PMID-sentid	Pub_year	Sent_text	compound_name	comp_offset	prot_official_name	organism	prot_offset
21704671-3	2011	Ghrelin receptor antagonist [D-Lys(3)]GHRP-6 after seven days of subcutaneous treatment markedly decreased food intake in OVX mice fed both HF and standard diets; furthermore, it reduced body weight and blood glucose, insulin and leptin, and increased beta-hydroxybutyrate level and uncoupling-protein-1 mRNA in brown adipose tissue.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	252-272	ghrelin	Mus musculus	0-7
21540444-8	2011	The expression level of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) was increased in monocytes treated with AA, and LFA-1 affinity was altered from low to high affinity following treatment with both AA and BHB.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	211-214	integrin subunit alpha L	Homo sapiens	24-64
21540444-8	2011	The expression level of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) was increased in monocytes treated with AA, and LFA-1 affinity was altered from low to high affinity following treatment with both AA and BHB.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	211-214	integrin subunit alpha L	Homo sapiens	66-71
21540444-8	2011	The expression level of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) was increased in monocytes treated with AA, and LFA-1 affinity was altered from low to high affinity following treatment with both AA and BHB.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	211-214	integrin subunit alpha L	Homo sapiens	121-126
21425780-6	2011	Suppression of beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HB) production by taurine can be one of the mechanisms of a reduction in CYP2E1.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	15-35	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily e, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	115-121
21635772-9	2011	IGF-I genotype affected BHB, NEFA, and insulin concentrations in farm 1: primiparous BB cows had lower NEFA and BHB and higher insulin concentrations.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	24-27	IGFI	Bos taurus	0-5
21635772-9	2011	IGF-I genotype affected BHB, NEFA, and insulin concentrations in farm 1: primiparous BB cows had lower NEFA and BHB and higher insulin concentrations.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	112-115	IGFI	Bos taurus	0-5
20938441-4	2011	Pre- and post-prandial plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate levels were also lower, indicative of decreased hepatic fatty acid oxidation, in the hypercaloric diet-fed PLA2G1B transgenic mice.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	30-50	phospholipase A2, group IB, pancreas	Mus musculus	158-165
21454438-5	2011	The HCA(1) receptor (GPR81) is activated by 2-hydroxy-propanoic acid (lactate), the HCA(2) receptor (GPR109A) is a receptor for the ketone body 3-hydroxy-butyric acid, and the HCA(3) receptor (GPR109B) is activated by the beta-oxidation intermediate 3-hydroxy-octanoic acid.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	144-166	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens	21-26
21454438-5	2011	The HCA(1) receptor (GPR81) is activated by 2-hydroxy-propanoic acid (lactate), the HCA(2) receptor (GPR109A) is a receptor for the ketone body 3-hydroxy-butyric acid, and the HCA(3) receptor (GPR109B) is activated by the beta-oxidation intermediate 3-hydroxy-octanoic acid.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	144-166	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	101-108
21454438-5	2011	The HCA(1) receptor (GPR81) is activated by 2-hydroxy-propanoic acid (lactate), the HCA(2) receptor (GPR109A) is a receptor for the ketone body 3-hydroxy-butyric acid, and the HCA(3) receptor (GPR109B) is activated by the beta-oxidation intermediate 3-hydroxy-octanoic acid.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	144-166	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3	Homo sapiens	193-200
20959534-5	2011	Consistently, the activity of HMGCS2 in kidneys and 24-h urinary excretion of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HB) were significantly increased in db/db mice.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	94-114	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A synthase 2	Mus musculus	30-36
21518883-9	2011	On the other hand, a ketone body, beta-hydroxybutyrate, produced during starvation or diabetes, suppressed SNS activity by antagonizing GPR41.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	34-54	free fatty acid receptor 3	Homo sapiens	136-141
21209089-5	2011	In vivo oxidation of (13)C-labeled beta-hydroxybutyrate in neonatal Oxct1(-/-) mice, measured using NMR, reveals intact oxidation to acetoacetate but no contribution of ketone bodies to the tricarboxylic acid cycle.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	35-55	3-oxoacid CoA transferase 1	Mus musculus	68-73
21109197-8	2010	Mice lacking SIRT3 show decreased beta-hydroxybutyrate levels during fasting.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	34-54	sirtuin 3	Mus musculus	13-18
20851857-6	2011	Coincident with the observed changes in fetal growth, we noted an elevation in maternal hepatic triglyceride content, expression of the ketogenic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (Hmgcs2) and circulating plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	220-240	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A synthase 2	Mus musculus	189-195
21907911-5	2011	HCA(1) is activated by lactate, HCA(2) by the ketone body 3-hydroxy-butyrate, and HCA(3) by hydroxylated beta-oxidation intermediates, especially 3-hydroxy-octanoic acid.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	58-76	HCA1	Homo sapiens	0-6
21907911-5	2011	HCA(1) is activated by lactate, HCA(2) by the ketone body 3-hydroxy-butyrate, and HCA(3) by hydroxylated beta-oxidation intermediates, especially 3-hydroxy-octanoic acid.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	58-76	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	32-38
21109197-3	2010	HMGCS2 is the rate-limiting step in beta-hydroxybutyrate synthesis and is hyperacetylated at lysines 310, 447, and 473 in the absence of SIRT3.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	36-56	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A synthase 2	Mus musculus	0-6
20547355-7	2010	Proportion of 3-hydroxybutyric acid was higher in a PTE1-complemented strain than in a tesB-complemented strain, while proportions of 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid and 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid markedly increased in the tesB-complemented strain.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	14-35	palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	52-56
20579188-5	2010	BHB treated AT explants yielded a different stability ranking for RGs using geNorm : HPCAL1, GAPDH > Pol II > LRP10 > ACTB > RPS9 > 18S rRNA.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	hippocalcin like 1	Bos taurus	85-91
20460097-4	2010	Two cell lines with >70% knockdown of SCOT activity showed >70% reduction in glucose- or methyl succinate-plus-beta-hydroxybutyrate-stimulated insulin release.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	117-137	3-oxoacid CoA transferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	41-45
20579188-5	2010	BHB treated AT explants yielded a different stability ranking for RGs using geNorm : HPCAL1, GAPDH > Pol II > LRP10 > ACTB > RPS9 > 18S rRNA.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Bos taurus	93-98
20579188-5	2010	BHB treated AT explants yielded a different stability ranking for RGs using geNorm : HPCAL1, GAPDH > Pol II > LRP10 > ACTB > RPS9 > 18S rRNA.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	LDL receptor related protein 10	Bos taurus	116-121
20579188-5	2010	BHB treated AT explants yielded a different stability ranking for RGs using geNorm : HPCAL1, GAPDH > Pol II > LRP10 > ACTB > RPS9 > 18S rRNA.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	actin beta	Bos taurus	127-131
20579188-5	2010	BHB treated AT explants yielded a different stability ranking for RGs using geNorm : HPCAL1, GAPDH > Pol II > LRP10 > ACTB > RPS9 > 18S rRNA.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	ribosomal protein S9	Bos taurus	137-141
20579188-6	2010	Normfinder( ) estimated a different stability ranking for the RGs as shown in the following sequence for subcutaneous and retroperitoneal AT explants treated with BHB: HPCAL1 > Pol II > GAPDH > ACTB > LRP10 > RPS9 > 18S rRNA.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	163-166	hippocalcin like 1	Bos taurus	168-174
20579188-7	2010	Subsequent pairwise analysis of variation of RGs using geNorm  suggested that LRP10, HPCAL1 and GAPDH should be used for accurate normalization of subcutaneous and retroperitoneal AT explants treated with propionate, while HPCAL1, GAPDH and Pol II should be used for BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	267-270	LDL receptor related protein 10	Bos taurus	78-83
20684827-9	2010	In addition, aortic expression of proatherogenic molecules including TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, MCP-1 and VCAM-1, was lower in the BHB-TZD group than the control group.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	131-134	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	69-78
20684827-9	2010	In addition, aortic expression of proatherogenic molecules including TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, MCP-1 and VCAM-1, was lower in the BHB-TZD group than the control group.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	131-134	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	80-88
20684827-9	2010	In addition, aortic expression of proatherogenic molecules including TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, MCP-1 and VCAM-1, was lower in the BHB-TZD group than the control group.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	131-134	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	90-94
20684827-9	2010	In addition, aortic expression of proatherogenic molecules including TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, MCP-1 and VCAM-1, was lower in the BHB-TZD group than the control group.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	131-134	mast cell protease 1	Mus musculus	96-101
20684827-9	2010	In addition, aortic expression of proatherogenic molecules including TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, MCP-1 and VCAM-1, was lower in the BHB-TZD group than the control group.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	131-134	vascular cell adhesion molecule 1	Mus musculus	106-112
20684827-10	2010	BHB-TZD treatment also reduced MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions in aorta.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	matrix metallopeptidase 2	Mus musculus	31-36
20684827-10	2010	BHB-TZD treatment also reduced MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions in aorta.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	matrix metallopeptidase 9	Mus musculus	41-46
20178774-15	2010	Since SMCT1 is a concentrative transporter for metabolically important compounds such as pyruvate, lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and nicotinate, the stimulation of its activity by diclofenac in RPE cells has biological and clinical significance.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	108-128	solute carrier family 5 member 8	Homo sapiens	6-11
20086057-9	2010	Moreover, STZ-treated Nrf2-null mice had higher levels of serum beta-hydroxybutyrate, triglycerides, and fatty acids 10 days after STZ compared with wild-type mice.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	64-84	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	22-26
20090781-7	2010	The UM-IGHV patients had elevated levels of cholesterol, lactate, uridine and fumarate, and decreased levels of pyridoxine, glycerol, 3-hydroxybutyrate and methionine concentrations.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	134-151	immunoglobulin heavy variable 3-69-1 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	7-11
20035485-7	2010	Concomitantly, L-FABP gene ablation decreased serum beta-hydroxybutyrate in male and female mice fed the control diet and, even more so, on the high-fat diet.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	52-72	fatty acid binding protein 1, liver	Mus musculus	15-21
20613964-6	2010	Plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration was significantly positively correlated with cortisol and negatively correlated with immunoglobulins, insulin, and thyroid hormone.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	7-27	insulin	Capra hircus	144-151
19820067-11	2010	From the plasma analytes measured, NEFA (r = -0.21; P < 0.05) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (r = 0.37; P < 0.05) concentrations were correlated with RFI.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	69-89	RFI	Bos taurus	150-153
19820067-12	2010	Plasma leptin (r = 0.48), glucose:insulin (r = -0.23), NEFA (r = -0.32), and beta-hydroxybutyrate (r = 0.25) were associated with FCR.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	77-97	FCR	Bos taurus	130-133
19502505-8	2009	Interferon-alpha-treated animals also showed a larger decrease of plasma glucose and greater values of NEFA, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and reactive oxygen metabolites.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	109-129	INFA	Bos taurus	0-16
20040075-10	2009	The parameter Deltaketone bodies (level at 120 minutes - level at baseline) was significantly correlated with the insulinogenic index (Spearman"s r = 0.503 for beta-hydroxybutyrate and 0.509 for acetoacetate), but not with total insulin secretory capacity.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	160-180	insulin	Homo sapiens	114-121
19457063-5	2009	Our results suggest that the change in aspartate-glutamate homeostasis is due to a decreased availability of NADH for cytosolic malate dehydrogenase and thus reduced malate-aspartate shuttle activity in neurons using beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	217-237	malate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	118-148
19664276-15	2009	Furthermore, a significant pharmacologic response was observed between serum beta-hydroxybutyrate levels and change in ADAS-Cog scores in E4(-) subjects at Day 90 (p = 0.008).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	77-97	alkylglycerone phosphate synthase	Homo sapiens	119-123
19345551-3	2009	Signaling by GPR 41 stimulates leptin release via activation by short-chain fatty acids; GPR 43/109A inhibits lipolysis, and GPR 109A thereby mediates the lipid-lowering effects of nicotinic acid and beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	200-220	free fatty acid receptor 3	Bos taurus	13-19
19112157-8	2009	Postprandial TG were 40 +/- 14% lower and postprandial HDL-C, free fatty acids, and 3-hydroxybutyrate were higher in Ex-Def compared with Con (P < 0.05).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	84-101	UTP25 small subunit processome component	Homo sapiens	120-123
19285044-0	2009	Beta-hydroxybutyrate alters GABA-transaminase activity in cultured astrocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	28-45
19285044-6	2009	When beta-hydroxybutyrate was added to culture medium, GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) mRNA expression was significantly suppressed in time- and dose-dependent manners.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	5-25	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	55-72
19285044-6	2009	When beta-hydroxybutyrate was added to culture medium, GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) mRNA expression was significantly suppressed in time- and dose-dependent manners.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	5-25	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	74-80
19285044-7	2009	GABA-T enzymatic activity in beta-hydroxybutyrate-treated astrocytes was also suppressed, in accordance with its gene expression.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	29-49	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-6
19285044-9	2009	GABA transporter, GAT-1, gene expression was strongly suppressed in cultured astrocytes after 5 days of culture with beta-hydroxybutyrate, although other type of GABA transporters did not display significant changes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	117-137	solute carrier family 6 member 12	Rattus norvegicus	18-23
19141678-5	2009	Further in vitro studies demonstrated an increase in adiponectin secretion and a decrease in lipolysis in primary adipocytes following treatment with niacin or beta-hydroxybutyrate (an endogenous ligand of the GPR109A receptor), but these effects were blocked when adipocytes were pretreated with pertussis toxin.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	160-180	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Mus musculus	53-64
19141678-5	2009	Further in vitro studies demonstrated an increase in adiponectin secretion and a decrease in lipolysis in primary adipocytes following treatment with niacin or beta-hydroxybutyrate (an endogenous ligand of the GPR109A receptor), but these effects were blocked when adipocytes were pretreated with pertussis toxin.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	160-180	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	210-217
18599666-13	2008	Insulin-like growth factor-I and leptin concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in BHB- cows during the time of observation than in the BHB+ cows.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	85-88	insulin like growth factor 1	Bos taurus	0-28
18689950-0	2008	Assay of angiotensin I-converting enzyme-inhibiting activity based on the detection of 3-hydroxybutyrate with water-soluble tetrazolium salt.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	87-104	angiotensin I converting enzyme	Homo sapiens	9-40
18697738-6	2008	Insulin release in response to pyruvate alone, 2-aminobicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH) plus glutamine, or methyl succinate plus beta-hydroxybutyrate was also decreased in the PC knockdown cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	141-161	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
18689950-2	2008	In this study, an ACE-inhibiting assay was improved by the use of a water-soluble tetrazolium salt, 4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate sodium salt (WST-1), for the detection of 3-hydroxybutyrate, derived from 3HB-GGG.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	221-238	angiotensin I converting enzyme	Homo sapiens	18-21
18439432-8	2008	In ATP citrate lyase-deficient INS-1 cells, which are unable to convert citrate into cytosolic acetyl-CoA, insulin release by BCH was decreased and adding beta-hydroxybutyrate or alpha-ketoisocaproate, which increases mitochondrial acetoacetate, normalized BCH-induced insulin release.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	155-175	ATP citrate lyase	Rattus norvegicus	3-20
18160486-0	2008	Acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate in combination with other metabolites release insulin from INS-1 cells and provide clues about pathways in insulin secretion.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	17-37	insulin 1	Rattus norvegicus	97-102
18469245-6	2008	However, when subjects were ketotic (elevated circulating beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations), CCK secretion was sustained at concentrations before weight loss.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	58-78	cholecystokinin	Homo sapiens	96-99
18160486-9	2008	In line with this, citrate was increased by beta-hydroxybutyrate plus MMS in INS-1 cells and by beta-hydroxybutyrate plus succinate in mitochondria.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	44-64	insulin 1	Rattus norvegicus	77-82
17660267-5	2007	RESULTS: Withdrawal of insulin resulted in increased plasma glucose, branched chain amino acids, nonesterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and urinary nitrogen but no change in bicarbonate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	124-144	insulin	Homo sapiens	23-30
17699036-11	2007	Cows that received isoflupredone with insulin and isoflupredone alone had higher beta-hydroxybutyrate and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations 1 wk after treatment compared with control cows.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	81-101	insulin	Bos taurus	38-45
17725635-1	2007	AIMS: The aims of our study were to determine if insulin resistance is associated with increased plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), glycerol, 3-hydroxybutyrate and triglycerides in obese children.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	159-176	insulin	Homo sapiens	49-56
17386920-0	2007	Assay of angiotensin I-converting enzyme-inhibiting activity based on the detection of 3-hydroxybutyric acid.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	87-108	angiotensin I converting enzyme	Homo sapiens	9-40
17418401-6	2007	RT-PCR also showed significantly higher expression of osteocalcin (OCN) mRNA in MC3T3-E1 cells after 3HB administration.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	101-104	bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein 2	Mus musculus	54-65
17418401-6	2007	RT-PCR also showed significantly higher expression of osteocalcin (OCN) mRNA in MC3T3-E1 cells after 3HB administration.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	101-104	bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein 2	Mus musculus	67-70
17386920-4	2007	Under the actions of ACE and aminoacylase, 3HB-GGG is cleaved into amino acids (Gly and Gly-Gly) and 3-hydroxybutyric acid (3HB).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	101-122	angiotensin I converting enzyme	Homo sapiens	21-24
17386920-4	2007	Under the actions of ACE and aminoacylase, 3HB-GGG is cleaved into amino acids (Gly and Gly-Gly) and 3-hydroxybutyric acid (3HB).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	43-46	angiotensin I converting enzyme	Homo sapiens	21-24
17386920-5	2007	The assay conditions were optimized and applied to monitor the ACE inhibitory activity in terms of 3HB measured using an F-kit.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	99-102	angiotensin I converting enzyme	Homo sapiens	63-66
17386920-6	2007	Under the optimum assay parameters-ACE (0.2 U/ml) and aminoacylase (172 kU/ml) incubated with 3HB-GGG (3.4 mg/ml) at 37 degrees C for 30 min-the Gly-Gly and Gly cleaved from 3HB-GGG by enzymes was able to be identified, affirming the feasibility of substituting 3HB-GGG for the conventional substrate HHL.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	94-97	angiotensin I converting enzyme	Homo sapiens	35-38
17258706-1	2007	The absence of mouse mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase-1 (Gpat1-/-) increases the amount of arachidonate in liver phospholipids and increases beta-hydroxybutyrate and acyl-carnitines, suggesting an elevated rate of liver fatty acid oxidation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	159-179	glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	75-80
17238156-3	2007	This receptor responds to both nicotinic acid and the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate, the latter thought to be the more probable endogenous ligand for HM74A.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	66-86	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	153-158
17182800-6	2007	In contrast, alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate, phloretin, L-lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, butyrate, and pyruvate, inhibitors and substrates of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), significantly reduced DL-HMB uptake.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	67-87	solute carrier family 16 member 1	Homo sapiens	142-171
16960657-2	2007	We have already shown that chronic exposure to the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (OHB) decreases insulin-mediated activation of protein kinase B (PKB) and glucose uptake in cardiomyocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	63-83	insulin	Homo sapiens	100-107
16960657-2	2007	We have already shown that chronic exposure to the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (OHB) decreases insulin-mediated activation of protein kinase B (PKB) and glucose uptake in cardiomyocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	63-83	protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta	Homo sapiens	131-147
16960657-2	2007	We have already shown that chronic exposure to the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (OHB) decreases insulin-mediated activation of protein kinase B (PKB) and glucose uptake in cardiomyocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	63-83	protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta	Homo sapiens	149-152
17021052-4	2007	The levels of ketone bodies, such as acetoacetic acid and 3-hydroxybutyric acid, the products of the lipid metabolism, were increased in V1aR-/- mice under a fasting condition.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	58-79	arginine vasopressin receptor 1A	Mus musculus	137-141
16291632-10	2005	Increased plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate and nonesterified fatty acids pre- but not postpartum and a tendency for increased plasma glucose postpartum demonstrate shifting reliance from lipid- to carbohydrate-based metabolism postpartum in cows fed alpha-amylase.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	17-37	alpha amylase	Bos taurus	245-258
17194656-6	2006	Plasma insulin and C-peptide levels were appropriately suppressed, but a low concentration of beta-hydroxy-butyrate and normal increase of plasma glucose concentration after a glucagon injection suggested the presence of an insulin-like substance.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	94-115	insulin	Homo sapiens	224-231
15998539-1	2005	Random copolyester of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxyhexanoate, short as PHBHHx, was surface modified by ammonia plasma treatment and/or fibronectin coating, respectively.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	22-39	fibronectin 1	Homo sapiens	137-148
15195553-2	2004	beta-Hydroxybutyrate (beta OHB), at 5 mM, decreased endothelial angiotensin-converting enzyme (eACE) activity, whereas 25 mM glucose (HG), 1 mM beta OHB, or 10 mM acetoacetate (AcAc) did not.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	angiotensin-converting enzyme	Oryctolagus cuniculus	64-93
15219932-9	2004	In contrast, glycogen deposition was stimulated by insulin and attenuated by glucagon; high insulin was also associated with a reduction in the ketone body ratio (acetoacetate:beta-hydroxybutyrate).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	176-196	insulin	Sus scrofa	92-99
16091418-10	2005	Transcript levels of ACSL1, PPARA, and TFAP2A were positively correlated with serum beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	84-104	fatty-acid-Coenzyme A ligase long chain 2	Bos taurus	21-26
16091418-10	2005	Transcript levels of ACSL1, PPARA, and TFAP2A were positively correlated with serum beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	84-104	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Bos taurus	28-33
16091418-10	2005	Transcript levels of ACSL1, PPARA, and TFAP2A were positively correlated with serum beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	84-104	transcription factor AP-2 alpha	Bos taurus	39-45
15739181-8	2005	It was hypothesized that PUFA from TG adipose lipolysis ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyric acid) from liver may have been released in higher amounts as glycogen stores became depleted after 90 min of exercise.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	71-95	pumilio RNA binding family member 3	Homo sapiens	25-29
15342101-0	2004	Beta-hydroxy-butyrate alters the extracellular content of S100B in astrocyte cultures.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-21	S100 calcium binding protein B	Homo sapiens	58-63
15342101-8	2004	Our data show that beta-hydroxy-butyrate induces dramatic changes in astrocyte morphology and, independent of this, causes changes in the extracellular content of S100B.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	19-40	S100 calcium binding protein B	Homo sapiens	163-168
15342101-9	2004	We observed an increment in S100B 1 h after beta-hydroxy-butyrate addition and a decrease 24 h later.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	44-65	S100 calcium binding protein B	Homo sapiens	28-33
15102884-2	2004	ESP 55016 reduced serum non-HDL-cholesterol (non-HDL-C), triglyceride, and nonesterified fatty acid levels while increasing serum HDL-C and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels in a dose-dependent manner.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	140-160	protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, V	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
12778363-10	2003	Multiple linear regression analyses uncovered statistically significant inverse correlations between plasma VEGF and blood beta-hydroxybutyrate or serum corticosterone.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	123-143	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	108-112
15104240-9	2004	However, insulin output was significantly higher in pretreated islets (1.3-fold, P < 0.05) and CYP2E1 expressing cell lines (BRIN BD11h2E1 2.3-fold, P < 0.001; INS1-1h2E1 1.6-fold, P < 0.001) when stimulated with the ketone 3-hydroxybutyrate than control islets and parental cell lines respectively.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	233-250	insulin	Homo sapiens	9-16
14633126-0	2003	Beta-hydroxybutyrate-induced growth inhibition and collagen production in HK-2 cells are dependent on TGF-beta and Smad3.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	102-110
14633126-0	2003	Beta-hydroxybutyrate-induced growth inhibition and collagen production in HK-2 cells are dependent on TGF-beta and Smad3.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	SMAD family member 3	Homo sapiens	115-120
14633126-12	2003	Finally, N-acetylcysteine, TGF-beta antibody, Smad7, and dominant-negative Smad3 reversed beta-HB (1 mmol/L)-induced growth inhibition at 48 hours.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	90-97	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	27-35
14633126-12	2003	Finally, N-acetylcysteine, TGF-beta antibody, Smad7, and dominant-negative Smad3 reversed beta-HB (1 mmol/L)-induced growth inhibition at 48 hours.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	90-97	SMAD family member 7	Homo sapiens	46-51
14633126-12	2003	Finally, N-acetylcysteine, TGF-beta antibody, Smad7, and dominant-negative Smad3 reversed beta-HB (1 mmol/L)-induced growth inhibition at 48 hours.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	90-97	SMAD family member 3	Homo sapiens	75-80
12435474-2	2002	In this study we used cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) to investigate the effect of beta hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) and acetoacetate (AcAc) on the expression of the adhesion molecule, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	112-132	intercellular adhesion molecule 1	Homo sapiens	208-241
11309386-7	2001	The NQO1-/- mice showed lower blood levels of glucose, no change in insulin, and higher levels of triglycerides, beta-hydroxy butyrate, pyruvate, lactate, and glucagon as compared with wild-type mice.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	113-134	NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1	Mus musculus	4-8
12019621-8	2002	Plasma leptin measured 4 h after meal distribution was positively related to feeding level and to plasma 3-OH-butyrate (r = +0.61, P < 0.005) and negatively related to plasma NEFA (r = -0.56, P < 0.01).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	105-118	leptin	Bos taurus	7-13
12019621-10	2002	Leptin response to meal intake was positively related to glucose response (r = +0.66, P < 0.001) and negatively related to 3-OH-butyrate response (r = -0.78, P < 0.001).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	126-139	leptin	Bos taurus	0-6
11701435-0	2001	Chronic exposure to beta-hydroxybutyrate impairs insulin action in primary cultures of adult cardiomyocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	20-40	insulin	Homo sapiens	49-56
11443187-4	2001	Insulin sensitivity in women, notwithstanding increased body fatness, plasma free fatty acids, IMCL content, and circulating beta-hydroxybutyrate levels and reduced lipid oxidation, was similar to that in men.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	125-145	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
11443187-5	2001	Women using OSC showed a 40% reduction of insulin sensitivity associated with increased plasma free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, cholesterol, and triglycerides levels and a slight increment in IMCL content compared with women with intact hormonal cycles.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	113-133	insulin	Homo sapiens	42-49
11853146-6	2002	Serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyric acid were initially increased by the nonfeeding, and followed by decreases in concentrations of cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 and apoA-I.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	54-78	APOAI	Bos taurus	236-242
11872321-11	2001	The response of plasma leptin to meal intake was related positively to glycemia, and negatively to plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	106-123	leptin	Ovis aries	23-29
11145119-7	2000	In fasting rats, there was a significant positive correlation between the serum beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration and hepatic or intestinal apoAI mRNA level.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	80-100	apolipoprotein A1	Rattus norvegicus	141-146
10574479-9	1999	RESULTS: The plasma concentration of 3-hydroxybutyrate monomer reached 572 +/- 11 micromol/L 15 minutes after beginning infusion of the mixture at a rate of 25 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) and 270 +/- 40 micromol/L at a rate of 12.5 micromol x kg(-1) min(-1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	37-54	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	180-186
10933785-5	2000	The HH-Histag-BDH-PC complex (and HH-BDH derived therefrom by enterokinase cleavage) has apparent Michaelis constants (K(m) values) for NAD(+), NADH, (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (HOB), and acetoacetate (AcAc) similar to those for bovine heart or rat liver BDH.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	173-176	3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	14-17
10933785-5	2000	The HH-Histag-BDH-PC complex (and HH-BDH derived therefrom by enterokinase cleavage) has apparent Michaelis constants (K(m) values) for NAD(+), NADH, (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (HOB), and acetoacetate (AcAc) similar to those for bovine heart or rat liver BDH.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	173-176	3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	37-40
10933785-5	2000	The HH-Histag-BDH-PC complex (and HH-BDH derived therefrom by enterokinase cleavage) has apparent Michaelis constants (K(m) values) for NAD(+), NADH, (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (HOB), and acetoacetate (AcAc) similar to those for bovine heart or rat liver BDH.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	173-176	3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	37-40
10802291-4	2000	BHB alone (but not AcAc or Ac) and a mixture of ketone bodies caused a significant decrease in IFN titers induced by NDV and LPS and in TNF titers induced by LPS.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	interferon alpha-H	Bos taurus	95-98
10802291-4	2000	BHB alone (but not AcAc or Ac) and a mixture of ketone bodies caused a significant decrease in IFN titers induced by NDV and LPS and in TNF titers induced by LPS.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	tumor necrosis factor	Bos taurus	136-139
10751195-8	2000	The effects of insulin on LPR and cGMP production were blocked by removing glucose or by adding 2-deoxyglucose to the incubation media and were duplicated by the reducing substrate, beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	182-202	insulin	Homo sapiens	15-22
11023795-1	2000	Human type II hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/amyloid-beta binding alcohol dehydrogenase (HADH II/ABAD) is an oxidoreductase whose salient features include broad substrate specificity, encompassing 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA derivatives, hydroxysteroids, alcohols and beta-hydroxybutyrate, and the capacity to bind amyloid-beta peptide, leading to propagation of amyloid-induced cell stress.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	257-277	hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 10	Homo sapiens	96-100
10574479-9	1999	RESULTS: The plasma concentration of 3-hydroxybutyrate monomer reached 572 +/- 11 micromol/L 15 minutes after beginning infusion of the mixture at a rate of 25 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) and 270 +/- 40 micromol/L at a rate of 12.5 micromol x kg(-1) min(-1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	37-54	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	250-256
10492461-7	1999	The coincidence of a short-term surge of plasma insulin with marked transient decreases in plasma FFA, glycerol, and beta-hydroxybutyrate as well as with the transition from hyper- to hypoglycemia indicates that insulin plays a role in some of the metabolic responses to LPS.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	117-137	insulin	Homo sapiens	48-55
10492461-7	1999	The coincidence of a short-term surge of plasma insulin with marked transient decreases in plasma FFA, glycerol, and beta-hydroxybutyrate as well as with the transition from hyper- to hypoglycemia indicates that insulin plays a role in some of the metabolic responses to LPS.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	117-137	insulin	Homo sapiens	212-219
9685390-7	1998	OCTN2-mediated L-[3H]carnitine transport was inhibited by the D-isomer, acetyl-D,L-carnitine, and gamma-butyrobetaine with high affinity and by glycinebetaine with lower affinity, whereas choline, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, lysine, and taurine were not inhibitory.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	197-221	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	0-5
10417314-5	1999	A wide variety of monocarboxylates and ketone bodies, including lactate, pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, 2-oxoisovalerate and 2-oxoisohexanoate, were substrates of MCT2.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	83-103	solute carrier family 16 member 7	Rattus norvegicus	178-182
10218962-4	1999	Leptin significantly decreased food intake (leptin, 11.5 +/- 0.4 g/day; V, 16.8 +/- 1.5 g/day; P < 0.05) and body weight (maximum change, 5.0 +/- 0.2%; P < 0.05 vs. V) and lowered plasma triglyceride, insulin, and glucose levels, but raised beta-hydroxybutyrate levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	247-267	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	0-6
10471310-1	1999	Transport of lactate, pyruvate, and the ketone bodies, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate, is mediated in many mammalian cells by the monocarboxylate transporter MCT1.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	72-92	solute carrier family 16 member 1	Homo sapiens	165-169
10432173-0	1999	Acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate differentially regulate endothelin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	17-37	endothelin 1	Mus musculus	62-74
9374319-8	1997	The CSH increased (P < .05) PDV release of beta-hydroxybutyrate and insulin and increased (P = .09, CSH alone vs control) net release of glucose in the absence of exogenous SRIF.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	46-66	chorionic somatomammotropin hormone	Ovis aries	4-7
10191393-8	1998	Furthermore, IL-6 and glucagon caused an increase in the ketone-body ratio (KBR = [acetoacetate]/[beta-hydroxybutyrate]), which is in equilibrium with the intramitochondrial NAD+/NADH.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	98-118	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	13-17
7961994-11	1994	Triglycerides, free fatty acids, and beta-hydroxy-butyrate were elevated 43-63% (p < 0.05) in hGLUT4 mice due to hypoinsulinemia-induced lipolysis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	37-58	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Homo sapiens	97-103
7491948-5	1995	At an average plasma concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate of 0.043 mumol/ml, the utilization rate was estimated to be 0.48 nmol.ml-1.min-1.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	38-58	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	134-139
7631749-2	1995	On the basis of results obtained with (-)-hydroxycitrate, an inhibitor of the ATP citrate lyase enzyme, the metabolic pathway for acetoacetate conversion to lipids is exclusively cytoplasmic, whereas that for 3-hydroxybutyrate involves both extra- and intramitochondrial compartments.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	209-226	ATP citrate lyase	Rattus norvegicus	78-95
9354799-6	1997	Here we show that homozygous, but not heterozygous, mice deficient in Glut-2 are hyperglycaemic and relatively hypo-insulinaemic and have elevated plasma levels of glucagon, free fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	195-215	solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	70-76
9108870-2	1997	The diagnosis of hyperinsulinism was based on the demonstration of fasting hypoglycemia with inappropriately elevated insulin levels, inappropriately low beta-hydroxybutyrate and free fatty acid levels, and inappropriately large glycemic response to the administration of glucagon.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	154-174	insulin	Homo sapiens	22-29
8858219-12	1996	GH did not influence circulating levels of total IGF-I, C-peptide, insulin or glucose, but caused a further increase in NEFA, glycerol and 3-OH-butyrate levels, indicating enhanced lipolysis and ketogenesis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	139-152	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	0-2
8858219-13	1996	This effect of GH was much more pronounced during IGF-I: NEFA rose from 702 +/- 267 (saline) and 885 +/- 236 (IGF-I) to 963 +/- 215 (saline) (p < 0.05) and 1815 +/- 586 mumol/l (IGF-I) (p < 0.02), respectively; after 5 h, 3-OH-butyrate rose from 242 +/- 234 (saline) and 340 +/- 280 (IGF-I) to 678 +/- 638 (saline) (p < 0.02) and 1115 +/- 578 mumol/l (IGF-I) (p < 0.02) respectively.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	228-241	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	15-17
8858219-14	1996	After injection of GH, forearm uptake of 3-OH-butyrate was markedly elevated only in the subjects treated with IGF-I: from 44 +/- 195 to 300 +/- 370 after 20 min (p < 0.03) and to 287 +/- 91 nmol.100 ml-1.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	41-54	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	19-21
8858219-14	1996	After injection of GH, forearm uptake of 3-OH-butyrate was markedly elevated only in the subjects treated with IGF-I: from 44 +/- 195 to 300 +/- 370 after 20 min (p < 0.03) and to 287 +/- 91 nmol.100 ml-1.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	41-54	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	111-116
7714106-6	1995	Subcutaneous administration of IGF-I (40, 80, and 120 micrograms/kg), although not affecting plasma glucose, resulted in a rapid decrease in free fatty acids and prevented the rise of beta-hydroxybutyrate levels compared to placebo.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	184-204	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	31-36
7961994-12	1994	Free fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels in hGLUT4 mice increased further upon fasting, and skeletal muscle glycogen levels decreased markedly compared with controls.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	21-41	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Homo sapiens	52-58
8408642-7	1993	The decreases of plasma concentrations of free fatty acids, acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate after 8 h of IGF-I and insulin administration were similar.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	78-98	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	112-117
7977725-5	1994	At the end of the clamp, beta-hydroxybutyrate levels were 10-fold higher in the GLUT-1 transgenic mice relative to nontransgenic littermates (2.0 +/- 0.6 vs. 0.2 +/- 0.1 mM) but did not differ between the GLUT-4 transgenic mice and their control littermates (0.3 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.3 +/- 0.1 mM).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	25-45	solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	80-86
7520129-0	1994	Induction of fetal hemoglobin in the presence of increased 3-hydroxybutyric acid associated with beta-ketothiolase deficiency.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	59-80	hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit beta	Homo sapiens	97-114
8076278-6	1994	When subclinical ketosis was defined at beta-hydroxybutyrate levels of 1.4 mmol/L and higher, the milk test had sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 96%.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	40-60	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	98-102
8252748-6	1993	RESULTS: GH treatment caused (1) increased levels of IGF-I (382 +/- 46 vs 294 +/- 22 micrograms/l, P < 0.05) and (2) increased basal values of free fatty acids (714 +/- 40 (GH) vs 634 +/- 64 (placebo) mumol/l, P < 0.05), 3-hydroxybutyrate (118.3 +/- 42.8 (GH) vs 57.7 +/- 21.6 (placebo) mumol/l, P < 0.05), glycerol (54.3 +/- 8.2 (GH) vs 41.4 +/- 8.4 (placebo) mumol/l, P < 0.05) and forearm uptake of 3-hydroxybutyrate, together with increments of plasma glucose (5.28 +/- 0.11 (GH) vs 4.87 +/- 0.16 (placebo) mmol/l, P < 0.05).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	227-244	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	9-11
8252748-6	1993	RESULTS: GH treatment caused (1) increased levels of IGF-I (382 +/- 46 vs 294 +/- 22 micrograms/l, P < 0.05) and (2) increased basal values of free fatty acids (714 +/- 40 (GH) vs 634 +/- 64 (placebo) mumol/l, P < 0.05), 3-hydroxybutyrate (118.3 +/- 42.8 (GH) vs 57.7 +/- 21.6 (placebo) mumol/l, P < 0.05), glycerol (54.3 +/- 8.2 (GH) vs 41.4 +/- 8.4 (placebo) mumol/l, P < 0.05) and forearm uptake of 3-hydroxybutyrate, together with increments of plasma glucose (5.28 +/- 0.11 (GH) vs 4.87 +/- 0.16 (placebo) mmol/l, P < 0.05).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	414-431	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	9-11
7968221-6	1994	The inhibition of the GABA aminotransferase by aminooxyacetate decreased lipogenesis from lactate, 3-hydroxybutyrate and glucose.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	99-116	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	22-43
8359093-6	1993	Fasting 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations showed a negative correlation with fasting insulin levels (r = -0.46, P = 0.005) and decreased with advancing puberty, while insulin concentrations increased.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	8-25	insulin	Homo sapiens	84-91
1636698-11	1992	Proinsulin had a significantly weaker effect than insulin, at the lowest infusion dose, in percent suppression of plasma nonesterified fatty acids, blood glycerol, and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels (all P less than 0.05).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	168-188	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-10
8503776-9	1993	Insulinlike growth factor 1 was also able to prevent the burn-induced decrease in the hepatic acetoacetate-beta-hydroxybutyrate ratio.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	107-127	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-27
1294375-9	1992	The insulin binding characteristics of the patient"s erythrocytes were similar to those from healthy controls both with and without experimental acidosis and with a high level of beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	179-199	insulin	Homo sapiens	4-11
1430077-6	1992	IGF-I lowered plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.025).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	21-41	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
8472625-12	1993	However blood glycerol, 3-hydroxybutyrate and plasma-non-esterified fatty acids were suppressed significantly by proinsulin and insulin zinc compared to control injections.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	24-41	insulin	Homo sapiens	113-123
8472625-12	1993	However blood glycerol, 3-hydroxybutyrate and plasma-non-esterified fatty acids were suppressed significantly by proinsulin and insulin zinc compared to control injections.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	24-41	insulin	Homo sapiens	116-123
1430089-8	1992	Proinsulin had a significantly weaker effect than insulin, at the lowest infusion dose, in percent suppression of plasma nonesterified fatty acids (I1 34 +/- 4, P1 14 +/- 15%; P < 0.05), blood glycerol (I1 47 +/- 4, P1 30 +/- 3%; P < 0.01) and 3-hydroxybutyrate levels (I1 81 +/- 7, P1 42 +/- 17%; P < 0.05).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	250-267	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-10
1430089-8	1992	Proinsulin had a significantly weaker effect than insulin, at the lowest infusion dose, in percent suppression of plasma nonesterified fatty acids (I1 34 +/- 4, P1 14 +/- 15%; P < 0.05), blood glycerol (I1 47 +/- 4, P1 30 +/- 3%; P < 0.01) and 3-hydroxybutyrate levels (I1 81 +/- 7, P1 42 +/- 17%; P < 0.05).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	250-267	insulin	Homo sapiens	3-10
1636698-11	1992	Proinsulin had a significantly weaker effect than insulin, at the lowest infusion dose, in percent suppression of plasma nonesterified fatty acids, blood glycerol, and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels (all P less than 0.05).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	168-188	insulin	Homo sapiens	3-10
1837510-8	1991	A small excursion of 3-hydroxybutyrate levels before the delayed meal (to 187 +/- 48 mumol l-1) was quickly corrected on eating.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	21-38	immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-16	Homo sapiens	91-94
1756681-3	1991	The difference between the serum level of 3-hydroxybutyrate at 30 min and basal level [delta 3-OHBA(30")] was 133 +/- 25 mumol/l in the patients with IDDM, 13 +/- 8 mumol/l in those with NIDDM treated by diet alone or with oral hypoglycemic agents and 23 +/- 13 mumol/l in those with NIDDM treated with insulin.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	42-59	insulin	Homo sapiens	303-310
1370974-4	1992	The alpha 2-M response to turpentine was attenuated in all protein-deficient animals and also in the energy-restricted animals at 13 degrees C. The increase in circulating 3-hydroxybutyrate (BOH) and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations, which normally occur with reduced dietary intake, was reduced in the turpentine-injected animals to an extent that depended on prior dietary intake.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	172-189	alpha-2-macroglobulin	Rattus norvegicus	4-13
2051233-7	1991	beta-Hydroxybutyrate significantly increased (P less than 0.04) lipase activity in LF cells at 48 h but did not affect lipase activity in HF cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	lipase G, endothelial type	Rattus norvegicus	64-70
1833124-3	1991	Initial use in acute ketoacidosis suggests that knowledge of hourly changes in 3-hydroxybutyrate levels could be helpful in determining the optimum insulin dose.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	79-96	insulin	Homo sapiens	148-155
1860552-0	1991	Release of amylin from perfused rat pancreas in response to glucose, arginine, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and gliclazide.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	79-99	islet amyloid polypeptide	Rattus norvegicus	11-17
1860552-2	1991	The isolated perfused normal rat pancreas was used to evaluate the effects of glucose and insulin secretagogues, such as arginine, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and gliclazide, on amylin secretion.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	131-151	islet amyloid polypeptide	Rattus norvegicus	172-178
1919582-6	1991	The presence of fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the incubation medium significantly increased the rate of lipogenesis from lactate or 3-hydroxybutyrate, although this was balanced by the decrease in their rates of oxidation in the same circumstances.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	148-165	albumin	Rattus norvegicus	39-52
1783987-2	1991	Treatment of animals intraperitoneally with CCl4 resulted in marked impairment of states 4 and 3 respirations, respiratory control and oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria in the presence of succinate, beta-hydroxybutyrate or glutamate as substrates.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	207-227	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	44-48
1723835-9	1991	In the subjects with diabetes, a direct link between the dawn rise in insulin requirements, increased concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate and the elevated concentrations of GH was established.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	120-140	insulin	Homo sapiens	70-77
1646629-1	1991	The dependence of ATP synthesis coupled to electron transfer from 3-hydroxy-butyrate (3-OH-B) to cytochrome c on the intramitochondrial pH (pHi) was investigated.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	66-84	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Rattus norvegicus	140-143
1996629-2	1991	In nondiabetic rats, IGF-I and insulin produced similar twofold increases in glucose uptake, but insulin was more effective in reducing hepatic glucose production (90 +/- 15 vs. 5 +/- 11%; P less than 0.001) and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels (94 +/- 1 vs. 19 +/- 6%; P less than 0.001).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	212-232	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	21-26
1996629-5	1991	Furthermore, IGF-I suppressed glucose production by 73% (P less than 0.01) and caused a greater lowering of beta-hydroxybutyrate levels (from 2.9 +/- 0.8 to 0.8 +/- 0.3 mumol/l) in diabetic rats.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	108-128	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	13-18
1723835-9	1991	In the subjects with diabetes, a direct link between the dawn rise in insulin requirements, increased concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate and the elevated concentrations of GH was established.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	120-140	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	176-178
1781304-5	1991	Cerebral uptake of beta-hydroxybutyrate was unchanged at P10 and increased by two-fold at P14 and by threefold at P21 by phenobarbital.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	19-39	S100 calcium binding protein A9	Rattus norvegicus	90-93
1781304-5	1991	Cerebral uptake of beta-hydroxybutyrate was unchanged at P10 and increased by two-fold at P14 and by threefold at P21 by phenobarbital.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	19-39	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	114-117
2241910-6	1990	Lactation increased but insulin infusion decreased the plasma concentrations of acetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and non-esterified fatty acids.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	89-109	LOC105613195	Ovis aries	24-31
15235997-3	1990	The plasma insulin activity was significantly positively correlated with the AKBR and it was negatively correlated with log (Beta-hydroxybutyrate) in both groups.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	125-145	insulin	Homo sapiens	11-18
2110485-11	1990	Bulimics with high BHBA levels had significantly reduced nocturnal prolactin plasma levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	19-23	prolactin	Homo sapiens	67-76
2076025-2	1990	Serum levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHBA), acetoacetate (AcAc) and 3-OHBA/AcAc ratio before breakfast were significantly increased in insulin-treated NIDDM patients with well-controlled fasting plasma glucose levels and IDDM patients compared to those in normal subjects.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	16-33	insulin	Homo sapiens	135-142
2307295-4	1990	After insulin administration, lipid oxidation was normally suppressed (to 1.3 +/- 0.3 mumol.kg-1.min-1, P less than 0.01), as were the circulating levels of FFA, glycerol, and beta-hydroxybutyrate, whereas glucose oxidation doubled (14.1 +/- 1.8 mumol.kg-1.min-1, P less than 0.01).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	176-196	insulin	Homo sapiens	6-13
33774275-4	2021	Moreover, increased levels of acetyl-CoA, pyruvate carboxylase, and glutamate dehydrogenase 1 were found in the PFC, implicating the metabolism of increased BHB in the brain.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	157-160	glutamate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	68-93
34880753-0	2021	beta-hydroxybutyrate Alleviates Learning and Memory Impairment Through the SIRT1 Pathway in D-Galactose-Injured Mice.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	75-80
34952251-5	2022	We hypothesized that an imbalance of AcAc and BHB induces abnormal inflammatory conditions, especially the NLRP3 inflammasome, which regulates sterile inflammation to control interleukin (IL)-1beta secretion, and may be associated with repeat breeding in cattle.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	46-49	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Bos taurus	107-112
34952251-5	2022	We hypothesized that an imbalance of AcAc and BHB induces abnormal inflammatory conditions, especially the NLRP3 inflammasome, which regulates sterile inflammation to control interleukin (IL)-1beta secretion, and may be associated with repeat breeding in cattle.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	46-49	interleukin 1 alpha	Bos taurus	175-197
34952251-13	2022	Contrary to the effects of AcAc, BHB treatment suppressed the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1beta secretion in response to AcAc and typical NLRP3 inflammasome triggers.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	33-36	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Bos taurus	76-81
34952251-13	2022	Contrary to the effects of AcAc, BHB treatment suppressed the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1beta secretion in response to AcAc and typical NLRP3 inflammasome triggers.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	33-36	interleukin 1 alpha	Bos taurus	99-107
34952251-13	2022	Contrary to the effects of AcAc, BHB treatment suppressed the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1beta secretion in response to AcAc and typical NLRP3 inflammasome triggers.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	33-36	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Bos taurus	150-155
34952251-14	2022	These findings demonstrate that AcAc can potentially trigger NLRP3 inflammasome activation, resulting in IL-1beta secretion, and that these inflammatory responses are suppressed by BHB in bovine PBMCs.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	181-184	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Bos taurus	61-66
34635355-12	2022	Accordingly, BHB treatment increased the phosphorylation level of PKC and MLC2, the protein abundance of RhoA and rho-kinase 1 (ROCK1), and the mRNA abundance of PRKCA, MYL2, RHOA, and ROCK1 in PMN.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	protein kinase C alpha	Bos taurus	66-69
34635355-12	2022	Accordingly, BHB treatment increased the phosphorylation level of PKC and MLC2, the protein abundance of RhoA and rho-kinase 1 (ROCK1), and the mRNA abundance of PRKCA, MYL2, RHOA, and ROCK1 in PMN.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	myosin light chain 2	Bos taurus	74-78
34635355-12	2022	Accordingly, BHB treatment increased the phosphorylation level of PKC and MLC2, the protein abundance of RhoA and rho-kinase 1 (ROCK1), and the mRNA abundance of PRKCA, MYL2, RHOA, and ROCK1 in PMN.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	ras homolog family member A	Bos taurus	105-109
34635355-12	2022	Accordingly, BHB treatment increased the phosphorylation level of PKC and MLC2, the protein abundance of RhoA and rho-kinase 1 (ROCK1), and the mRNA abundance of PRKCA, MYL2, RHOA, and ROCK1 in PMN.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1	Bos taurus	128-133
34635355-12	2022	Accordingly, BHB treatment increased the phosphorylation level of PKC and MLC2, the protein abundance of RhoA and rho-kinase 1 (ROCK1), and the mRNA abundance of PRKCA, MYL2, RHOA, and ROCK1 in PMN.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	protein kinase C alpha	Bos taurus	162-167
34635355-12	2022	Accordingly, BHB treatment increased the phosphorylation level of PKC and MLC2, the protein abundance of RhoA and rho-kinase 1 (ROCK1), and the mRNA abundance of PRKCA, MYL2, RHOA, and ROCK1 in PMN.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	myosin light chain 2	Bos taurus	169-173
34635355-12	2022	Accordingly, BHB treatment increased the phosphorylation level of PKC and MLC2, the protein abundance of RhoA and rho-kinase 1 (ROCK1), and the mRNA abundance of PRKCA, MYL2, RHOA, and ROCK1 in PMN.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	ras homolog family member A	Bos taurus	175-179
34635355-12	2022	Accordingly, BHB treatment increased the phosphorylation level of PKC and MLC2, the protein abundance of RhoA and rho-kinase 1 (ROCK1), and the mRNA abundance of PRKCA, MYL2, RHOA, and ROCK1 in PMN.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1	Bos taurus	185-190
34970568-10	2021	BHB may exert inhibitory effects also on IL-17 and intermittent fasting improved the clinical manifestations of psoriatic arthritis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	interleukin 17A	Homo sapiens	41-46
34538494-12	2021	Furthermore, in response to increasing doses of BHB, the phosphorylation level of PERK, IRE1alpha, and the cleavage of ATF6, and the abundance of XBP1, GRP78, and CHOP increased.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	48-51	activating transcription factor 6	Bos taurus	119-123
34538494-12	2021	Furthermore, in response to increasing doses of BHB, the phosphorylation level of PERK, IRE1alpha, and the cleavage of ATF6, and the abundance of XBP1, GRP78, and CHOP increased.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	48-51	X-box binding protein 1	Bos taurus	146-150
34538494-12	2021	Furthermore, in response to increasing doses of BHB, the phosphorylation level of PERK, IRE1alpha, and the cleavage of ATF6, and the abundance of XBP1, GRP78, and CHOP increased.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	48-51	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Bos taurus	152-157
34538494-12	2021	Furthermore, in response to increasing doses of BHB, the phosphorylation level of PERK, IRE1alpha, and the cleavage of ATF6, and the abundance of XBP1, GRP78, and CHOP increased.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	48-51	DNA damage inducible transcript 3	Bos taurus	163-167
34538494-13	2021	In addition, BHB treatment increased phosphorylation of IRS1 and decreased phosphorylation of AKT and GSK3beta, and upregulated abundance of gluconeogenic genes (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	insulin receptor substrate 1	Bos taurus	56-60
34538494-13	2021	In addition, BHB treatment increased phosphorylation of IRS1 and decreased phosphorylation of AKT and GSK3beta, and upregulated abundance of gluconeogenic genes (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Bos taurus	94-97
34538494-13	2021	In addition, BHB treatment increased phosphorylation of IRS1 and decreased phosphorylation of AKT and GSK3beta, and upregulated abundance of gluconeogenic genes (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha	Bos taurus	102-110
34538494-13	2021	In addition, BHB treatment increased phosphorylation of IRS1 and decreased phosphorylation of AKT and GSK3beta, and upregulated abundance of gluconeogenic genes (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Bos taurus	200-221
32795388-9	2020	Loss of MPC1 in BAT increased 3-hydroxybutyrate levels in blood and BAT in response to the cold, suggesting that ketogenesis provides an alternative fuel source to compensate for impaired mitochondrial oxidation of cytosolic pyruvate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	30-47	mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1	Homo sapiens	8-12
34952251-15	2022	In addition, the imbalance between AcAc and BHB with higher levels of IL-1beta may be associated with repeat breeding in cattle.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	44-47	interleukin 1 alpha	Bos taurus	70-78
34635355-0	2022	beta-Hydroxybutyrate impairs neutrophil migration distance through activation of a protein kinase C and myosin light chain 2 signaling pathway in ketotic cows.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	myosin light chain 2	Bos taurus	104-124
34464780-0	2021	3-hydroxybutyrate administration elevates plasma parathyroid hormone in a pilot human randomized, controlled, cross over trial.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-17	parathyroid hormone	Homo sapiens	49-68
34628606-8	2021	The median time to DKA resolution (defined as the time from the start of insulin infusion until the fall of 3HB level to below 1.0 mmol/L) was 11 and 10 h in new and established T1D cases, respectively.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	108-111	insulin	Homo sapiens	73-80
34538494-0	2021	Reducing hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress ameliorates the impairment in insulin signaling induced by high levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate in bovine hepatocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	120-140	insulin	Bos taurus	76-83
34538494-11	2021	In vitro, at the early stages of incubation, treatment with BHB upregulated abundance of phosphorylated of IRE1alpha, PERK, and the cleavage of ATF6, as well as several unfolded protein response genes (X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1), 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	60-63	activating transcription factor 6	Bos taurus	144-148
34538494-11	2021	In vitro, at the early stages of incubation, treatment with BHB upregulated abundance of phosphorylated of IRE1alpha, PERK, and the cleavage of ATF6, as well as several unfolded protein response genes (X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1), 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	60-63	X-box binding protein 1	Bos taurus	202-225
34538494-11	2021	In vitro, at the early stages of incubation, treatment with BHB upregulated abundance of phosphorylated of IRE1alpha, PERK, and the cleavage of ATF6, as well as several unfolded protein response genes (X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1), 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	60-63	X-box binding protein 1	Bos taurus	227-231
34538494-11	2021	In vitro, at the early stages of incubation, treatment with BHB upregulated abundance of phosphorylated of IRE1alpha, PERK, and the cleavage of ATF6, as well as several unfolded protein response genes (X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1), 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	60-63	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Bos taurus	234-266
34538494-11	2021	In vitro, at the early stages of incubation, treatment with BHB upregulated abundance of phosphorylated of IRE1alpha, PERK, and the cleavage of ATF6, as well as several unfolded protein response genes (X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1), 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	60-63	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Bos taurus	268-273
34538494-11	2021	In vitro, at the early stages of incubation, treatment with BHB upregulated abundance of phosphorylated of IRE1alpha, PERK, and the cleavage of ATF6, as well as several unfolded protein response genes (X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1), 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	60-63	DNA damage inducible transcript 3	Bos taurus	280-304
34538494-11	2021	In vitro, at the early stages of incubation, treatment with BHB upregulated abundance of phosphorylated of IRE1alpha, PERK, and the cleavage of ATF6, as well as several unfolded protein response genes (X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1), 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	60-63	DNA damage inducible transcript 3	Bos taurus	306-310
34704372-4	2021	The mechanism was found to relate to 3HB cellular surface receptor GPR109a which can down-regulate NF-kappaB pathway, so as to decrease the percentage of M1 macrophages from 50% of dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) induced acute colitis mouse group to 42% DSS+3HB group mediating the inhibitory effect on the inflammation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	260-263	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	67-74
34704372-4	2021	The mechanism was found to relate to 3HB cellular surface receptor GPR109a which can down-regulate NF-kappaB pathway, so as to decrease the percentage of M1 macrophages from 50% of dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) induced acute colitis mouse group to 42% DSS+3HB group mediating the inhibitory effect on the inflammation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	260-263	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	99-108
34704372-5	2021	The activation of GPR109a was also found to inhibit colonic carcinogenesis, depended on reduced myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) accumulation from 27% of DSS group to 19% of DSS+3HB group.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	186-189	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	18-25
34880753-8	2021	BHBA significantly improved water maze performance; increased the ACh content, SOD activity, and SIRT1 expression; and decreased AChE and LDH activity, ROS, MDA, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha contents, and NLRP3 expression.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-4	interleukin 1 alpha	Mus musculus	162-170
34880753-8	2021	BHBA significantly improved water maze performance; increased the ACh content, SOD activity, and SIRT1 expression; and decreased AChE and LDH activity, ROS, MDA, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha contents, and NLRP3 expression.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-4	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	172-181
34880753-8	2021	BHBA significantly improved water maze performance; increased the ACh content, SOD activity, and SIRT1 expression; and decreased AChE and LDH activity, ROS, MDA, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha contents, and NLRP3 expression.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-4	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	196-201
34880753-9	2021	Further studies with the SIRT inhibitor or siRNAs against sirt1 reversed the above effects of BHBA.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	94-98	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	58-63
34880753-10	2021	Collectively, BHBA inhibited hippocampal OS and the inflammation process to alleviate learning and memory impairment through activating the SIRT1 pathway in D-gal-injured mice, suggesting that BHBA could be a potential option for drug development of learning and memory impairment induced by nervous system injuries.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	14-18	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	140-145
34880753-10	2021	Collectively, BHBA inhibited hippocampal OS and the inflammation process to alleviate learning and memory impairment through activating the SIRT1 pathway in D-gal-injured mice, suggesting that BHBA could be a potential option for drug development of learning and memory impairment induced by nervous system injuries.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	193-197	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	140-145
34880753-8	2021	BHBA significantly improved water maze performance; increased the ACh content, SOD activity, and SIRT1 expression; and decreased AChE and LDH activity, ROS, MDA, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha contents, and NLRP3 expression.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-4	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	97-102
34880753-8	2021	BHBA significantly improved water maze performance; increased the ACh content, SOD activity, and SIRT1 expression; and decreased AChE and LDH activity, ROS, MDA, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha contents, and NLRP3 expression.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-4	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	129-133
34246657-4	2021	In vitro in podocytes exposed to a diabetic milieu, beta-hydroxybutyrate treatment substantially mitigated cellular senescence and injury, as evidenced by reduced formation of gammaH2AX foci, reduced staining for senescence-associated-beta-galactosidase activity, diminished expression of key mediators of senescence signaling like p16INK4A and p21, and preserved expression of synaptopodin.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	52-72	H2A.X variant histone	Mus musculus	176-185
34246657-4	2021	In vitro in podocytes exposed to a diabetic milieu, beta-hydroxybutyrate treatment substantially mitigated cellular senescence and injury, as evidenced by reduced formation of gammaH2AX foci, reduced staining for senescence-associated-beta-galactosidase activity, diminished expression of key mediators of senescence signaling like p16INK4A and p21, and preserved expression of synaptopodin.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	52-72	galactosidase, beta 1	Mus musculus	235-253
34246657-4	2021	In vitro in podocytes exposed to a diabetic milieu, beta-hydroxybutyrate treatment substantially mitigated cellular senescence and injury, as evidenced by reduced formation of gammaH2AX foci, reduced staining for senescence-associated-beta-galactosidase activity, diminished expression of key mediators of senescence signaling like p16INK4A and p21, and preserved expression of synaptopodin.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	52-72	cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A	Mus musculus	332-340
34246657-4	2021	In vitro in podocytes exposed to a diabetic milieu, beta-hydroxybutyrate treatment substantially mitigated cellular senescence and injury, as evidenced by reduced formation of gammaH2AX foci, reduced staining for senescence-associated-beta-galactosidase activity, diminished expression of key mediators of senescence signaling like p16INK4A and p21, and preserved expression of synaptopodin.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	52-72	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (P21)	Mus musculus	345-348
34831471-6	2021	Treatment with specific inhibitors of G-protein-coupled receptor GPR41 (beta-hydroxybutyrate) and/or GPR43 (GPLG0974) did not abolish butyrate induced insulin expression.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	72-92	free fatty acid receptor 3	Homo sapiens	65-70
34605026-14	2021	Ketone supplements containing beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB) reduce postprandial hyperglycaemia, which may increase CBF and BDNF, thereby protecting against obesity-related cognitive dysfunction.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	30-50	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	125-129
34628106-0	2021	beta-hydroxybutyrate suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated placental inflammation and lipopolysaccharide-induced fetal absorption.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	32-37
34628106-3	2021	The ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) can suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activation and improve various inflammatory diseases.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	16-36	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	56-61
34628106-3	2021	The ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) can suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activation and improve various inflammatory diseases.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	38-41	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	56-61
34628106-4	2021	Therefore, we hypothesized that BHB could suppress activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the placenta, resulting in the improvement of pregnancy complications.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	32-35	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	69-74
34628106-5	2021	In human placental tissue culture, treatment with BHB suppressed the secretion levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8, but did not affect the mRNA expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome-associated factors.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	50-53	interleukin 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	121-143
34628106-5	2021	In human placental tissue culture, treatment with BHB suppressed the secretion levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8, but did not affect the mRNA expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome-associated factors.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	50-53	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	145-149
34628106-5	2021	In human placental tissue culture, treatment with BHB suppressed the secretion levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8, but did not affect the mRNA expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome-associated factors.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	50-53	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	155-159
34628106-6	2021	Treatment with BHB reduced IL-1beta secretion and the amount of mature IL-1beta protein induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in the placenta.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	15-18	interleukin 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	27-35
34628106-6	2021	Treatment with BHB reduced IL-1beta secretion and the amount of mature IL-1beta protein induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in the placenta.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	15-18	interleukin 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	71-79
34628106-7	2021	In human trophoblast cells, BHB reduced ASC and activated-caspase-1 expression, resulting in the inhibition of IL-1beta secretion.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	28-31	caspase 1	Homo sapiens	58-67
34628106-7	2021	In human trophoblast cells, BHB reduced ASC and activated-caspase-1 expression, resulting in the inhibition of IL-1beta secretion.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	28-31	interleukin 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	111-119
34246657-5	2021	This beneficial action of beta-hydroxybutyrate coincided with a reinforced transcription factor Nrf2 antioxidant response.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	26-46	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	96-100
34246657-6	2021	Mechanistically, beta-hydroxybutyrate inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta), a convergent point for myriad signaling pathways regulating Nrf2 activity, seems to contribute.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	17-37	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Mus musculus	52-82
34624592-2	2021	Here, we demonstrate decreased expression of the HMGCS2 gene in ccRCC, a critical enzyme for the synthesis of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	126-146	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2	Homo sapiens	49-55
34246657-6	2021	Mechanistically, beta-hydroxybutyrate inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta), a convergent point for myriad signaling pathways regulating Nrf2 activity, seems to contribute.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	17-37	glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha	Mus musculus	84-92
34246657-6	2021	Mechanistically, beta-hydroxybutyrate inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta), a convergent point for myriad signaling pathways regulating Nrf2 activity, seems to contribute.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	17-37	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	155-159
34246657-7	2021	Indeed, trigonelline, a selective inhibitor of Nrf2, or ectopic expression of constitutively active mutant GSK3beta abolished, whereas selective activation of Nrf2 was sufficient for the anti-senescent and podocyte protective effects of beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	237-257	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	47-51
34246657-7	2021	Indeed, trigonelline, a selective inhibitor of Nrf2, or ectopic expression of constitutively active mutant GSK3beta abolished, whereas selective activation of Nrf2 was sufficient for the anti-senescent and podocyte protective effects of beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	237-257	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	159-163
34246657-8	2021	Moreover, molecular modeling and docking analysis revealed that beta-hydroxybutyrate is able to directly target the ATP-binding pocket of GSK3beta and thereby block its kinase activity.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	64-84	glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha	Mus musculus	138-146
34246657-9	2021	In murine models of streptozotocin-elicited DKD, beta-hydroxybutyrate therapy inhibited GSK3beta and reinforced Nrf2 activation in glomerular podocytes, resulting in lessened podocyte senescence and injury and improved diabetic glomerulopathy and albuminuria.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	49-69	glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha	Mus musculus	88-96
34246657-9	2021	In murine models of streptozotocin-elicited DKD, beta-hydroxybutyrate therapy inhibited GSK3beta and reinforced Nrf2 activation in glomerular podocytes, resulting in lessened podocyte senescence and injury and improved diabetic glomerulopathy and albuminuria.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	49-69	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	112-116
34703011-4	2022	Treating young (5-week-old) Shank3-deficient mice with a 4-week ketogenic diet, which can act as an endogenous inhibitor of class I HDACs via the major product beta-hydroxybutyrate, elevates the level of histone acetylation in PFC neurons.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	160-180	SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3	Mus musculus	28-34
34481206-6	2021	The results showed that 0.6, 1.2 mmol/L BHBA could activate AMPKalpha, promoted the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and its target genes, and inhibited the expressions of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) as well as its downstream genes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	40-44	PPARA	Ovis aries	99-147
34481206-6	2021	The results showed that 0.6, 1.2 mmol/L BHBA could activate AMPKalpha, promoted the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and its target genes, and inhibited the expressions of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) as well as its downstream genes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	40-44	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Ovis aries	149-158
34499623-4	2021	Therefore, we hypothesized that the biosynthesis of the most physiologically abundant ketone body, beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB), would be autophagy dependent, and exert vasodilatory effects via its canonical receptor, Gpr109a.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	99-119	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	219-226
34499623-4	2021	Therefore, we hypothesized that the biosynthesis of the most physiologically abundant ketone body, beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB), would be autophagy dependent, and exert vasodilatory effects via its canonical receptor, Gpr109a.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	121-127	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	219-226
34560342-5	2021	The relative mRNA abundance for genes involved in the regulation of apoptosis (XIAP), glucose transport (GLUT3), and DNA methylation (DNMT1) were greater when there were NEFAs + BHBA, but not NEFAs, BHBA, OA, SA or PA treatments.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	178-182	E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP	Bos taurus	79-83
34652582-0	2022	beta-Hydroxybutyrate Exacerbates Hypoxic Injury by Inhibiting HIF-1alpha-Dependent Glycolysis in Cardiomyocytes-Adding Fuel to the Fire?	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit	Mus musculus	62-72
34606529-8	2021	Results: Consumption of the exogenous ketone supplement significantly elevated blood levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate from 0.20 mmol L-1 at baseline to 3.50 mmol L-1 at 30 minutes (p < 0.05) and remained significantly elevated for the duration of the trial.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	95-115	L1 cell adhesion molecule	Mus musculus	131-134
34606529-8	2021	Results: Consumption of the exogenous ketone supplement significantly elevated blood levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate from 0.20 mmol L-1 at baseline to 3.50 mmol L-1 at 30 minutes (p < 0.05) and remained significantly elevated for the duration of the trial.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	95-115	L1 cell adhesion molecule	Mus musculus	160-163
34560342-5	2021	The relative mRNA abundance for genes involved in the regulation of apoptosis (XIAP), glucose transport (GLUT3), and DNA methylation (DNMT1) were greater when there were NEFAs + BHBA, but not NEFAs, BHBA, OA, SA or PA treatments.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	178-182	solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 3	Bos taurus	105-110
34560342-5	2021	The relative mRNA abundance for genes involved in the regulation of apoptosis (XIAP), glucose transport (GLUT3), and DNA methylation (DNMT1) were greater when there were NEFAs + BHBA, but not NEFAs, BHBA, OA, SA or PA treatments.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	178-182	DNA methyltransferase 1	Bos taurus	134-139
34579104-16	2021	BuChE seems to have an important role in lipolytic activity and the inflammation state in MS patients, evidenced after administering EGCG and coconut oil as a betaHB source.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	159-165	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	0-5
34480146-9	2021	Compared to wild-type EcN or oral administration of 3HB, oral EcNL4 uptake demonstrated better effects on mouse weights, colon lengths, occult blood levels, gut tissue myeloperoxidase activity and proinflammatory cytokine concentrations.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	52-55	myeloperoxidase	Mus musculus	168-183
34557014-0	2021	beta-Hydroxybutyrate Mitigated Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction by Increasing Treg Cells via Nox2/GSK-3beta.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	cytochrome b-245 beta chain	Homo sapiens	107-111
34557014-0	2021	beta-Hydroxybutyrate Mitigated Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction by Increasing Treg Cells via Nox2/GSK-3beta.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha	Homo sapiens	112-121
34557014-8	2021	Additionally, BHB inhibited cardiac inflammation and increased cardiac Treg cells, which could be due to the downregulation of the NOX2/GSK-3beta pathway.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	14-17	cytochrome b-245 beta chain	Homo sapiens	131-135
34557014-8	2021	Additionally, BHB inhibited cardiac inflammation and increased cardiac Treg cells, which could be due to the downregulation of the NOX2/GSK-3beta pathway.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	14-17	glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha	Homo sapiens	136-145
34557014-9	2021	Conclusion: BHB protected against the progression of HFpEF by increasing cardiac Treg cells by modulating the NOX2/GSK-3beta pathway.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	12-15	cytochrome b-245 beta chain	Homo sapiens	110-114
34557014-9	2021	Conclusion: BHB protected against the progression of HFpEF by increasing cardiac Treg cells by modulating the NOX2/GSK-3beta pathway.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	12-15	glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha	Homo sapiens	115-124
34572586-3	2021	Here, we demonstrate the synergistic effects of the lactate/GPR81 blockade (3-hydroxy-butyrate, 3-OBA) and metformin on inhibiting cancer cells growth in vitro.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	76-94	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens	60-65
34087430-2	2021	TNFalpha, which plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of IBDs, has been reported to inhibit production of ketone bodies such as beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	132-152	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	0-8
34087430-2	2021	TNFalpha, which plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of IBDs, has been reported to inhibit production of ketone bodies such as beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	154-160	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	0-8
34087430-8	2021	Treatment with betaHB or rosiglitazone, an agonist of PPARgamma, which increases ketogenesis, attenuated TNFalpha-induced apoptosis in the intestinal epithelial cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	15-21	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens	54-63
34087430-8	2021	Treatment with betaHB or rosiglitazone, an agonist of PPARgamma, which increases ketogenesis, attenuated TNFalpha-induced apoptosis in the intestinal epithelial cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	15-21	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	105-113
34485115-11	2021	We also found that ACAT1 contributes to increased intracellular levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HB).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	74-94	acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	19-24
34489682-1	2021	Background: beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) can upregulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in mice, but little is known about the associations between BHB and BDNF in humans.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	34-37	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	54-87
34489682-1	2021	Background: beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) can upregulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in mice, but little is known about the associations between BHB and BDNF in humans.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	34-37	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	89-93
34489682-1	2021	Background: beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) can upregulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in mice, but little is known about the associations between BHB and BDNF in humans.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	155-158	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	163-167
34489682-2	2021	The primary aim here was to investigate whether ketosis (i.e., raised BHB levels), induced by a ketogenic supplement, influences serum levels of mature BDNF (mBDNF) and its precursor proBDNF in healthy older adults.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	70-73	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	152-156
34489682-2	2021	The primary aim here was to investigate whether ketosis (i.e., raised BHB levels), induced by a ketogenic supplement, influences serum levels of mature BDNF (mBDNF) and its precursor proBDNF in healthy older adults.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	70-73	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	158-163
34489682-1	2021	Background: beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) can upregulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in mice, but little is known about the associations between BHB and BDNF in humans.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	12-32	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	54-87
34489682-1	2021	Background: beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) can upregulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in mice, but little is known about the associations between BHB and BDNF in humans.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	12-32	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	89-93
34438755-6	2021	Concentrations of beta-lactoglobulin in milk after 14 days of lactation proceeded in accordance with the concentration of beta-hydroxybutyric acid, as follows: LBHBA < NBHBA < HBHBA.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-146	beta-lactoglobulin	Bos taurus	18-36
34258930-7	2021	Results show that beta-hydroxybutyric acid improved mitochondrial functions by increasing Complex-I and Complex-IV activities and showing that beta-hydroxybutyric acid significantly reduces caspase-1 and caspase-3 activities.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	18-42	caspase 1	Mus musculus	190-199
34528884-0	2021	beta-Hydroxybutyrate, One of the Three Main Ketone Bodies, Ameliorates Acute Pancreatitis in Rats by Suppressing the NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Rattus norvegicus	117-122
34528884-14	2021	CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that BHB has the potential to cure AP by suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome and can be used in the treatment of many diseases which progress through the NLRP3 inflammasome.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	34-37	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Rattus norvegicus	86-91
34528884-14	2021	CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that BHB has the potential to cure AP by suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome and can be used in the treatment of many diseases which progress through the NLRP3 inflammasome.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	34-37	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Rattus norvegicus	182-187
34356388-0	2021	beta-Hydroxybutyrate, a Ketone Body, Potentiates the Antioxidant Defense via Thioredoxin 1 Upregulation in Cardiomyocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	thioredoxin	Homo sapiens	77-90
34356388-5	2021	betaHB protected cardiomyocytes against H2O2-induced death, an effect that was abolished in the presence of Trx1 knockdown.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-6	thioredoxin	Homo sapiens	108-112
34356388-6	2021	betaHB also alleviated the H2O2-induced inhibition of mTOR and AMPK, known targets of Trx1, in a Trx1-dependent manner, suggesting that betaHB potentiates Trx1 function.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-6	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	54-58
34356388-6	2021	betaHB also alleviated the H2O2-induced inhibition of mTOR and AMPK, known targets of Trx1, in a Trx1-dependent manner, suggesting that betaHB potentiates Trx1 function.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-6	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	63-67
34356388-6	2021	betaHB also alleviated the H2O2-induced inhibition of mTOR and AMPK, known targets of Trx1, in a Trx1-dependent manner, suggesting that betaHB potentiates Trx1 function.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-6	thioredoxin	Homo sapiens	86-90
34356388-6	2021	betaHB also alleviated the H2O2-induced inhibition of mTOR and AMPK, known targets of Trx1, in a Trx1-dependent manner, suggesting that betaHB potentiates Trx1 function.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-6	thioredoxin	Homo sapiens	97-101
34356388-6	2021	betaHB also alleviated the H2O2-induced inhibition of mTOR and AMPK, known targets of Trx1, in a Trx1-dependent manner, suggesting that betaHB potentiates Trx1 function.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-6	thioredoxin	Homo sapiens	155-159
34356388-8	2021	betaHB induced Trx1 acetylation and inhibited Trx1 degradation, suggesting that betaHB-induced inhibition of HDAC1 may stabilize Trx1 through protein acetylation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-6	thioredoxin	Homo sapiens	15-19
34356388-8	2021	betaHB induced Trx1 acetylation and inhibited Trx1 degradation, suggesting that betaHB-induced inhibition of HDAC1 may stabilize Trx1 through protein acetylation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-6	thioredoxin	Homo sapiens	46-50
34356388-8	2021	betaHB induced Trx1 acetylation and inhibited Trx1 degradation, suggesting that betaHB-induced inhibition of HDAC1 may stabilize Trx1 through protein acetylation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-6	histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens	109-114
34356388-8	2021	betaHB induced Trx1 acetylation and inhibited Trx1 degradation, suggesting that betaHB-induced inhibition of HDAC1 may stabilize Trx1 through protein acetylation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-6	thioredoxin	Homo sapiens	129-133
34356863-8	2021	As beta-hydroxybutyrate rises, hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis supply extra-hepatic glucose needs, and osteocalcin synthesis/release increases.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	3-23	bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein	Homo sapiens	114-125
34356863-9	2021	We propose insulin"s primary role is regulating beta-hydroxybutyrate synthesis, while the role of bone regulates glucose uptake sensitivity via osteocalcin.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	48-68	insulin	Homo sapiens	11-18
34356863-10	2021	Osteocalcin regulates the alpha-cell glucagon secretory profile via glucagon-like peptide-1 and serotonin, and beta-hydroxybutyrate synthesis via regulating basal insulin levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	111-131	bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein	Homo sapiens	0-11
34356863-10	2021	Osteocalcin regulates the alpha-cell glucagon secretory profile via glucagon-like peptide-1 and serotonin, and beta-hydroxybutyrate synthesis via regulating basal insulin levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	111-131	insulin	Homo sapiens	163-170
34356388-8	2021	betaHB induced Trx1 acetylation and inhibited Trx1 degradation, suggesting that betaHB-induced inhibition of HDAC1 may stabilize Trx1 through protein acetylation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	80-86	thioredoxin	Homo sapiens	15-19
34356388-8	2021	betaHB induced Trx1 acetylation and inhibited Trx1 degradation, suggesting that betaHB-induced inhibition of HDAC1 may stabilize Trx1 through protein acetylation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	80-86	thioredoxin	Homo sapiens	46-50
34356388-8	2021	betaHB induced Trx1 acetylation and inhibited Trx1 degradation, suggesting that betaHB-induced inhibition of HDAC1 may stabilize Trx1 through protein acetylation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	80-86	histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens	109-114
34356388-8	2021	betaHB induced Trx1 acetylation and inhibited Trx1 degradation, suggesting that betaHB-induced inhibition of HDAC1 may stabilize Trx1 through protein acetylation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	80-86	thioredoxin	Homo sapiens	129-133
34356388-9	2021	These results suggest that betaHB potentiates the antioxidant defense in cardiomyocytes through the inhibition of HDAC1 and the increased acetylation and consequent stabilization of Trx1.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	27-33	histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens	114-119
34356388-9	2021	These results suggest that betaHB potentiates the antioxidant defense in cardiomyocytes through the inhibition of HDAC1 and the increased acetylation and consequent stabilization of Trx1.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	27-33	thioredoxin	Homo sapiens	182-186
34258930-7	2021	Results show that beta-hydroxybutyric acid improved mitochondrial functions by increasing Complex-I and Complex-IV activities and showing that beta-hydroxybutyric acid significantly reduces caspase-1 and caspase-3 activities.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	18-42	caspase 3	Mus musculus	204-213
34258930-7	2021	Results show that beta-hydroxybutyric acid improved mitochondrial functions by increasing Complex-I and Complex-IV activities and showing that beta-hydroxybutyric acid significantly reduces caspase-1 and caspase-3 activities.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	143-167	caspase 1	Mus musculus	190-199
34258930-7	2021	Results show that beta-hydroxybutyric acid improved mitochondrial functions by increasing Complex-I and Complex-IV activities and showing that beta-hydroxybutyric acid significantly reduces caspase-1 and caspase-3 activities.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	143-167	caspase 3	Mus musculus	204-213
34258930-8	2021	Finally, using computational pharmacokinetics and molecular modeling software, we validated the pharmacokinetic effects and pharmacodynamic (N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid and acetylcholinesterase) interactions of beta-hydroxybutyric acid.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	208-232	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	170-190
34258930-9	2021	The computational studies demonstrate that beta-hydroxybutyric acid can interact with N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor and cholinesterase enzyme (the prime pharmacodynamic targets for cognitive impairment) and further validates its oral absorption, distribution into the central nervous system.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	43-67	butyrylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	124-138
34267762-11	2021	To elucidate mechanisms behind the impaired immune defenses, RAW 264.7 cells were transfected with a GPR109A siRNA for 24 h and then treated with or without 1.8 mM BHB and challenged or left unchallenged with S. uberis for an additional 3 h. Transfection with siRNA reduced Gpr109a by 75%.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	164-167	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	274-281
34267762-12	2021	Although BHB treatment did not significantly increase Il10, GPR109A knockdown as compared to the scrambled control reduced Il10 by 90% in S. uberis challenged macrophages treated with BHB, suggesting that macrophage immune responses to S. uberis can be altered via a GPR109A-dependent mechanism.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	184-187	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	60-67
35352108-0	2022	Beta-hydroxybutyrate suppresses hepatic production of the ghrelin receptor antagonist, LEAP2.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	growth hormone secretagogue receptor	Mus musculus	58-74
34267762-12	2021	Although BHB treatment did not significantly increase Il10, GPR109A knockdown as compared to the scrambled control reduced Il10 by 90% in S. uberis challenged macrophages treated with BHB, suggesting that macrophage immune responses to S. uberis can be altered via a GPR109A-dependent mechanism.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	184-187	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	267-274
35550189-0	2022	Beta-hydroxybutyrate dampens adipose progenitors" profibrotic activation through canonical Tgfbeta signaling and non-canonical ZFP36-dependent mechanisms.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	transforming growth factor alpha	Mus musculus	91-98
35550189-0	2022	Beta-hydroxybutyrate dampens adipose progenitors" profibrotic activation through canonical Tgfbeta signaling and non-canonical ZFP36-dependent mechanisms.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	zinc finger protein 36	Mus musculus	127-132
35550189-5	2022	In a model of primary cultured murine adipose progenitors, we found that exposure to beta-hydroxybutyrate selectively reduced Tgfbeta-dependent profibrotic responses of ECM genes like Ctgf, Loxl2 and Fn1.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	85-105	transforming growth factor alpha	Mus musculus	126-133
35550189-5	2022	In a model of primary cultured murine adipose progenitors, we found that exposure to beta-hydroxybutyrate selectively reduced Tgfbeta-dependent profibrotic responses of ECM genes like Ctgf, Loxl2 and Fn1.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	85-105	cellular communication network factor 2	Mus musculus	184-188
35550189-5	2022	In a model of primary cultured murine adipose progenitors, we found that exposure to beta-hydroxybutyrate selectively reduced Tgfbeta-dependent profibrotic responses of ECM genes like Ctgf, Loxl2 and Fn1.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	85-105	lysyl oxidase-like 2	Mus musculus	190-195
35550189-5	2022	In a model of primary cultured murine adipose progenitors, we found that exposure to beta-hydroxybutyrate selectively reduced Tgfbeta-dependent profibrotic responses of ECM genes like Ctgf, Loxl2 and Fn1.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	85-105	fibronectin 1	Mus musculus	200-203
35550189-8	2022	Mechanistically, beta-hydroxybutyrate limits Tgfbeta-dependent collagen accumulation and reduces Smad2-3 protein expression and phosphorylation in visceral progenitors.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	17-37	transforming growth factor alpha	Mus musculus	45-52
35550189-8	2022	Mechanistically, beta-hydroxybutyrate limits Tgfbeta-dependent collagen accumulation and reduces Smad2-3 protein expression and phosphorylation in visceral progenitors.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	17-37	SMAD family member 2	Mus musculus	97-104
35550189-10	2022	Importantly, complete ZFP36 deficiency in a mouse embryonic fibroblast line from null mice, or siRNA knock-down in primary progenitors, indicate that ZFP36 is required for beta-hydroxybutyrate anti-fibrotic effects.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	172-192	zinc finger protein 36	Mus musculus	150-155
35584694-7	2022	We show that beta-hydroxybutyrate functions as an HDAC inhibitor within MuSCs, leading to acetylation and activation of an HDAC1 target protein p53.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-33	histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens	123-128
35584694-7	2022	We show that beta-hydroxybutyrate functions as an HDAC inhibitor within MuSCs, leading to acetylation and activation of an HDAC1 target protein p53.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-33	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	144-147
35367825-5	2022	In mice with hepatic SIRT3 overexpression, increased fasting beta-hydroxybutyrate levels were observed, coupled with an increase in oxygen consumption in isolated mitochondria and increased substrate utilization in liver homogenates.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	61-81	sirtuin 3	Mus musculus	21-26
35352108-0	2022	Beta-hydroxybutyrate suppresses hepatic production of the ghrelin receptor antagonist, LEAP2.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2	Mus musculus	87-92
35352108-2	2022	We hypothesized that the ketone body, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), is involved in the downregulation of LEAP2 during conditions with high circulating levels of BHB.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	38-58	liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2	Mus musculus	103-108
35352108-2	2022	We hypothesized that the ketone body, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), is involved in the downregulation of LEAP2 during conditions with high circulating levels of BHB.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	60-63	liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2	Mus musculus	103-108
35352108-2	2022	We hypothesized that the ketone body, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), is involved in the downregulation of LEAP2 during conditions with high circulating levels of BHB.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	159-162	liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2	Mus musculus	103-108
35352108-3	2022	METHODS: Hepatic and intestinal Leap2 expression were determined in three groups of mice with increasing circulating levels of BHB: prolonged fasting, prolonged ketogenic diet and oral BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	127-130	liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2	Mus musculus	32-37
35352108-4	2022	LEAP2 levels were measured in lean and obese individuals, in human subjects following endurance exercise and in mice after BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	123-126	liver enriched antimicrobial peptide 2	Homo sapiens	0-5
35352108-5	2022	Lastly, we investigated Leap2 expression in isolated murine hepatocytes challenged with BHB.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	88-91	liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2	Mus musculus	24-29
35352108-8	2022	Leap2 expression was selectively decreased in the liver after fasting and after exposure to a ketogenic diet for three weeks.Importantly, we found that oral administration of BHB increased circulating levels of BHB in mice and decreased expression of Leap2 and systemic LEAP2 plasma levels, as did Leap2 expression after direct exposure to BHB in isolated murine hepatocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	175-178	liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2	Mus musculus	0-5
35352108-8	2022	Leap2 expression was selectively decreased in the liver after fasting and after exposure to a ketogenic diet for three weeks.Importantly, we found that oral administration of BHB increased circulating levels of BHB in mice and decreased expression of Leap2 and systemic LEAP2 plasma levels, as did Leap2 expression after direct exposure to BHB in isolated murine hepatocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	175-178	liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2	Mus musculus	251-256
35352108-8	2022	Leap2 expression was selectively decreased in the liver after fasting and after exposure to a ketogenic diet for three weeks.Importantly, we found that oral administration of BHB increased circulating levels of BHB in mice and decreased expression of Leap2 and systemic LEAP2 plasma levels, as did Leap2 expression after direct exposure to BHB in isolated murine hepatocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	175-178	liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2	Mus musculus	270-275
35352108-8	2022	Leap2 expression was selectively decreased in the liver after fasting and after exposure to a ketogenic diet for three weeks.Importantly, we found that oral administration of BHB increased circulating levels of BHB in mice and decreased expression of Leap2 and systemic LEAP2 plasma levels, as did Leap2 expression after direct exposure to BHB in isolated murine hepatocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	175-178	liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2	Mus musculus	298-303
35352108-8	2022	Leap2 expression was selectively decreased in the liver after fasting and after exposure to a ketogenic diet for three weeks.Importantly, we found that oral administration of BHB increased circulating levels of BHB in mice and decreased expression of Leap2 and systemic LEAP2 plasma levels, as did Leap2 expression after direct exposure to BHB in isolated murine hepatocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	211-214	liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2	Mus musculus	0-5
35352108-8	2022	Leap2 expression was selectively decreased in the liver after fasting and after exposure to a ketogenic diet for three weeks.Importantly, we found that oral administration of BHB increased circulating levels of BHB in mice and decreased expression of Leap2 and systemic LEAP2 plasma levels, as did Leap2 expression after direct exposure to BHB in isolated murine hepatocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	340-343	liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2	Mus musculus	0-5
35352108-10	2022	Furthermore, we here provide evidence that the highly upregulated ketone body during fasting metabolism, BHB, directly downregulates LEAP2 levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	105-108	liver enriched antimicrobial peptide 2	Homo sapiens	133-138
35129799-5	2022	Previous studies showed that BHBA reduces apoptosis by inhibiting the excessive production of ROS and activation of caspase-3.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	29-33	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	116-125
35592114-6	2022	The expression of beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB)-related genes and proteins such as monocarboxylate transporters, histone deacetylases (HDAC), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were significantly regulated.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	18-38	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	146-179
35592114-6	2022	The expression of beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB)-related genes and proteins such as monocarboxylate transporters, histone deacetylases (HDAC), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were significantly regulated.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	18-38	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	181-185
35592114-6	2022	The expression of beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB)-related genes and proteins such as monocarboxylate transporters, histone deacetylases (HDAC), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were significantly regulated.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	40-46	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	146-179
35592114-6	2022	The expression of beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB)-related genes and proteins such as monocarboxylate transporters, histone deacetylases (HDAC), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were significantly regulated.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	40-46	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	181-185
35129799-13	2022	Meanwhile, the intracellular ROS level, the proportion of c-Fos+ cells, apoptosis rate, and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB protein after treatment with BHBA were significantly decreased when compared with that in low glucose cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	156-160	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	58-63
35129799-15	2022	Our results demonstrate that BHBA decreased the accumulation of intracellular ROS, and further inhibited cell apoptosis by mediating the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and caspase-3 apoptosis cascade during glucose deprivation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	29-33	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	168-177
35129799-16	2022	In addition, BHBA inhibited apoptosis by activating ERK phosphorylation and alleviated the damage of low glucose to PC12 cells and primary cortical neurons.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-17	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	52-55
35500286-10	2022	Methylglyoxal increased phospho-ERK-positive cells in the spinal dorsal horn, and this evoked spinal activation was ameliorated by preincubation with acetoacetate or beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	166-186	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Mus musculus	32-35
35483674-8	2022	Results: Among these 60 insulin-treated participants (mean age 58.8 years, diabetes duration 18.2 years, glycosylated hemoglobin 8.87%), as compared with sitagliptin, serum BHB levels increased significantly after 24 weeks of dapagliflozin (P=0.045), with a median of 27% increase from baseline.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	173-176	insulin	Homo sapiens	24-31
35572519-10	2022	Regarding the direct effect of BHB on inflammasome activation, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion in response to adenosine triphosphate or palmitate stimulation in human macrophages decreased significantly after isocaloric KD.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	31-34	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	63-80
35572519-10	2022	Regarding the direct effect of BHB on inflammasome activation, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion in response to adenosine triphosphate or palmitate stimulation in human macrophages decreased significantly after isocaloric KD.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	31-34	interleukin 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	82-90
35572519-10	2022	Regarding the direct effect of BHB on inflammasome activation, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion in response to adenosine triphosphate or palmitate stimulation in human macrophages decreased significantly after isocaloric KD.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	31-34	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	96-123
35422042-0	2022	Ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate ameliorates colitis by promoting M2 macrophage polarization through the STAT6-dependent signaling pathway.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	12-32	signal transducer and activator of transcription 6	Homo sapiens	105-110
35566844-4	2022	The molecular structural formats for BHB and PEUs were defined through NMR, FT-IR, and MS together with GPC, while the influence of OHS content on physical/chemical features for casted PEU films was investigated.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	37-40	glycophorin C (Gerbich blood group)	Homo sapiens	104-107
35247887-6	2022	Moreover, increasing ketogenesis by overexpression of the ketogenic enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2) or treatment with the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate markedly decreased expression of KLF5, which binds the CXCL12 promoter and induces CXCL12 expression in CAFs.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	160-180	Kruppel-like factor 5	Mus musculus	214-218
35422042-9	2022	Furthermore, BHB resulted in significantly increased colonic expression of M2 macrophage-associated genes, including IL-4Ra, IL-10, arginase 1 (Arg-1), and chitinase-like protein 3, following DSS exposure, suggesting an increased M2 macrophage skewing in vivo.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	interleukin 4 receptor	Homo sapiens	117-123
35247887-6	2022	Moreover, increasing ketogenesis by overexpression of the ketogenic enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2) or treatment with the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate markedly decreased expression of KLF5, which binds the CXCL12 promoter and induces CXCL12 expression in CAFs.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	160-180	chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12	Mus musculus	236-242
35422042-9	2022	Furthermore, BHB resulted in significantly increased colonic expression of M2 macrophage-associated genes, including IL-4Ra, IL-10, arginase 1 (Arg-1), and chitinase-like protein 3, following DSS exposure, suggesting an increased M2 macrophage skewing in vivo.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	interleukin 10	Homo sapiens	125-130
35247887-6	2022	Moreover, increasing ketogenesis by overexpression of the ketogenic enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2) or treatment with the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate markedly decreased expression of KLF5, which binds the CXCL12 promoter and induces CXCL12 expression in CAFs.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	160-180	chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12	Mus musculus	264-270
35422042-9	2022	Furthermore, BHB resulted in significantly increased colonic expression of M2 macrophage-associated genes, including IL-4Ra, IL-10, arginase 1 (Arg-1), and chitinase-like protein 3, following DSS exposure, suggesting an increased M2 macrophage skewing in vivo.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	arginase 1	Homo sapiens	132-142
35422042-9	2022	Furthermore, BHB resulted in significantly increased colonic expression of M2 macrophage-associated genes, including IL-4Ra, IL-10, arginase 1 (Arg-1), and chitinase-like protein 3, following DSS exposure, suggesting an increased M2 macrophage skewing in vivo.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	arginase 1	Homo sapiens	144-149
35422042-10	2022	Moreover, an in vitro experiment revealed that the addition of BHB directly promoted STAT6 phosphorylation and M2 macrophage-specific gene expression in IL-4-stimulated macrophages.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	63-66	signal transducer and activator of transcription 6	Homo sapiens	85-90
35422042-10	2022	Moreover, an in vitro experiment revealed that the addition of BHB directly promoted STAT6 phosphorylation and M2 macrophage-specific gene expression in IL-4-stimulated macrophages.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	63-66	interleukin 4	Homo sapiens	153-157
35422042-13	2022	CONCLUSIONS: In summary, we show that BHB promotes M2 macrophage polarization through the STAT6-dependent signaling pathway, which contributes to the resolution of intestinal inflammation and the repair of damaged intestinal tissues.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	38-41	signal transducer and activator of transcription 6	Homo sapiens	90-95
35046401-0	2022	The mitochondrial beta-oxidation enzyme HADHA restrains hepatic glucagon response by promoting beta-hydroxybutyrate production.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	95-115	hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit alpha	Mus musculus	40-45
35289766-7	2022	Pax8+/- females, but, unexpectedly, not DHTP ones, displayed transcriptional activation of the hepatic (and renal) gluconeogenic pathway, hypercortisolemia, fasting hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia, reduced serum beta-hydroxybutyrate, associated with hepatic AMPK activation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	216-236	paired box 8	Mus musculus	0-4
35433045-2	2022	The ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB) suppresses the NLRP3 inflammasome and alters intracellular signalling pathways in vitro and in animal models; however, this effect has not yet been shown in vivo in humans.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	16-36	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	61-66
35433045-2	2022	The ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB) suppresses the NLRP3 inflammasome and alters intracellular signalling pathways in vitro and in animal models; however, this effect has not yet been shown in vivo in humans.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	38-44	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	61-66
35333405-0	2022	beta-Hydroxybutyric acid attenuates heat stress-induced neuroinflammation via inhibiting TLR4/p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways in the hippocampus.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-24	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	89-93
35333405-0	2022	beta-Hydroxybutyric acid attenuates heat stress-induced neuroinflammation via inhibiting TLR4/p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways in the hippocampus.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-24	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	94-102
35333405-0	2022	beta-Hydroxybutyric acid attenuates heat stress-induced neuroinflammation via inhibiting TLR4/p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways in the hippocampus.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-24	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	107-116
35333405-5	2022	In mice subjected to heat stress, we found that treatment with BHBA or minocycline significantly decreased the level of serum cortisol, the expressions of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and the density of c-Fos+ cells in the hippocampus.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	63-67	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	155-176
35333405-5	2022	In mice subjected to heat stress, we found that treatment with BHBA or minocycline significantly decreased the level of serum cortisol, the expressions of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and the density of c-Fos+ cells in the hippocampus.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	63-67	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	178-183
35333405-5	2022	In mice subjected to heat stress, we found that treatment with BHBA or minocycline significantly decreased the level of serum cortisol, the expressions of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and the density of c-Fos+ cells in the hippocampus.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	63-67	FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene	Mus musculus	205-210
35333405-9	2022	Importantly, compared with the heat stress group, mice in the BHBA treatment group and positive control group experienced a decrease in the expressions of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), phospho-p38 (p-p38), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	62-66	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	155-175
35333405-9	2022	Importantly, compared with the heat stress group, mice in the BHBA treatment group and positive control group experienced a decrease in the expressions of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), phospho-p38 (p-p38), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	62-66	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	177-181
35333405-9	2022	Importantly, compared with the heat stress group, mice in the BHBA treatment group and positive control group experienced a decrease in the expressions of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), phospho-p38 (p-p38), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	62-66	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	192-195
35333405-9	2022	Importantly, compared with the heat stress group, mice in the BHBA treatment group and positive control group experienced a decrease in the expressions of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), phospho-p38 (p-p38), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	62-66	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	199-202
35333405-9	2022	Importantly, compared with the heat stress group, mice in the BHBA treatment group and positive control group experienced a decrease in the expressions of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), phospho-p38 (p-p38), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	62-66	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	209-231
35333405-9	2022	Importantly, compared with the heat stress group, mice in the BHBA treatment group and positive control group experienced a decrease in the expressions of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), phospho-p38 (p-p38), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	62-66	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	233-242
35333405-10	2022	Our results elucidated that BHBA inhibits neuroinflammation induced by heat stress by suppressing the activation of microglia and astrocyte, and modulating TLR4/p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	28-32	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	156-160
35333405-10	2022	Our results elucidated that BHBA inhibits neuroinflammation induced by heat stress by suppressing the activation of microglia and astrocyte, and modulating TLR4/p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	28-32	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	161-169
35333405-10	2022	Our results elucidated that BHBA inhibits neuroinflammation induced by heat stress by suppressing the activation of microglia and astrocyte, and modulating TLR4/p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	28-32	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	174-183
35123783-0	2022	beta-Hydroxybutyrate impairs the release of bovine neutrophil extracellular traps through inhibiting phosphoinositide 3-kinase-mediated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase reactive oxygen species production.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta	Bos taurus	101-126
35123783-9	2022	The BHB treatment with or without PMA treatment decreased protein abundance of Cit-H3 and PAD4 (arginine deiminase 4) and increased neutrophil elastase.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	4-7	elastase, neutrophil expressed	Bos taurus	132-151
35123783-12	2022	Furthermore, BHB treatment decreased the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), phosphorylation level of p47, and protein abundance of Rac2, suggesting that BHB-induced NET inhibition may have been caused by decreased NADPH oxidase-derived ROS.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	Rac family small GTPase 2	Bos taurus	150-154
35123783-12	2022	Furthermore, BHB treatment decreased the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), phosphorylation level of p47, and protein abundance of Rac2, suggesting that BHB-induced NET inhibition may have been caused by decreased NADPH oxidase-derived ROS.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	172-175	Rac family small GTPase 2	Bos taurus	150-154
35331172-7	2022	Five out of the 10 metabolites were up-regulated in the anti-TPO antibodies positivity group, including D-Glucose, L-Glutamine, 3-Hydroxybutyric acid, Myo-Inositol, Creatinine.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	128-149	thyroid peroxidase	Homo sapiens	61-64
35141738-5	2022	Further mechanism results indicated that MKD produced higher Sirt3 protein levels than LKD, which probably contributed to the synergistic effect of beta hydroxybutyric acid and decanoic acid.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	148-172	sirtuin 3	Mus musculus	61-66
35046401-7	2022	The ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) but not acetoacetate suppresses gluconeogenesis by selectively inhibiting HDAC7 activity via interaction with Glu543 site to facilitate FOXO1 nuclear exclusion.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	16-36	histone deacetylase 7	Mus musculus	117-122
35046401-7	2022	The ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) but not acetoacetate suppresses gluconeogenesis by selectively inhibiting HDAC7 activity via interaction with Glu543 site to facilitate FOXO1 nuclear exclusion.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	16-36	forkhead box O1	Mus musculus	179-184
35046401-7	2022	The ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) but not acetoacetate suppresses gluconeogenesis by selectively inhibiting HDAC7 activity via interaction with Glu543 site to facilitate FOXO1 nuclear exclusion.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	38-41	histone deacetylase 7	Mus musculus	117-122
35046401-7	2022	The ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) but not acetoacetate suppresses gluconeogenesis by selectively inhibiting HDAC7 activity via interaction with Glu543 site to facilitate FOXO1 nuclear exclusion.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	38-41	forkhead box O1	Mus musculus	179-184
35046401-8	2022	In HFD-fed mice, HADHA overexpression improved metabolic disorders, and these effects are abrogated by knockdown of BHB-producing enzyme.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	116-119	hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit alpha	Mus musculus	17-22
35046401-9	2022	In conclusion, BHB is responsible for the inhibitory effect of HADHA on hepatic glucagon response, suggesting that HADHA activation or BHB elevation by pharmacological intervention hold promise in treating diabetes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	15-18	hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit alpha	Mus musculus	63-68
35046401-9	2022	In conclusion, BHB is responsible for the inhibitory effect of HADHA on hepatic glucagon response, suggesting that HADHA activation or BHB elevation by pharmacological intervention hold promise in treating diabetes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	15-18	glucagon	Mus musculus	80-88
35046401-9	2022	In conclusion, BHB is responsible for the inhibitory effect of HADHA on hepatic glucagon response, suggesting that HADHA activation or BHB elevation by pharmacological intervention hold promise in treating diabetes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	15-18	hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit alpha	Mus musculus	115-120
35046401-9	2022	In conclusion, BHB is responsible for the inhibitory effect of HADHA on hepatic glucagon response, suggesting that HADHA activation or BHB elevation by pharmacological intervention hold promise in treating diabetes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	135-138	hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit alpha	Mus musculus	63-68
35123783-13	2022	The phosphorylation level of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), an important upstream regulator of NADPH oxidase, was attenuated by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	131-134	phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta	Bos taurus	29-54
35151471-0	2022	beta-Hydroxybutyrate inhibits apoptosis in bovine neutrophils through activating ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Bos taurus	81-87
35151471-0	2022	beta-Hydroxybutyrate inhibits apoptosis in bovine neutrophils through activating ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Bos taurus	92-95
35151471-7	2022	Subsequently, a 2 mM BHB dose was used to challenge neutrophils for 8 h. Apoptosis rate of neutrophils and protein abundance of cleaved caspase 3 were lower after BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	21-24	caspase 3	Bos taurus	136-145
35151471-7	2022	Subsequently, a 2 mM BHB dose was used to challenge neutrophils for 8 h. Apoptosis rate of neutrophils and protein abundance of cleaved caspase 3 were lower after BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	163-166	caspase 3	Bos taurus	136-145
35151471-8	2022	Treatment with BHB decreased protein and mRNA abundance of the pro-apoptotic genes Bax (BAX) and Bad (BAD), whereas it increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and protein and mRNA of the anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-xL (BCL2L1) and Mcl-1 (MCL1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	15-18	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Bos taurus	83-86
35151471-8	2022	Treatment with BHB decreased protein and mRNA abundance of the pro-apoptotic genes Bax (BAX) and Bad (BAD), whereas it increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and protein and mRNA of the anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-xL (BCL2L1) and Mcl-1 (MCL1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	15-18	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Bos taurus	88-91
35151471-8	2022	Treatment with BHB decreased protein and mRNA abundance of the pro-apoptotic genes Bax (BAX) and Bad (BAD), whereas it increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and protein and mRNA of the anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-xL (BCL2L1) and Mcl-1 (MCL1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	15-18	BCL2 like 1	Bos taurus	217-223
35151471-8	2022	Treatment with BHB decreased protein and mRNA abundance of the pro-apoptotic genes Bax (BAX) and Bad (BAD), whereas it increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and protein and mRNA of the anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-xL (BCL2L1) and Mcl-1 (MCL1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	15-18	BCL2 like 1	Bos taurus	225-231
35151471-8	2022	Treatment with BHB decreased protein and mRNA abundance of the pro-apoptotic genes Bax (BAX) and Bad (BAD), whereas it increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and protein and mRNA of the anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-xL (BCL2L1) and Mcl-1 (MCL1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	15-18	induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1	Bos taurus	237-242
35151471-8	2022	Treatment with BHB decreased protein and mRNA abundance of the pro-apoptotic genes Bax (BAX) and Bad (BAD), whereas it increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and protein and mRNA of the anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-xL (BCL2L1) and Mcl-1 (MCL1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	15-18	induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1	Bos taurus	244-248
35151471-10	2022	In addition, both SCH772984 (an inhibitor of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway) and MK-2206 (an inhibitor of the AKT signaling pathway) alleviated the BHB-induced anti-apoptotic function of the Bcl-2 family and the inhibition of MMP.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	146-149	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Bos taurus	49-55
35151471-10	2022	In addition, both SCH772984 (an inhibitor of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway) and MK-2206 (an inhibitor of the AKT signaling pathway) alleviated the BHB-induced anti-apoptotic function of the Bcl-2 family and the inhibition of MMP.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	146-149	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Bos taurus	108-111
35151471-10	2022	In addition, both SCH772984 (an inhibitor of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway) and MK-2206 (an inhibitor of the AKT signaling pathway) alleviated the BHB-induced anti-apoptotic function of the Bcl-2 family and the inhibition of MMP.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	146-149	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Bos taurus	189-194
35151471-11	2022	Overall, our data demonstrated that high concentrations of BHB inhibit apoptosis in bovine neutrophils by activating the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	59-62	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Bos taurus	121-127
35151471-11	2022	Overall, our data demonstrated that high concentrations of BHB inhibit apoptosis in bovine neutrophils by activating the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	59-62	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Bos taurus	132-135
35409148-6	2022	We provide evidence that BHB treatment in vivo or in vitro increases the protein levels of cholesterol transporters, including ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI, and is capable of reducing lipid accumulation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	25-28	ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens	127-132
35409148-6	2022	We provide evidence that BHB treatment in vivo or in vitro increases the protein levels of cholesterol transporters, including ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI, and is capable of reducing lipid accumulation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	25-28	ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 1	Homo sapiens	134-139
35409148-6	2022	We provide evidence that BHB treatment in vivo or in vitro increases the protein levels of cholesterol transporters, including ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI, and is capable of reducing lipid accumulation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	25-28	scavenger receptor class B member 1	Homo sapiens	145-150
35334826-7	2022	In rat L6 myoblasts, BHB directly induced BDNF transcription and maturation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	21-24	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	42-46
35224072-10	2021	The blood GH and IGF-I were lower (p < 0.01) in the medium BHBA dose at 2 months of age than control.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	59-63	somatotropin-like	Capra hircus	10-12
35224072-10	2021	The blood GH and IGF-I were lower (p < 0.01) in the medium BHBA dose at 2 months of age than control.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	59-63	insulin-like growth factor I	Capra hircus	17-22
35046401-0	2022	The mitochondrial beta-oxidation enzyme HADHA restrains hepatic glucagon response by promoting beta-hydroxybutyrate production.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	95-115	glucagon	Mus musculus	64-72
2616434-5	1989	Despite high circulating insulin concentrations the responses of blood glucose, plasma non-esterified fatty acid, blood glycerol and 3-hydroxybutyrate suggested marked insulin resistance.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	133-150	insulin	Homo sapiens	168-175
34979900-10	2022	By contrast, Pes1 overexpression in cultured hepatocytes showed that these levels were significantly enhanced, which were, however reduced under beta-HB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	145-152	pescadillo ribosomal biogenesis factor 1	Mus musculus	13-17
2513232-1	1989	The production of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in A23187-stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was markedly increased in the presence of 5 mM acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	171-191	PCNA clamp associated factor	Homo sapiens	18-44
2513232-1	1989	The production of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in A23187-stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was markedly increased in the presence of 5 mM acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	171-191	PCNA clamp associated factor	Homo sapiens	46-49
2513232-4	1989	These observations suggest that increased levels of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate in blood may lead to the augmented production of PAF, which would amplify the various PAF-mediated biological reactions.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	69-89	PCNA clamp associated factor	Homo sapiens	139-142
2513232-4	1989	These observations suggest that increased levels of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate in blood may lead to the augmented production of PAF, which would amplify the various PAF-mediated biological reactions.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	69-89	PCNA clamp associated factor	Homo sapiens	176-179
35198055-8	2022	Conversely, tanycytes overexpressing GKRP showed an increase in betaHB efflux induced by low glucose concentration.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	64-70	glucokinase regulator	Homo sapiens	37-41
35198055-9	2022	In line with these findings, the excitability of POMC neurons was enhanced by lactate and decreased in the presence of betaHB.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	119-125	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	49-53
35264201-7	2022	Mechanistically, the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) deactivated the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome triggered by CoCrMo alloy particles.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	33-53	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	90-95
35264201-7	2022	Mechanistically, the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) deactivated the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome triggered by CoCrMo alloy particles.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	55-58	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	90-95
3361304-1	1988	This work demonstrates that in vitro sciatic nerves of normal and trembler adult mice can use ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) and butyrate for lipid synthesis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	109-129	peripheral myelin protein 22	Mus musculus	66-74
2742824-1	1989	3-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH) is a lecithin-requiring mitochondrial enzyme which catalyzes the interconversion of 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate with NAD(H) as coenzyme.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-139	3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	33-36
2655716-7	1989	Insulin-induced hypoglycemia was associated with a significant increase in arterial lactate (p less than 0.01), and a significant correlation (p less than 0.01) between arterial and CAVD for lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOB) was observed.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	203-223	LOC105613195	Ovis aries	0-7
3067835-2	1988	Insulin appeared to act in both groups of rabbits because there was a prompt fall in circulating glucose, free fatty acids, and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	128-148	insulin	Oryctolagus cuniculus	0-7
2769076-7	1989	Lipoprotein lipase activities in leg muscle and heart were consistently greater in the low-VLDL line and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in the plasma of the low-VLDL line were significantly greater than those in the high-VLDL line (0.86 vs 0.48 mumol/ml).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	105-125	very low density lipoprotein receptor	Gallus gallus	166-170
2769076-7	1989	Lipoprotein lipase activities in leg muscle and heart were consistently greater in the low-VLDL line and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in the plasma of the low-VLDL line were significantly greater than those in the high-VLDL line (0.86 vs 0.48 mumol/ml).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	105-125	very low density lipoprotein receptor	Gallus gallus	166-170
2662383-1	1989	We studied the relationship between endogenous insulin secretion and fasting levels of plasma free fatty acids (FFA), plasma acetoacetate plus plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate (total ketone bodies), blood glucose, and HbA1 in 132 diabetic outpatients treated with conventional insulin regimens.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	150-167	insulin	Homo sapiens	47-54
2975756-8	1988	Serum IGF-1 was correlated strongly with serum beta-hydroxybutyrate and body weight (r = -0.88 and 0.91, respectively, P less than 0.0001), and less strongly with serum glucose (r = -0.59, P less than 0.0002).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	47-67	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	6-11
3288652-7	1988	GH therapy increased serum FFA (P less than 0.05) and blood 3-hydroxybutyrate levels, but had no effect on blood alanine or lactate or serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	60-77	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	0-2
3322727-4	1987	Although the increases in levels of plasma free fatty acids were similar in both tests, the rise in plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate levels tended to be reduced with U-100 insulin (414 +/- 139 vs. 639 +/- 67 microM, P less than .10).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	107-124	small Cajal body-specific RNA 14	Homo sapiens	158-163
3277033-8	1988	Hepatic aniline hydroxylation, N-nitrosodimethylamine N-demethylation, and cytochrome P-450j levels in individual animals were found to correlate with plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate levels (r = 0.59-0.71 p less than 0.001).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	158-178	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily e, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	75-92
3160912-11	1985	Levels of somatomedins were correlated weakly only with beta-hydroxybutyrate (r = 0.48, P less than 0.05), while somatomedin inhibitors were correlated significantly with all indices, particularly beta-hydroxybutyrate (r = 0.78, P less than 0.0001).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	56-76	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	10-21
2951207-6	1986	Interruption of insulin delivery for 3 h resulted in a moderate increase of blood glucose, a gradual decrease of free insulin, and a moderate increase in free fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	175-195	insulin	Homo sapiens	16-23
3522682-6	1986	Portal-drained viscera switched from release to uptake of beta-hydroxybutyrate in both normal and insulin-treated animals, but hepatic release increased slightly in normal sheep.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	58-78	LOC105613195	Ovis aries	98-105
3522682-7	1986	beta-hydroxybutyrate increased insulin concentration, pancreatic production, and hepatic uptake.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	LOC105613195	Ovis aries	31-38
4074667-7	1985	The photoinhibition of BDH in the presence of N3-NAD was prevented nearly completely by addition of NADH, NAD plus beta-hydroxybutyrate, or NAD plus 2-methylmalonate and partially by addition of NAD.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	115-135	3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	23-26
3626864-7	1987	Only one subject, with severe defect of CPT activity in liver, showed a significantly reduced, but still present rate of de novo synthesis of acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate (40 and 51 mumol/m-2/min-1 respectively) in comparison with control subjects (103 +/- 14 and 157 +/- 22 mumol/m-2/min-1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	159-176	dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase subunit	Homo sapiens	40-43
3494445-2	1987	We show that HBDH from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides (BCL, grade II) contains a 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase (HIBDH) activity: activity with 3-hydroxyisobutyrate as substrate was greater than 10% of that with 3-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	213-230	3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	78-112
3516300-4	1986	Glucose insulin potassium infusion (GIK) resulted in lower plasma nonesterified fatty acid, and blood 3-hydroxybutyrate and glycerol concentrations, with markedly higher serum insulin levels compared to patients managed with a "no insulin" regimen.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	102-119	insulin	Homo sapiens	8-15
3926564-7	1985	Beta-hydroxybutyrate partially counteracted the effect of low pH on insulin binding and sensitivity in a dose-dependent fashion (ED50: 10 mM).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	insulin	Homo sapiens	68-75
2988200-4	1985	Output of protons into the medium and its acidification (alteration of pM by 0.01-0.012) within 3-6 sec was found in experiments with impulse administration of insulin 100 micrograms and pFCCP 0.1 micrograms into the suspension of freshly isolated rat adipocytes (5 ml) added to an electrolyte containing 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM beta-hydroxybutyric acid, 0.01 mM Gly-Gly (pH 7.45).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	324-348	insulin	Homo sapiens	160-167
3886209-3	1985	After AVP infusion, plasma glucose rose from 4.9 +/- 0.1 to a peak of 5.7 +/- 0.2 mmol/l (P less than 0.001), but no changes in blood lactate, pyruvate, alanine, glycerol or 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were observed.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	174-191	arginine vasopressin	Homo sapiens	6-9
3899818-6	1985	Plasma free insulin, blood glucose and 3-hydroxybutyrate profiles suggest that acid bovine soluble insulin has a significantly more protracted action than neutral human insulin.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	39-56	insulin	Bos taurus	99-106
3899818-6	1985	Plasma free insulin, blood glucose and 3-hydroxybutyrate profiles suggest that acid bovine soluble insulin has a significantly more protracted action than neutral human insulin.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	39-56	insulin	Homo sapiens	99-106
6376243-4	1984	In Type 1 diabetic subjects, treated with once or twice daily injections of insulin, morning serum levels of acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate and total ketone bodies were significantly elevated by four-, ten- and sevenfold, respectively.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	123-140	insulin	Homo sapiens	76-83
2864166-3	1985	During insulin infusion the net hepatic productions of beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetate were reduced to a greater extent than could be accounted for by a reduction in provision of free fatty acids to the liver.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	55-75	LOC105613195	Ovis aries	7-14
6398261-2	1984	When the insulin dose delivered is adjusted to achieve a near match of the peripheral plasma glucose profile, the 24 h profiles of free fatty acids, glycerol, lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate and the hormones, insulin, glucagon, cortisol and catecholamines were identical.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	171-191	insulin	Homo sapiens	9-16
6389223-0	1984	beta-Hydroxybutyrate increases the insulin sensitivity of adipocyte glucose transport at a postreceptor level.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	insulin	Homo sapiens	35-42
6389223-3	1984	However, beta-hydroxybutyrate potentiated the effect of submaximal concentrations of insulin, i.e., it resulted in a leftward shift in the dose-response curve.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	9-29	insulin	Homo sapiens	85-92
6389223-7	1984	beta-Hydroxybutyrate increased the sensitivity of glucose transport to stimulation by the anti-receptor antibody, demonstrating that insulin itself does not have to be present.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	insulin	Homo sapiens	133-140
6389223-8	1984	beta-Hydroxybutyrate also potentiated the effect of hydrogen peroxide (which acts at a level distal to the insulin receptor) even in cells that had been depleted of insulin receptors by trypsin treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	insulin receptor	Homo sapiens	107-123
6389223-8	1984	beta-Hydroxybutyrate also potentiated the effect of hydrogen peroxide (which acts at a level distal to the insulin receptor) even in cells that had been depleted of insulin receptors by trypsin treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	insulin	Homo sapiens	107-114
6389223-9	1984	Therefore, beta-hydroxybutyrate acts, at least partly, at a post-insulin receptor level.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	11-31	insulin receptor	Homo sapiens	65-81
6742863-6	1984	Under these experimental conditions the release of Ca2+ can be completely reversed if the rereduction of NAD(P)+ is brought about by the addition of the reductants beta-hydroxybutyrate and isocitrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	164-184	carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens	51-54
6090141-4	1984	Conversely, maintenance of the mitochondrial pyridine nucleotides in a more reduced state, e. g. in presence of 3-hydroxybutyrate in the medium, prevents this hydroperoxide-induced release of intracellular Ca2+.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	112-129	carbonic anhydrase 2	Rattus norvegicus	206-209
6349384-6	1983	With the preprogrammed insulin infusions used to normalize plasma glucose profiles to the intraduodenal glucose load, all hormonal and metabolic responses were normalized during intraportal infusion (IRI, 72.5 +/- 4.2 microU/ml; glucagon, 66 +/- 10 pg/ml; lactate, 1.06 +/- 0.10 mmol/liter; alanine, 0.251 +/- 0.042 mmol/liter; glycerol, 0.043 +/- 0.013 mmol/liter; NEFA, 0.24 +/- 0.03 mmol/liter; and 3-hydroxybutyrate, 0.012 +/- 0.007 mmol/liter) but marked hyperinsulinemia (103.2 +/- 6.1 microU/ml) and depressed glycerol, NEFA, and 3-hydroxybutyrate responses at 2 h (0.056 +/- 0.005, 0.52 +/- 0.10, and 0.019 +/- 0.010 mmol/liter, respectively) resulted during peripheral infusion.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	402-419	insulin	Canis lupus familiaris	23-30
6354230-5	1983	In comparison with a control group of patients, the insulin infusion caused a marked decrease in circulating glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations, and an increase in blood lactate values.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	149-169	insulin	Homo sapiens	52-59
6349384-6	1983	With the preprogrammed insulin infusions used to normalize plasma glucose profiles to the intraduodenal glucose load, all hormonal and metabolic responses were normalized during intraportal infusion (IRI, 72.5 +/- 4.2 microU/ml; glucagon, 66 +/- 10 pg/ml; lactate, 1.06 +/- 0.10 mmol/liter; alanine, 0.251 +/- 0.042 mmol/liter; glycerol, 0.043 +/- 0.013 mmol/liter; NEFA, 0.24 +/- 0.03 mmol/liter; and 3-hydroxybutyrate, 0.012 +/- 0.007 mmol/liter) but marked hyperinsulinemia (103.2 +/- 6.1 microU/ml) and depressed glycerol, NEFA, and 3-hydroxybutyrate responses at 2 h (0.056 +/- 0.005, 0.52 +/- 0.10, and 0.019 +/- 0.010 mmol/liter, respectively) resulted during peripheral infusion.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	537-554	insulin	Canis lupus familiaris	23-30
7042428-6	1982	PLasma free insulin concentrations fell during the withdrawal period and there was a highly significant negative correlation between free insulin and 3-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	150-167	insulin	Homo sapiens	138-145
6137867-4	1983	These higher concentrations of insulin in the 30 to 60 minutes after somatostatin infusion, were accompanied by lowered free fatty acid and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	140-160	insulin	Capra hircus	31-38
6347783-3	1983	During insulin withdrawal, the patients who best maintained their circulating free insulin levels showed the smallest increases in blood glucose and 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	149-166	insulin	Homo sapiens	7-14
6751813-3	1982	The nadir of blood glucose (19.0 +/- 2.7 ng/100 ml) is detected 30 min following insulin application, paralleled by suppressed levels of FFA and beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	145-165	insulin	Homo sapiens	81-88
7044142-6	1982	These insulin infusion rates resulted in premeal fasting normoglycemia and in normal levels of insulin, glucagon, lactate, pyruvate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, nonesterified fatty acids, and 9 of 13 amino acids.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	133-150	insulin	Canis lupus familiaris	6-13
6130018-0	1982	Stimulatory effect of beta-hydroxybutyrate on the release of somatostatin from the isolated pancreas of normal and streptozotocin-diabetic dogs.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	22-42	somatostatin	Canis lupus familiaris	61-73
6130018-1	1982	The present investigation was undertaken to ascertain whether the ketone body, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOH), affects the somatostatin secretion from the isolated pancreas of normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic dogs.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	79-99	somatostatin	Canis lupus familiaris	119-131
876274-6	1977	In addition, somatostatin resulted in a fivefold increase in beta-hydroxybutyrate and a 40 to 45 per cent rise in branched-chain amino acids (P less than 0.005).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	61-81	somatostatin	Homo sapiens	13-25
7014308-0	1981	Effect of pH and 3-hydroxybutyrate on insulin binding and action in cultured human fibroblasts.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	17-34	insulin	Homo sapiens	38-45
7014308-1	1981	The influence of pH and 3-hydroxybutyrate on insulin binding and action has been studied in cultured human fibroblasts.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	24-41	insulin	Homo sapiens	45-52
7014308-5	1981	The effect of 3-hydroxybutyrate on insulin binding and action was assessed at pH 7.4 and 6.9.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	14-31	insulin	Homo sapiens	35-42
7014308-6	1981	In the presence of 3-hydroxybutyrate, insulin binding increased, but insulin action on glycogen synthase and total glucose uptake was unaffected.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	19-36	insulin	Homo sapiens	38-45
7014308-6	1981	In the presence of 3-hydroxybutyrate, insulin binding increased, but insulin action on glycogen synthase and total glucose uptake was unaffected.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	19-36	insulin	Homo sapiens	69-76
7014308-9	1981	The results also suggest that 3-hydroxybutyrate induced a dissociation between binding and response, since an increase of insulin binding was not accompanied by changes in the regulation of glycogen synthase and total glucose uptake.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	30-47	insulin	Homo sapiens	122-129
7047114-4	1981	Significant differences in the response of blood glucose and 3-hydroxybutyrate levels reflected the differences in plasma free insulin levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	61-78	insulin	Homo sapiens	127-134
6941260-8	1981	The greater labeling that we observe at C2 of beta-hydroxybutyrate compared with C4 under this condition is explained by the flow through 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	46-66	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	138-184
7000826-8	1980	The sum of acetoacetate and beta hydroxybutyrate rose from 3.28 to 5.03 mM during exercise after 6 wk of the PSF, explaining in part the low exercise RQ.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	28-48	insulin like growth factor binding protein 7	Homo sapiens	109-112
6998814-6	1980	Insulin secretion was also stimulated by mannose, leucine, alpha-ketoisocaproate, dihydroxyacetone and 3-hydroxybutyrate, but not by fructose or N-acetyl-glucosamine.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	103-120	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
107695-5	1978	The following results were obtained: (1) plasma concentrations of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) increased proportionally to the dose of infused insulin, but the higher IRI did not result in a greater fall in plasma glucose concentration, correspondingly; the mean rate of fall in plasma glucose concentration of 5 x B was not significantly lower than that of 50 x B; beta-hydroxybutyrate and arterial pH improvements were observed in each group during the 3-h insulin infusion.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	366-386	insulin	Canis lupus familiaris	81-88
341724-5	1978	In additional studies at 2.5 and 5.0 mM levels of substrate concentration, the stimulation of insulin had the following pattern: octanoate greater than hexanoate greater than butyrate, whereas beta-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, acetate, and propionate had only slight stimulatory effects that were not statistically significant.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	193-213	LOC105613195	Ovis aries	94-101
7017343-6	1981	Insulin infusion also inhibited the expected rise in glycerol and 3-hydroxybutyrate normally observed during exercise.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	66-83	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
648743-3	1978	Addition of beta-hydroxybutyrate, at concentrations similar to those seen clinically, "restored" insulin binding toward normal.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	12-32	insulin	Homo sapiens	97-104
411105-2	1977	Stable serum immunoreactive insulin concentrations were produced, along with prompt falls in glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and glucagon levels, and a steadily increasing bicarbonate level.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	102-122	insulin	Homo sapiens	28-35
192610-2	1977	The rise in plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate following glucagon in the untreated state was converted to a fall after 1 month on insulin.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	19-36	insulin	Homo sapiens	120-127
949342-3	1976	(-)-Hydroxycitrate, an inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase, markedly inhibited the incorporation of carbon from labelled glucose and 3-hydroxybutyrate into cerebral lipids, but had no effect on the incorporation of labelled acetate and acetoacetate into brain lipids.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	128-145	ATP citrate lyase	Rattus norvegicus	36-53
870353-5	1977	Substrate responses to arginine were also modified by somatostatin: alanine disappearance was impaired, this effect being dose-related; plasma FFA and 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations showed a significant increase rather than decrease, consistent with somatostatin suppression of residual insulin secretion.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	151-168	somatostatin	Homo sapiens	54-66
33663853-0	2021	Cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-alpha-like effector C (CIDEC) regulates acetate- and beta-hydroxybutyrate-induced milk fat synthesis by increasing FASN expression in mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	98-118	cell death inducing DFFA like effector c	Bos taurus	68-73
178683-6	1976	With cortisone plus GH therapy, fasting glycemia was improved (73 +/- 6 mg/dl) at 30 hours fasting and was associated with increased alanine and glutamine concentrations (206 +/- 28 muM and 448 +/- 40 muM, respectively) and less ketonemia (beta-hydroxybutyrate 1.13 +/- 0.39 mM).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	240-260	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	20-22
13242553-0	1955	Phosphorylation coupled to reduction of cytochrome c by beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	56-76	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	40-52
33404998-1	2021	Modestly elevated circulating levels of the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaOHB) during treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors cause different beneficial effects on organs and cells, depending on the succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) level.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	51-71	solute carrier family 5 member 2	Homo sapiens	104-134
33404998-1	2021	Modestly elevated circulating levels of the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaOHB) during treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors cause different beneficial effects on organs and cells, depending on the succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) level.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	51-71	solute carrier family 5 member 2	Homo sapiens	136-141
33404998-1	2021	Modestly elevated circulating levels of the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaOHB) during treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors cause different beneficial effects on organs and cells, depending on the succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) level.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	51-71	3-oxoacid CoA-transferase 1	Homo sapiens	227-266
33404998-1	2021	Modestly elevated circulating levels of the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaOHB) during treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors cause different beneficial effects on organs and cells, depending on the succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) level.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	51-71	3-oxoacid CoA-transferase 1	Homo sapiens	268-272
820717-6	1976	When insulin was withdrawn, plasma glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, FFA, and glycerol all rose to higher levels (P less than 0.01) than those observed under similar conditions when somatostatin alone had been infused to suppress glucagon secretion.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	44-64	insulin	Homo sapiens	5-12
5808310-0	1969	Insulin-like action of 3-hydroxybutyrate in the ewe.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	23-40	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
14493215-0	1962	beta-Hydroxybutyrate and sodium citrate as stimuli of the in vitro secretion of insulin.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	insulin	Homo sapiens	80-87
33714908-3	2021	Based on this, the aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatic expression of proteins of the insulin signaling pathway (PI3K) and of the cytokines TNFalpha, IL-6 and NF-kappaB, as well as the plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, triglycerides (TAG), insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin sensitivity indexes, and the hepatic content of TAG during the transition period in cows with different BCS.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	254-274	insulin	Bos taurus	95-102
34001360-11	2021	Overexpression of GRP78 attenuated both BHB-induced ER stress and the ensuing cellular damage, suggesting that hepatocyte damage caused by excessive BHB can be mediated via enhanced ER stress.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	40-43	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Bos taurus	18-23
34001360-11	2021	Overexpression of GRP78 attenuated both BHB-induced ER stress and the ensuing cellular damage, suggesting that hepatocyte damage caused by excessive BHB can be mediated via enhanced ER stress.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	149-152	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Bos taurus	18-23
33982074-14	2021	Compared to BHBA treated cells, the protein expression of COX-2 and IL-1beta were decreased by the pretreatment with metformin, and the inhibitory effect of metformin was released by compound C. The bound of NF-kappaB onto IL1B promoter displayed higher in BHBA group and this was suppressed by pretreatment with metformin (P < 0.05).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	12-16	cytochrome c oxidase subunit II	Bos taurus	58-63
33982074-14	2021	Compared to BHBA treated cells, the protein expression of COX-2 and IL-1beta were decreased by the pretreatment with metformin, and the inhibitory effect of metformin was released by compound C. The bound of NF-kappaB onto IL1B promoter displayed higher in BHBA group and this was suppressed by pretreatment with metformin (P < 0.05).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	12-16	interleukin 1 alpha	Bos taurus	68-76
33982074-14	2021	Compared to BHBA treated cells, the protein expression of COX-2 and IL-1beta were decreased by the pretreatment with metformin, and the inhibitory effect of metformin was released by compound C. The bound of NF-kappaB onto IL1B promoter displayed higher in BHBA group and this was suppressed by pretreatment with metformin (P < 0.05).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	257-261	cytochrome c oxidase subunit II	Bos taurus	58-63
33982074-14	2021	Compared to BHBA treated cells, the protein expression of COX-2 and IL-1beta were decreased by the pretreatment with metformin, and the inhibitory effect of metformin was released by compound C. The bound of NF-kappaB onto IL1B promoter displayed higher in BHBA group and this was suppressed by pretreatment with metformin (P < 0.05).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	257-261	interleukin 1 beta	Bos taurus	223-227
33982074-15	2021	Altogether, metformin attenuates the BHBA-induced inflammation through the inactivation of NF-kappaB as a target for AMPK/SIRT1 signalling in bovine hepatocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	37-41	sirtuin 1	Bos taurus	122-127
33663853-0	2021	Cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-alpha-like effector C (CIDEC) regulates acetate- and beta-hydroxybutyrate-induced milk fat synthesis by increasing FASN expression in mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	98-118	fatty acid synthase	Bos taurus	160-164
33663853-4	2021	In the present study, using gene overexpression and knockdown, we detected the contributions of CIDEC on milk fat synthesis in mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows in the presence of acetate and BHB.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	197-200	cell death inducing DFFA like effector c	Bos taurus	96-101
33663853-9	2021	Moreover, knockdown of CEBPB attenuated the promoting effects of CIDEC on acetate- and BHB-induced FASN transcription.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	87-90	CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta	Bos taurus	23-28
33663853-9	2021	Moreover, knockdown of CEBPB attenuated the promoting effects of CIDEC on acetate- and BHB-induced FASN transcription.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	87-90	cell death inducing DFFA like effector c	Bos taurus	65-70
33663853-9	2021	Moreover, knockdown of CEBPB attenuated the promoting effects of CIDEC on acetate- and BHB-induced FASN transcription.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	87-90	fatty acid synthase	Bos taurus	99-103
33663853-10	2021	Taken together, our data showed that acetate and BHB induced FASN expression in mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows in a CIDEC-C/EBPbeta-dependent manner, which provides new insights into the understanding of the molecular events involved in milk fat synthesis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	49-52	fatty acid synthase	Bos taurus	61-65
33915503-3	2021	Recent studies reported that SGLT-2 inhibitors could protect against subclinical AKI in diabetic patients by elevating the level of beta-Hydroxybutyric acid (betaOHB).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	132-156	solute carrier family 5 member 2	Homo sapiens	29-35
33739811-0	2021	Rational Application of beta-Hydroxybutyrate Attenuates Ischemic Stroke by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial-Dependent Apoptosis via Activation of the Erk/CREB/eNOS Pathway.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	24-44	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	164-167
33919169-1	2021	Here, we report on the role of haptoglobin (Hp), whose expression depends on the synthesis of interleukin 6 (IL-6), related to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), as a possible marker of muscle improvement achieved after treatment with the polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and an increase in the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in the blood.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	327-347	haptoglobin	Homo sapiens	31-42
33919169-1	2021	Here, we report on the role of haptoglobin (Hp), whose expression depends on the synthesis of interleukin 6 (IL-6), related to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), as a possible marker of muscle improvement achieved after treatment with the polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and an increase in the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in the blood.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	327-347	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	109-113
33919169-1	2021	Here, we report on the role of haptoglobin (Hp), whose expression depends on the synthesis of interleukin 6 (IL-6), related to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), as a possible marker of muscle improvement achieved after treatment with the polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and an increase in the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in the blood.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	349-352	haptoglobin	Homo sapiens	31-42
33919169-1	2021	Here, we report on the role of haptoglobin (Hp), whose expression depends on the synthesis of interleukin 6 (IL-6), related to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), as a possible marker of muscle improvement achieved after treatment with the polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and an increase in the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in the blood.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	349-352	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	109-113
33871793-8	2021	The GH receptor block by pegvisomant restored the plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate to baseline levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	57-77	growth hormone receptor	Homo sapiens	4-15
33739811-0	2021	Rational Application of beta-Hydroxybutyrate Attenuates Ischemic Stroke by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial-Dependent Apoptosis via Activation of the Erk/CREB/eNOS Pathway.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	24-44	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	168-172
33739811-0	2021	Rational Application of beta-Hydroxybutyrate Attenuates Ischemic Stroke by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial-Dependent Apoptosis via Activation of the Erk/CREB/eNOS Pathway.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	24-44	nitric oxide synthase 3	Rattus norvegicus	173-177
33739811-5	2021	We further showed that the effects of BHB were achieved by upregulating the dedicated BHB transporter SMCT1 and activating the Erk/CREB/eNOS pathway.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	38-41	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	127-130
33739811-5	2021	We further showed that the effects of BHB were achieved by upregulating the dedicated BHB transporter SMCT1 and activating the Erk/CREB/eNOS pathway.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	38-41	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	131-135
33739811-5	2021	We further showed that the effects of BHB were achieved by upregulating the dedicated BHB transporter SMCT1 and activating the Erk/CREB/eNOS pathway.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	38-41	nitric oxide synthase 3	Rattus norvegicus	136-140
33380466-15	2021	Beta-hydroxybutyrate colorimetric assays performed after gain of UCP1 expression revealed increased cellular fatty acid beta-oxidation, augmenting fatty acid beta-oxidation in seahorse assays.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	uncoupling protein 1 (mitochondrial, proton carrier)	Mus musculus	65-69
33731648-1	2021	PURPOSE: This study assessed beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration during a short-term fast and the degree to which an initial bout of exercise influences the rate of ketogenesis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	29-49	Fas activated serine/threonine kinase	Homo sapiens	90-94
33731648-1	2021	PURPOSE: This study assessed beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration during a short-term fast and the degree to which an initial bout of exercise influences the rate of ketogenesis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	51-54	Fas activated serine/threonine kinase	Homo sapiens	90-94
33731648-8	2021	CONCLUSION: Completing aerobic exercise at the beginning of a fast accelerates the production of BHB throughout the fast without altering subjective feelings of hunger, thirst, stomach discomfort or mood.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	97-100	Fas activated serine/threonine kinase	Homo sapiens	62-66
33731648-8	2021	CONCLUSION: Completing aerobic exercise at the beginning of a fast accelerates the production of BHB throughout the fast without altering subjective feelings of hunger, thirst, stomach discomfort or mood.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	97-100	Fas activated serine/threonine kinase	Homo sapiens	116-120
33609086-1	2021	AIM: This study aimed to assess the response of endogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate to psychological stress, and its association with nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and stress-induced behavior.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	59-79	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	205-210
33564118-8	2021	3-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration was increased in CSCI only (48 +- 15%, p = 0.039, ES: 1.44; AB p = 0.115).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-21	CSCI	Homo sapiens	53-57
33708203-1	2021	Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2) is vital for sensing intermediates of metabolism, including beta-hydroxybutyrate and butyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	101-121	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	0-33
33708203-1	2021	Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2) is vital for sensing intermediates of metabolism, including beta-hydroxybutyrate and butyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	101-121	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	35-39
33609086-10	2021	CONCLUSIONS: The increased blood beta-hydroxybutyrate levels due to psychological stress correlate with the active NLRP3 levels in the prefrontal cortex, suggesting that the increased beta-hydroxybutyrate levels due to stress may reflect a reaction to brain inflammation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	33-53	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	115-120
33609086-10	2021	CONCLUSIONS: The increased blood beta-hydroxybutyrate levels due to psychological stress correlate with the active NLRP3 levels in the prefrontal cortex, suggesting that the increased beta-hydroxybutyrate levels due to stress may reflect a reaction to brain inflammation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	184-204	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	115-120
33977048-0	2021	Ketone Body 3-Hydroxybutyrate Ameliorates Atherosclerosis via Receptor Gpr109a-Mediated Calcium Influx.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	12-29	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	71-78
32070194-9	2021	Moreover, the efflux of FAs and their reuptake or subsequent extracellular trafficking to adjacent cells may play an important role in cell-to-cell lipid exchange and signaling.Abbreviations: ACTB: beta actin; ADRA1A: adrenergic receptor alpha, 1a; ALB: albumin; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATG7: autophagy related 7; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; BECN1: beclin 1; BHBA: beta-hydroxybutyrate; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CDH1: e-cadherin; CQ: chloroquine; CTSB: cathepsin B; DGAT: diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase; FA: fatty acid; HFD: high-fat diet; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LD: lipid droplet; LIPA/LAL: lysosomal acid lipase A; LLME: Leu-Leu methyl ester hydrobromide; MAP1LC3B/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MCOLN1/TRPML1: mucolipin 1; MEF: mouse embryo fibroblast; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PLIN: perilipin; PNPLA2/ATGL patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2; RUBCN (rubicon autophagy regulator); SM: sphingomyelin; TAG: triacylglycerol; TMEM192: transmembrane protein 192; VLDL: very low density lipoprotein.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	363-383	actin, beta	Mus musculus	192-196
33609086-6	2021	A correlation was found between the increased beta-hydroxybutyrate levels in the blood and the active NLRP3 levels in the prefrontal cortex.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	46-66	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	102-107
33605986-14	2021	Phospholipase A2 inhibition lowered beta-hydroxybutyrate release from phagocytic RPE cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	36-56	phospholipase A2, group IB, pancreas	Mus musculus	0-16
33558457-4	2021	Mechanistically, increased levels of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB), an HDAC2 inhibitor, promoted histone acetylation of the Sirt7 promoter and activated Sirt7 transcription.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	53-73	histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens	89-94
33558457-4	2021	Mechanistically, increased levels of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB), an HDAC2 inhibitor, promoted histone acetylation of the Sirt7 promoter and activated Sirt7 transcription.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	53-73	sirtuin 7	Rattus norvegicus	142-147
33558457-4	2021	Mechanistically, increased levels of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB), an HDAC2 inhibitor, promoted histone acetylation of the Sirt7 promoter and activated Sirt7 transcription.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	53-73	sirtuin 7	Rattus norvegicus	171-176
32794582-0	2021	Oral 3-hydroxybutyrate ingestion decreases endogenous glucose production, lipolysis, and hormone-sensitive lipase phosphorylation in adipose tissue in men: a human randomized, controlled, crossover trial.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	5-22	lipase E, hormone sensitive type	Homo sapiens	89-113
32794582-1	2021	AIMS: To test whether oral administration of D/L-3-hydroxybutyrate as a sodium salt inhibits lipolysis and intracellular lipid signalling, in particular, hormone-sensitive lipase, and whether D/L-3-hydroxybutyrate alters endogenous glucose production.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	45-66	lipase E, hormone sensitive type	Homo sapiens	154-178
33605986-15	2021	PNPLA2 knockdown also resulted in a decline in fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate release from phagocytic RPE cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	63-83	patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2	Mus musculus	0-6
33108630-0	2021	Ketone Metabolite beta-Hydroxybutyrate Ameliorates Inflammation After Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibiting the NLRP3 Inflammasome.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	18-38	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Rattus norvegicus	107-112
33108630-1	2021	Ketogenic diet (KD) has been shown to be beneficial in a range of neurological disorders, with ketone metabolite beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaOHB) reported to block the nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in bone marrow-derived macrophages.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	113-133	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Rattus norvegicus	249-254
33356362-5	2021	RESULTS: The KE-1 diet in mice elevated beta-hydroxybutyrate levels during nocturnal feeding, whereas the KE-2 diet in rats induced ketonemia throughout a 24-hour period.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	40-60	H2-K region expressed gene 1	Mus musculus	13-17
33547753-6	2021	We found that BHB increased cell viability and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression level in C6 cells, and endurance exercise, but not resistance exercise, increased the muscle BHB concentration in aged mice.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	14-17	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	47-80
33488584-2	2020	Upon activation, induced by butyric acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid, GPR109A regulates the expression of tight junction proteins, exerts anti-inflammatory effects, and maintains the integrity of the intestinal barrier.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	45-69	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	71-78
33320838-5	2021	Mechanistically, 3HB prevented the ICB-linked upregulation of PD-L1 on myeloid cells while favoring the expansion of CXCR3+ T cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	17-20	CD274 antigen	Mus musculus	62-67
33320838-5	2021	Mechanistically, 3HB prevented the ICB-linked upregulation of PD-L1 on myeloid cells while favoring the expansion of CXCR3+ T cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	17-20	chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3	Mus musculus	117-122
33403623-5	2021	These results show that acetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate regulate fat synthesis, further confirming that SCFAs work by targeting genes to activate the SREBP1 and insulin-induced gene 1 protein (INSIG1) signalling pathways in DCMEC.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	36-56	sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1	Bos taurus	151-157
33106900-0	2021	beta-Hydroxybutyrate inhibits histone deacetylase 3 to promote claudin-5 generation and attenuate cardiac microvascular hyperpermeability in diabetes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	histone deacetylase 3	Rattus norvegicus	30-51
33106900-0	2021	beta-Hydroxybutyrate inhibits histone deacetylase 3 to promote claudin-5 generation and attenuate cardiac microvascular hyperpermeability in diabetes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	claudin 5	Rattus norvegicus	63-72
33106900-2	2021	The ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) exerts unique beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, but the involvement of BHB in promoting the generation of claudin-5 to attenuate cardiac microvascular hyperpermeability in diabetes is poorly understood.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	129-132	claudin 5	Rattus norvegicus	164-173
33106900-5	2021	RESULTS: We found that 10 weeks of BHB treatment promoted claudin-5 generation and antagonised cardiac microvascular endothelial hyperpermeability in rat models of diabetes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	35-38	claudin 5	Rattus norvegicus	58-67
33106900-6	2021	Meanwhile, BHB promoted claudin-5 generation and inhibited paracellular permeability in HG-stimulated HCMECs.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	11-14	claudin 5	Rattus norvegicus	24-33
33106900-7	2021	Specifically, BHB (2 mmol/l) inhibited HG-induced HDAC3 from binding to the Claudin-5 promoter, although nuclear translocation or promoter binding of beta-catenin did not change with BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	14-17	histone deacetylase 3	Rattus norvegicus	50-55
33106900-7	2021	Specifically, BHB (2 mmol/l) inhibited HG-induced HDAC3 from binding to the Claudin-5 promoter, although nuclear translocation or promoter binding of beta-catenin did not change with BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	14-17	claudin 5	Rattus norvegicus	76-85
33106900-8	2021	In addition, BHB prevented the binding and co-localisation of HDAC3 to beta-catenin in HG-stimulated HCMECs.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	histone deacetylase 3	Rattus norvegicus	62-67
33106900-8	2021	In addition, BHB prevented the binding and co-localisation of HDAC3 to beta-catenin in HG-stimulated HCMECs.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	catenin beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	71-83
33106900-9	2021	Furthermore, using mass spectrometry, acetylated H3K14 (H3K14ac) in the Claudin-5 promoter following BHB treatment was identified, regardless of whether cells were stimulated by HG or not.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	101-104	claudin 5	Rattus norvegicus	72-81
33106900-11	2021	CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: BHB inhibited HDAC3 and caused acetylation of H3K14 in the Claudin-5 promoter, thereby promoting claudin-5 generation and antagonising diabetes-associated cardiac microvascular hyperpermeability.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	28-31	histone deacetylase 3	Rattus norvegicus	42-47
33106900-11	2021	CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: BHB inhibited HDAC3 and caused acetylation of H3K14 in the Claudin-5 promoter, thereby promoting claudin-5 generation and antagonising diabetes-associated cardiac microvascular hyperpermeability.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	28-31	claudin 5	Rattus norvegicus	87-96
33106900-11	2021	CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: BHB inhibited HDAC3 and caused acetylation of H3K14 in the Claudin-5 promoter, thereby promoting claudin-5 generation and antagonising diabetes-associated cardiac microvascular hyperpermeability.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	28-31	claudin 5	Rattus norvegicus	125-134
33403623-5	2021	These results show that acetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate regulate fat synthesis, further confirming that SCFAs work by targeting genes to activate the SREBP1 and insulin-induced gene 1 protein (INSIG1) signalling pathways in DCMEC.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	36-56	insulin induced gene 1	Bos taurus	162-192
33403623-5	2021	These results show that acetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate regulate fat synthesis, further confirming that SCFAs work by targeting genes to activate the SREBP1 and insulin-induced gene 1 protein (INSIG1) signalling pathways in DCMEC.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	36-56	insulin induced gene 1	Bos taurus	194-200
33101467-6	2020	The protective effect of BHB may be associated with suppressed inflammatory responses, which was indicated by the observed inhibition of GFAP expression in rats in the BHB + KA group compared with that in the NS + KA group.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	25-28	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Rattus norvegicus	137-141
33281976-10	2021	Both cell lines expressed the enzymes (OXCT1/2, BDH1 and ACAT1/2) responsible for metabolizing BHB to acetyl-CoA, yet expression of these enzymes was not altered by either glucose deprivation or BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	95-98	acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	57-64
33303808-0	2020	Beta-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenous NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, attenuates anxiety-related behavior in a rodent post-traumatic stress disorder model.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Rattus norvegicus	36-41
33303808-7	2020	In contrast, BHB administration partially attenuated the increase of serum TNF-alpha.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	75-84
33303808-8	2020	These findings demonstrate that BHB exerts its anxiolytic effects, possibly by inhibiting systemic TNF-alpha.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	32-35	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	99-108
32772200-9	2020	Then, BHB treatments were found to up-regulate renal MMP-2 generation of the diabetic rats significantly, while not affecting the increased TGF-beta/Smad3 contents.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	6-9	matrix metallopeptidase 2	Rattus norvegicus	53-58
32772200-10	2020	Furthermore, the contents of H3K9bhb in the Mmp-2 promoter were elevated significantly for the middle and high concentrations of BHB treatments, up-regulating MMP-2 generation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	129-132	matrix metallopeptidase 2	Rattus norvegicus	44-49
32772200-10	2020	Furthermore, the contents of H3K9bhb in the Mmp-2 promoter were elevated significantly for the middle and high concentrations of BHB treatments, up-regulating MMP-2 generation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	129-132	matrix metallopeptidase 2	Rattus norvegicus	159-164
32772200-11	2020	CONCLUSION: BHB treatments could up-regulate MMP-2 generation via causing elevated H3K9bhb in its promoter to antagonize glomerulosclerosis in the diabetic rats.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	12-15	matrix metallopeptidase 2	Rattus norvegicus	45-50
32054179-4	2020	Results: beta-hydroxybutyric acid of type I ketosis cows was significantly negatively correlated with Insulin (INS) and LEP and had a significant positive correlation with serum ADP.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	9-33	insulin	Bos taurus	102-109
32054179-4	2020	Results: beta-hydroxybutyric acid of type I ketosis cows was significantly negatively correlated with Insulin (INS) and LEP and had a significant positive correlation with serum ADP.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	9-33	leptin	Bos taurus	120-123
32054179-4	2020	Results: beta-hydroxybutyric acid of type I ketosis cows was significantly negatively correlated with Insulin (INS) and LEP and had a significant positive correlation with serum ADP.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	9-33	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Bos taurus	178-181
33101467-5	2020	Pretreatment with BHB markedly increased the expression of NSE after KA injection compared with that in the normal saline (NS) + KA group, suggesting that the application of BHB could alleviate neuronal damage in rats.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	18-21	enolase 2	Rattus norvegicus	59-62
33101467-5	2020	Pretreatment with BHB markedly increased the expression of NSE after KA injection compared with that in the normal saline (NS) + KA group, suggesting that the application of BHB could alleviate neuronal damage in rats.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	174-177	enolase 2	Rattus norvegicus	59-62
33281976-10	2021	Both cell lines expressed the enzymes (OXCT1/2, BDH1 and ACAT1/2) responsible for metabolizing BHB to acetyl-CoA, yet expression of these enzymes was not altered by either glucose deprivation or BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	95-98	3-oxoacid CoA-transferase 1	Homo sapiens	39-46
33101467-6	2020	The protective effect of BHB may be associated with suppressed inflammatory responses, which was indicated by the observed inhibition of GFAP expression in rats in the BHB + KA group compared with that in the NS + KA group.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	168-171	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Rattus norvegicus	137-141
33230962-5	2020	A negative association was found between betaHB in fasting at week 9 and changes in basal (r = -0.315, P = 0.003) and postprandial ghrelin concentration (r = -0.286, P = 0.008), and a positive association was found with the change in postprandial GLP-1 (r = 0.244, P = 0.025) and CCK (r = 0.228, P = 0.035).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	41-47	glucagon	Homo sapiens	247-252
33230962-5	2020	A negative association was found between betaHB in fasting at week 9 and changes in basal (r = -0.315, P = 0.003) and postprandial ghrelin concentration (r = -0.286, P = 0.008), and a positive association was found with the change in postprandial GLP-1 (r = 0.244, P = 0.025) and CCK (r = 0.228, P = 0.035).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	41-47	cholecystokinin	Homo sapiens	280-283
33230962-7	2020	CONCLUSIONS: betaHB plasma concentration in fasting is associated with lower concentrations of the hunger hormone ghrelin and increased concentrations of the satiety hormones GLP-1 and CCK.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-19	glucagon	Homo sapiens	175-180
33230962-7	2020	CONCLUSIONS: betaHB plasma concentration in fasting is associated with lower concentrations of the hunger hormone ghrelin and increased concentrations of the satiety hormones GLP-1 and CCK.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-19	cholecystokinin	Homo sapiens	185-188
33192276-0	2020	Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Enhances BDNF Expression by Increasing H3K4me3 and Decreasing H2AK119ub in Hippocampal Neurons.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	30-34
33192276-3	2020	Here, we showed that BHBA enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression by increasing H3K4me3 and decreasing H2AK119ub occupancy at the Bdnf promoters I, II, IV, and VI in hippocampal neurons.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	21-25	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	35-68
33192276-6	2020	These results indicate that BHBA regulates cellular signaling and multiple histone modifications to cooperatively modulate BDNF, suggesting a wide range of regulatory effects of BHBA in the central nervous system.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	28-32	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	123-127
33192276-3	2020	Here, we showed that BHBA enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression by increasing H3K4me3 and decreasing H2AK119ub occupancy at the Bdnf promoters I, II, IV, and VI in hippocampal neurons.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	21-25	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	70-74
33192276-6	2020	These results indicate that BHBA regulates cellular signaling and multiple histone modifications to cooperatively modulate BDNF, suggesting a wide range of regulatory effects of BHBA in the central nervous system.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	178-182	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	123-127
33192276-3	2020	Here, we showed that BHBA enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression by increasing H3K4me3 and decreasing H2AK119ub occupancy at the Bdnf promoters I, II, IV, and VI in hippocampal neurons.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	21-25	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	151-155
32717058-0	2020	Oral D/L-3-hydroxybutyrate stimulates cholecystokinin- and insulin secretion and slows gastric emptying in healthy males.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	9-26	insulin	Homo sapiens	59-66
33117428-10	2020	In addition, beta-hydroxybutyrate strengthened the progression of TGF-beta-induced fibrosis in isolated cardiac fibroblasts.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-33	transforming growth factor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	66-74
33013465-2	2020	Ingestion of a ketone monoester (KME) drink containing beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB) attenuates hyperglycemia in humans and increases neuronal BDNF in rodents.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	55-75	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	145-149
32958021-4	2020	One of the ketone bodies produced as a result of ketogenesis, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), is known to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	62-82	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	110-115
32958021-4	2020	One of the ketone bodies produced as a result of ketogenesis, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), is known to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	84-87	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	110-115
32958021-5	2020	Therefore, we tested if BHB inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome reduces overall AD pathology in the 5XFAD mouse model of AD.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	24-27	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	46-51
32958021-7	2020	Furthermore, exogenous BHB administration reduced plaque formation, microgliosis, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (Asc) speck formation, and caspase-1 activation in the 5XFAD mouse model of AD.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	23-26	caspase 1	Mus musculus	189-198
32958021-8	2020	Taken together, our findings demonstrate that BHB reduces AD pathology by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	46-49	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	85-90
32957703-10	2020	The monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels were decreased and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels were increased by FGF21 treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	65-85	fibroblast growth factor 21	Mus musculus	111-116
32279332-1	2020	D-3-hydroxy-n-butyrate dehydrogenase (BDH1; EC 1.1.1.30), encoded by BDH1, catalyzes the reversible reduction of acetoacetate (AcAc) to 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	136-153	3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, type 1	Mus musculus	38-42
33013448-0	2020	A Novel Kv7.3 Variant in the Voltage-Sensing S4 Segment in a Family With Benign Neonatal Epilepsy: Functional Characterization and in vitro Rescue by beta-Hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	150-170	potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 3	Homo sapiens	8-13
32279332-1	2020	D-3-hydroxy-n-butyrate dehydrogenase (BDH1; EC 1.1.1.30), encoded by BDH1, catalyzes the reversible reduction of acetoacetate (AcAc) to 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	136-153	3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, type 1	Mus musculus	69-73
32279332-1	2020	D-3-hydroxy-n-butyrate dehydrogenase (BDH1; EC 1.1.1.30), encoded by BDH1, catalyzes the reversible reduction of acetoacetate (AcAc) to 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	155-158	3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, type 1	Mus musculus	38-42
32279332-1	2020	D-3-hydroxy-n-butyrate dehydrogenase (BDH1; EC 1.1.1.30), encoded by BDH1, catalyzes the reversible reduction of acetoacetate (AcAc) to 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	155-158	3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, type 1	Mus musculus	69-73
32634519-9	2020	In line with these findings, functional validation demonstrated increased levels of two key ketone bodies, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate, in the SLC13A5-KD cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	124-144	solute carrier family 13 member 5	Homo sapiens	153-160
31506013-7	2020	A hyper-excretion of the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in the urine of SLC5A8-deficient mice was observed and showed that SLC5A8-deficient mice suffered a cerebral BHB insufficiency.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	32-52	solute carrier family 5 (iodide transporter), member 8	Mus musculus	75-81
32719460-0	2020	beta-hydroxybutyrate and hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 agonists activate the AKT, ERK and AMPK pathways, which are involved in bovine neutrophil chemotaxis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Bos taurus	81-84
32719460-1	2020	Elevated plasma concentrations of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), an endogenous agonist of the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2), is associated with an increased incidence of inflammatory diseases during lactation in dairy cows.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	50-70	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Bos taurus	107-140
32719460-1	2020	Elevated plasma concentrations of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), an endogenous agonist of the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2), is associated with an increased incidence of inflammatory diseases during lactation in dairy cows.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	50-70	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Bos taurus	142-146
32719460-1	2020	Elevated plasma concentrations of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), an endogenous agonist of the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2), is associated with an increased incidence of inflammatory diseases during lactation in dairy cows.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	72-75	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Bos taurus	107-140
32719460-1	2020	Elevated plasma concentrations of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), an endogenous agonist of the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2), is associated with an increased incidence of inflammatory diseases during lactation in dairy cows.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	72-75	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Bos taurus	142-146
32719460-3	2020	This study characterized the effect of BHB and synthetic agonists of the HCA2 receptor on bovine neutrophil chemotaxis and the signaling pathways involved in this process.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	39-42	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Bos taurus	73-77
32719460-4	2020	We demonstrated that treatment with BHB concentrations between 1.2 and 10 mM and two full selective agonists of the HCA2 receptor, MK-1903 and nicotinic acid, increased bovine neutrophil chemotaxis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	36-39	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Bos taurus	116-120
32719460-5	2020	We also observed that BHB and HCA2 agonists induced calcium release and phosphorylation of AKT, ERK 1/2 and AMPKalpha.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	22-25	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Bos taurus	91-94
32719460-5	2020	We also observed that BHB and HCA2 agonists induced calcium release and phosphorylation of AKT, ERK 1/2 and AMPKalpha.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	22-25	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Bos taurus	96-103
32765945-0	2020	beta-Hydroxybutyrate Suppresses Lipid Accumulation in Aged Liver through GPR109A-mediated Signaling.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus	73-80
32765945-3	2020	BHB is a ligand of GPR109A, which inhibits lipolysis and exerts anti-inflammatory effects on cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus	19-26
32765945-6	2020	Here, we used aged rats that were administered with BHB and compared the modulatory effects of BHB through the GPR109A/AMPK pathway on the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and lipid accumulation to CR rats.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	95-98	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus	111-118
32765945-7	2020	BHB caused suppression of hepatic ER stress and lipid accumulation through GPR109A/AMPK pathway in the aged rats.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus	75-82
32765945-7	2020	BHB caused suppression of hepatic ER stress and lipid accumulation through GPR109A/AMPK pathway in the aged rats.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Rattus norvegicus	83-87
32765945-9	2020	Furthermore, AMPK-Ser173 phosphorylation via PKA was decreased, whereas AMPK-Thr172 phosphorylation was increased by BHB and CR.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	117-120	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Rattus norvegicus	72-76
32765945-11	2020	These results suggest that BHB activates GPR109A and regulates the activation of AMPK.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	27-30	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	41-48
32765945-11	2020	These results suggest that BHB activates GPR109A and regulates the activation of AMPK.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	27-30	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	81-85
32765945-13	2020	In addition, BHB treatment elevated the protein levels of AMPK leading to significant inhibition of hepatic steatosis, whereas AMPK-siRNA treatment abolished these effects.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	58-62
32765945-14	2020	Taken together, these findings suggest that BHB could be a effective molecule that mimics CR in ameliorating age-related hepatic lipid accumulation via GPR109A signaling pathway.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	44-47	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	152-159
32859120-9	2020	Finally, BHB upregulated the expression of a key pro-inflammatory (M1 polarisation) marker gene, NOS2, in BV2 cells activated with LPS.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	9-12	nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible	Mus musculus	97-101
31506013-7	2020	A hyper-excretion of the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in the urine of SLC5A8-deficient mice was observed and showed that SLC5A8-deficient mice suffered a cerebral BHB insufficiency.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	32-52	solute carrier family 5 (iodide transporter), member 8	Mus musculus	126-132
31506013-7	2020	A hyper-excretion of the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in the urine of SLC5A8-deficient mice was observed and showed that SLC5A8-deficient mice suffered a cerebral BHB insufficiency.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	54-57	solute carrier family 5 (iodide transporter), member 8	Mus musculus	75-81
31506013-7	2020	A hyper-excretion of the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in the urine of SLC5A8-deficient mice was observed and showed that SLC5A8-deficient mice suffered a cerebral BHB insufficiency.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	54-57	solute carrier family 5 (iodide transporter), member 8	Mus musculus	126-132
31506013-9	2020	We propose that the continuous renal loss of BHB leads to a chronic energetic deficiency in the brain of elderly SLC5A8-deficient mice who are unable to counterbalance their glucose deficit.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	45-48	solute carrier family 5 (iodide transporter), member 8	Mus musculus	113-119
32493060-5	2020	RESULTS: Deletion of SCOT in skeletal, but not cardiac muscle resulted in elevated concentrations of fasted circulating beta-hydroxybutyrate in knockout mice compared with WT mice (P=0.030).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	120-140	3-oxoacid CoA transferase 2A	Mus musculus	21-25
32526941-8	2020	Thus, SGLT2 inhibitors increase the circulating and tissue levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate, a molecule that generates a specific histone modification, beta-hydroxybutyrylation, which has been associated with the beneficial health effects of fasting.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	69-89	solute carrier family 5 member 2	Homo sapiens	6-11
32396388-3	2020	We investigated individuals with obesity-related NAFLD and hypothesized that beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaOHB; the predominant ketone species) would be reduced and related to hepatic fat accumulation and insulin sensitivity.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	77-97	insulin	Homo sapiens	201-208
32191645-9	2020	beta-hydroxybutyrate was 2-7-fold higher in INSR versus all other groups (p<0.0001) consistent with higher hepatic fat oxidation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	insulin receptor	Homo sapiens	44-48
32304721-10	2020	The trended higher or increased GLUT 3 and nitrotyrosine expression of ADF were positively correlated with serum beta-hydroxybutyrate levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	113-133	solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 3	Mus musculus	32-38
32234527-10	2020	The hypotensive effect of VA was inhibited by 3-hydroxybutyrate, an antagonist of GPR41/43-receptors but not by the subphrenic vagotomy.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	46-63	free fatty acid receptor 3	Rattus norvegicus	82-87
32493060-8	2020	Lastly, addition of beta-hydroxybutyrate to isolated hearts was associated with reduced NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3)-inflammasome activation, which has been previously shown to play a role in contributing to HF-induced cardiac inflammation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	20-40	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	88-93
32493060-8	2020	Lastly, addition of beta-hydroxybutyrate to isolated hearts was associated with reduced NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3)-inflammasome activation, which has been previously shown to play a role in contributing to HF-induced cardiac inflammation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	20-40	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	95-144
27099902-8	2000	Endogenous hyperinsulinism is supported by insulin &gt;=3 uU/mL, c-peptide &gt;=0.2 nmol/L, proinsulin &gt;=5 pmol/L, beta-hydroxybutyrate &lt;=2.7 mmol/L and undetectable sulfonylurea/meglitinide in the setting of hypoglycemia.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	118-138	insulin	Homo sapiens	16-23
32125791-0	2020	Prefrontal cortex infusion of beta-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenous NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, produces antidepressant-like effects in a rodent model of depression.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	30-50	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	66-71
32125791-7	2020	Also, CUS significantly increased the levels of TNF-alpha in the PFC and decreased serum corticosterone levels; these changes were attenuated by BHB administration.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	145-148	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	48-57
32473710-0	2020	beta-hydroxybutyrate antagonizes aortic endothelial injury by promoting generation of VEGF in diabetic rats.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	86-90
32473710-3	2020	beta-hydroxybutyrate reportedly causes histone H3K9 beta-hydroxybutyrylation (H3K9bhb), which activates gene expression; however, there has been no report regarding the role of H3K9bhb in up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a crucial factor in endothelial integrity and function.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	205-239
32473710-3	2020	beta-hydroxybutyrate reportedly causes histone H3K9 beta-hydroxybutyrylation (H3K9bhb), which activates gene expression; however, there has been no report regarding the role of H3K9bhb in up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a crucial factor in endothelial integrity and function.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	241-245
32473710-8	2020	However, beta-hydroxybutyrate treatment attenuated diabetic injury of the endothelium and up-regulated the generation of VEGF.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	9-29	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	121-125
32473710-11	2020	In conclusion, moderately elevated beta-hydroxybutyrate could antagonize aortic endothelial injury, potentially by causing H3K9bhb to promote generation of VEGF in diabetic rats.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	35-55	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	156-160
32232897-6	2020	Primary hepatocytes experiments confirmed that both high levels of NEFAs and BHBA could elicit oxidative stress and decrease antioxidant capacity, and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA)/retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRA) signaling pathway played a vital role in enhancing antioxidant capacity and relieving oxidative stress.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	77-81	RXRA	Ovis aries	239-243
31960270-2	2020	Modestly elevated circulating beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaOHB) during treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors causes different beneficial effects on organs and cells, depending on succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	30-50	solute carrier family 5 member 2	Homo sapiens	83-88
31960270-2	2020	Modestly elevated circulating beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaOHB) during treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors causes different beneficial effects on organs and cells, depending on succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	30-50	3-oxoacid CoA-transferase 1	Homo sapiens	170-209
31960270-2	2020	Modestly elevated circulating beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaOHB) during treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors causes different beneficial effects on organs and cells, depending on succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	30-50	3-oxoacid CoA-transferase 1	Homo sapiens	211-215
32173015-11	2020	Intracellular Ca2+ signaling and ORAI1 seem to mediate in part the BHB-induced ER stress in mammary cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	67-70	ORAI calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1	Bos taurus	33-38
31853744-9	2020	In the coculture of neurons, astrocytes, and BV2 cells (a microglial cell line), knocking down the expression of microglial HCA2 (BHB receptor) via a specific shRNA reduced the protection of BHB to lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and neuron damage more significantly than knocking down neuronal MCT2 (BHB transporter).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	130-133	solute carrier family 16 (monocarboxylic acid transporters), member 7	Mus musculus	312-316
32358544-5	2020	While the SGLT2 inhibitor"s glucose-lowering capacity is similar to sulfonylurea, it shows a greater reduction in IL-1beta secretion compared to sulfonylurea accompanied by increased serum beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and decreased serum insulin.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	189-209	solute carrier family 5 member 2	Homo sapiens	10-15
32358544-5	2020	While the SGLT2 inhibitor"s glucose-lowering capacity is similar to sulfonylurea, it shows a greater reduction in IL-1beta secretion compared to sulfonylurea accompanied by increased serum beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and decreased serum insulin.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	211-214	solute carrier family 5 member 2	Homo sapiens	10-15
32358544-6	2020	Ex vivo experiments with macrophages verify the inhibitory effects of high BHB and low insulin levels on NLRP3 inflammasome activation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	75-78	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	105-110
32318554-3	2020	The P4HB homopolymer, however, was hardly synthesized because existing bacterial metabolism on 4HB precursors also generate and incorporate 3HB.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	140-143	prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit beta	Homo sapiens	4-8
32059860-7	2020	Feed restriction increased milk glucose-6-phosphate and isocitrate (+38% and +39%, respectively) and decreased milk BHB, glucose, glutamate, uric acid and free amino group concentrations (-20%, -57%, -65%, -42%, and -14%, respectively), compared with pre- restriction.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	116-119	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	111-115
32059860-10	2020	All studied milk metabolites were significantly correlated with energy balance (Spearman correlation = 0.48, 0.63, -0.31, -0.45, and 0.61 for BHB, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, isocitrate, and glutamate, respectively).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	142-145	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	12-16
31676441-8	2020	Results of primary hepatocytes showed that NEFAs could activate PPARA signalling and facilitate fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and ketogenesis, while BHBA could inhibit RXRA signalling and repress FAO and ketogenesis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	146-150	RXRA	Ovis aries	165-169
32069870-0	2020	beta-hydroxybutyrate Impedes the Progression of Alzheimer"s Disease and Atherosclerosis in ApoE-Deficient Mice.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	apolipoprotein E	Mus musculus	91-95
32209983-2	2020	Mechanistic studies have shown that beta-hydroxybutyrate (OHB) attenuates activation of NLRP3, but human data are limited.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	36-56	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	88-93
32100665-9	2020	High BCS groups had greater milk fat content and elevated plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and bilirubin concentrations.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	99-119	BCS	Bos taurus	5-8
32100665-9	2020	High BCS groups had greater milk fat content and elevated plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and bilirubin concentrations.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	121-124	BCS	Bos taurus	5-8
31608549-7	2020	Lower baseline insulin secretion capacity predicted the top quartile inclusion and greater max-BHB levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	95-98	insulin	Homo sapiens	15-22
31608549-9	2020	CONCLUSIONS: Lower basal insulin secretion capacity might predict greater initial BHB elevations and max-BHB levels during long-term tofogliflozin therapy.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	82-85	insulin	Homo sapiens	25-32
31608549-0	2020	Basal insulin secretion capacity predicts the initial response and maximum levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate during therapy with the SGLT2 inhibitor, tofogliflozin, in relation to weight loss.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	85-105	insulin	Homo sapiens	6-13
31608549-9	2020	CONCLUSIONS: Lower basal insulin secretion capacity might predict greater initial BHB elevations and max-BHB levels during long-term tofogliflozin therapy.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	105-108	insulin	Homo sapiens	25-32
31608549-0	2020	Basal insulin secretion capacity predicts the initial response and maximum levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate during therapy with the SGLT2 inhibitor, tofogliflozin, in relation to weight loss.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	85-105	solute carrier family 5 member 2	Homo sapiens	130-135
31648544-4	2020	Furthermore, BHB inhibited the upregulation of HDAC1/2/3 expression and downregulation of histone acetylation (Ace-H3K9 and Ace-H4K12) levels in Abeta-treated cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens	47-56
31894296-9	2020	The expression levels and activation of mammalian target of rapamycin, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and B-cell lymphoma 2 were decreased, consistent with the reduced proliferation of GSCs in BHB-Glow medium.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	189-192	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	40-69
31757819-4	2020	Here, we report that BHB directly activates KCNQ2/3 channels (EC50 = 0.7 microM), via a highly conserved S5 tryptophan (W265) on KCNQ3.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	21-24	potassium voltage-gated channel, subfamily Q, member 3	Mus musculus	129-134
31757819-6	2020	Strikingly, coadministration of gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, a high-affinity KCNQ2/3 partial agonist that also acts via KCNQ3-W265, similarly reduced the efficacy of BHB in KCNQ2/3 channel activation in vitro and in the PTZ seizure assay in vivo.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	175-178	potassium voltage-gated channel, subfamily Q, member 2	Mus musculus	86-93
31757819-6	2020	Strikingly, coadministration of gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, a high-affinity KCNQ2/3 partial agonist that also acts via KCNQ3-W265, similarly reduced the efficacy of BHB in KCNQ2/3 channel activation in vitro and in the PTZ seizure assay in vivo.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	175-178	potassium voltage-gated channel, subfamily Q, member 3	Mus musculus	129-134
31757819-6	2020	Strikingly, coadministration of gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, a high-affinity KCNQ2/3 partial agonist that also acts via KCNQ3-W265, similarly reduced the efficacy of BHB in KCNQ2/3 channel activation in vitro and in the PTZ seizure assay in vivo.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	175-178	potassium voltage-gated channel, subfamily Q, member 2	Mus musculus	182-189
31757819-9	2020	Here, we show that clinically relevant concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate, the primary ketone body generated during ketogenesis, activates KCNQ2/3 potassium channels by binding to a specific site on KCNQ3, an effect known to reduce neuronal excitability.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	57-77	potassium voltage-gated channel, subfamily Q, member 2	Mus musculus	143-150
31757819-9	2020	Here, we show that clinically relevant concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate, the primary ketone body generated during ketogenesis, activates KCNQ2/3 potassium channels by binding to a specific site on KCNQ3, an effect known to reduce neuronal excitability.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	57-77	potassium voltage-gated channel, subfamily Q, member 3	Mus musculus	203-208
31757819-10	2020	We provide evidence using a mouse chemoconvulsant model that KCNQ2/3 activation contributes to the antiepileptic action of beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	123-143	potassium voltage-gated channel, subfamily Q, member 2	Mus musculus	61-68
31648544-0	2020	beta-Hydroxybutyrate Ameliorates Abeta-Induced Downregulation of TrkA Expression by Inhibiting HDAC1/3 in SH-SY5Y Cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	33-38
31648544-0	2020	beta-Hydroxybutyrate Ameliorates Abeta-Induced Downregulation of TrkA Expression by Inhibiting HDAC1/3 in SH-SY5Y Cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	65-69
31648544-4	2020	Furthermore, BHB inhibited the upregulation of HDAC1/2/3 expression and downregulation of histone acetylation (Ace-H3K9 and Ace-H4K12) levels in Abeta-treated cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	angiotensin I converting enzyme	Homo sapiens	111-114
31648544-0	2020	beta-Hydroxybutyrate Ameliorates Abeta-Induced Downregulation of TrkA Expression by Inhibiting HDAC1/3 in SH-SY5Y Cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens	95-102
31648544-4	2020	Furthermore, BHB inhibited the upregulation of HDAC1/2/3 expression and downregulation of histone acetylation (Ace-H3K9 and Ace-H4K12) levels in Abeta-treated cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	angiotensin I converting enzyme	Homo sapiens	124-127
31648544-2	2020	This study was designed to investigate whether beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), an endogenous histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, upregulates the expression of TrkA by affecting histone acetylation in SH-SY5Y cells treated with amyloid beta-protein (Abeta).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	47-67	neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	157-161
31648544-2	2020	This study was designed to investigate whether beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), an endogenous histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, upregulates the expression of TrkA by affecting histone acetylation in SH-SY5Y cells treated with amyloid beta-protein (Abeta).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	47-67	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	247-252
31648544-4	2020	Furthermore, BHB inhibited the upregulation of HDAC1/2/3 expression and downregulation of histone acetylation (Ace-H3K9 and Ace-H4K12) levels in Abeta-treated cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	145-150
31648544-2	2020	This study was designed to investigate whether beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), an endogenous histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, upregulates the expression of TrkA by affecting histone acetylation in SH-SY5Y cells treated with amyloid beta-protein (Abeta).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	69-72	neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	157-161
31648544-2	2020	This study was designed to investigate whether beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), an endogenous histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, upregulates the expression of TrkA by affecting histone acetylation in SH-SY5Y cells treated with amyloid beta-protein (Abeta).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	69-72	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	247-252
31648544-7	2020	In conclusion, this study demonstrates that BHB protects against Abeta-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	44-47	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	65-70
31648544-3	2020	The results showed that BHB ameliorated the reduction of cell vitality and downregulation of TrkA expression induced by Abeta.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	24-27	neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	93-97
31785637-9	2019	When combining the GHR AluI T allele, obtained in a previous study, and the IGF-I SnaBI T allele from the current study, for the same cows, there were additive associations of both with serum IGF-I, BHBA, number of services per conception, DTO and CCI (P < 0.05).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	199-203	insulin like growth factor 1	Bos taurus	76-81
31648544-3	2020	The results showed that BHB ameliorated the reduction of cell vitality and downregulation of TrkA expression induced by Abeta.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	24-27	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	120-125
32694683-2	2020	A widely used ketogenic diet (KD), which is extremely high in fat with very low carbohydrates, drives the host into using beta-hydroxybutyrate for the production of ATP and lowers NLRP3-mediated inflammation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-142	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	180-185
31861177-8	2019	In conclusion, a lower BCS in primiparous cows during peripartum influences the NEFA and BHBA concentrations, hormone levels, and occurrence of health problems postpartum.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	89-93	BCS	Bos taurus	23-26
31957603-12	2020	The administration of D-BHB through the i.v+pump protocol reduced the content of autophagic proteins and the cleavage of LAMP2, suggesting decreased autophagosome formation and lysosomal membrane preservation, improving autophagic degradation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	24-27	lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2	Rattus norvegicus	121-126
31914599-8	2020	Mouse HT22 cells were treated with 2 mM BHBA to explore its in vitro protective effects of BHBA on hippocampal neurons against Abeta oligomer toxicity, ATP production, ROS generation, and mitochondrial aerobic respiratory function.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	91-95	amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein	Mus musculus	127-132
31914599-12	2020	The enzymes, APP and NEP were regulated by BHBA via G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	43-47	membrane metallo endopeptidase	Mus musculus	21-24
31914599-12	2020	The enzymes, APP and NEP were regulated by BHBA via G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	43-47	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	52-83
31914599-12	2020	The enzymes, APP and NEP were regulated by BHBA via G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	43-47	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	85-92
31871320-0	2020	Ketogenesis-generated beta-hydroxybutyrate is an epigenetic regulator of CD8+ T-cell memory development.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	22-42	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	73-76
31871320-5	2020	Mechanistically, ketogenesis-derived beta-hydroxybutyrate is present in CD8+ Tmem cells; beta-hydroxybutyrate epigenetically modifies Lys 9 of histone H3 (H3K9) of Foxo1 and Ppargc1a (which encodes PGC-1alpha) with beta-hydroxybutyrylation, upregulating the expression of these genes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	37-57	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	72-75
31871320-5	2020	Mechanistically, ketogenesis-derived beta-hydroxybutyrate is present in CD8+ Tmem cells; beta-hydroxybutyrate epigenetically modifies Lys 9 of histone H3 (H3K9) of Foxo1 and Ppargc1a (which encodes PGC-1alpha) with beta-hydroxybutyrylation, upregulating the expression of these genes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	37-57	forkhead box O1	Homo sapiens	164-169
31871320-5	2020	Mechanistically, ketogenesis-derived beta-hydroxybutyrate is present in CD8+ Tmem cells; beta-hydroxybutyrate epigenetically modifies Lys 9 of histone H3 (H3K9) of Foxo1 and Ppargc1a (which encodes PGC-1alpha) with beta-hydroxybutyrylation, upregulating the expression of these genes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	89-109	forkhead box O1	Homo sapiens	164-169
31871320-5	2020	Mechanistically, ketogenesis-derived beta-hydroxybutyrate is present in CD8+ Tmem cells; beta-hydroxybutyrate epigenetically modifies Lys 9 of histone H3 (H3K9) of Foxo1 and Ppargc1a (which encodes PGC-1alpha) with beta-hydroxybutyrylation, upregulating the expression of these genes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	89-109	PPARG coactivator 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	174-182
31871320-5	2020	Mechanistically, ketogenesis-derived beta-hydroxybutyrate is present in CD8+ Tmem cells; beta-hydroxybutyrate epigenetically modifies Lys 9 of histone H3 (H3K9) of Foxo1 and Ppargc1a (which encodes PGC-1alpha) with beta-hydroxybutyrylation, upregulating the expression of these genes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	89-109	PPARG coactivator 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	198-208
31680310-4	2019	The results showed that 1.5 mM NEFAs and 1.5 mM BHBA significantly decreased the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-alpha as well as its target genes carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1alpha (CPT-1alpha), acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase, and Apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	48-52	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Bos taurus	186-223
31456369-11	2019	Beta hydroxybutyrate (betaOHB), which is well known ketone body associated with SGLT2 inhibitor, showed a protective effect against Dox in H9C2 cells and in Dox-treated mice.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	solute carrier family 5 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	80-85
31638214-0	2019	Effects of beta-hydroxybutyric acid and ghrelin on the motility and inflammation of gastric antral smooth muscle cells involving the regulation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	11-35	growth hormone secretagogue receptor	Rattus norvegicus	147-183
31638214-16	2019	GHS-R acted as a primary regulator of motility and inflammation in GASMCs treated with beta-HB and ghrelin.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	87-94	growth hormone secretagogue receptor	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
31728701-4	2019	A vehicle, BA, or 3-hydroxybutyrate, an antagonist of SCFA receptors GPR41/43 (ANT) were administered intravenously (IV) or into the colon (IC).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	18-35	free fatty acid receptor 3	Rattus norvegicus	69-77
31680310-4	2019	The results showed that 1.5 mM NEFAs and 1.5 mM BHBA significantly decreased the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-alpha as well as its target genes carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1alpha (CPT-1alpha), acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase, and Apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	48-52	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Bos taurus	225-235
31680310-4	2019	The results showed that 1.5 mM NEFAs and 1.5 mM BHBA significantly decreased the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-alpha as well as its target genes carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1alpha (CPT-1alpha), acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase, and Apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	48-52	apolipoprotein B	Bos taurus	289-308
31680310-4	2019	The results showed that 1.5 mM NEFAs and 1.5 mM BHBA significantly decreased the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-alpha as well as its target genes carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1alpha (CPT-1alpha), acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase, and Apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	48-52	apolipoprotein B	Bos taurus	310-317
31546785-2	2019	Mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2), a rate-limiting ketogenic enzyme in the synthesis of ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB), contributes to the regulation of intestinal cell differentiation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	131-151	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2	Homo sapiens	57-63
30901028-11	2019	Finally, plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate, a biomarker of hepatic beta-oxidation, was lower in aldo B-/- patients than controls (P = 0.009).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	16-36	aldolase, fructose-bisphosphate B	Homo sapiens	90-96
31429167-0	2019	Apatinib induces 3-hydroxybutyric acid production in the liver of mice by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activation to aid its antitumor effect.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	17-38	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	74-122
31101495-0	2019	Elevated beta-hydroxybutyric acid with no ketoacidosis in type 2 diabetic patients using sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	9-33	solute carrier family 5 member 2	Homo sapiens	89-119
31546785-2	2019	Mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2), a rate-limiting ketogenic enzyme in the synthesis of ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB), contributes to the regulation of intestinal cell differentiation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	153-159	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2	Homo sapiens	57-63
31125404-10	2019	Calves fed RAH or RBP had higher blood concentration of beta-hydroxy butyric acid compared with CS only before weaning (P = 0.03).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	56-81	retinol binding protein 4	Bos taurus	18-21
31332890-5	2019	Pretreatment with BHB upregulated the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 in plasma, promoted the activities of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 and increased the count of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	18-21	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	47-74
31332890-5	2019	Pretreatment with BHB upregulated the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 in plasma, promoted the activities of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 and increased the count of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	18-21	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	79-92
31332890-5	2019	Pretreatment with BHB upregulated the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 in plasma, promoted the activities of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 and increased the count of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	18-21	caspase 3	Mus musculus	131-140
31332890-5	2019	Pretreatment with BHB upregulated the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 in plasma, promoted the activities of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 and increased the count of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	18-21	caspase 8	Mus musculus	142-151
31332890-5	2019	Pretreatment with BHB upregulated the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 in plasma, promoted the activities of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 and increased the count of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	18-21	caspase 9	Mus musculus	157-166
31196960-0	2019	Up-regulation of FOXO1 and reduced inflammation by beta-hydroxybutyric acid are essential diet restriction benefits against liver injury.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	51-75	forkhead box O1	Mus musculus	17-22
31344430-7	2019	In addition, 3T3-L1 adipocytes differentiated following betaHB treatment exhibited downregulated Ucp1 expression levels, a result that was recapitulated in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of Wistar rats after betaHB salt treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	56-62	uncoupling protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	97-101
31344430-10	2019	The results from the present study indicate that physiological concentrations of betaHB are not responsible for this phenomenon, despite the observed betaHB-mediated downregulation of UCP1 expression.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	150-156	uncoupling protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	184-188
31442404-2	2019	Here we show that, in the mammalian small intestine, the expression of Hmgcs2 (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthetase 2), the gene encoding the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of ketone bodies, including beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaOHB), distinguishes self-renewing Lgr5+ stem cells (ISCs) from differentiated cell types.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	214-234	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2	Homo sapiens	71-77
31442404-2	2019	Here we show that, in the mammalian small intestine, the expression of Hmgcs2 (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthetase 2), the gene encoding the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of ketone bodies, including beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaOHB), distinguishes self-renewing Lgr5+ stem cells (ISCs) from differentiated cell types.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	214-234	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2	Homo sapiens	79-122
31442404-2	2019	Here we show that, in the mammalian small intestine, the expression of Hmgcs2 (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthetase 2), the gene encoding the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of ketone bodies, including beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaOHB), distinguishes self-renewing Lgr5+ stem cells (ISCs) from differentiated cell types.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	214-234	leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5	Homo sapiens	274-278
31442404-2	2019	Here we show that, in the mammalian small intestine, the expression of Hmgcs2 (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthetase 2), the gene encoding the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of ketone bodies, including beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaOHB), distinguishes self-renewing Lgr5+ stem cells (ISCs) from differentiated cell types.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	214-234	NFS1 cysteine desulfurase	Homo sapiens	292-296
31304752-5	2019	FASN, LPIN1, PPARalpha, and PPARgamma transcripts were more sensitive to the short-chain FAs (acetic and beta-hydroxybutyric acids).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	105-130	fatty acid synthase	Bos taurus	0-4
31304752-5	2019	FASN, LPIN1, PPARalpha, and PPARgamma transcripts were more sensitive to the short-chain FAs (acetic and beta-hydroxybutyric acids).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	105-130	lipin 1	Bos taurus	6-11
31304752-5	2019	FASN, LPIN1, PPARalpha, and PPARgamma transcripts were more sensitive to the short-chain FAs (acetic and beta-hydroxybutyric acids).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	105-130	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Bos taurus	13-22
31304752-5	2019	FASN, LPIN1, PPARalpha, and PPARgamma transcripts were more sensitive to the short-chain FAs (acetic and beta-hydroxybutyric acids).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	105-130	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Bos taurus	28-37
31196960-8	2019	Up-regulated BHB induced an increment in the expression of FOXO1 transcription factor by raising the level of acetylated histone.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	forkhead box O1	Mus musculus	59-64
31155495-5	2019	PRDM16-expressing adipose cells secreted the metabolite beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), which blocked precursor fibrogenesis and facilitated beige adipogenesis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	56-76	PR domain containing 16	Mus musculus	0-6
31155495-5	2019	PRDM16-expressing adipose cells secreted the metabolite beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), which blocked precursor fibrogenesis and facilitated beige adipogenesis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	78-81	PR domain containing 16	Mus musculus	0-6
31316924-5	2019	However, we even do not know the exact neuronal mechanisms about the nutrients, beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HB) and myokine impacts on brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) activation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	80-100	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	134-166
30663266-10	2019	Blood beta-hydroxybutyrate levels before MI were inversely correlated with neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin protein levels in OLETF.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	6-26	lipocalin 2	Rattus norvegicus	75-117
30663266-11	2019	Pre-incubation with beta-hydroxybutyrate attenuated angiotensin II-induced upregulation of NOX4 in NRK-52E cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	20-40	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	52-66
30663266-11	2019	Pre-incubation with beta-hydroxybutyrate attenuated angiotensin II-induced upregulation of NOX4 in NRK-52E cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	20-40	NADPH oxidase 4	Rattus norvegicus	91-95
30663266-12	2019	CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that SGLT2 inhibitor treatment with a fasting period protects kidneys from MI-induced cardiorenal syndrome, possibly by beta-hydroxybutyrate-mediated reduction of NOXs and oxidative stress, in type 2 diabetic rats.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	154-174	solute carrier family 5 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	39-44
31316924-5	2019	However, we even do not know the exact neuronal mechanisms about the nutrients, beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HB) and myokine impacts on brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) activation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	80-100	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	168-172
30858356-4	2019	We demonstrate that the level of p53 kbhb is dramatically increased in cultured cells treated with BHB and in thymus tissues of fasted mice, and that CBP catalyze p53 kbhb.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	99-102	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	33-36
30954274-10	2019	BHBA also promoted the phosphorylation of AMPK and upregulated PPARalpha in the epileptic hippocampus.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-4	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	63-72
30954274-11	2019	In conclusion, BHBA attenuates neuronal damage in epileptic mice, which is associated with its anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative effects as well as the activation of AMPK and PPARalpha.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	15-19	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	175-184
30407726-5	2019	RESULTS: In both normal and diabetic mice, SGLT2i increased beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) content in liver, kidney and colon tissue, as well as in serum and urine.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	60-80	solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 2	Mus musculus	43-48
30407726-5	2019	RESULTS: In both normal and diabetic mice, SGLT2i increased beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) content in liver, kidney and colon tissue, as well as in serum and urine.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	82-85	solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 2	Mus musculus	43-48
30407726-9	2019	CONCLUSIONS: SGLT2i increased systemic and tissue BHB levels by upregulating ketogenic enzymes and transporters in the liver, kidney and intestine, suggesting the integrated physiological consequences for ketone body metabolism of SGLT2i administration.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	50-53	solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 2	Mus musculus	13-18
30851335-0	2019	beta-Hydroxybutyrate, a ketone body, reduces the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin via activation of HDAC5 in human renal cortical epithelial cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens	97-102
30912285-1	2019	SCOPE: Cell culture studies indicate that the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB) directly inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome, a key regulator of inflammation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	53-73	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	107-112
30945499-11	2019	In comparison with the model group, PC6-EA preconditioning induced significant changes, including an increase of glucose, and a decrease of leucine,isoleucine, valine,3-hydroxybutyric acid,lactate,acetate,acetone,acetoacetate acid,pyruvic acid,glutamine,creatine and glycerol.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	167-188	proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 5	Rattus norvegicus	36-39
30664838-0	2019	beta-hydroxybutyrate protects hepatocytes against endoplasmic reticulum stress in a sirtuin 1-independent manner.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	84-93
30664838-3	2019	In mouse hepatoma Hepa1c1c7 cells, BHB treatment suppressed the protein expression of ER stress responsive genes and increased cell viability, while reducing the protein expression of apoptosis inducible genes, without causing any alterations in the protein expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) or the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	35-38	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	272-281
30664838-3	2019	In mouse hepatoma Hepa1c1c7 cells, BHB treatment suppressed the protein expression of ER stress responsive genes and increased cell viability, while reducing the protein expression of apoptosis inducible genes, without causing any alterations in the protein expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) or the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	35-38	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	283-288
30664838-5	2019	In human hepatoma HepG2 cells, the protein expression levels of ER stress responsive genes were increased by the partial inhibition of BHB production with siRNA targeting endogenous 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) lyase, whereas they were decreased by promoting BHB production with fenofibrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	135-138	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase	Homo sapiens	182-235
30664838-6	2019	These findings revealed that BHB helps to suppress hepatic ER stress via a SIRT1-independent pathway, and it might be possible to manipulate ER stress by regulating BHB production genetically or pharmacologically.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	29-32	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	75-80
30866796-5	2019	RESULTS: Under conditions of overnight fasting, the effects of PPARalpha ablation and CREB3L3 ablation on plasma triglyceride, plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate, and hepatic gene expression were largely disparate, and showed only limited interdependence.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	134-154	cAMP responsive element binding protein 3-like 3	Mus musculus	86-93
30858356-4	2019	We demonstrate that the level of p53 kbhb is dramatically increased in cultured cells treated with BHB and in thymus tissues of fasted mice, and that CBP catalyze p53 kbhb.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	99-102	CREB binding protein	Mus musculus	150-153
30858356-7	2019	Our findings thus show that BHB-mediated p53 kbhb is a novel mechanism of p53 activity regulation, which may explain the link between ketone bodies and tumor, and which may provide promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	28-31	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	41-44
30858356-7	2019	Our findings thus show that BHB-mediated p53 kbhb is a novel mechanism of p53 activity regulation, which may explain the link between ketone bodies and tumor, and which may provide promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	28-31	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	74-77
30165480-9	2019	Intriguingly, serum from choline-treated abdominal aorta banding models (where beta-hydroxybutyrate was increased) attenuated Ang II-induced myocyte hypertrophy, which indicates that beta-hydroxybutyrate is important for the cardioprotective effects of choline.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	79-99	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	126-132
30833594-2	2019	Conversion of the ketone body acetoacetate (AcAc) to beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HB) by the mitochondrial enzyme beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH) depends upon NADH availability.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	53-73	3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, type 1	Mus musculus	148-151
30165480-9	2019	Intriguingly, serum from choline-treated abdominal aorta banding models (where beta-hydroxybutyrate was increased) attenuated Ang II-induced myocyte hypertrophy, which indicates that beta-hydroxybutyrate is important for the cardioprotective effects of choline.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	183-203	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	126-132
30688521-3	2019	RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Participants received 0.2 U/kg of aspart insulin after two 6-h interruptions of basal insulin that increased beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) by 1.2 +- 0.7 mmol/L before and by 1.5 +- 0.2 mmol/L during canagliflozin treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	138-158	insulin	Homo sapiens	70-77
30688521-3	2019	RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Participants received 0.2 U/kg of aspart insulin after two 6-h interruptions of basal insulin that increased beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) by 1.2 +- 0.7 mmol/L before and by 1.5 +- 0.2 mmol/L during canagliflozin treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	138-158	insulin	Homo sapiens	115-122
30688521-6	2019	During the 120 min after rescue therapy with insulin, the reductions in BHB and FFA were nearly identical between the pre- and during canagliflozin treatment studies, respectively (-1.27 +- 0.76 and -1.13 +- 0.69, P = 0.671 for BHB and -0.50 +- 0.35 vs. -0.41 +- 0.41, P = 0.603 for FFA).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	72-75	insulin	Homo sapiens	45-52
29771336-4	2019	Here we show that ketogenic diet-derived ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) transiently increases FTO expression in both mouse hypothalamus and cultured cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	53-73	fat mass and obesity associated	Mus musculus	102-105
30811347-0	2019	Anti-inflammatory action of beta-hydroxybutyrate via modulation of PGC-1alpha and FoxO1, mimicking calorie restriction.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	28-48	PPARG coactivator 1 alpha	Rattus norvegicus	67-77
30811347-0	2019	Anti-inflammatory action of beta-hydroxybutyrate via modulation of PGC-1alpha and FoxO1, mimicking calorie restriction.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	28-48	forkhead box O1	Rattus norvegicus	82-87
30811347-1	2019	beta-Hydroxybutyrate (HB) is a ketone body used as an energy source that has shown anti-inflammatory effects similar to calorie restriction (CR); Here, PGC-1alpha, an abundantly expressed co-factor in the kidney, was reported to interact with both FoxO1 and NF-kappaB although the definitive interactive mechanism has not yet been reported.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	PPARG coactivator 1 alpha	Rattus norvegicus	152-162
30811347-1	2019	beta-Hydroxybutyrate (HB) is a ketone body used as an energy source that has shown anti-inflammatory effects similar to calorie restriction (CR); Here, PGC-1alpha, an abundantly expressed co-factor in the kidney, was reported to interact with both FoxO1 and NF-kappaB although the definitive interactive mechanism has not yet been reported.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	forkhead box O1	Rattus norvegicus	248-253
30056659-7	2019	In addition, the increased concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyric acid, triglycerides, malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity and activities of superoxide dismutase activity and catalase were found in the RG1 group, and the concentrations of cholinesterase in the RG1 group were reduced compared with the CG group (p&lt;0.05).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	45-69	protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3A	Homo sapiens	209-212
30732670-0	2019	The effects of non-esterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate on the hepatic CYP2E1 in cows with clinical ketosis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	46-66	cytochrome P450 2E1	Bos taurus	82-88
30732670-3	2019	The aim of this study was to investigate CYP2E1 expression and activity in the liver of clinically ketotic cows (in vivo) and the effects of NEFA and BHB on CYP2E1 expression and activity in hepatocytes (in vitro).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	150-153	cytochrome P450 2E1	Bos taurus	157-163
30732670-6	2019	In vitro, both NEFA and BHB treatment markedly up-regulated the mRNA and protein expressions as well as activity of CYP2E1 in cow hepatocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	24-27	cytochrome P450 2E1	Bos taurus	116-122
30732670-7	2019	Taken together, these results indicate that high levels of NEFA and BHB significantly up-regulate the expression and activity of hepatic CYP2E1, and may be influential in the induction of oxidative stress in cows with clinical ketosis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	68-71	cytochrome P450 2E1	Bos taurus	137-143
29771336-4	2019	Here we show that ketogenic diet-derived ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) transiently increases FTO expression in both mouse hypothalamus and cultured cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	75-78	fat mass and obesity associated	Mus musculus	102-105
29771336-5	2019	Interestingly, the FTO protein represses Fto promoter activity, which can be offset by BHB.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	87-90	fat mass and obesity associated	Mus musculus	19-22
29771336-5	2019	Interestingly, the FTO protein represses Fto promoter activity, which can be offset by BHB.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	87-90	fat mass and obesity associated	Mus musculus	41-44
29771336-7	2019	The BHB-induced occupancy of the promoter by FTO influences the assembly of the basal transcriptional machinery.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	4-7	fat mass and obesity associated	Mus musculus	45-48
30387069-9	2019	The effects of two putative agonists of GABAA, beta-hydroxybutyrate and methylglyoxal, on S100B secretion were also evaluated.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	47-67	S100 calcium binding protein B	Homo sapiens	90-95
30678309-5	2019	This study aimed to demonstrate a protective effect of PCs against BHBA-induced oxidative stress damage in bovine endometrial (BEND) cells by activating the nuclear erythroid2-related factor2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	67-71	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Bos taurus	193-197
30678309-8	2019	These results indicate that PCs can antagonize BHBA-induced oxidative damage by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway to exert an antioxidant effect.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	47-51	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Bos taurus	95-99
30218403-2	2018	Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body that has recently been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects via inhibition of NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	129-172
30657794-0	2019	The activation of retinal HCA2 receptors by systemic beta-hydroxybutyrate inhibits diabetic retinal damage through reduction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and the NLRP3 inflammasome.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	53-73	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	26-30
30657794-0	2019	The activation of retinal HCA2 receptors by systemic beta-hydroxybutyrate inhibits diabetic retinal damage through reduction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and the NLRP3 inflammasome.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	53-73	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	165-170
30657794-3	2019	Moreover, we illustrate that HCA2 receptors exert an anti-inflammatory effect on the retinal damage induced by diabetes when activated by the endogenous ligand beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	160-180	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	29-33
30657794-8	2019	In fact, the elevated levels of retinal NLRP3 inflammasome activation markers (NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1) and of the relative proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-18) were significantly reduced by 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg beta-hydroxybutyrate treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	219-239	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	40-45
30657794-8	2019	In fact, the elevated levels of retinal NLRP3 inflammasome activation markers (NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1) and of the relative proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-18) were significantly reduced by 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg beta-hydroxybutyrate treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	219-239	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	149-157
30657794-10	2019	CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the systemic treatment of diabetic C57BL6J mice with BHB activates retinal HCA2 and inhibits local damage.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	90-93	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	112-116
30627008-8	2019	In crucial, nicorandil upregulated ACAT1 and OXCT1 protein expressions and either of their gene expressions, contributing to increased production of cellular BHB and ACAC.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	158-161	acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	35-40
30627008-8	2019	In crucial, nicorandil upregulated ACAT1 and OXCT1 protein expressions and either of their gene expressions, contributing to increased production of cellular BHB and ACAC.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	158-161	3-oxoacid CoA transferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	45-50
30218403-8	2018	Our results suggested that BHB inhibits the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in C6 glioma cells and consequently suppressed the C6 cell migration.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	27-30	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	58-63
30218403-9	2018	These findings also implicated that by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome, BHB reduced the inflammatory microenvironment which provided ancillary therapeutic benefits for the intervention of glioma.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	70-73	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	50-55
30085883-3	2019	We used an oral treatment with dimethyl fumarate and the HCAR2 endogenous ligand beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in wild-type (WT) and HCAR2-null mice.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	81-101	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	57-62
30085883-3	2019	We used an oral treatment with dimethyl fumarate and the HCAR2 endogenous ligand beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in wild-type (WT) and HCAR2-null mice.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	103-106	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	57-62
30085883-6	2019	This effect was completely lost in the HCAR2-null mice after a 2-d starvation protocol, in which the BHB reached the concentration able to activate the HCAR2-reduced tactile allodynia in female WT mice, but not in the HCAR2-null mice.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	101-104	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	39-44
30085883-6	2019	This effect was completely lost in the HCAR2-null mice after a 2-d starvation protocol, in which the BHB reached the concentration able to activate the HCAR2-reduced tactile allodynia in female WT mice, but not in the HCAR2-null mice.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	101-104	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	152-157
30043476-10	2018	Moreover, positive correlations were found between the BHBA concentration and the expression of the TLR-4 and CXCL-16 genes in macrophages.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	55-59	toll-like receptor 4	Ovis aries	100-105
30043476-10	2018	Moreover, positive correlations were found between the BHBA concentration and the expression of the TLR-4 and CXCL-16 genes in macrophages.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	55-59	C-X-C motif chemokine 16	Ovis aries	110-117
30073718-3	2018	In early lactation, the presence of 2 compared to 0.5 mmol/L BHB reduced PBMC activation (p &lt; 0.05) and proliferation (p &lt; 0.10), and the presence of 0.7 compared to 0.2 ng/ml insulin enhanced (p &lt; 0.10) PBMC proliferation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	61-64	insulin	Bos taurus	182-189
30405056-4	2018	Compared with adenovirus harboring green fluorescent protein infected mice, Ad-ChREBP-infected mice had higher plasma free fatty acid levels and paradoxically lower plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate levels through decreased fatty acid oxidation, rather than ketogenesis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	172-189	MLX interacting protein-like	Mus musculus	79-85
30218403-2	2018	Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body that has recently been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects via inhibition of NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	174-179
30218403-2	2018	Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body that has recently been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects via inhibition of NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	22-25	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	129-172
30218403-2	2018	Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body that has recently been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects via inhibition of NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	22-25	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	174-179
30218403-4	2018	Our results indicated that administration of BHB suppressed C6 cells migration and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, reducing the levels of activated cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase 1 (caspase-1) and mature Interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	45-48	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	83-88
30218403-4	2018	Our results indicated that administration of BHB suppressed C6 cells migration and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, reducing the levels of activated cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase 1 (caspase-1) and mature Interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	45-48	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	212-229
30218403-4	2018	Our results indicated that administration of BHB suppressed C6 cells migration and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, reducing the levels of activated cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase 1 (caspase-1) and mature Interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	45-48	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	231-239
30218403-6	2018	BHB also counteracted the LPS/ATP-promoted cell migration by suppressing the activation of caspase-1 and the maturation of IL-1beta.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	123-131
30146280-2	2018	To determine associations of subclinical ketosis (SCK) and blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) with milk yield, supplement consumed in the AMS, rumination time, and the ratios of milk yield to supplement intake and milk yield to rumination time, we monitored 605 cows from 9 AMS herds, testing blood BHB concentrations 1x/wk for the first 3 wk of lactation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	87-90	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	97-101
30146280-6	2018	As a result, milk yield relative to supplement intake and milk yield relative to rumination time differed by health status and were both positively associated with BHB.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	164-167	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	13-17
30146280-6	2018	As a result, milk yield relative to supplement intake and milk yield relative to rumination time differed by health status and were both positively associated with BHB.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	164-167	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	58-62
30146280-8	2018	These results highlight the differences in milk production (per day and relative to supplement consumption or rumination time) associated with blood BHB and health status.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	149-152	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	43-47
30382157-7	2018	Ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate suppressed Il15 gene induction in M1-polarized cultured macrophages, and a ketogenic diet reproduced the adipose tissue expansion without deteriorating systemic glucose metabolism in mice.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	12-32	interleukin 15	Mus musculus	44-48
30385793-10	2018	Further, both granulosa and theca cells of ERK1/2-inhibited follicles had higher expression of SLC16A1, a monocarboxylate transporter, transporting substances including beta-hydroxybutyrate across the plasma membrane.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	169-189	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Bos taurus	43-49
30385793-10	2018	Further, both granulosa and theca cells of ERK1/2-inhibited follicles had higher expression of SLC16A1, a monocarboxylate transporter, transporting substances including beta-hydroxybutyrate across the plasma membrane.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	169-189	solute carrier family 16 member 1	Bos taurus	95-102
30197300-0	2018	beta-Hydroxybutyrate Prevents Vascular Senescence through hnRNP A1-Mediated Upregulation of Oct4.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1	Mus musculus	58-66
30304037-5	2018	Furthermore, the levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HB) and its downstream effector brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were increased in the aerobic exercise group, and strength exercise impaired the aerobic exercise-induced increases in beta-HB and BDNF mRNA levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	27-47	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	86-119
30304037-5	2018	Furthermore, the levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HB) and its downstream effector brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were increased in the aerobic exercise group, and strength exercise impaired the aerobic exercise-induced increases in beta-HB and BDNF mRNA levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	27-47	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	121-125
30304037-5	2018	Furthermore, the levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HB) and its downstream effector brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were increased in the aerobic exercise group, and strength exercise impaired the aerobic exercise-induced increases in beta-HB and BDNF mRNA levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	27-47	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	258-262
29702025-12	2018	Acute hepatic overexpression of DEPP significantly reduced serum glucose and TG levels, dramatically elevated beta-hydroxybutyrate levels, and improved glucose clearance.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	110-130	DEPP1 autophagy regulator	Mus musculus	32-36
30197300-0	2018	beta-Hydroxybutyrate Prevents Vascular Senescence through hnRNP A1-Mediated Upregulation of Oct4.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1	Mus musculus	92-96
30354983-0	2018	Imaging the Effects of beta-Hydroxybutyrate on Peri-Infarct Neurovascular Function and Metabolism.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	23-43	perilipin 1	Rattus norvegicus	47-51
29877597-6	2018	In this study, we present a model-guided, rational design study of ordered substrate binding applied to two biosynthetic thiolases, with the goal of increasing the ratio of C6/C4 products formed by the 3HA pathway, 3-hydroxy-hexanoic acid and 3-hydroxybutyric acid.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	243-264	complement C6	Homo sapiens	173-178
29705237-0	2018	beta-Hydroxybutyrate protects from alcohol-induced liver injury via a Hcar2-cAMP dependent pathway.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	70-75
29705237-3	2018	Hcar2 is a G-protein coupled receptor which is activated by beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	60-80	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	0-5
29705237-3	2018	Hcar2 is a G-protein coupled receptor which is activated by beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	82-85	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	0-5
29705237-4	2018	We aimed to determine the relevance of the BHB-Hcar2 pathway in alcoholic liver disease.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	43-46	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	47-52
29705237-9	2018	This therapeutic effect of BHB is dependent on the receptor Hcar2.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	27-30	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	60-65
29705237-10	2018	BHB treatment increased liver Il10 transcripts, and promoted the M2 phenotype of intrahepatic macrophages.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	interleukin 10	Homo sapiens	30-34
29705237-13	2018	CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our data shows that BHB production during excess alcohol consumption has an anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective role through an Hcar2 dependent pathway.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	47-50	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	158-163
30354983-3	2018	Methods- We delivered BHB (or vehicle) 1 hour after ischemic insult induced by cortical microinjection of endothelin-1 in sensorimotor cortex of rats.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	22-25	endothelin 1	Rattus norvegicus	106-118
30354983-10	2018	The results demonstrate that BHB curbs the peri-infarct glucose-metabolism driven production of reactive oxygen species and astrogliosis, culminating in improved neurogliovascular and functional recovery.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	29-32	perilipin 1	Rattus norvegicus	43-47
29325899-4	2018	Specifically, beta-hydroxybutyrate has been shown to interact with multiple novel molecular targets such as histone deacetylases, hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors on immune cells, and the NLRP3 inflammasome.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	14-34	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	188-193
29966721-0	2018	Beta-hydroxybutyrate Promotes the Expression of BDNF in Hippocampal Neurons under Adequate Glucose Supply.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	48-52
29966721-2	2018	The previous study revealed that BHBA could promote the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) at glucose inadequate condition.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	33-37	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	70-103
29966721-2	2018	The previous study revealed that BHBA could promote the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) at glucose inadequate condition.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	33-37	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	105-109
29966721-3	2018	Here we demonstrated that BHBA administration induced the expression of BDNF in the hippocampus of mice fed with normal diet.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	26-30	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	72-76
29966721-4	2018	In vitro experiment results also showed that 0.02-2 mM BHBA significantly increased BDNF expression in both the primary hippocampal neurons and the hippocampus neuron cell line HT22 under adequate glucose supply.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	55-59	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	84-88
29966721-5	2018	Bdnf transcription induced by BHBA stimulus was mediated through the cAMP/PKA-triggered phosphorylation of CREB (S133) and the subsequent up-regulation of histone H3 Lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) binding at Bdnf promoters I, II, IV, and VI.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	30-34	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	0-4
29966721-5	2018	Bdnf transcription induced by BHBA stimulus was mediated through the cAMP/PKA-triggered phosphorylation of CREB (S133) and the subsequent up-regulation of histone H3 Lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) binding at Bdnf promoters I, II, IV, and VI.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	30-34	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Mus musculus	107-111
29966721-5	2018	Bdnf transcription induced by BHBA stimulus was mediated through the cAMP/PKA-triggered phosphorylation of CREB (S133) and the subsequent up-regulation of histone H3 Lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) binding at Bdnf promoters I, II, IV, and VI.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	30-34	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	209-213
29966721-6	2018	Moreover, BHBA stimulus induced a decrease in tri-methylation of H3K27 (H3K27me3) binding at the Bdnf promoters II and VI and the elevation of H3K27me3-specific demethylase JMJD3, which also contributed to the activation of Bdnf transcription.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	10-14	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	97-101
29966721-6	2018	Moreover, BHBA stimulus induced a decrease in tri-methylation of H3K27 (H3K27me3) binding at the Bdnf promoters II and VI and the elevation of H3K27me3-specific demethylase JMJD3, which also contributed to the activation of Bdnf transcription.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	10-14	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	224-228
29966721-7	2018	These results demonstrated that BHBA within the physiological range could promote BDNF expression in neurons via a novel signaling function.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	32-36	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	82-86
29945025-5	2018	The results demonstrated that Lac and BHB, especially when combined together, alleviated Con A-induced hepatocellular injury (ALT, AST and LDH) and necrosis (hematoxylin-eosin and electron microscopy).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	38-41	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	126-129
29945025-5	2018	The results demonstrated that Lac and BHB, especially when combined together, alleviated Con A-induced hepatocellular injury (ALT, AST and LDH) and necrosis (hematoxylin-eosin and electron microscopy).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	38-41	transmembrane protease, serine 11d	Mus musculus	131-134
29945025-7	2018	Mechanistically, administration of Lac and BHB led to inhibition of Con A-induced phosphorylation of JNK and AMPK proteins in the liver to the same extent.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	43-46	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	101-104
29738703-6	2018	Serum concentrations of the anti-obesity hormone, adiponectin are 60% higher and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels are nearly 50% lower in Cyp3a-null females than WT females, in agreement with reduced weight gain, faster glucose response, and reduced ketogenesis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	81-101	cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily a, polypeptide 11	Mus musculus	133-138
29748663-4	2018	GABA, and endogenous metabolites beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) and gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB), competitively and differentially shift the voltage dependence of KCNQ3 activation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	33-57	potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 3	Homo sapiens	179-184
29748663-4	2018	GABA, and endogenous metabolites beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) and gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB), competitively and differentially shift the voltage dependence of KCNQ3 activation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	59-62	potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 3	Homo sapiens	179-184
30135317-5	2018	However, during fasting, eNOS-/- mice redirect acetyl-CoA to ketogenesis to elevate circulating levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate similar to wild-type mice.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	106-126	nitric oxide synthase 3, endothelial cell	Mus musculus	25-29
30137481-11	2018	There was a significant inverse association between the changes in serum beta-hydroxybutyrate and IGF-I concentrations (r = -0.57; P &lt; 0.0001).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	73-93	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	98-103
29891844-0	2018	Metabolomic and microarray analyses of adipose tissue of dapagliflozin-treated mice, and effects of 3-hydroxybutyrate on induction of adiponectin in adipocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	100-117	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Mus musculus	134-145
29891844-10	2018	In vitro, 3-HBA induced beta-hydroxybutyrylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 and upregulation of adiponectin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes independent of their acetylation or methylation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	10-15	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Mus musculus	95-106
29891844-11	2018	Our results suggest that 3-HBA seems to provide protection through epigenetic modifications of adiponectin gene in adipocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	25-30	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Mus musculus	95-106
29649104-8	2018	We also showed that BHB and MCFA help beta-cells recover from lipotoxic stress by improving mitochondrial function and increasing the expression of genes involved in beta-cell function and insulin biogenesis, such as Glut2, MafA, and NeuroD1 in primary human islets.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	20-23	insulin	Homo sapiens	189-196
29649104-8	2018	We also showed that BHB and MCFA help beta-cells recover from lipotoxic stress by improving mitochondrial function and increasing the expression of genes involved in beta-cell function and insulin biogenesis, such as Glut2, MafA, and NeuroD1 in primary human islets.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	20-23	solute carrier family 2 member 2	Homo sapiens	217-222
29649104-8	2018	We also showed that BHB and MCFA help beta-cells recover from lipotoxic stress by improving mitochondrial function and increasing the expression of genes involved in beta-cell function and insulin biogenesis, such as Glut2, MafA, and NeuroD1 in primary human islets.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	20-23	MAF bZIP transcription factor A	Homo sapiens	224-228
29649104-8	2018	We also showed that BHB and MCFA help beta-cells recover from lipotoxic stress by improving mitochondrial function and increasing the expression of genes involved in beta-cell function and insulin biogenesis, such as Glut2, MafA, and NeuroD1 in primary human islets.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	20-23	neuronal differentiation 1	Homo sapiens	234-241
29662437-8	2018	The in vitro study showed BHB (10 mM) prevented the mitochondrial translocation of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) to inhibit mitochondrial fission.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	26-29	dynamin 1-like	Mus musculus	83-108
29398030-0	2018	High concentrations of fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate impair the growth hormone-mediated hepatic JAK2-STAT5 pathway in clinically ketotic cows.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	39-59	Janus kinase 2	Bos taurus	103-107
29627390-1	2018	G Protein Coupled Receptor 109A (GPR109A), which belongs to the G protein coupled receptor family, can be activated by niacin, butyrate, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	141-165	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	0-31
29627390-1	2018	G Protein Coupled Receptor 109A (GPR109A), which belongs to the G protein coupled receptor family, can be activated by niacin, butyrate, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	141-165	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	33-40
29398030-8	2018	More importantly, treatment with fatty acids or BHB significantly inhibited GHR1A mRNA and JAK2 protein expression, as well as the STAT5 phosphorylation level and phospho-STAT5 nuclear translocation; these effects markedly reduced IGF1 mRNA expression and secretion in calf hepatocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	48-51	Janus kinase 2	Bos taurus	91-95
29398030-8	2018	More importantly, treatment with fatty acids or BHB significantly inhibited GHR1A mRNA and JAK2 protein expression, as well as the STAT5 phosphorylation level and phospho-STAT5 nuclear translocation; these effects markedly reduced IGF1 mRNA expression and secretion in calf hepatocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	48-51	insulin like growth factor 1	Bos taurus	231-235
29398030-9	2018	In summary, these results indicate that high blood concentrations of fatty acids or BHB can impair the intrahepatic GH-mediated JAK2-STAT5 pathway and downregulate IGF-I expression and secretion in ketotic cows.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	84-87	Janus kinase 2	Bos taurus	128-132
29398030-9	2018	In summary, these results indicate that high blood concentrations of fatty acids or BHB can impair the intrahepatic GH-mediated JAK2-STAT5 pathway and downregulate IGF-I expression and secretion in ketotic cows.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	84-87	IGFI	Bos taurus	164-169
29662437-8	2018	The in vitro study showed BHB (10 mM) prevented the mitochondrial translocation of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) to inhibit mitochondrial fission.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	26-29	dynamin 1-like	Mus musculus	110-114
29662437-9	2018	Furthermore, BHB decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, inhibited ROS-NLRP3 pathway in OGD/R-treated cells, and suppressed ER stress-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	83-88
29662437-9	2018	Furthermore, BHB decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, inhibited ROS-NLRP3 pathway in OGD/R-treated cells, and suppressed ER stress-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-16	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	154-159
29363559-5	2018	However, the hepatic beta-oxidation of fatty acids decreased significantly as revealed by a low level of serum beta-hydroxybutyrate in the Sidt2-/- mice along with normal mRNA expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	111-131	SID1 transmembrane family, member 2	Mus musculus	139-144
29331464-4	2018	High-SCS ewes showed greater weight loss and increased plasmatic concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate and nonesterified fatty acids than low-SCS ewes when confronted with an induced NEB.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	83-103	SCS	Ovis aries	5-8
29119686-0	2018	Ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate mimics calorie restriction via the Nrf2 activator, fumarate, in the retina.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	12-29	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	65-69
29241624-5	2018	NLRP3 inhibition using the beta-hydroxybutyrate precursor 1,3-butanediol protected such mice from nephrocalcinosis-related CKD.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	27-47	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	0-5
29058362-0	2018	The ketone body metabolite beta-hydroxybutyrate induces an antidepression-associated ramification of microglia via HDACs inhibition-triggered Akt-small RhoGTPase activation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	27-47	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	142-145
29074329-7	2018	BHB level after dapagliflozin treatment correlated positively with HbA1c (r=0.280), FFA levels (r=0.596) and QUICKI (r=0.238), and negatively with BMI (r=-0.222), insulin-to-glucagon ratio (r=-0.199) and HOMA-IR (r=-0.205; all P&lt;0.05).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	insulin	Homo sapiens	163-170
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	185-188
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	83-86	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	22-25
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	Rac family small GTPase 1	Mus musculus	203-207
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	83-86	Rac family small GTPase 1	Mus musculus	168-172
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	cell division cycle 42	Mus musculus	208-213
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	83-86	cell division cycle 42	Mus musculus	174-179
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	185-188
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	Rac family small GTPase 1	Mus musculus	203-207
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	cell division cycle 42	Mus musculus	208-213
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	22-25
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	Rac family small GTPase 1	Mus musculus	168-172
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	cell division cycle 42	Mus musculus	174-179
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	185-188
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	185-188
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	Rac family small GTPase 1	Mus musculus	203-207
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	83-86	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	185-188
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	cell division cycle 42	Mus musculus	208-213
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	185-188
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	83-86	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	185-188
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	Rac family small GTPase 1	Mus musculus	203-207
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	83-86	Rac family small GTPase 1	Mus musculus	203-207
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	cell division cycle 42	Mus musculus	208-213
29058362-7	2018	Functionally, Akt inhibition was found to abrogate the effects of BHB on microglial polarization and phagocytosis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	66-69	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	14-17
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	83-86	cell division cycle 42	Mus musculus	208-213
29058362-8	2018	In neuroinflammatory models induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), BHB prevented the microglial process retraction and depressive-like behaviors, and these effects were abolished by Akt inhibition.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	103-106	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	218-221
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	83-86	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	185-188
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	83-86	Rac family small GTPase 1	Mus musculus	203-207
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	83-86	cell division cycle 42	Mus musculus	208-213
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	22-25
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	Rac family small GTPase 1	Mus musculus	168-172
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	cell division cycle 42	Mus musculus	174-179
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	185-188
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	185-188
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	Rac family small GTPase 1	Mus musculus	203-207
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	cell division cycle 42	Mus musculus	208-213
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	185-188
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	Rac family small GTPase 1	Mus musculus	203-207
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	cell division cycle 42	Mus musculus	208-213
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	22-25
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	Rac family small GTPase 1	Mus musculus	168-172
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	cell division cycle 42	Mus musculus	174-179
29058362-5	2018	The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-125	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	185-188
29242353-3	2017	METHODS AND RESULTS: Microarray data analysis and mitochondrial isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification proteomics revealed that the expression of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase I (Bdh1), an enzyme that catalyzes the NAD+/NADH coupled interconversion of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate, was increased 2.5- and 2.8-fold, respectively, in the heart after transverse aortic constriction.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	164-184	3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, type 1	Mus musculus	202-206
29386999-16	2018	HDAC2/3 may be implicated in the effect of beta-hydroxybutyrate on microRNA-29a expression.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	43-63	histone deacetylase 2	Mus musculus	0-5
29852870-0	2018	Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor Donepezil Effects on Plasma beta-Hydroxybutyrate Levels in the Treatment of Alzheimer"s Disease.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	59-79	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	0-20
29657405-13	2018	High concentrations of BHBA caused increased expression and synthesis of the pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in supplemented group in primary calf hepatocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	23-27	tumor necrosis factor	Bos taurus	110-119
29657405-13	2018	High concentrations of BHBA caused increased expression and synthesis of the pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in supplemented group in primary calf hepatocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	23-27	interleukin 1 beta	Bos taurus	124-132
29386999-0	2018	Intermittent Fasting Alleviates the Increase of Lipoprotein Lipase Expression in Brain of a Mouse Model of Alzheimer"s Disease: Possibly Mediated by beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	149-169	lipoprotein lipase	Mus musculus	48-66
29386999-5	2018	This study was designed to demonstrate intermittent fasting may protect against AD through increasing beta-hydroxybutyrate, a HDACs inhibitor, to regulate LPL.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	102-122	lipoprotein lipase	Mus musculus	155-158
29386999-10	2018	LPL and microRNA-29a expression were separately increased and down-regulated in 2 muM Abeta25-35-exposed SH-SY5Y cells, but respectively decreased and up-regulated in 10 muM Abeta25-35-exposed cells, which were all reversed by beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	227-247	lipoprotein lipase	Homo sapiens	0-3
29386999-11	2018	The increase of HDAC2/3 expression and the decrease of acetylated H3K9 and H4K12 levels were alleviated in APP/PS1 mice by intermittent fasting treatment, as well in 2 or 10 muM Abeta25-35-exposed cells by beta-hydroxybutyrate treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	206-226	histone deacetylase 2	Mus musculus	16-21
29386999-11	2018	The increase of HDAC2/3 expression and the decrease of acetylated H3K9 and H4K12 levels were alleviated in APP/PS1 mice by intermittent fasting treatment, as well in 2 or 10 muM Abeta25-35-exposed cells by beta-hydroxybutyrate treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	206-226	presenilin 1	Mus musculus	111-114
29386999-15	2018	In conclusion, intermittent fasting inhibits the increase of brain-derived LPL expression in APP/PS1 mice partly through beta-hydroxybutyrate-mediated down-regulation of microRNA-29a expression.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	121-141	lipoprotein lipase	Mus musculus	75-78
29386999-15	2018	In conclusion, intermittent fasting inhibits the increase of brain-derived LPL expression in APP/PS1 mice partly through beta-hydroxybutyrate-mediated down-regulation of microRNA-29a expression.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	121-141	presenilin 1	Mus musculus	97-100
29949795-4	2018	A GPR109A analog was expressed in Sus scrofa and mediated the anti-inflammatory effects of beta-hydroxybutyric acid.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	91-115	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	2-9
29084809-3	2018	Using genetic murine models, we found that proximal tubule-specific deletion of Drp1 prevented the renal ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury, inflammation, and programmed cell death observed in wild-type mice and promoted epithelial recovery, which associated with activation of the renoprotective beta-hydroxybutyrate signaling pathway.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	305-325	dynamin 1-like	Mus musculus	80-84
29238290-6	2017	This study aimed to investigate whether intermittent fasting (IF), increasing the level of an endogenous histone deacetylases inhibitor beta-hydroxybutyrate, restores AQP4 polarity via miR-130a mediated reduction of AQP4-M1/M23 ratio in protection against AD.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	136-156	aquaporin 4	Mus musculus	167-171
28806625-1	2017	Our objective was to evaluate the association between body condition score (BCS) change during the transition period with fertility, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentrations, milk yield, and health problems of Holstein cows in a retrospective cohort study.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	171-191	BCS	Bos taurus	76-79
28806625-7	2017	Both NEFA and BHBA concentrations after calving differed (P &lt; 0.01) for cows that lost, maintained, or gained BCS from 21 d before to 21 d after calving (NEFA: 0.51 +- 0.01; 0.45 +- 0.01; 0.42 +- 0.01 mmol/L; BHBA: 0.73 +- 0.02; 0.70 +- 0.02; 0.68 +- 0.02 mmol/L; respectively; mean +- SEM).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	14-18	BCS	Bos taurus	113-116
28806625-14	2017	In conclusion, changes in BCS during the transition period affected NEFA and BHBA concentrations, fertility, and occurrence of health problems during the lactation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	77-81	BCS	Bos taurus	26-29
28825993-4	2017	Results indicated that ammonia, urea, NEFA and BHB caused inhibition of survival and growth of in vitro cultured ovine PFs and enclosed oocytes at the levels of 300 muM, 8 mM, high combo level of NEFA and 0.75 muM respectively.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	47-50	latexin	Homo sapiens	165-168
28825993-4	2017	Results indicated that ammonia, urea, NEFA and BHB caused inhibition of survival and growth of in vitro cultured ovine PFs and enclosed oocytes at the levels of 300 muM, 8 mM, high combo level of NEFA and 0.75 muM respectively.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	47-50	latexin	Homo sapiens	210-213
29238290-6	2017	This study aimed to investigate whether intermittent fasting (IF), increasing the level of an endogenous histone deacetylases inhibitor beta-hydroxybutyrate, restores AQP4 polarity via miR-130a mediated reduction of AQP4-M1/M23 ratio in protection against AD.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	136-156	aquaporin 4	Mus musculus	216-220
29238290-9	2017	In vitro, beta-hydroxybutyrate was found to down-regulate the expression of AQP4-M1 and histone deacetylase 3, reduce AQP4-M1/M23 ratio, and increase AQP4-M23 and miR-130a expression in 2 muM Abeta-treated U251 cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	10-30	aquaporin 4	Homo sapiens	76-80
28836226-4	2017	Recently the ketone body, beta-hydroxy butyrate (BHB), was shown to efficiently inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages, and in vivo models of inflammatory disease.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	26-47	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	92-97
28836226-4	2017	Recently the ketone body, beta-hydroxy butyrate (BHB), was shown to efficiently inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages, and in vivo models of inflammatory disease.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	49-52	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	92-97
29238290-6	2017	This study aimed to investigate whether intermittent fasting (IF), increasing the level of an endogenous histone deacetylases inhibitor beta-hydroxybutyrate, restores AQP4 polarity via miR-130a mediated reduction of AQP4-M1/M23 ratio in protection against AD.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	136-156	microRNA 130a	Mus musculus	185-193
29238290-9	2017	In vitro, beta-hydroxybutyrate was found to down-regulate the expression of AQP4-M1 and histone deacetylase 3, reduce AQP4-M1/M23 ratio, and increase AQP4-M23 and miR-130a expression in 2 muM Abeta-treated U251 cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	10-30	histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens	88-109
29238290-9	2017	In vitro, beta-hydroxybutyrate was found to down-regulate the expression of AQP4-M1 and histone deacetylase 3, reduce AQP4-M1/M23 ratio, and increase AQP4-M23 and miR-130a expression in 2 muM Abeta-treated U251 cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	10-30	aquaporin 4	Homo sapiens	118-122
29036204-10	2017	The findings show that 3-hydroxybutyrate is depleted in blood and strongly associated with UTI at both infection and post-treatment stage in a UTI mouse model.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	23-40	alpha 1 microglobulin/bikunin precursor	Mus musculus	91-94
29238290-9	2017	In vitro, beta-hydroxybutyrate was found to down-regulate the expression of AQP4-M1 and histone deacetylase 3, reduce AQP4-M1/M23 ratio, and increase AQP4-M23 and miR-130a expression in 2 muM Abeta-treated U251 cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	10-30	aquaporin 4	Homo sapiens	118-122
29238290-9	2017	In vitro, beta-hydroxybutyrate was found to down-regulate the expression of AQP4-M1 and histone deacetylase 3, reduce AQP4-M1/M23 ratio, and increase AQP4-M23 and miR-130a expression in 2 muM Abeta-treated U251 cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	10-30	microRNA 130a	Homo sapiens	163-171
29238290-14	2017	Furthermore, beta-hydroxybutyrate may partly mediate the effect of IF on the reduction of AQP4-M1/M23 ratio in AD, in which miR-130a and histone deacetylase 3 may be implicated.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-33	aquaporin 4	Mus musculus	90-94
29238290-14	2017	Furthermore, beta-hydroxybutyrate may partly mediate the effect of IF on the reduction of AQP4-M1/M23 ratio in AD, in which miR-130a and histone deacetylase 3 may be implicated.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-33	microRNA 130a	Mus musculus	124-132
29036204-10	2017	The findings show that 3-hydroxybutyrate is depleted in blood and strongly associated with UTI at both infection and post-treatment stage in a UTI mouse model.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	23-40	alpha 1 microglobulin/bikunin precursor	Mus musculus	143-146
28961260-10	2017	3-hydroxybutyrate, 3-hydroxybutyrylcarnitine, 3-methyladipate, and N-acetylglycine were identified as potential biomarkers of GLUT1-DS on ketogenic diet.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-17	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Homo sapiens	126-134
29029745-6	2017	Next, the SAF incorporated SHL assay was extended to fabricate immobilization-free biosensors for rapid sensing of salicylic acid (SA) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HB) in whole blood.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	139-159	FAS antisense RNA 1	Homo sapiens	10-13
29029745-6	2017	Next, the SAF incorporated SHL assay was extended to fabricate immobilization-free biosensors for rapid sensing of salicylic acid (SA) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HB) in whole blood.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	161-168	FAS antisense RNA 1	Homo sapiens	10-13
29978059-6	2017	The plasma activity and concentration of PON-1 were significantly negatively correlated with the levels of AST and BHBA.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	115-119	paraoxonase 1	Bos taurus	41-46
28583851-6	2017	Exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate ameliorated depressive behaviors and reversed the reduction of H3K9bhb and BDNF.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	10-30	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	106-110
28583851-7	2017	We showed that H3k9bhb played a role in depression, and firstly linked BHB and BDNF via H3k9bhb.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	71-74	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	79-83
28512002-7	2017	PDH catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate into acetyl CoA, SDH oxidizes succinate into fumarate, and HMGCS2 controls the synthesis of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	164-184	pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
28512002-7	2017	PDH catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate into acetyl CoA, SDH oxidizes succinate into fumarate, and HMGCS2 controls the synthesis of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	164-184	succinate dehydrogenase complex iron sulfur subunit B	Homo sapiens	73-76
28512002-7	2017	PDH catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate into acetyl CoA, SDH oxidizes succinate into fumarate, and HMGCS2 controls the synthesis of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	164-184	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2	Homo sapiens	115-121
28512002-10	2017	Lactate signals via GPR81, succinate via GPR91, and beta-hydroxybutyrate via GPR109A.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	52-72	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	77-84
28512002-13	2017	In contrast, GPR109A is a tumor suppressor, and decreased synthesis of beta-hydroxybutyrate as its agonist suppresses signaling via this receptor, thus attenuating the tumor-suppressing function of GPR109A.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	71-91	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	198-205
28512002-14	2017	In parallel with the opposing changes in lactate/succinate and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels, tumor cells upregulate GPR81 and GPR91 but downregulate GPR109A.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	63-83	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens	115-120
28512002-14	2017	In parallel with the opposing changes in lactate/succinate and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels, tumor cells upregulate GPR81 and GPR91 but downregulate GPR109A.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	63-83	succinate receptor 1	Homo sapiens	125-130
28512002-14	2017	In parallel with the opposing changes in lactate/succinate and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels, tumor cells upregulate GPR81 and GPR91 but downregulate GPR109A.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	63-83	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	148-155
28589154-8	2017	On stopping the insulin drip on day 9, the beta-hydroxybutyrate increased again.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	43-63	insulin	Homo sapiens	16-23
28931870-4	2017	Downregulation of HMGCL in NPC was associated with low intracellular beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HB) production, thereby reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	69-89	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase	Homo sapiens	18-23
28931870-4	2017	Downregulation of HMGCL in NPC was associated with low intracellular beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HB) production, thereby reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	91-98	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase	Homo sapiens	18-23
28794421-0	2017	Beta-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenic NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, attenuates stress-induced behavioral and inflammatory responses.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Rattus norvegicus	35-40
28794421-2	2017	Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body and has recently been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects via inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Rattus norvegicus	128-133
28794421-2	2017	Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body and has recently been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects via inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	22-25	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Rattus norvegicus	128-133
28794421-8	2017	Although no effect was observed on hippocampal TNF-alpha levels after 1 h of IMM stress, a single BHB pre-administration reduced hippocampal TNF-alpha.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	98-101	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	141-150
28794421-10	2017	These findings demonstrate that BHB exerts antidepressant-like effects, possibly by inhibiting NLRP3-induced neuro-inflammation in the hippocampus, and that BHB may be a novel therapeutic candidate for the treatment of stress-related mood disorders.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	32-35	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Rattus norvegicus	95-100
28528772-6	2017	We observed that beta-hydroxybutyric acid was increased in the brain of the postmortem mild cognitive impairment and AD subjects and in 3-month-old APP/PS1 AD mice.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	17-41	presenilin 1	Mus musculus	152-155
28528772-7	2017	A rise in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2), a key enzyme for catalyzing beta-hydroxybutyric acid production, was observed in early AD mice.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	89-113	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A synthase 2	Mus musculus	52-58
28098426-7	2017	CONCLUSIONS: Over 14 days, decreasing the insulin dose diminished the glucose-lowering effect of dapagliflozin-insulin combination therapy and increased levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	163-183	insulin	Homo sapiens	42-49
27935584-4	2017	Here, we show that the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB), an endogenous inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) induces intestinal cell differentiation as noted by the increased expression of differentiation markers (Mucin2 (MUC2), lysozyme, IAP, sucrase-isomaltase, KRT20, villin, Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) and p21Waf1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	35-55	mucin 2	Mus musculus	227-233
28131568-0	2017	Short communication: Free fatty acid receptors FFAR1 and FFAR2 during the peripartal period in liver of dairy cows grouped by their postpartum plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	150-170	free fatty acid receptor 2	Bos taurus	57-62
28131568-7	2017	The protein abundance of FFAR1 was lower during the whole peripartal period in the H-BHB group.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	85-88	free fatty acid receptor 1	Bos taurus	25-30
28131568-8	2017	The abundance of FFAR2 increased over time and tended to be higher in H-BHB cows.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	72-75	free fatty acid receptor 2	Bos taurus	17-22
28129888-11	2017	Recent preclinical studies have reported that beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaOHB) may protect the brain from the adverse effects of both the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and the deacetylation of histone.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	46-66	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	209-214
28115707-4	2017	Using this model, we show that glucagon receptor (GCGR) inhibition with a monoclonal antibody normalized blood glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	123-143	glucagon receptor	Mus musculus	31-48
28115707-4	2017	Using this model, we show that glucagon receptor (GCGR) inhibition with a monoclonal antibody normalized blood glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	123-143	glucagon receptor	Mus musculus	50-54
28303514-4	2017	However, sodium-glucose cotransporter2 inhibitors increase the risk of ketosis by increasing glucagon secretion in the pancreas and decreasing the renal excretion of 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	166-183	solute carrier family 5 member 2	Homo sapiens	9-38
28281525-0	2017	Adipocytes promote malignant growth of breast tumours with monocarboxylate transporter 2 expression via beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	104-124	solute carrier family 16 (monocarboxylic acid transporters), member 7	Mus musculus	59-88
28281525-5	2017	Consistently, beta-hydroxybutyrate is sufficient to promote tumorigenesis of a mouse xenograft model of MCT2-expressing breast cancer cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	14-34	solute carrier family 16 (monocarboxylic acid transporters), member 7	Mus musculus	104-108
28281525-6	2017	Mechanistically we observe that upon co-culturing with MGDAs or treatment with beta-hydroxybutyrate, breast cancer cells expressing MCT2 increase the global histone H3K9 acetylation and upregulate several tumour-promoting genes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	79-99	solute carrier family 16 (monocarboxylic acid transporters), member 7	Mus musculus	132-136
28281525-7	2017	These results suggest that adipocytes promote malignancy of MCT2-expressing breast cancer via beta-hydroxybutyrate potentially by inducing the epigenetic upregulation of tumour-promoting genes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	94-114	solute carrier family 16 (monocarboxylic acid transporters), member 7	Mus musculus	60-64
27935584-4	2017	Here, we show that the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB), an endogenous inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) induces intestinal cell differentiation as noted by the increased expression of differentiation markers (Mucin2 (MUC2), lysozyme, IAP, sucrase-isomaltase, KRT20, villin, Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) and p21Waf1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	35-55	mucin 2	Mus musculus	235-239
27935584-4	2017	Here, we show that the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB), an endogenous inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) induces intestinal cell differentiation as noted by the increased expression of differentiation markers (Mucin2 (MUC2), lysozyme, IAP, sucrase-isomaltase, KRT20, villin, Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) and p21Waf1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	35-55	intracisternal A particle, Eya1 linked	Mus musculus	252-255
27935584-4	2017	Here, we show that the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB), an endogenous inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) induces intestinal cell differentiation as noted by the increased expression of differentiation markers (Mucin2 (MUC2), lysozyme, IAP, sucrase-isomaltase, KRT20, villin, Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) and p21Waf1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	35-55	sucrase isomaltase (alpha-glucosidase)	Mus musculus	257-275
27935584-4	2017	Here, we show that the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB), an endogenous inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) induces intestinal cell differentiation as noted by the increased expression of differentiation markers (Mucin2 (MUC2), lysozyme, IAP, sucrase-isomaltase, KRT20, villin, Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) and p21Waf1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	35-55	keratin 20	Mus musculus	277-282
27935584-4	2017	Here, we show that the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB), an endogenous inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) induces intestinal cell differentiation as noted by the increased expression of differentiation markers (Mucin2 (MUC2), lysozyme, IAP, sucrase-isomaltase, KRT20, villin, Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) and p21Waf1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	35-55	caudal type homeobox 2	Mus musculus	340-344
27935584-4	2017	Here, we show that the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB), an endogenous inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) induces intestinal cell differentiation as noted by the increased expression of differentiation markers (Mucin2 (MUC2), lysozyme, IAP, sucrase-isomaltase, KRT20, villin, Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) and p21Waf1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	57-63	mucin 2	Mus musculus	227-233
27935584-4	2017	Here, we show that the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB), an endogenous inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) induces intestinal cell differentiation as noted by the increased expression of differentiation markers (Mucin2 (MUC2), lysozyme, IAP, sucrase-isomaltase, KRT20, villin, Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) and p21Waf1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	57-63	mucin 2	Mus musculus	235-239
27935584-4	2017	Here, we show that the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB), an endogenous inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) induces intestinal cell differentiation as noted by the increased expression of differentiation markers (Mucin2 (MUC2), lysozyme, IAP, sucrase-isomaltase, KRT20, villin, Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) and p21Waf1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	57-63	intracisternal A particle, Eya1 linked	Mus musculus	252-255
27935584-4	2017	Here, we show that the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB), an endogenous inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) induces intestinal cell differentiation as noted by the increased expression of differentiation markers (Mucin2 (MUC2), lysozyme, IAP, sucrase-isomaltase, KRT20, villin, Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) and p21Waf1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	57-63	sucrase isomaltase (alpha-glucosidase)	Mus musculus	257-275
27935584-4	2017	Here, we show that the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB), an endogenous inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) induces intestinal cell differentiation as noted by the increased expression of differentiation markers (Mucin2 (MUC2), lysozyme, IAP, sucrase-isomaltase, KRT20, villin, Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) and p21Waf1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	57-63	keratin 20	Mus musculus	277-282
27935584-4	2017	Here, we show that the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB), an endogenous inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) induces intestinal cell differentiation as noted by the increased expression of differentiation markers (Mucin2 (MUC2), lysozyme, IAP, sucrase-isomaltase, KRT20, villin, Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) and p21Waf1).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	57-63	caudal type homeobox 2	Mus musculus	340-344
28299616-11	2017	Moreover, SGLT-2 inhibitors might improve the efficiency of myocardial energetics by offering beta-hydroxybutyrate as an attractive fuel for oxidation and increase hematocrit improving oxygen transport.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	94-114	solute carrier family 5 member 2	Homo sapiens	10-16
27935584-8	2017	Moreover, we showed that either knockdown of mTOR or inhibition of mTORC1 with rapamycin increases the expression of HMGCS2 in intestinal cells in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a possible cross-talk between mTOR and HMGCS2/betaHB signaling in intestinal cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	223-229	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Mus musculus	45-49
27935584-8	2017	Moreover, we showed that either knockdown of mTOR or inhibition of mTORC1 with rapamycin increases the expression of HMGCS2 in intestinal cells in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a possible cross-talk between mTOR and HMGCS2/betaHB signaling in intestinal cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	223-229	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	67-73
27935584-8	2017	Moreover, we showed that either knockdown of mTOR or inhibition of mTORC1 with rapamycin increases the expression of HMGCS2 in intestinal cells in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a possible cross-talk between mTOR and HMGCS2/betaHB signaling in intestinal cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	223-229	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A synthase 2	Mus musculus	117-123
27935584-8	2017	Moreover, we showed that either knockdown of mTOR or inhibition of mTORC1 with rapamycin increases the expression of HMGCS2 in intestinal cells in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a possible cross-talk between mTOR and HMGCS2/betaHB signaling in intestinal cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	223-229	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Mus musculus	67-71
27935584-8	2017	Moreover, we showed that either knockdown of mTOR or inhibition of mTORC1 with rapamycin increases the expression of HMGCS2 in intestinal cells in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a possible cross-talk between mTOR and HMGCS2/betaHB signaling in intestinal cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	223-229	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A synthase 2	Mus musculus	216-222
27935584-9	2017	In contrast, treatment of intestinal cells with betaHB or feeding mice with a ketogenic diet inhibits mTOR signaling in intestinal cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	48-54	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Mus musculus	102-106
27935584-11	2017	Our results suggest that mTOR acts cooperatively with HMGCS2/betaHB to maintain intestinal homeostasis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	61-67	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Mus musculus	25-29
28109586-16	2017	Infusion of BHB increased plasma insulin concentrations a.p.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	12-15	insulin	Bos taurus	33-40
28183452-8	2017	Insulin therapy should be guided by beta-hydroxybutyrate normalization and not by blood glucose.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	36-56	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
27935189-0	2017	Epigenetic regulation of the glucose transporter gene Slc2a1 by beta-hydroxybutyrate underlies preferential glucose supply to the brain of fasted mice.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	64-84	solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	54-60
28249154-0	2017	beta-Hydroxybutyrate Deactivates Neutrophil NLRP3 Inflammasome to Relieve Gout Flares.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	44-49
28249154-5	2017	BHB inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome in S100A9 fibril-primed and urate crystal-activated macrophages, which serve to recruit inflammatory neutrophils in joints.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	14-19
28249154-6	2017	Consistent with reduced gouty flares in rats fed a ketogenic diet, BHB blocked IL-1beta in neutrophils in a NLRP3-dependent manner in mice and humans irrespective of age.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	67-70	interleukin 1 beta	Rattus norvegicus	79-87
28249154-6	2017	Consistent with reduced gouty flares in rats fed a ketogenic diet, BHB blocked IL-1beta in neutrophils in a NLRP3-dependent manner in mice and humans irrespective of age.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	67-70	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Rattus norvegicus	108-113
28249154-7	2017	Mechanistically, BHB inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome in neutrophils by reducing priming and assembly steps.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	17-20	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	35-40
27816501-6	2017	Furthermore, administration of KD generates beta-hydroxybutyric acid which rescues the abnormal expressions of Scn1a and Scn3a by weakening the GAPDH"s binding to the element.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	44-68	sodium channel, voltage-gated, type I, alpha	Mus musculus	111-116
27816501-6	2017	Furthermore, administration of KD generates beta-hydroxybutyric acid which rescues the abnormal expressions of Scn1a and Scn3a by weakening the GAPDH"s binding to the element.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	44-68	sodium channel, voltage-gated, type III, alpha	Mus musculus	121-126
27816501-6	2017	Furthermore, administration of KD generates beta-hydroxybutyric acid which rescues the abnormal expressions of Scn1a and Scn3a by weakening the GAPDH"s binding to the element.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	44-68	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	144-149
27999180-5	2017	Here, we report that a ketogenic diet in Kmt2d+/betaGeo mice modulates H3ac and H3K4me3 in the granule cell layer, with concomitant rescue of both the neurogenesis defect and hippocampal memory abnormalities seen in Kmt2d+/betaGeo mice; similar effects on neurogenesis were observed on exogenous administration of beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	314-334	lysine (K)-specific methyltransferase 2D	Mus musculus	41-46
28715817-6	2017	BHBA inhibited the LPS-induced secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta and the inflammatory protein COX-2 in monocytes of swine.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-4	tumor necrosis factor	Sus scrofa	75-84
28715817-6	2017	BHBA inhibited the LPS-induced secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta and the inflammatory protein COX-2 in monocytes of swine.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-4	interleukin 6	Sus scrofa	86-90
28715817-6	2017	BHBA inhibited the LPS-induced secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta and the inflammatory protein COX-2 in monocytes of swine.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-4	interleukin-1 beta	Sus scrofa	95-103
28715817-6	2017	BHBA inhibited the LPS-induced secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta and the inflammatory protein COX-2 in monocytes of swine.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-4	cytochrome c oxidase subunit II	Sus scrofa	133-138
27935189-4	2017	We also showed that the fasting-induced production of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB) enhances expression of the glucose transporter gene Slc2a1 (Glut1) via histone modification.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	70-90	solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	154-160
27935189-4	2017	We also showed that the fasting-induced production of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB) enhances expression of the glucose transporter gene Slc2a1 (Glut1) via histone modification.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	70-90	solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	162-167
27655431-1	2016	The present study reports construction of wound dressing materials from degradable natural polymers such as hydroxy derivatives of carboxylic acids (PHAs) and 3-hydroxybutyrate/4-hydroxybutyrate [P(3HB/4HB)] as copolymer.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	159-176	prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit beta	Rattus norvegicus	196-205
27739595-0	2016	3-Hydroxybutyrate regulates energy metabolism and induces BDNF expression in cerebral cortical neurons.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-17	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	58-62
27756472-0	2016	beta-Hydroxybutyrate induces bovine hepatocyte apoptosis via an ROS-p38 signaling pathway.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Bos taurus	68-71
27756472-5	2016	Similarly, high concentrations of BHB increased the oxidative stress of cow hepatocytes in vitro, resulting in the phosphorylation and activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which led to increased expression, nuclear localization, and transcriptional activity of p53 and decreased Nrf2 in bovine hepatocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	34-37	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Bos taurus	149-152
27756472-5	2016	Similarly, high concentrations of BHB increased the oxidative stress of cow hepatocytes in vitro, resulting in the phosphorylation and activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which led to increased expression, nuclear localization, and transcriptional activity of p53 and decreased Nrf2 in bovine hepatocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	34-37	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Bos taurus	301-305
27756472-8	2016	N-Acetyl-l-cysteine, glucose, and SB203580 (p38 inhibitor) significantly attenuated BHB-induced apoptotic damage in hepatocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	84-87	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Bos taurus	44-47
27756472-9	2016	These results indicate that BHB induces bovine hepatocyte apoptosis through the ROS-p38-p53/Nrf2 signaling pathway.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	28-31	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Bos taurus	84-87
27756472-9	2016	These results indicate that BHB induces bovine hepatocyte apoptosis through the ROS-p38-p53/Nrf2 signaling pathway.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	28-31	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Bos taurus	92-96
27608643-0	2016	Genetic Parameters of Milk beta-Hydroxybutyric Acid and Acetone and Their Genetic Association with Milk Production Traits of Holstein Cattle.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	27-51	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	22-26
27608643-0	2016	Genetic Parameters of Milk beta-Hydroxybutyric Acid and Acetone and Their Genetic Association with Milk Production Traits of Holstein Cattle.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	27-51	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	99-103
27608643-1	2016	This study was conducted to estimate the genetic parameters of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and acetone concentration in milk by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy along with test-day milk production traits including fat %, protein % and milk yield based on monthly samples of milk obtained as part of a routine milk recording program in Korea.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	63-83	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	120-124
27608643-6	2016	Abundance of variation of acetone may provide a more sensitive indication of ketosis than many zero observations in concentration of milk BHBA.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	138-142	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	133-137
27608643-7	2016	Heritabilities of milk BHBA levels ranged from 0.04 to 0.17 with a mean of 0.09 for the interval between 4 and 305 days in milk during three lactations.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	23-27	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	18-22
27608643-7	2016	Heritabilities of milk BHBA levels ranged from 0.04 to 0.17 with a mean of 0.09 for the interval between 4 and 305 days in milk during three lactations.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	23-27	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	123-127
27011059-6	2016	Both IL-1 blockade and two recently identified specific NLRP3 inflammasome blockers, MCC950 and beta-hydroxybutyrate, have shown promise in the treatment of inflammasome-mediated conditions.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	96-116	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	56-61
27079290-8	2016	In addition, there were positive correlations between BHBA concentrations and ALT, AST and LDH and negative correlations between plasma BHBA concentrations and TC, HDL, VLDL, vitamin E and inhibited hydroxyl radical capacity.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	54-58	LDH	Bos taurus	91-94
27661104-0	2016	beta-Hydroxybutyrate suppresses inflammasome formation by ameliorating endoplasmic reticulum stress via AMPK activation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Rattus norvegicus	104-108
27661104-9	2016	Furthermore, beta-hydroxybutyrate treatment increased the expression of manganese superoxide dismutase and catalase via the AMP-activated protein kinase-forkhead box protein O3alpha transcription factor pathway both in vivo and in vitro.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-33	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	107-115
27159390-3	2016	Here, we report that surface expression of GRP78 is increased in endothelial cells exposed to physiological concentrations of beta-hydroxy butyrate (BHB), glucose, and iron that are similar to those found in DKA patients.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	126-147	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Homo sapiens	43-48
27289126-2	2016	We hypothesize that under conditions of mild, persistent hyperketonemia, such as those that prevail during treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors, beta-hydroxybutyrate is freely taken up by the heart (among other organs) and oxidized in preference to fatty acids.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	140-160	solute carrier family 5 member 2	Homo sapiens	122-127
27253067-0	2016	Exercise promotes the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through the action of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	115-135	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	36-69
27253067-0	2016	Exercise promotes the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through the action of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	115-135	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	71-75
27253067-5	2016	The metabolite beta-hydroxybutyrate, which increases after prolonged exercise, induces the activities of Bdnf promoters, particularly promoter I, which is activity-dependent.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	15-35	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	105-109
27253067-6	2016	We have discovered that the action of beta-hydroxybutyrate is specifically upon HDAC2 and HDAC3, which act upon selective Bdnf promoters.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	38-58	histone deacetylase 2	Mus musculus	80-85
27253067-6	2016	We have discovered that the action of beta-hydroxybutyrate is specifically upon HDAC2 and HDAC3, which act upon selective Bdnf promoters.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	38-58	histone deacetylase 3	Mus musculus	90-95
27253067-6	2016	We have discovered that the action of beta-hydroxybutyrate is specifically upon HDAC2 and HDAC3, which act upon selective Bdnf promoters.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	38-58	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	122-126
27253067-7	2016	Moreover, the effects upon hippocampal Bdnf expression were observed after direct ventricular application of beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	109-129	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	39-43
27209137-4	2016	One hypothesis is that cows with high BHB concentrations suffer from adipose tissue-specific insulin resistance, leading to higher rates of adipose tissue mobilization in the postpartum period.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	38-41	insulin	Bos taurus	93-100
27209137-13	2016	In conclusion, differences in serum concentrations of NEFA between cows overfed energy prepartum and high blood concentrations of BHB are likely due to greater negative energy balance postpartum reflected in lower circulating concentrations of glucose and insulin and an increase in the total amount of mobilized adipose tissue mass rather than due to changes in adipose tissue insulin signaling.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	130-133	insulin	Bos taurus	256-263
27367842-5	2016	Certain PPARalpha target genes such as Fgf21 remain repressed in the fetal liver and become PPARalpha responsive after birth following an epigenetic switch triggered by beta-hydroxybutyrate-mediated inhibition of HDAC3.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	169-189	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	8-17
27367842-5	2016	Certain PPARalpha target genes such as Fgf21 remain repressed in the fetal liver and become PPARalpha responsive after birth following an epigenetic switch triggered by beta-hydroxybutyrate-mediated inhibition of HDAC3.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	169-189	fibroblast growth factor 21	Mus musculus	39-44
27367842-5	2016	Certain PPARalpha target genes such as Fgf21 remain repressed in the fetal liver and become PPARalpha responsive after birth following an epigenetic switch triggered by beta-hydroxybutyrate-mediated inhibition of HDAC3.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	169-189	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	92-101
27367842-5	2016	Certain PPARalpha target genes such as Fgf21 remain repressed in the fetal liver and become PPARalpha responsive after birth following an epigenetic switch triggered by beta-hydroxybutyrate-mediated inhibition of HDAC3.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	169-189	histone deacetylase 3	Mus musculus	213-218
27159390-3	2016	Here, we report that surface expression of GRP78 is increased in endothelial cells exposed to physiological concentrations of beta-hydroxy butyrate (BHB), glucose, and iron that are similar to those found in DKA patients.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	149-152	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Homo sapiens	43-48
27159390-7	2016	BHB-related acidosis exerted a direct effect on both GRP78 and CotH expression, an effect not seen with lactic acidosis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Homo sapiens	53-58
26283277-5	2016	We found that BHBA treatment upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB 100), apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) and showed in a firstly increased and then decreased trend.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	14-18	apolipoprotein B	Bos taurus	72-91
26718785-9	2016	Importantly, the LCKD induced "mild" nutritional ketosis, as the LCKD-fed rats in AIM 2 exhibited ~1.5-fold greater serum beta-hydroxybutyrate levels relative to WD-fed rats (diet effect P = 0.003).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	122-142	absent in melanoma 2	Rattus norvegicus	82-87
26938999-8	2016	In consideration of protein structure, interestingly, the ligand-free magnetic nanoclusters display a structure-selective protein adsorption capacity to efficiently capture other proteins structurally similar to BHB, such as LYZ and CTP, showing great potential of the ligand-free strategy in biomedical field.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	212-215	lysozyme C, tracheal isozyme	Bos taurus	225-228
26938999-8	2016	In consideration of protein structure, interestingly, the ligand-free magnetic nanoclusters display a structure-selective protein adsorption capacity to efficiently capture other proteins structurally similar to BHB, such as LYZ and CTP, showing great potential of the ligand-free strategy in biomedical field.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	212-215	solute carrier family 25 member 1	Bos taurus	233-236
26283277-5	2016	We found that BHBA treatment upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB 100), apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) and showed in a firstly increased and then decreased trend.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	14-18	apolipoprotein B	Bos taurus	93-101
26283277-5	2016	We found that BHBA treatment upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB 100), apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) and showed in a firstly increased and then decreased trend.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	14-18	apolipoprotein E	Bos taurus	104-120
26283277-5	2016	We found that BHBA treatment upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB 100), apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) and showed in a firstly increased and then decreased trend.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	14-18	apolipoprotein E	Bos taurus	122-126
26283277-5	2016	We found that BHBA treatment upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB 100), apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) and showed in a firstly increased and then decreased trend.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	14-18	microsomal triglyceride transfer protein	Bos taurus	132-172
26283277-5	2016	We found that BHBA treatment upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB 100), apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) and showed in a firstly increased and then decreased trend.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	14-18	microsomal triglyceride transfer protein	Bos taurus	174-178
26696124-7	2016	Leptin treatment reduced plasma corticosterone, glucagon, beta-hydroxybutyrate, triglycerides, cholesterol, fatty acids and glycerol.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	58-78	leptin	Mus musculus	0-6
26982719-11	2016	Inhibition of beta-hydroxybutyrate signalling or prostaglandin production similarly abolishes PGC1alpha-dependent renoprotection.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	14-34	peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha	Mus musculus	94-103
26869992-4	2016	Here, we report a novel observation that fenofibrate, a synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARa) agonist, induces bHB production in melanoma and glioblastoma cells, as well as in neurospheres composed of non-transformed cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	140-143	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	116-121
26728033-5	2016	When the beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) level increased over 1.2 mmol/L, the FGF-21 level tended to decline below 300.85 pg/ml.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	9-33	fibroblast growth factor 21	Bos taurus	78-84
26728033-5	2016	When the beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) level increased over 1.2 mmol/L, the FGF-21 level tended to decline below 300.85 pg/ml.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	35-39	fibroblast growth factor 21	Bos taurus	78-84
26838474-4	2016	RNA sequencing indicates that Per2 regulates beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaOHB) production to induce FA leading to the conclusion that liver Per2 is important for this process.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	45-65	period circadian clock 2	Mus musculus	30-34
26838474-4	2016	RNA sequencing indicates that Per2 regulates beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaOHB) production to induce FA leading to the conclusion that liver Per2 is important for this process.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	45-65	period circadian clock 2	Mus musculus	137-141
26773933-4	2016	The endogenous ligand for HCA2 is beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB), a ketone body produced by the liver through beta-oxidation when an individual is in a negative energy balance.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	34-54	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	26-30
26581593-3	2016	Adenovirus-mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1), the upstream regulator of ERK1/2, significantly ameliorated liver steatosis in db/db mice, increased expression of genes related to fatty acid beta-oxidation and triglyceride (TG) export and increased serum beta-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	291-311	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1	Mus musculus	34-75
26581593-3	2016	Adenovirus-mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1), the upstream regulator of ERK1/2, significantly ameliorated liver steatosis in db/db mice, increased expression of genes related to fatty acid beta-oxidation and triglyceride (TG) export and increased serum beta-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	291-311	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1	Mus musculus	77-81
26581593-3	2016	Adenovirus-mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1), the upstream regulator of ERK1/2, significantly ameliorated liver steatosis in db/db mice, increased expression of genes related to fatty acid beta-oxidation and triglyceride (TG) export and increased serum beta-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	291-311	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Mus musculus	110-116
26452206-13	2015	In addition, randomized prolonged BHB treatment resulted in a significant reduction in number of spasms at P15.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	34-37	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B	Rattus norvegicus	107-110
26748385-10	2016	Reduced endocytosis in presence of beta-hydroxybutyrate as sole energy substrate was confirmed using the fluorescent dye FM2-10.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	35-55	neuromedin U receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus	121-127
26656066-6	2016	Glut-1 protein levels decreased in sham, BHB and TBI plus BHB groups (P&lt;0.05).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	41-44	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-6
26656066-9	2016	Glut-1 expression levels increased in BHB treated and untreated animals exposed to TBI (P&lt;0.05).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	38-41	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-6
26869107-5	2016	The content of milk metabolites was significantly affected by the change in rations as milk glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, uric acid, and the ratio cholesterol: triacylglycerides increased with higher energy intake while BHBA and TAG decreased.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	220-224	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	15-19
26869107-6	2016	The content of some of the milk metabolites changed during 24 h day/night periods: BHBA, cholesterol, uric acid and TAG increased whereas free glucose decreased in the night period.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	83-87	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	27-31
26601588-14	2016	Indeed, high-SCS ewes subjected to NEB showed greater decrease in BW and increased NEFA and BHB concentrations compared with low-SCS ewes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	92-95	SCS	Ovis aries	13-16
27096804-7	2016	Plasma ghrelin concentrations showed positive correlations with the serum BHB and NEFA (p&lt;0.01), while plasma ghrelin had negative correlations (p&lt;0.01) with leptin, TG, T3 and T4.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	74-77	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Bos taurus	7-14
26286937-6	2015	In media with beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) as carbon source, primary FRDA fibroblasts grow poorly and/or lose viability over several days.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	14-34	frataxin	Homo sapiens	67-71
26523591-8	2015	The STA lambs had higher ( &lt; 0.01) blood concentrations of globulin and blood urea nitrogen and lower beta-hydroxybutyrate after weaning.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	105-125	STA	Ovis aries	4-7
26164006-1	2015	The hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2) belongs to a family of nutrient-sensing receptors that bind beta-hydroxybutyrate, an alternative fuel source produced during a negative energy balance.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	105-125	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Felis catus	4-37
26164006-1	2015	The hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2) belongs to a family of nutrient-sensing receptors that bind beta-hydroxybutyrate, an alternative fuel source produced during a negative energy balance.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	105-125	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Felis catus	39-43
26483636-0	2015	BACE1 activity impairs neuronal glucose oxidation: rescue by beta-hydroxybutyrate and lipoic acid.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	61-81	beta-secretase 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
26483636-6	2015	This BACE1 activity-dependent deficit in glucose oxidation was alleviated by the presence of beta hydroxybutyrate or alpha-lipoic acid.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	93-113	beta-secretase 1	Homo sapiens	5-10
26286937-6	2015	In media with beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) as carbon source, primary FRDA fibroblasts grow poorly and/or lose viability over several days.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	36-39	frataxin	Homo sapiens	67-71
25439266-6	2015	GLP-1 infusion increased (P &lt; 0.05) NEFA, beta-hydroxybutyrate and TG, but decreased (P &lt; 0.05) glucagon, T-Cho, NEAA, BCAA and UN plasma concentrations.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	45-65	glucagon	Homo sapiens	0-5
26333891-9	2015	On the final metabolic study day, MCT or BEZA+MCT had different effects on the plasma acetoacetate-to-beta-hydroxybutyrate ratio compared with control.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	102-122	solute carrier family 16 member 1	Homo sapiens	41-49
26422371-12	2015	Cows that received insulin or dexamethasone alone or in combination, had lower BHBA 2 days after treatment compared with control cows, whereas concentrations of NEFA, were unaffected suggesting that glucocorticoids lipolytic effects do not appear to be important in healthy cows.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	79-83	insulin	Bos taurus	19-26
26026703-2	2015	For the production of S-3HB in yeast, the biosynthetic pathway of S-3HB from acetyl-CoA, consisting of the three enzymes, acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (ACCT), acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (ACR), and 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA thioesterase (HBT), was introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	22-27	acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	122-152
26026703-2	2015	For the production of S-3HB in yeast, the biosynthetic pathway of S-3HB from acetyl-CoA, consisting of the three enzymes, acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (ACCT), acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (ACR), and 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA thioesterase (HBT), was introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	22-27	acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	154-158
26026703-3	2015	An engineered yeast strain overexpressing ERG10, hbd, and tesB genes not only exhibited enzyme activities of AACT, ACR, and HBT, but also produced S-3HB from ethanol.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	147-152	acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	42-47
25907923-6	2015	In addition the aqueous fraction of metabolites in BAT were profoundly affected by Arntl disruption, consistent with the dynamic role of this tissue in maintaining body temperature across the day-night cycle and an upregulation in fatty acid oxidation and citric acid cycle activity to generate heat during the day when rats are inactive (increases in 3-hydroxybutyrate and glutamate), and increased synthesis and storage of lipids during the night when rats feed more (increased concentrations of glycerol, choline and glycerophosphocholine).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	352-369	aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like	Rattus norvegicus	83-88
25991463-2	2015	Two recent studies identified the sulfonylurea MCC950 and the ketone metabolite beta-hydroxybutyrate as specific inhibitors of the Nlrp3 inflammasome, with promising therapeutic potential for the treatment of auto-inflammatory diseases.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	80-100	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	131-136
26116596-12	2015	Nitric oxide accumulation, induced by IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha, was inhibited by nicotinic acid and 3-hydroxy-butyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	95-113	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	38-47
26116596-12	2015	Nitric oxide accumulation, induced by IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha, was inhibited by nicotinic acid and 3-hydroxy-butyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	95-113	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	48-57
26094221-10	2015	Additionally, cows with a milk fat ratio C18:1 cis-9-to-C15:0 of at least 45 in wk 2 after parturition had about 50% chance to encounter blood plasma BHBA values of 1.2mmol/L or more during the first 8 wk of lactation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	150-154	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	26-30
25686106-0	2015	The ketone metabolite beta-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	22-42	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	50-55
25766751-3	2015	Neuroinflammatory cells express HCA2, a receptor for the endogenous neuroprotective ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) as well as for the drugs dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and nicotinic acid, which have established efficacy in the treatment of MS and experimental stroke, respectively.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	96-116	MAGE family member C3	Homo sapiens	32-36
25766751-3	2015	Neuroinflammatory cells express HCA2, a receptor for the endogenous neuroprotective ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) as well as for the drugs dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and nicotinic acid, which have established efficacy in the treatment of MS and experimental stroke, respectively.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	118-121	MAGE family member C3	Homo sapiens	32-36
25686106-10	2015	In vivo, BHB or a ketogenic diet attenuates caspase-1 activation and IL-1beta secretion in mouse models of NLRP3-mediated diseases such as Muckle-Wells syndrome, familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome and urate crystal-induced peritonitis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	9-12	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	69-77
25686106-10	2015	In vivo, BHB or a ketogenic diet attenuates caspase-1 activation and IL-1beta secretion in mouse models of NLRP3-mediated diseases such as Muckle-Wells syndrome, familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome and urate crystal-induced peritonitis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	9-12	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	107-112
25495836-7	2015	And GPR81 antagonism by 3-OBA significantly prevented cell death and brain injury after OGD and MCAO, respectively.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	24-29	hydrocarboxylic acid receptor 1	Mus musculus	4-9
25580562-0	2015	beta-Hydroxybutyric acid inhibits growth hormone-releasing hormone synthesis and secretion through the GPR109A/extracellular signal-regulated 1/2 signalling pathway in the hypothalamus.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-24	growth hormone releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	34-66
25580562-0	2015	beta-Hydroxybutyric acid inhibits growth hormone-releasing hormone synthesis and secretion through the GPR109A/extracellular signal-regulated 1/2 signalling pathway in the hypothalamus.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-24	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus	103-110
25580562-2	2015	However, little is known about the effects of BHBA-mediated hormone regulation or the detailed mechanisms by which BHBA regulates growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) synthesis and secretion.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	115-119	growth hormone releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	130-162
25580562-2	2015	However, little is known about the effects of BHBA-mediated hormone regulation or the detailed mechanisms by which BHBA regulates growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) synthesis and secretion.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	115-119	growth hormone releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	164-168
25580562-4	2015	We hypothesised that BHBA regulates GHRH via GPR109A and its downstream signals.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	21-25	growth hormone releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	36-40
25580562-4	2015	We hypothesised that BHBA regulates GHRH via GPR109A and its downstream signals.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	21-25	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus	45-52
25580562-5	2015	Initial in vivo studies conducted in rats demonstrated that GHRH mRNA expression in the hypothalamus was strongly inversely correlated with BHBA levels in the cerebrospinal fluid during postnatal development (r = -0.89, P &lt; 0.01).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	140-144	growth hormone releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	60-64
25580562-7	2015	administration of BHBA acutely decreased GHRH mRNA expression in rats.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	18-22	growth hormone releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	41-45
25580562-8	2015	Further in vitro studies revealed a decrease in GHRH synthesis and secretion in primary hypothalamic cells after treatment with BHBA; this effect was inhibited when hypothalamic cells were pretreated with pertussis toxin (PTX).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	128-132	growth hormone releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	48-52
25580562-10	2015	Furthermore, BHBA acutely decreased the transcription of the homeobox gene for Gsh-1 in the hypothalamus in both in vivo and in vitro, and this effect was also inhibited by PTX in vitro.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	13-17	GS homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	79-84
25580562-11	2015	In primary hypothalamic cells, BHBA activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinases, as shown by western blot analysis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	31-35	mitogen activated protein kinase 3	Rattus norvegicus	50-96
25580562-11	2015	In primary hypothalamic cells, BHBA activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinases, as shown by western blot analysis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	31-35	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	98-101
25580562-11	2015	In primary hypothalamic cells, BHBA activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinases, as shown by western blot analysis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	31-35	mitogen activated protein kinase 3	Rattus norvegicus	164-168
25580562-12	2015	Moreover, inhibition of ERK1/2 with U0126 attenuated the BHBA-mediated reduction in Gsh-1 expression and GHRH synthesis and secretion.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	57-61	mitogen activated protein kinase 3	Rattus norvegicus	24-30
25580562-12	2015	Moreover, inhibition of ERK1/2 with U0126 attenuated the BHBA-mediated reduction in Gsh-1 expression and GHRH synthesis and secretion.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	57-61	GS homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	84-89
25580562-12	2015	Moreover, inhibition of ERK1/2 with U0126 attenuated the BHBA-mediated reduction in Gsh-1 expression and GHRH synthesis and secretion.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	57-61	growth hormone releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	105-109
25580562-13	2015	These results strongly suggest that BHBA directly regulates GHRH synthesis and secretion via the GPR109A/ERK1/2 MAPK pathway, and also that Gsh-1 is essential for this function.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	36-40	growth hormone releasing hormone	Rattus norvegicus	60-64
25580562-13	2015	These results strongly suggest that BHBA directly regulates GHRH synthesis and secretion via the GPR109A/ERK1/2 MAPK pathway, and also that Gsh-1 is essential for this function.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	36-40	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus	97-104
25580562-13	2015	These results strongly suggest that BHBA directly regulates GHRH synthesis and secretion via the GPR109A/ERK1/2 MAPK pathway, and also that Gsh-1 is essential for this function.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	36-40	mitogen activated protein kinase 3	Rattus norvegicus	105-111
25580562-13	2015	These results strongly suggest that BHBA directly regulates GHRH synthesis and secretion via the GPR109A/ERK1/2 MAPK pathway, and also that Gsh-1 is essential for this function.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	36-40	mitogen activated protein kinase 3	Rattus norvegicus	112-116
25686106-11	2015	Our findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of caloric restriction or ketogenic diets may be linked to BHB-mediated inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	115-118	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	146-151
25686106-4	2015	We report that BHB, but neither AcAc nor the structurally related short-chain fatty acids butyrate and acetate, suppresses activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in response to urate crystals, ATP and lipotoxic fatty acids.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	15-18	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	141-146
25686106-6	2015	Mechanistically, BHB inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome by preventing K(+) efflux and reducing ASC oligomerization and speck formation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	17-20	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	34-39
25686106-7	2015	The inhibitory effects of BHB on NLRP3 are not dependent on chirality or starvation-regulated mechanisms like AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), reactive oxygen species (ROS), autophagy or glycolytic inhibition.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	26-29	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	33-38
25686106-8	2015	BHB blocks the NLRP3 inflammasome without undergoing oxidation in the TCA cycle, and independently of uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), sirtuin-2 (SIRT2), the G protein-coupled receptor GPR109A or hydrocaboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCAR2).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	15-20
25686106-8	2015	BHB blocks the NLRP3 inflammasome without undergoing oxidation in the TCA cycle, and independently of uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), sirtuin-2 (SIRT2), the G protein-coupled receptor GPR109A or hydrocaboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCAR2).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	181-188
25686106-8	2015	BHB blocks the NLRP3 inflammasome without undergoing oxidation in the TCA cycle, and independently of uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), sirtuin-2 (SIRT2), the G protein-coupled receptor GPR109A or hydrocaboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCAR2).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	192-222
25686106-8	2015	BHB blocks the NLRP3 inflammasome without undergoing oxidation in the TCA cycle, and independently of uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), sirtuin-2 (SIRT2), the G protein-coupled receptor GPR109A or hydrocaboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCAR2).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	224-229
25686106-9	2015	BHB reduces NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-18 production in human monocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	12-17
25686106-9	2015	BHB reduces NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-18 production in human monocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	40-62
25686106-9	2015	BHB reduces NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-18 production in human monocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-3	interleukin 18	Homo sapiens	67-72
25686106-10	2015	In vivo, BHB or a ketogenic diet attenuates caspase-1 activation and IL-1beta secretion in mouse models of NLRP3-mediated diseases such as Muckle-Wells syndrome, familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome and urate crystal-induced peritonitis.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	9-12	caspase 1	Mus musculus	44-53
25690038-6	2015	In addition, intracellular BHBA uptake mediated by monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) could trigger AMPK signaling and result in the decrease in GH and PRL mRNA translation in DCAPCs cultured under low-glucose and non-glucose condition when compared with the high-glucose group.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	27-31	monocarboxylate transporter 1	Bos taurus	51-80
25690038-6	2015	In addition, intracellular BHBA uptake mediated by monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) could trigger AMPK signaling and result in the decrease in GH and PRL mRNA translation in DCAPCs cultured under low-glucose and non-glucose condition when compared with the high-glucose group.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	27-31	monocarboxylate transporter 1	Bos taurus	82-86
25690038-1	2015	beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) regulates the synthesis and secretion of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL), but its mechanism is unknown.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-24	prolactin	Bos taurus	97-106
25690038-1	2015	beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) regulates the synthesis and secretion of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL), but its mechanism is unknown.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-24	prolactin	Bos taurus	108-111
25690038-6	2015	In addition, intracellular BHBA uptake mediated by monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) could trigger AMPK signaling and result in the decrease in GH and PRL mRNA translation in DCAPCs cultured under low-glucose and non-glucose condition when compared with the high-glucose group.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	27-31	prolactin	Bos taurus	154-157
25690038-1	2015	beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) regulates the synthesis and secretion of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL), but its mechanism is unknown.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	26-30	prolactin	Bos taurus	97-106
25690038-1	2015	beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) regulates the synthesis and secretion of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL), but its mechanism is unknown.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	26-30	prolactin	Bos taurus	108-111
25690038-7	2015	This study identifies a biochemical mechanism for the regulatory action of BHBA on GH and PRL gene transcription, translation, and secretion in DCAPCs, which may be one of the factors that regulate pituitary function during the transition period in dairy cows.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	75-79	prolactin	Bos taurus	90-93
25595674-0	2015	Anti-inflammatory effects of BHBA in both in vivo and in vitro Parkinson"s disease models are mediated by GPR109A-dependent mechanisms.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	29-33	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus	106-113
25569235-10	2015	In addition, we found three novel, suggestively significant loci: TNP1 with pyruvate (P-value  = 1.26x10-8), KCNJ16 with 3-hydroxybutyrate (P-value  = 1.65x10-8) and 2p12 locus with valine (P-value  = 3.49x10-8).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	121-138	potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 16	Homo sapiens	109-115
25595674-12	2015	Our in vitro mechanistic study revealed that the inhibitory effect of BHBA on microglia was mediated by G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) and involved the NF-kappaB signaling pathway, causing the inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzyme (iNOS and COX-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6) production.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	70-74	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus	104-135
25595674-12	2015	Our in vitro mechanistic study revealed that the inhibitory effect of BHBA on microglia was mediated by G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) and involved the NF-kappaB signaling pathway, causing the inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzyme (iNOS and COX-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6) production.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	70-74	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus	137-144
25595674-12	2015	Our in vitro mechanistic study revealed that the inhibitory effect of BHBA on microglia was mediated by G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) and involved the NF-kappaB signaling pathway, causing the inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzyme (iNOS and COX-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6) production.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	70-74	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	243-247
25595674-12	2015	Our in vitro mechanistic study revealed that the inhibitory effect of BHBA on microglia was mediated by G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) and involved the NF-kappaB signaling pathway, causing the inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzyme (iNOS and COX-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6) production.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	70-74	cytochrome c oxidase II, mitochondrial	Rattus norvegicus	252-257
25595674-12	2015	Our in vitro mechanistic study revealed that the inhibitory effect of BHBA on microglia was mediated by G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) and involved the NF-kappaB signaling pathway, causing the inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzyme (iNOS and COX-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6) production.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	70-74	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	290-299
25595674-12	2015	Our in vitro mechanistic study revealed that the inhibitory effect of BHBA on microglia was mediated by G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) and involved the NF-kappaB signaling pathway, causing the inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzyme (iNOS and COX-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6) production.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	70-74	interleukin 1 alpha	Rattus norvegicus	301-309
25595674-12	2015	Our in vitro mechanistic study revealed that the inhibitory effect of BHBA on microglia was mediated by G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) and involved the NF-kappaB signaling pathway, causing the inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzyme (iNOS and COX-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6) production.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	70-74	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	315-319
25392021-9	2015	Regarding the pre-dinner 3HB levels, in addition to age and the pre-dinner FFA concentration, the uses of sulfonylurea and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors were independent negative contributors.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	25-28	dipeptidyl peptidase 4	Homo sapiens	123-145
26599760-0	2015	beta-Hydroxybutyrate Facilitates Fatty Acids Synthesis Mediated by Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein1 in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1	Bos taurus	67-109
26599760-4	2015	Therefore, we hypothesized that BHBA could stimulate SREBP1/Cidea pathway to increase milk fat synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	32-36	sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1	Bos taurus	53-59
26599760-4	2015	Therefore, we hypothesized that BHBA could stimulate SREBP1/Cidea pathway to increase milk fat synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	32-36	cell death activator CIDE-A	Bos taurus	60-65
26599760-7	2015	RESULTS: The results showed that BHBA could significantly increase the expression of SREBP1, fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACC-alpha), Cidea and diacylglycerol transferase-1 (DGAT-1), as well as the triglycerides (TG) content in bovine mammary epithelial cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	33-37	sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1	Bos taurus	85-91
26599760-7	2015	RESULTS: The results showed that BHBA could significantly increase the expression of SREBP1, fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACC-alpha), Cidea and diacylglycerol transferase-1 (DGAT-1), as well as the triglycerides (TG) content in bovine mammary epithelial cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	33-37	fatty acid synthase	Bos taurus	93-112
26599760-7	2015	RESULTS: The results showed that BHBA could significantly increase the expression of SREBP1, fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACC-alpha), Cidea and diacylglycerol transferase-1 (DGAT-1), as well as the triglycerides (TG) content in bovine mammary epithelial cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	33-37	fatty acid synthase	Bos taurus	114-117
26599760-7	2015	RESULTS: The results showed that BHBA could significantly increase the expression of SREBP1, fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACC-alpha), Cidea and diacylglycerol transferase-1 (DGAT-1), as well as the triglycerides (TG) content in bovine mammary epithelial cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	33-37	acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha	Bos taurus	120-148
26599760-7	2015	RESULTS: The results showed that BHBA could significantly increase the expression of SREBP1, fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACC-alpha), Cidea and diacylglycerol transferase-1 (DGAT-1), as well as the triglycerides (TG) content in bovine mammary epithelial cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	33-37	acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha	Bos taurus	150-159
26599760-7	2015	RESULTS: The results showed that BHBA could significantly increase the expression of SREBP1, fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACC-alpha), Cidea and diacylglycerol transferase-1 (DGAT-1), as well as the triglycerides (TG) content in bovine mammary epithelial cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	33-37	cell death activator CIDE-A	Bos taurus	162-167
26599760-7	2015	RESULTS: The results showed that BHBA could significantly increase the expression of SREBP1, fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACC-alpha), Cidea and diacylglycerol transferase-1 (DGAT-1), as well as the triglycerides (TG) content in bovine mammary epithelial cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	33-37	diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1	Bos taurus	202-208
26599760-8	2015	BHBA treatment also increased the transfer of mature SREBP1 to nucleus compared with control group.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-4	sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1	Bos taurus	53-59
26599760-9	2015	However, SREBP1 silencing could significantly down-regulate the overexpression of FAS, ACC-alpha, Cidea and DGAT-1, as well as TG content induced by BHBA.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	149-153	sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1	Bos taurus	9-15
26599760-10	2015	CONCLUSION: The present data indicate that BHBA can significantly increase TG secretion mediated by SREBP1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	43-47	sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1	Bos taurus	100-106
24033645-7	2014	GRP+ in relation to GRP- had higher (p &lt; 0.001) NEFA and BHBA and lower glucose, insulin, IGF-I, T3 , T4 concentrations (p &lt; 0.01).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	60-64	gastrin releasing peptide	Bos taurus	0-3
25023391-10	2014	Although glucagon stimulated and insulin inhibited BHB synthesis, no difference between breeds was found (P&gt;0.10).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	51-54	insulin	Sus scrofa	33-40
24996271-14	2014	The greater milk yield with CAS was associated with greater mammary uptake of individual essential AA, tendencies to greater uptake of glucose, lactate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate, whereas uptakes of volatile fatty acids were unaffected.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	157-177	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	12-16
25440059-5	2014	Notably, beta-hydroxybutyrate levels are increased by the high-fat diet, and beta-hydroxybutyrate, PARP inhibition, or NAD(+) supplementation can activate SIRT1 and rescue CS-associated phenotypes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	9-29	sirtuin 1	Homo sapiens	155-160
25440059-5	2014	Notably, beta-hydroxybutyrate levels are increased by the high-fat diet, and beta-hydroxybutyrate, PARP inhibition, or NAD(+) supplementation can activate SIRT1 and rescue CS-associated phenotypes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	77-97	sirtuin 1	Homo sapiens	155-160
25440059-7	2014	This study connects two emerging longevity metabolites, beta-hydroxybutyrate and NAD(+), through the deacetylase SIRT1 and suggests possible interventions for CS.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	56-76	sirtuin 1	Homo sapiens	113-118
25288533-6	2014	The amount of lyz adsorbed onto the lyz-imprinted Fe3O4/PMMA/PDA MIPNSs was about 4 times greater than that of the Fe3O4/PMMA/PDA non-imprinted polymer nanospheres (NIPNSs) and about 14, 5, and 5 times greater than that of BSA, BHb, and cyt C, respectively.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	228-231	lysozyme	Homo sapiens	14-17
25218753-10	2014	Correlations between breeding values for milk BHBA and routinely evaluated traits revealed that selection for lower milk BHBA in early lactation would lead to an improvement of several health and fertility traits, including SCS, calving to first service, number of services, first service to conception, and days open.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	121-125	SCS	Bos taurus	224-227
25127866-5	2014	RNAi knockdown of HDACs hda-2 or hda-3 also increased lifespan and further prevented betaHB-mediated lifespan extension.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	85-91	Putative histone deacetylase 2	Caenorhabditis elegans	24-29
25127866-5	2014	RNAi knockdown of HDACs hda-2 or hda-3 also increased lifespan and further prevented betaHB-mediated lifespan extension.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	85-91	Histone deacetylase	Caenorhabditis elegans	33-38
25127866-6	2014	betaHB-mediated lifespan extension required the DAF-16/FOXO and SKN-1/Nrf longevity pathways, the sirtuin SIR-2.1, and the AMP kinase subunit AAK-2.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-6	Fork-head domain-containing protein;Forkhead box protein O	Caenorhabditis elegans	48-54
25127866-6	2014	betaHB-mediated lifespan extension required the DAF-16/FOXO and SKN-1/Nrf longevity pathways, the sirtuin SIR-2.1, and the AMP kinase subunit AAK-2.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-6	BZIP domain-containing protein;Protein skinhead-1	Caenorhabditis elegans	64-69
25127866-6	2014	betaHB-mediated lifespan extension required the DAF-16/FOXO and SKN-1/Nrf longevity pathways, the sirtuin SIR-2.1, and the AMP kinase subunit AAK-2.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-6	5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2	Caenorhabditis elegans	142-147
25127866-9	2014	RNAi knockdown of F55E10.6, a short chain dehydrogenase and SKN-1 target gene, prevented the increased lifespan and betaHB dehydrogenase activity induced by betaHB addition, suggesting that F55E10.6 functions as an inducible betaHB dehydrogenase.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	116-122	BZIP domain-containing protein;Protein skinhead-1	Caenorhabditis elegans	60-65
24033645-7	2014	GRP+ in relation to GRP- had higher (p &lt; 0.001) NEFA and BHBA and lower glucose, insulin, IGF-I, T3 , T4 concentrations (p &lt; 0.01).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	60-64	gastrin releasing peptide	Bos taurus	20-23
24898254-3	2014	From a microarray analysis, we found that RPE cells express particularly high levels of the mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase 2 (Hmgcs2) compared with all other tissues (except the liver and colon), leading to the hypothesis that RPE cells, like hepatocytes, can produce beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HB) from fatty acids.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	268-288	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2	Homo sapiens	126-132
24898254-3	2014	From a microarray analysis, we found that RPE cells express particularly high levels of the mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase 2 (Hmgcs2) compared with all other tissues (except the liver and colon), leading to the hypothesis that RPE cells, like hepatocytes, can produce beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HB) from fatty acids.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	290-297	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2	Homo sapiens	126-132
24835964-16	2014	However, significant correlations existed between serum levels of NEFA and haptoglobin and between serum levels of BHBA and haptoglobin.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	115-119	haptoglobin	Bos taurus	124-135
24315375-4	2013	Loss of SIRT5 leads to accumulation of medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines and decreased beta-hydroxybutyrate production in vivo.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	91-111	sirtuin 5	Homo sapiens	8-13
24845831-2	2014	Here we show in a stroke model that the hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2, GPR109A) is required for the neuroprotective effect of BHB and a ketogenic diet, as this effect is lost in Hca2(-/-) mice.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	137-140	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	40-74
24845831-2	2014	Here we show in a stroke model that the hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2, GPR109A) is required for the neuroprotective effect of BHB and a ketogenic diet, as this effect is lost in Hca2(-/-) mice.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	137-140	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	76-80
24845831-2	2014	Here we show in a stroke model that the hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2, GPR109A) is required for the neuroprotective effect of BHB and a ketogenic diet, as this effect is lost in Hca2(-/-) mice.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	137-140	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	82-89
24845831-2	2014	Here we show in a stroke model that the hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2, GPR109A) is required for the neuroprotective effect of BHB and a ketogenic diet, as this effect is lost in Hca2(-/-) mice.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	137-140	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	189-193
24858472-8	2014	However, fatty acid levels were lower and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels were higher in FATP1- than GFP-mice, irrespective of diet.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	42-62	solute carrier family 27 (fatty acid transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	85-90
24361452-3	2014	Ketogenesis is modulated by the activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), and treatment with a PPAR activator has been shown to induce a marked increase in plasma acetoacetate and decreased beta-hydroxybutyrate in mice, accompanied by increased slow-wave activity during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	222-242	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	94-103
24713665-7	2014	RESULTS: The results showed that BHBA could significantly increase the levels of oxidation indicators (MDA, NO and iNOS), whereas the levels of antioxidation indicators (GSH-Px, CAT and SOD) were markedly decreased in hepatocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	33-37	nitric oxide synthase 2	Bos taurus	115-119
24713665-8	2014	The IKKbeta activity and phospho-IkappaBalpha (p-IkappaBalpha) contents were increased in BHBA-treated hepatocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	90-94	inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit beta	Bos taurus	4-11
24713665-8	2014	The IKKbeta activity and phospho-IkappaBalpha (p-IkappaBalpha) contents were increased in BHBA-treated hepatocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	90-94	NFKB inhibitor alpha	Bos taurus	33-45
24713665-8	2014	The IKKbeta activity and phospho-IkappaBalpha (p-IkappaBalpha) contents were increased in BHBA-treated hepatocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	90-94	NFKB inhibitor alpha	Bos taurus	49-61
24713665-10	2014	The expression levels of NF-kappaB-regulated inflammatory cytokines, namely TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta, were markedly increased after BHBA treatment, while significantly decreased after NAC treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	136-140	tumor necrosis factor	Bos taurus	76-85
24713665-10	2014	The expression levels of NF-kappaB-regulated inflammatory cytokines, namely TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta, were markedly increased after BHBA treatment, while significantly decreased after NAC treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	136-140	interferon beta-2	Bos taurus	87-91
24713665-10	2014	The expression levels of NF-kappaB-regulated inflammatory cytokines, namely TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta, were markedly increased after BHBA treatment, while significantly decreased after NAC treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	136-140	interleukin 1 beta	Bos taurus	96-104
24713665-11	2014	However, the p-IkappaBalpha level and the expression and activity of p65 and its target genes were markedly decreased in the PDTC + BHBA group compared with the BHBA (1.8 mM) group.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	132-136	NFKB inhibitor alpha	Bos taurus	15-27
24713665-11	2014	However, the p-IkappaBalpha level and the expression and activity of p65 and its target genes were markedly decreased in the PDTC + BHBA group compared with the BHBA (1.8 mM) group.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	132-136	synaptotagmin 1	Bos taurus	69-72
24713665-11	2014	However, the p-IkappaBalpha level and the expression and activity of p65 and its target genes were markedly decreased in the PDTC + BHBA group compared with the BHBA (1.8 mM) group.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	161-165	synaptotagmin 1	Bos taurus	69-72
24704242-7	2014	Treatment with nicotinic acid or beta-hydroxybutyrate decreased the lipolytic response in adipose tissue explants and concurrently reduced the extent of HSL phosphorylation, but treatment with nicotinamide or insulin did not.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	33-53	lipase E, hormone sensitive type	Bos taurus	153-156
24803746-0	2014	BHBA suppresses LPS-induced inflammation in BV-2 cells by inhibiting NF-kappaB activation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-4	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	69-78
24803746-4	2014	The results showed that BHBA significantly reduced LPS-induced protein and mRNA expression levels of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	24-28	nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible	Mus musculus	101-105
24803746-4	2014	The results showed that BHBA significantly reduced LPS-induced protein and mRNA expression levels of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	24-28	cytochrome c oxidase II, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	107-112
24803746-4	2014	The results showed that BHBA significantly reduced LPS-induced protein and mRNA expression levels of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	24-28	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	114-123
24803746-4	2014	The results showed that BHBA significantly reduced LPS-induced protein and mRNA expression levels of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	24-28	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	125-133
24803746-4	2014	The results showed that BHBA significantly reduced LPS-induced protein and mRNA expression levels of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	24-28	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	139-143
24803746-6	2014	Western blot analysis showed that BHBA reduced LPS-induced degradation of IkappaB-alpha and translocation of NF-kappaB, while no effect was observed on MAPKs phosphorylation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	34-38	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor, alpha	Mus musculus	74-87
24803746-6	2014	Western blot analysis showed that BHBA reduced LPS-induced degradation of IkappaB-alpha and translocation of NF-kappaB, while no effect was observed on MAPKs phosphorylation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	34-38	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	109-118
24803746-7	2014	All results imply that BHBA significantly reduces levels of proinflammatory enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines by inhibition of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway but not MAPKs pathways, and GPR109A is essential to this function.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	23-27	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	135-144
24803746-7	2014	All results imply that BHBA significantly reduces levels of proinflammatory enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines by inhibition of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway but not MAPKs pathways, and GPR109A is essential to this function.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	23-27	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	191-198
24259689-8	2013	The POST group had an increase in frequency of assessments for clearance of urinary ketones (18 vs 33.3%, P = .03) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (16 vs 37%, P &lt; .01).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	119-139	solute carrier family 35 member G1	Homo sapiens	4-8
24210276-4	2013	The aim of the current study was to understand the effects of AcAc, BHB and Ac, on expression of connexin 43 (Cx43) and gap junctional intercellular coupling (GJIC) in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	68-71	gap junction protein alpha 1	Bos taurus	97-108
24210276-4	2013	The aim of the current study was to understand the effects of AcAc, BHB and Ac, on expression of connexin 43 (Cx43) and gap junctional intercellular coupling (GJIC) in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	68-71	gap junction protein alpha 1	Bos taurus	110-114
23998495-8	2013	Positive correlations between PON1 activity and total cholesterol, HDL-C and triglycerides were noted but inverse correlations with FFA, BHB and bilirubin were found indicating that PON1 activity changed with lipid metabolism and was influenced by negative energy balance.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	137-140	paraoxonase 1	Homo sapiens	182-186
23910547-6	2013	The high-BCS group had the lowest postpartum energy balance and the greatest plasma concentrations of leptin prepartum, nonesterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate postpartum, insulin-like growth factor 1, and milk fat content.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	150-170	BCS	Bos taurus	9-12
23557707-5	2013	Of the 62 single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes or hyperglycemia, the glucose-increasing C allele of GCKR significantly associated with elevated levels of fasting BHB levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	201-204	glucokinase regulator	Homo sapiens	139-143
23557707-7	2013	In conclusion, high levels of KBs predicted subsequent worsening of hyperglycemia, and a common variant of GCKR was significantly associated with BHB levels.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	146-149	glucokinase regulator	Homo sapiens	107-111
24038187-1	2013	Highly stereoselective: A highly efficient, stereoselective and practical synthesis of the C21-C37 fragment of amphotericin B was realized in 25 % overall yield in eight longest linear steps from commercially available ethyl (S)-3-hydroxybutyrate by using Frater-Seebach alkylation, Brown crotylboration, Negishi coupling, Heck reaction, and Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) olefination as key steps (see diagram).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	225-246	TBL1X/Y related 1	Homo sapiens	91-94
23918932-6	2013	Nuclear localization of GFP-ChREBP is rapidly inhibited in hepatocytes incubated in beta-hydroxybutyrate or fatty acids, and the observed inhibition is closely correlated with the production of ketone bodies.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	84-104	MLX interacting protein like	Homo sapiens	28-34
23597233-9	2013	The mRNA level of SREBF1 was not affected by Ac or BHBA, but was reduced by C18:1 cis-9 (-44%), C18:1 trans-11 (-42%), C18:2 cis-9,12 (-62%) and C18:3 cis-9,12,15 (-68%) compared with control.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	51-55	sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1	Bos taurus	18-24
23871378-9	2013	In comparison, plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations increased linearly in early lactation with calving BCS, consistent with a greater negative energy balance in these cows.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	22-42	BCS	Bos taurus	138-141
23512440-10	2013	Changes in beta-hydroxybutyrate, adiponectin, leptin, and fibroblast growth factor-21 were consistent with the putative mechanism of MetAP2 inhibition.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	11-31	methionyl aminopeptidase 2	Homo sapiens	133-139
23859214-5	2013	The novel dehalogenase BhbA was shown to be a complex of a respiration-linked reductive dehalogenase (RdhA) domain and a NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductase domain and to have key features of anaerobic respiratory RdhAs, including two predicted binding motifs for [4Fe-4S] clusters and a close association with a hydrophobic membrane protein (BhbB).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	23-27	bhbB	Comamonas sp. 7D-2	340-344
23859214-6	2013	BhbB was confirmed to anchor BhbA to the membrane.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	29-33	bhbB	Comamonas sp. 7D-2	0-4
23689508-7	2013	After mother"s milk provokes hyperketonemia, livers of SCOT-KO mice diminish de novo hepatic beta-hydroxybutyrate synthesis by 90%.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	93-113	3-oxoacid CoA transferase 2A	Mus musculus	55-59
23382451-8	2013	Changes in beta-hydroxybutyrate, isoleucine, lactate, and pyridoxate were blunted in those with insulin resistance.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	11-31	insulin	Homo sapiens	96-103
23526298-1	2013	GPR109A has generated expanding interest since its discovery as the receptor for niacin a decade ago, along with deorphanisation as the receptor for endogenous ligand 3-hydroxy-butyrate shortly after.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	167-185	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Homo sapiens	0-7
22357971-4	2012	Phosphorylation of AMPK-alpha (PRKAA1 and PRKAA2) at Thr(172) was diminished after 2 h but increased after 4 h. Its downstream target, the mammalian target of rapamycin, was increasingly phosphorylated on Ser(2448) after 2 h but not changed after 4 h of BHBA treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	254-258	protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 1 catalytic subunit	Mus musculus	31-37
23210443-3	2012	THP-1 monocytes were treated with acetoacetate (AA) or beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) (0-10 mmol/L) for 24 h. Results show that AA, but not BHB, increases ROS production in monocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	55-75	GLI family zinc finger 2	Homo sapiens	0-5
23210443-3	2012	THP-1 monocytes were treated with acetoacetate (AA) or beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) (0-10 mmol/L) for 24 h. Results show that AA, but not BHB, increases ROS production in monocytes.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	77-80	GLI family zinc finger 2	Homo sapiens	0-5
21635577-0	2012	Differential effects of propionate or beta-hydroxybutyrate on genes related to energy balance and insulin sensitivity in bovine white adipose tissue explants from a subcutaneous and a visceral depot.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	38-58	insulin	Bos taurus	98-105
21635577-5	2012	beta-hydroxybutyrate decreased mRNA abundance of adiponectin and AdipoR1 in SC AT as a trend.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Bos taurus	49-60
21635577-5	2012	beta-hydroxybutyrate decreased mRNA abundance of adiponectin and AdipoR1 in SC AT as a trend.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	0-20	adiponectin receptor 1	Bos taurus	65-72
21635577-9	2012	Our results indicate that the bovine adiponectin system might be more sensitive to propionate than to BHB.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	102-105	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Bos taurus	37-48
22684298-11	2012	In particular, autophagic ATG16L1 fibroblasts, which produced large amounts of ketone bodies (3-hydroxy-butyrate), had the strongest effects and promoted metastasis by up to 11-fold.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	94-112	autophagy related 16 like 1	Homo sapiens	26-33
22357971-3	2012	In a 25 mM glucose culture medium, BHBA increased intracellular calcium concentrations and the expression of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1 (SLC16A1)).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	35-39	solute carrier family 16 (monocarboxylic acid transporters), member 1	Mus musculus	146-153
23769574-10	2013	The insulin dosage on reaching glycemia target was positively associated with body mass index (BMI), diabetes mellitus course, glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and was negatively associated with age.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	164-188	insulin	Homo sapiens	4-11
23141824-4	2013	Insulin sensitivity is reduced during the transition from late pregnancy to early lactation in dairy cattle and BHBA is increased postpartum, implying the involvement of the adiponectin system and GPR109A in this process.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	112-116	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Bos taurus	174-185
22842580-3	2012	The endogenous ligands for GPR109A and GPR81 are beta-hydroxybutyrate and lactate, respectively, both of which are hydroxycarboxylic acids and intermediates of energy metabolism.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	49-69	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	27-34
22842580-3	2012	The endogenous ligands for GPR109A and GPR81 are beta-hydroxybutyrate and lactate, respectively, both of which are hydroxycarboxylic acids and intermediates of energy metabolism.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	49-69	hydrocarboxylic acid receptor 1	Mus musculus	39-44
22357971-0	2012	The ketone body beta-hydroxybutyric acid influences agouti-related peptide expression via AMP-activated protein kinase in hypothalamic GT1-7 cells.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	16-40	agouti related neuropeptide	Mus musculus	52-74
22357971-3	2012	In a 25 mM glucose culture medium, BHBA increased intracellular calcium concentrations and the expression of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1 (SLC16A1)).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	35-39	solute carrier family 16 (monocarboxylic acid transporters), member 1	Mus musculus	109-138
22357971-3	2012	In a 25 mM glucose culture medium, BHBA increased intracellular calcium concentrations and the expression of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1 (SLC16A1)).	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	35-39	modifier of curly tail 1	Mus musculus	140-144
22357971-4	2012	Phosphorylation of AMPK-alpha (PRKAA1 and PRKAA2) at Thr(172) was diminished after 2 h but increased after 4 h. Its downstream target, the mammalian target of rapamycin, was increasingly phosphorylated on Ser(2448) after 2 h but not changed after 4 h of BHBA treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	254-258	protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 2 catalytic subunit	Mus musculus	42-48
22357971-4	2012	Phosphorylation of AMPK-alpha (PRKAA1 and PRKAA2) at Thr(172) was diminished after 2 h but increased after 4 h. Its downstream target, the mammalian target of rapamycin, was increasingly phosphorylated on Ser(2448) after 2 h but not changed after 4 h of BHBA treatment.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	254-258	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	139-168
22357971-5	2012	After 4 h, BHBA treatment also increased Agrp mRNA expression.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	11-15	agouti related neuropeptide	Mus musculus	41-45
22357971-6	2012	This increase was prevented by preincubation with the AMPK inhibitor Compound C. The inhibition of MCT1 activity by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate suppressed BHBA-stimulated AMPK phosphorylation but did not prevent BHBA-induced Agrp mRNA expression.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	152-156	modifier of curly tail 1	Mus musculus	99-103
22357971-6	2012	This increase was prevented by preincubation with the AMPK inhibitor Compound C. The inhibition of MCT1 activity by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate suppressed BHBA-stimulated AMPK phosphorylation but did not prevent BHBA-induced Agrp mRNA expression.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	152-156	agouti related neuropeptide	Mus musculus	222-226
22357971-6	2012	This increase was prevented by preincubation with the AMPK inhibitor Compound C. The inhibition of MCT1 activity by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate suppressed BHBA-stimulated AMPK phosphorylation but did not prevent BHBA-induced Agrp mRNA expression.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	209-213	modifier of curly tail 1	Mus musculus	99-103
22357971-8	2012	Under conditions of 5.5 mM glucose, however, BHBA marginally increased intracellular calcium but significantly decreased AMPK phosphorylation and Agrp mRNA expression, demonstrating that under physiological conditions BHBA reduces central orexigenic signalling.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	45-49	agouti related neuropeptide	Mus musculus	146-150
22357971-8	2012	Under conditions of 5.5 mM glucose, however, BHBA marginally increased intracellular calcium but significantly decreased AMPK phosphorylation and Agrp mRNA expression, demonstrating that under physiological conditions BHBA reduces central orexigenic signalling.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	218-222	agouti related neuropeptide	Mus musculus	146-150
22302940-5	2012	Positional cloning of the rmn locus reveals a loss-of-function mutation in slc16a6a (solute carrier family 16a, member 6a), a gene that we show encodes a transporter of the major ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	191-211	solute carrier family 16 member 6a	Danio rerio	26-29
22395091-9	2012	Finally, correlation analysis was applied to establish quantitative linkages between the 5 individual metabolite 3-hydroxybutyric acid, L-valine, L-threonine, 1-deoxyglucose, and glycine and the 5 individual proteins MACF1, APOH, A2M, IGL@, and VDB.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	113-134	microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1	Homo sapiens	217-222
22459824-9	2012	In addition, serum BHBA concentration negatively correlated with protein levels of CPT II, HMGCS, and ACADL.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	19-23	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Bos taurus	83-89
22459824-9	2012	In addition, serum BHBA concentration negatively correlated with protein levels of CPT II, HMGCS, and ACADL.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	19-23	acyl-CoA dehydrogenase long chain	Bos taurus	102-107
22302940-5	2012	Positional cloning of the rmn locus reveals a loss-of-function mutation in slc16a6a (solute carrier family 16a, member 6a), a gene that we show encodes a transporter of the major ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	191-211	solute carrier family 16 member 6a	Danio rerio	75-83
22776897-6	2012	U937 human monocyte cell culture was used to examine the effect of AA and BHB on secretion of MCP-1.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	74-77	C-C motif chemokine ligand 2	Homo sapiens	94-99
22654812-4	2011	The HCA(1) receptor (GPR81) is activated by the glycolytic metabolite 2-hydroxy-propionic acid (lactate), the HCA(2) receptor is activated by the ketone body 3-hydroxy-butyric acid, and the HCA(3) receptor (GPR109B) is a receptor for the beta-oxidation intermediate 3-hydroxy-octanoic acid.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	158-180	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens	21-26
21982775-1	2011	Recently it was demonstrated that the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOH) inhibits insulin-mediated glucose transport in isolated oxidative muscle, which was associated with decreased phosphorylation of Akt/protein kinase B.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	50-70	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	206-209
21854923-14	2011	An inhibitory influence of higher BHBA concentrations on HSL phosphorylation in the LC group could be a possible explanation.	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid	34-38	lipase E, hormone sensitive type	Bos taurus	57-60