PMID-sentid Pub_year Sent_text compound_name comp_offset prot_official_name organism prot_offset 18853423-6 2008 alpha-Aminoadipic acid (a specific astroglial toxin) infusion into the entorhinal cortex induced astroglial damage and changed the electrophysiological properties in the CA1 region. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 0-22 carbonic anhydrase 1 Rattus norvegicus 170-173 20722971-9 2010 Furthermore, L-alpha-aminoadipate, the glial inhibitor fluorocitrate, and a peptide inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase all reduced light touch-evoked ERK activation ipsilateral to touch. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 13-33 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 Homo sapiens 152-155 20815929-7 2010 Phosphorylated NR1 (pNR1) or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression was down-regulated by intrathecal ketamine (100, 1000 mug/kg) or LAA (50, 100 nmol) respectively. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 144-147 glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 1 Homo sapiens 15-18 20815929-7 2010 Phosphorylated NR1 (pNR1) or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression was down-regulated by intrathecal ketamine (100, 1000 mug/kg) or LAA (50, 100 nmol) respectively. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 144-147 glial fibrillary acidic protein Homo sapiens 29-60 20815929-7 2010 Phosphorylated NR1 (pNR1) or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression was down-regulated by intrathecal ketamine (100, 1000 mug/kg) or LAA (50, 100 nmol) respectively. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 144-147 glial fibrillary acidic protein Homo sapiens 62-66 19187440-3 2009 iNOS expression was attenuated by the MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway inhibitor U0126 and the phosphorylated forms of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 were detectable in microglia treated with albumin or fraction V. Glutamate release was prevented by l-alpha-aminoadipate and glutathione levels in microglia rose on exposure to albumin. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 283-303 nitric oxide synthase 2 Rattus norvegicus 0-4 19187440-3 2009 iNOS expression was attenuated by the MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway inhibitor U0126 and the phosphorylated forms of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 were detectable in microglia treated with albumin or fraction V. Glutamate release was prevented by l-alpha-aminoadipate and glutathione levels in microglia rose on exposure to albumin. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 283-303 mitogen activated protein kinase 3 Rattus norvegicus 137-182 18831049-1 2009 Alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase (AAA-AT), a homolog of mammalian kynurenine aminotransferase II (Kat II), transfers an amino group to 2-oxoadipate to yield alpha-aminoadipate in lysine biosynthesis through the alpha-aminoadipate pathway in Thermus thermophilus. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 160-178 aminoadipate aminotransferase Homo sapiens 0-35 18831049-1 2009 Alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase (AAA-AT), a homolog of mammalian kynurenine aminotransferase II (Kat II), transfers an amino group to 2-oxoadipate to yield alpha-aminoadipate in lysine biosynthesis through the alpha-aminoadipate pathway in Thermus thermophilus. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 160-178 aminoadipate aminotransferase Homo sapiens 37-43 18831049-1 2009 Alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase (AAA-AT), a homolog of mammalian kynurenine aminotransferase II (Kat II), transfers an amino group to 2-oxoadipate to yield alpha-aminoadipate in lysine biosynthesis through the alpha-aminoadipate pathway in Thermus thermophilus. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 160-178 aminoadipate aminotransferase Homo sapiens 69-99 18831049-1 2009 Alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase (AAA-AT), a homolog of mammalian kynurenine aminotransferase II (Kat II), transfers an amino group to 2-oxoadipate to yield alpha-aminoadipate in lysine biosynthesis through the alpha-aminoadipate pathway in Thermus thermophilus. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 160-178 aminoadipate aminotransferase Homo sapiens 101-107 18831049-1 2009 Alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase (AAA-AT), a homolog of mammalian kynurenine aminotransferase II (Kat II), transfers an amino group to 2-oxoadipate to yield alpha-aminoadipate in lysine biosynthesis through the alpha-aminoadipate pathway in Thermus thermophilus. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 214-232 aminoadipate aminotransferase Homo sapiens 0-35 18831049-1 2009 Alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase (AAA-AT), a homolog of mammalian kynurenine aminotransferase II (Kat II), transfers an amino group to 2-oxoadipate to yield alpha-aminoadipate in lysine biosynthesis through the alpha-aminoadipate pathway in Thermus thermophilus. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 214-232 aminoadipate aminotransferase Homo sapiens 37-43 18831049-1 2009 Alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase (AAA-AT), a homolog of mammalian kynurenine aminotransferase II (Kat II), transfers an amino group to 2-oxoadipate to yield alpha-aminoadipate in lysine biosynthesis through the alpha-aminoadipate pathway in Thermus thermophilus. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 214-232 aminoadipate aminotransferase Homo sapiens 69-99 18831049-1 2009 Alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase (AAA-AT), a homolog of mammalian kynurenine aminotransferase II (Kat II), transfers an amino group to 2-oxoadipate to yield alpha-aminoadipate in lysine biosynthesis through the alpha-aminoadipate pathway in Thermus thermophilus. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 214-232 aminoadipate aminotransferase Homo sapiens 101-107 17116397-1 2007 Homoisocitrate dehydrogenase is involved in the alpha-aminoadipate pathway of biosynthesis of l-lysine in fungi, yeast, some prokaryotic bacteria, and archaea. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 48-66 homoisocitrate dehydrogenase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 0-28 18086528-0 2008 Thiahomoisocitrate: a highly potent inhibitor of homoisocitrate dehydrogenase involved in the alpha-aminoadipate pathway. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 94-112 homoisocitrate dehydrogenase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 49-77 18086528-1 2008 Homoisocitrate dehydrogenase is involved in the alpha-aminoadipate pathway of L-lysine biosynthesis in higher fungi such as yeast and human pathogenic fungi. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 48-66 homoisocitrate dehydrogenase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 0-28 17442055-4 2007 The novel KAT had a pH optimum of 8.0 and a low capacity to transaminate glutamine or alpha-aminoadipate (the classic substrates of KAT I and KAT II, respectively). 2-Aminoadipic Acid 86-104 thiosulfate sulfurtransferase like domain containing 1 Homo sapiens 10-13 17442055-4 2007 The novel KAT had a pH optimum of 8.0 and a low capacity to transaminate glutamine or alpha-aminoadipate (the classic substrates of KAT I and KAT II, respectively). 2-Aminoadipic Acid 86-104 kynurenine aminotransferase 1 Homo sapiens 132-148 17881610-9 2007 NFATc3 nuclear accumulation in pericytes was prevented when astrocytic function was abolished with the gliotoxin L-alpha-aminoadipate or by the inhibition of calcineurin, cyclooxygenase, and nitric oxide synthase. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 113-133 nuclear factor of activated T-cells 3 Rattus norvegicus 0-6 16091367-12 2005 Specifically, we detected apoAI tryptophan oxidation to mono- and dihydroxytryptophan and apoAI lysine modification to chlorolysine and 2-aminoadipic acid. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 136-154 apolipoprotein A1 Homo sapiens 26-31 17023168-5 2006 The LKR/SDH activity produces alpha-aminoadipate semialdehyde which could be further converted into alpha-aminoadipate and acetyl CoA. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 30-48 alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase Brassica napus 4-7 17023168-5 2006 The LKR/SDH activity produces alpha-aminoadipate semialdehyde which could be further converted into alpha-aminoadipate and acetyl CoA. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 30-48 alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase Brassica napus 8-11 16091367-12 2005 Specifically, we detected apoAI tryptophan oxidation to mono- and dihydroxytryptophan and apoAI lysine modification to chlorolysine and 2-aminoadipic acid. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 136-154 apolipoprotein A1 Homo sapiens 90-95 18634602-4 2004 Pigment epithelium-derived factor is able to support proper membrane folding after inhibition of Muller cell metabolism by alpha-aminoadipic acid, while isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactoside, a permissive glycan, requires intact Muller cell function. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 123-145 serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade F (alpha-2 antiplasmin, pigment epithelium derived factor), member 1 L homeolog Xenopus laevis 0-33 12632405-7 2003 Relative specificity of immobilized VHb-DAO on D-alpha-aminoadipic acid, a precursor in cephalosporin C biosynthesis, increased twofold, compared with that of immobilized DAO, suggesting that conformational modification of the VHb-DAO fusion protein may be altered in favor of cephalosporin C. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 47-71 D-amino acid oxidase Homo sapiens 40-43 14587101-6 2003 Therefore, the positive selection procedure for the isolation of lys2 mutants on alpha-aminoadipate, as practised in S. cerevisiae, cannot be applied to K. lactis. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 81-99 L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 65-69 12824766-3 2003 An intravitreal injection of 2.5 microM L-alpha-aminoadipic acid inhibited the ERG ON response and inhibited refractive compensation to negative lens defocus, but not to positive or zero power lens defocus. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 40-64 ETS transcription factor ERG Homo sapiens 79-82 12126930-1 2002 In mammals, the conversion of alpha-aminoadipate to alpha-ketoadipate by alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase (AADAT) is an intermediate step in lysine degradation. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 30-48 aminoadipate aminotransferase Homo sapiens 73-108 12756539-4 2003 Sequence alignments indicate the presence of all functional domains required for the activation, adenylation, dehydrogenation and alpha-aminoadipic acid binding in the Lys2p. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 130-152 L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 168-173 12126930-1 2002 In mammals, the conversion of alpha-aminoadipate to alpha-ketoadipate by alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase (AADAT) is an intermediate step in lysine degradation. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 30-48 aminoadipate aminotransferase Homo sapiens 110-115 10998364-8 2000 Our results suggest that the uni-directional activity of LKR plays an important role in regulating the catabolic function of the alpha-amino adipic acid pathway in plants. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 129-152 lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase bifunctional enzyme Arabidopsis thaliana 57-60 11907033-8 2002 Distinct from the Na(+)-independent cystine/glutamate transporter xCT structurally related to AGT1, AGT1 did not accept cystine, homocysteate, and l-alpha-aminoadipate and exhibited high affinity to aspartate as well as glutamate, suggesting that the negative charge recognition site in the side chain-binding site of AGT1 would be closer to the alpha-carbon binding site compared with that of xCT. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 147-167 solute carrier family 7, (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system) member 13 Mus musculus 100-104 11907033-8 2002 Distinct from the Na(+)-independent cystine/glutamate transporter xCT structurally related to AGT1, AGT1 did not accept cystine, homocysteate, and l-alpha-aminoadipate and exhibited high affinity to aspartate as well as glutamate, suggesting that the negative charge recognition site in the side chain-binding site of AGT1 would be closer to the alpha-carbon binding site compared with that of xCT. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 147-167 solute carrier family 7, (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system) member 13 Mus musculus 100-104 11286508-1 2001 In mammals, L-lysine is first catabolized to alpha-aminoadipate semialdehyde by the bifunctional enzyme alpha-aminoadipate semialdehyde synthase (AASS), followed by a conversion to alpha-aminoadipate by alpha-aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 45-63 aminoadipate-semialdehyde synthase Homo sapiens 104-144 11083877-10 2001 Adipate, glutarate, and to a lesser extent, pimelate, 2-oxopimelate, 2-aminoadipate, oxaloacetate, and citrate were also transported by the human ODC. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 69-83 solute carrier family 25 member 21 Homo sapiens 146-149 11008218-12 2000 The steady-state level of opsin in retinas exposed to alpha-aminoadipic acid was unchanged compared with control eyes, whereas, in eyes exposed to fluorocitrate, opsin levels were slightly reduced. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 54-76 rhodopsin, gene2 L homeolog Xenopus laevis 26-31 10544028-6 1999 Using SPR binding assays, a submicromolar inhibitor (IC(50) = 0.70 microM) was obtained when Glu(1) was replaced with alpha-aminoadipate and Tyr(3) was replaced with 4-carboxymethyl-Phe, providing peptide 14, G1TE(Adi(1), cmPhe(3)). 2-Aminoadipic Acid 118-136 sepiapterin reductase Homo sapiens 6-9 10517698-0 1999 Expression of beta-amyloid precursor and Bcl-2 proto-oncogene proteins in rat retinas after intravitreal injection of aminoadipic acid. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 118-134 BCL2, apoptosis regulator Rattus norvegicus 41-46 9242889-13 1997 When the glia cell-specific toxin alpha-aminoadipic acid (alpha AAA) was applied, the pattern of vimentin-positive Muller cells became irregular, or even locally missing. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 34-56 vimentin Oryctolagus cuniculus 97-105 10320345-1 1999 A key step in fungal biosynthesis of lysine, enzymatic reduction of alpha-aminoadipate at C6 to the semialdehyde, requires two gene products in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lys2 and Lys5. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 68-86 L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 170-174 10320345-1 1999 A key step in fungal biosynthesis of lysine, enzymatic reduction of alpha-aminoadipate at C6 to the semialdehyde, requires two gene products in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lys2 and Lys5. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 68-86 holo-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 179-183 10215921-6 1999 After alpha-aminoadipate, loss of astrocytes in the dentate gyrus was demonstrated by loss of staining for GFAP. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 6-24 glial fibrillary acidic protein Rattus norvegicus 107-111 10022564-9 1999 This is consistent with the fact that the BMP-2 effect on dopaminergic neurons was observed even when the cultures were treated with alpha-aminoadipic acid to exclude the presence of glial cells. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 133-155 bone morphogenetic protein 2 Homo sapiens 42-47 9283824-10 1997 Suppression of cell proliferation and subsequent maturation of GFAP-positive cells by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine or aminoadipic acid abolished the neuron survival-promoting effect of BMP 2. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 110-126 glial fibrillary acidic protein Rattus norvegicus 63-67 9283824-10 1997 Suppression of cell proliferation and subsequent maturation of GFAP-positive cells by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine or aminoadipic acid abolished the neuron survival-promoting effect of BMP 2. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 110-126 bone morphogenetic protein 2 Rattus norvegicus 177-182 8896828-8 1996 We now report that L-alpha-aminoadipate also blocks or reverses the persistent depolarization of quisqualate-sensitized neurons which is induced by exposure to the hydroxamates or L-AP3. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 19-39 leucine aminopeptidase 3 Rattus norvegicus 180-185 9058424-0 1997 Induction of glutamine synthetase by L-alpha-aminoadipate in developmental stages of cultured astrocytes. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 37-57 glutamate-ammonia ligase Rattus norvegicus 13-33 8764822-2 1996 A significant increase in alpha-aminoadipic acid (AAA) occurred in plasma and urine of VGB-treated children, thus mimicking a known rare metabolic disease, alpha-aminoadipic aciduria (AAAuria). 2-Aminoadipic Acid 26-48 amyloid beta precursor protein Homo sapiens 50-53 7834205-7 1994 L-alpha Aminoadipate was a competitive inhibitor of both glutamine synthetase, and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, with Ki values of 209 microM and 7 mM respectively. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 0-20 glutamate-ammonia ligase Rattus norvegicus 57-77 8847551-5 1995 injections of DL-alpha-aminoadipic acid (DLaAA), which exerts specific gliotoxicity through glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibition, and of 3-mercaptoproprionic acid (3MP), a potent inhibitor of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD: the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA]), were also examined. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 14-39 glutamate-ammonia ligase Rattus norvegicus 92-112 8847551-5 1995 injections of DL-alpha-aminoadipic acid (DLaAA), which exerts specific gliotoxicity through glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibition, and of 3-mercaptoproprionic acid (3MP), a potent inhibitor of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD: the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA]), were also examined. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 41-46 glutamate-ammonia ligase Rattus norvegicus 92-112 8563976-8 1995 After selective damage of Muller cells by the gliotoxin DL-alpha-aminoadipic acid, the columnar organization is destabilized, as evidenced by a decrease in vimentin expression and by the migration of individual neurons out of their cell column. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 56-81 vimentin Gallus gallus 156-164 7500375-5 1995 However, the elimination of astroglia in our cultures by alpha-aminoadipic acid treatment blocks EGF"s effects on the cholinergic neurons. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 57-79 epidermal growth factor Rattus norvegicus 97-100 7834205-7 1994 L-alpha Aminoadipate was a competitive inhibitor of both glutamine synthetase, and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, with Ki values of 209 microM and 7 mM respectively. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 0-20 glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit Rattus norvegicus 83-116 1473456-1 1992 The ability of the gliotoxic compounds D,L-, D- or L-2-aminoadipic acid (AAA) to increase selectively the intracellular concentration of free calcium ion ([Ca2+]i) was examined in Muller cells cultured with or without retinal neurons. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 73-76 immunoglobulin kappa variable 3-15 Homo sapiens 51-54 7509049-5 1993 Tonic channel activity was enhanced by the glutamate uptake inhibitor L-alpha-aminoadipate (L-alpha-AA), the degree of enhancement being greater in the EGL than the GCL. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 70-90 germ cell-less 1, spermatogenesis associated Rattus norvegicus 165-168 7509049-5 1993 Tonic channel activity was enhanced by the glutamate uptake inhibitor L-alpha-aminoadipate (L-alpha-AA), the degree of enhancement being greater in the EGL than the GCL. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 92-102 germ cell-less 1, spermatogenesis associated Rattus norvegicus 165-168 7953634-10 1994 As with AP4 and AP5, sensitization to L-AP6 was reversed by L-alpha-aminoadipate. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 60-80 replication initiator 1 Rattus norvegicus 8-11 1973584-1 1990 DL-alpha-aminoadipic acid (DL-alpha AA), a selective gliotoxic agent produced significant reductions in histamine-N-methyl-transferase (HNMT) and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) activities and an enhancement in histamine (HA) level in the hypothalamus of rats 2 and 4 h after single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) 2-Aminoadipic Acid 0-25 histamine N-methyltransferase Rattus norvegicus 104-134 2055241-2 1991 This sensitization to L-AP4 is known to be blocked by simultaneous exposure to L-homocysteinesulfinic acid, L-alpha-aminoadipic acid and L-serine-O-sulfate during exposure to quisqualate. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 108-132 transcription factor AP-4 Homo sapiens 24-27 1707214-7 1990 The new vessels in the vitreous of rabbits were seen in 9 out of 10 eyes when b-FGF was implanted in the vitreous with an intravitreal injection of amino adipic acid solution (1 mg in 0.2 ml of physical saline), although none of the 8 eyes formed new vessels when sodium iodate was injected intravenously after implantation of b-FGF with aminoadipic acid. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 148-165 fibroblast growth factor 2 Cavia porcellus 78-83 1707214-7 1990 The new vessels in the vitreous of rabbits were seen in 9 out of 10 eyes when b-FGF was implanted in the vitreous with an intravitreal injection of amino adipic acid solution (1 mg in 0.2 ml of physical saline), although none of the 8 eyes formed new vessels when sodium iodate was injected intravenously after implantation of b-FGF with aminoadipic acid. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 338-354 fibroblast growth factor 2 Cavia porcellus 78-83 2340290-5 1990 The pit fall of an indirect assay of L-pipecolate oxidase by means of the assay of alpha-aminoadipic acid formation was discussed. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 83-105 pipecolic acid and sarcosine oxidase Homo sapiens 37-57 1973584-1 1990 DL-alpha-aminoadipic acid (DL-alpha AA), a selective gliotoxic agent produced significant reductions in histamine-N-methyl-transferase (HNMT) and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) activities and an enhancement in histamine (HA) level in the hypothalamus of rats 2 and 4 h after single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) 2-Aminoadipic Acid 0-25 histamine N-methyltransferase Rattus norvegicus 136-140 1973584-1 1990 DL-alpha-aminoadipic acid (DL-alpha AA), a selective gliotoxic agent produced significant reductions in histamine-N-methyl-transferase (HNMT) and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) activities and an enhancement in histamine (HA) level in the hypothalamus of rats 2 and 4 h after single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) 2-Aminoadipic Acid 0-25 monoamine oxidase B Rattus norvegicus 146-165 1973584-1 1990 DL-alpha-aminoadipic acid (DL-alpha AA), a selective gliotoxic agent produced significant reductions in histamine-N-methyl-transferase (HNMT) and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) activities and an enhancement in histamine (HA) level in the hypothalamus of rats 2 and 4 h after single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) 2-Aminoadipic Acid 0-25 monoamine oxidase B Rattus norvegicus 167-172 35621206-1 2022 Background Elevated plasma levels of alpha-aminoadipic acid (2-AAA) have been associated with the development of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 37-59 AAA1 Homo sapiens 63-66 1970137-1 1990 Intrastriatal injection of the excitatory amino acid analogue DL-alpha-aminoadipate (100 micrograms in 2 microliters saline, pH 7.4) into anesthetized rats caused a significant reduction in striatal glutamine synthetase activity in the ipsilateral compared to the contralateral striatum 6 h after the injection. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 62-83 glutamate-ammonia ligase Rattus norvegicus 199-219 33802856-0 2021 Allysine and alpha-Aminoadipic Acid as Markers of the Glyco-Oxidative Damage to Human Serum Albumin under Pathological Glucose Concentrations. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 13-35 albumin Homo sapiens 92-99 35157758-8 2022 Among the IDH-mutated subtypes, we observed high levels of amino acids, especially glycine and 2-aminoadipic acid, in grade 4 glioma, and N-acetyl aspartic acid in low-grade astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 95-113 isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1 Homo sapiens 10-13 3859458-4 1985 The ability to utilize alpha-aminoadipate was used for lys2 mutant screening. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 23-41 L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 55-59 2696980-8 1989 The injection of D-alpha-aminoadipic acid into the SI/LPO produced a significant inhibition of the hypermotility response produced by N-methyl-D-aspartic acid at a dose that did not produce a significant inhibition of the hypermotility response produced by AMPA. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 17-41 lactoperoxidase Homo sapiens 54-57 2542463-6 1989 When these compounds were examined for their ability to inhibit [3H]NAAG binding to membranes of rat forebrain, the relative order of potency was L-alpha-aminoadipate = D-alpha-aminoadipate greater than L-AP4 greater than L-serine-O-phosphate greater than D-AP4 much greater than D,L-AP3. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 146-166 replication initiator 1 Rattus norvegicus 258-261 3921525-1 1985 In contrast to wild-type strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lys2 and lys5 mutants are able to utilize alpha-aminoadipate as a primary source of nitrogen. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 114-132 L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 72-76 3921525-1 1985 In contrast to wild-type strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lys2 and lys5 mutants are able to utilize alpha-aminoadipate as a primary source of nitrogen. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 114-132 holo-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 81-85 3921525-6 1985 Our results demonstrate that the anabolism of high levels of alpha-aminoadipate through the biosynthetic pathway of lysine results in the accumulation of a toxic intermediate and, furthermore, that lys2 and lys5 mutants contain blocks leading to the formation of this intermediate. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 61-79 L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 198-202 3921525-6 1985 Our results demonstrate that the anabolism of high levels of alpha-aminoadipate through the biosynthetic pathway of lysine results in the accumulation of a toxic intermediate and, furthermore, that lys2 and lys5 mutants contain blocks leading to the formation of this intermediate. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 61-79 holo-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 207-211 2542463-5 1989 The L-isomers of serine-O-phosphate and alpha-aminoadipate were selective inhibitors of IBO-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis, but were less potent than L-AP4 or D,L-AP3. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 40-58 replication initiator 1 Rattus norvegicus 160-163 3023949-7 1986 Because all fungi synthesize lysine via the alpha-aminoadipate pathway, the techniques developed here for using the S. cerevisiae LYS2 gene should be directly applicable to other fungal systems. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 44-62 L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 130-134 6752121-5 1982 Glutamate:keto-adipate transaminase levels were derepressed two- to fivefold in lys2 mutants using alpha-aminoadipate as a nitrogen source. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 99-117 L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 80-84 6143333-1 1984 The effect of kainic acid and related compounds, gamma-D-glutamylglycine, cis-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid and DL alpha-aminoadipic acid, was investigated on purified and membrane bound gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT]. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 115-140 inactive glutathione hydrolase 2 Homo sapiens 190-219 6752121-3 1982 Mutants belonging to the lys2 and lys14 loci were able to grow in lysine-supplemented alpha-aminoadipate medium, although not as well as when selected amino acids were added. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 86-104 L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 25-29 574371-0 1979 Isolation and nature of intracellular alpha-aminoadipic acid-containing peptides from Paecilomyces persicinus P-10. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 38-60 S100 calcium binding protein A10 Homo sapiens 110-114 6110468-0 1981 Induction of glutamine synthetase in embryonic neural retina: its suppression by the gliatoxic agent alpha-aminoadipic acid. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 101-123 glutamate-ammonia ligase Gallus gallus 13-33 6133238-1 1980 D- and L-5-aminohex-2-enedioic acid (AHED) and the DL-2-bromo derivative, which are conformationally restricted analogues of the excitatory amino acid antagonist D-alpha-aminoadipic acid (D alpha AA), were tested microelectrophoretically on cat spinal neurones. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 162-186 ribosomal protein L5 Homo sapiens 7-10 5972332-0 1966 Acitivity of glutamine synthetase toward the optical isomers of alpha-aminoadipic acid. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 64-86 glutamate-ammonia ligase Homo sapiens 13-33 17248969-0 1979 Selection of lys2 Mutants of the Yeast SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE by the Utilization of alpha-AMINOADIPATE. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 86-104 L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 13-17 17248969-2 1979 However, alpha-aminoadipate is utilized as a nitrogen source by lys2 and lys5 strains having complete or partial deficiencies of alpha-aminoadipate reductase and, to a limited extent, by heterozygous lys2/+ strains. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 9-27 L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 64-68 17248969-2 1979 However, alpha-aminoadipate is utilized as a nitrogen source by lys2 and lys5 strains having complete or partial deficiencies of alpha-aminoadipate reductase and, to a limited extent, by heterozygous lys2/+ strains. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 9-27 holo-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 73-77 17248969-2 1979 However, alpha-aminoadipate is utilized as a nitrogen source by lys2 and lys5 strains having complete or partial deficiencies of alpha-aminoadipate reductase and, to a limited extent, by heterozygous lys2/+ strains. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 9-27 L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 200-204 17248969-3 1979 Lys2 mutants were conveniently selected on media containing alpha-aminoadipate as a nitrogen source, lysine, and other supplements to furnish other possible auxotrophic requirements. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 60-78 L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 0-4 17248969-5 1979 In addition to the predominant class of lys2 mutants, low frequencies of lys5 mutants and mutants not having any obvious lysine requirement were recovered on alpha-aminoadipate medium. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 158-176 holo-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 73-77 336041-0 1977 Isolation of alpha-amino adipic acid from mature dermal collagen and elastin. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 13-36 elastin Homo sapiens 69-76 31541119-0 2019 2-Aminoadipic acid (2-AAA) as a potential biomarker for insulin resistance in childhood obesity. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 32738373-6 2020 Stimulation of cells with cholecystokinin in the absence of Ca2+ in the extracellular medium abolished further mobilization of Ca2+ by alpha-aminoadipic acid. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 135-157 cholecystokinin Mus musculus 26-41 31513788-5 2019 Pretreatment with astrocytes toxin, L-alpha-aminoadipate (L-AAA) reduced anxiety-like behaviors and the GFAP expression in the PVN. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 36-56 glial fibrillary acidic protein Homo sapiens 104-108 32200226-11 2020 In addition, plasma alpha-amino adipic acid levels were elevated in both untreated and IGF-I-treated patients. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 20-43 insulin like growth factor 1 Homo sapiens 87-92 32157124-8 2020 Aminoadipic acid was found to be significantly correlated with CRP levels and 2-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid and Palmitoleic acid with PCT levels. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 0-16 C-reactive protein Homo sapiens 63-66 31239324-8 2019 When ESCs were induced to undergo ectodermal differentiation, the abundance of kynurenine in the medium was reduced through activation of the main kynurenine catabolic pathway mediated by kynurenine aminotransferase 2 (KAT2, also known as AADAT), resulting in the secretion of 2-aminoadipic acid (2-AAA) into the culture medium. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 277-295 aminoadipate aminotransferase Homo sapiens 188-217 31239324-8 2019 When ESCs were induced to undergo ectodermal differentiation, the abundance of kynurenine in the medium was reduced through activation of the main kynurenine catabolic pathway mediated by kynurenine aminotransferase 2 (KAT2, also known as AADAT), resulting in the secretion of 2-aminoadipic acid (2-AAA) into the culture medium. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 277-295 aminoadipate aminotransferase Homo sapiens 219-223 31239324-8 2019 When ESCs were induced to undergo ectodermal differentiation, the abundance of kynurenine in the medium was reduced through activation of the main kynurenine catabolic pathway mediated by kynurenine aminotransferase 2 (KAT2, also known as AADAT), resulting in the secretion of 2-aminoadipic acid (2-AAA) into the culture medium. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 277-295 aminoadipate aminotransferase Homo sapiens 239-244 31056353-6 2019 A similar effect was seen in Rgr+/+ retinas following treatment with the glial cell toxin, alpha-aminoadipic acid. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 91-113 retinal G protein coupled receptor Mus musculus 29-32 30592974-9 2019 However, AG490 or astrocytic inhibition (by GFAP antisense oligonucleotide and alpha-aminoadipate) significantly increased Iba-1-labeled microglial activity and M1 phenotype microglial mRNA levels, reflecting that proinflammatory potentials were mediated by AG490 or astrocytic inhibition. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 79-97 induction of brown adipocytes 1 Mus musculus 123-128 30065264-0 2018 GM-CSF driven myeloid cells in adipose tissue link weight gain and insulin resistance via formation of 2-aminoadipate. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 103-117 colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage) Mus musculus 0-6 30429952-1 2018 The design and synthesis of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) ligands derived from 2-aminoadipic acid, a building block that has not previously been used to construct PSMA ligands, are reported. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 91-109 folate hydrolase 1 Homo sapiens 28-62 30429952-1 2018 The design and synthesis of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) ligands derived from 2-aminoadipic acid, a building block that has not previously been used to construct PSMA ligands, are reported. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 91-109 folate hydrolase 1 Homo sapiens 64-68 30429952-1 2018 The design and synthesis of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) ligands derived from 2-aminoadipic acid, a building block that has not previously been used to construct PSMA ligands, are reported. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 91-109 folate hydrolase 1 Homo sapiens 175-179 30197589-5 2018 L-alpha-aminoadipic acid (L-alpha-AAA), an astrocyte-selective gliotoxin, was injected into the hippocampal CA3 region of rats through a cranial window to selectively damage astrocytes. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 0-24 carbonic anhydrase 3 Rattus norvegicus 108-111 30065264-5 2018 Lack of GM-CSF driven myeloid cells lead to reduced adipose tissue 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (DHTKD1) levels and subsequent increase in plasma 2-aminoadipate (2-AA) levels, both of which are reported to correlate with insulin resistance. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 154-168 colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage) Mus musculus 8-14 30065264-5 2018 Lack of GM-CSF driven myeloid cells lead to reduced adipose tissue 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (DHTKD1) levels and subsequent increase in plasma 2-aminoadipate (2-AA) levels, both of which are reported to correlate with insulin resistance. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 170-174 colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage) Mus musculus 8-14 26708453-1 2016 In humans, mutations in dehydrogenase E1 and transketolase domain containing 1 (DHTKD1) are associated with neurological abnormalities and accumulation of 2-oxoadipate, 2-aminoadipate, and reactive oxygen species. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 169-183 dehydrogenase E1 and transketolase domain containing 1 Homo sapiens 80-86 29661920-6 2018 Moreover, DHTKD1 deficiency causes severe metabolic abnormalities and dramatically increased levels of 2-ketoadipic acid (2-KAA) and 2-aminoadipic acid (2-AAA) in urine. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 133-151 dehydrogenase E1 and transketolase domain containing 1 Mus musculus 10-16 29661920-6 2018 Moreover, DHTKD1 deficiency causes severe metabolic abnormalities and dramatically increased levels of 2-ketoadipic acid (2-KAA) and 2-aminoadipic acid (2-AAA) in urine. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 153-158 dehydrogenase E1 and transketolase domain containing 1 Mus musculus 10-16 26842543-5 2017 RESULTS: After 3 months, AAD treatment statistically significantly improved BS (P < 0.05); at 6 months, AAD treatment statistically significantly improved indexes PD, PI, BOP and BS (P < 0.05). 2-Aminoadipic Acid 107-110 BOP Homo sapiens 174-177 28069522-0 2017 Myeloperoxidase-mediated protein lysine oxidation generates 2-aminoadipic acid and lysine nitrile in vivo. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 60-78 myeloperoxidase Homo sapiens 0-15 27175011-6 2016 Intrathecal co-administration of L-alpha-aminoadipate, an astroglial toxin, with PACAP or maxadilan almost completely prevented the induction of the mechanical allodynia. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 33-53 adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1 Mus musculus 81-86 27175011-7 2016 Furthermore, intrathecal treatment of L-alpha-aminoadipate at 84 days after the PAC1 stimulation transiently reversed the mechanical allodynia accompanied by the reduction of glial fibrillary acidic protein expression level. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 38-58 adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1 receptor 1 Mus musculus 80-84 26829444-9 2016 Eleven metabolites allowed differentiation between both diabetes types and alanine, alpha-amino-adipic acid, isoleucin, and stearic acid showed an inverse association with insulin sensitivity in both T2D and T1D combined. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 84-107 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 26967762-10 2016 Growth on pipecolate was retarded in the gcdG and gcdH mutants, suggesting the importance of glutarate in pipecolate and 2-aminoadipate utilization. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 121-135 glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 50-54 29045138-1 2017 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 7A1 (ALDH7A1) catalyzes the terminal step of lysine catabolism, the NAD+-dependent oxidation of alpha-aminoadipate semialdehyde to alpha-aminoadipate. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 119-137 aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family member A1 Homo sapiens 0-26 29045138-1 2017 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 7A1 (ALDH7A1) catalyzes the terminal step of lysine catabolism, the NAD+-dependent oxidation of alpha-aminoadipate semialdehyde to alpha-aminoadipate. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 119-137 aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family member A1 Homo sapiens 28-35 29045138-2 2017 Structures of ALDH7A1 reveal the C-terminus is a gate that opens and closes in response to the binding of alpha-aminoadipate. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 106-124 aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family member A1 Homo sapiens 14-21 28625859-7 2017 This opinion was proved by the results that administration of mice with l-Alpha-Aminoadipic Acid (L-AAA), a gliotoxin specific for astrocytes, attenuated the antidepressant-like effects of harmine, and prevented the improvement effects of harmine on BDNF protein levels and hippocampal neurogenesis. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 72-96 brain derived neurotrophic factor Mus musculus 250-254 28625859-7 2017 This opinion was proved by the results that administration of mice with l-Alpha-Aminoadipic Acid (L-AAA), a gliotoxin specific for astrocytes, attenuated the antidepressant-like effects of harmine, and prevented the improvement effects of harmine on BDNF protein levels and hippocampal neurogenesis. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 98-103 brain derived neurotrophic factor Mus musculus 250-254 26977812-0 2016 Reshaping the Cone-Mosaic in a Rat Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa: Modulatory Role of ZO-1 Expression in DL-Alpha-Aminoadipic Acid Reshaping. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 104-129 tight junction protein 1 Rattus norvegicus 85-89 26977812-4 2016 Thus, we hypothesized that AAA treatment alters the cone mosaic rings by disrupting the distal sealing formed by these fibrotic processes, either directly or indirectly, by down regulating the expression of ZO-1. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 27-30 tight junction protein 1 Rattus norvegicus 207-211 26977812-6 2016 Moreover, ZO-1 expression is actively suppressed after 3 days of AAA treatment, which coincided with cone ring disruption. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 65-68 tight junction protein 1 Rattus norvegicus 10-14 26209257-8 2015 The nociceptive behavior produced by Ang II or III was also attenuated by the administration of the astrocytic inhibitor L-alpha-aminoadipic acid, but not by the microglial inhibitor minocycline. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 121-145 angiotensinogen (serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 8) Mus musculus 37-43 26400963-10 2015 The greater postprandial rise in 2-aminoadipic acid after the beef meal, coupled to its proposed role in stimulating insulin secretion, may have importance in the context of red meat intake and increased diabetes risk. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 33-51 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 26260980-1 2015 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 7A1 (ALDH7A1) is part of lysine catabolism and catalyzes the NAD(+)-dependent oxidation of alpha-aminoadipate semialdehyde to alpha-aminoadipate. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 114-132 aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family member A1 Homo sapiens 0-26 26325079-1 2015 Homoisocitrate dehydrogenase (HIcDH) catalyzes the NAD(+)-dependent oxidative decarboxylation of HIc to alpha-ketoadipate, the fourth step in the alpha-aminoadipate pathway responsible for the de novo synthesis of l-lysine in fungi. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 146-164 homoisocitrate dehydrogenase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 0-28 26325079-1 2015 Homoisocitrate dehydrogenase (HIcDH) catalyzes the NAD(+)-dependent oxidative decarboxylation of HIc to alpha-ketoadipate, the fourth step in the alpha-aminoadipate pathway responsible for the de novo synthesis of l-lysine in fungi. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 146-164 homoisocitrate dehydrogenase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 30-35 26260980-1 2015 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 7A1 (ALDH7A1) is part of lysine catabolism and catalyzes the NAD(+)-dependent oxidation of alpha-aminoadipate semialdehyde to alpha-aminoadipate. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 114-132 aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family member A1 Homo sapiens 28-35 26135545-6 2015 A further analysis was undertaken to investigate the contribution of SGCs; the expression of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in SGCs and interleukin-1 receptor I (IL-1RI) in neurons was significantly increased after chronic restraint stress, whereas injection of L-alpha-aminoadipate (a SGC inhibitor, LAA) into the TG dramatically inhibited the overexpression of these proteins. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 260-280 interleukin 1 beta Rattus norvegicus 112-120 24216329-6 2014 The intracisternal infusion of minocycline, a microglia inhibitor, and l-alpha-aminoadipic acid, an astrocytic specific inhibitor, also blocked the induced mechanical allodynia and downregulated neuronal GRK2 expression, respectively. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 71-95 G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 Rattus norvegicus 204-208 25733201-7 2015 Moreover, insulin sensitizer therapy significantly reduced three functionally clustered AA and metabolite pairs: i) phenylalanine/tyrosine, ii) citrulline/arginine, and iii) lysine/alpha-aminoadipic acid. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 181-203 insulin Homo sapiens 10-17 25686916-0 2015 PEDF counteracts DL-alpha-aminoadipate toxicity and rescues gliotoxic damages in RPE-free chicken retinal explants. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 17-38 serpin family F member 1 Homo sapiens 0-4 25215496-4 2014 Most prominently, Dhtkd1 was identified as a primary regulator of 2-aminoadipate, explaining variance in fasted glucose and diabetes status in both mice and humans. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 66-80 dehydrogenase E1 and transketolase domain containing 1 Mus musculus 18-24 25581615-4 2015 A first subset (n=12) of GSCs exhibited a dramatic accumulation of the metabolite alpha-aminoadipate (alphaAAD), product of the oxidation of alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde catalyzed by the ALDH7A1 aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) family in lysine catabolism. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 82-100 aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family member A1 Homo sapiens 189-196 25581615-4 2015 A first subset (n=12) of GSCs exhibited a dramatic accumulation of the metabolite alpha-aminoadipate (alphaAAD), product of the oxidation of alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde catalyzed by the ALDH7A1 aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) family in lysine catabolism. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 82-100 aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family member A1 Homo sapiens 189-193 23737455-7 2013 Univariate Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses showed that levels of aminoadipic acid, gluconic acid and maltotriose were associated with the biochemical tumor recurrence (prostate-specific antigen > 0.2 ng/mL). 2-Aminoadipic Acid 74-90 kallikrein related peptidase 3 Homo sapiens 177-202 21982920-2 2011 An as yet unidentified PLP-containing aminotransferase is thought to catalyze the formation of alpha-aminoadipate from alpha-ketoadipate in the L-lysine biosynthetic pathway that could be the yeast Aro8 gene product. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 95-113 bifunctional 2-aminoadipate transaminase/aromatic-amino-acid:2-oxoglutarate transaminase Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C 198-202 22842522-0 2012 Oncosecretomics coupled to bioenergetics identifies alpha-amino adipic acid, isoleucine and GABA as potential biomarkers of cancer: Differential expression of c-Myc, Oct1 and KLF4 coordinates metabolic changes. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 52-75 Kruppel like factor 4 Homo sapiens 175-179 21439022-4 2011 The transamination and the beta-lytic activity of KATII towards the substrates kynurenine and alpha-aminoadipate, the substrate analog beta-chloroalanine and the inhibitors (R)-2-amino-4-(4-(ethylsulfonyl))-4-oxobutanoic acid and cysteine sulfinate were investigated with both conventional assays and a novel continuous spectrophotometric assay. 2-Aminoadipic Acid 94-112 aminoadipate aminotransferase Homo sapiens 50-55