PMID-sentid	Pub_year	Sent_text	compound_name	comp_offset	prot_official_name	organism	prot_offset
2137690-11	1990	26 per 100 disaccharide units) were distributed almost evenly among C-6 of N-acetylglucosamine, C-2 of iduronate and C-6 of N-sulphated glucosamine residues.	Iduronic Acid	103-112	complement C2	Homo sapiens	96-99
1823614-3	1991	The results confirm that chains attached to PG-L are glucuronate-rich, whereas novel findings indicate that chains attached to either of the two PG-S variants yield closely similar oligosaccharide maps, have approximately equal glucuronate and iduronate content and contain over 90% 4-sulfated disaccharide repeating units.	Iduronic Acid	244-253	adaptor related protein complex 1 subunit sigma 2	Homo sapiens	145-149
2285982-3	1990	Measuring at a high temperature (60 degrees C) enabled clear isolation of the H-5 proton signal in the sulphated iduronic acid residue (Is-5) from other proton signals including that of water.	Iduronic Acid	113-126	septin 5	Homo sapiens	78-81
6874690-7	1983	The second proteoglycan, PG-Lb, consists of a core protein with Mr congruent to 52,000 dermatan sulfate copolymer chains with glucuronic acid/iduronic acid residues.	Iduronic Acid	142-155	versican	Gallus gallus	11-23
34192316-4	2021	By screening the Prestwick drug library, we identified ebselen as a potent inhibitor of enzymes that produce iduronic acid in CS/DS and HS.	Iduronic Acid	109-122	citrate synthase	Homo sapiens	126-128
3985961-0	1985	Mono- and bidimensional 500 MHz 1H-NMR spectra of a synthetic pentasaccharide corresponding to the binding sequence of heparin to antithrombin-III: evidence for conformational peculiarity of the sulfated iduronate residue.	Iduronic Acid	204-213	serpin family C member 1	Homo sapiens	130-146
33815739-1	2021	Dermatan sulfate epimerase 1 (DS-epi1, EC 5.1.3.19) catalyzes the conversion of d-glucuronic acid to l-iduronic acid on the polymer level, a key step in the biosynthesis of the glycosaminoglycan dermatan sulfate.	Iduronic Acid	101-116	dermatan sulfate epimerase	Homo sapiens	0-28
33815739-1	2021	Dermatan sulfate epimerase 1 (DS-epi1, EC 5.1.3.19) catalyzes the conversion of d-glucuronic acid to l-iduronic acid on the polymer level, a key step in the biosynthesis of the glycosaminoglycan dermatan sulfate.	Iduronic Acid	101-116	dermatan sulfate epimerase	Homo sapiens	30-37
2914936-9	1989	Thus, analogous proteoglycans from two different tissues, such as DS-PGI from skin and cartilage, possess a core protein with the same primary structure, yet contain glycosaminoglycan chains which differ greatly in iduronic acid content.	Iduronic Acid	215-228	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Bos taurus	69-72
3707548-13	1986	The presence of C-6 sulphate ester on the non-reducing end 2-sulphaminoglucosamine stimulates sulphamate bond hydrolysis and substrate affinity if the adjacent monosaccharide residue is idose or 2-sulphoidose, but strongly inhibits hydrolysis if the adjacent monosaccharide residue is iduronic acid.	Iduronic Acid	285-298	complement C6	Homo sapiens	16-19
4019466-4	1985	Disaccharides prepared by cleavage of heparin and N-deacetylated chondroitin 6-sulfate with nitrous acid were used to demonstrate a new sulfatase that catalyzed the removal of the 2-O-sulfate substituents from GlcA but not IdoA residues.	Iduronic Acid	223-227	arylsulfatase family member H	Homo sapiens	136-145
6874690-7	1983	The second proteoglycan, PG-Lb, consists of a core protein with Mr congruent to 52,000 dermatan sulfate copolymer chains with glucuronic acid/iduronic acid residues.	Iduronic Acid	142-155	epiphycan	Gallus gallus	25-30
573262-4	1979	The yields of disulfated disaccharide (b-2) and monosulfated disaccharides (e-2-1 and e-2-3) indicated that 2-O-sulfates in L-iduronic acid residues of heparin were more libile than 6-O-sulfates in glucosamine residues to the dilute acid treatment, whereas the opposite was the case for the solvolysis.	Iduronic Acid	124-139	immunoglobulin kappa variable 5-2	Homo sapiens	39-42
7326032-1	1981	Loss of C-5 hydrogen during conversion of D-glucuronate to L-iduronate.	Iduronic Acid	59-70	complement C5	Homo sapiens	8-11
6802523-4	1982	Alpha-N-Acetylglucosaminidase activity assessed with GlcNAc-IdOA was 12 times higher than the values obtained using GlcNAc-Ido, GlcNAc-anIdo and GlcNAc-Ido(OS).	Iduronic Acid	60-64	N-acetyl-alpha-glucosaminidase	Homo sapiens	0-29
7410341-6	1980	These findings support the view that beta-glucuronidase can hydrolyze certain alpha-L-iduronide bonds and raise the possibility that beta-glucuronidase may play a role in the catabolism of iduronic acid-containing glycosaminoglycans.	Iduronic Acid	189-202	glucuronidase, beta	Rattus norvegicus	37-55
7410341-6	1980	These findings support the view that beta-glucuronidase can hydrolyze certain alpha-L-iduronide bonds and raise the possibility that beta-glucuronidase may play a role in the catabolism of iduronic acid-containing glycosaminoglycans.	Iduronic Acid	189-202	glucuronidase, beta	Rattus norvegicus	133-151
573262-4	1979	The yields of disulfated disaccharide (b-2) and monosulfated disaccharides (e-2-1 and e-2-3) indicated that 2-O-sulfates in L-iduronic acid residues of heparin were more libile than 6-O-sulfates in glucosamine residues to the dilute acid treatment, whereas the opposite was the case for the solvolysis.	Iduronic Acid	124-139	small nucleolar RNA, H/ACA box 62	Homo sapiens	76-81
573262-4	1979	The yields of disulfated disaccharide (b-2) and monosulfated disaccharides (e-2-1 and e-2-3) indicated that 2-O-sulfates in L-iduronic acid residues of heparin were more libile than 6-O-sulfates in glucosamine residues to the dilute acid treatment, whereas the opposite was the case for the solvolysis.	Iduronic Acid	124-139	cystatin 12, pseudogene	Homo sapiens	86-91
820337-1	1976	Loss of C-5 hydrogen during conversion of D-glucuronic to L-iduronic acid residues.	Iduronic Acid	58-73	complement C5	Homo sapiens	8-11
1123348-8	1975	It was therefore concluded that C-5 inversion of D-glucuronic acid to L-iduronic acid occurred on the polymer level as shown previously for the biosynthesis of heparin (Hook, M., Lindahl, U., Backstrom, G., Malmstrom, A., AND Fransson, L-A., J. Biol.	Iduronic Acid	70-85	complement C5	Homo sapiens	32-35
1123348-14	1975	Tetrasaccharides from nonsulfated products contained L-iduronic acid indicating that C-5 inversion at solitary sites can occur in the absence of sulfation of adjacent hexosamine moieties.	Iduronic Acid	53-68	complement C5	Homo sapiens	85-88
4269173-4	1973	Hunter corrective factor coupled to alpha-L-iduronidase (or alternatively, mixed extracts from Hurler and Hunter fibroblasts) release iduronic acid from 4-O-alpha-L-sulfoiduronosyl-D-sulfoanhydromannose.	Iduronic Acid	134-147	alpha-L-iduronidase	Homo sapiens	36-55
4376944-12	1974	Moreover, digestion with chondroitinase-ABC of chondroitinase-AC-degraded dermatan sulphate released periodate-resistant iduronic acid-containing oligosaccharides.	Iduronic Acid	121-134	galactosamine (N-acetyl)-6-sulfatase	Sus scrofa	25-39
4376944-12	1974	Moreover, digestion with chondroitinase-ABC of chondroitinase-AC-degraded dermatan sulphate released periodate-resistant iduronic acid-containing oligosaccharides.	Iduronic Acid	121-134	galactosamine (N-acetyl)-6-sulfatase	Sus scrofa	47-61
4376944-8	1974	The iduronic acid-containing sequences were resistant to digestion with chondroitinase-ABC.	Iduronic Acid	4-17	galactosamine (N-acetyl)-6-sulfatase	Sus scrofa	72-86
4269173-5	1973	We conclude that the Hunter corrective factor is a sulfatase for sulfated iduronic acid residues.	Iduronic Acid	74-87	arylsulfatase family member H	Homo sapiens	51-60
33185156-1	2021	BACKGROUND: An endo-beta-glucuronidase enzyme, Heparanase (HPSE) degrades the side chains of polymeric heparan sulfate (HS), a glycosaminoglycan formed by alternate repetitive units of D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid/L-iduronic acid.	Iduronic Acid	221-236	heparanase	Homo sapiens	47-57
33755115-3	2021	In particular, the glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi) converts D-glucuronic acid residues to L-iduronic acid, and 2-O-sulfotransferase (2OST) catalyzes sulfation at C2 position of IdoA and rarely GlcA residues.	Iduronic Acid	90-105	glucuronyl C5-epimerase	Mus musculus	19-42
33755115-3	2021	In particular, the glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi) converts D-glucuronic acid residues to L-iduronic acid, and 2-O-sulfotransferase (2OST) catalyzes sulfation at C2 position of IdoA and rarely GlcA residues.	Iduronic Acid	90-105	glucuronyl C5-epimerase	Mus musculus	44-49
33755115-3	2021	In particular, the glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi) converts D-glucuronic acid residues to L-iduronic acid, and 2-O-sulfotransferase (2OST) catalyzes sulfation at C2 position of IdoA and rarely GlcA residues.	Iduronic Acid	90-105	heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase 1	Mus musculus	111-131
33755115-3	2021	In particular, the glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi) converts D-glucuronic acid residues to L-iduronic acid, and 2-O-sulfotransferase (2OST) catalyzes sulfation at C2 position of IdoA and rarely GlcA residues.	Iduronic Acid	90-105	heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase 1	Mus musculus	133-137
33185156-1	2021	BACKGROUND: An endo-beta-glucuronidase enzyme, Heparanase (HPSE) degrades the side chains of polymeric heparan sulfate (HS), a glycosaminoglycan formed by alternate repetitive units of D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid/L-iduronic acid.	Iduronic Acid	221-236	heparanase	Homo sapiens	59-63
29976758-1	2018	During the biosynthesis of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS), a variable fraction of glucuronic acid is converted to iduronic acid through the activities of two epimerases, dermatan sulfate epimerases 1 (DS-epi1) and 2 (DS-epi2).	Iduronic Acid	120-133	dermatan sulfate epimerase	Homo sapiens	207-221
31972438-1	2020	Dermatan sulfate (DS) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) that is produced through the epimerization of the glucuronic acid on chondroitin sulfate into iduronic acid (IduA) by dermatan sulfate epimerase (DS-epi) 1 and 2.	Iduronic Acid	145-158	dermatan sulfate epimerase	Homo sapiens	169-195
30720464-7	2019	Glycoarray approaches demonstrated that the avidity of heparan sulfate for BDNF increased with sulfation at the 2-O position of iduronic acid and the N position of glucosamine.	Iduronic Acid	128-141	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Homo sapiens	75-79
32304324-2	2020	D-Glucuronyl C5-epimerase (C5-epi) is an enzyme acting on a heparin precursor, N-sulfoheparosan, catalyzing the reversible epimerization of D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) to L-iduronic acid (IdoA).	Iduronic Acid	168-183	glucuronic acid epimerase	Homo sapiens	0-25
32304324-2	2020	D-Glucuronyl C5-epimerase (C5-epi) is an enzyme acting on a heparin precursor, N-sulfoheparosan, catalyzing the reversible epimerization of D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) to L-iduronic acid (IdoA).	Iduronic Acid	185-189	glucuronic acid epimerase	Homo sapiens	0-25
32515841-0	2020	Degeneracy of the antithrombin binding sequence in heparin: 2-O-sulfated Iduronic acid can replace the critical glucuronic acid.	Iduronic Acid	73-86	serpin family C member 1	Homo sapiens	18-30
32515841-5	2020	Interestingly, two IdoA2S units, both present in a 1C4 - 2S0 equilibrium in the unbound saccharide, respectively shift to full 2S0 and full 1C4 upon binding to antithrombin, providing the best illustration of the critical role of iduronic acid conformational flexibility in biological systems.	Iduronic Acid	230-243	serpin family C member 1	Homo sapiens	160-172
31972438-1	2020	Dermatan sulfate (DS) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) that is produced through the epimerization of the glucuronic acid on chondroitin sulfate into iduronic acid (IduA) by dermatan sulfate epimerase (DS-epi) 1 and 2.	Iduronic Acid	160-164	dermatan sulfate epimerase	Homo sapiens	169-195
31972438-1	2020	Dermatan sulfate (DS) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) that is produced through the epimerization of the glucuronic acid on chondroitin sulfate into iduronic acid (IduA) by dermatan sulfate epimerase (DS-epi) 1 and 2.	Iduronic Acid	160-164	dermatan sulfate epimerase	Homo sapiens	197-212
30872481-2	2019	Of these, glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Glce) catalyzes C5-epimerization of the HS component, d-glucuronic acid (GlcA), into l-iduronic acid (IdoA), which provides internal flexibility to the polymer and forges protein-binding sites to ensure polymer function.	Iduronic Acid	120-135	glucuronic acid epimerase	Homo sapiens	10-33
30872481-2	2019	Of these, glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Glce) catalyzes C5-epimerization of the HS component, d-glucuronic acid (GlcA), into l-iduronic acid (IdoA), which provides internal flexibility to the polymer and forges protein-binding sites to ensure polymer function.	Iduronic Acid	120-135	glucuronic acid epimerase	Homo sapiens	35-39
30872481-2	2019	Of these, glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Glce) catalyzes C5-epimerization of the HS component, d-glucuronic acid (GlcA), into l-iduronic acid (IdoA), which provides internal flexibility to the polymer and forges protein-binding sites to ensure polymer function.	Iduronic Acid	137-141	glucuronic acid epimerase	Homo sapiens	10-33
30872481-2	2019	Of these, glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Glce) catalyzes C5-epimerization of the HS component, d-glucuronic acid (GlcA), into l-iduronic acid (IdoA), which provides internal flexibility to the polymer and forges protein-binding sites to ensure polymer function.	Iduronic Acid	137-141	glucuronic acid epimerase	Homo sapiens	35-39
30458230-1	2019	Glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi) catalyzes the conversion of glucuronic acid to iduronic acid in the process of heparan sulfate biosynthesis.	Iduronic Acid	79-92	glucuronyl C5-epimerase	Mus musculus	0-23
30458230-1	2019	Glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi) catalyzes the conversion of glucuronic acid to iduronic acid in the process of heparan sulfate biosynthesis.	Iduronic Acid	79-92	glucuronyl C5-epimerase	Mus musculus	25-30
29976758-2	2018	Previous in vitro studies indicated that without association with other enzymes, DS-epi1 activity produces structures that have only a few adjacent iduronic acid units.	Iduronic Acid	148-161	dermatan sulfate epimerase	Homo sapiens	81-88
29976758-3	2018	In vivo, concomitant with epimerization, dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase 1 (D4ST1) sulfates the GalNAc adjacent to iduronic acid.	Iduronic Acid	113-126	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 14	Homo sapiens	41-72
29976758-3	2018	In vivo, concomitant with epimerization, dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase 1 (D4ST1) sulfates the GalNAc adjacent to iduronic acid.	Iduronic Acid	113-126	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 14	Homo sapiens	74-79
29976758-8	2018	The cooperation of DS-epi1 with D4ST1 may therefore explain the processive mode of the formation of iduronic acid blocks.	Iduronic Acid	100-113	dermatan sulfate epimerase	Homo sapiens	19-26
29976758-8	2018	The cooperation of DS-epi1 with D4ST1 may therefore explain the processive mode of the formation of iduronic acid blocks.	Iduronic Acid	100-113	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 14	Homo sapiens	32-37
24349317-4	2013	We predicted a novel molecular model for ECP binding of heparin hexasaccharide (Hep6), [GlcNS(6S)-IdoA(2S)]3, and residues Gln(40), His(64) and Arg(105) were indicated as major contributions for the interaction.	Iduronic Acid	98-102	ribonuclease A family member 3	Homo sapiens	41-44
27511124-1	2016	Biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) involves conversion of D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) to L-iduronic acid (IdoA) units catalyzed by glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi).	Iduronic Acid	105-109	glucuronic acid epimerase	Homo sapiens	155-160
27101845-5	2016	We demonstrate that DS-epi1 is important for the generation of isolated iduronic acid residues in chondroitin sulfate (CS)/DS proteoglycans in early Xenopus embryos.	Iduronic Acid	72-85	dermatan sulfate epimerase	Homo sapiens	20-27
26116392-3	2016	An essential step during biosynthesis of HS is the epimerization of D-glucuronic to L-iduronic acid by the enzyme glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi or Glce).	Iduronic Acid	84-99	glucuronyl C5-epimerase	Mus musculus	114-137
26116392-3	2016	An essential step during biosynthesis of HS is the epimerization of D-glucuronic to L-iduronic acid by the enzyme glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi or Glce).	Iduronic Acid	84-99	glucuronyl C5-epimerase	Mus musculus	139-144
26116392-3	2016	An essential step during biosynthesis of HS is the epimerization of D-glucuronic to L-iduronic acid by the enzyme glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi or Glce).	Iduronic Acid	84-99	glucuronyl C5-epimerase	Mus musculus	148-152
25568314-2	2015	D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Glce) is a crucial enzyme in HS synthesis, converting D-glucuronic acid to L-iduronic acid to increase HS flexibility.	Iduronic Acid	102-117	glucuronic acid epimerase	Homo sapiens	0-25
25186462-2	2014	A distinct feature of DS is the presence of iduronic acid, produced by the two enzymes, DS-epimerase 1 and 2, which are encoded by Dse and Dsel, respectively.	Iduronic Acid	44-57	dermatan sulfate epimerase-like	Mus musculus	139-143
24499487-2	2014	GLCE (glucuronic acid epimerase) is a critical enzyme involved in HS synthesis, which converts GlcA (D-glucuronic acid) into IdoA (L-iduronic acid).	Iduronic Acid	125-129	glucuronic acid epimerase	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
24499487-2	2014	GLCE (glucuronic acid epimerase) is a critical enzyme involved in HS synthesis, which converts GlcA (D-glucuronic acid) into IdoA (L-iduronic acid).	Iduronic Acid	125-129	glucuronic acid epimerase	Rattus norvegicus	6-31
24499487-2	2014	GLCE (glucuronic acid epimerase) is a critical enzyme involved in HS synthesis, which converts GlcA (D-glucuronic acid) into IdoA (L-iduronic acid).	Iduronic Acid	131-146	glucuronic acid epimerase	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
24499487-2	2014	GLCE (glucuronic acid epimerase) is a critical enzyme involved in HS synthesis, which converts GlcA (D-glucuronic acid) into IdoA (L-iduronic acid).	Iduronic Acid	131-146	glucuronic acid epimerase	Rattus norvegicus	6-31
24368159-1	2014	UNLABELLED: The lysosomal enzyme alpha-L-iduronidase hydrolyzes terminal iduronic acid from heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate, and is an essential step in GAG degradation.	Iduronic Acid	73-86	alpha-L-iduronidase	Homo sapiens	33-52
29473068-0	2018	A combinatorial approach towards the synthesis of non-hydrolysable triazole-iduronic acid hybrid inhibitors of human alpha-l-iduronidase: discovery of enzyme stabilizers for the potential treatment of MPSI.	Iduronic Acid	76-89	alpha-L-iduronidase	Homo sapiens	117-136
26900446-3	2016	Dermatan sulfate epimerase 1 (DS-epi1) is the predominant enzyme during the formation of iduronic acid residues in the glycosaminoglycan dermatan sulfate.	Iduronic Acid	89-102	dermatan sulfate epimerase	Homo sapiens	0-28
26900446-3	2016	Dermatan sulfate epimerase 1 (DS-epi1) is the predominant enzyme during the formation of iduronic acid residues in the glycosaminoglycan dermatan sulfate.	Iduronic Acid	89-102	dermatan sulfate epimerase	Homo sapiens	30-37
26022293-5	2015	A screen for new Q descendant AQR and PQR migration mutations identified mig-13 as well as hse-5, the gene encoding the glucuronyl C5-epimerase enzyme, which catalyzes epimerization of glucuronic acid to iduronic acid in the heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs).	Iduronic Acid	204-217	Abnormal cell migration protein 13	Caenorhabditis elegans	73-79
26022293-5	2015	A screen for new Q descendant AQR and PQR migration mutations identified mig-13 as well as hse-5, the gene encoding the glucuronyl C5-epimerase enzyme, which catalyzes epimerization of glucuronic acid to iduronic acid in the heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs).	Iduronic Acid	204-217	D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase	Caenorhabditis elegans	91-96
25568314-2	2015	D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Glce) is a crucial enzyme in HS synthesis, converting D-glucuronic acid to L-iduronic acid to increase HS flexibility.	Iduronic Acid	102-117	glucuronic acid epimerase	Homo sapiens	27-31
24549353-5	2014	Iduronic acid donors exhibit more favorable glycosyl donating properties and a compound protected with a Lev ester at C-2 and an Fmoc function at the C-4 hydroxyl gave coupling products in high yield.	Iduronic Acid	0-13	complement C2	Homo sapiens	118-121
24549353-5	2014	Iduronic acid donors exhibit more favorable glycosyl donating properties and a compound protected with a Lev ester at C-2 and an Fmoc function at the C-4 hydroxyl gave coupling products in high yield.	Iduronic Acid	0-13	complement C4A (Rodgers blood group)	Homo sapiens	150-153
23360803-3	2013	To enable a novel approach in studies on DS versus CS roles during development and regeneration, we generated a mouse deficient in the dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase1 (Chst14(-/-)), a key enzyme in the synthesis of iduronic acid-containing modules found in DS but not CS.	Iduronic Acid	214-227	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 14	Mus musculus	167-173
24133213-1	2013	During the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS), glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi) catalyzes C5-epimerization of glucuronic acid (GlcA), converting it to iduronic acid (IdoA).	Iduronic Acid	152-165	Heparan sulfate C5-epimerase	Drosophila melanogaster	74-79
24133213-1	2013	During the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS), glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi) catalyzes C5-epimerization of glucuronic acid (GlcA), converting it to iduronic acid (IdoA).	Iduronic Acid	167-171	Heparan sulfate C5-epimerase	Drosophila melanogaster	74-79
24133213-2	2013	Because HS 2-O-sulfotransferase (Hs2st) shows a strong substrate preference for IdoA over GlcA, C5-epimerization is required for normal HS sulfation.	Iduronic Acid	80-84	Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase	Drosophila melanogaster	8-31
24133213-2	2013	Because HS 2-O-sulfotransferase (Hs2st) shows a strong substrate preference for IdoA over GlcA, C5-epimerization is required for normal HS sulfation.	Iduronic Acid	80-84	Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase	Drosophila melanogaster	33-38
24036510-4	2013	Structures of IDUA bound to iduronate analogs illustrate the Michaelis complex and reveal a (2,5)B conformation in the glycosyl-enzyme intermediate, which suggest a retaining double displacement reaction involving the nucleophilic Glu299 and the general acid/base Glu182.	Iduronic Acid	28-37	alpha-L-iduronidase	Homo sapiens	14-18
20004762-3	2009	The CHST14 gene encodes N-acetylgalactosamine 4-O-sulfotransferase 1 (D4ST1), which catalyzes 4-O sulfation of N-acetylgalactosamine in the repeating iduronic acid-alpha1,3-N-acetylgalactosamine disaccharide sequence to form dermatan sulfate.	Iduronic Acid	150-163	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 14	Homo sapiens	4-10
22899863-8	2012	This short review presents the biosynthesis and functions of iduronic acid-containing structures, also as revealed by the analysis of the DS-epi1- and 2-deficient mouse models.	Iduronic Acid	61-74	dermatan sulfate epimerase	Mus musculus	138-152
22496542-1	2012	Dermatan sulfate epimerase 2 (DS-epi2), together with its homolog DS-epi1, transform glucuronic acid into iduronic acid in DS polysaccharide chains.	Iduronic Acid	106-119	dermatan sulfate epimerase-like	Mus musculus	0-28
22496542-1	2012	Dermatan sulfate epimerase 2 (DS-epi2), together with its homolog DS-epi1, transform glucuronic acid into iduronic acid in DS polysaccharide chains.	Iduronic Acid	106-119	dermatan sulfate epimerase-like	Mus musculus	30-37
22496542-1	2012	Dermatan sulfate epimerase 2 (DS-epi2), together with its homolog DS-epi1, transform glucuronic acid into iduronic acid in DS polysaccharide chains.	Iduronic Acid	106-119	dermatan sulfate epimerase	Mus musculus	66-73
20439988-6	2010	IdoA-GalNAc(4,6-SO(4)) units that account for approximately 40% of total disaccharide units of DS in the liver of the wild-type mice disappeared in the liver DS of GalNAc4S-6ST-null mice without reduction of IdoA content.	Iduronic Acid	0-4	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 15	Mus musculus	164-176
20118238-7	2010	HS 2-O-sulfotransferase (2OST) transfers the sulfo group to the 2-OH-position of glucuronic or iduronic acid.	Iduronic Acid	95-108	heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	3-23
20118238-7	2010	HS 2-O-sulfotransferase (2OST) transfers the sulfo group to the 2-OH-position of glucuronic or iduronic acid.	Iduronic Acid	95-108	heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	25-29
20118238-8	2010	Unlike the wild type protein, 2-O-sulfotransferase mutant (2OST Y94I) transfers sulfate to the iduronic acid but not to the glucuronic acid.	Iduronic Acid	95-108	heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	30-50
20118238-8	2010	Unlike the wild type protein, 2-O-sulfotransferase mutant (2OST Y94I) transfers sulfate to the iduronic acid but not to the glucuronic acid.	Iduronic Acid	95-108	heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	59-63
20118238-10	2010	Incubating N-sulfated heparosan with C(5)-epimerase converts some of the glucuronic acid to iduronic acid, thus becoming a substrate for 2OST Y94I.	Iduronic Acid	92-105	heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	137-141
20807641-0	2010	Glucuronyl C5-epimerase an enzyme converting glucuronic acid to iduronic acid in heparan sulfate/heparin biosynthesis.	Iduronic Acid	64-77	glucuronyl C5-epimerase	Mus musculus	0-23
20807641-1	2010	The glucuronyl C5 epimerase (HSepi) is one of the modification enzymes involved in biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin, catalyzing the epimerization of D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) to L-iduronic acid (IdoA) at polymer level.	Iduronic Acid	193-208	glucuronyl C5-epimerase	Mus musculus	4-27
20807641-1	2010	The glucuronyl C5 epimerase (HSepi) is one of the modification enzymes involved in biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin, catalyzing the epimerization of D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) to L-iduronic acid (IdoA) at polymer level.	Iduronic Acid	193-208	glucuronyl C5-epimerase	Mus musculus	29-34
20807641-1	2010	The glucuronyl C5 epimerase (HSepi) is one of the modification enzymes involved in biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin, catalyzing the epimerization of D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) to L-iduronic acid (IdoA) at polymer level.	Iduronic Acid	210-214	glucuronyl C5-epimerase	Mus musculus	4-27
20807641-1	2010	The glucuronyl C5 epimerase (HSepi) is one of the modification enzymes involved in biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin, catalyzing the epimerization of D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) to L-iduronic acid (IdoA) at polymer level.	Iduronic Acid	210-214	glucuronyl C5-epimerase	Mus musculus	29-34
22899863-2	2012	DS-epimerases 1 and 2 (DS-epi1 and 2), in conjunction with DS-4-O-sulfotransferase 1, are the enzymes responsible for iduronic acid biosynthesis and will be the major focus of this review.	Iduronic Acid	118-131	dermatan sulfate epimerase	Mus musculus	23-36
21835782-8	2012	Using the synthesized heptasaccharides, we discovered that the iduronic acid is critical for binding to fibroblast growth factor-2.	Iduronic Acid	63-76	fibroblast growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	104-130
21177331-4	2011	In this study, to clarify the distribution of the DS-type structure in the brain during development, the expression patterns of DS epimerase 1 (DS-epi1) and DS-epi2, both of which convert d-glucuronic acid into IdoA, were investigated by in situ hybridization.	Iduronic Acid	211-215	dermatan sulfate epimerase	Mus musculus	128-142
21177331-4	2011	In this study, to clarify the distribution of the DS-type structure in the brain during development, the expression patterns of DS epimerase 1 (DS-epi1) and DS-epi2, both of which convert d-glucuronic acid into IdoA, were investigated by in situ hybridization.	Iduronic Acid	211-215	dermatan sulfate epimerase	Mus musculus	144-151
21177331-4	2011	In this study, to clarify the distribution of the DS-type structure in the brain during development, the expression patterns of DS epimerase 1 (DS-epi1) and DS-epi2, both of which convert d-glucuronic acid into IdoA, were investigated by in situ hybridization.	Iduronic Acid	211-215	dermatan sulfate epimerase-like	Mus musculus	157-164
20554947-3	2010	HS 2-O-sulfotransferase catalyzes 2-O-sulfation of glucuronic and iduronic acid residues with a 5-fold higher preference for iduronic acid, as inferred from previously determined kinetic parameters.	Iduronic Acid	66-79	spectrin beta, erythrocytic	Homo sapiens	0-4
20554947-3	2010	HS 2-O-sulfotransferase catalyzes 2-O-sulfation of glucuronic and iduronic acid residues with a 5-fold higher preference for iduronic acid, as inferred from previously determined kinetic parameters.	Iduronic Acid	125-138	spectrin beta, erythrocytic	Homo sapiens	0-4
20554947-5	2010	The 2-O-sulfotransferase revealed a more pronounced preference for 2-O-sulfation of iduronic acid than predicted.	Iduronic Acid	84-97	heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	4-24
20554947-7	2010	Unexpectedly, when the 2-O-sulfotransferase was co-immunoprecipitated with the glucuronyl C5-epimerase (that converts glucuronic acid to iduronic acid), both glucuronic acid and iduronic acid residues were sulfated to the same extent when a polysaccharide containing only glucuronic acid was used as a substrate.	Iduronic Acid	137-150	heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	23-43
20554947-7	2010	Unexpectedly, when the 2-O-sulfotransferase was co-immunoprecipitated with the glucuronyl C5-epimerase (that converts glucuronic acid to iduronic acid), both glucuronic acid and iduronic acid residues were sulfated to the same extent when a polysaccharide containing only glucuronic acid was used as a substrate.	Iduronic Acid	137-150	glucuronic acid epimerase	Homo sapiens	79-102
20554947-7	2010	Unexpectedly, when the 2-O-sulfotransferase was co-immunoprecipitated with the glucuronyl C5-epimerase (that converts glucuronic acid to iduronic acid), both glucuronic acid and iduronic acid residues were sulfated to the same extent when a polysaccharide containing only glucuronic acid was used as a substrate.	Iduronic Acid	178-191	heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	23-43
20554947-7	2010	Unexpectedly, when the 2-O-sulfotransferase was co-immunoprecipitated with the glucuronyl C5-epimerase (that converts glucuronic acid to iduronic acid), both glucuronic acid and iduronic acid residues were sulfated to the same extent when a polysaccharide containing only glucuronic acid was used as a substrate.	Iduronic Acid	178-191	glucuronic acid epimerase	Homo sapiens	79-102
20004762-3	2009	The CHST14 gene encodes N-acetylgalactosamine 4-O-sulfotransferase 1 (D4ST1), which catalyzes 4-O sulfation of N-acetylgalactosamine in the repeating iduronic acid-alpha1,3-N-acetylgalactosamine disaccharide sequence to form dermatan sulfate.	Iduronic Acid	150-163	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 8	Homo sapiens	24-68
20004762-3	2009	The CHST14 gene encodes N-acetylgalactosamine 4-O-sulfotransferase 1 (D4ST1), which catalyzes 4-O sulfation of N-acetylgalactosamine in the repeating iduronic acid-alpha1,3-N-acetylgalactosamine disaccharide sequence to form dermatan sulfate.	Iduronic Acid	150-163	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 14	Homo sapiens	70-75
19661164-5	2009	siRNA-mediated downregulation of D4ST-1 in primary human lung fibroblasts led to a drastic specific reduction of iduronic acid blocks.	Iduronic Acid	113-126	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 14	Homo sapiens	33-39
19661164-7	2009	Analysis of the dermatan sulfate chains showed that D4ST-1 is essential for the biosynthesis of the disulfated structure iduronic acid-2-O-sulfate-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfate, thus confirmed to be strictly connected with the iduronic acid blocks.	Iduronic Acid	121-134	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 14	Homo sapiens	52-58
19473011-1	2009	D-glucuronate and l-iduronate containing disaccharides related to the antithrombin-binding pentasaccharide of heparin, in which one of the sulfate esters is systematically replaced by a sodium sulfonatomethyl moiety, were synthesized.	Iduronic Acid	18-29	serpin family C member 1	Homo sapiens	70-82
19687302-0	2009	Dermatan sulfate epimerase 1-deficient mice have reduced content and changed distribution of iduronic acids in dermatan sulfate and an altered collagen structure in skin.	Iduronic Acid	93-107	dermatan sulfate epimerase	Mus musculus	0-28
19687302-1	2009	Dermatan sulfate epimerase 1 (DS-epi1) and DS-epi2 convert glucuronic acid to iduronic acid in chondroitin/dermatan sulfate biosynthesis.	Iduronic Acid	78-91	dermatan sulfate epimerase	Mus musculus	0-28
19687302-1	2009	Dermatan sulfate epimerase 1 (DS-epi1) and DS-epi2 convert glucuronic acid to iduronic acid in chondroitin/dermatan sulfate biosynthesis.	Iduronic Acid	78-91	dermatan sulfate epimerase	Mus musculus	30-37
19687302-1	2009	Dermatan sulfate epimerase 1 (DS-epi1) and DS-epi2 convert glucuronic acid to iduronic acid in chondroitin/dermatan sulfate biosynthesis.	Iduronic Acid	78-91	dermatan sulfate epimerase-like	Mus musculus	43-50
19687302-3	2009	The numbers of long blocks of adjacent iduronic acids are greatly decreased in skin decorin and biglycan chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, along with a parallel decrease in iduronic-2-O-sulfated-galactosamine-4-O-sulfated structures.	Iduronic Acid	39-53	biglycan	Mus musculus	96-104
19336402-1	2009	HSEPI (glucuronyl C5-epimerase) catalyzes the conversion of d-glucuronic acid to l-iduronic acid in heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis.	Iduronic Acid	81-96	glucuronyl C5-epimerase	Mus musculus	0-5
19336402-1	2009	HSEPI (glucuronyl C5-epimerase) catalyzes the conversion of d-glucuronic acid to l-iduronic acid in heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis.	Iduronic Acid	81-96	glucuronyl C5-epimerase	Mus musculus	7-30
19188366-6	2009	By using a short interfering RNA approach, we found that DS-epi2 and DS-epi1 are both involved in the biosynthesis of the iduronic acid blocks in fibroblasts and that DS-epi2 can also synthesize the hybrid structures.	Iduronic Acid	122-135	dermatan sulfate epimerase	Homo sapiens	69-76
17929936-1	2007	The syn-selective addition of organozinc compounds to 4alpha-epoxypyranosides (4alpha-EPs), generated from methyl beta-D-glucoside or aminoglucoside, provides an efficient route to pyranosides with alpha-L-ido configurations, including L-iduronic acid, neosamine B, and higher monosaccharide derivatives.	Iduronic Acid	236-251	synemin	Homo sapiens	4-7
19152659-5	2009	Structural variants of DS between 10 and 20 disaccharides containing iduronic acid showed maximal capacity to enable FGF-10 receptor stimulation.	Iduronic Acid	69-82	fibroblast growth factor 10	Homo sapiens	117-123
16532012-2	2006	In biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS), a structurally related polysaccharide, HS glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi) converts D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) to L-iduronic acid (IdoA) residues.	Iduronic Acid	152-167	glucuronyl C5-epimerase	Mus musculus	80-106
17884631-7	2007	We discovered that polysaccharides without the iduronic acid residue displayed strong binding affinity to antithrombin and high anti-Xa and anti-IIa activities.	Iduronic Acid	47-60	serpin family C member 1	Homo sapiens	106-118
16532012-2	2006	In biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS), a structurally related polysaccharide, HS glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi) converts D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) to L-iduronic acid (IdoA) residues.	Iduronic Acid	152-167	glucuronyl C5-epimerase	Mus musculus	108-113
16532012-2	2006	In biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS), a structurally related polysaccharide, HS glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi) converts D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) to L-iduronic acid (IdoA) residues.	Iduronic Acid	169-173	glucuronyl C5-epimerase	Mus musculus	80-106
16532012-2	2006	In biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS), a structurally related polysaccharide, HS glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi) converts D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) to L-iduronic acid (IdoA) residues.	Iduronic Acid	169-173	glucuronyl C5-epimerase	Mus musculus	108-113
16532012-3	2006	We have generated Hsepi-null mouse mutant mast cells, and we show that the same enzyme catalyzes the generation of IdoA in heparin and that "heparin" lacking IdoA shows a distorted O-sulfation pattern.	Iduronic Acid	115-119	glucuronyl C5-epimerase	Mus musculus	18-23
15839662-5	2005	Therefore, this case is different than that described for the controversial recognition of heparin-like saccharides by AT-III, which seems to recognize just one conformation of the iduronic acid residues.	Iduronic Acid	181-194	serpin family C member 1	Homo sapiens	119-125
16275065-0	2006	Synthesis and biological evaluation of gem-diamine 1-N-iminosugars related to L-iduronic acid as inhibitors of heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase.	Iduronic Acid	78-93	heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	127-147
16283671-3	2005	MPS type I (MPS I) is caused by low or undetectable activity of alpha-L-iduronidase, an enzyme involved in removing the terminal iduronic acid residues from heparan and dermatan sulfate.	Iduronic Acid	129-142	alpha-L-iduronidase	Homo sapiens	64-83
16118286-5	2005	The findings showed that iduronic acid content is reduced by 50% in decorin and biglycan, whereas 4-O-sulfation is increased 2-fold in versican.	Iduronic Acid	25-38	biglycan	Homo sapiens	80-88
16156897-3	2005	D-glucuronyl-C5-epimerase (Glce) is a key HS chain modifying enzyme that catalyses the conversion of glucuronic acid into iduronic acid, a biosynthetic step that enhances HS biological activity.	Iduronic Acid	122-135	glucuronic acid epimerase b	Danio rerio	0-25
16156897-3	2005	D-glucuronyl-C5-epimerase (Glce) is a key HS chain modifying enzyme that catalyses the conversion of glucuronic acid into iduronic acid, a biosynthetic step that enhances HS biological activity.	Iduronic Acid	122-135	glucuronic acid epimerase b	Danio rerio	27-31
15853773-2	2005	GLCE (D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase), an enzyme responsible for the epimerization of D-glucuronic acid into L-iduronic acid of HS, endows the nascent polysaccharide chain with the ability to bind to growth factors and cytokines.	Iduronic Acid	104-119	glucuronic acid epimerase	Homo sapiens	0-4
15853773-2	2005	GLCE (D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase), an enzyme responsible for the epimerization of D-glucuronic acid into L-iduronic acid of HS, endows the nascent polysaccharide chain with the ability to bind to growth factors and cytokines.	Iduronic Acid	104-119	glucuronic acid epimerase	Homo sapiens	6-31
15625183-9	2005	The epitope of 473HD, but not of CS-56 or MO-225, was eliminated from DSD-1-PG by digestion with chondroitinase B, suggesting the close association of L-iduronic acid with the 473HD epitope.	Iduronic Acid	151-166	protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type Z, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	70-78
15078125-1	2004	Heparin and other iduronic acid-containing glycosaminoglycans (GAG) such as dermatan sulfate exert their anticoagulant properties primarily by accelerating the rate of inhibition of the natural protease inhibitors antithrombin III (AT, which inhibits both factor Xa and thrombin) and heparin cofactor II (HCII, which selectively inhibits thrombin).	Iduronic Acid	18-31	serpin family C member 1	Homo sapiens	214-230
15632143-13	2005	Oversulfated disaccharides and nonconsecutive iduronic acid-containing units were the requirements for the E-CS/DS chains to bind PTN and to exhibit the neuritogenic activities.	Iduronic Acid	46-59	pleiotrophin	Sus scrofa	130-133
15769511-4	2005	On the other hand, 2-O-desulfated heparin did not indicate the aggregation with FGF-2, indicating that the sulfate groups at O-2 of iduronate residues in heparin is most essential for association with FGF-2.	Iduronic Acid	132-141	fibroblast growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	201-206
15324304-6	2004	On the other hand, when [35S]glycosaminoglycans formed from DSDS after incubation with [35S]PAPS and C6ST-1 were digested with chondroitinase ACII, a major part of the radioactivity was recovered in fractions larger than hexasaccharides, indicating that C6ST-1 transferred sulphate to the GalNAc residues located in the L-iduronic acid-rich region.	Iduronic Acid	320-335	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3	Rattus norvegicus	101-107
14718527-1	2004	Glucuronyl C5-epimerase catalyzes the conversion of d-glucuronic acid to l-iduronic acid units in heparan sulfate biosynthesis.	Iduronic Acid	73-88	glucuronic acid epimerase	Homo sapiens	0-23
15010305-2	2004	These two models represent the regular region of heparin lacking one type of O-sulfate group, either at C-6 of glucosamine or at C-2 of iduronate.	Iduronic Acid	136-145	complement C2	Homo sapiens	129-132
15078125-1	2004	Heparin and other iduronic acid-containing glycosaminoglycans (GAG) such as dermatan sulfate exert their anticoagulant properties primarily by accelerating the rate of inhibition of the natural protease inhibitors antithrombin III (AT, which inhibits both factor Xa and thrombin) and heparin cofactor II (HCII, which selectively inhibits thrombin).	Iduronic Acid	18-31	serpin family D member 1	Homo sapiens	284-303
15078125-1	2004	Heparin and other iduronic acid-containing glycosaminoglycans (GAG) such as dermatan sulfate exert their anticoagulant properties primarily by accelerating the rate of inhibition of the natural protease inhibitors antithrombin III (AT, which inhibits both factor Xa and thrombin) and heparin cofactor II (HCII, which selectively inhibits thrombin).	Iduronic Acid	18-31	serpin family D member 1	Homo sapiens	305-309
15078125-1	2004	Heparin and other iduronic acid-containing glycosaminoglycans (GAG) such as dermatan sulfate exert their anticoagulant properties primarily by accelerating the rate of inhibition of the natural protease inhibitors antithrombin III (AT, which inhibits both factor Xa and thrombin) and heparin cofactor II (HCII, which selectively inhibits thrombin).	Iduronic Acid	18-31	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	270-278
15078125-1	2004	Heparin and other iduronic acid-containing glycosaminoglycans (GAG) such as dermatan sulfate exert their anticoagulant properties primarily by accelerating the rate of inhibition of the natural protease inhibitors antithrombin III (AT, which inhibits both factor Xa and thrombin) and heparin cofactor II (HCII, which selectively inhibits thrombin).	Iduronic Acid	18-31	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	218-226
11278860-8	2001	The FGFR4-binding saccharide domains contained both 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid and 6-O-sulfated N-sulfoglucosamine residues, as shown by experiments with selectively desulfated heparin, compositional disaccharide analysis, and a novel exoenzyme-based sequence analysis of heparan sulfate oligosaccharides.	Iduronic Acid	65-78	fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens	4-9
12907690-6	2003	We isolated IdoUA-AnMan3S and IdoUA-AnMan3S6S from nitrous acid-degraded 3-OST-5-modified HS (pH 1.5), suggesting that 3-OST-5 enzyme sulfates the glucosamine residue that is linked to an iduronic acid residue at the nonreducing end.	Iduronic Acid	188-201	heparan sulfate-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 5	Homo sapiens	73-80
12907690-6	2003	We isolated IdoUA-AnMan3S and IdoUA-AnMan3S6S from nitrous acid-degraded 3-OST-5-modified HS (pH 1.5), suggesting that 3-OST-5 enzyme sulfates the glucosamine residue that is linked to an iduronic acid residue at the nonreducing end.	Iduronic Acid	188-201	heparan sulfate-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 5	Homo sapiens	119-126
12207034-3	2002	Transfected DCN(M1-Q153), like full-length DCN, contained approximately 20% l-iduronate.	Iduronic Acid	76-87	decorin	Homo sapiens	12-15
12788935-0	2003	Targeted disruption of a murine glucuronyl C5-epimerase gene results in heparan sulfate lacking L-iduronic acid and in neonatal lethality.	Iduronic Acid	96-111	glucuronyl C5-epimerase	Mus musculus	32-55
11763451-0	2001	Synthesis of conformationally locked L-iduronic acid derivatives: direct evidence for a critical role of the skew-boat 2S0 conformer in the activation of antithrombin by heparin.	Iduronic Acid	37-52	serpin family C member 1	Homo sapiens	154-166
11763451-1	2001	We have used organic synthesis to understand the role of L-iduronic acid conformational flexibility in the activation of antithrombin by heparin.	Iduronic Acid	57-72	serpin family C member 1	Homo sapiens	121-133
11763451-11	2001	These results clearly establish the critical importance of the 2S0 conformation of L-iduronic acid in the activation of antithrombin by heparin.	Iduronic Acid	83-98	serpin family C member 1	Homo sapiens	120-132
9500522-9	1998	IL-5 interacts with iduronic acid containing glycosaminoglycans, and heparan sulfate preparations that have numerous N-sulfated domains per chain are especially efficient at inhibiting heparin binding.	Iduronic Acid	20-33	interleukin 5	Homo sapiens	0-4
11331020-10	2001	In agreement with these results, the 2-OST was found to have a approximately 5-fold higher affinity for iduronic acid-containing substrate disaccharide units (K(m) approximately 3.7 microM) than for glucuronic acid-containing substrate disaccharide units (K(m) approximately 19.3 microM).	Iduronic Acid	104-117	uronyl 2-sulfotransferase	Homo sapiens	37-42
10749870-6	2000	Biglycan, but not decorin, from atherosclerotic plaque contained significantly reduced amounts of iduronic acid and disulfated disaccharides DeltaDi-2,4S and DeltaDi-4,6S relative to proteoglycan from normal artery.	Iduronic Acid	98-111	biglycan	Homo sapiens	0-8
10482449-3	1999	The pentasaccharide containing L-iduronic acid as the sole hexuronic acid showed higher affinity for FGF-2 than the other pentasaccharides, where one hexuronic acid unit at least is D-glucuronic acid.	Iduronic Acid	31-46	fibroblast growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	101-106
10362842-5	1999	These data indicate that the FGF-1 binding domain is distinct from the minimal FGF-2 binding site, previously shown to contain an IdoA(2-OSO3) residue but no 6-O-sulfate groups.	Iduronic Acid	130-134	fibroblast growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	29-34
10362842-5	1999	These data indicate that the FGF-1 binding domain is distinct from the minimal FGF-2 binding site, previously shown to contain an IdoA(2-OSO3) residue but no 6-O-sulfate groups.	Iduronic Acid	130-134	fibroblast growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	79-84
9737884-7	1998	Perturbation of the conformational equilibrium of iduronate residue G through replacement of the nonessential 3-OH of this residue with -H resulted in parallel decreases in the fraction of residue G in the skew boat conformer (from 64 to 24%) and in the association constant for pentasaccharide binding to antithrombin [(2.6 +/- 0.3)-fold], consistent with selective binding of the skew boat conformer to the serpin.	Iduronic Acid	50-59	serpin family C member 1	Homo sapiens	306-318
10727403-1	2000	In the biosynthesis of heparin and heparan sulphate, D-glucuronic acid residues are converted into L-iduronic acid (IdoA) units by C-5 epimerization, at the polymer level.	Iduronic Acid	99-114	complement C5	Bos taurus	131-134
10727403-1	2000	In the biosynthesis of heparin and heparan sulphate, D-glucuronic acid residues are converted into L-iduronic acid (IdoA) units by C-5 epimerization, at the polymer level.	Iduronic Acid	116-120	complement C5	Bos taurus	131-134
10482449-0	1999	A synthetic heparan sulfate pentasaccharide, exclusively containing L-iduronic acid, displays higher affinity for FGF-2 than its D-glucuronic acid-containing isomers.	Iduronic Acid	68-83	fibroblast growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	114-119
9722514-9	1998	These results show that there is a requirement for 6-O-sulfation of N-sulfated glucosamine residues, in addition to the 2-O-sulfation of IdoA, for the promotion of bFGF mitogenic activity by naturally occurring HS oligosaccharides.	Iduronic Acid	137-141	fibroblast growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	164-168
9669748-3	1998	Affinity chromatography of TFPI using immobilized heparin derivatives regiospecifically desulfated at O-6 of the glucosamine residue, N-2 of the glucosamine residue, and/or O-2 of the iduronic acid residue indicated that all the sulfate groups in heparin appeared to be required for TFPI-heparin interaction.	Iduronic Acid	184-197	tissue factor pathway inhibitor	Homo sapiens	27-31
9124611-4	1997	The diminished activity of oxidized SLPI could be almost completely restored when an iduronate-containing glycosaminoglycan, such as heparin, heparan sulfate, or dermatan sulfate, was added to the reaction medium.	Iduronic Acid	85-94	secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor	Homo sapiens	36-40
7663435-1	1995	The iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) is a lysosomal enzyme that acts on sulphate groups on C-2 positions of the iduronic acid residues of the mucopolysaccharides heparan sulphate and dermatan sulphate.	Iduronic Acid	107-120	iduronate 2-sulfatase	Homo sapiens	4-25
8542607-6	1995	1.2), mainly oversulfated at C-2 of iduronic acid residues, showed comparatively higher anticoagulant activity (in the HC-II mediated thrombin inhibition test).	Iduronic Acid	36-49	serpin family D member 1	Homo sapiens	119-124
8567685-8	1996	Experiments with selectively desulfated heparins indicated that 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid units, in particular, are of importance to the interaction with HB-GAM, were implicated to a lesser extent.	Iduronic Acid	77-90	pleiotrophin	Rattus norvegicus	155-161
7827407-8	1994	The results of these studies indicate that both 2-O-sulphate and the negative charge of the carboxy group [L-iduronic acid (IdoA) residues] are required for specific interactions of heparin-derived oligosaccharides with bFGF and for modulation of bFGF mitogenic activity.	Iduronic Acid	107-122	fibroblast growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	220-224
7537556-2	1994	The previous results showed that both 2-O-sulphate groups and the negative charge of the carboxy group in iduronate residues are required for specific interaction with FGF-2, but the 6-O-sulphate groups in N-sulphated glucosamine (GlcNS) residues do not influence the interaction with FGF-2.	Iduronic Acid	106-115	fibroblast growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	168-173
7537556-2	1994	The previous results showed that both 2-O-sulphate groups and the negative charge of the carboxy group in iduronate residues are required for specific interaction with FGF-2, but the 6-O-sulphate groups in N-sulphated glucosamine (GlcNS) residues do not influence the interaction with FGF-2.	Iduronic Acid	106-115	fibroblast growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	285-290
7881183-3	1994	A minor proportion of the L-iduronate may be O-sulphated at C-2.	Iduronic Acid	26-37	complement C2	Bos taurus	60-63
7881183-10	1994	Decorin from bone and articular cartilage, as well as biglycan from articular and nasal cartilage, carried largely chondroitin sulphate chains, but also some dermatan sulphate, whereas galactosaminoglycan chains derived from aggrecan of nasal cartilage were free of L-iduronate.	Iduronic Acid	266-277	decorin	Bos taurus	0-7
7721774-4	1995	Nine of them have the common tetrasaccharide backbone, delta HexA alpha 1-4GlcN alpha 1-4IdoA alpha 1-4GlcN, where delta HexA and IdoA represent 4,5-unsaturated hexuronic acid and L-iduronic acid, respectively, and their structural variations are based upon the positions of sulfate groups.	Iduronic Acid	89-93	hexosaminidase subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	61-65
7929122-4	1994	Anion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography of disaccharides obtained by deaminative cleavage of the 35S-labeled polysaccharide product revealed O-35S-sulfation at C-2 of L-iduronic acid and at C-6 of D-glucosamine units.	Iduronic Acid	181-196	complement component 2 (within H-2S)	Mus musculus	174-177
7827407-8	1994	The results of these studies indicate that both 2-O-sulphate and the negative charge of the carboxy group [L-iduronic acid (IdoA) residues] are required for specific interactions of heparin-derived oligosaccharides with bFGF and for modulation of bFGF mitogenic activity.	Iduronic Acid	107-122	fibroblast growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	247-251
7827407-8	1994	The results of these studies indicate that both 2-O-sulphate and the negative charge of the carboxy group [L-iduronic acid (IdoA) residues] are required for specific interactions of heparin-derived oligosaccharides with bFGF and for modulation of bFGF mitogenic activity.	Iduronic Acid	124-128	fibroblast growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	220-224
7827407-8	1994	The results of these studies indicate that both 2-O-sulphate and the negative charge of the carboxy group [L-iduronic acid (IdoA) residues] are required for specific interactions of heparin-derived oligosaccharides with bFGF and for modulation of bFGF mitogenic activity.	Iduronic Acid	124-128	fibroblast growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	247-251
7693696-7	1993	The binding region for FGF-2 has been identified as a pentasaccharide sequence containing a single essential O-sulfate group, at C2 of iduronic acid (1).	Iduronic Acid	135-148	fibroblast growth factor 2	Mus musculus	23-28
8325651-1	1993	Iduronate sulfatase (IDS; EC 3.1.6.13) is a lysosomal enzyme that acts on sulfate groups on C-2 positions of iduronic acid residues of the mucopolysaccharides dermatan and heparan sulfate.	Iduronic Acid	109-122	iduronate 2-sulfatase	Mus musculus	0-19
8440685-4	1993	L-Iduronic acid-rich skin decorin and GAG chains had a greater accelerating effect than proteoglycan and GAG chains from cartilage that had lower L-iduronic acid content.	Iduronic Acid	0-15	decorin	Homo sapiens	26-33
1587820-8	1992	delta GlcA beta 1,4GlcNSO3 alpha 1,4[IdoA(2-OSO3)alpha 1,4GlcNSO3]5 alpha 1, 4IdoA alpha 1,4GlcNAc Sulfated oligosaccharides of similar size but with a lower affinity for bFGF had a reduced concentration of IdoA(2-OSO3) but significant quantities of GlcNSO3(6-OSO3) and GlcNAc(6-OSO3).	Iduronic Acid	37-41	fibroblast growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	171-175
1554373-4	1992	The major aglycone structure that influenced both substrate binding and enzyme activity was the presence of a C-6 sulphate ester on the residue adjacent to the iduronic acid residue being hydrolysed.	Iduronic Acid	160-173	complement C6	Homo sapiens	110-113