitol, resulting from the increased glucose flux through polyol pathway with the action of aldose reductase, has been found pathogenic to chronic diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	30-38	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	124-140
2496284-4	1989	D-[6-13C]Glucose and D-[1-13C]fructose are converted directly into D-sorbitol via the aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase pathway, respectively, whereas D-[1-13C]ribose and [2-13C]glycerol give rise to labeling of the D-glyceraldehyde pool which on its turn causes a labeling of D-sorbitol.	Sorbitol	287-297	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	86-102
2497475-12	1989	The IC50 of GU-2 was 7.2 x 10(-7) M. Furthermore, GU-2 markedly inhibited sorbitol accumulation in human red blood cells, having an IC50 of 2.9 x 10(-5) M. GU-5 and PR-1 also inhibited RLAR (IC50: 5.6 x 10(-7) M and 6.3 x 10(-7) M, respectively).	Sorbitol	74-82	DExD-box helicase 50	Homo sapiens	12-16
2497475-12	1989	The IC50 of GU-2 was 7.2 x 10(-7) M. Furthermore, GU-2 markedly inhibited sorbitol accumulation in human red blood cells, having an IC50 of 2.9 x 10(-5) M. GU-5 and PR-1 also inhibited RLAR (IC50: 5.6 x 10(-7) M and 6.3 x 10(-7) M, respectively).	Sorbitol	74-82	DExD-box helicase 50	Homo sapiens	50-54
2721987-6	1989	An aldose reductase inhibitor (ICI 128436; Statil) significantly decreased the sorbitol content.	Sorbitol	79-87	aldose reductase	Bos taurus	3-19
2536048-1	1989	Elevated cellular sorbitol levels resulting from conversion of increased glucose by aldose reductase might deplete cellular myoinositol content, which could then lower inositol phosphates (InsPs) and diacylglycerol levels, key regulators of protein kinase C (PKC).	Sorbitol	18-26	aldose reductase	Bos taurus	84-100
2536048-4	1989	Elevating glucose concentration in culture media from 100 to 400 mg/dl led to a 100% increase in sorbitol levels, which could be inhibited completely by sorbinil, an aldose reductase inhibitor.	Sorbitol	97-105	aldose reductase	Bos taurus	166-182
3143049-0	1988	Sorbitol metabolism in the retina, optic nerve, and sural nerve of diabetic rats treated with an aldose reductase inhibitor.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	97-113
2491899-7	1989	The changes in myo-inositol metabolism and content and sorbitol levels mediated by glucose exposure were blocked by addition of the aldose reductase inhibitor, sorbinil, to the media, suggesting that these changes are caused by the accumulation of sorbitol by the cells.	Sorbitol	55-63	aldose reductase	Bos taurus	132-148
2491899-7	1989	The changes in myo-inositol metabolism and content and sorbitol levels mediated by glucose exposure were blocked by addition of the aldose reductase inhibitor, sorbinil, to the media, suggesting that these changes are caused by the accumulation of sorbitol by the cells.	Sorbitol	248-256	aldose reductase	Bos taurus	132-148
3142801-1	1988	The conversion of glucose to sorbitol by aldose reductase (AR) and its subsequent intracellular accumulation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic cataracts.	Sorbitol	29-37	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	41-57
3142801-1	1988	The conversion of glucose to sorbitol by aldose reductase (AR) and its subsequent intracellular accumulation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic cataracts.	Sorbitol	29-37	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	59-61
3143049-1	1988	Sorbitol concentration has been measured in retina, optic, and sural nerve of normal, diabetic, and aldose reductase inhibitor-treated diabetic rats.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	100-116
3143049-5	1988	It is suggested that aldose reductase inhibition may be of greater use for alleviating peripheral nervous system accumulation of sorbitol than for hindering CNS accumulation of the polyol.	Sorbitol	129-137	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	21-37
3247561-7	1988	Mean values (+/- SD) of D-sorbitol plasma disappearance rate were 0.048 +/- 0.014 min-1 in cirrhotic patients, and 0.081 +/- 0.014 min-1 in normal subjects (p less than 0.001).	Sorbitol	24-34	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	82-87
3142503-3	1988	Inclusion of aldose reductase inhibitors in the incubation medium not only prevented the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose but also prevented the decrease in glutathione and ATP.	Sorbitol	105-113	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	13-29
3136509-3	1988	Images of 3-fluoro-3-deoxy-D-sorbitol (3FD-sorbitol) demonstrated the spatial distribution of aldose reductase activities and significant sorbitol accumulation in the lens.	Sorbitol	29-37	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	94-110
2846946-7	1988	D-glucose is used as metabolic substrate in anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis and as precursor for sorbitol synthesis via the aldose reductase, which is highly enriched in papillary collecting duct cells.	Sorbitol	98-106	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	125-141
3136330-8	1988	On repeat biopsy, six diabetics, treated for a year with the aldose reductase inhibitor sorbinil, had decreased endoneurial levels of sorbitol (P less than 0.01) and fructose (0.05 less than P less than 0.1), but unchanged levels of myo-inositol.	Sorbitol	134-142	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	61-77
3136331-1	1988	There is reason to believe that diabetic neuropathy may be related to the accumulation of sorbitol in nerve tissue through an aldose reductase pathway from glucose.	Sorbitol	90-98	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	126-142
3134195-2	1988	The activities of renal medullary aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase, responsible for the formation and metabolism of sorbitol, favor sorbitol formation and did not change in diabetes.	Sorbitol	127-135	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	55-77
3189800-1	1988	Accumulation of sorbitol or galactitol and depletion of myo-inositol in hyperglycemic conditions such as diabetes and galactosemia involve the activity of aldose reductase and are implicated in hyperglycemia-induced complications such as cataract and neuropathy.	Sorbitol	16-24	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	155-171
3132044-5	1988	The accumulation involves increase in aldose reductase, which catalyzes production of sorbitol from glucose.	Sorbitol	86-94	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	38-54
2968882-4	1988	Glycosylation was estimated using boronate affinity chromatography with the myosin dissolved in a pyrophosphate buffer, the glycosylated myosin being displaced with sorbitol.	Sorbitol	165-173	myosin heavy chain 14	Homo sapiens	76-82
2968882-4	1988	Glycosylation was estimated using boronate affinity chromatography with the myosin dissolved in a pyrophosphate buffer, the glycosylated myosin being displaced with sorbitol.	Sorbitol	165-173	myosin heavy chain 14	Homo sapiens	137-143
3362066-1	1988	Metabolic imaging reflecting glucose metabolism in the glycolytic and aldose reductase sorbitol (ARS) pathways was performed noninvasively in rat using fluorinated glucose analogs, 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-FDG) or 3-fluoro-3-deoxy-D-glucose (3-FDG), and fluorine-19 (19F) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging.	Sorbitol	87-95	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	70-86
2902961-8	1988	Sorbitol is synthesized from glucose by the enzyme aldose reductase; exposure of the cells to hypertonic media causes aldose reductase synthesis and subsequent sorbitol generation over a two or three day period.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	51-67
2902961-8	1988	Sorbitol is synthesized from glucose by the enzyme aldose reductase; exposure of the cells to hypertonic media causes aldose reductase synthesis and subsequent sorbitol generation over a two or three day period.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	118-134
2902961-8	1988	Sorbitol is synthesized from glucose by the enzyme aldose reductase; exposure of the cells to hypertonic media causes aldose reductase synthesis and subsequent sorbitol generation over a two or three day period.	Sorbitol	160-168	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	51-67
3237392-9	1988	These data indicate that high sorbitol levels can only be generated in young human and rabbit lenses and correlate well with the age-related changes in aldose reductase activity in these lenses.	Sorbitol	30-38	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	152-168
3121857-1	1988	Sorbitol formation from glucose, catalyzed by the enzyme aldose reductase, is believed to play a role in the development of certain chronic complications of diabetes mellitus.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	57-73
3106757-5	1987	The evidence linking increased sorbitol pathway activity to diabetic complications, such as cataract and neuropathy in animal models, suggests that aldose reductase inhibitors will be useful therapeutic agents in human diabetics.	Sorbitol	31-39	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	148-164
3117493-3	1987	The activity of aldose reductase in homogenous preparations from human lens, brain, and erythrocyte was identical when determined by NADPH oxidation, NADP formation, and sorbitol formation using glucose as substrate and NADPH as co-factor.	Sorbitol	170-178	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	16-32
3620493-2	1987	We show here that ASF-like proteins are produced in the rat during intestinal secretion triggered by intake of a 500 mg dose of mannose, sorbitol, glycine or alanine.	Sorbitol	137-145	proteasome 26S subunit ubiquitin receptor, non-ATPase 4	Rattus norvegicus	18-21
3104902-1	1987	Aldose reductase [aldehyde reductase 2; alditol:NAD(P)+ 1-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.21] catalyzes conversion of glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	122-130	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
3109991-5	1987	Addition to the culture medium of 100 mumol/l Sorbinil, an inhibitor of aldose reductase, resulted in a substantial inhibition of sorbitol accumulation throughout the 14 days in culture, but the degree of inhibition varied inversely with the duration of cell exposure to high glucose (70% inhibition in cells exposed to high glucose and Sorbinil for 1-3 days versus 14% inhibition in cells exposed for 14 days, p less than 0.01).	Sorbitol	130-138	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	72-88
2435570-4	1987	Treatment of a group of diabetic rats with the aldose reductase inhibitor, sorbinil, profoundly reduced the concentrations of polyol pathway metabolites (sorbitol and fructose) in sciatic nerve.	Sorbitol	154-162	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	47-63
3027558-3	1987	Aldose reductase inhibitors firmly link defects in myo-inositol metabolism to activation of the polyol pathway in diabetes; the resulting "sorbitol-myo-inositol hypothesis" has been extended from its application to the lenses and peripheral nerves to most of the tissues involved with diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	139-147	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
3770312-6	1986	Administration of the aldose reductase inhibitor to the pregnant diabetic rats normalized the sorbitol levels in the embryos and their membranes, whereas the sorbitol contents of the fetal livers and placentas were significantly lowered but not completely corrected.	Sorbitol	94-102	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	22-38
3101691-4	1987	The accumulation of sorbitol at 35.5 mM glucose concentration was prevented by the inhibition of aldose reductase using an inhibitor (Sorbinil).	Sorbitol	20-28	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	97-113
2951217-6	1987	These data suggest the existence of aldose reductase activity in neutrophils and using gas chromatography we have demonstrated the presence of sorbitol in extracts of diabetic neutrophils.	Sorbitol	143-151	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	36-52
3810490-8	1987	Emtobil (containing peanut oil and sorbitol) was used for peroral stimulation of the CCK release.	Sorbitol	35-43	cholecystokinin	Homo sapiens	85-88
3770312-6	1986	Administration of the aldose reductase inhibitor to the pregnant diabetic rats normalized the sorbitol levels in the embryos and their membranes, whereas the sorbitol contents of the fetal livers and placentas were significantly lowered but not completely corrected.	Sorbitol	158-166	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	22-38
3956880-1	1986	The rapid conversion of glucose to sorbitol by aldose reductase and the consequent hyperosmolarity of the cytoplasm has been shown to be the primary cause of the so-called "sugar" or "osmotic" cataract in many animal lenses.	Sorbitol	35-43	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	47-63
3096334-4	1986	The aldose reductase inhibitors Sorbinil and Statil obtunded the rises in sorbitol but did not modify the increased incidence of malformations and the fall in DNA, protein and myo-inositol.	Sorbitol	74-82	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	4-20
3100860-3	1986	The enzyme aldose reductase catalyzes the formation of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	55-63	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	11-27
3104688-1	1986	Aldose reductase (AR) is an enzyme which catalyzes the transformation of D-glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	86-94	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
3104688-1	1986	Aldose reductase (AR) is an enzyme which catalyzes the transformation of D-glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	86-94	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	18-20
3088727-3	1986	The aspirin substitutes acetaminophen and ibuprofen were studied as aldose reductase inhibitors and were found to be effective in reducing sorbitol accumulation in lenses exposed to high glucose stress.	Sorbitol	139-147	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	68-84
3030278-3	1986	In the presence of NADPH aldose reductase reduced glucose, galactose and xylose to the respective polyols sorbitol, galactitol and xylitol.	Sorbitol	106-114	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	25-41
3516622-0	1986	[Effect of fructose and sorbitol on insulin-induced hypoglycemia].	Sorbitol	24-32	insulin	Homo sapiens	36-43
3083202-3	1986	Only AR can effectively reduce glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	42-50	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	5-7
3537696-3	1986	Only when cells were starved for a carbon source for 2 h in 1 M sorbitol was eIF-2 alpha isolated in the nonphosphorylated state.	Sorbitol	64-72	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A	Oryctolagus cuniculus	77-88
3705435-3	1986	These changes were accompanied by an increase in the activity of sorbitol and glutamic dehydrogenases (SDH and GDH) and in the concentration of potassium, and a decrease in the levels of total protein, calcium and zinc in the serum.	Sorbitol	65-73	serine dehydratase	Homo sapiens	103-106
3792231-4	1986	Abnormalities of sorbitol and myo-inositol metabolism have been described in animal models and human studies of neuropathy and must be regarded as of major importance, especially since they can be profoundly influenced by blocking the enzyme aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	17-25	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	242-258
3082363-1	1986	Incubation of human erythrocytes with varying concentrations of glucose resulted in a several-fold increase in aldose reductase (alditol:NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.21) activity as determined by the rate of NADPH oxidation and the rate of sorbitol formation.	Sorbitol	244-252	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	111-127
2431858-2	1986	Treatment with an aldose reductase inhibitor both prevented and reversed this defect which was related to marked accumulations of sorbitol and fructose.	Sorbitol	130-138	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	18-34
4064465-1	1985	The effect of the aldose reductase inhibitor, tolrestat, on red blood cell (RBC) sorbitol levels was studied in 23 patients with diabetes after oral dosing with tolrestat, 25 or 100 mg b.i.d.	Sorbitol	81-89	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	18-34
3930326-1	1985	Human aorta, brain, and muscle aldose reductase, partially purified by DEAE-cellulose (DE-52) column chromatography, is activated 2-2.5-fold on incubation with 10 microM each of glucose-6-phosphate, NADPH, and glucose for 20 min at 25 degrees C. The activation of the enzyme was established by following the NADPH oxidation as well as the sorbitol formation using glucose as substrate.	Sorbitol	339-347	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	31-47
2995180-4	1985	Administration of the aldose reductase inhibitor, sorbinil, which normalizes glomerular contents of both sorbitol and myo-inositol in diabetes, completely prevented the diminution of Na/K-ATPase activity.	Sorbitol	105-113	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	22-38
3922829-7	1985	Treatment with ONO-2235, a new aldose reductase inhibitor, prevented both slowing of motor nerve conduction velocity and elevation of nerve sorbitol concentration.	Sorbitol	140-148	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	31-47
18620141-1	1985	A sorbitol density gradient analysis with the aid of several marker enzymes demonstrated that midgut trehalase of the silkworm larvae.	Sorbitol	2-10	trehalase	Bombyx mori	101-110
6423238-7	1984	Precipitation studies showed that 0.5 M xylitol and 0.5 M sorbitol significantly retarded the formation of calcium phosphate precipitates from a solution of Ca(II) and phosphate, compared with the effect caused by glucose, sorbose, or xylose.	Sorbitol	58-66	carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens	157-163
6086432-2	1984	The small, but statistically significant, improvement in nerve conduction after treatment of diabetic patients with the aldose reductase inhibitor, sorbinil, suggests that increased polyol (sorbitol) pathway activity may contribute to diabetic nerve conduction slowing.	Sorbitol	190-198	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	120-136
6203454-4	1984	Sorbitol, formed in the presence of aldose reductase, accumulates in the lens during hyperglycemia.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	36-52
6203454-9	1984	Diabetic retinopathy is similarly related to sorbitol accumulation and may be prevented or reversed by inhibition of aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	45-53	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	117-133
6423238-8	1984	The effect caused by xylitol and sorbitol was explained in terms of partial displacement of water molecules in the primary hydration layer of Ca(II) ions, caused by competition between polyol and water molecules.	Sorbitol	33-41	carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens	142-148
6423398-1	1983	Aldose reductase (alditol:NADP oxidoreductase EC .1.1.1.21), an enzyme in the sorbitol pathway which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, has been purified from rat lens (RLAR) by affinity chromatography with Amicon Matrex Gel Orange A and its properties have been compared to those of purified human placental aldose reductase (HPAR).	Sorbitol	78-86	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
6413448-1	1983	Sorbitol, resulting from glucose metabolism through aldose reductase, may play a role in diabetic complications such as cataracts, neuropathy, and vasculopathy.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	52-68
6413448-2	1983	Sulindac (Clinoril) and sorbinil, two inhibitors of aldose reductase, decreased sorbitol formation in cataract or nerve tissue incubated in high glucose TC-199 media.	Sorbitol	80-88	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	52-68
6412013-4	1983	Sorbitol does not accumulate either in control or in G6PD deficient fibroblasts incubated in high glucose medium, most likely because of the action of sorbitol dehydrogenase, and the presence of a carrier-mediated glucose transport system in the cell membrane which limits the concentration of glucose that can accumulate in these cells.	Sorbitol	0-8	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	151-173
6630164-6	1983	In the livers from PB-treated rats, infusion of sorbitol (4 mM), a glycogenic substrate in fasted rats, stimulated the rate of drug-induced oxygen uptake and the steady-state level of reduced (oxygenated) cytochrome P-450 increased during mixed-function oxidation of hexobarbital.	Sorbitol	48-56	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily g, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	205-221
6873202-3	1983	Since NADPH is primarily consumed by glutathione reductase, which in conjunction with glutathione peroxidase detoxifies H2O2 present in the aqueous humor, the cataractogenic role of sorbitol-induced osmotic pressure must therefore depend on the availability of NADPH for aldose reductase activity.	Sorbitol	182-190	glutathione-disulfide reductase	Homo sapiens	37-58
6873202-3	1983	Since NADPH is primarily consumed by glutathione reductase, which in conjunction with glutathione peroxidase detoxifies H2O2 present in the aqueous humor, the cataractogenic role of sorbitol-induced osmotic pressure must therefore depend on the availability of NADPH for aldose reductase activity.	Sorbitol	182-190	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	271-287
24257854-5	1983	The extra increase in alcohol dehydrogenase activity did not occur in the presence of equimolar amounts of mannitol, sorbitol, succinate or ethanol.	Sorbitol	117-125	alcohol dehydrogenase-like 1	Solanum tuberosum	22-43
6407887-8	1983	These results suggest that sorbitol accumulation might contribute to the development of peripheral nerve dysfunction in acutely diabetic animals and the new aldose reductase inhibitor could be a potential drug for therapy of diabetic neuropathy.	Sorbitol	27-35	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	157-173
6405381-1	1983	A pathway from glucose via sorbitol bypasses the control points of hexokinase and phosphofructokinase in glucose metabolism.	Sorbitol	27-35	hexokinase 1	Homo sapiens	67-77
7309741-13	1981	Furthermore, reduced (an oxygenated) cytochrome P-450 increased in the presence of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	83-91	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily g, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	37-53
6673017-1	1983	The enhanced sorbitol synthesis in diabetic red blood cells can lead to a depletion of NADPH and, by limiting the amount of GSH produced in the glutathione-reductase step, can make the cell more susceptible to oxidant injury.	Sorbitol	13-21	2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1	Homo sapiens	87-92
6308691-0	1982	Effect of dietary sorbitol on alkaline phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase in the mouse.	Sorbitol	18-26	glucose-6-phosphatase, catalytic	Mus musculus	55-76
6308691-1	1982	Mice fed a sorbitol-enriched diet show measurable increases of alkaline phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphate in the liver.	Sorbitol	11-19	glucose-6-phosphatase, catalytic	Mus musculus	85-106
6761963-0	1982	[Effect of dietetic fruit products prepared with sorbitol and pectin on the blood sugar and insulin levels in diabetic patients].	Sorbitol	49-57	insulin	Homo sapiens	92-99
6782033-0	1981	The sorbitol pathway in the human lens: aldose reductase and polyol dehydrogenase.	Sorbitol	4-12	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	40-56
7287687-1	1981	The preferential solvent interaction with bovine serum albumin in aqueous solution of polyhydric alcohols (ethylene glycol, glycerol, xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, and inositol) was investigated by a densimetric method with the application of multicomponent theory.	Sorbitol	143-151	albumin	Homo sapiens	49-62
7429027-3	1980	The sorbitol produced is most likely a result of the activity of aldose reductase, since (1) a low glucose concentration in the medium elicits this response, and (2) this activity is completely blocked by tetramethylene glutaric acid, a specific inhibitor of aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	4-12	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	65-81
6782033-14	1981	The added activities of AR and PD in producing sorbitol and fructose in combination with decreased hexokinase with age may account for diabetic cataract formation in human lenses exposed to a high glucose stress.	Sorbitol	47-55	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	24-26
7429027-3	1980	The sorbitol produced is most likely a result of the activity of aldose reductase, since (1) a low glucose concentration in the medium elicits this response, and (2) this activity is completely blocked by tetramethylene glutaric acid, a specific inhibitor of aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	4-12	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	259-275
7008368-1	1980	The artificial pancreas allows a new means of quantification of the behaviour of blood glucose (BG) and insulin requirement after the administration of nutrient sweeteners such as fructose and sorbitol as compared to sucrose.	Sorbitol	193-201	insulin	Homo sapiens	104-111
7008368-4	1980	Sorbitol at a dosage of 20 g did not act as a laxative, produced the smallest BG increase, and required the least amount of insulin to return to baseline.	Sorbitol	0-8	insulin	Homo sapiens	124-131
7008368-5	1980	The combination of 70% fructose and 30% sorbitol achieved similar results to those of sorbitol alone, regarding both BG increase and amount of insulin required to return to baseline.	Sorbitol	40-48	insulin	Homo sapiens	143-150
7351877-8	1980	These results indicate that fructose, sorbitol, and xylitol are oxidized at a higher rate than glucose during suppression of endogenous insulin secretion, without any significant rise in glycemia.	Sorbitol	38-46	insulin	Homo sapiens	136-143
7006550-0	1980	[Effect of the intravenous administration of a sorbitol solution on the blood plasma content of sorbitol, fructose, glucose, insulin and free fatty acids as well as on the sorbitol half-life in calves, young and adult cattle].	Sorbitol	47-55	insulin	Bos taurus	125-132
549606-0	1979	[Influence in vivo of sorbitol on sorbitol dehydrogenase activity].	Sorbitol	22-30	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	34-56
549606-2	1979	Since sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.1.1.14) is an enzyme with a great affinity for sorbitol, it seemed interesting to investigate the effect of a sorbitol-enriched diet on SDH activity in the rat liver after different periods of dietary treatment (20, 40, 60 days).	Sorbitol	6-14	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	30-33
549606-2	1979	Since sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.1.1.14) is an enzyme with a great affinity for sorbitol, it seemed interesting to investigate the effect of a sorbitol-enriched diet on SDH activity in the rat liver after different periods of dietary treatment (20, 40, 60 days).	Sorbitol	6-14	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	176-179
549606-2	1979	Since sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.1.1.14) is an enzyme with a great affinity for sorbitol, it seemed interesting to investigate the effect of a sorbitol-enriched diet on SDH activity in the rat liver after different periods of dietary treatment (20, 40, 60 days).	Sorbitol	87-95	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	6-28
549606-2	1979	Since sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.1.1.14) is an enzyme with a great affinity for sorbitol, it seemed interesting to investigate the effect of a sorbitol-enriched diet on SDH activity in the rat liver after different periods of dietary treatment (20, 40, 60 days).	Sorbitol	87-95	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	30-33
549606-4	1979	The data obtained show a repressive action on SDH activity by a sorbitol-enriched diet.	Sorbitol	64-72	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	46-49
390302-1	1979	Cellular lysates with very low total ribonuclease activities are obtained by lysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae VY1160 osmotic sensitive mutant cells in 1% sorbitol solution.	Sorbitol	155-163	ribonuclease	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	37-49
121768-3	1979	The aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor AY22,284 (Alrestatin) was as effective in blocking sorbitol formation in diabetic as in nondiabetic lenses.	Sorbitol	87-95	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	4-20
121768-3	1979	The aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor AY22,284 (Alrestatin) was as effective in blocking sorbitol formation in diabetic as in nondiabetic lenses.	Sorbitol	87-95	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	22-24
122298-1	1979	Studies with the aldose reductase inhibitor alrestatin in animal models have suggested that the sorbitol pathway may be of etiologic significance in the pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathy in diabetes.	Sorbitol	96-104	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	17-33
479361-1	1979	Inability to rely on macroscopic examination as an aid in identifying positive blood cultures was encountered when a hypertonic medium containing sorbitol was tested in a comparative study with an isotonic blood culture medium.	Sorbitol	146-154	activation induced cytidine deaminase	Homo sapiens	51-54
403152-1	1977	Aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) make up the sorbitol pathway, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of sugar cataracts.	Sorbitol	26-34	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	50-53
488851-1	1979	Recent evidence has suggested a role for the polyol pathway in pathogenesis of cell damage in diabetes Glucose may be phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate via hexokinase and enter glycolysis or reduced to sorbitol via aldose reductase to enter the polyol pathway.	Sorbitol	206-214	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	219-235
417156-8	1978	Peroral administration of 2.5 g of xylitol or sorbitol per day to M. fascicularis resulted in almost similar levels of salivary lactoperoxidase activity.	Sorbitol	46-54	lactoperoxidase	Macaca fascicularis	128-143
106020-4	1979	The synthesis of sorbitol was found to be susceptible to quercitrin, an inhibitor of aldose reductase.	Sorbitol	17-25	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	85-101
362213-3	1979	We found that in catabolic patients, insulin and glucose produced a strikingly greater inhibition of protein breakdown that glucose alone, and that glucose alone was marginally more protein sparing than a regimen containing mainly fat (intralipid and sorbitol).	Sorbitol	251-259	insulin	Homo sapiens	37-44
210165-6	1978	Both types of culture (as well as extracts of intact rat liver) exhibited enzymatic activities catalyzing the conversion of glucose to sorbitol (aldose reductase) and sorbitol to fructose (sorbitol dehydrogenase).	Sorbitol	135-143	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	145-161
98446-0	1978	[Insulin concentration in polytraumatized patients during infusion of glucose, fructose and sorbitol].	Sorbitol	92-100	insulin	Homo sapiens	1-8
98446-1	1978	Serum insulin concentration was measured during infusion of glucose, fructose or sorbitol for several days in polytraumatized patients.	Sorbitol	81-89	insulin	Homo sapiens	6-13
98446-4	1978	In patients with disturbed glucose tolerance the glucose substitutes (fructose as well as sorbitol) effected an increase in blood glucose concentration and in serum insulin concentration.	Sorbitol	90-98	insulin	Homo sapiens	165-172
400133-7	1978	When fed as pure substances to fasted subjects, the nonglucose carbohydrate nutritive sweeteners, fructose, xylitol, and sorbitol, are absorbed relatively slowly and produce less postprandial hyperglycemia and insulin response than sucrose or glucose.	Sorbitol	121-129	insulin	Homo sapiens	210-217
603366-0	1977	[Studies on the effects of intravenous administration of glucose, fructose, invertose and sorbitol on various blood constituents of blood plasma (monosaccharides, insulin, lactate, pyruvate and free fatty acids as well as glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase) in the horse].	Sorbitol	90-98	INS	Equus caballus	163-170
401544-1	1977	Oral administration of quercitrin, an inhibitor of aldose reductase, leads to a significant decrease in the accumulation of sorbitol in the lens of diabetic Octodon degus.	Sorbitol	124-132	aldose reductase	Octodon degus	51-67
1009116-1	1976	Protection against thermal denaturation, urea denaturation and tryptic inactivation of rat liver glucokinase (ATP:D-glucose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2979192) is provided by glucose and to a lesser degree sorbitol.	Sorbitol	204-212	glucokinase	Rattus norvegicus	97-108
405195-2	1977	In this case, fructose and the sugar substitutes sorbitol and xylitol play an important role as they can be metabolized independently from insulin.	Sorbitol	49-57	insulin	Homo sapiens	139-146
11816-2	1976	In a NaCl and KCl medium, the light-dependent decrease in the Mg2+ content of the thylakoid membranes at pH 8.0 is found to be 23 nmol Mg2+ per mg chlorophyll, whereas in a sorbitol medium it is 83 nmol Mg2+ per mg chlorophyll.	Sorbitol	173-181	mucin 7, secreted	Homo sapiens	62-65
1066338-2	1976	The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the intravenous administration of xylitol and sorbitol respectively on plasma insulin and blood glucose in subjects with non-insulin requiring maturity-onset diabetes after an overnight fast.	Sorbitol	102-110	insulin	Homo sapiens	134-141
786987-4	1976	The islet glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase displays a preferential affinity towards beta-D-glucose-6-phosphate, and this coincides with a higher sorbitol content in the islets exposed to beta-D-glucose.	Sorbitol	146-154	glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	10-43
783058-10	1976	As previously demonstrated, the investigations using several techniques showed a smaller influence on blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations after administration of fructose, sorbitol and xylitol than after glucose.	Sorbitol	183-191	insulin	Homo sapiens	126-133
1066338-11	1976	With the rapid intravenous injection there was a higher peak and a larger total insulin secretion with sorbitol whereas with the infusion insulin secretion was more pronounced with xylitol.	Sorbitol	103-111	insulin	Homo sapiens	80-87
14235828-0	1964	THE EFFECTS OF PENICILLIN, DL-PENICILLAMINE, AND D-SORBITOL ON ERYTHROCYTE TRANSKETOLASE ACTIVITY IN THIAMINE-DEFICIENT RATS.	Sorbitol	49-59	transketolase	Rattus norvegicus	75-88
1149625-3	1975	Very high levels of sorbitol in CSF and serum were measured in the comatose patients.	Sorbitol	20-28	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	32-35
1239098-0	1975	The clot-forming ability of fibrinogen in solutions containing glucose and sorbitol.	Sorbitol	75-83	fibrinogen beta chain	Homo sapiens	28-38
4402538-1	1972	ALDOSE REDUCTASE (ALDITOL: NADP oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.21) is the enzyme responsible for the conversion of glucose to its sugar alcohol, sorbitol.	Sorbitol	139-147	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
4310476-2	1969	Aortic sorbitol concentration is regulated by ambient glucose concentration and is increased by epinephrine, isoproterenol, dibutyryl-3",5"-adenosine monophosphate, ouabain, and angiotensin II.	Sorbitol	7-15	angiotensinogen	Homo sapiens	178-192
14857197-0	1951	Action of insulin on the permeability of cells to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	50-58	insulin	Homo sapiens	10-17
14481606-0	1961	Dose dependent effects of D-sorbitol on intestinal absorption of vit.	Sorbitol	26-36	vitrin	Homo sapiens	65-68
13649622-0	1959	Effect of D-sorbitol on absorption of vitamin B12 by human subjects able to produce intrinsic factor.	Sorbitol	10-20	cobalamin binding intrinsic factor	Homo sapiens	84-100
13622716-0	1959	Effect of D-sorbitol on the absorption of orally administered vitamin B12.	Sorbitol	10-20	NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B3	Homo sapiens	70-73
33622781-3	2021	In hyperglycemia, hexokinase is saturated and excess glucose is metabolized to sorbitol by aldose reductase via the polyol pathway.	Sorbitol	79-87	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	91-107
33713301-1	2021	Aldose reductase (AR) catalyzes the conversion of glucose to sorbitol in a NADPH-dependent reaction, thereby increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).	Sorbitol	61-69	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
34022223-4	2021	Here we found that a series of polyols including sucrose, sorbitol, and hyaluronan significantly elevate the heat activation threshold temperature of TRPV1.	Sorbitol	58-66	transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1	Rattus norvegicus	150-155
33974923-6	2021	Further, the carbohydrate affinity of this lectin was found with mannitol, adonitol, L-arabinose, L-rhamnose, D-galactose and sorbitol.	Sorbitol	126-134	lectin	Musa acuminata	43-49
33248846-3	2021	Sorbitol significantly inhibited the increase of cooking loss and adhesiveness of fresh noodles, and the decrease of hardness, springiness, LA-SRC value, and GMP weight during storage.	Sorbitol	0-8	SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	143-146
33248846-3	2021	Sorbitol significantly inhibited the increase of cooking loss and adhesiveness of fresh noodles, and the decrease of hardness, springiness, LA-SRC value, and GMP weight during storage.	Sorbitol	0-8	5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic II	Homo sapiens	158-161
33834871-6	2021	The treated mice had increased Akt phosphorylation at 30 min resuscitation with significantly decreased sorbitol content in heart or brain tissues and reduced release of taurine and glutamate in blood, suggesting improved glucose metabolism.	Sorbitol	104-112	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	31-34
33906691-2	2021	Aldose reductase (AR) is one of the key factors involved in reduction of glucose to sorbitol, thereby its inhibition is important for the management of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	84-92	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
33906691-2	2021	Aldose reductase (AR) is one of the key factors involved in reduction of glucose to sorbitol, thereby its inhibition is important for the management of diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	84-92	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	18-20
33622781-7	2021	Furthermore, diabetic Glut1+/- mice exhibited ameliorated ERG defects, inflammation and oxidative stress, which was correlated with a significant reduction in retinal sorbitol accumulation.	Sorbitol	167-175	solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	22-27
33099326-6	2021	In response to the stresses, both sorbitol and ribitol accumulated in leaf tissue, most significantly in the sdh antisense lines.	Sorbitol	34-42	sorbitol related enzyme	Solanum lycopersicum	109-112
33645541-3	2021	SmoS is a dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidation of the commonly occurring sugar alcohols sorbitol and galactitol to fructose and tagatose, respectively, using NAD+ as a cofactor.	Sorbitol	94-102	L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase	Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021	0-4
33645541-7	2021	SmoS was crystallized, and crystals obtained in the absence of substrate diffracted to 2.1 A resolution and those of a complex with sorbitol diffracted to 2.0 A resolution.	Sorbitol	132-140	L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase	Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021	0-4
33645541-8	2021	SmoS was characterized kinetically and shown to have a preference for sorbitol despite having a higher affinity for galactitol.	Sorbitol	70-78	L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase	Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021	0-4
33099326-7	2021	A6PR, characterised for the first time in this work, and AR both exhibited increased enzymatic activity correlated with sorbitol accumulation during the stress treatments, with SDH also increasing in WT and TR22 to metabolise sorbitol, reducing the content to control levels within 3 days after re-watering.	Sorbitol	120-128	aldose reductase	Solanum lycopersicum	57-59
33099326-7	2021	A6PR, characterised for the first time in this work, and AR both exhibited increased enzymatic activity correlated with sorbitol accumulation during the stress treatments, with SDH also increasing in WT and TR22 to metabolise sorbitol, reducing the content to control levels within 3 days after re-watering.	Sorbitol	226-234	aldose reductase	Solanum lycopersicum	57-59
33099326-8	2021	In the sdh antisense lines, the lack of significant SDH activity resulted in the increased sorbitol and ribitol content above WT levels.	Sorbitol	91-99	sorbitol related enzyme	Solanum lycopersicum	7-10
33099326-8	2021	In the sdh antisense lines, the lack of significant SDH activity resulted in the increased sorbitol and ribitol content above WT levels.	Sorbitol	91-99	sorbitol related enzyme	Solanum lycopersicum	52-55
33099326-9	2021	The results highlighted a role for both A6PR and AR in biosynthesis of sorbitol in tomato where the high activity of both enzymes was associated with sorbitol accumulation.	Sorbitol	71-79	aldose reductase	Solanum lycopersicum	49-51
33099326-9	2021	The results highlighted a role for both A6PR and AR in biosynthesis of sorbitol in tomato where the high activity of both enzymes was associated with sorbitol accumulation.	Sorbitol	150-158	aldose reductase	Solanum lycopersicum	49-51
33506920-10	2021	RESULTS: Hyperosmotic stress (0.5 M sorbitol) induced a time-dependent upregulation of AQP7 (but not of AQP1) mRNA in H9c2 cells.	Sorbitol	36-44	aquaporin 7	Rattus norvegicus	87-91
33382578-3	2021	As a proof of concept, the dehydrative transformation of sorbitol into isosorbide was selected as a benchmark reaction, whose rate improved significantly in the presence of PIL-COF-0.33 compared with those of individual components and the mesoporous PIL counterpart due to uniform pore sizes and flexible linear catalytic chains.	Sorbitol	57-65	serpin family A member 2 (gene/pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	173-176
33382578-3	2021	As a proof of concept, the dehydrative transformation of sorbitol into isosorbide was selected as a benchmark reaction, whose rate improved significantly in the presence of PIL-COF-0.33 compared with those of individual components and the mesoporous PIL counterpart due to uniform pore sizes and flexible linear catalytic chains.	Sorbitol	57-65	serpin family A member 2 (gene/pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	250-253
33506920-12	2021	Interestingly, inhibition of AQP1 by HgCl2, aggravated the sorbitol-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells, as evidenced by chromatin condensation and fragmentation of caspase-3 and PARP.	Sorbitol	59-67	aquaporin 1	Rattus norvegicus	29-33
33506920-12	2021	Interestingly, inhibition of AQP1 by HgCl2, aggravated the sorbitol-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells, as evidenced by chromatin condensation and fragmentation of caspase-3 and PARP.	Sorbitol	59-67	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	161-170
33506920-14	2021	AQP1, acting as an osmotic stress sensor and response factor, exerts a beneficial effect against the sorbitol-induced apoptosis, potentially favoring preservation of cardiac function.	Sorbitol	101-109	aquaporin 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
33304184-7	2020	Principal Component Analysis of serum metabolites data found three components out of 17 metabolites; RC1 (Acetohydroxamic acid, alanine, D-glucose, malonic acid, mannose, N-carboxy glycine and ribitol), RC2 (Heptadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid and Trans-9-octadecanoic acid), RC3 (Aminobutyrate, D-sorbit, gamma lactone, valine, benzene propanoic acid and lactic acid).	Sorbitol	317-325	chromobox 8	Homo sapiens	101-104
33175887-0	2020	Hsp104-dependent ability to assimilate mannitol and sorbitol conferred by a truncated Cyc8 with a C-terminal polyglutamine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Sorbitol	52-60	chaperone ATPase HSP104	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-6
33175887-0	2020	Hsp104-dependent ability to assimilate mannitol and sorbitol conferred by a truncated Cyc8 with a C-terminal polyglutamine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Sorbitol	52-60	transcription regulator CYC8	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	86-90
33175887-4	2020	In this study, we found that spontaneous mutation of TUP1 or CYC8 also permitted assimilation of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	97-105	chromatin-silencing transcriptional regulator TUP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	53-57
33175887-4	2020	In this study, we found that spontaneous mutation of TUP1 or CYC8 also permitted assimilation of sorbitol.	Sorbitol	97-105	transcription regulator CYC8	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	61-65
33175887-7	2020	Assimilation of mannitol and sorbitol conferred by other mutations of TUP1 or CYC8 was guanidine hydrochloride-tolerant.	Sorbitol	29-37	chromatin-silencing transcriptional regulator TUP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	70-74
33175887-7	2020	Assimilation of mannitol and sorbitol conferred by other mutations of TUP1 or CYC8 was guanidine hydrochloride-tolerant.	Sorbitol	29-37	transcription regulator CYC8	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	78-82
32747529-4	2020	In the presence of sufficient NaCl or osmolytes, trehalose and sorbitol, the NFAT5 NTD undergoes a disorder-to-order shift, adopting higher average secondary and tertiary structure.	Sorbitol	63-71	nuclear factor of activated T cells 5	Homo sapiens	77-82
32086945-4	2020	We demonstrated for the first time in liver specimens from alcoholic hepatitis (AH) patients, AR upregulation and elevated AR metabolites (sorbitol, fructose, and uric acid) which correlated significantly with (i) increased lipid peroxidation byproducts and ER stress, (ii) decreased protective ER chaperones, and (iii) greater cell death and liver injury.	Sorbitol	139-147	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	123-125
32086945-6	2020	Lastly, we demonstrated the therapeutic potential of pharmacological AR inhibition against alcohol-induced hepatic injury in experimental ALD CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that hepatic AR upregulation, and consequent elevation in fructose, sorbitol and/or uric acid, are important factors contributing to alcohol-induced steatosis, ER stress, apoptosis and liver injury in both experimental and human ALD.	Sorbitol	244-252	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	69-71
32086945-6	2020	Lastly, we demonstrated the therapeutic potential of pharmacological AR inhibition against alcohol-induced hepatic injury in experimental ALD CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that hepatic AR upregulation, and consequent elevation in fructose, sorbitol and/or uric acid, are important factors contributing to alcohol-induced steatosis, ER stress, apoptosis and liver injury in both experimental and human ALD.	Sorbitol	244-252	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	189-191
33109031-1	2021	Aldose Reductase (AR) is an enzyme that converts glucose to sorbitol during the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism.	Sorbitol	60-68	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
33109031-1	2021	Aldose Reductase (AR) is an enzyme that converts glucose to sorbitol during the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism.	Sorbitol	60-68	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	18-20
32823246-4	2020	The accumulation of sorbitol and sucrose in the fine roots was higher, and the activities of sucrose synthase, invertase and sorbitol dehydrogenase, which are involved in the degradation of sucrose and sorbitol, were significantly increased under a low nitrogen supply.	Sorbitol	20-28	sorbitol dehydrogenase-like	Malus domestica	111-147
32739480-1	2020	Aldose reductase (AR) catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glucose to sorbitol in the polyol pathway, which plays an important role in the development of diabetic complications including cataract, retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy.	Sorbitol	76-84	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	0-16
32739480-1	2020	Aldose reductase (AR) catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glucose to sorbitol in the polyol pathway, which plays an important role in the development of diabetic complications including cataract, retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy.	Sorbitol	76-84	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	18-20
33163999-3	2020	SORDH is an enzyme involved in carbohydrate metabolism converting sorbitol, the sugar alcohol form of glucose, into fructose, with NAD+ as a cofactor being simultaneously reduced to NADH.	Sorbitol	66-74	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Bos taurus	0-5
32588471-3	2020	PXT3003 is a low-dose combination of baclofen, naltrexone, and sorbitol which has been shown to improve disease symptoms in Pmp22 transgenic rats, a bona fide model of CMT1A disease.	Sorbitol	63-71	peripheral myelin protein 22	Rattus norvegicus	124-129
33680031-7	2020	DOE results revealed that sorbitol (0.235 M), imidazole (97 mM), and SDS (0.09%) would be the optimum buffer additives for refolding of hGM-CSF.	Sorbitol	26-34	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	136-143
32775857-0	2020	Improvement of the Battery Performance of Indigo, an Organic Electrode Material, Using PEDOT/PSS with d-Sorbitol.	Sorbitol	102-112	PSS	Homo sapiens	93-96
32312052-7	2020	The systemic administration of sorbitol in such patients may confer additional benefits beyond the respiratory system especially in those with misfolded CFTR proteins.	Sorbitol	31-39	CF transmembrane conductance regulator	Homo sapiens	153-157
31831169-0	2020	Effects of sorbitol and lactate on erythropoietin production in HepG2 cells.	Sorbitol	11-19	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	35-49
32035331-1	2020	The Raman response of the YAlO3 (YAP) perovskite is modeled by means of periodic density functional theory.	Sorbitol	26-31	Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator	Homo sapiens	33-36
32367058-3	2020	SORD is an enzyme that converts sorbitol into fructose in the two-step polyol pathway previously implicated in diabetic neuropathy.	Sorbitol	32-40	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	0-4
32168846-6	2020	Our new growth protocol uses the combination of sorbitol supplementation, higher cell density, and low temperature induction (LT-SEVIN), which increases the yield of full-length, isotopically labeled hAQP2 ten-fold.	Sorbitol	48-56	aquaporin 2	Homo sapiens	200-205
31831169-6	2020	The addition of low-concentration sorbitol to HepG2 cells produced a mildly reduced state similar to that of hypoxia and increased NAD+, SIRT1, and HIF-alpha, and EPO mRNA expression.	Sorbitol	34-42	sirtuin 1	Homo sapiens	137-142
31831169-6	2020	The addition of low-concentration sorbitol to HepG2 cells produced a mildly reduced state similar to that of hypoxia and increased NAD+, SIRT1, and HIF-alpha, and EPO mRNA expression.	Sorbitol	34-42	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	163-166
31831169-8	2020	Inhibition of lactate production from pyruvate abolished the effect of low sorbitol concentrations on EPO mRNA expression.	Sorbitol	75-83	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	102-105
31831169-9	2020	When low-concentration sorbitol and a reducing agent were administered simultaneously, the effect of increasing EPO mRNA expression disappeared.	Sorbitol	23-31	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	112-115
32007127-2	2020	In this work we show that the transcript of one gene (At1g05340) encoding a CYSTM protein is induced mainly by heat and to a lesser extent by UV, but less by NaCl or sorbitol.	Sorbitol	166-174	cysteine-rich TM module stress tolerance protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	54-63
31780563-8	2020	Using a panel of kinase inhibitors targeting signaling pathways of the osmotic shock inducer sorbitol, we could largely rule out the stress-activated and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase modules and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta.	Sorbitol	93-101	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Homo sapiens	212-242
31780563-10	2020	Thus, sodium arsenite appears to promote SG formation and TDP-43 modifications via oxidative stress, but sorbitol stimulates TDP-43 ubiquitylation and insolubility via a novel pathway(s) independent of SG formation.	Sorbitol	105-113	TAR DNA binding protein	Homo sapiens	125-131
31430837-9	2020	These large membrane structures are formed at the plasma membrane shortly after NaCl or sorbitol treatment, and have a prolonged presence in a pldzeta1 mutant.	Sorbitol	88-96	phospholipase D P1	Arabidopsis thaliana	143-151
31471896-9	2020	The SDH1 gene was highly expressed throughout fruit development, and its expression showed a significant correlation with fruit sorbitol concentration, suggesting its potential role in apple fruit sorbitol accumulation.	Sorbitol	128-136	L-idonate 5-dehydrogenase-like	Malus domestica	4-8
31471896-9	2020	The SDH1 gene was highly expressed throughout fruit development, and its expression showed a significant correlation with fruit sorbitol concentration, suggesting its potential role in apple fruit sorbitol accumulation.	Sorbitol	197-205	L-idonate 5-dehydrogenase-like	Malus domestica	4-8
33069193-2	2020	These diabetic abnormalities are triggered tremendously via aggregation of sorbitol formation (catalyzed by AR) in the polyol pathway.	Sorbitol	75-83	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	108-110
33069193-5	2020	RESULTS: The goal of AR inhibition remedy is to stabilize the increased flux of blood glucose and sorbitol via the "polyol pathway" in the affected tissues.	Sorbitol	98-106	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	21-23
30998906-2	2019	Aldose reductase (AR) catalyzes conversion of glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	57-65	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	0-16
31744190-1	2019	The CCAAT box is recognized by the trimeric transcription factor NF-Y, whose NF-YA subunit is present in two major splicing isoforms, NF-YAl ("long") and NF-YAs ("short").	Sorbitol	137-140	nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	77-82
31744190-9	2019	Survival curves indicate a worse clinical outcome for patients with increasing global amounts of NF-YA; same with hazard ratios with very high and, surprisingly, very low NF-YAs/NF-YAl ratios.	Sorbitol	181-184	nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	97-102
31350199-7	2019	Sorbitol relays GFIC by subsequent activation of Metalloprotease 2, which cleaves PGRP-LC to activate IMD response in fat bodies.	Sorbitol	0-8	Peptidoglycan recognition protein LC	Drosophila melanogaster	82-89
31350199-7	2019	Sorbitol relays GFIC by subsequent activation of Metalloprotease 2, which cleaves PGRP-LC to activate IMD response in fat bodies.	Sorbitol	0-8	immune deficiency	Drosophila melanogaster	102-105
30998976-6	2019	Addition of chemical chaperones and osmolytes like NaCl (0.5 M), sucrose (0.5 M), sorbitol (0.5 M) and MgCl2 (1 mM) to growing media could improve solubility of GM-CSF.	Sorbitol	82-90	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	161-167
31811113-5	2019	In addition, the expression of aldose reductase (AR) was increased to 2-fold with accumulated sorbitol in MG exposed cells compared to control.	Sorbitol	94-102	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	31-47
31811113-5	2019	In addition, the expression of aldose reductase (AR) was increased to 2-fold with accumulated sorbitol in MG exposed cells compared to control.	Sorbitol	94-102	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	49-51
31350199-5	2019	IMD activation in guts causes elevated levels of sorbitol and galactitol in hemolymph.	Sorbitol	49-57	immune deficiency	Drosophila melanogaster	0-3
30551808-1	2019	Aldose reductase is an important enzyme in the polyol pathway, where glucose is converted to fructose, and sorbitol is released.	Sorbitol	107-115	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
30551808-2	2019	Aldose reductase activity increases in diabetes as the glucose levels increase, resulting in increased sorbitol production.	Sorbitol	103-111	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
30998906-2	2019	Aldose reductase (AR) catalyzes conversion of glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	57-65	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	18-20
30328800-8	2019	In agreement with previous reports, Rex1 and Oct4 loss was inversely proportional to increased Pdgfra-GFP mESC after treatment with high hyperosmotic sorbitol despite LIF.	Sorbitol	150-158	REX1, RNA exonuclease 1	Mus musculus	36-40
30103843-8	2019	The results showed that 100-fold of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, SO42-, sorbitol, sucrose, fructose, citric acid, 40-fold of NO3-, glucose, sucrose, urea, and 10-fold of uric acid had no significant interference.	Sorbitol	69-77	NBL1, DAN family BMP antagonist	Homo sapiens	122-125
30818176-6	2019	Some of these compounds had a potent inhibitory activity for human recombinant aldose reductase (ALR2), an enzyme which converts glucose into sorbitol and plays a key role in development of complications arising from diabetes, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and cataract formation.	Sorbitol	142-150	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	79-95
30818176-6	2019	Some of these compounds had a potent inhibitory activity for human recombinant aldose reductase (ALR2), an enzyme which converts glucose into sorbitol and plays a key role in development of complications arising from diabetes, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and cataract formation.	Sorbitol	142-150	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	97-101
30328800-8	2019	In agreement with previous reports, Rex1 and Oct4 loss was inversely proportional to increased Pdgfra-GFP mESC after treatment with high hyperosmotic sorbitol despite LIF.	Sorbitol	150-158	POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1, related sequence 1	Mus musculus	45-49
30064749-0	2018	Hydrophilization of bixin by lipase-catalyzed transesterification with sorbitol.	Sorbitol	71-79	PAN0_003d1715	Moesziomyces antarcticus	29-35
30064749-3	2018	Lipase-catalyzed reactions of bixin with sorbitol were studied to synthesize a new derivative of bixin with potential hydrophilic properties.	Sorbitol	41-49	PAN0_003d1715	Moesziomyces antarcticus	0-6
30542361-12	2018	In vivo 32Pi-labeling of seedlings and treatment with sorbitol to mimic drought stress, revealed stronger PIP2 responses in both drought-tolerant plc5/7 and PLC7-OE mutants.	Sorbitol	54-62	plasma membrane intrinsic protein 2A	Arabidopsis thaliana	106-110
30510767-2	2018	In apple (Malus domestica), antisense suppression of aldose-6-phosphate reductase, the key enzyme for sorbitol synthesis, significantly decreased the sorbitol concentration but increased the sucrose concentration in leaves, leading to a lower sorbitol but a higher sucrose supply to fruit in these plants.	Sorbitol	102-110	NADP-dependent D-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Malus domestica	53-81
30510767-2	2018	In apple (Malus domestica), antisense suppression of aldose-6-phosphate reductase, the key enzyme for sorbitol synthesis, significantly decreased the sorbitol concentration but increased the sucrose concentration in leaves, leading to a lower sorbitol but a higher sucrose supply to fruit in these plants.	Sorbitol	150-158	NADP-dependent D-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Malus domestica	53-81
30510767-2	2018	In apple (Malus domestica), antisense suppression of aldose-6-phosphate reductase, the key enzyme for sorbitol synthesis, significantly decreased the sorbitol concentration but increased the sucrose concentration in leaves, leading to a lower sorbitol but a higher sucrose supply to fruit in these plants.	Sorbitol	150-158	NADP-dependent D-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Malus domestica	53-81
30534388-0	2018	Increased activity of MdFRK2, a high-affinity fructokinase, leads to upregulation of sorbitol metabolism and downregulation of sucrose metabolism in apple leaves.	Sorbitol	85-93	probable fructokinase-4	Malus domestica	46-58
30534388-10	2018	These results provide new genetic evidence to support the view that FRK plays roles in regulating sugar and sorbitol metabolism in Rosaceae plants.	Sorbitol	108-116	probable fructokinase-4	Malus domestica	68-71
30109747-0	2018	Artichoke leaf extract, as AKR1B1 inhibitor, decreases sorbitol level in the rat eye lenses under high glucose conditions ex vivo.	Sorbitol	55-63	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	27-33
30109747-1	2018	In the previous study, the artichoke leaf extract showed effective inhibition of AKR1B1, the first enzyme of polyol pathway, which reduces high level of glucose to osmotically active sorbitol, important for development of chronic diabetic complications.	Sorbitol	183-191	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	81-87
30542361-12	2018	In vivo 32Pi-labeling of seedlings and treatment with sorbitol to mimic drought stress, revealed stronger PIP2 responses in both drought-tolerant plc5/7 and PLC7-OE mutants.	Sorbitol	54-62	phosphatidylinositol-speciwc phospholipase C5	Arabidopsis thaliana	146-150
30143534-10	2018	In an embryonic striatal neuron-derived HD model, the chemical chaperone sorbitol similarly promoted the structuring of diffuse mHtt into IBs and supported cell survival under stress.	Sorbitol	73-81	huntingtin	Mus musculus	128-132
29934223-3	2018	OMVs from both EHEC O157:H7 and sorbitol-fermenting (SF) EHEC O157:H- induced production of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in Caco-2, HCT-8, and HT-29 intestinal epithelial cell lines.	Sorbitol	32-40	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	107-111
30036052-0	2018	Physicochemical Insights into the Stabilization of Stressed Lysozyme and Glycine Homopeptides by Sorbitol.	Sorbitol	97-105	lysozyme	Homo sapiens	60-68
30266908-6	2018	We demonstrate that the three chemical chaperones 4-phenylbutyrate, sorbitol, and trehalose reverse the deficits caused by mutations in Munc18-1 in vitro and in vivo in multiple models, offering a novel strategy for the treatment of varied encephalopathies.	Sorbitol	68-76	syntaxin binding protein 1	Mus musculus	136-144
29693278-1	2018	Human aldose reductase (hAR) is the key enzyme in sorbitol pathway of glucose utilization and is implicated in the etiology of secondary complications of diabetes, such as, cardiovascular complications, neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, and cataract genesis.	Sorbitol	50-58	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	6-22
29693278-1	2018	Human aldose reductase (hAR) is the key enzyme in sorbitol pathway of glucose utilization and is implicated in the etiology of secondary complications of diabetes, such as, cardiovascular complications, neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, and cataract genesis.	Sorbitol	50-58	lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1	Homo sapiens	24-27
29534666-2	2018	When the leaves were exposed to light, the ALAD activity increased for the first 8 h, followed by a decrease observed at 16 and 24 h in both sorbitol-treated and untreated leaf tissues.	Sorbitol	141-149	Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, chloroplastic	Zea mays	43-47
29630989-7	2018	Furthermore, D-sorbitol - known to induce stress granules and cytoplasmic mislocalization of TDP43 - rescued axonal trafficking phenotypes without signs of TDP43 mislocalization or aggregation formation.	Sorbitol	13-23	TAR DNA binding protein	Homo sapiens	93-98
29688129-7	2018	Sorbitol and glycerol emerged as the best hIFNG producers with lowest growth and substrate consumption rates.	Sorbitol	0-8	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	42-47
30027060-3	2018	A metabolomics analysis of cells exposed to nanosilver (nAg) integrates volcano plots (t-tests and fold change analysis), partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) and identifies six metabolites (l-aspartic acid, l-malic acid, myoinositol, d-sorbitol, citric acid, and l-cysteine).	Sorbitol	299-309	NBAS subunit of NRZ tethering complex	Homo sapiens	56-59
30027060-4	2018	The further analysis of cell viability, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis reveals that d-sorbitol markedly reduces nAg cytotoxicity.	Sorbitol	90-100	NBAS subunit of NRZ tethering complex	Homo sapiens	118-121
30027060-5	2018	Subsequently, small molecule loading, surface oxidation, and ionic release experiments support d-sorbitol as the optimal coating for nAg.	Sorbitol	95-105	NBAS subunit of NRZ tethering complex	Homo sapiens	133-136
30027060-6	2018	Importantly, d-sorbitol loading improves the duration of the antibacterial activity of nAg against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.	Sorbitol	13-23	NBAS subunit of NRZ tethering complex	Homo sapiens	87-90
29534666-0	2018	Modulation of delta-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase Activity by the Sorbitol-Induced Osmotic Stress in Maize Leaf Segments.	Sorbitol	68-76	Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, chloroplastic	Zea mays	14-51
29534666-1	2018	Osmotic stress induced with 1 M sorbitol inhibited delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) and aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthesizing activities in etiolated maize leaf segments during greening; the ALAD activity was inhibited to a greater extent than the ALA synthesis.	Sorbitol	32-40	Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, chloroplastic	Zea mays	51-88
29534666-1	2018	Osmotic stress induced with 1 M sorbitol inhibited delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) and aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthesizing activities in etiolated maize leaf segments during greening; the ALAD activity was inhibited to a greater extent than the ALA synthesis.	Sorbitol	32-40	Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, chloroplastic	Zea mays	90-94
29534666-1	2018	Osmotic stress induced with 1 M sorbitol inhibited delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) and aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthesizing activities in etiolated maize leaf segments during greening; the ALAD activity was inhibited to a greater extent than the ALA synthesis.	Sorbitol	32-40	Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, chloroplastic	Zea mays	204-208
29871985-2	2018	Here, we report that decreasing sorbitol synthesis in apple (Malus domestica) leaves by antisense suppression of ALDOSE-6-PHOSPHATE REDUCTASE (A6PR) leads to downregulation of 56 NUCLEOTIDE BINDING/LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT (NLR) genes and converts the phenotypic response to Alternaria alternata from resistant to susceptible.	Sorbitol	32-40	NADP-dependent D-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Malus domestica	113-141
29871985-2	2018	Here, we report that decreasing sorbitol synthesis in apple (Malus domestica) leaves by antisense suppression of ALDOSE-6-PHOSPHATE REDUCTASE (A6PR) leads to downregulation of 56 NUCLEOTIDE BINDING/LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT (NLR) genes and converts the phenotypic response to Alternaria alternata from resistant to susceptible.	Sorbitol	32-40	NADP-dependent D-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Malus domestica	143-147
29853932-2	2018	This work aimed to evaluate the effect of various concentrations of ascorbic acid in mixed feeding strategy with sorbitol/methanol on productivity of recombinant human growth hormone (r-hGH).	Sorbitol	113-121	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	168-182
29705708-1	2018	Human aldose reductase (AKR1B1, AR) is a key enzyme of the polyol pathway, catalyzing the reduction of glucose to sorbitol at high glucose concentrations, as those found in diabetic condition.	Sorbitol	114-122	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	6-22
29705708-1	2018	Human aldose reductase (AKR1B1, AR) is a key enzyme of the polyol pathway, catalyzing the reduction of glucose to sorbitol at high glucose concentrations, as those found in diabetic condition.	Sorbitol	114-122	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	24-30
29630881-7	2018	Sorbitol in galactose metabolism and stearic acid in saturated fatty acid biosynthesis were potential biomarkers responsible for ethanol or ethanol plus AR inhibitor treatment.	Sorbitol	0-8	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	153-155
29863179-3	2018	AR reduces glucose to sorbitol at the expense of NADPH, while sorbitol dehydrogenase converts sorbitol to fructose at the expense of NAD+, leading to NADH production.	Sorbitol	22-30	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-2
29125673-1	2018	Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) catalyses the reversible oxidation of sorbitol, xylitol and ribitol to their corresponding ketoses.	Sorbitol	67-75	lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase bifunctional enzyme	Arabidopsis thaliana	0-22
29125673-1	2018	Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) catalyses the reversible oxidation of sorbitol, xylitol and ribitol to their corresponding ketoses.	Sorbitol	67-75	lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase bifunctional enzyme	Arabidopsis thaliana	24-27
29534666-3	2018	The maximum inhibition of the enzyme activity was observed in the leaf segments incubated with sorbitol for 4 to 8 h. Glutamate increased the ALAD activity in the in vitro enzymatic preparations obtained from the sorbitol-treated leaf segments; sorbitol inhibited the ALAD activity in the preparations from both sorbitol-treated and untreated leaves.	Sorbitol	95-103	Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, chloroplastic	Zea mays	142-146
29534666-3	2018	The maximum inhibition of the enzyme activity was observed in the leaf segments incubated with sorbitol for 4 to 8 h. Glutamate increased the ALAD activity in the in vitro enzymatic preparations obtained from the sorbitol-treated leaf segments; sorbitol inhibited the ALAD activity in the preparations from both sorbitol-treated and untreated leaves.	Sorbitol	95-103	Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, chloroplastic	Zea mays	268-272
29534666-3	2018	The maximum inhibition of the enzyme activity was observed in the leaf segments incubated with sorbitol for 4 to 8 h. Glutamate increased the ALAD activity in the in vitro enzymatic preparations obtained from the sorbitol-treated leaf segments; sorbitol inhibited the ALAD activity in the preparations from both sorbitol-treated and untreated leaves.	Sorbitol	213-221	Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, chloroplastic	Zea mays	142-146
29534666-3	2018	The maximum inhibition of the enzyme activity was observed in the leaf segments incubated with sorbitol for 4 to 8 h. Glutamate increased the ALAD activity in the in vitro enzymatic preparations obtained from the sorbitol-treated leaf segments; sorbitol inhibited the ALAD activity in the preparations from both sorbitol-treated and untreated leaves.	Sorbitol	213-221	Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, chloroplastic	Zea mays	268-272
29534666-3	2018	The maximum inhibition of the enzyme activity was observed in the leaf segments incubated with sorbitol for 4 to 8 h. Glutamate increased the ALAD activity in the in vitro enzymatic preparations obtained from the sorbitol-treated leaf segments; sorbitol inhibited the ALAD activity in the preparations from both sorbitol-treated and untreated leaves.	Sorbitol	213-221	Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, chloroplastic	Zea mays	142-146
29534666-3	2018	The maximum inhibition of the enzyme activity was observed in the leaf segments incubated with sorbitol for 4 to 8 h. Glutamate increased the ALAD activity in the in vitro enzymatic preparations obtained from the sorbitol-treated leaf segments; sorbitol inhibited the ALAD activity in the preparations from both sorbitol-treated and untreated leaves.	Sorbitol	213-221	Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, chloroplastic	Zea mays	268-272
29534666-3	2018	The maximum inhibition of the enzyme activity was observed in the leaf segments incubated with sorbitol for 4 to 8 h. Glutamate increased the ALAD activity in the in vitro enzymatic preparations obtained from the sorbitol-treated leaf segments; sorbitol inhibited the ALAD activity in the preparations from both sorbitol-treated and untreated leaves.	Sorbitol	213-221	Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, chloroplastic	Zea mays	142-146
29534666-3	2018	The maximum inhibition of the enzyme activity was observed in the leaf segments incubated with sorbitol for 4 to 8 h. Glutamate increased the ALAD activity in the in vitro enzymatic preparations obtained from the sorbitol-treated leaf segments; sorbitol inhibited the ALAD activity in the preparations from both sorbitol-treated and untreated leaves.	Sorbitol	213-221	Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, chloroplastic	Zea mays	268-272
29534666-4	2018	It was suggested that sorbitol-induced osmotic stress inhibits the enzyme activity by affecting the ALAD induction during greening and regulating the ALAD steady-state level of ALAD in leaf cells.	Sorbitol	22-30	Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, chloroplastic	Zea mays	100-104
29534666-4	2018	It was suggested that sorbitol-induced osmotic stress inhibits the enzyme activity by affecting the ALAD induction during greening and regulating the ALAD steady-state level of ALAD in leaf cells.	Sorbitol	22-30	Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, chloroplastic	Zea mays	150-154
29534666-4	2018	It was suggested that sorbitol-induced osmotic stress inhibits the enzyme activity by affecting the ALAD induction during greening and regulating the ALAD steady-state level of ALAD in leaf cells.	Sorbitol	22-30	Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, chloroplastic	Zea mays	150-154
29534666-5	2018	The protective effect of glutamate on ALAD in the preparations from the sorbitol-treated leaves might be due to its stimulatory effect on the enzyme.	Sorbitol	72-80	Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, chloroplastic	Zea mays	38-42
29126968-9	2017	Moreover, inhibition of JNK, but not ERK1/2 or p38 MAPK, efficiently prevented sorbitol-induced apoptosis and caspase-3 activation.	Sorbitol	79-87	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	24-27
29126968-9	2017	Moreover, inhibition of JNK, but not ERK1/2 or p38 MAPK, efficiently prevented sorbitol-induced apoptosis and caspase-3 activation.	Sorbitol	79-87	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	110-119
29126968-0	2017	JNK signaling pathway regulates sorbitol-induced Tau proteolysis and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells by targeting caspase-3.	Sorbitol	32-40	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	0-3
29126968-0	2017	JNK signaling pathway regulates sorbitol-induced Tau proteolysis and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells by targeting caspase-3.	Sorbitol	32-40	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	109-118
29552064-0	2017	Evaluation of Sorbitol-Methanol Co-Feeding Strategy on Production of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone in Pichia Pastoris.	Sorbitol	14-22	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	87-101
29126968-5	2017	We have previously described that hyperosmotic stress induced by sorbitol promotes Tau proteolysis and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells via caspase-3 activation.	Sorbitol	65-73	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	134-143
29126968-7	2017	We found that sorbitol treatment significantly enhanced the activation of conventional families of MAPK in SH-SY5Y cells.	Sorbitol	14-22	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Homo sapiens	99-103
28551219-1	2017	Temperature sensitivity of bovine milk beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) was assessed in the presence/absence of non-reducing sugars (sucrose and trehalose) and polyols (glycerol and sorbitol).	Sorbitol	174-182	beta-lactoglobulin	Bos taurus	39-57
28551219-1	2017	Temperature sensitivity of bovine milk beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) was assessed in the presence/absence of non-reducing sugars (sucrose and trehalose) and polyols (glycerol and sorbitol).	Sorbitol	174-182	beta-lactoglobulin	Bos taurus	59-62
29023543-10	2017	In a Xenopus oocyte expression, TcGr20 was found to be responsible for mannitol and sorbitol responses, but not for responses to other tested non-volatile compounds.	Sorbitol	84-92	gustatory receptor for sugar taste 43a	Tribolium castaneum	32-38
29023543-11	2017	The EC50 values of TcGr20 for mannitol and sorbitol were 72.6 mM and 90.6 mM, respectively, suggesting that TcGr20 is a feasible receptor for the recognition of mannitol at lower concentrations.	Sorbitol	43-51	gustatory receptor for sugar taste 43a	Tribolium castaneum	19-25
29023543-11	2017	The EC50 values of TcGr20 for mannitol and sorbitol were 72.6 mM and 90.6 mM, respectively, suggesting that TcGr20 is a feasible receptor for the recognition of mannitol at lower concentrations.	Sorbitol	43-51	gustatory receptor for sugar taste 43a	Tribolium castaneum	108-114
29023543-14	2017	Taken together, our results indicate that T. castaneum adults recognized mannitol/sorbitol using the TcGr20 receptor, thereby facilitating the dietary intake of these compounds.	Sorbitol	82-90	gustatory receptor for sugar taste 43a	Tribolium castaneum	101-107
29552064-3	2017	This work aimed to develop a new experimental method and compare the effect of various fractions of sorbitol in mixed feeding strategy with stepwise addition of methanol to maximize the productivity of human growth hormone.	Sorbitol	100-108	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	208-222
28820747-3	2017	Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether under hyperglycemic conditions, aldose reductase (AR)-mediated sorbitol formation and associated rise in cell volume, which subsequently results in platelet hyperactivation.	Sorbitol	123-131	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	92-108
30023751-1	2017	Aldose reductase is the first enzyme of the polyol pathway in which glucose is converted to fructose via sorbitol.	Sorbitol	105-113	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
28820747-3	2017	Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether under hyperglycemic conditions, aldose reductase (AR)-mediated sorbitol formation and associated rise in cell volume, which subsequently results in platelet hyperactivation.	Sorbitol	123-131	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	110-112
28045227-0	2017	Severe Outbreak of Sorbitol-Fermenting Escherichia coli O157 via Unpasteurized Milk and Farm Visits, Finland 2012.	Sorbitol	19-27	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	79-83
27208686-5	2017	In vitro experiments were performed using NIH3T3 fibroblasts to evaluate the effect of high-glucose conditions and an aldose reductase inhibitor on the cellular production of sorbitol, pro-inflammatory factors, and TGF-beta1.	Sorbitol	175-183	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	118-134
28495450-4	2017	Secondly, in response to in vitro cellular stress (500muM sodium arsenite for 1h; or 400mM sorbitol 1 hour exposure; as an oxidative or osmotic stress, respectively), we observed a significant survival benefit in RGNEF-transfected HEK293T cells.	Sorbitol	91-99	Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 28	Homo sapiens	213-218
28510586-4	2017	Here we detail the use of D-sorbitol as an exogenous stressor that causes TDP-43 cleavage in HeLa cells, resulting in a 35 kDa truncated product that accumulates in the cytoplasm within one hour of treatment.	Sorbitol	26-36	TAR DNA binding protein	Homo sapiens	74-80
28510586-7	2017	Using D-sorbitol as a stressor and caspase activator, we also demonstrate that the A90V variant of TDP-43, which lies adjacent to the caspase cleavage site within the nuclear localization sequence of TDP-43, confers partial resistance against caspase-mediated generation of the 35 kDa cleavage product.	Sorbitol	6-16	TAR DNA binding protein	Homo sapiens	99-105
28510586-7	2017	Using D-sorbitol as a stressor and caspase activator, we also demonstrate that the A90V variant of TDP-43, which lies adjacent to the caspase cleavage site within the nuclear localization sequence of TDP-43, confers partial resistance against caspase-mediated generation of the 35 kDa cleavage product.	Sorbitol	6-16	TAR DNA binding protein	Homo sapiens	200-206
27208686-8	2017	The high glucose-cultured fibroblasts exhibited significantly higher levels of sorbitol, pro-inflammatory factors, and TGF-beta1 compared to the low glucose-cultured cells, and these levels were dose-dependently reduced by treatment with the aldose reductase inhibitor.	Sorbitol	79-87	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	242-258
27208686-10	2017	Furthermore, aldose reductase inhibition effectively reduced the levels of sorbitol and sorbitol-induced pro-inflammatory factor expression in high glucose-cultured fibroblasts.	Sorbitol	75-83	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	13-29
27208686-10	2017	Furthermore, aldose reductase inhibition effectively reduced the levels of sorbitol and sorbitol-induced pro-inflammatory factor expression in high glucose-cultured fibroblasts.	Sorbitol	88-96	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	13-29
27230877-3	2016	RESULT(S): Met, Asa, BR-DIM, or hyperosmotic sorbitol stress induces rapid ~50-85 % Rex1 and/or Oct4 protein loss in two-cell embryos.	Sorbitol	45-53	RNA exonuclease 1 homolog	Homo sapiens	84-88
28302016-2	2017	Aldose reductase (ALR2) has been identified as first rate-limiting enzyme in the polyol pathway which catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	140-148	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	0-16
28302016-2	2017	Aldose reductase (ALR2) has been identified as first rate-limiting enzyme in the polyol pathway which catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol.	Sorbitol	140-148	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	18-22
27894247-2	2017	One of the key pathways activated in DN is the polyol pathway, in which glucose is converted to sorbitol (a relatively nonmetabolizable sugar) by the enzyme aldose reductase (AR).	Sorbitol	96-104	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	157-173
27894247-2	2017	One of the key pathways activated in DN is the polyol pathway, in which glucose is converted to sorbitol (a relatively nonmetabolizable sugar) by the enzyme aldose reductase (AR).	Sorbitol	96-104	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	175-177
27903233-3	2017	Then, the reduced glucitol adduct of beta-casein was used for the structural and functional analyses using different spectroscopic techniques.	Sorbitol	18-26	casein beta	Bos taurus	37-48
27497612-1	2016	The focus of this research was to apply the in situ coating technology for producing paracetamol- (PCT-) containing pastilles for paediatric use from a eutectic of two sugar alcohols (sorbitol, xylitol) in one step.	Sorbitol	184-192	calcitonin related polypeptide alpha	Homo sapiens	99-102
27497612-6	2016	Physico-chemical parameters of the xylitol-sorbitol eutectic and their changes upon adding PCT and PEGs have been determined, and it has been revealed that xylitol and sorbitol form a new entity with a distinguished crystal structure.	Sorbitol	168-176	calcitonin related polypeptide alpha	Homo sapiens	91-94
27870861-1	2016	We report here interesting synergistic effects of proline and sorbitol, two well-known chemical chaperones, in the inhibition of fibrillation of two proteins, insulin and lysozyme.	Sorbitol	62-70	insulin	Homo sapiens	159-166
27230877-6	2016	CONCLUSION: These experimental designs here showed that Met-, Asa-, BR-DIM-, or sorbitol stress-induced rapid potency loss in two-cell embryos is AMPK dependent as suggested by inhibition of Rex1 and/or Oct4 protein loss with an AMPK inhibitor.	Sorbitol	80-88	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	229-233
29056677-2	2017	Lens opacification occurs primarily through the generation of sorbitol, a sugar alcohol, through the action of aldose reductase (AR).	Sorbitol	62-70	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	111-127
29056677-2	2017	Lens opacification occurs primarily through the generation of sorbitol, a sugar alcohol, through the action of aldose reductase (AR).	Sorbitol	62-70	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	129-131
27628063-15	2016	NFAT5- and AR-mediated sorbitol accumulation may protect RPE cells under conditions of osmotic stress.	Sorbitol	23-31	nuclear factor of activated T cells 5	Homo sapiens	0-5
27628063-15	2016	NFAT5- and AR-mediated sorbitol accumulation may protect RPE cells under conditions of osmotic stress.	Sorbitol	23-31	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	11-13
27169884-3	2016	In the second part of this study, it was shown that the temperature sensitivity of the atp2.1pgs1Delta mutant was not suppressed by the osmotic stabilizer glucitol but by glucosamine, a precursor of chitin synthesis.	Sorbitol	155-163	F1F0 ATP synthase subunit beta	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	87-91
27230877-3	2016	RESULT(S): Met, Asa, BR-DIM, or hyperosmotic sorbitol stress induces rapid ~50-85 % Rex1 and/or Oct4 protein loss in two-cell embryos.	Sorbitol	45-53	POU class 5 homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	96-100
27230877-6	2016	CONCLUSION: These experimental designs here showed that Met-, Asa-, BR-DIM-, or sorbitol stress-induced rapid potency loss in two-cell embryos is AMPK dependent as suggested by inhibition of Rex1 and/or Oct4 protein loss with an AMPK inhibitor.	Sorbitol	80-88	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	146-150
27230877-6	2016	CONCLUSION: These experimental designs here showed that Met-, Asa-, BR-DIM-, or sorbitol stress-induced rapid potency loss in two-cell embryos is AMPK dependent as suggested by inhibition of Rex1 and/or Oct4 protein loss with an AMPK inhibitor.	Sorbitol	80-88	RNA exonuclease 1 homolog	Homo sapiens	191-195
27230877-6	2016	CONCLUSION: These experimental designs here showed that Met-, Asa-, BR-DIM-, or sorbitol stress-induced rapid potency loss in two-cell embryos is AMPK dependent as suggested by inhibition of Rex1 and/or Oct4 protein loss with an AMPK inhibitor.	Sorbitol	80-88	POU class 5 homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	203-207
27005019-8	2016	In the presence of high concentrations of sorbitol, the urease, catalase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-glucosidase, and N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase activities were significantly increased, while invertase activity was decreased.	Sorbitol	42-50	catalase	Homo sapiens	64-72
27005019-8	2016	In the presence of high concentrations of sorbitol, the urease, catalase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-glucosidase, and N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase activities were significantly increased, while invertase activity was decreased.	Sorbitol	42-50	O-GlcNAcase	Homo sapiens	118-149
27190083-1	2016	OBJECTIVE: Under diabetic conditions, glucose is converted to sorbitol via aldose reductase, whose process could contribute to diabetic vascular complications.	Sorbitol	62-70	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	75-91