PMID-sentid	Pub_year	Sent_text	compound_name	comp_offset	prot_official_name	organism	prot_offset
29352075-6	2018	The O-GlcNAc modification is regulated through hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	47-57	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	4-12
28541026-5	2017	Benfotiamine acts via the activation of transketolase and thereby inhibits alternative pathways triggered by uncontrolled glucose influx in the cells comprising polyol, hexosamine, protein-kinase-C pathways and formation of advanced glycation end products.	Hexosamines	169-179	transketolase	Homo sapiens	40-53
28782471-5	2018	OBJECTIVE: We aimed to explore the association of EMT and metastasis with TGF-beta1 through regulation of non-muscle myosin II-A (NMII-A) and its interaction with Hexosamine Biosynthesis Pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	163-173	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Mus musculus	74-83
29227474-0	2018	A proteolytic fragment of histone deacetylase 4 protects the heart from failure by regulating the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	98-108	histone deacetylase 4	Mus musculus	26-47
29227474-3	2018	Virus-mediated transfer of the portion of the Hdac4 gene encoding HDAC4-NT into the mouse myocardium protected the heart from remodeling and failure; this was associated with decreased expression of Nr4a1, which encodes a nuclear orphan receptor, and decreased NR4A1-dependent activation of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	295-305	histone deacetylase 4	Mus musculus	46-51
29227474-3	2018	Virus-mediated transfer of the portion of the Hdac4 gene encoding HDAC4-NT into the mouse myocardium protected the heart from remodeling and failure; this was associated with decreased expression of Nr4a1, which encodes a nuclear orphan receptor, and decreased NR4A1-dependent activation of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	295-305	histone deacetylase 4	Mus musculus	66-71
29227474-3	2018	Virus-mediated transfer of the portion of the Hdac4 gene encoding HDAC4-NT into the mouse myocardium protected the heart from remodeling and failure; this was associated with decreased expression of Nr4a1, which encodes a nuclear orphan receptor, and decreased NR4A1-dependent activation of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	295-305	nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 1	Mus musculus	199-204
28032668-4	2017	Transketolase diverts excess glycolytic metabolites from the hexosamine, protein kinase C, and advanced glycation endproduct pathways to the pentose phosphate pathway, with a protective effect against hyperglycaemia-induced damage.	Hexosamines	61-71	transketolase	Homo sapiens	0-13
28644127-5	2017	These phenotypes are caused by induction of p53 and accumulation of the glycolytic intermediate fructose 6-phosphate, leading to engagement of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), increased O-GlcNAcylation, and p53 stabilization.	Hexosamines	147-157	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	44-47
28336748-5	2017	shows that glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase-1 (GFAT1), the rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), is a physiological substrate of AMPK.	Hexosamines	102-112	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	11-60
28336748-5	2017	shows that glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase-1 (GFAT1), the rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), is a physiological substrate of AMPK.	Hexosamines	102-112	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	62-67
28336748-5	2017	shows that glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase-1 (GFAT1), the rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), is a physiological substrate of AMPK.	Hexosamines	102-112	protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	173-177
28423621-4	2017	GFPT1 is the the key rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine signaling pathway and governs TGFbeta1 production.	Hexosamines	49-59	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
28423621-4	2017	GFPT1 is the the key rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine signaling pathway and governs TGFbeta1 production.	Hexosamines	49-59	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	90-98
28319096-4	2017	By modulating the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme, glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), we demonstrate that hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) is involved in those processes.	Hexosamines	132-142	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	56-103
28319096-4	2017	By modulating the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme, glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), we demonstrate that hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) is involved in those processes.	Hexosamines	132-142	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	105-109
27996048-2	2016	The aberrant glucose metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells, and as a branch of glucose metabolism, hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) has been reported to play a critical role in the insulin resistance and progression of cancer.	Hexosamines	112-122	insulin	Homo sapiens	199-206
28008135-3	2017	GFAT1 is the rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and as such controls the modification of proteins by O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc).	Hexosamines	41-51	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
28008135-3	2017	GFAT1 is the rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and as such controls the modification of proteins by O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc).	Hexosamines	41-51	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	167-175
27515988-5	2016	TRIB2 can be O-GlcNAcylated by the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	35-45	tribbles pseudokinase 2	Mus musculus	0-5
27703839-0	2016	Formal modeling and analysis of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway: role of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase in oncogenesis and cancer progression.	Hexosamines	36-46	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	77-117
27758869-0	2016	Hyaluronan Production Regulates Metabolic and Cancer Stem-like Properties of Breast Cancer Cells via Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway-coupled HIF-1 Signaling.	Hexosamines	101-111	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	141-146
26887390-0	2016	Hexosamine biosynthesis in keratinocytes: roles of GFAT and GNPDA enzymes in the maintenance of UDP-GlcNAc content and hyaluronan synthesis.	Hexosamines	0-10	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	51-55
27570073-0	2016	mTORC2 Responds to Glutamine Catabolite Levels to Modulate the Hexosamine Biosynthesis Enzyme GFAT1.	Hexosamines	63-73	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2	Mus musculus	0-6
27570073-0	2016	mTORC2 Responds to Glutamine Catabolite Levels to Modulate the Hexosamine Biosynthesis Enzyme GFAT1.	Hexosamines	63-73	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	94-99
27570073-4	2016	We elucidate how mTORC2 modulates a glutamine-requiring biosynthetic pathway, the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) via regulation of expression of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFAT1), the rate-limiting enzyme of the HBP.	Hexosamines	82-92	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2	Mus musculus	17-23
27570073-4	2016	We elucidate how mTORC2 modulates a glutamine-requiring biosynthetic pathway, the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) via regulation of expression of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFAT1), the rate-limiting enzyme of the HBP.	Hexosamines	82-92	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	152-201
27570073-4	2016	We elucidate how mTORC2 modulates a glutamine-requiring biosynthetic pathway, the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) via regulation of expression of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFAT1), the rate-limiting enzyme of the HBP.	Hexosamines	82-92	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	203-208
27588599-2	2016	(2016) find that mTORC2 responds to falling levels of glucose and glutamine catabolites, promoting glutaminolysis and preserving the TCA cycle and hexosamine biosynthesis.	Hexosamines	147-157	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2	Mus musculus	17-23
26887390-0	2016	Hexosamine biosynthesis in keratinocytes: roles of GFAT and GNPDA enzymes in the maintenance of UDP-GlcNAc content and hyaluronan synthesis.	Hexosamines	0-10	glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 1	Homo sapiens	60-65
26887390-6	2016	However, when hexosamine biosynthesis was blocked by GFAT1 siRNA, the effect by GNPDAs was reversed, now catalyzing Fru6P towards GlcN6P, likely in an attempt to maintain UDP-GlcNAc content.	Hexosamines	14-24	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	53-58
27252680-2	2016	O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfers the GlcNAc residue from UDP-GlcNAc, the final product of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), whereas O-GlcNAcase (OGA) removes it.	Hexosamines	98-108	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	0-20
27114449-3	2016	Here, we have developed an approach to isotopically label O-GlcNAc modifications on proteins by producing (13)C-labeled UDP-GlcNAc from (13)C6-glucose via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	159-169	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	58-66
27509259-2	2016	Glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFAT1) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme of hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	100-110	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	0-50
27509259-2	2016	Glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFAT1) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme of hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	100-110	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	52-57
27311888-2	2016	GLUT2 can transport the amino sugar glucosamine (GlcN), which could increase substrate for the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBSP) that produces UDP-N-acetylglucosamine for O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) of proteins.	Hexosamines	95-105	solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	0-5
27255611-0	2016	Nutrient shortage triggers the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway via the GCN2-ATF4 signalling pathway.	Hexosamines	31-41	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 4	Homo sapiens	71-75
27255611-0	2016	Nutrient shortage triggers the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway via the GCN2-ATF4 signalling pathway.	Hexosamines	31-41	activating transcription factor 4	Homo sapiens	76-80
27072115-5	2016	Additionally, 2 novel PTMs in ITIH3 were identified and included citrullination at arginine-(546) and arginine-(556), and hexosamine at tryptophan-(558).	Hexosamines	122-132	inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 3	Homo sapiens	30-35
27072115-9	2016	Besides, hexosamine and citrullination on ITIH3 were further identified.	Hexosamines	9-19	inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 3	Homo sapiens	42-47
27252680-2	2016	O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfers the GlcNAc residue from UDP-GlcNAc, the final product of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), whereas O-GlcNAcase (OGA) removes it.	Hexosamines	98-108	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	22-25
27252680-2	2016	O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfers the GlcNAc residue from UDP-GlcNAc, the final product of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), whereas O-GlcNAcase (OGA) removes it.	Hexosamines	98-108	O-GlcNAcase	Homo sapiens	145-156
27252680-2	2016	O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfers the GlcNAc residue from UDP-GlcNAc, the final product of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), whereas O-GlcNAcase (OGA) removes it.	Hexosamines	98-108	O-GlcNAcase	Homo sapiens	158-161
26923859-0	2016	Elevated glucose levels impair the WNT/beta-catenin pathway via the activation of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway in endometrial cancer.	Hexosamines	86-96	catenin beta 1	Homo sapiens	39-51
26923859-5	2016	Previous studies have suggested that elevated concentrations of glucose can drive the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) flux, thereby enhancing the O-GlcNAc modification of proteins.	Hexosamines	86-96	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	152-160
26825459-5	2016	Mechanistically, AGER activated a hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, leading to enhanced O-GlcNAcylation of target proteins.	Hexosamines	34-44	advanced glycosylation end-product specific receptor	Homo sapiens	17-21
26878908-0	2016	Regulatory role of hexosamine biosynthetic pathway on hepatic cancer stem cell marker CD133 under low glucose conditions.	Hexosamines	19-29	prominin 1	Homo sapiens	86-91
25900369-12	2016	CONCLUSIONS: Our data identify NDPKB as a protective factor in the retina, which controls Ang2 expression and the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	114-124	NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2	Mus musculus	31-36
26499076-1	2015	Glycolysis, the primary pathway metabolizing glucose for energy production, is connected to the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) which produces UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), a GlcNAc donor for O-linked GlcNAc modification (O-GlcNAc), as well as for traditional elongated glycosylation.	Hexosamines	96-106	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	236-244
26561297-4	2015	Adenovirus-induced MYC activation promotes increased glutamine uptake, increased use of glutamine in reductive carboxylation and increased use of glutamine in generating hexosamine pathway intermediates and specific amino acids.	Hexosamines	170-180	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	19-22
26501342-1	2015	Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1) is the first enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	81-91	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	0-45
26501342-1	2015	Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1) is the first enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	81-91	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	47-52
26377577-2	2015	METHODS: In the present study we further examined if hexosamine pathway, one of the most important pathways of glucose turnover, being involved in modulating apoM expression in the hyperglycemia condition.	Hexosamines	53-63	apolipoprotein M	Homo sapiens	158-162
26377577-6	2015	The glucosamine induced upregulation of apoM expression could be blocked by addition of azaserine, an inhibitor of hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	115-125	apolipoprotein M	Homo sapiens	40-44
26160456-7	2015	Transcriptional changes induced by LXRalpha overexpression promoted energy-independent utilization of glucose via the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, resulting in O-GlcNAc modification of GATA4 and Mef2c and the induction of cytoprotective natriuretic peptide expression.	Hexosamines	118-128	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 3	Mus musculus	35-43
26160456-7	2015	Transcriptional changes induced by LXRalpha overexpression promoted energy-independent utilization of glucose via the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, resulting in O-GlcNAc modification of GATA4 and Mef2c and the induction of cytoprotective natriuretic peptide expression.	Hexosamines	118-128	GATA binding protein 4	Mus musculus	189-194
26160456-7	2015	Transcriptional changes induced by LXRalpha overexpression promoted energy-independent utilization of glucose via the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, resulting in O-GlcNAc modification of GATA4 and Mef2c and the induction of cytoprotective natriuretic peptide expression.	Hexosamines	118-128	myocyte enhancer factor 2C	Mus musculus	199-204
25241896-3	2015	Here we assess the levels of all hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) enzymes in 15 separate clinical gene expression data sets and identify the last enzyme in the pathway, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1 (UAP1), to be highly overexpressed in prostate cancer.	Hexosamines	33-43	UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1	Homo sapiens	174-217
25241896-3	2015	Here we assess the levels of all hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) enzymes in 15 separate clinical gene expression data sets and identify the last enzyme in the pathway, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1 (UAP1), to be highly overexpressed in prostate cancer.	Hexosamines	33-43	UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1	Homo sapiens	219-223
25627821-2	2015	In particular, diabetes can augment flux through accessory pathways of glucose metabolism, such as the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), which produces the sugar donor for the beta-O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification of proteins.	Hexosamines	103-113	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	216-224
25663381-7	2015	Our data suggest that the activation of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway directly increased OGT levels and activity, triggering changes in glycosylation and PASMC proliferation.	Hexosamines	44-54	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	95-98
25663381-10	2015	CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that hexosamine biosynthetic pathway flux is increased in IPAH and drives OGT-facilitated PASMC proliferation through specific proteolysis and direct activation of host cell factor-1.	Hexosamines	39-49	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	108-111
25663381-10	2015	CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that hexosamine biosynthetic pathway flux is increased in IPAH and drives OGT-facilitated PASMC proliferation through specific proteolysis and direct activation of host cell factor-1.	Hexosamines	39-49	host cell factor C1	Homo sapiens	198-216
25568075-0	2015	In vivo and in vitro evidence that chronic activation of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway interferes with leptin-dependent STAT3 phosphorylation.	Hexosamines	61-71	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Mus musculus	126-131
25488668-6	2015	Despite the relatively low Km value for UDP-GlcNAc, EOGT-catalyzed GlcNAcylation depends on the hexosamine pathway, as revealed by the increased O-GlcNAcylation of Notch1 EGF repeats upon supplementation with hexosamine, suggesting differential regulation of the luminal UDP-GlcNAc concentration in the ER and Golgi.	Hexosamines	96-106	EGF domain specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase	Homo sapiens	52-56
25488668-6	2015	Despite the relatively low Km value for UDP-GlcNAc, EOGT-catalyzed GlcNAcylation depends on the hexosamine pathway, as revealed by the increased O-GlcNAcylation of Notch1 EGF repeats upon supplementation with hexosamine, suggesting differential regulation of the luminal UDP-GlcNAc concentration in the ER and Golgi.	Hexosamines	96-106	notch receptor 1	Homo sapiens	164-170
25488668-6	2015	Despite the relatively low Km value for UDP-GlcNAc, EOGT-catalyzed GlcNAcylation depends on the hexosamine pathway, as revealed by the increased O-GlcNAcylation of Notch1 EGF repeats upon supplementation with hexosamine, suggesting differential regulation of the luminal UDP-GlcNAc concentration in the ER and Golgi.	Hexosamines	209-219	EGF domain specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase	Homo sapiens	52-56
25488668-6	2015	Despite the relatively low Km value for UDP-GlcNAc, EOGT-catalyzed GlcNAcylation depends on the hexosamine pathway, as revealed by the increased O-GlcNAcylation of Notch1 EGF repeats upon supplementation with hexosamine, suggesting differential regulation of the luminal UDP-GlcNAc concentration in the ER and Golgi.	Hexosamines	209-219	notch receptor 1	Homo sapiens	164-170
25628602-1	2014	Accumulating evidence suggests that O-GlcNAc transferase, an enzyme responsible for O-GlcNAc post-translational modification acts as a nutrient sensor that links glucose and the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway to the regulation of transcriptional factors involved in energy homeostasis.	Hexosamines	178-188	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	36-44
25628602-1	2014	Accumulating evidence suggests that O-GlcNAc transferase, an enzyme responsible for O-GlcNAc post-translational modification acts as a nutrient sensor that links glucose and the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway to the regulation of transcriptional factors involved in energy homeostasis.	Hexosamines	178-188	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	84-92
26583147-0	2015	Hexosamine-Induced TGF-beta Signaling and Osteogenic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells Are Dependent on N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase V.	Hexosamines	0-10	alpha-1,6-mannosylglycoprotein 6-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase	Homo sapiens	112-145
26583147-9	2015	These results suggest that GnT-V plays a critical role in the hexosamine-induced activation of TGF-beta signaling and subsequent osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs.	Hexosamines	62-72	alpha-1,6-mannosylglycoprotein 6-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase	Homo sapiens	27-32
24759912-10	2014	Uridine 5"-diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) is the donor sugar substrate for OGT and its levels vary with cellular glucose availability because it is generated from glucose through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBSP).	Hexosamines	197-207	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	89-92
25203141-3	2014	The accumulation of excess energy associated with obesity and insulin resistance is mediated, in part, by the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), which results in the O-GlcNAcylation of a myriad of proteins, thereby affecting their respective function, stability, and localization.	Hexosamines	110-120	insulin	Homo sapiens	62-69
25148700-4	2014	In DM, the excess of glucose in the brain induces higher activity of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), it synthesizes UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), which is used by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) to catalyze O-GlcNAcylation of numerous proteins.	Hexosamines	73-83	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	182-222
25148700-4	2014	In DM, the excess of glucose in the brain induces higher activity of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), it synthesizes UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), which is used by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) to catalyze O-GlcNAcylation of numerous proteins.	Hexosamines	73-83	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	224-227
24742675-0	2014	N-glycan remodeling on glucagon receptor is an effector of nutrient sensing by the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway.	Hexosamines	83-93	glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens	23-40
25250015-5	2014	Accumulating evidence suggests that O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), an enzyme responsible for modification of proteins with N-acetylglucosamine, may act as a nutrient sensor that links hexosamine biosynthesis pathway to oncogenic signaling and regulation of factors involved in glucose and lipid metabolism.	Hexosamines	181-191	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	36-56
25250015-5	2014	Accumulating evidence suggests that O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), an enzyme responsible for modification of proteins with N-acetylglucosamine, may act as a nutrient sensor that links hexosamine biosynthesis pathway to oncogenic signaling and regulation of factors involved in glucose and lipid metabolism.	Hexosamines	181-191	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	58-61
25294759-7	2014	AGEs and RAGE together with further mechanisms - hexosamine pathway, polyol pathway, lipid metabolism disorder, activation of proteinkinase C, oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction take part in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.	Hexosamines	49-59	advanced glycosylation end-product specific receptor	Homo sapiens	9-13
24938479-0	2014	The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway and O-GlcNAcylation maintain insulin-stimulated PI3K-PKB phosphorylation and tumour cell growth after short-term glucose deprivation.	Hexosamines	4-14	insulin	Homo sapiens	65-72
24938479-0	2014	The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway and O-GlcNAcylation maintain insulin-stimulated PI3K-PKB phosphorylation and tumour cell growth after short-term glucose deprivation.	Hexosamines	4-14	protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta	Homo sapiens	89-92
24845581-9	2014	Inhibition of hexosamine biosynthesis with 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine abrogated high glucose-induced O-GlcNAc modification and inactivation of IRS-1/Akt as well as cell injury.	Hexosamines	14-24	insulin receptor substrate 1	Canis lupus familiaris	140-145
24845581-9	2014	Inhibition of hexosamine biosynthesis with 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine abrogated high glucose-induced O-GlcNAc modification and inactivation of IRS-1/Akt as well as cell injury.	Hexosamines	14-24	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	146-149
24742675-8	2014	Our results reveal that the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway and GlcNAc salvage contribute to glucose homeostasis through N-glycan branching on glucagon receptor.	Hexosamines	28-38	glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens	143-160
24604252-3	2014	The enzymes 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) and glutaminase-1 (GLS1) maintain a high abundance in glycolytic intermediates (for synthesis of non-essential amino acids, the use of ribose for the synthesis of nucleotides and hexosamine biosynthesis), as well as tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (replenishing the loss of mitochondrial citrate), respectively.	Hexosamines	254-264	6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3	Homo sapiens	12-65
24604252-3	2014	The enzymes 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) and glutaminase-1 (GLS1) maintain a high abundance in glycolytic intermediates (for synthesis of non-essential amino acids, the use of ribose for the synthesis of nucleotides and hexosamine biosynthesis), as well as tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (replenishing the loss of mitochondrial citrate), respectively.	Hexosamines	254-264	6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3	Homo sapiens	67-73
24604252-3	2014	The enzymes 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) and glutaminase-1 (GLS1) maintain a high abundance in glycolytic intermediates (for synthesis of non-essential amino acids, the use of ribose for the synthesis of nucleotides and hexosamine biosynthesis), as well as tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (replenishing the loss of mitochondrial citrate), respectively.	Hexosamines	254-264	glutaminase	Homo sapiens	79-92
24604252-3	2014	The enzymes 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) and glutaminase-1 (GLS1) maintain a high abundance in glycolytic intermediates (for synthesis of non-essential amino acids, the use of ribose for the synthesis of nucleotides and hexosamine biosynthesis), as well as tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (replenishing the loss of mitochondrial citrate), respectively.	Hexosamines	254-264	glutaminase	Homo sapiens	94-98
24692660-7	2014	Taken together, these results reveal a crosstalk between the LKB1-AMPK and the hexosamine biosynthesis (HBP)-OGT pathways, which coordinate together for the sensing of nutrient state and regulation of gene transcription.	Hexosamines	79-89	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	61-65
24921011-4	2014	Although both OGT and EOGT are regulated through the common hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, EOGT localizes to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and transfers GlcNAc to epidermal growth factor-like domains in an OGT-independent manner.	Hexosamines	60-70	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	14-17
24921011-4	2014	Although both OGT and EOGT are regulated through the common hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, EOGT localizes to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and transfers GlcNAc to epidermal growth factor-like domains in an OGT-independent manner.	Hexosamines	60-70	EGF domain specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase	Homo sapiens	22-26
24614744-4	2014	The sensitivity of GluA4 AMPA receptors to human galectin-1 could be enhanced by supplementation of culture media with uridine and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), precursors for the hexosamine pathway that supplies UDP-GlcNAc for synthesis of complex oligosaccharides.	Hexosamines	180-190	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	49-59
24037988-4	2014	Here we studied whether the glucose nonoxidative hexosamine biosynthetic pathway modulates FXR activity.	Hexosamines	49-59	nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 4	Homo sapiens	91-94
24037988-9	2014	CONCLUSION: FXR activity is regulated by glucose fluxes in hepatocytes through a direct posttranslational modification catalyzed by the glucose-sensing hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	152-162	nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 4	Homo sapiens	12-15
24692660-7	2014	Taken together, these results reveal a crosstalk between the LKB1-AMPK and the hexosamine biosynthesis (HBP)-OGT pathways, which coordinate together for the sensing of nutrient state and regulation of gene transcription.	Hexosamines	79-89	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	66-70
24692660-7	2014	Taken together, these results reveal a crosstalk between the LKB1-AMPK and the hexosamine biosynthesis (HBP)-OGT pathways, which coordinate together for the sensing of nutrient state and regulation of gene transcription.	Hexosamines	79-89	heme binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	104-107
24692660-7	2014	Taken together, these results reveal a crosstalk between the LKB1-AMPK and the hexosamine biosynthesis (HBP)-OGT pathways, which coordinate together for the sensing of nutrient state and regulation of gene transcription.	Hexosamines	79-89	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	109-112
27896086-1	2014	The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) culminates in the attachment of O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto serine/threonine residues of target proteins.	Hexosamines	4-14	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	74-117
24524620-2	2014	The dynamic and inducible cycling of the modification is governed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) in response to UDP-GlcNAc levels in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	158-168	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	69-89
24550151-4	2014	Hyperglycemia and diabetes result in increased flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which, in turn, results in increased PTM of Ser/Thr residues of proteins by O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc).	Hexosamines	64-74	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	208-216
24630721-1	2014	The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) generates uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) for glycan synthesis and O-linked GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) protein modifications.	Hexosamines	4-14	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	97-103
24630721-0	2014	Spliced X-box binding protein 1 couples the unfolded protein response to hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	73-83	X-box binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	8-31
24630721-1	2014	The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) generates uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) for glycan synthesis and O-linked GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) protein modifications.	Hexosamines	4-14	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	139-145
24630721-1	2014	The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) generates uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) for glycan synthesis and O-linked GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) protein modifications.	Hexosamines	4-14	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	147-155
24451986-8	2014	COCs matured with EGF or EGF-like peptides exhibited significantly higher mRNA expression of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) rate-limiting enzyme gene Gfpt2, Has2 expression, and global beta-O-linked glycosylation of proteins, compared to control or FSH, suggesting greater HBP activity.	Hexosamines	97-107	epidermal growth factor	Mus musculus	18-21
24451986-8	2014	COCs matured with EGF or EGF-like peptides exhibited significantly higher mRNA expression of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) rate-limiting enzyme gene Gfpt2, Has2 expression, and global beta-O-linked glycosylation of proteins, compared to control or FSH, suggesting greater HBP activity.	Hexosamines	97-107	epidermal growth factor	Mus musculus	25-28
24451986-8	2014	COCs matured with EGF or EGF-like peptides exhibited significantly higher mRNA expression of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) rate-limiting enzyme gene Gfpt2, Has2 expression, and global beta-O-linked glycosylation of proteins, compared to control or FSH, suggesting greater HBP activity.	Hexosamines	97-107	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Mus musculus	161-166
24524620-2	2014	The dynamic and inducible cycling of the modification is governed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) in response to UDP-GlcNAc levels in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	158-168	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	91-94
24524620-2	2014	The dynamic and inducible cycling of the modification is governed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) in response to UDP-GlcNAc levels in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	158-168	O-GlcNAcase	Homo sapiens	100-111
24524620-2	2014	The dynamic and inducible cycling of the modification is governed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) in response to UDP-GlcNAc levels in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	158-168	O-GlcNAcase	Homo sapiens	113-116
24316969-6	2014	Loss of epithelial integrity involved activation of RAP1 via exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC), involving also O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification downstream of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	188-198	RAP1A, member of RAS oncogene family	Homo sapiens	52-56
24075873-1	2014	The enzyme glucosamine-6P Synthase (Gfat, L-glutamine:D-fructose-6P amidotransferase) is involved in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and catalyzes the formation of glucosamine-6P from the substrates d-fructose-6-phosphate and l-glutamine.	Hexosamines	105-115	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	36-40
24129563-6	2013	We further show that triptolide inhibits glycosylation of Sp1, inhibiting the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, particularly the enzyme O-GlcNAc transferase.	Hexosamines	78-88	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	135-143
23990361-0	2013	TRIB3 mediates glucose-induced insulin resistance via a mechanism that requires the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	84-94	tribbles pseudokinase 3	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
24036392-0	2013	Differential O-3/O-4 selectivity in the glycosylation of N-dimethylmaleoyl-protected hexosamine acceptors: effect of a conformationally armed (superarmed) glycosyl donor.	Hexosamines	85-95	immunoglobulin kappa variable 2D-38 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	13-16
24036392-0	2013	Differential O-3/O-4 selectivity in the glycosylation of N-dimethylmaleoyl-protected hexosamine acceptors: effect of a conformationally armed (superarmed) glycosyl donor.	Hexosamines	85-95	immunoglobulin kappa variable 1D-37 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	17-20
23836420-3	2013	O-GlcNAc was termed a nutritional sensor, as global levels of the modification are elevated in response to increased glucose and glutamine flux into the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	153-163	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	0-8
23720054-2	2013	The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) senses metabolic status and produces an essential substrate for O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), which glycosylates and thereby modulates the function of its target proteins.	Hexosamines	4-14	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	106-151
23720054-2	2013	The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) senses metabolic status and produces an essential substrate for O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), which glycosylates and thereby modulates the function of its target proteins.	Hexosamines	4-14	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	153-156
23593224-8	2013	Glucose effect involves hexosamine (HBP) biosynthetic pathway as overexpression of glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase increases mesenchymal markers, onfFN levels and mRNA levels for FN IIICS domain.	Hexosamines	24-34	heme binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	36-39
23868065-0	2013	Glucose starvation induces cell death in K-ras-transformed cells by interfering with the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway and activating the unfolded protein response.	Hexosamines	89-99	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	41-46
23569079-2	2013	Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1) is a key rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway providing building blocks for the glycosylation of proteins and lipids.	Hexosamines	91-101	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	0-45
23569079-2	2013	Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1) is a key rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway providing building blocks for the glycosylation of proteins and lipids.	Hexosamines	91-101	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	47-52
23935944-2	2013	O-linked N-acetylgluocosmaine transferase (OGT) uses UDP-GlcNAc, produced in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway to O-GlcNacylate proteins.	Hexosamines	81-91	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	0-41
23935944-2	2013	O-linked N-acetylgluocosmaine transferase (OGT) uses UDP-GlcNAc, produced in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway to O-GlcNacylate proteins.	Hexosamines	81-91	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	43-46
23724116-3	2013	In this study we report that AR-positive prostate cancer cell-lines express 50% higher levels of enzymes in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) than AR-negative prostate cell-lines.	Hexosamines	112-122	androgen receptor	Homo sapiens	29-31
22985933-3	2013	Glucose metabolism via the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway plays a central role in regulating O-GlcNAc synthesis; consequently, sustained increases in O-GlcNAc levels have been implicated in glucose toxicity and insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	27-37	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	94-102
22985933-3	2013	Glucose metabolism via the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway plays a central role in regulating O-GlcNAc synthesis; consequently, sustained increases in O-GlcNAc levels have been implicated in glucose toxicity and insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	27-37	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	151-159
22985933-3	2013	Glucose metabolism via the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway plays a central role in regulating O-GlcNAc synthesis; consequently, sustained increases in O-GlcNAc levels have been implicated in glucose toxicity and insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	27-37	insulin	Homo sapiens	212-219
23516573-4	2013	In this study, we evaluated a platform technology of multiple functionalized hexosamines, namely 3,4,6-O-tributanoylated-N-acetylgalactosamine (3,4,6-O-Bu3GalNAc), 3,4,6-O-tributanoylated-N-acetylmannosamine (3,4,6-O-Bu3ManNAc) and 3,4,6-O-Bu3GlcNAc, with the potential ability to reduce NFkappaB activity.	Hexosamines	77-88	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	288-296
23395176-3	2013	Here we show that the hexosamine/O-GlcNAc pathway modulates peripheral clock oscillation.	Hexosamines	22-32	circadian locomotor output cycles kaput	Mus musculus	71-76
23301498-7	2013	About 200 proteins including several key players involved in the hexosamine signaling pathway showed significantly increased O-GlcNAcylation levels in response to the drug, which further strengthens the link of O-GlcNAc protein modification to cellular nutrient sensing and response.	Hexosamines	65-75	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	125-133
23516573-5	2013	Exposure of IL-1beta-stimulated chondrocytes to the hexosamine analogs resulted in increased expression of ECM molecules and a corresponding improvement in cartilage-specific ECM accumulation.	Hexosamines	52-62	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	12-20
23516573-5	2013	Exposure of IL-1beta-stimulated chondrocytes to the hexosamine analogs resulted in increased expression of ECM molecules and a corresponding improvement in cartilage-specific ECM accumulation.	Hexosamines	52-62	multimerin 1	Homo sapiens	107-110
23516573-8	2013	These studies established the disease modification potential of a hexosamine analog platform on IL-1beta-stimulated chondrocytes.	Hexosamines	66-76	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	96-104
23767808-1	2013	Glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), also termed GFPT1 and GFAT1, catalyzes the first committed step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway in mammals and consequently plays an important role in type 2 diabetes.	Hexosamines	128-138	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	0-48
23767808-1	2013	Glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), also termed GFPT1 and GFAT1, catalyzes the first committed step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway in mammals and consequently plays an important role in type 2 diabetes.	Hexosamines	128-138	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	50-54
23767808-1	2013	Glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), also termed GFPT1 and GFAT1, catalyzes the first committed step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway in mammals and consequently plays an important role in type 2 diabetes.	Hexosamines	128-138	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	69-74
23767808-1	2013	Glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), also termed GFPT1 and GFAT1, catalyzes the first committed step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway in mammals and consequently plays an important role in type 2 diabetes.	Hexosamines	128-138	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	79-84
23066116-2	2012	OBJECTIVE: The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway usually acts as a fuel sensor, and its activation leads to O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification of target proteins (O-GlcNAcylation) in a glucose-responsive manner.	Hexosamines	15-25	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	141-149
23066116-4	2012	Because higher hexosamine biosynthetic pathway flux is linked to insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes, we hypothesized that increased O-GlcNAcylation of leukocyte proteins can detect the onset of pre- and overt diabetes.	Hexosamines	15-25	insulin	Homo sapiens	65-72
22874425-8	2012	Levels of the rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) were increased as early as 2 mo.	Hexosamines	42-52	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	75-122
23027940-2	2012	Using nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) as a glucose-responsive transcription factor, we show that cells use the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway and O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) to potentiate gene expression in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or etoposide.	Hexosamines	113-123	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	207-210
23027940-2	2012	Using nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) as a glucose-responsive transcription factor, we show that cells use the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway and O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) to potentiate gene expression in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or etoposide.	Hexosamines	113-123	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	257-278
23027940-2	2012	Using nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) as a glucose-responsive transcription factor, we show that cells use the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway and O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) to potentiate gene expression in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or etoposide.	Hexosamines	113-123	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	280-283
22874425-8	2012	Levels of the rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) were increased as early as 2 mo.	Hexosamines	42-52	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	124-128
22692202-4	2012	We hypothesized this pocket enables processing of metabolic variants of O-GlcNAc that could be formed due to inaccuracy within the metabolic machinery of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	158-168	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	72-80
22987706-6	2012	CONCLUSIONS: GFPT1 is the key enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, and mutations in GFPT1 cause defective glycosylation in the proteins of the neuromuscular junction.	Hexosamines	44-54	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	13-18
22987706-6	2012	CONCLUSIONS: GFPT1 is the key enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, and mutations in GFPT1 cause defective glycosylation in the proteins of the neuromuscular junction.	Hexosamines	44-54	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	94-99
22824309-2	2012	Major goat sperm maturation antigen (SMA2) contains one hexosamine along with mannose, galactose and glucose.	Hexosamines	56-66	survival of motor neuron 1, telomeric	Homo sapiens	37-41
22541435-4	2012	Transcriptome and metabolomic analyses indicate that Kras(G12D) serves a vital role in controlling tumor metabolism through stimulation of glucose uptake and channeling of glucose intermediates into the hexosamine biosynthesis and pentose phosphate pathways (PPP).	Hexosamines	203-213	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	53-57
22623530-7	2012	Further, when we investigated the inhibition of glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1) by azaserine (an inhibitor of GFPT1) and GFPT1 siRNA, we found that MTOR-RPS6K and MTOR-EIF4EBP1 signaling in response to fructose is mediated via GFPT1 activation and the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	274-284	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Sus scrofa	48-93
22623530-7	2012	Further, when we investigated the inhibition of glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1) by azaserine (an inhibitor of GFPT1) and GFPT1 siRNA, we found that MTOR-RPS6K and MTOR-EIF4EBP1 signaling in response to fructose is mediated via GFPT1 activation and the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	274-284	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Sus scrofa	95-100
22623530-7	2012	Further, when we investigated the inhibition of glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1) by azaserine (an inhibitor of GFPT1) and GFPT1 siRNA, we found that MTOR-RPS6K and MTOR-EIF4EBP1 signaling in response to fructose is mediated via GFPT1 activation and the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	274-284	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Sus scrofa	170-174
22623530-9	2012	Collectively, these results demonstrate critical roles for fructose that are mediated via the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway to stimulate MTOR cell signaling, proliferation of porcine trophectoderm cells, and synthesis of hyaluronic acid, a significant glycosaminoglycan in the pregnant uterus.	Hexosamines	94-104	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Sus scrofa	139-143
22114026-0	2012	The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and O-GlcNAcylation drive the expression of beta-catenin and cell proliferation.	Hexosamines	4-14	catenin beta 1	Homo sapiens	80-92
22275356-2	2012	Increased flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway leads to increases in the post-translational addition of O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to various nuclear and cytosolic proteins.	Hexosamines	27-37	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	151-159
22308370-6	2012	The stimulation of GPR40 expression and Pdx-1 binding to the HR2 in response to glucose are mimicked by N-acetyl glucosamine, an intermediate of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, and involve PI3K-dependent O-GlcNAcylation of Pdx-1 in the nucleus.	Hexosamines	149-159	free fatty acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens	19-24
22308370-6	2012	The stimulation of GPR40 expression and Pdx-1 binding to the HR2 in response to glucose are mimicked by N-acetyl glucosamine, an intermediate of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, and involve PI3K-dependent O-GlcNAcylation of Pdx-1 in the nucleus.	Hexosamines	149-159	pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1	Homo sapiens	40-45
21448924-10	2012	The inhibition of both the hexosamine pathway and N-linked glycosylation along with Wnt signaling pathway by sFRP1 and DKK1 is associated with significant decrease of the protein levels of GSK3beta, beta-catenin, and TXNIP RNA.	Hexosamines	27-37	secreted frizzled related protein 1	Homo sapiens	109-114
21448924-10	2012	The inhibition of both the hexosamine pathway and N-linked glycosylation along with Wnt signaling pathway by sFRP1 and DKK1 is associated with significant decrease of the protein levels of GSK3beta, beta-catenin, and TXNIP RNA.	Hexosamines	27-37	dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1	Homo sapiens	119-123
21448924-10	2012	The inhibition of both the hexosamine pathway and N-linked glycosylation along with Wnt signaling pathway by sFRP1 and DKK1 is associated with significant decrease of the protein levels of GSK3beta, beta-catenin, and TXNIP RNA.	Hexosamines	27-37	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Homo sapiens	189-197
21448924-10	2012	The inhibition of both the hexosamine pathway and N-linked glycosylation along with Wnt signaling pathway by sFRP1 and DKK1 is associated with significant decrease of the protein levels of GSK3beta, beta-catenin, and TXNIP RNA.	Hexosamines	27-37	catenin beta 1	Homo sapiens	199-211
21374590-2	2012	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase-1 (GFAT-1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), which generates the sugar nucleotide UDP-GlcNAc, where this nucleotide acts as the donor for O-GlcNAc modification.	Hexosamines	94-104	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	0-49
22572461-1	2012	BACKGROUND: Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) is implicated in increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) dysfunction in diabetes.	Hexosamines	12-22	serpin family E member 1	Homo sapiens	77-110
22572461-1	2012	BACKGROUND: Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) is implicated in increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) dysfunction in diabetes.	Hexosamines	12-22	serpin family E member 1	Homo sapiens	112-117
22572461-1	2012	BACKGROUND: Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) is implicated in increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) dysfunction in diabetes.	Hexosamines	12-22	nitric oxide synthase 3	Homo sapiens	124-157
22006246-0	2012	Increased hexosamine biosynthetic pathway flux dedifferentiates INS-1E cells and murine islets by an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2-mediated signal transmission pathway.	Hexosamines	10-20	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Mus musculus	101-147
21374590-2	2012	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase-1 (GFAT-1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), which generates the sugar nucleotide UDP-GlcNAc, where this nucleotide acts as the donor for O-GlcNAc modification.	Hexosamines	94-104	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	51-57
21374590-2	2012	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase-1 (GFAT-1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), which generates the sugar nucleotide UDP-GlcNAc, where this nucleotide acts as the donor for O-GlcNAc modification.	Hexosamines	94-104	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	226-234
22566303-8	2012	Increasing glucose concentration enhances the hexosamine pathway and thus beta-catenin glycosylation.	Hexosamines	46-56	catenin beta 1	Homo sapiens	74-86
22158438-4	2011	Although both OGT and EOGT are regulated by hexosamine flux, EOGT localizes to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and transfers GlcNAc to epidermal growth factor-like domains in an OGT-independent manner.	Hexosamines	44-54	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	14-17
22158438-4	2011	Although both OGT and EOGT are regulated by hexosamine flux, EOGT localizes to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and transfers GlcNAc to epidermal growth factor-like domains in an OGT-independent manner.	Hexosamines	44-54	EGF domain specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase	Homo sapiens	22-26
22158438-4	2011	Although both OGT and EOGT are regulated by hexosamine flux, EOGT localizes to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and transfers GlcNAc to epidermal growth factor-like domains in an OGT-independent manner.	Hexosamines	44-54	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	23-26
22277470-4	2011	In particular, chronic hyperglycemia elicits PPP activation through the Keap1/Nrf2 system, which is induced by endoplasmic (ER) stress via an increase in hexosamine biosynthetic pathway flux.	Hexosamines	154-164	kelch like ECH associated protein 1	Homo sapiens	72-77
22277470-4	2011	In particular, chronic hyperglycemia elicits PPP activation through the Keap1/Nrf2 system, which is induced by endoplasmic (ER) stress via an increase in hexosamine biosynthetic pathway flux.	Hexosamines	154-164	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	78-82
21697645-3	2011	Glucosamine enters the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) downstream of the rate-limiting step catalyzed by the GFAT (glutamine:fluctose- 6-phosphate amidotransferase), providing UDPGlcNAc substrates for O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) protein modification.	Hexosamines	23-33	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	115-119
21697645-3	2011	Glucosamine enters the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) downstream of the rate-limiting step catalyzed by the GFAT (glutamine:fluctose- 6-phosphate amidotransferase), providing UDPGlcNAc substrates for O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) protein modification.	Hexosamines	23-33	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	121-169
21697645-3	2011	Glucosamine enters the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) downstream of the rate-limiting step catalyzed by the GFAT (glutamine:fluctose- 6-phosphate amidotransferase), providing UDPGlcNAc substrates for O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) protein modification.	Hexosamines	23-33	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	242-250
21807949-1	2011	Protein-O-linked N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (O-GlcNAcase, OGA; also known as hexosaminidase C) participates in a nutrient-sensing, hexosamine signaling pathway by removing O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) from key target proteins.	Hexosamines	136-146	O-GlcNAcase	Homo sapiens	50-61
21840999-6	2011	In the present study, Ins2(Akita/+) diabetic mice were used to test the hypothesis that hyperglycemia and elevated flux of glucose through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway lead to increased O-GlcNAcylation and truncation of 4E-BP1 and consequently decreased eIF4E function in the liver.	Hexosamines	143-153	insulin II	Mus musculus	22-26
21840999-6	2011	In the present study, Ins2(Akita/+) diabetic mice were used to test the hypothesis that hyperglycemia and elevated flux of glucose through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway lead to increased O-GlcNAcylation and truncation of 4E-BP1 and consequently decreased eIF4E function in the liver.	Hexosamines	143-153	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1	Mus musculus	227-233
21840999-6	2011	In the present study, Ins2(Akita/+) diabetic mice were used to test the hypothesis that hyperglycemia and elevated flux of glucose through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway lead to increased O-GlcNAcylation and truncation of 4E-BP1 and consequently decreased eIF4E function in the liver.	Hexosamines	143-153	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E	Mus musculus	261-266
21712361-3	2011	Here we delineated whether increased glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) causes PIP(2)/F-actin dysregulation and subsequent insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	62-72	insulin	Homo sapiens	151-158
21807949-1	2011	Protein-O-linked N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (O-GlcNAcase, OGA; also known as hexosaminidase C) participates in a nutrient-sensing, hexosamine signaling pathway by removing O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) from key target proteins.	Hexosamines	136-146	O-GlcNAcase	Homo sapiens	63-66
21807949-1	2011	Protein-O-linked N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (O-GlcNAcase, OGA; also known as hexosaminidase C) participates in a nutrient-sensing, hexosamine signaling pathway by removing O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) from key target proteins.	Hexosamines	136-146	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	50-58
20658157-3	2011	We have previously shown that transgenic overexpression of the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine synthesis, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA), targeted to muscle and fat, leads to insulin resistance mediated by increased O-linked glycosylation of nuclear and cytosolic proteins.	Hexosamines	88-98	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	110-157
21311039-6	2011	Moreover, direct activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, which is known to be activated by Cr3+, or inhibition of hexosamine biosynthesis pathway activity, which is known to be elevated by hyperinsulinemia, mimics Cr3+ action.	Hexosamines	118-128	teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor 1 pseudogene 3	Homo sapiens	218-221
20658157-3	2011	We have previously shown that transgenic overexpression of the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine synthesis, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA), targeted to muscle and fat, leads to insulin resistance mediated by increased O-linked glycosylation of nuclear and cytosolic proteins.	Hexosamines	88-98	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	159-162
22096489-3	2011	Since activation of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) is associated with increases in the expression of FAS and ACC-1, it raises the possibility that HBP-related metabolites would contribute to any increase in hepatic expression of these enzymes following fructose exposure.	Hexosamines	24-34	acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha	Homo sapiens	120-125
21310273-5	2011	GFPT1 is the key enzyme of the hexosamine pathway yielding the amino sugar UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, an essential substrate for protein glycosylation.	Hexosamines	31-41	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Danio rerio	0-5
20923823-0	2011	Hexosamines stimulate apoptosis by altering SIRT1 action and levels in rodent pancreatic beta-cells.	Hexosamines	0-11	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	44-49
20923823-2	2011	The present study aimed to determine whether impaired Sirt1 activity is involved in the induction of apoptosis by the nutrient-sensing hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	135-145	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	54-59
20923823-10	2011	These findings indicate that reduction of SIRT1 levels by hexosamines contributes to beta-cell apoptosis.	Hexosamines	58-69	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	42-47
20813352-0	2010	Synthesis of the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage tetraosyl peptide moieties of betaglycan, which serve as a hexosamine acceptor for enzymatic glycosyl transfer.	Hexosamines	110-120	transforming growth factor beta receptor 3	Homo sapiens	81-91
20926386-1	2010	A dynamic cycle of O-linked GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) addition and removal is catalyzed by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase, respectively, in a process that serves as the final step in a nutrient-driven "hexosamine-signaling pathway."	Hexosamines	200-210	O-GlcNAcase	Drosophila melanogaster	108-119
21036147-6	2010	In contrast, treatment with a glutamine fructose amidotransferase inhibitor (DON), which decreases O-GlcNAcylation by inhibiting the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, completely blocked the glucose response of ChREBP.	Hexosamines	133-143	MLX interacting protein like	Homo sapiens	209-215
20668475-1	2010	O-linked N-Acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modifications originate from the activity of the hexosamine pathway, and are known to affect intracellular signaling processes.	Hexosamines	108-118	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	30-38
20466550-4	2010	O-GlcNAc signaling is intertwined with cellular metabolism; indeed, the donor sugar for O-GlcNAcylation (UDP-GlcNAc) is synthesized from glucose, glutamine, and UTP via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	173-183	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	0-8
21364670-3	2010	Here, we show that, in diabetic rats, TXNIP expression and hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) flux, which regulates TXNIP, are elevated in the retina and correlates well with the induction of inflammatory cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) and sclerotic fibronectin (FN).	Hexosamines	59-69	thioredoxin interacting protein	Rattus norvegicus	119-124
21364670-3	2010	Here, we show that, in diabetic rats, TXNIP expression and hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) flux, which regulates TXNIP, are elevated in the retina and correlates well with the induction of inflammatory cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) and sclerotic fibronectin (FN).	Hexosamines	59-69	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	208-224
20043149-1	2010	An increasing amount of recent research has demonstrated that the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) plays a significant role in the modulation of intracellular signaling transduction pathways, and affects cellular processes via modification of protein by O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc).	Hexosamines	66-76	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	294-302
20488252-1	2010	The nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway modulates the levels of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) on key targets impacting cellular signaling, protein turnover and gene expression.	Hexosamines	21-31	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	104-112
20190804-2	2010	A small fraction of a cell"s glucose enters the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), which regulates levels of O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a carbohydrate posttranslational modification of diverse nuclear and cytosolic proteins.	Hexosamines	48-58	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	148-156
20503521-1	2010	Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway flux contributes to insulin resistance via        altering membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and cortical filamentous         actin.	Hexosamines	0-10	insulin	Homo sapiens	52-59
20032283-5	2010	The enzymes regulating O-GlcNAcylation, and therefore hexosamine signaling, are the beta-linked-O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and an O-GlcNAc-selective beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (O-GlcNAcase).	Hexosamines	54-64	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:polypeptide-N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase)	Mus musculus	118-121
19799964-1	2010	Excess flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway in adipocytes is a fundamental cause of "glucose toxicity" and the development of insulin resistance that leads to type II diabetes.	Hexosamines	24-34	insulin	Homo sapiens	138-145
19799964-2	2010	Adipose tissue-specific elevation in hexosamine flux in animal models recapitulates whole-body insulin-resistant phenotypes, and increased hexosamine flux in adipocyte cell culture models impairs insulin-stimulated glucose uptake.	Hexosamines	139-149	insulin	Homo sapiens	196-203
19799964-3	2010	Many studies have been devoted to unveiling the molecular mechanisms in adipocytes in response to excess hexosamine flux-mediated insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	105-115	insulin	Homo sapiens	130-137
19799964-4	2010	As a major downstream event consuming and incorporating the final product of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, dynamic and inducible O-GlcNAc modification is emerging as a modulator of insulin sensitivity in adipocytes.	Hexosamines	81-91	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	136-144
19799964-4	2010	As a major downstream event consuming and incorporating the final product of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, dynamic and inducible O-GlcNAc modification is emerging as a modulator of insulin sensitivity in adipocytes.	Hexosamines	81-91	insulin	Homo sapiens	188-195
19799964-5	2010	Given that O-GlcNAc is implicated in both insulin-mediated signal transduction and transcriptional events essential for adipocytokine secretion, direct functional studies to pinpoint the roles of O-GlcNAc in the development of insulin resistance via excess flux through hexosamine biosynthesis pathway are needed.	Hexosamines	270-280	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	11-19
19799964-5	2010	Given that O-GlcNAc is implicated in both insulin-mediated signal transduction and transcriptional events essential for adipocytokine secretion, direct functional studies to pinpoint the roles of O-GlcNAc in the development of insulin resistance via excess flux through hexosamine biosynthesis pathway are needed.	Hexosamines	270-280	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	196-204
19799964-5	2010	Given that O-GlcNAc is implicated in both insulin-mediated signal transduction and transcriptional events essential for adipocytokine secretion, direct functional studies to pinpoint the roles of O-GlcNAc in the development of insulin resistance via excess flux through hexosamine biosynthesis pathway are needed.	Hexosamines	270-280	insulin	Homo sapiens	227-234
20032283-5	2010	The enzymes regulating O-GlcNAcylation, and therefore hexosamine signaling, are the beta-linked-O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and an O-GlcNAc-selective beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (O-GlcNAcase).	Hexosamines	54-64	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:polypeptide-N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase)	Mus musculus	84-116
19875652-7	2010	Overexpression of GAPDH prevented glucose-induced inhibition of its activity, nuclear translocation, apoptosis, and activation of protein kinase C and hexosamine pathways.	Hexosamines	151-161	LOC786101	Bos taurus	18-23
19909832-3	2010	DESIGN: HEK293F and CHO-K1 cells transiently transfected with ADAMTS5 cDNA were treated with glucosamine or the related hexosamine mannosamine.	Hexosamines	120-130	A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5	Cricetulus griseus	62-69
19903862-6	2010	Inhibition of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine flux, with 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine (10 muM) and of mTOR with rapamycin both attenuated glucose-mediated MC proliferation.	Hexosamines	99-109	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	14-61
19903862-6	2010	Inhibition of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine flux, with 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine (10 muM) and of mTOR with rapamycin both attenuated glucose-mediated MC proliferation.	Hexosamines	99-109	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	63-67
19903862-9	2010	The proliferative response to high glucose and hexosamine flux is rapamycin-sensitive, suggesting that this effect is associated with signaling through rapamycin-sensitive mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1).	Hexosamines	47-57	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	172-176
19903862-9	2010	The proliferative response to high glucose and hexosamine flux is rapamycin-sensitive, suggesting that this effect is associated with signaling through rapamycin-sensitive mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1).	Hexosamines	47-57	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	188-194
19647043-0	2010	The hexosamine signaling pathway: O-GlcNAc cycling in feast or famine.	Hexosamines	4-14	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	34-42
20182775-3	2009	Since O-GlcNAc serves as a glucose sensor by the way of hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, this glycosylation is often associated with glucose toxicity and development of insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	56-66	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	6-14
19933273-4	2010	In the present study, we show for the first time that LXRalpha and LXRbeta are targets for glucose-hexosamine-derived O-GlcNAc modification in human Huh7 cells.	Hexosamines	99-109	nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 3	Homo sapiens	54-62
19933273-4	2010	In the present study, we show for the first time that LXRalpha and LXRbeta are targets for glucose-hexosamine-derived O-GlcNAc modification in human Huh7 cells.	Hexosamines	99-109	nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 2	Homo sapiens	67-74
19933273-7	2010	Furthermore, glucose increased LXR/retinoic acid receptor-dependent activation of luciferase reporter activity driven by the mouse SREBP-1c promoter via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway in Huh7 cells.	Hexosamines	157-167	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 3	Mus musculus	31-34
19933273-7	2010	Furthermore, glucose increased LXR/retinoic acid receptor-dependent activation of luciferase reporter activity driven by the mouse SREBP-1c promoter via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway in Huh7 cells.	Hexosamines	157-167	sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1	Mus musculus	131-139
20182775-3	2009	Since O-GlcNAc serves as a glucose sensor by the way of hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, this glycosylation is often associated with glucose toxicity and development of insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	56-66	insulin	Homo sapiens	169-176
19370316-0	2009	Molecular convergence of hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and ER stress leading to insulin resistance in L6 skeletal muscle cells.	Hexosamines	25-35	insulin	Homo sapiens	82-89
19776393-0	2009	Glutamine enhances heat shock protein 70 expression via increased hexosamine biosynthetic pathway activity.	Hexosamines	66-76	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	19-40
19776393-3	2009	GLN is a key substrate for the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), which has been shown to induce HSP70.	Hexosamines	31-41	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	101-106
19370316-1	2009	Augmentation of hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were independently related to be the underlying causes of insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	16-26	insulin	Homo sapiens	150-157
19232311-2	2009	After degradation of the polysaccharides by acidic hydrolysis, the hexosamines produced (i.e., GlcN from Hep and GalN from OSCS) were derivatized with anthranilic acid (AA) and separated by means of CE in approximately 10 min with high sensitivity detection at 214 nm (limit of detection [LOD] of approximately 200 pg).	Hexosamines	67-78	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	113-117
19448666-6	2009	Myc expression also increased global O-linked N-acetylglucosamine protein modification, and inhibition of hexosamine biosynthesis selectively reduced growth of Myc-expressing cells, suggesting its importance in Myc-induced proliferation.	Hexosamines	106-116	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	160-163
19448666-6	2009	Myc expression also increased global O-linked N-acetylglucosamine protein modification, and inhibition of hexosamine biosynthesis selectively reduced growth of Myc-expressing cells, suggesting its importance in Myc-induced proliferation.	Hexosamines	106-116	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	160-163
19451179-8	2009	Inhibition of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway in rat brain resulted in decreased O-GlcNAcylation and increased phosphorylation of tau, which resembled changes of O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation of tau in rodent brains with decreased glucose metabolism induced by fasting, but not those in rat brains when protein phosphatase 2A was inhibited.	Hexosamines	18-28	microtubule associated protein tau	Homo sapiens	134-137
19451179-8	2009	Inhibition of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway in rat brain resulted in decreased O-GlcNAcylation and increased phosphorylation of tau, which resembled changes of O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation of tau in rodent brains with decreased glucose metabolism induced by fasting, but not those in rat brains when protein phosphatase 2A was inhibited.	Hexosamines	18-28	microtubule associated protein tau	Homo sapiens	205-208
20592773-1	2009	Elevated cellular levels of protein O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) through hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) are suggested to contribute to cardiovascular adverse effects under chronic hyperglycemic condition associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.	Hexosamines	89-99	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	71-79
19036880-0	2009	Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway flux contributes to insulin resistance via altering membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and cortical filamentous actin.	Hexosamines	0-10	insulin	Homo sapiens	52-59
19036880-2	2009	Here we delineated whether increased glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) causes the PIP(2)/F-actin dysregulation and insulin resistance induced by hyperinsulinemia.	Hexosamines	62-72	prolactin induced protein	Homo sapiens	111-114
19036880-2	2009	Here we delineated whether increased glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) causes the PIP(2)/F-actin dysregulation and insulin resistance induced by hyperinsulinemia.	Hexosamines	62-72	insulin	Homo sapiens	144-151
19073609-0	2009	Up-regulation of O-GlcNAc transferase with glucose deprivation in HepG2 cells is mediated by decreased hexosamine pathway flux.	Hexosamines	103-113	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	17-25
19151750-7	2009	Metabolic inhibition of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway abrogated O-GlcNAcylation of EWS-FLI1 and interfered specifically with transcriptional activation of the EWS-FLI1 target Id2.	Hexosamines	28-38	EWS RNA binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	89-92
19151750-7	2009	Metabolic inhibition of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway abrogated O-GlcNAcylation of EWS-FLI1 and interfered specifically with transcriptional activation of the EWS-FLI1 target Id2.	Hexosamines	28-38	Fli-1 proto-oncogene, ETS transcription factor	Homo sapiens	93-97
19151750-7	2009	Metabolic inhibition of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway abrogated O-GlcNAcylation of EWS-FLI1 and interfered specifically with transcriptional activation of the EWS-FLI1 target Id2.	Hexosamines	28-38	EWS RNA binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	165-168
19151750-7	2009	Metabolic inhibition of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway abrogated O-GlcNAcylation of EWS-FLI1 and interfered specifically with transcriptional activation of the EWS-FLI1 target Id2.	Hexosamines	28-38	Fli-1 proto-oncogene, ETS transcription factor	Homo sapiens	169-173
19151750-7	2009	Metabolic inhibition of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway abrogated O-GlcNAcylation of EWS-FLI1 and interfered specifically with transcriptional activation of the EWS-FLI1 target Id2.	Hexosamines	28-38	inhibitor of DNA binding 2	Homo sapiens	181-184
18852331-2	2009	Superoxide inhibits glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which activates major pathways implicated in diabetic complications, including advanced glycation end products (AGEs), protein kinase C, and hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	211-221	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	20-60
18852331-2	2009	Superoxide inhibits glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which activates major pathways implicated in diabetic complications, including advanced glycation end products (AGEs), protein kinase C, and hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	211-221	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	62-67
18728220-1	2008	The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) regulates the posttranslational modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic protein by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc).	Hexosamines	4-14	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	155-163
19319842-5	2009	Accordingly, endothelial dysfunction can be prevented by (1) enhancement of BH4 synthesis through supplementation of its precursor (sepiapterin) via the salvage pathway; (2) transfer of the gene for GTP cyclohydrolase-I (the first and key regulatory enzyme for de novo synthesis of BH4); or (3) dietary supplementation of L-arginine (which stimulates GTP cyclohydrolase-I expression and inhibits hexosamine production).	Hexosamines	396-406	GTP cyclohydrolase 1	Homo sapiens	199-219
18842583-1	2008	The O-GlcNAc post-translational modification is considered to act as a sensor of nutrient flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	107-117	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	4-12
18794846-4	2008	We find that several components of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which reversibly modifies proteins with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) in response to stress, are required for SG and PB assembly.	Hexosamines	39-49	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	142-150
18794846-7	2008	The lack of enzymes of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway in budding yeast may contribute to differences between mammalian SGs and related yeast EGP (eIF4E, 4G and Pab1 containing) bodies.	Hexosamines	27-37	polyadenylate-binding protein	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	165-169
18338853-0	2008	Regioisomeric SCFA attachment to hexosamines separates metabolic flux from cytotoxicity and MUC1 suppression.	Hexosamines	33-44	mucin 1, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	92-96
18842561-12	2008	At the beginning of lactation, HEX A activity, which releases hexosamines from acidic oligosaccharides, dominates; later, HEX B releases hexosamines from neutral oligosaccharides.	Hexosamines	62-73	hexosaminidase subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	31-36
18264122-0	2008	Rhein reverses the diabetic phenotype of mesangial cells over-expressing the glucose transporter (GLUT1) by inhibiting the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	123-133	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	98-103
18264122-7	2008	CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: There was over-activity of the hexosamine pathway in MCGT1 cells, which may explain the higher expression of TGF-beta1 and p21, the cellular hypertrophy and the increased expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the cells.	Hexosamines	61-71	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	139-148
18264122-7	2008	CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: There was over-activity of the hexosamine pathway in MCGT1 cells, which may explain the higher expression of TGF-beta1 and p21, the cellular hypertrophy and the increased expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the cells.	Hexosamines	61-71	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	153-156
18264122-8	2008	By inhibiting the increased activity the hexosamine pathway, rhein decreased TGF-beta1 and p21 expression and thus contributed to the decreased cellular hypertrophy and ECM synthesis.	Hexosamines	41-51	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	77-86
18264122-8	2008	By inhibiting the increased activity the hexosamine pathway, rhein decreased TGF-beta1 and p21 expression and thus contributed to the decreased cellular hypertrophy and ECM synthesis.	Hexosamines	41-51	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	91-94
18288188-1	2008	Glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway leads to the post-translational modification of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins by O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc).	Hexosamines	25-35	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	176-184
17614351-5	2008	ORF19 cells had an 80% reduction in glutamine:fructose-6-P amidotransferase activity, which is the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	125-135	succinyl-CoA:glutarate-CoA transferase	Homo sapiens	0-5
17198747-3	2008	Glucosamine is also metabolized to UDP-N-acetyl glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) via the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway and is utilized for O-linked glycosylation by the X-linked enzyme, O-linked GlcNAc transferase (OGT).	Hexosamines	81-91	UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--peptide N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 110 kDa subunit	Bos taurus	180-207
17198747-3	2008	Glucosamine is also metabolized to UDP-N-acetyl glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) via the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway and is utilized for O-linked glycosylation by the X-linked enzyme, O-linked GlcNAc transferase (OGT).	Hexosamines	81-91	UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--peptide N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 110 kDa subunit	Bos taurus	209-212
18842561-12	2008	At the beginning of lactation, HEX A activity, which releases hexosamines from acidic oligosaccharides, dominates; later, HEX B releases hexosamines from neutral oligosaccharides.	Hexosamines	137-148	hexosaminidase subunit beta	Homo sapiens	122-127
17942907-6	2007	Finally, regulation of ROS, glucose uptake, and sensitivities to EGF and TGF-beta were rescued by Mgat5 expression or by hexosamine supplementation to complex N-glycan biosynthesis in Mgat5-/- cells.	Hexosamines	121-131	mannoside acetylglucosaminyltransferase 5	Mus musculus	184-189
17941647-1	2007	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (Gfat) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	105-115	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	0-47
17941647-1	2007	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (Gfat) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	105-115	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	49-53
17941647-2	2007	The increasing amount of evidence that links excess hexosamine biosynthesis with pathogenic complications of type II diabetes highlights the need to understand the regulation of Gfat.	Hexosamines	52-62	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	178-182
17553476-6	2007	Glucose-dependent p70S6K phosphorylation was independent of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, the AMP kinase pathway, and the pentose phosphate pathway.	Hexosamines	64-74	ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1	Rattus norvegicus	18-24
17488719-5	2007	Hexosamine supplementation in vitro and in vivo also increases beta1,6GlcNAc-branched N-glycans in naive mouse T cells and suppresses T cell receptor signaling, T cell proliferation, CTLA-4 endocytosis, T(H)1 differentiation, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice.	Hexosamines	0-10	cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4	Mus musculus	183-189
17574229-1	2007	OBJECTIVE: : Cell culture and animal model studies have strongly suggested a role for the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine biosynthesis, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) in insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	115-125	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	140-187
17574229-1	2007	OBJECTIVE: : Cell culture and animal model studies have strongly suggested a role for the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine biosynthesis, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) in insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	115-125	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	189-193
17574229-1	2007	OBJECTIVE: : Cell culture and animal model studies have strongly suggested a role for the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine biosynthesis, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) in insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	115-125	insulin	Homo sapiens	198-205
17122093-2	2007	Considerable evidence suggests that increased glucose flux via the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway enhances the O-GlcNAc modification (O-GlcNAcylation) of some critical protein(s) that may contribute to insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	67-77	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	112-120
17122093-2	2007	Considerable evidence suggests that increased glucose flux via the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway enhances the O-GlcNAc modification (O-GlcNAcylation) of some critical protein(s) that may contribute to insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	67-77	insulin	Homo sapiens	203-210
17178709-5	2007	Using different glucose analogs and metabolites sharing distinct, limited metabolic steps with glucose, we demonstrated that activation of TSP-1 transcription is mediated by the hexosamine pathway of glucose catabolism, possibly resulting in modulation of the activity of nuclear proteins activity through their glycosylation.	Hexosamines	178-188	thrombospondin 1	Homo sapiens	139-144
17178709-6	2007	Specific inhibitors of glutamine: fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), an enzyme controlling the hexosamine pathway, as well as direct inhibitors of protein glycosylation efficiently inhibited TSP-1 transcription and the activity of a TSP-1 promoter-reporter construct stimulated by high glucose.	Hexosamines	106-116	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	73-77
17178709-6	2007	Specific inhibitors of glutamine: fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), an enzyme controlling the hexosamine pathway, as well as direct inhibitors of protein glycosylation efficiently inhibited TSP-1 transcription and the activity of a TSP-1 promoter-reporter construct stimulated by high glucose.	Hexosamines	106-116	thrombospondin 1	Homo sapiens	202-207
17178709-9	2007	We have demonstrated that the hexosamine metabolic pathway mediates up-regulation of TSP-1 by high glucose.	Hexosamines	30-40	thrombospondin 1	Homo sapiens	85-90
17178593-2	2006	We have previously demonstrated that some of the effects of high glucose on mesangial extracellular matrix (ECM) protein expression are mediated by the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) in which fructose-6-phosphate is converted to glucosamine-6-phosphate by the rate-limiting enzyme glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT).	Hexosamines	152-162	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	288-335
17142462-0	2007	Glucose induces MafA expression in pancreatic beta cell lines via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	70-80	MAF bZIP transcription factor A	Homo sapiens	16-20
17142462-7	2007	However, the addition of glucosamine to beta cell lines stimulates MafA expression in the absence of high glucose, and inhibition of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway in the presence of high glucose abolishes MafA induction.	Hexosamines	137-147	MAF bZIP transcription factor A	Homo sapiens	211-215
17142462-10	2007	The presented data suggest that MafA expression mediated by high glucose requires flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and the O-linked glycosylation of an unknown protein(s) by UDP-N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase.	Hexosamines	99-109	MAF bZIP transcription factor A	Homo sapiens	32-36
16970929-4	2007	The level of O-GlcNAc is regulated in part by the metabolism of glucose via the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), and the metabolic abnormalities associated with insulin resistance and diabetes, such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia, are all associated with increased flux through the HBP and elevated O-GlcNAc levels.	Hexosamines	80-90	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	13-21
17481598-0	2007	The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway negatively regulates IL-2 production by Jurkat T cells.	Hexosamines	4-14	interleukin 2	Homo sapiens	57-61
17346427-1	2007	We studied the expression of glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the rate limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway controlling protein glycosylation.	Hexosamines	118-128	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	79-83
17069847-2	2007	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) regulates the entry of glucose into the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), and activation of this pathway has been shown to be cardioprotective.	Hexosamines	95-105	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-47
17069847-2	2007	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) regulates the entry of glucose into the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), and activation of this pathway has been shown to be cardioprotective.	Hexosamines	95-105	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	49-53
17042944-3	2006	RESULTS: We show that the GLD (Germline differentiation abnormal)-1-regulated hexosamine pathway enzyme, glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase (GNA)-2, is required for synthesis of uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), the substrate for eggshell chitin synthesis by chitin synthase-1 (CHS-1).	Hexosamines	78-88	Glucosamine 6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase	Caenorhabditis elegans	105-156
17042944-3	2006	RESULTS: We show that the GLD (Germline differentiation abnormal)-1-regulated hexosamine pathway enzyme, glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase (GNA)-2, is required for synthesis of uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), the substrate for eggshell chitin synthesis by chitin synthase-1 (CHS-1).	Hexosamines	78-88	Chitin synthase chs-1	Caenorhabditis elegans	288-305
17042944-3	2006	RESULTS: We show that the GLD (Germline differentiation abnormal)-1-regulated hexosamine pathway enzyme, glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase (GNA)-2, is required for synthesis of uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), the substrate for eggshell chitin synthesis by chitin synthase-1 (CHS-1).	Hexosamines	78-88	Chitin synthase chs-1	Caenorhabditis elegans	307-312
17178593-2	2006	We have previously demonstrated that some of the effects of high glucose on mesangial extracellular matrix (ECM) protein expression are mediated by the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) in which fructose-6-phosphate is converted to glucosamine-6-phosphate by the rate-limiting enzyme glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT).	Hexosamines	152-162	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	337-341
16584714-14	2006	The finding that O-GlcNAcase exists as two distinct isoforms has a number of important implications for the role of O-GlcNAcase in hexosamine signaling.	Hexosamines	131-141	O-GlcNAcase	Homo sapiens	17-28
16882729-2	2006	Two highly conserved enzymes (O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase) catalyze the final steps in this nutrient-driven "hexosamine-signaling pathway."	Hexosamines	118-128	O-GlcNAcase	Homo sapiens	55-66
16584714-14	2006	The finding that O-GlcNAcase exists as two distinct isoforms has a number of important implications for the role of O-GlcNAcase in hexosamine signaling.	Hexosamines	131-141	O-GlcNAcase	Homo sapiens	116-127
16382487-1	2006	Uridine 5"-diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) is the final product of hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HSP) and the donor substrate for the modification of nucleocytoplasmic proteins at serine and threonine residues with N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) catalyzed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT).	Hexosamines	78-88	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	271-291
16234270-0	2006	Glucose induces increases in levels of the transcriptional repressor Id2 via the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	81-91	inhibitor of DNA binding 2	Homo sapiens	69-72
16382487-1	2006	Uridine 5"-diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) is the final product of hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HSP) and the donor substrate for the modification of nucleocytoplasmic proteins at serine and threonine residues with N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) catalyzed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT).	Hexosamines	78-88	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	293-296
17024311-1	2006	Glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFPT1) acts as a rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which is an alternative branch of glucose metabolism.	Hexosamines	97-107	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	0-50
17024311-1	2006	Glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFPT1) acts as a rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which is an alternative branch of glucose metabolism.	Hexosamines	97-107	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	52-57
16303321-4	2006	RESULTS: Increased glucose delivery to embryos, or activation of pathways that are stimulated by high glucose, such as the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway or hypoxia, increase oxidative stress in embryos, inhibit expression of Pax3, a gene that encodes a transcription factor that is required for neural tube closure, and increase neural tube defects.	Hexosamines	123-133	paired box 3	Mus musculus	227-231
16555472-10	2006	Instead, they were linked to the coordinated upregulation in gastrocnemius of genes that govern glucose uptake and the hexosamine pathway, namely, GLUT1 and GFAT1, which might contribute to insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	119-129	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	147-152
16555472-10	2006	Instead, they were linked to the coordinated upregulation in gastrocnemius of genes that govern glucose uptake and the hexosamine pathway, namely, GLUT1 and GFAT1, which might contribute to insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	119-129	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	157-162
15979923-5	2005	The levels of sugars such as sialic acid, fucose, hexose and hexosamine were increased in SLP and decreased in the BBM following indomethacin treatment, with the effects being maximal 24h after the administration of the drug.	Hexosamines	61-71	septin 9	Rattus norvegicus	90-93
16317114-0	2005	The hexosamine signaling pathway: deciphering the "O-GlcNAc code".	Hexosamines	4-14	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	51-59
16317114-6	2005	O-GlcNAc transfer is the terminal step in a "hexosamine signaling pathway" (HSP).	Hexosamines	45-55	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	0-8
16105839-2	2005	The addition of O-GlcNAc to proteins occurs in response to fluctuations in cellular concentrations of UDP-GlcNAc, which result from nutrients entering the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	155-165	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	16-24
16220784-1	2005	AIM: To set up an IR-HIRc cell model for screening the inhibitor of GFAT (glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase) , the key enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	148-158	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	68-72
15814535-9	2005	CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the PD-induced hyperleptinaemia could, in part, be mediated by the effect of glucose-based dialysis fluids on leptin production by adipocytes via activation of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	204-214	leptin	Homo sapiens	60-66
15834935-8	2005	The hexosamine concentration, a marker for mucin, was increased by about 100% in bile obtained in 6 of 7 patients after weight reduction.	Hexosamines	4-14	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	43-48
15613679-2	2005	We have previously shown that overexpression of the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine synthesis (glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase) in adipose tissue of transgenic mice results in skeletal muscle insulin resistance and altered regulation of leptin and adiponectin.	Hexosamines	77-87	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Mus musculus	268-279
15613679-11	2005	We conclude that the hexosamine signaling pathway upregulates fat storage in adipocytes in states of carbohydrate excess, in part by increasing GLUT4 and glucose uptake and by augmenting fatty acid synthesis.	Hexosamines	21-31	solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	144-149
16220784-7	2005	CONCLUSION: With the stimulation of 25 nmol x L(-1) long-action insulin for 36 h, excess hexosamine flux and insulin resistant in IR-HIRc cell model was set up, which can be used for screening	Hexosamines	89-99	insulin	Homo sapiens	64-71
15322139-2	2004	The sugar donor for the O-GlcNAc transferase that catalyzes this post-translational modification is UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), a product of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	155-165	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	24-32
15843043-1	2005	Increased flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) has been shown to affect the activity and translocation of certain protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms.	Hexosamines	27-37	protein kinase C alpha	Homo sapiens	150-153
15699032-3	2005	Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (Gfa1) is an essential enzyme in yeast that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in hexosamine biosynthesis.	Hexosamines	138-148	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase (isomerizing) GFA1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	49-53
15613432-1	2005	Increases in glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT) protein levels directly activate flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	118-128	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	13-60
15613432-1	2005	Increases in glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT) protein levels directly activate flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	118-128	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	62-66
15308130-1	2004	Increased glucose metabolism through the hexosamine pathway may result in insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and diabetic nephropathy.	Hexosamines	41-51	insulin	Homo sapiens	74-81
15472217-0	2004	Role of hexosamines in insulin resistance and nutrient sensing in human adipose and muscle tissue.	Hexosamines	8-19	insulin	Homo sapiens	23-30
15472217-1	2004	It has been proposed that the hexosamine pathway acts as a nutrient-sensing pathway, protecting the cell against abundant fuel supply, and that accumulation of hexosamines represents a biochemical mechanism by which hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia induce insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	30-40	insulin	Homo sapiens	256-263
15472217-1	2004	It has been proposed that the hexosamine pathway acts as a nutrient-sensing pathway, protecting the cell against abundant fuel supply, and that accumulation of hexosamines represents a biochemical mechanism by which hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia induce insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	160-171	insulin	Homo sapiens	256-263
15472217-2	2004	We hypothesized that if an increased flux through the hexosamine pathway caused insulin resistance in humans, the hexosamine levels should be increased in adipose and/or muscle tissue in insulin-resistant subjects, such as patients with type 2 diabetes and obese individuals.	Hexosamines	54-64	insulin	Homo sapiens	80-87
15472217-2	2004	We hypothesized that if an increased flux through the hexosamine pathway caused insulin resistance in humans, the hexosamine levels should be increased in adipose and/or muscle tissue in insulin-resistant subjects, such as patients with type 2 diabetes and obese individuals.	Hexosamines	54-64	insulin	Homo sapiens	187-194
15472217-2	2004	We hypothesized that if an increased flux through the hexosamine pathway caused insulin resistance in humans, the hexosamine levels should be increased in adipose and/or muscle tissue in insulin-resistant subjects, such as patients with type 2 diabetes and obese individuals.	Hexosamines	114-124	insulin	Homo sapiens	187-194
15329829-9	2004	High glucose and glucosamine inhibited Pax-3 expression by embryo culture, but culture in glutamine-free media to block the hexosamine pathway prevented the inhibition of Pax-3 expression by high glucose.	Hexosamines	124-134	paired box 3	Mus musculus	171-176
15181156-8	2004	This gene is expressed at significant levels in the central nervous system (CNS) and encodes glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase (GFPT) 2, a rate-limiting enzyme in hexosamine biosynthesis.	Hexosamines	173-183	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	93-136
15181156-8	2004	This gene is expressed at significant levels in the central nervous system (CNS) and encodes glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase (GFPT) 2, a rate-limiting enzyme in hexosamine biosynthesis.	Hexosamines	173-183	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	138-142
15171754-1	2004	BACKGROUND: Glucosamine increases flux through the hexosamine pathway, causing insulin resistance and disturbances similar to diabetic glucose toxicity.	Hexosamines	51-61	insulin	Homo sapiens	79-86
15133036-11	2004	GFAT2 is, therefore, an isoenzyme of GFAT1, but its regulation by cAMP is the opposite, allowing differential regulation of the hexosamine pathway in specialized tissues.	Hexosamines	128-138	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Mus musculus	0-5
14684615-0	2004	Activation of the hexosamine signaling pathway in adipose tissue results in decreased serum adiponectin and skeletal muscle insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	18-28	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Mus musculus	92-103
15001544-0	2004	Activation of the hexosamine pathway leads to phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 on Ser307 and Ser612 and impairs the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin insulin biosynthetic pathway in RIN pancreatic beta-cells.	Hexosamines	18-28	insulin receptor substrate 1	Homo sapiens	65-93
15001544-0	2004	Activation of the hexosamine pathway leads to phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 on Ser307 and Ser612 and impairs the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin insulin biosynthetic pathway in RIN pancreatic beta-cells.	Hexosamines	18-28	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	161-164
15001544-0	2004	Activation of the hexosamine pathway leads to phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 on Ser307 and Ser612 and impairs the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin insulin biosynthetic pathway in RIN pancreatic beta-cells.	Hexosamines	18-28	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	165-194
15001544-0	2004	Activation of the hexosamine pathway leads to phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 on Ser307 and Ser612 and impairs the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin insulin biosynthetic pathway in RIN pancreatic beta-cells.	Hexosamines	18-28	insulin	Homo sapiens	65-72
15001544-1	2004	Many adverse effects of glucose were attributed to its increased routing through the hexosamine pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	85-95	heme binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	105-108
15164326-1	2004	Previously published studies suggest that an alteration in hexosamine flux induces a state of insulin resistance in muscle, liver, and other cell types.	Hexosamines	59-69	insulin	Homo sapiens	94-101
14757763-0	2004	Upstream stimulatory factor (USF) proteins induce human TGF-beta1 gene activation via the glucose-response element-1013/-1002 in mesangial cells: up-regulation of USF activity by the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	183-193	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	56-65
14757763-1	2004	The hyperglycemia-enhanced flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) has been implicated in the up-regulated gene expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) in mesangial cells, thus leading to mesangial matrix expansion and diabetic glomerulosclerosis.	Hexosamines	44-54	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	141-173
14757763-1	2004	The hyperglycemia-enhanced flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) has been implicated in the up-regulated gene expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) in mesangial cells, thus leading to mesangial matrix expansion and diabetic glomerulosclerosis.	Hexosamines	44-54	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	175-184
14559714-5	2004	In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that the effects of glucose on MES matrix production occur via hexosamine regulation of TGF-beta1.	Hexosamines	109-119	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	134-143
14670931-11	2004	CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our present findings support a notion that Rho/Rho kinase pathway functions downstream of protein kinase C and the hexosamine pathways and upstream of ERK in mediating high-glucose-induced upregulation of osteopontin expression.	Hexosamines	143-153	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	179-182
14670931-11	2004	CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our present findings support a notion that Rho/Rho kinase pathway functions downstream of protein kinase C and the hexosamine pathways and upstream of ERK in mediating high-glucose-induced upregulation of osteopontin expression.	Hexosamines	143-153	secreted phosphoprotein 1	Rattus norvegicus	233-244
14764791-1	2004	Increased flux of glucose through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway has been implicated in insulin resistance, altered insulin secretion, and diabetic nephropathy.	Hexosamines	38-48	insulin	Homo sapiens	93-100
14764791-2	2004	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFPT), the rate limiting enzyme in hexosamine biosynthesis, is encoded by the unlinked but highly homologous genes GFPT1 and GFPT2.	Hexosamines	84-94	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	0-47
14764791-2	2004	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFPT), the rate limiting enzyme in hexosamine biosynthesis, is encoded by the unlinked but highly homologous genes GFPT1 and GFPT2.	Hexosamines	84-94	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	49-53
14764791-2	2004	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFPT), the rate limiting enzyme in hexosamine biosynthesis, is encoded by the unlinked but highly homologous genes GFPT1 and GFPT2.	Hexosamines	84-94	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	164-169
14764791-2	2004	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFPT), the rate limiting enzyme in hexosamine biosynthesis, is encoded by the unlinked but highly homologous genes GFPT1 and GFPT2.	Hexosamines	84-94	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	174-179
14764791-10	2004	We propose that the 3" UTR variant results in increased GFPT2 mRNA levels with resultant increased hexosamine flux.	Hexosamines	99-109	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	56-61
14570901-11	2003	Taken together, the results clearly demonstrate that the metabolism of glutamine through the hexosamine pathway leads to the cytosolic O-glycosylation of Sp1, which, in turn, translocates into nucleus and stimulates the ASS gene transcription.	Hexosamines	93-103	argininosuccinate synthase 1	Homo sapiens	220-223
14988277-1	2004	Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFAT) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine pathway that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.	Hexosamines	88-98	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	0-45
14988277-1	2004	Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFAT) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine pathway that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.	Hexosamines	88-98	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	47-51
15075468-2	2003	The dynamic and insightful research endeavors implemented at the Medical School of Bialystok revealed new information regarding enzymatic pathways of mucin synthesis especially its carbohydrate components such as hexosamines.	Hexosamines	213-224	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	150-155
12874386-3	2003	We demonstrate, in vitro, that each enzyme in the hexosamine salvage pathway, and the enzymes that affect this dynamic modification (UDP-GlcNAc:polypeptidtyltransferase and O-GlcNAcase), tolerate analogues of their natural substrates in which the N-acyl side chain has been modified to bear a bio-orthogonal azide moiety.	Hexosamines	50-60	O-GlcNAcase	Homo sapiens	173-184
12960040-0	2003	High glucose stimulates angiotensinogen gene expression and cell hypertrophy via activation of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway in rat kidney proximal tubular cells.	Hexosamines	99-109	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	24-39
12960040-1	2003	The present study investigated whether activation of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway might mediate at least in part the high glucose effect on angiotensinogen (ANG) gene expression and immortalized renal proximal tubular cell (IRPTC) hypertrophy.	Hexosamines	57-67	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	147-162
12960040-1	2003	The present study investigated whether activation of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway might mediate at least in part the high glucose effect on angiotensinogen (ANG) gene expression and immortalized renal proximal tubular cell (IRPTC) hypertrophy.	Hexosamines	57-67	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	164-167
12960040-13	2003	Our studies demonstrate that the stimulatory effect of high glucose on ANG gene expression and IRPTC hypertrophy may be mediated at least in part via activation of hexosamine biosynthesis pathway signaling.	Hexosamines	164-174	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	71-74
12802498-1	2003	AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Increased flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway with glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT) as a rate-limiting enzyme has been linked to the enhanced bioactivity of the prosclerotic cytokine TGF-beta1, a key mediator in the development of diabetic nephropathy and possibly other diabetic angiopathies.	Hexosamines	44-54	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	130-134
12802498-8	2003	CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION: The data indicate that the hexosamine pathway-mediated induction of TGF-beta1 synthesis in mesangial cells is dependent on GFAT enzyme activity.	Hexosamines	54-64	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	150-154
12527415-0	2003	A single site in human beta-hexosaminidase A binds both 6-sulfate-groups on hexosamines and the sialic acid moiety of GM2 ganglioside.	Hexosamines	76-87	hexosaminidase subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	23-44
14768176-1	2003	Increased glucose metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway has been shown to mediate many of adverse effects i.e. desensitisation of glucose transport in tissues, an inhibition of glycolysis and glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscles, an impairment of insulin secretion in pancreatic islet cells, arteriosclerosis and nephropathy by stimulation of growth factor TGF-alpha and TGF-beta 1 promoters expression.	Hexosamines	41-51	transforming growth factor alpha	Homo sapiens	376-385
14768176-1	2003	Increased glucose metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway has been shown to mediate many of adverse effects i.e. desensitisation of glucose transport in tissues, an inhibition of glycolysis and glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscles, an impairment of insulin secretion in pancreatic islet cells, arteriosclerosis and nephropathy by stimulation of growth factor TGF-alpha and TGF-beta 1 promoters expression.	Hexosamines	41-51	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	390-400
12679868-0	2003	P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates hexosamine-induced TGFbeta1 mRNA expression in human mesangial cells.	Hexosamines	46-56	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	0-3
12679868-0	2003	P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates hexosamine-induced TGFbeta1 mRNA expression in human mesangial cells.	Hexosamines	46-56	latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	65-73
12679868-1	2003	AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The hexosamine pathway has been implicated in the induction of TGFbeta1 expression and in the pathophysiology of diabetic glomerulopathy.	Hexosamines	21-31	latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	80-88
12679868-3	2003	We examined whether the p38-MAPK is implicated in hexosamine-induced TGFbeta1 mRNA expression in human mesangial cells.	Hexosamines	50-60	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	24-27
12679868-3	2003	We examined whether the p38-MAPK is implicated in hexosamine-induced TGFbeta1 mRNA expression in human mesangial cells.	Hexosamines	50-60	latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	69-77
12679868-6	2003	P38-MAPK inhibition using SB202190 (1 micro mol/l) reduced hexosamine-induced TGFbeta1 expression in normal and high glucose.	Hexosamines	59-69	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	0-3
12679868-6	2003	P38-MAPK inhibition using SB202190 (1 micro mol/l) reduced hexosamine-induced TGFbeta1 expression in normal and high glucose.	Hexosamines	59-69	latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	78-86
12679868-7	2003	The activation of the p38-MAPK was dependent on protein kinase-C. METHODS: The products of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway were increased by the addition of glucosamine or by the overexpression of the rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine pathway, glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT).	Hexosamines	95-105	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	22-30
12679868-7	2003	The activation of the p38-MAPK was dependent on protein kinase-C. METHODS: The products of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway were increased by the addition of glucosamine or by the overexpression of the rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine pathway, glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT).	Hexosamines	95-105	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	303-307
12679868-7	2003	The activation of the p38-MAPK was dependent on protein kinase-C. METHODS: The products of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway were increased by the addition of glucosamine or by the overexpression of the rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine pathway, glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT).	Hexosamines	233-243	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	22-30
12679868-9	2003	UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine, one of the major hexosamine end-products, was increased in normal (7 mmol/l) and high (25 mmol/l) glucose conditions in GFAT-transfected cells compared to control transfected cells by twofold and 1.7-fold respectively ( p</=0.04) and this was accompanied by a 1.6- and 2.3-fold increase ( p</=0.02) in TGFbeta1 mRNA expression.	Hexosamines	42-52	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	145-149
12679868-11	2003	CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION: Overexpression of GFAT increases hexosamine accumulation which mediates TGFbeta1 expression via a protein kinase-C and p38-MAPK dependent mechanism.	Hexosamines	60-70	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	45-49
12679868-11	2003	CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION: Overexpression of GFAT increases hexosamine accumulation which mediates TGFbeta1 expression via a protein kinase-C and p38-MAPK dependent mechanism.	Hexosamines	60-70	latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	99-107
12679868-11	2003	CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION: Overexpression of GFAT increases hexosamine accumulation which mediates TGFbeta1 expression via a protein kinase-C and p38-MAPK dependent mechanism.	Hexosamines	60-70	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	146-154
12510058-7	2003	Hexosamine flux and subsequent enzymatic protein O-glycosylation have been postulated to mediate nutrient sensing and insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	0-10	insulin	Homo sapiens	118-125
12844520-3	2003	As a result of the decreased ability of GAPDH to process upstream metabolites, three pathways of metabolic damage are activated, which include the advanced glycation end-product formation pathway, the protein kinase C pathway, and the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	235-245	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	40-45
12606504-0	2003	Palmitate-induced activation of the hexosamine pathway in human myotubes: increased expression of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase.	Hexosamines	36-46	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	98-145
12606504-1	2003	The nutrient sensing capacity of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance of skeletal muscle.	Hexosamines	37-47	insulin	Homo sapiens	117-124
12504895-1	2003	O-Linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) mediates a novel hexosamine-dependent signal transduction pathway.	Hexosamines	73-83	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	51-54
12414889-1	2002	Animal studies suggest that overactivity of the hexosamine pathway, resulting in increased UDP-hexosamines [UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GalNAc)] is an important mechanism by which hyperglycemia causes insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	48-58	insulin	Homo sapiens	245-252
12762824-9	2003	In addition, a "nutrient sensing pathway" (the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway), which regulates leptin gene expression, will be discussed as a possible mechanism by which exercise-induced energy deficit may modulate serum leptin concentrations.	Hexosamines	47-57	leptin	Homo sapiens	97-103
12762824-9	2003	In addition, a "nutrient sensing pathway" (the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway), which regulates leptin gene expression, will be discussed as a possible mechanism by which exercise-induced energy deficit may modulate serum leptin concentrations.	Hexosamines	47-57	leptin	Homo sapiens	223-229
12136128-6	2002	These data support the proposal that O-linked GlcNAc transferase participates in a hexosamine-dependent signaling pathway that is linked to insulin resistance and leptin production.	Hexosamines	83-93	insulin	Homo sapiens	140-147
12193136-9	2002	These results suggest that ET-1-induced glucose uptake is independent of its effects on modulating intracellular Ca(2+) and cAMP levels, but is likely linked to the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	165-175	endothelin 1	Rattus norvegicus	27-31
12135947-4	2002	Both in vivo and in vitro phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) by Akt were reduced by hyperglycemia and hexosamine activation.	Hexosamines	127-137	nitric oxide synthase 3	Homo sapiens	45-78
12135947-4	2002	Both in vivo and in vitro phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) by Akt were reduced by hyperglycemia and hexosamine activation.	Hexosamines	127-137	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	89-92
12135947-5	2002	Insulin-induced eNOS activity in vivo was reduced by hyperglycemia and hexosamine activation, which was coupled to increased activation and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9; these phenomena were reversed by inhibition of the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	71-81	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
12135947-5	2002	Insulin-induced eNOS activity in vivo was reduced by hyperglycemia and hexosamine activation, which was coupled to increased activation and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9; these phenomena were reversed by inhibition of the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	71-81	matrix metallopeptidase 2	Homo sapiens	154-187
12135947-5	2002	Insulin-induced eNOS activity in vivo was reduced by hyperglycemia and hexosamine activation, which was coupled to increased activation and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9; these phenomena were reversed by inhibition of the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	240-250	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
12135947-5	2002	Insulin-induced eNOS activity in vivo was reduced by hyperglycemia and hexosamine activation, which was coupled to increased activation and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9; these phenomena were reversed by inhibition of the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	240-250	matrix metallopeptidase 2	Homo sapiens	154-187
12135947-7	2002	CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that hyperglycemia, through the hexosamine pathway, impairs activation of the IR/IRS/PI3-K/Akt pathway, resulting in deregulation of eNOS activity.	Hexosamines	59-69	isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase 1	Homo sapiens	105-111
12135947-7	2002	CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that hyperglycemia, through the hexosamine pathway, impairs activation of the IR/IRS/PI3-K/Akt pathway, resulting in deregulation of eNOS activity.	Hexosamines	59-69	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	118-121
12044898-5	2002	GlcN-6-P synthase is inflicted in phenomenon of hexosamine-induced insulin resistance in diabetes.	Hexosamines	48-58	insulin	Homo sapiens	67-74
12079840-3	2002	Overexpression of the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine synthesis (glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, GFA) in muscle and fat results in insulin resistance and hyperleptinemia.	Hexosamines	47-57	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	118-121
11916938-0	2002	Flux through the hexosamine pathway is a determinant of nuclear factor kappaB- dependent promoter activation.	Hexosamines	17-27	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	71-77
11842094-1	2002	Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) catalyzes the first committed step in the pathway for biosynthesis of hexosamines in mammals.	Hexosamines	125-136	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	0-47
11842094-1	2002	Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) catalyzes the first committed step in the pathway for biosynthesis of hexosamines in mammals.	Hexosamines	125-136	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	49-53
11916938-10	2002	These results suggest that increased flux through the hexosamine pathway leads to NF-kappaB-dependent promoter activation in MCs.	Hexosamines	54-64	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	82-91
11916938-4	2002	Overexpression of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the rate-limiting enzyme for flux through the hexosamine pathway, led to a 2.2-fold increase in NF-kappaB enhancer activity; the combination of GFAT overexpression and high glucose increased activity 2.8-fold, and these increases were prevented by 40 micromol/l O-diazoacetyl-L-serine (azaserine) or 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine.	Hexosamines	120-130	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	18-65
11916938-4	2002	Overexpression of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the rate-limiting enzyme for flux through the hexosamine pathway, led to a 2.2-fold increase in NF-kappaB enhancer activity; the combination of GFAT overexpression and high glucose increased activity 2.8-fold, and these increases were prevented by 40 micromol/l O-diazoacetyl-L-serine (azaserine) or 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine.	Hexosamines	120-130	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	67-71
11916938-4	2002	Overexpression of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the rate-limiting enzyme for flux through the hexosamine pathway, led to a 2.2-fold increase in NF-kappaB enhancer activity; the combination of GFAT overexpression and high glucose increased activity 2.8-fold, and these increases were prevented by 40 micromol/l O-diazoacetyl-L-serine (azaserine) or 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine.	Hexosamines	120-130	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	170-179
11916938-4	2002	Overexpression of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the rate-limiting enzyme for flux through the hexosamine pathway, led to a 2.2-fold increase in NF-kappaB enhancer activity; the combination of GFAT overexpression and high glucose increased activity 2.8-fold, and these increases were prevented by 40 micromol/l O-diazoacetyl-L-serine (azaserine) or 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine.	Hexosamines	120-130	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	218-222
11930630-10	2001	The activity of glutamine: fructose-6-P aminotransferase (GFAT), the key enzyme of hexosamine pathway, was measured by spetrophotometry method.	Hexosamines	83-93	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	16-56
11755928-0	2002	Hyperglycemia induces PAI-1 gene expression in adipose tissue by activation of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	83-93	serpin family E member 1	Rattus norvegicus	22-27
11755928-9	2002	Our results support the hypothesis that increased glucose uptake induces PAI-1 gene expression in adipose tissue, probably through the activation of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	153-163	serpin family E member 1	Rattus norvegicus	73-78
11751598-0	2002	Hexosamines regulate leptin production in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through transcriptional mechanisms.	Hexosamines	0-11	leptin	Homo sapiens	21-27
11751598-1	2002	This study was undertaken to examine the regulation of leptin gene (LEP) transcription and leptin release by hexosamines in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.	Hexosamines	109-120	leptin	Homo sapiens	55-61
11751598-1	2002	This study was undertaken to examine the regulation of leptin gene (LEP) transcription and leptin release by hexosamines in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.	Hexosamines	109-120	leptin	Homo sapiens	91-97
11751598-5	2002	Inhibition of hexosamine biosynthesis with 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine (20 microM) reduced glucose-stimulated leptin release 13 +/- 2.3% and 29.9 +/- 6.6% at 24 and 96 h, respectively (n = 4; P < 0.05).	Hexosamines	14-24	leptin	Homo sapiens	106-112
11751598-11	2002	These data demonstrate that glucose and hexosamines regulate leptin production through transcriptional mechanisms localized to the proximal portion of the LEP promoter.	Hexosamines	40-51	leptin	Homo sapiens	61-67
11751598-11	2002	These data demonstrate that glucose and hexosamines regulate leptin production through transcriptional mechanisms localized to the proximal portion of the LEP promoter.	Hexosamines	40-51	leptin	Homo sapiens	155-158
11751598-12	2002	Hexosamine-mediated regulation of LEP gene expression does not depend on Sp1 binding to traditional sites on the promoter.	Hexosamines	0-10	leptin	Homo sapiens	34-37
11872372-3	2002	The hexosamine hypothesis for glucose sensing has been validated by overexpressing the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine synthesis, glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA) in several tissues including muscle, liver, fat, and beta cells.	Hexosamines	4-14	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	184-187
11872372-3	2002	The hexosamine hypothesis for glucose sensing has been validated by overexpressing the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine synthesis, glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA) in several tissues including muscle, liver, fat, and beta cells.	Hexosamines	112-122	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	184-187
11930630-10	2001	The activity of glutamine: fructose-6-P aminotransferase (GFAT), the key enzyme of hexosamine pathway, was measured by spetrophotometry method.	Hexosamines	83-93	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	58-62
11679416-1	2001	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase(GFAT) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine synthesis pathway.	Hexosamines	89-99	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	48-52
11696579-5	2001	Both the inhibition of eNOS and the changes in its post-translational modifications were reversed by antisense inhibition of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine pathway, or by blocking mitochondrial superoxide overproduction with uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) or manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD).	Hexosamines	206-216	uncoupling protein 1	Homo sapiens	286-313
11696579-5	2001	Both the inhibition of eNOS and the changes in its post-translational modifications were reversed by antisense inhibition of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine pathway, or by blocking mitochondrial superoxide overproduction with uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) or manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD).	Hexosamines	206-216	superoxide dismutase 2	Homo sapiens	318-348
11696579-5	2001	Both the inhibition of eNOS and the changes in its post-translational modifications were reversed by antisense inhibition of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine pathway, or by blocking mitochondrial superoxide overproduction with uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) or manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD).	Hexosamines	206-216	superoxide dismutase 2	Homo sapiens	350-355
11532966-9	2001	Glucose and amino acid metabolism generates hexosamine precursors that may be key regulators of a nutrient sensing pathway involving O-GlcNAc signaling.	Hexosamines	44-54	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	133-141
11574420-0	2001	Hexosamine-induced fibronectin protein synthesis in mesangial cells is associated with increases in cAMP responsive element binding (CREB) phosphorylation and nuclear CREB: the involvement of protein kinases A and C. Hyperglycemia-induced alterations in mesangial (MES) cell function and extracellular matrix protein accumulation are seen in diabetic glomerulopathy.	Hexosamines	0-10	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	19-30
11574420-0	2001	Hexosamine-induced fibronectin protein synthesis in mesangial cells is associated with increases in cAMP responsive element binding (CREB) phosphorylation and nuclear CREB: the involvement of protein kinases A and C. Hyperglycemia-induced alterations in mesangial (MES) cell function and extracellular matrix protein accumulation are seen in diabetic glomerulopathy.	Hexosamines	0-10	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	133-137
11574420-0	2001	Hexosamine-induced fibronectin protein synthesis in mesangial cells is associated with increases in cAMP responsive element binding (CREB) phosphorylation and nuclear CREB: the involvement of protein kinases A and C. Hyperglycemia-induced alterations in mesangial (MES) cell function and extracellular matrix protein accumulation are seen in diabetic glomerulopathy.	Hexosamines	0-10	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	167-171
11574420-1	2001	Recent studies have demonstrated that some of the effects of high glucose (HG) on cellular metabolism are mediated by the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), in which fructose-6-phosphate is converted to glucosamine 6-phosphate by the rate-liming enzyme glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA).	Hexosamines	122-132	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	257-304
11574420-1	2001	Recent studies have demonstrated that some of the effects of high glucose (HG) on cellular metabolism are mediated by the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), in which fructose-6-phosphate is converted to glucosamine 6-phosphate by the rate-liming enzyme glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA).	Hexosamines	122-132	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	306-309
11574420-10	2001	Pharmacologic inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase A (PKA), which are involved in hexosamine-mediated matrix production, blocked the CREB phosphorylation and fibronectin synthesis seen in HG and GlcN conditions.	Hexosamines	101-111	protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha	Rattus norvegicus	55-71
11574420-10	2001	Pharmacologic inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase A (PKA), which are involved in hexosamine-mediated matrix production, blocked the CREB phosphorylation and fibronectin synthesis seen in HG and GlcN conditions.	Hexosamines	101-111	protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha	Rattus norvegicus	73-76
11574420-10	2001	Pharmacologic inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase A (PKA), which are involved in hexosamine-mediated matrix production, blocked the CREB phosphorylation and fibronectin synthesis seen in HG and GlcN conditions.	Hexosamines	101-111	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	152-156
11574420-11	2001	We conclude that the effects of HG on fibronectin synthesis in the mesangium are mediated by the HBP possibly via hexosamine regulation of CREB and PKC/PKA signaling pathways.	Hexosamines	114-124	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	38-49
11574420-11	2001	We conclude that the effects of HG on fibronectin synthesis in the mesangium are mediated by the HBP possibly via hexosamine regulation of CREB and PKC/PKA signaling pathways.	Hexosamines	114-124	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	139-143
11574420-11	2001	We conclude that the effects of HG on fibronectin synthesis in the mesangium are mediated by the HBP possibly via hexosamine regulation of CREB and PKC/PKA signaling pathways.	Hexosamines	114-124	protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha	Rattus norvegicus	152-155
11564705-0	2001	Hexosamines and nutrient excess induce leptin production and leptin receptor activation in pancreatic islets and clonal beta-cells.	Hexosamines	0-11	leptin	Homo sapiens	39-45
11564705-0	2001	Hexosamines and nutrient excess induce leptin production and leptin receptor activation in pancreatic islets and clonal beta-cells.	Hexosamines	0-11	leptin	Homo sapiens	61-67
11564705-7	2001	The hexosamine-mediated induction of the leptin system in clonal beta-cells was associated with increased responsiveness to leptin, as demonstrated by a 2.6 +/- 0.3-fold (P < 0.01) increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3.	Hexosamines	4-14	leptin	Homo sapiens	41-47
11564705-7	2001	The hexosamine-mediated induction of the leptin system in clonal beta-cells was associated with increased responsiveness to leptin, as demonstrated by a 2.6 +/- 0.3-fold (P < 0.01) increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3.	Hexosamines	4-14	leptin	Homo sapiens	124-130
11564705-7	2001	The hexosamine-mediated induction of the leptin system in clonal beta-cells was associated with increased responsiveness to leptin, as demonstrated by a 2.6 +/- 0.3-fold (P < 0.01) increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3.	Hexosamines	4-14	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Homo sapiens	224-274
11390407-2	2001	In this study, we found that in isolated rat islets adenovirus-mediated overexpression of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine pathway, leads to deterioration of beta-cell function, which is similar to that found in diabetes.	Hexosamines	188-198	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	90-137
11344213-1	2001	Overactivity of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway may underlie hyperglycemia-associated insulin resistance, but to date human studies are lacking.	Hexosamines	20-30	insulin	Homo sapiens	90-97
11506994-3	2001	In addition, because the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway is considered to function as a biochemical sensor of intracellular nutrient availability, we hypothesized that activation of this pathway would acutely mediate in vivo the induction of AGT gene expression in fat and liver.	Hexosamines	25-35	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	242-245
11506994-10	2001	Our results support the hypothesis that physiological nutrient "pulses" may acutely induce AGT gene expression in both adipose tissue and liver through the activation of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	174-184	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	91-94
11399656-1	2001	Expression of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the rate-limiting enzyme for glucose entry into the hexosamine pathway, is transcriptionally regulated.	Hexosamines	122-132	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	14-61
11399656-1	2001	Expression of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the rate-limiting enzyme for glucose entry into the hexosamine pathway, is transcriptionally regulated.	Hexosamines	122-132	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	63-67
11587069-1	2001	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which plays an important role in hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	91-101	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	49-54
11163803-1	2001	Increased flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway with glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate-amidotransferase (GFAT) as rate-limiting enzyme has been linked to the enhanced bioactivity of the prosclerotic cytokine transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) in fibrotic complications, particularly in diabetic kidney disease.	Hexosamines	27-37	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	64-111
11163803-1	2001	Increased flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway with glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate-amidotransferase (GFAT) as rate-limiting enzyme has been linked to the enhanced bioactivity of the prosclerotic cytokine transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) in fibrotic complications, particularly in diabetic kidney disease.	Hexosamines	27-37	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	113-117
11163803-1	2001	Increased flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway with glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate-amidotransferase (GFAT) as rate-limiting enzyme has been linked to the enhanced bioactivity of the prosclerotic cytokine transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) in fibrotic complications, particularly in diabetic kidney disease.	Hexosamines	27-37	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	216-248
11163803-1	2001	Increased flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway with glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate-amidotransferase (GFAT) as rate-limiting enzyme has been linked to the enhanced bioactivity of the prosclerotic cytokine transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) in fibrotic complications, particularly in diabetic kidney disease.	Hexosamines	27-37	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	250-259
10997922-1	2000	Effects of hyperglycemia on glomerular cells may be mediated by glucose entry into the hexosamine pathway, and mesangial cell (MC) expression of the hexosamine pathway rate-limiting enzyme glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) is increased in diabetic glomerulosclerosis.	Hexosamines	149-159	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	189-236
11167021-1	2000	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, which plays an important role in glucose toxicity and cellular insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	100-110	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	0-47
11167021-1	2000	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, which plays an important role in glucose toxicity and cellular insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	100-110	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	49-53
11118009-1	2000	To examine the effect of increased hexosamine flux in liver, the rate-limiting enzyme in hexosamine biosynthesis (glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase [GFA]) was overexpressed in transgenic mice using the PEPCK promoter.	Hexosamines	89-99	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	114-161
11118009-1	2000	To examine the effect of increased hexosamine flux in liver, the rate-limiting enzyme in hexosamine biosynthesis (glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase [GFA]) was overexpressed in transgenic mice using the PEPCK promoter.	Hexosamines	89-99	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	163-166
11050244-2	2000	We determined first that hyperglycemia induced a decrease in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in bovine aortic endothelial cells via increased production of mitochondrial superoxide and a concomitant 2.4-fold increase in hexosamine pathway activity.	Hexosamines	238-248	LOC786101	Bos taurus	61-101
10997922-1	2000	Effects of hyperglycemia on glomerular cells may be mediated by glucose entry into the hexosamine pathway, and mesangial cell (MC) expression of the hexosamine pathway rate-limiting enzyme glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) is increased in diabetic glomerulosclerosis.	Hexosamines	149-159	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	238-242
10997922-6	2000	Glucosamine, which is downstream of GFAT in the hexosamine pathway, produced a 2.5-fold increase in the PAI-1 promoter activity.	Hexosamines	48-58	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	36-40
10997922-6	2000	Glucosamine, which is downstream of GFAT in the hexosamine pathway, produced a 2.5-fold increase in the PAI-1 promoter activity.	Hexosamines	48-58	serpin family E member 1	Homo sapiens	104-109
11001759-6	2000	In contrast, azaserine, which prevents increased flux through the hexosamine pathway, decreased glucose-induced JNK1 activity but had no effect on fructose- or raffinose-induced JNK1 activity.	Hexosamines	66-76	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Bos taurus	112-116
11061500-0	2000	Hexosamines regulate leptin production in human subcutaneous adipocytes.	Hexosamines	0-11	leptin	Homo sapiens	21-27
11061500-1	2000	The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway has recently been proposed as a mechanism through which cells "sense" nutrient flux to regulate leptin release.	Hexosamines	4-14	leptin	Homo sapiens	132-138
11061500-2	2000	This study was undertaken to examine the regulation of leptin production by hexosamines in human adipocytes.	Hexosamines	76-87	leptin	Homo sapiens	55-61
11061500-8	2000	These findings suggest that hexosamine biosynthesis regulates leptin production in human adipose tissue.	Hexosamines	28-38	leptin	Homo sapiens	62-68
10806197-8	2000	The activity of GFAT is down-regulated by cAMP, thus placing regulation on the hexosamine pathway that is in concert with the energy requirements of the organism.	Hexosamines	79-89	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	16-20
10997685-3	2000	Several lines of evidence indicate that TGF-beta1 induction is mediated by the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	79-89	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	40-49
10997685-8	2000	In similar experiments, involvement of the hexosamine pathway in hyperglycemia-induced production of cytokines (TGF-alpha and basic fibroblast growth factor [bFGF]) was demonstrated in vascular smooth muscle cells.	Hexosamines	43-53	transforming growth factor alpha	Homo sapiens	112-121
10997685-13	2000	Current data indicate that the flux through the hexosamine pathway, regulated by GFAT, may be causally involved in the development of diabetic vascular disease, particularly diabetic nephropathy.	Hexosamines	48-58	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	81-85
10898949-2	2000	In view of the important role of GFAT in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, we have purified the enzyme from rat liver and characterized its physicochemical properties in comparison to those from the published microbial enzymes.	Hexosamines	45-55	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	33-37
10891367-5	2000	273, 20658-20668) suggests a trivial explanation of glucosamine-induced insulin resistance whereby intracellular ATP pools are depleted presumably due to the phosphorylation of glucosamine to glucosamine 6-phosphate, a hexosamine pathway intermediate.	Hexosamines	219-229	insulin	Homo sapiens	72-79
10753628-9	2000	On the other hand, inhibition by 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine of the rate-limiting enzyme in hexosamine biosynthesis blunted EPA-induced stimulation of leptin mRNA expression and its secretion.	Hexosamines	91-101	leptin	Mus musculus	150-156
10830278-12	2000	However, chronic overexpression of GFA is a unique model of hexosamine excess, as culturing control cells in low dose glucosamine (0.1-0.25 mM) did not suppress GP activity and did not eliminate the glucose-mediated down-regulation of GP activity.	Hexosamines	60-70	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	35-38
10830282-0	2000	Hexosamines stimulate leptin production in transgenic mice.	Hexosamines	0-11	leptin	Mus musculus	22-28
10830282-2	2000	It has been recently reported that in vitro treatment of fat and muscle cells with hexosamines and acute glucosamine infusion in intact rats stimulate leptin secretion.	Hexosamines	83-94	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	151-157
10830282-3	2000	In order to investigate the effects of chronic, physiologic increases in hexosamine flux on leptin we have examined leptin mRNA and serum leptin in mice overexpressing the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine synthesis, GFA, in muscle and fat.	Hexosamines	73-83	leptin	Mus musculus	92-98
10830282-4	2000	Increased levels of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, the principal end-product of the hexosamine pathway were seen in transgenic fat, consistent with the overexpression of GFA.	Hexosamines	78-88	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	164-167
10830282-9	2000	We conclude that hexosamine flux in fat regulates leptin synthesis and secretion.	Hexosamines	17-27	leptin	Mus musculus	50-56
10866044-10	2000	It remains to be determined whether acceleration of the hexosamine pathway can cause insulin resistance at euglycemia in humans.	Hexosamines	56-66	insulin	Homo sapiens	85-92
10866051-2	2000	Glucosamine (GlcN) has been extensively used to model the role of the hexosamine synthesis pathway (HSP) in glucose-induced insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	70-80	insulin	Homo sapiens	124-131
10865863-10	2000	Taken together, these data indicate that high glucose enhances the expression of osteopontin at the transcriptional level possibly through the activation of protein kinase C as well as the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	189-199	secreted phosphoprotein 1	Homo sapiens	81-92
10753628-10	2000	These data suggest that EPA up-regulates leptin gene expression and its secretion probably through a hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	101-111	leptin	Mus musculus	41-47
10580414-0	1999	Evidence for glucose/hexosamine in vivo regulation of insulin/IGF-I hybrid receptor assembly.	Hexosamines	21-31	insulin	Homo sapiens	54-61
10640399-2	2000	Recent studies have demonstrated that the hexosamines glucosamine (GlcN) and mannosamine (ManN) can inhibit aggrecanase-mediated cleavage of aggrecan in IL-1-treated cartilage cultures.	Hexosamines	42-53	interleukin 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	153-157
10580430-1	1999	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) catalyzes the attachment ofN-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) monosaccharides to the hydroxyl group of serine or threonine residues of intracellular proteins and may play an important role in the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	237-247	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-40
10580430-1	1999	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) catalyzes the attachment ofN-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) monosaccharides to the hydroxyl group of serine or threonine residues of intracellular proteins and may play an important role in the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	237-247	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Rattus norvegicus	42-45
10465266-14	1999	Increased exposure of skeletal muscle to glucosamine, a substrate/precursor of the hexosamine pathway, alters intracellular glucose metabolism at multiple sites and can contribute to insulin resistance in this tissue.	Hexosamines	83-93	insulin	Homo sapiens	183-190
10842663-4	1999	To determine whether nutrients directly affect insulin signaling, we have evaluated the impact of fatty acids, amino acids, and activation of the hexosamine pathway on insulin signaling in both cultured cells and animal models.	Hexosamines	146-156	insulin	Homo sapiens	168-175
10842663-6	1999	Similarly, activation of the hexosamine pathway by infusion of glucosamine also reduces insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of IRS proteins, activation of PI3-kinase, and activation of glycogen synthase.	Hexosamines	29-39	insulin	Homo sapiens	88-95
10385384-5	1999	Glucosamine, a product of the hexosamine pathway, in the presence of low glucose mimicked high glucose"s ability to reduce C/EBPalpha messenger RNA expression in insulin-treated cells.	Hexosamines	30-40	CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), alpha	Mus musculus	123-133
10198162-8	1999	GFAT2 can provide insights into understanding the roles of the hexosamine pathway in various tissues, particularly with the development of glucose toxicity and diabetes complications.	Hexosamines	63-73	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	0-5
10426374-7	1999	These data indicate that activation of the hexosamine pathway may directly modulate early postreceptor insulin signal transduction, perhaps via posttranslation modification of IRS proteins, and thus contribute to the insulin resistance induced by chronic hyperglycemia.	Hexosamines	43-53	insulin receptor substrate 1	Rattus norvegicus	176-179
10382582-5	1999	This effect of insulin is possibly mediated by the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	51-61	insulin	Homo sapiens	15-22
10329452-6	1999	Glucosamine also increased the promoter activity of osteopontin, and azaserine, an inhibitor of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (the key enzyme of the hexosamine pathway), profoundly inhibited high glucose-mediated increase in the promoter activity.	Hexosamines	167-177	secreted phosphoprotein 1	Rattus norvegicus	52-63
10329452-7	1999	Taken together, these data indicate that high glucose enhances the expression of osteopontin at the transcriptional level possibly through the activation of protein kinase C as well as the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	189-199	secreted phosphoprotein 1	Rattus norvegicus	81-92
10334307-1	1999	Glucosamine, a metabolite of glucose via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, potently induces insulin resistance in skeletal muscle by impairing insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane.	Hexosamines	45-55	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	162-167
10067838-0	1999	Mechanism of hexosamine-induced insulin resistance in transgenic mice overexpressing glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase: decreased glucose transporter GLUT4 translocation and reversal by treatment with thiazolidinedione.	Hexosamines	13-23	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	85-132
10067838-0	1999	Mechanism of hexosamine-induced insulin resistance in transgenic mice overexpressing glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase: decreased glucose transporter GLUT4 translocation and reversal by treatment with thiazolidinedione.	Hexosamines	13-23	solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	164-169
10067838-2	1999	For example, insulin resistance results when the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine synthesis, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA), is overexpressed in muscle and adipose tissue of transgenic mice.	Hexosamines	74-84	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	96-143
10067838-2	1999	For example, insulin resistance results when the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine synthesis, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA), is overexpressed in muscle and adipose tissue of transgenic mice.	Hexosamines	74-84	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	145-148
12818092-7	1999	Based on the present and previous investigations, where we observed increased hexosamine levels only in patients with hyperinsulinemia, we can draw the conclusion that increased enzymatic glycation of proteins requires not only increased glucose but also insulin access.	Hexosamines	78-88	insulin	Homo sapiens	123-130
10416827-1	1999	We examined whether regulation of glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA), the rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine pathway, is tissue specific and if so whether such regulation occurs at the level of gene expression.	Hexosamines	122-132	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	84-87
9836513-1	1998	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA) is the rate-limiting enzyme in hexosamine biosynthesis, an important pathway for cellular glucose sensing.	Hexosamines	85-95	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	0-47
9854017-11	1999	Glucose may stimulate the transcription of the PKM gene via hexosamine derivatives.	Hexosamines	60-70	pyruvate kinase M1/2	Homo sapiens	47-50
9836513-1	1998	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA) is the rate-limiting enzyme in hexosamine biosynthesis, an important pathway for cellular glucose sensing.	Hexosamines	85-95	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	49-52
9806820-1	1998	A decrease in constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) activity occurred with decreases in hexosamine (an index of mucus synthesis) and adherent mucus (an index of mucus secretion) concentrations in the gastric mucosa of rats with water immersion restraint (WIR) stress.	Hexosamines	92-102	nitric oxide synthase 3	Rattus norvegicus	50-54
9806820-3	1998	In all WIR-stressed rats used in this study, gastric mucosal cNOS activity was well correlated with either gastric mucosal hexosamine or adherent mucus concentration (r=0.717 or 0.739, respectively).	Hexosamines	123-133	nitric oxide synthase 3	Rattus norvegicus	61-65
9801136-6	1998	If glucose is entering through GLUT1 and phosphorylated by hexokinase I, the glucose 6-phosphate so formed is available for all metabolic pathways, including the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	162-172	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Homo sapiens	31-36
9801136-6	1998	If glucose is entering through GLUT1 and phosphorylated by hexokinase I, the glucose 6-phosphate so formed is available for all metabolic pathways, including the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	162-172	hexokinase 1	Homo sapiens	59-71
9801136-7	1998	Hexosamines have a negative feedback effect on GLUT4, and reduced GLUT4 activity decreases insulin-mediated glucose uptake.	Hexosamines	0-11	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Homo sapiens	47-52
9801136-7	1998	Hexosamines have a negative feedback effect on GLUT4, and reduced GLUT4 activity decreases insulin-mediated glucose uptake.	Hexosamines	0-11	insulin	Homo sapiens	91-98
9801136-9	1998	If glucose entrance through GLUT1 and the activation of the hexosamine pathway is abundant, it can decrease the insulin-mediated glucose transport through GLUT4 leading to insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	60-70	insulin	Homo sapiens	112-119
9801136-9	1998	If glucose entrance through GLUT1 and the activation of the hexosamine pathway is abundant, it can decrease the insulin-mediated glucose transport through GLUT4 leading to insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	60-70	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Homo sapiens	155-160
9801136-9	1998	If glucose entrance through GLUT1 and the activation of the hexosamine pathway is abundant, it can decrease the insulin-mediated glucose transport through GLUT4 leading to insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	60-70	insulin	Homo sapiens	172-179
9685425-1	1998	Glucosamine, which enters the hexosamine pathway downstream of the rate-limiting step, has been routinely used to mimic the insulin resistance caused by high glucose and insulin.	Hexosamines	30-40	insulin	Homo sapiens	124-131
9685425-1	1998	Glucosamine, which enters the hexosamine pathway downstream of the rate-limiting step, has been routinely used to mimic the insulin resistance caused by high glucose and insulin.	Hexosamines	30-40	insulin	Homo sapiens	170-177
9641678-5	1998	Increased tissue concentrations of the end product of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), result in rapid and marked increases in leptin messenger RNA and protein levels (although these levels were much lower than those in fat).	Hexosamines	58-68	leptin	Homo sapiens	169-175
9725822-16	1998	Therefore, uridine or hexosamine-based metabolites may be involved in amylin action.	Hexosamines	22-32	islet amyloid polypeptide	Rattus norvegicus	70-76
9519709-2	1998	Because glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the formation of hexosamine products, this enzyme is the key regulator in this pathway and is therefore possibly also involved in the alterations occurring in preclinical or manifest diabetic patients.	Hexosamines	126-136	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	8-55
9591749-2	1998	Glucosamine, a product of glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), causes insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and has been shown to cause abnormal glucose-insulin secretion coupling, and thus has been implicated in the pathogenesis of glucose toxicity.	Hexosamines	51-61	insulin	Homo sapiens	97-104
9519709-2	1998	Because glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the formation of hexosamine products, this enzyme is the key regulator in this pathway and is therefore possibly also involved in the alterations occurring in preclinical or manifest diabetic patients.	Hexosamines	126-136	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	57-61
9453242-9	1997	Our data suggest that products of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway may cause insulin resistance, in part, by acutely decreasing intrinsic activity of GLUT4 as well as chronically altering the amount of GLUT4 at the cell surface.	Hexosamines	38-48	insulin	Homo sapiens	80-87
9831302-6	1998	Presence of azaserine an inhibitor of glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, the key enzyme of the hexosamine pathway, attenuated the high glucose-induced effects on the membrane fraction of PKC-beta.	Hexosamines	110-120	protein kinase C beta	Homo sapiens	202-210
9831302-7	1998	Our results indicate that i) glucosamine is a potent stimulator of PKC-translocation exhibiting an isoenzyme specific translocation kinetic which is different from PMA-induced PKC-isoenzyme translocation ii) the hexosamine pathway may be possibly involved in the high glucose-induced activation of PKC.	Hexosamines	212-222	protein kinase C alpha	Homo sapiens	67-70
9438414-9	1998	Since GNPDA is the sole enzyme linking hexosamine systems with glycolytic pathways, we propose that it provides a source of energy in the form of phosphosugar derived from the catabolism of hexosamines found in glycoproteins, glycolipids, and sialic acid-containing macromolecules.	Hexosamines	39-49	glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 1	Homo sapiens	6-11
9438414-9	1998	Since GNPDA is the sole enzyme linking hexosamine systems with glycolytic pathways, we propose that it provides a source of energy in the form of phosphosugar derived from the catabolism of hexosamines found in glycoproteins, glycolipids, and sialic acid-containing macromolecules.	Hexosamines	190-201	glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 1	Homo sapiens	6-11
9438414-10	1998	Evidence that GNPDA can regulate hexosamine stores comes from our observation that transfection of GNPDA into HEK-293 cells reduces cellular levels of sialic acid.	Hexosamines	33-43	glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 1	Homo sapiens	14-19
9438414-10	1998	Evidence that GNPDA can regulate hexosamine stores comes from our observation that transfection of GNPDA into HEK-293 cells reduces cellular levels of sialic acid.	Hexosamines	33-43	glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 1	Homo sapiens	99-104
10212840-9	1998	We also review the implications of the malonyl CoA/LCFA CoA hypothesis to two other proposed mechanisms for insulin resistance, the glucose-fatty acid cycle and the hexosamine theory.	Hexosamines	165-175	insulin	Homo sapiens	108-115
9421478-4	1998	Therefore, we suggested that the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (the key enzyme of which is glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase [GFAT]) contributes to the high glucose-induced TGF-beta1 production.	Hexosamines	33-43	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	93-140
9421478-4	1998	Therefore, we suggested that the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (the key enzyme of which is glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase [GFAT]) contributes to the high glucose-induced TGF-beta1 production.	Hexosamines	33-43	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	142-146
9421478-4	1998	Therefore, we suggested that the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (the key enzyme of which is glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase [GFAT]) contributes to the high glucose-induced TGF-beta1 production.	Hexosamines	33-43	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	189-198
9421478-6	1998	Overall, our study indicates that the flux of glucose metabolism through the GFAT catalyzed hexosamine biosynthetic pathway is involved in the glucose-induced mesangial production of TGF-beta leading to increased matrix production.	Hexosamines	92-102	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	77-81
9421478-6	1998	Overall, our study indicates that the flux of glucose metabolism through the GFAT catalyzed hexosamine biosynthetic pathway is involved in the glucose-induced mesangial production of TGF-beta leading to increased matrix production.	Hexosamines	92-102	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	183-191
9453242-9	1997	Our data suggest that products of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway may cause insulin resistance, in part, by acutely decreasing intrinsic activity of GLUT4 as well as chronically altering the amount of GLUT4 at the cell surface.	Hexosamines	38-48	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	153-158
9453242-9	1997	Our data suggest that products of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway may cause insulin resistance, in part, by acutely decreasing intrinsic activity of GLUT4 as well as chronically altering the amount of GLUT4 at the cell surface.	Hexosamines	38-48	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	205-210
9028721-2	1997	Increased activity of the hexosamine pathway is a putative mediator of glucose-induced insulin resistance but the mechanisms are unclear.	Hexosamines	26-36	insulin	Homo sapiens	87-94
9178697-6	1997	Increased biliary immunoreactive PLA2-II levels in multiple cholesterol stones were associated with a concomitant increase in the lysophosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylcholine ratio; free arachidonate, protein, and hexosamine concentrations; and gallbladder bile viscosity.	Hexosamines	216-226	phospholipase A2 group IIA	Homo sapiens	33-37
9060444-1	1997	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) is the enzyme that is rate limiting in the synthesis of glucosamine and hexosamines.	Hexosamines	127-138	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	0-47
9060444-1	1997	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) is the enzyme that is rate limiting in the synthesis of glucosamine and hexosamines.	Hexosamines	127-138	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	49-53
8922359-0	1996	Increased hexosamine availability similarly impairs the action of insulin and IGF-1 on glucose disposal.	Hexosamines	10-20	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	78-83
8770864-2	1996	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA), the first and rate limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, was overexpressed in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of transgenic mice.	Hexosamines	97-107	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	0-47
8798515-0	1996	Differential effects of GLUT1 or GLUT4 overexpression on hexosamine biosynthesis by muscles of transgenic mice.	Hexosamines	57-67	solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	33-38
8798515-2	1996	Because increased glucose flux via the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway has been implicated in glucose-induced insulin resistance, we measured the activity of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT; rate-limiting enzyme) and the concentrations of UDP-N-acetyl hexosamines (major products of the pathway) as well as UDP-hexoses and GDP-mannose in hind limb muscles and liver in both transgenic models and controls.	Hexosamines	39-49	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	207-211
8911980-9	1996	These hexosamine products appear to explain how glucotoxicity results in insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	6-16	insulin	Homo sapiens	73-80
8770864-2	1996	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA), the first and rate limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, was overexpressed in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of transgenic mice.	Hexosamines	97-107	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	49-52
8690144-5	1996	Excess hexosamine flux causes insulin resistance in cultured cells, tissues, and intact animals.	Hexosamines	7-17	insulin	Homo sapiens	30-37
8144040-1	1994	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) is the rate-limiting enzyme in hexosamine synthesis and has been implicated in the control of growth factor gene expression.	Hexosamines	86-96	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	0-47
8593934-1	1996	Overactivity of the hexosamine pathway mediates glucose-induced insulin resistance in rat adipocytes.	Hexosamines	20-30	insulin	Homo sapiens	64-71
8593934-11	1996	Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with an increase in skeletal muscle GFA activity, suggesting that increased activity of the hexosamine pathway may contribute to glucose toxicity and insulin resistance in humans.	Hexosamines	128-138	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	72-75
8593934-11	1996	Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with an increase in skeletal muscle GFA activity, suggesting that increased activity of the hexosamine pathway may contribute to glucose toxicity and insulin resistance in humans.	Hexosamines	128-138	insulin	Homo sapiens	186-193
8593937-2	1996	We have previously shown that glucose downregulates basal glycogen synthase (GS) activity in Rat-1 cells and that overexpressing the rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase [GFA]) makes the cells more sensitive to these effects of glucose.	Hexosamines	161-171	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	194-241
8593937-2	1996	We have previously shown that glucose downregulates basal glycogen synthase (GS) activity in Rat-1 cells and that overexpressing the rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase [GFA]) makes the cells more sensitive to these effects of glucose.	Hexosamines	161-171	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	243-246
8593937-9	1996	Activity of PP1, a potential mediator of these effects, was responsive to glucose and hexosamines.	Hexosamines	86-97	neuropeptide Y receptor Y4	Homo sapiens	12-15
8593937-15	1996	We conclude that both basal and insulin- stimulable GS and PP1 activity are downregulated by high glucose in fibroblasts and this regulation is mediated by products of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway.	Hexosamines	172-182	neuropeptide Y receptor Y4	Homo sapiens	59-62
8636435-1	1996	We examined the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine biosynthesis, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA) in human skeletal muscle cultures (HSMC), from 17 nondiabetic control and 13 subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes.	Hexosamines	57-67	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	82-129
8636435-1	1996	We examined the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine biosynthesis, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA) in human skeletal muscle cultures (HSMC), from 17 nondiabetic control and 13 subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes.	Hexosamines	57-67	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	131-134
8675649-2	1995	Glucosamine (Glmn), a product of glucose metabolism via the hexosamine pathway, causes insulin resistance in isolated adipocytes by impairing insulin-induced GLUT 4 glucose transporter translocation to the plasma membrane.	Hexosamines	60-70	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	158-164
7789306-3	1995	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) is the rate-limiting enzyme controlling the synthesis of the hexosamines used in these biosynthetic pathways.	Hexosamines	116-127	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	0-47
7789306-3	1995	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) is the rate-limiting enzyme controlling the synthesis of the hexosamines used in these biosynthetic pathways.	Hexosamines	116-127	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	49-53
7789306-4	1995	We tested the idea that growth factors might activate the transcription of the GFAT gene to increase the cellular content of this rate-limiting enzyme in hexosamine synthesis.	Hexosamines	154-164	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	79-83
7607664-1	1995	It has been previously shown that some toxic effects of high concentrations of glucose are mediated by the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway and its rate-limiting enzyme glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA).	Hexosamines	107-117	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	168-215
7607664-1	1995	It has been previously shown that some toxic effects of high concentrations of glucose are mediated by the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway and its rate-limiting enzyme glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA).	Hexosamines	107-117	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	217-220
7883119-2	1995	We have stably overexpressed the cDNA for human glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA), the rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, in rat-1 fibroblasts.	Hexosamines	135-145	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	48-95
7883119-2	1995	We have stably overexpressed the cDNA for human glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA), the rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, in rat-1 fibroblasts.	Hexosamines	135-145	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	97-100
7594339-3	1995	The gastric mucin content was examined by HPLC analysis of hexosamines in gastric biopsy specimens obtained from the lesser curvature of the pylorus and the greater curvature of the upper body.	Hexosamines	59-70	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	12-17
8195703-3	1994	When HA was chemically polysulfated to a sulfate/hexosamine molar ratio of 3.9, the sulfated HAs was shown to be a potent inhibitor of TNF-alpha production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or interferon-gamma-activated THP-1 cells.	Hexosamines	49-59	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	135-144
8144040-1	1994	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) is the rate-limiting enzyme in hexosamine synthesis and has been implicated in the control of growth factor gene expression.	Hexosamines	86-96	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	49-53
8232303-0	1993	Glucose regulation of transforming growth factor-alpha expression is mediated by products of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway.	Hexosamines	97-107	transforming growth factor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	22-54
8232303-2	1993	Based on the increased potency of glucosamine compared to glucose, we hypothesized that stimulation of TGF alpha transcription by glucose is mediated through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway.	Hexosamines	162-172	transforming growth factor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	103-112
8232303-4	1993	GFA-transfected cells showed an increase in GFA activity, exhibiting a 2.2-fold increase in the synthesis of glucosamine-6-phosphate, the first product of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	159-169	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
8232303-4	1993	GFA-transfected cells showed an increase in GFA activity, exhibiting a 2.2-fold increase in the synthesis of glucosamine-6-phosphate, the first product of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway.	Hexosamines	159-169	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	44-47
1577807-1	1992	Crucial role of glucose and the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway in the expression of insulin action.	Hexosamines	32-42	insulin	Homo sapiens	85-92
8472545-0	1993	Development of an HPLC method to estimate hexosamines and its application to determine mucin content in rat and human gastric mucosa.	Hexosamines	42-53	solute carrier family 13 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	87-92
1577807-3	1992	Moreover, we found that loss of GFAT activity is not due to a direct action of insulin but rather is mediated by enhanced glucose uptake and the subsequent routing of glucose through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway.	Hexosamines	187-197	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	32-36
1577807-6	1992	Several lines of additional evidence implicated the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway in PK regulation; therefore, it appears that the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase represents another enzyme regulated by insulin through stimulation of glucose uptake and formation of hexosamine products.	Hexosamines	52-62	insulin	Homo sapiens	202-209
1577807-6	1992	Several lines of additional evidence implicated the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway in PK regulation; therefore, it appears that the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase represents another enzyme regulated by insulin through stimulation of glucose uptake and formation of hexosamine products.	Hexosamines	265-275	insulin	Homo sapiens	202-209
1535403-5	1992	At the postreceptor level, the translocation and or expression of the insulin-responsive glucose carrier GluT-4 can be down-regulated via the hexosamine pathway by hyperglycemia plus hyperinsulinemia.	Hexosamines	142-152	insulin	Homo sapiens	70-77
1535403-5	1992	At the postreceptor level, the translocation and or expression of the insulin-responsive glucose carrier GluT-4 can be down-regulated via the hexosamine pathway by hyperglycemia plus hyperinsulinemia.	Hexosamines	142-152	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Homo sapiens	105-111
1743436-2	1991	Insights into how substrates modulate insulin action were recently obtained when we discovered that the routing of incoming glucose through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway leads to a refractory state over a period of several hours in which the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake is severely impaired--a state known as insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	144-154	insulin	Homo sapiens	38-45
1743436-2	1991	Insights into how substrates modulate insulin action were recently obtained when we discovered that the routing of incoming glucose through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway leads to a refractory state over a period of several hours in which the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake is severely impaired--a state known as insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	144-154	insulin	Homo sapiens	259-266
1743436-2	1991	Insights into how substrates modulate insulin action were recently obtained when we discovered that the routing of incoming glucose through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway leads to a refractory state over a period of several hours in which the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake is severely impaired--a state known as insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	144-154	insulin	Homo sapiens	259-266
1743436-3	1991	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase was found to play a central role in the development of insulin resistance as this enzyme catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the formation of hexosamine products.	Hexosamines	200-210	insulin	Homo sapiens	103-110
1711080-0	1991	Lysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae initiated by binding of normal human IgM to a hexosamine-containing lipooligosaccharide epitope(s) is augmented by strain-specific, properdin-binding-dependent alternative complement pathway activation.	Hexosamines	77-87	complement factor properdin	Homo sapiens	163-172
2002019-1	1991	Role of hexosamine biosynthesis in the induction of insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	8-18	insulin	Homo sapiens	52-59
2037571-2	1991	We reported previously that glutamine:F-6-P amidotransferase (GFAT) plays an integral role in the development of insulin resistance by directing the flow of incoming glucose into the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway.	Hexosamines	183-193	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	28-60
2037571-2	1991	We reported previously that glutamine:F-6-P amidotransferase (GFAT) plays an integral role in the development of insulin resistance by directing the flow of incoming glucose into the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway.	Hexosamines	183-193	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	62-66
2037571-5	1991	A pronounced loss of GFAT activity was also seen in cells exposed to glucosamine, an agent known to directly enter the hexosamine pathway (55% loss at 4 h, ED50 of 360 microM).	Hexosamines	119-129	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	21-25
2037571-7	1991	When total intracellular hexosamine products were measured, we found that hexosamine formation was unaltered by insulin or glucose (or a combination) but was elevated by greater than 4-fold in the presence of insulin, glucose, and glutamine (t1/2 of 22 min), a condition known to cause both desensitization and loss of GFAT activity.	Hexosamines	74-84	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	319-323
2037571-9	1991	Overall, these studies indicate that 1) GFAT is an insulin-regulated enzyme; however, control of enzyme activity is not due to a direct action of insulin, but rather is mediated by insulin-induced enhancement of glucose uptake; 2) the routing of incoming glucose through the hexosamine pathway and the formation of hexosamine products appears to regulate GFAT activity; and 3) the progressive loss of GFAT activity over several hours is probably not due to allosteric regulation.	Hexosamines	275-285	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	40-44
2037571-9	1991	Overall, these studies indicate that 1) GFAT is an insulin-regulated enzyme; however, control of enzyme activity is not due to a direct action of insulin, but rather is mediated by insulin-induced enhancement of glucose uptake; 2) the routing of incoming glucose through the hexosamine pathway and the formation of hexosamine products appears to regulate GFAT activity; and 3) the progressive loss of GFAT activity over several hours is probably not due to allosteric regulation.	Hexosamines	275-285	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	355-359
2037571-9	1991	Overall, these studies indicate that 1) GFAT is an insulin-regulated enzyme; however, control of enzyme activity is not due to a direct action of insulin, but rather is mediated by insulin-induced enhancement of glucose uptake; 2) the routing of incoming glucose through the hexosamine pathway and the formation of hexosamine products appears to regulate GFAT activity; and 3) the progressive loss of GFAT activity over several hours is probably not due to allosteric regulation.	Hexosamines	275-285	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	355-359
2037571-9	1991	Overall, these studies indicate that 1) GFAT is an insulin-regulated enzyme; however, control of enzyme activity is not due to a direct action of insulin, but rather is mediated by insulin-induced enhancement of glucose uptake; 2) the routing of incoming glucose through the hexosamine pathway and the formation of hexosamine products appears to regulate GFAT activity; and 3) the progressive loss of GFAT activity over several hours is probably not due to allosteric regulation.	Hexosamines	315-325	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	40-44
2002019-2	1991	Based on our previous finding that desensitization of the insulin-responsive glucose transport system (GTS) requires three components, glucose, insulin, and glutamine, we postulated that the routing of incoming glucose through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway plays a key role in the development of insulin resistance in primary cultured adipocytes.	Hexosamines	231-241	insulin	Homo sapiens	58-65
2002019-2	1991	Based on our previous finding that desensitization of the insulin-responsive glucose transport system (GTS) requires three components, glucose, insulin, and glutamine, we postulated that the routing of incoming glucose through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway plays a key role in the development of insulin resistance in primary cultured adipocytes.	Hexosamines	231-241	insulin	Homo sapiens	144-151
2002019-4	1991	First, we assessed whether glucose-induced desensitization of the GTS could be prevented by glutamine analogs that irreversibly inactivate glutamine-requiring enzymes, such as glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) the first and the rate-limiting enzyme in hexosamine biosynthesis.	Hexosamines	273-283	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	176-223
2002019-8	1991	As a second approach, we determined whether glucosamine, an agent known to preferentially enter the hexosamine pathway at a point distal to enzymatic amidation by GFAT, could induce cellular insulin resistance.	Hexosamines	100-110	insulin	Homo sapiens	191-198
2002019-13	1991	Overall, these studies indicate that a unique metabolic pathway exists in adipocytes that mediates desensitization of the insulin-responsive GTS, and reveal that an early step in this pathway involves the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to glucosamine 6-phosphate by the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine pathway, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase.	Hexosamines	312-322	insulin	Homo sapiens	122-129
2243109-5	1990	Isolation of glycosylated peptides from tryptic digests of fibromodulin by ion-exchange chromatography and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography revealed four separate hexosamine-rich species, that were also immunoreactive with monoclonal antibody 5D4.	Hexosamines	184-194	fibromodulin	Bos taurus	59-71
34951587-2	2021	Previously, we demonstrated that PDA cells enhance glycosylation precursor biogenesis through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) via activation of the rate limiting enzyme, glutamine-fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFAT1).	Hexosamines	98-108	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	180-229
33765582-2	2021	The levels of protein O-GlcNAcylation are determined by flux of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), which is a branch of glycolysis, and are directly controlled by a pair of enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA).	Hexosamines	68-78	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:polypeptide-N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase)	Mus musculus	190-210
33765582-2	2021	The levels of protein O-GlcNAcylation are determined by flux of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), which is a branch of glycolysis, and are directly controlled by a pair of enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA).	Hexosamines	68-78	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:polypeptide-N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase)	Mus musculus	212-215
33765582-2	2021	The levels of protein O-GlcNAcylation are determined by flux of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), which is a branch of glycolysis, and are directly controlled by a pair of enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA).	Hexosamines	68-78	O-GlcNAcase	Mus musculus	221-232
33765582-2	2021	The levels of protein O-GlcNAcylation are determined by flux of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), which is a branch of glycolysis, and are directly controlled by a pair of enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA).	Hexosamines	68-78	O-GlcNAcase	Mus musculus	234-237
34951587-2	2021	Previously, we demonstrated that PDA cells enhance glycosylation precursor biogenesis through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) via activation of the rate limiting enzyme, glutamine-fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFAT1).	Hexosamines	98-108	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	231-236
34923141-8	2022	siRNA-mediated knockdown of GFPT2 influenced the EMT marker vimentin and both cell growth and invasion in vitro and was accompanied by lowered metabolic flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	170-180	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	28-33
34291417-6	2021	Subsequently, we demonstrated that FOXA2 is a direct transcriptional activator of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) rate-limiting enzyme GFPT1.	Hexosamines	86-96	forkhead box A2	Homo sapiens	35-40
34650217-2	2021	Loss of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1), the major rate-limiting enzyme of hepatic gluconeogenesis, increases hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP)-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation in hepatoma cell and promotes cell growth and proliferation.	Hexosamines	121-131	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, cytosolic	Mus musculus	8-43
34650217-2	2021	Loss of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1), the major rate-limiting enzyme of hepatic gluconeogenesis, increases hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP)-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation in hepatoma cell and promotes cell growth and proliferation.	Hexosamines	121-131	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, cytosolic	Mus musculus	45-49
34844667-0	2021	Glutamine deprivation triggers NAGK-dependent hexosamine salvage.	Hexosamines	46-56	N-acetylglucosamine kinase	Homo sapiens	31-35
34844667-9	2021	Together, these data identify an important role for NAGK-dependent hexosamine salvage in supporting PDA tumor growth.	Hexosamines	67-77	N-acetylglucosamine kinase	Mus musculus	52-56
34912841-2	2021	GNPDA2 is an enzyme involved in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, which is known to be important for nutrient sensing in various organism.	Hexosamines	36-46	glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 2	Homo sapiens	0-6
34291417-6	2021	Subsequently, we demonstrated that FOXA2 is a direct transcriptional activator of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) rate-limiting enzyme GFPT1.	Hexosamines	86-96	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	145-150
34551297-3	2021	Here, we report that DOT1L protein stability is regulated by the extracellular glucose level through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	105-115	DOT1 like histone lysine methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	21-26
34270713-5	2021	Here we show that L-glutamine:D-fructose amidotransferase 1 (GFAT1) a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) which produces uridine diphosphate-N-acetyl-beta-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), a precursor for glycosylation, is required for the stability of PD-L1 protein.	Hexosamines	98-108	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Sus scrofa	18-59
34270713-5	2021	Here we show that L-glutamine:D-fructose amidotransferase 1 (GFAT1) a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) which produces uridine diphosphate-N-acetyl-beta-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), a precursor for glycosylation, is required for the stability of PD-L1 protein.	Hexosamines	98-108	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Sus scrofa	61-66
34270713-5	2021	Here we show that L-glutamine:D-fructose amidotransferase 1 (GFAT1) a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) which produces uridine diphosphate-N-acetyl-beta-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), a precursor for glycosylation, is required for the stability of PD-L1 protein.	Hexosamines	98-108	CD274 molecule	Sus scrofa	275-280
34505434-11	2021	As the final product of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), alteration in UDP-GlcNAc levels may regulate LAMTOR1 and metabolic regulatory genes downstream of HBP.	Hexosamines	28-38	late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor, MAPK and MTOR activator 1	Mus musculus	112-119
34318710-0	2021	Paramyxovirus replication induces the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway and Mesenchymal Transition via the IRE1a-XBP1s arm of the Unfolded Protein Response.	Hexosamines	38-48	endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1	Homo sapiens	105-110
35585241-7	2022	Mechanistically, Phgdh interacts with the glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase, and the loss of this interaction activates the hexosamine-sialic acid pathway, which provides precursors for protein glycosylation.	Hexosamines	128-138	3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	17-22
34445596-0	2021	Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway-Derived O-GlcNAcylation Is Critical for RANKL-Mediated Osteoclast Differentiation.	Hexosamines	0-10	TNF superfamily member 11	Homo sapiens	72-77
34445596-1	2021	O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) performed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is a nutrient-responsive post-translational modification (PTM) via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	164-174	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	66-86
34445596-1	2021	O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) performed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is a nutrient-responsive post-translational modification (PTM) via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	164-174	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	88-91
34139004-0	2021	Glucose regulates expression of pro-inflammatory genes IL-1beta and IL-12 through a mechanism involving hexosamine biosynthesis pathway dependent regulation of alphaEcatenin.	Hexosamines	104-114	interleukin 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	55-63
34139004-4	2021	We also find an attenuation of glucose induced increase of alpha-E catenin when hexosamine biosynthesis pathway is inhibited either with glutamine depletion or with the drugs azaserine and tunicamycin.	Hexosamines	80-90	catenin alpha 1	Homo sapiens	59-74
34139004-8	2021	Together this indicates that alpha-E catenin can sense the changes in glucose levels in macrophages via hexosamine biosynthesis pathway and also can modulate the glucose induced gene expression of inflammatory markers such as IL-1beta and IL-12.	Hexosamines	104-114	catenin alpha 1	Homo sapiens	29-44
34439404-2	2021	GLUT2 is also a low KM transporter of the amino sugar, glucosamine (GlcN), which enters the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and provides substrate for glycosylation reactions.	Hexosamines	92-102	solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	0-5
35159258-0	2022	Characterization of Gfat1 (zeppelin) and Gfat2, Essential Paralogous Genes Which Encode the Enzymes That Catalyze the Rate-Limiting Step in the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway in Drosophila melanogaster.	Hexosamines	144-154	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 1	Drosophila melanogaster	20-25
35229715-0	2022	GFPT2/GFAT2 and AMDHD2 act in tandem to control the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	52-62	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	0-5
35229715-0	2022	GFPT2/GFAT2 and AMDHD2 act in tandem to control the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	52-62	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	6-11
35229715-0	2022	GFPT2/GFAT2 and AMDHD2 act in tandem to control the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	52-62	amidohydrolase domain containing 2	Homo sapiens	16-22
35149670-3	2022	In addition, YAP can activate glucose metabolism by activating the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and glycolysis, and generate a large number of intermediates to promote tumor proliferation.	Hexosamines	67-77	Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator	Homo sapiens	13-16
35159258-0	2022	Characterization of Gfat1 (zeppelin) and Gfat2, Essential Paralogous Genes Which Encode the Enzymes That Catalyze the Rate-Limiting Step in the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway in Drosophila melanogaster.	Hexosamines	144-154	zep	Drosophila melanogaster	27-35
35159258-0	2022	Characterization of Gfat1 (zeppelin) and Gfat2, Essential Paralogous Genes Which Encode the Enzymes That Catalyze the Rate-Limiting Step in the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway in Drosophila melanogaster.	Hexosamines	144-154	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 2	Drosophila melanogaster	41-46
35159258-2	2022	We show here that zep encodes Gfat1 (Glutamine: Fructose-6-Phosphate Aminotransferase 1; CG12449), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	155-165	zep	Drosophila melanogaster	18-21
35159258-2	2022	We show here that zep encodes Gfat1 (Glutamine: Fructose-6-Phosphate Aminotransferase 1; CG12449), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	155-165	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 1	Drosophila melanogaster	30-35
35159258-2	2022	We show here that zep encodes Gfat1 (Glutamine: Fructose-6-Phosphate Aminotransferase 1; CG12449), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	155-165	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 1	Drosophila melanogaster	37-87
35159258-2	2022	We show here that zep encodes Gfat1 (Glutamine: Fructose-6-Phosphate Aminotransferase 1; CG12449), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	155-165	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 1	Drosophila melanogaster	89-96
35011738-2	2022	In a previous study, we showed that murine KRAS/LKB1 co-mutant tumors and human co-mutant cancer cells have an enhanced dependence on glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 (GFPT2), a rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which could be targeted to reduce survival of KRAS/LKB1 co-mutants.	Hexosamines	219-229	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	43-47
35011738-2	2022	In a previous study, we showed that murine KRAS/LKB1 co-mutant tumors and human co-mutant cancer cells have an enhanced dependence on glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 (GFPT2), a rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which could be targeted to reduce survival of KRAS/LKB1 co-mutants.	Hexosamines	219-229	serine/threonine kinase 11	Mus musculus	48-52
35011738-2	2022	In a previous study, we showed that murine KRAS/LKB1 co-mutant tumors and human co-mutant cancer cells have an enhanced dependence on glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 (GFPT2), a rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which could be targeted to reduce survival of KRAS/LKB1 co-mutants.	Hexosamines	219-229	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	134-179
35011738-2	2022	In a previous study, we showed that murine KRAS/LKB1 co-mutant tumors and human co-mutant cancer cells have an enhanced dependence on glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 (GFPT2), a rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which could be targeted to reduce survival of KRAS/LKB1 co-mutants.	Hexosamines	219-229	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	181-186
35011738-2	2022	In a previous study, we showed that murine KRAS/LKB1 co-mutant tumors and human co-mutant cancer cells have an enhanced dependence on glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 (GFPT2), a rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which could be targeted to reduce survival of KRAS/LKB1 co-mutants.	Hexosamines	219-229	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	304-308
35011738-2	2022	In a previous study, we showed that murine KRAS/LKB1 co-mutant tumors and human co-mutant cancer cells have an enhanced dependence on glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 (GFPT2), a rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which could be targeted to reduce survival of KRAS/LKB1 co-mutants.	Hexosamines	219-229	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	309-313
2744219-2	1989	The low hexosamine content suggests that SP-hCG probably lacks O-linked sugar chains in the beta-subunit and incompletely formed N-linked sugar chains in the alpha- and beta-subunits.	Hexosamines	8-18	chorionic gonadotropin subunit beta 5	Homo sapiens	44-47
3304279-11	1987	A trace of hexosamines, but no N-acetylneuraminic acid, was found in the ACPH allozymes.	Hexosamines	11-22	prostatic acid phosphatase	Drosophila virilis	73-77
3209106-1	1988	The concentration of hexosamine, a marker for mucin, was determined and related to the degree of cholesterol saturation and to the occurrence of cholesterol crystals in gall bladder bile of gall stone patients (n = 40) and gall stone free subjects (n = 25).	Hexosamines	21-31	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	46-51
3965464-5	1985	Carbohydrate determination revealed the sole detectable structural difference in the two antithrombins: levels of hexosamine, neutral sugars, and sialic acid in AT-III beta were all 25-30% less than in AT-III alpha.	Hexosamines	114-124	serpin family C member 1	Homo sapiens	161-167
3718996-3	1986	The purified hog lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase had an apparent molecular weight of 66 000 on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and HPLC and was found to contain about 21.4% (w/w) carbohydrate-hexose, 11.3%; hexosamine, 1.9%; sialic acid, 8.2%.	Hexosamines	219-229	lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase	Homo sapiens	17-53
3882561-2	1985	The phenol-water-extracted LPS from B. gingivalis 381 was composed of 46% carbohydrate, 23% hexosamine, 18% fatty acid, and 5% protein.	Hexosamines	92-102	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	27-30
6626653-4	1983	Mucin released into the culture medium contained sialic acid and hexosamine in a molar ratio of approximately 0.5-0.8:1.0.	Hexosamines	65-75	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	0-5
6242442-1	1984	The control of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis was investigated by studying the kinetic and regulatory properties of some enzymes involved in the formation of UDP-sugar precursors: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 4"-epimerase, catalyzing the interconversion of hexosamine precursors and UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and UDP-glucose 4"-epimerase, utilizing UDP-glucose for the formation of uronic acid and galactose precursors.	Hexosamines	252-262	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Bos taurus	180-216
6847727-6	1983	Hexosamine, uronic acid, total GAGs, and dry weight were increased in TSK mouse skin when compared with normal mouse skin.	Hexosamines	0-10	fibrillin 1	Mus musculus	70-73
6192143-6	1983	Each mucin species was found to have a distinctive hexose, hexosamine, sialic acid, and sulfate content as well as blood group substance activities.	Hexosamines	59-69	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	5-10
7248508-2	1981	A gradual decrease in the content of hexosamines in the prothrombin molecule was observed when vitamin K was excluded from the animals" diet.	Hexosamines	37-48	coagulation factor II	Rattus norvegicus	56-67
6179331-6	1982	Glycosaminoglycan analysis showed a less reduced content of hexosamine and uronic acid in the atrophic area per mm2 skin, but no differences in the concentrations.	Hexosamines	60-70	PNMA family member 2	Homo sapiens	112-115
475761-5	1979	The latter enzyme preferentially attacked disaccharides carrying their sulphate ester group at C-4 of the hexosamine residue.	Hexosamines	106-116	complement 4	Gallus gallus	95-98
7458421-5	1980	PP15 is a glycoprotein and contains 3.3% carbohydrates (hexoses 2.8%, hexosamines 0.3%, sialic acid 0.2%).	Hexosamines	70-81	nuclear transport factor 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
7439624-1	1980	Hexosamine concentration in human pure pancreatic juice was determined during wash-out phase and secretin stimulation phase.	Hexosamines	0-10	secretin	Homo sapiens	97-105
7439624-3	1980	In suspected and established chronic pancreatitis (calcifying or non-calcifying), hexosamine concentration was significantly raised during both wash-out phase and secretin phase.	Hexosamines	82-92	secretin	Homo sapiens	163-171
7439624-4	1980	Hexosamine output was significantly raised in suspected chronic pancreatitis and non-calcifying chronic pancreatitis during both wash-out phase and secretin phase; in calcifying chronic pancreatitis, no significant increase in hexosamine output was noted during both phases because of decreased secretory volume.	Hexosamines	0-10	secretin	Homo sapiens	148-156
90521-6	1979	Treatment of the glycopeptide of Phe-Lys-Asn-Leu-Val-Thr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser with an alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase released N-acetylgalactosamine from the peptide, indicating that the hexosamine was covalently bonded to the peptide in an alpha linkage.	Hexosamines	194-204	alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase	Bos taurus	93-124
102578-6	1978	Placenta alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase has an apparent molecular weight of 304 000 and contains 23.4% carbohydrate consisting of glucose, galactose, mannose, hexosamines and neuraminic acid.	Hexosamines	158-169	N-acetyl-alpha-glucosaminidase	Homo sapiens	9-38
1002698-6	1976	The third hexosamine-containing ganglioside belongs to a different series of glycolipids and was shown to have the structure of a major ganglioside of human brain: AcNeu(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-3)GalNAc(beta1-4)[AcNeu(alpha2-3)]Gal(beta1-4)Glc(beta1-1)Cer.	Hexosamines	10-20	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	183-190
579296-9	1977	PP5 is a glycoprotein and contains 19.8% carbohydrates (hexoses 10.0%, hexosamine 4.4%, fucose 0.4%, sialic acid 5.0%).	Hexosamines	71-81	tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2	Homo sapiens	0-3
902275-3	1977	The major components were identified as chondroitin-4-sulfates by identification of the hexosamine as 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose, and by digestibility with hyaluronidases, chondroitinase AC, and chondro-4-sulfatase.	Hexosamines	88-98	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 11	Mus musculus	40-53
192278-2	1977	A lipoprotein lipase species (mol wt 69 250) has been isolated from rat postheparin plasma, which differs from the low-molecular-weight species previously characterized in its amino acid composition and hexosamine content, and in its lower affinity for triglyceride-rich lipoprotein substrates.	Hexosamines	203-213	lipoprotein lipase	Homo sapiens	2-20
576386-8	1977	PP7 is a glycoprotein; its carbohydrate content amounts to 5.4% (hexoses 3.0%, Hexosamine 1.2%, Fucose 0.2%, sialic acid 1.0%).	Hexosamines	79-89	protein phosphatase with EF-hand domain 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
1002698-6	1976	The third hexosamine-containing ganglioside belongs to a different series of glycolipids and was shown to have the structure of a major ganglioside of human brain: AcNeu(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-3)GalNAc(beta1-4)[AcNeu(alpha2-3)]Gal(beta1-4)Glc(beta1-1)Cer.	Hexosamines	10-20	eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 beta 2 pseudogene 2	Homo sapiens	198-205
1002698-6	1976	The third hexosamine-containing ganglioside belongs to a different series of glycolipids and was shown to have the structure of a major ganglioside of human brain: AcNeu(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-3)GalNAc(beta1-4)[AcNeu(alpha2-3)]Gal(beta1-4)Glc(beta1-1)Cer.	Hexosamines	10-20	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	227-234
1002698-6	1976	The third hexosamine-containing ganglioside belongs to a different series of glycolipids and was shown to have the structure of a major ganglioside of human brain: AcNeu(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-3)GalNAc(beta1-4)[AcNeu(alpha2-3)]Gal(beta1-4)Glc(beta1-1)Cer.	Hexosamines	10-20	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	239-246
1247522-3	1976	Human, bovine, and horse antithrombin III are glycoproteins containing hexose, hexosamine, and neuraminic acid.	Hexosamines	79-89	serpin family C member 1	Bos taurus	25-41
821601-6	1976	The major chemical differences included a higher hexosamine-fucose and hexosamine-sialic acid ratio in human mucin.	Hexosamines	49-59	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	109-114
821601-6	1976	The major chemical differences included a higher hexosamine-fucose and hexosamine-sialic acid ratio in human mucin.	Hexosamines	71-81	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	109-114
1182201-2	1975	1 mol of the apoferritin, the protein moiety of ferritin, contains 25 mol of hexose, 3 mol of hexosamine and 10 mol of fucose.	Hexosamines	94-104	ferritin heavy chain	Equus caballus	13-24
4974308-20	1969	Total carbohydrates, protein-bound hexoses, sialic acid, and hexosamine were decreased in the abnormal fibrinogen.	Hexosamines	61-71	fibrinogen beta chain	Homo sapiens	103-113
5357018-5	1969	Ovalbumin, with mannose/hexosamine ratio 5:4, lost 1.5moles of N-acetylglucosamine and more than 2moles of mannose after incubation with alpha-mannosidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase respectively.	Hexosamines	24-34	O-GlcNAcase	Homo sapiens	159-187
5357018-7	1969	In ovalbumin glycopeptides with approximate mannose/hexosamine ratios 5:3 and 5:4, one and two N-acetylglucosamine residues respectively were accessible to the action of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase.	Hexosamines	52-62	O-GlcNAcase	Homo sapiens	170-198
5357018-9	1969	A mixture of alpha-mannosidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, acting on an ovalbumin glycopeptide with mannose/hexosamine ratio 5:3.7, removed nearly 4moles of mannose and 1.5moles of N-acetylglucosamine.	Hexosamines	114-124	O-GlcNAcase	Homo sapiens	35-63
5635725-0	1968	Effect of insulin on the hexosamine content of alloxan diabetic rabbit vitreous humor.	Hexosamines	25-35	insulin	Oryctolagus cuniculus	10-17
4288076-0	1965	[Influence of hydrocortisone and ACTH on the serum level and urinary excretion of hexosamines and acid mucopolysaccharides.	Hexosamines	82-93	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	33-37
4288077-0	1965	[Influence of hydrocortisone and ACTH on the serum level and urinary excretion of hexosamines and acid mucopolysaccharides.	Hexosamines	82-93	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	33-37
16749136-13	1965	100% of the hexosamine was destroyed in submaxillary-gland mucin, 85% in pseudomyxomatous mucin and about 60% in the blood-group substances.	Hexosamines	12-22	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	59-64
16749136-13	1965	100% of the hexosamine was destroyed in submaxillary-gland mucin, 85% in pseudomyxomatous mucin and about 60% in the blood-group substances.	Hexosamines	12-22	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	90-95
13971656-0	1963	The linkage between hexosamine and amino acids in ovine submaxillary mucin.	Hexosamines	20-30	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	69-74
13572631-0	1958	[Possible relation between mucopolysaccharides (hexosamine) and protein part in elastin].	Hexosamines	48-58	elastin	Homo sapiens	80-87
14861298-0	1951	Effect of ACTH and cortisone on serum hexosamine and gamma-globulin levels in acute disseminated lupus erythematosus.	Hexosamines	38-48	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	10-14
14814186-0	1951	The effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisone on the serum hexosamine level in acute disseminated lupus erythematosus.	Hexosamines	69-79	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	14-41
14900965-0	1951	Urinary excretion of hexosamines and glucuronic acid during treatment with ACTH.	Hexosamines	21-32	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	75-79
33744394-1	2021	Hexosamine biosynthetic (HBP) and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways are found to predominate the proliferation and survival of prostate cancer cells.	Hexosamines	0-10	heme binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	25-28
33744394-1	2021	Hexosamine biosynthetic (HBP) and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways are found to predominate the proliferation and survival of prostate cancer cells.	Hexosamines	0-10	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	43-47
33846782-0	2021	Stomatin-like protein 2 induces metastasis by regulating the expression of a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway in pancreatic cancer.	Hexosamines	105-115	stomatin like 2	Homo sapiens	0-23
33846782-9	2021	Microarray analysis indicated that this protein regulated the expression of glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 (GFPT2), a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway.	Hexosamines	161-171	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	76-121
33846782-9	2021	Microarray analysis indicated that this protein regulated the expression of glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 (GFPT2), a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway.	Hexosamines	161-171	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	123-128
33846782-11	2021	Cell motility and glucose uptake may be induced via the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway through the expression of GFPT2.	Hexosamines	56-66	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	114-119
33600817-1	2021	Spliced X-box binding protein-1 (XBP1s) together with the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and O-GlcNAcylation forms the XBP1s/HBP/O-GlcNAc axis.	Hexosamines	58-68	X-box binding protein 1	Mus musculus	8-31
33846315-0	2021	Protein kinase A controls the hexosamine pathway by tuning the feedback inhibition of GFAT-1.	Hexosamines	30-40	Glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase (isomerizing)	Caenorhabditis elegans	86-92
33916835-6	2021	The reduction of protein O-GlcNAcylation was associated with the development of insulin resistance, induced by overfeeding (i.e., defective insulin signaling and reduced mitochondrial activity), which promoted the dysregulation of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) flux, through the AMPK-driven reduction of GFAT1 activation.	Hexosamines	235-245	insulin	Homo sapiens	80-87
33916835-6	2021	The reduction of protein O-GlcNAcylation was associated with the development of insulin resistance, induced by overfeeding (i.e., defective insulin signaling and reduced mitochondrial activity), which promoted the dysregulation of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) flux, through the AMPK-driven reduction of GFAT1 activation.	Hexosamines	235-245	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	291-295
33916835-6	2021	The reduction of protein O-GlcNAcylation was associated with the development of insulin resistance, induced by overfeeding (i.e., defective insulin signaling and reduced mitochondrial activity), which promoted the dysregulation of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) flux, through the AMPK-driven reduction of GFAT1 activation.	Hexosamines	235-245	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	316-321
32937226-4	2021	UDP-GlcNAc is the end product of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, which is regulated primarily by glucose-6-phosphate-Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT).	Hexosamines	37-47	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	171-175
33517899-1	2021	BACKGROUND: Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1) is the first rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which plays a pivotal role in the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).	Hexosamines	107-117	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	12-57
33842535-1	2021	Background: Glucosamine 6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase (GNPNAT1) is a key enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), which functions as promoting proliferation in some tumors, yet its potential biological function and mechanism in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) have not been explored.	Hexosamines	89-99	glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	12-55
33842535-1	2021	Background: Glucosamine 6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase (GNPNAT1) is a key enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), which functions as promoting proliferation in some tumors, yet its potential biological function and mechanism in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) have not been explored.	Hexosamines	89-99	glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	57-64
33897873-3	2021	Yes-associated protein (YAP) is sustained by the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP)-dependent O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation), and glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase (GFPT1), the rate-limiting enzyme of the HBP, can be phosphorylated and inhibited by adenylyl cyclase (ADCY)-mediated activation of protein kinase A (PKA).	Hexosamines	49-59	Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator	Homo sapiens	0-22
33897873-3	2021	Yes-associated protein (YAP) is sustained by the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP)-dependent O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation), and glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase (GFPT1), the rate-limiting enzyme of the HBP, can be phosphorylated and inhibited by adenylyl cyclase (ADCY)-mediated activation of protein kinase A (PKA).	Hexosamines	49-59	Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator	Homo sapiens	24-27
33897873-3	2021	Yes-associated protein (YAP) is sustained by the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP)-dependent O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation), and glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase (GFPT1), the rate-limiting enzyme of the HBP, can be phosphorylated and inhibited by adenylyl cyclase (ADCY)-mediated activation of protein kinase A (PKA).	Hexosamines	49-59	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	205-210
33517899-1	2021	BACKGROUND: Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1) is the first rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which plays a pivotal role in the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).	Hexosamines	107-117	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	59-64
33098688-0	2021	A missense mutation in a patient with developmental delay affects the activity and structure of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway enzyme AGX1.	Hexosamines	100-110	UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1	Homo sapiens	139-143
33535386-6	2021	An important metabolite that activates NRF1 is UDP-GlcNAc (uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine), which is abundantly generated in many cancer cells from glucose and glutamine via the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	187-197	nuclear respiratory factor 1	Homo sapiens	39-43
33098688-3	2021	OGT relies on the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) for provision of its UDP-GlcNAc donor.	Hexosamines	18-28	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	0-3
33303629-2	2021	Substrates for cellular glycosylation are synthesized in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which is controlled by the glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransfera-se (GFAT).	Hexosamines	61-71	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	171-175
33391506-0	2021	Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway promotes the antiviral activity of SAMHD1 by enhancing O-GlcNAc transferase-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation.	Hexosamines	0-10	SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1	Homo sapiens	67-73
33077497-7	2020	Given the localization of GLUT8 at a major metabolic hub (the late endosomal/lysosomal interface) and its regulated cleavage reaction, we evaluated TXNIP-mediated hexosamine homeostasis and speculate that GLUT8 may function as a sensory component of this reaction.	Hexosamines	163-173	thioredoxin interacting protein	Homo sapiens	148-153
32978282-6	2020	The effect of LPS on protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages was associated with an increased expression and activity of glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway.	Hexosamines	232-242	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	120-167
33257855-0	2020	The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway is a targetable liability in KRAS/LKB1 mutant lung cancer.	Hexosamines	4-14	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	65-69
33257855-0	2020	The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway is a targetable liability in KRAS/LKB1 mutant lung cancer.	Hexosamines	4-14	serine/threonine kinase 11	Mus musculus	70-74
33257855-4	2020	Metabolomics and gene expression profiling pointed towards activation of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), another nitrogen-related metabolic pathway, in both mouse and human KRAS/LKB1 co-mutant tumours.	Hexosamines	77-87	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	184-188
33257855-4	2020	Metabolomics and gene expression profiling pointed towards activation of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), another nitrogen-related metabolic pathway, in both mouse and human KRAS/LKB1 co-mutant tumours.	Hexosamines	77-87	serine/threonine kinase 11	Homo sapiens	189-193
33329753-4	2020	OGT utilizes the end-product of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway to modify proteins with O-linked beta-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc).	Hexosamines	36-46	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	0-3
32978282-6	2020	The effect of LPS on protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages was associated with an increased expression and activity of glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway.	Hexosamines	232-242	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	169-173
33082260-6	2020	The experiments reveal distinct features in apicomplexan GNA1 enzymes that could be exploitable for the generation of selective inhibitors against these parasites, by targeting the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	181-191	glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	57-61
33086728-0	2020	Involvement of NDPK-B in Glucose Metabolism-Mediated Endothelial Damage via Activation of the Hexosamine Biosynthesis Pathway and Suppression of O-GlcNAcase Activity.	Hexosamines	94-104	NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2	Homo sapiens	15-21
33086728-1	2020	Our previous studies identified that retinal endothelial damage caused by hyperglycemia or nucleoside diphosphate kinase-B (NDPK-B) deficiency is linked to elevation of angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) and the activation of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	218-228	NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2	Homo sapiens	91-122
33086728-1	2020	Our previous studies identified that retinal endothelial damage caused by hyperglycemia or nucleoside diphosphate kinase-B (NDPK-B) deficiency is linked to elevation of angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) and the activation of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	218-228	NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2	Homo sapiens	124-130
33278716-4	2020	UDP-GlcNAc is the end product of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, which is regulated primarily by glucose-6-phosphate-Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT).	Hexosamines	37-47	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	171-175
31625393-5	2020	An alternative strategy involves starving OGT of its sugar substrate UDP-GlcNAc by targeting enzymes of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	108-118	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:polypeptide-N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase)	Mus musculus	42-45
32691273-3	2020	The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) is a small branch of glycolysis that provides a substrate for the OGT and serves as a nutrient sensor.	Hexosamines	4-14	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:polypeptide-N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase)	Mus musculus	108-111
32905539-1	2020	As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis.	Hexosamines	33-43	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	112-161
32905539-1	2020	As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis.	Hexosamines	33-43	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	163-168
32722537-10	2020	Of these, RSV induces formation of nucleosome-free regions on TGFB1/JUNB//FN1/MMP9 genes and the rate limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase 2 (GFPT2).	Hexosamines	125-135	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	62-67
32722537-10	2020	Of these, RSV induces formation of nucleosome-free regions on TGFB1/JUNB//FN1/MMP9 genes and the rate limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase 2 (GFPT2).	Hexosamines	125-135	JunB proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Homo sapiens	68-72
32722537-10	2020	Of these, RSV induces formation of nucleosome-free regions on TGFB1/JUNB//FN1/MMP9 genes and the rate limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase 2 (GFPT2).	Hexosamines	125-135	fibronectin 1	Homo sapiens	74-77
32722537-10	2020	Of these, RSV induces formation of nucleosome-free regions on TGFB1/JUNB//FN1/MMP9 genes and the rate limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase 2 (GFPT2).	Hexosamines	125-135	matrix metallopeptidase 9	Homo sapiens	78-82
32722537-10	2020	Of these, RSV induces formation of nucleosome-free regions on TGFB1/JUNB//FN1/MMP9 genes and the rate limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase 2 (GFPT2).	Hexosamines	125-135	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	164-209
32722537-10	2020	Of these, RSV induces formation of nucleosome-free regions on TGFB1/JUNB//FN1/MMP9 genes and the rate limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase 2 (GFPT2).	Hexosamines	125-135	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	211-216
32606980-2	2020	Under physiological conditions, glucosamine-6-phosphate isomerase 1 (GNPDA1) promotes the conversion of the hexosamine system to the glycolytic pathway and may, therefore, affect energy metabolism.	Hexosamines	108-118	glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 1	Homo sapiens	32-67
32628333-2	2020	As UDP-GlcNAc is the final product of the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway, overexpression or knockout of ogt in mammals or invertebrate models influences cellular nutrient-response signals and increases susceptibility to chronic diseases of aging.	Hexosamines	59-69	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	119-122
32606980-2	2020	Under physiological conditions, glucosamine-6-phosphate isomerase 1 (GNPDA1) promotes the conversion of the hexosamine system to the glycolytic pathway and may, therefore, affect energy metabolism.	Hexosamines	108-118	glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 1	Homo sapiens	69-75
32579556-0	2020	The kinase Isr1 negatively regulates hexosamine biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae.	Hexosamines	37-47	putative protein kinase ISR1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	11-15
32579556-2	2020	Here, we show that Isr1 acts as a negative regulator of the highly-conserved hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which converts glucose into uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), the carbohydrate precursor to protein glycosylation, GPI-anchor formation, and chitin biosynthesis.	Hexosamines	77-87	putative protein kinase ISR1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	19-23
32019926-0	2020	Loss of GFAT-1 feedback regulation activates the hexosamine pathway that modulates protein homeostasis.	Hexosamines	49-59	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	8-14
32235891-0	2020	Hexosamine pathway inhibition overcomes pancreatic cancer resistance to gemcitabine through unfolded protein response and EGFR-Akt pathway modulation.	Hexosamines	0-10	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	122-126
32235891-0	2020	Hexosamine pathway inhibition overcomes pancreatic cancer resistance to gemcitabine through unfolded protein response and EGFR-Akt pathway modulation.	Hexosamines	0-10	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	127-130
32300895-6	2020	RESULTS: CRC cells carrying distinct KRAS mutations exhibited differential metabolic remodelling, including differences in glycolysis, glutamine utilization and in amino acid, nucleotide and hexosamine metabolism.	Hexosamines	191-201	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	37-41
32134139-0	2020	Infection-driven activation of transglutaminase 2 boosts glucose uptake and hexosamine biosynthesis in epithelial cells.	Hexosamines	76-86	transglutaminase 2	Homo sapiens	31-49
32134139-5	2020	Furthermore, TG2 activation drives one specific glucose-dependent pathway in the host, i.e., hexosamine biosynthesis.	Hexosamines	93-103	transglutaminase 2	Homo sapiens	13-16
32134139-8	2020	The correlation between TG2 transamidating activity and O-GlcNAcylation is disrupted in infected cells because host hexosamine biosynthesis is being exploited by the bacteria, in particular to assist their division.	Hexosamines	116-126	transglutaminase 2	Homo sapiens	24-27
32197068-5	2020	Instead, glucose metabolized by the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) allows nuclear localization of YAP1.	Hexosamines	36-46	Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator	Homo sapiens	105-109
32086012-1	2020	Activation of the hexosamine pathway (HP) through gain-of-function mutations in its rate-limiting enzyme glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT-1) ameliorates proteotoxicity and increases lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans.	Hexosamines	18-28	Glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase (isomerizing)	Caenorhabditis elegans	154-160
32019926-1	2020	Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) is the key enzyme in the hexosamine pathway (HP) that produces uridine 5"-diphospho-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), linking energy metabolism with posttranslational protein glycosylation.	Hexosamines	80-90	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	49-53
32039769-0	2020	Transcriptional Regulation of Transforming Growth Factor beta1 by Glucose: Investigation into the Role of the Hexosamine Biosynthesis Pathway.	Hexosamines	110-120	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	30-62
31656131-8	2020	Regarding the mechanism, we found that Poldip2 deficiency upregulates the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and OGT (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase)-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation.	Hexosamines	74-84	polymerase (DNA-directed), delta interacting protein 2	Mus musculus	39-46
31826652-7	2020	KLF2 inhibits endothelial glycolysis and allows for glucose intermediates to shuttle into the hexosamine- and glucuronic acid biosynthesis pathways, as measured using nuclear magnetic resonance analysis in combination with 13C-labeled glucose.	Hexosamines	94-104	Kruppel like factor 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
31932432-3	2020	Here, we identify the requirements of hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) for Drosophila homeodomain-interacting protein kinase (Hipk)-induced growth abnormalities in response to a high sugar diet.	Hexosamines	38-48	Homeodomain interacting protein kinase	Drosophila melanogaster	122-160
31932432-3	2020	Here, we identify the requirements of hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) for Drosophila homeodomain-interacting protein kinase (Hipk)-induced growth abnormalities in response to a high sugar diet.	Hexosamines	38-48	Homeodomain interacting protein kinase	Drosophila melanogaster	162-166
31613799-0	2020	Targeting tumor-intrinsic hexosamine biosynthesis sensitizes pancreatic cancer to anti-PD1 therapy.	Hexosamines	26-36	programmed cell death 1	Homo sapiens	87-90
31424945-6	2019	The mechanism study reveals that the substantial increase in synthesis of ECM proteins in EMT activates the inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1alpha)-X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) axis of the unfolded protein response (UPR) coupled to the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	239-249	endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1	Homo sapiens	108-136
32615907-1	2020	Glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) enzymes catalyse the first committed step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) using glutamine and fructose-6-phosphate to form glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P).	Hexosamines	105-115	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 1	Drosophila melanogaster	0-48
32615907-1	2020	Glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) enzymes catalyse the first committed step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) using glutamine and fructose-6-phosphate to form glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P).	Hexosamines	105-115	Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 1	Drosophila melanogaster	50-54
31685298-0	2019	Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 (GFPT2) promotes the EMT of serous ovarian cancer by activating the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway to increase the nuclear location of beta-catenin.	Hexosamines	114-124	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	0-45
31685298-0	2019	Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 (GFPT2) promotes the EMT of serous ovarian cancer by activating the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway to increase the nuclear location of beta-catenin.	Hexosamines	114-124	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	47-52
31685298-0	2019	Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 (GFPT2) promotes the EMT of serous ovarian cancer by activating the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway to increase the nuclear location of beta-catenin.	Hexosamines	114-124	catenin beta 1	Homo sapiens	182-194
31391172-8	2019	Mechanistically, high glucose increased activation of the hexosamine pathway and nuclear factor-kappaB signaling to elevate TSP2 expression.	Hexosamines	58-68	thrombospondin 2	Mus musculus	124-128
31424945-6	2019	The mechanism study reveals that the substantial increase in synthesis of ECM proteins in EMT activates the inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1alpha)-X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) axis of the unfolded protein response (UPR) coupled to the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	239-249	endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1	Homo sapiens	138-147
31424945-6	2019	The mechanism study reveals that the substantial increase in synthesis of ECM proteins in EMT activates the inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1alpha)-X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) axis of the unfolded protein response (UPR) coupled to the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	239-249	X-box binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	149-172
31424945-6	2019	The mechanism study reveals that the substantial increase in synthesis of ECM proteins in EMT activates the inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1alpha)-X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) axis of the unfolded protein response (UPR) coupled to the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	239-249	X-box binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	174-178
31467530-1	2019	Background: Genome-wide association studies have found an obesity-related single-nucleotide polymorphism rs10938397 near the glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 2 gene (GNPDA2) encoding, an enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of the glucosamine-6-phosphate involved in the hexosamine signaling pathway, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the missing link between GNPDA2 and obesity remain elusive.	Hexosamines	273-283	glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 2	Homo sapiens	125-160
31467530-1	2019	Background: Genome-wide association studies have found an obesity-related single-nucleotide polymorphism rs10938397 near the glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 2 gene (GNPDA2) encoding, an enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of the glucosamine-6-phosphate involved in the hexosamine signaling pathway, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the missing link between GNPDA2 and obesity remain elusive.	Hexosamines	273-283	glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 2	Homo sapiens	167-173
30927711-3	2019	We found that levels of the glycolytic pathway enzymes hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase M2, and lactate dehydrogenase A were significantly upregulated in normal human AECs upon hMPV infection, as well as levels of enzymes belonging to the hexosamine biosynthetic and glycosylation pathways.	Hexosamines	236-246	hexokinase 2	Homo sapiens	55-67
31287806-3	2019	We demonstrate that the muscle-enriched transcription factor MondoA is glucose/fructose responsive in human skeletal myotubes and directs the transcription of genes in cellular metabolic pathways involved in diversion of energy substrate from a catabolic fate into nutrient storage pathways including fatty acid desaturation and elongation, triacylglyeride (TAG) biosynthesis, glycogen storage, and hexosamine biosynthesis.	Hexosamines	399-409	MLX interacting protein	Homo sapiens	61-67
30790354-0	2019	Inhibition of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway potentiates cisplatin cytotoxicity by decreasing BiP expression in non-small-cell lung cancer cells.	Hexosamines	18-28	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Homo sapiens	99-102
30927711-3	2019	We found that levels of the glycolytic pathway enzymes hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase M2, and lactate dehydrogenase A were significantly upregulated in normal human AECs upon hMPV infection, as well as levels of enzymes belonging to the hexosamine biosynthetic and glycosylation pathways.	Hexosamines	236-246	lactate dehydrogenase A	Homo sapiens	93-116
31019204-6	2019	In addition, we demonstrated that a differentiation factor for the mammary epithelium, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein B (CEBPB), was involved in Nic-induced hyper-O-GlcNAcylation via transcriptional regulation of the expression of the key enzyme glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) and thus increased the flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	342-352	CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta	Homo sapiens	87-119
31019204-6	2019	In addition, we demonstrated that a differentiation factor for the mammary epithelium, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein B (CEBPB), was involved in Nic-induced hyper-O-GlcNAcylation via transcriptional regulation of the expression of the key enzyme glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) and thus increased the flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	342-352	CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta	Homo sapiens	121-126
30818760-2	2019	O-GlcNAc is a product of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, a side pathway of glucose metabolism.	Hexosamines	29-39	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	0-8
30566828-14	2019	Lastly, we show that increasing the flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway by exogenous glucosamine, known to disrupt protein glycosylation, also promoted CTRP12 cleavage.	Hexosamines	53-63	C1q and TNF related 12	Homo sapiens	165-171
30635494-12	2019	CONCLUSIONS: GFPT1 encodes a widely expressed protein that controls the flux of glucose into the hexosamine-biosynthesis pathway that produces precursors for glycosylation of proteins.	Hexosamines	97-107	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	13-18
29905857-1	2018	Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway which yields precursors required for protein and lipid glycosylation.	Hexosamines	89-99	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	0-45
30305725-6	2019	We also showed that IL-8 stimulation of colon and lung cancer cells-induced glucose uptake and expressions of glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) and glucosamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT), a regulator of glucose flux to the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, resulting in enhancement of protein O-GlcNAcylation.	Hexosamines	237-247	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	20-24
30305725-6	2019	We also showed that IL-8 stimulation of colon and lung cancer cells-induced glucose uptake and expressions of glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) and glucosamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT), a regulator of glucose flux to the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, resulting in enhancement of protein O-GlcNAcylation.	Hexosamines	237-247	solute carrier family 2 member 3	Homo sapiens	110-131
30305725-6	2019	We also showed that IL-8 stimulation of colon and lung cancer cells-induced glucose uptake and expressions of glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) and glucosamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT), a regulator of glucose flux to the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, resulting in enhancement of protein O-GlcNAcylation.	Hexosamines	237-247	solute carrier family 2 member 3	Homo sapiens	133-138
30305725-6	2019	We also showed that IL-8 stimulation of colon and lung cancer cells-induced glucose uptake and expressions of glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) and glucosamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT), a regulator of glucose flux to the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, resulting in enhancement of protein O-GlcNAcylation.	Hexosamines	237-247	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	144-193
30305725-6	2019	We also showed that IL-8 stimulation of colon and lung cancer cells-induced glucose uptake and expressions of glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) and glucosamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT), a regulator of glucose flux to the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, resulting in enhancement of protein O-GlcNAcylation.	Hexosamines	237-247	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	195-199
30805403-9	2019	In addition, expression of GFAT, a key regulatory enzyme in the hexosamine pathway, was significantly reduced following vitamin D administration.	Hexosamines	64-74	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Rattus norvegicus	27-31
30788419-1	2019	We have uncovered that epithelial plasticity programs metabolically reprogram epithelial lung cells by increasing expression of genes (e.g., glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 - GFPT2 and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1 - UAP1) critical for the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and elevating global protein O-GlcNAcylation - a specific type of glycosylation.	Hexosamines	268-278	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	141-186
30315445-0	2018	Hexosamine pathway regulates StarD7 expression in JEG-3 cells.	Hexosamines	0-10	StAR related lipid transfer domain containing 7	Homo sapiens	29-35
30538676-1	2018	The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) generates the substrate for the O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification of proteins.	Hexosamines	4-14	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	109-117
30130254-2	2018	Recent evidence suggests aberrant KRAS drives flux of glucose into the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP).	Hexosamines	71-81	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	34-38
29909237-6	2018	Recent studies described a role for EC glycolysis and its main regulator 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) in the regulation of angiogenesis, but only few studies are related to the role of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway during angiogenesis.	Hexosamines	224-234	6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3	Homo sapiens	129-135
30049794-3	2018	High-throughput metabolomics analyses of cardiac tissue in Dcn -/- mice subjected to fasting revealed striking differences in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway resulting in aberrant cardiac O-beta-N-acetylglycosylation as compared with WT mice.	Hexosamines	130-140	decorin	Mus musculus	59-62
30201609-0	2018	mTORC2 modulates the amplitude and duration of GFAT1 Ser-243 phosphorylation to maintain flux through the hexosamine pathway during starvation.	Hexosamines	106-116	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2	Mus musculus	0-6
30201609-0	2018	mTORC2 modulates the amplitude and duration of GFAT1 Ser-243 phosphorylation to maintain flux through the hexosamine pathway during starvation.	Hexosamines	106-116	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	47-52
30201609-2	2018	Recently, we have shown that mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) modulates the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) by promoting the expression of the key enzyme of the HBP, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 1 (GFAT1).	Hexosamines	67-77	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	29-33
30201609-2	2018	Recently, we have shown that mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) modulates the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) by promoting the expression of the key enzyme of the HBP, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 1 (GFAT1).	Hexosamines	67-77	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2	Mus musculus	45-51
30201609-2	2018	Recently, we have shown that mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) modulates the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) by promoting the expression of the key enzyme of the HBP, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 1 (GFAT1).	Hexosamines	67-77	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	163-212
30201609-2	2018	Recently, we have shown that mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) modulates the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) by promoting the expression of the key enzyme of the HBP, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 1 (GFAT1).	Hexosamines	67-77	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	214-219
30356686-1	2018	The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway are considered as nutrient sensors that regulate several essential biological processes.	Hexosamines	4-14	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	122-126
30356686-2	2018	The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway produces uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), the substrate for O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), the enzyme that O-GlcNAcylates proteins on serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues.	Hexosamines	4-14	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	117-137
30356686-2	2018	The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway produces uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), the substrate for O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), the enzyme that O-GlcNAcylates proteins on serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues.	Hexosamines	4-14	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	139-142
29905857-1	2018	Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway which yields precursors required for protein and lipid glycosylation.	Hexosamines	89-99	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Mus musculus	47-52
30237786-3	2018	Production of UDP-GlcNAc, the metabolic substrate for OGT, by the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway (HBP) is controlled by the input of amino acids, fats, and nucleic acids, making O-GlcNAc a key nutrient-sensor for fluctuations in these macromolecules.	Hexosamines	66-76	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	54-57
30237786-3	2018	Production of UDP-GlcNAc, the metabolic substrate for OGT, by the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway (HBP) is controlled by the input of amino acids, fats, and nucleic acids, making O-GlcNAc a key nutrient-sensor for fluctuations in these macromolecules.	Hexosamines	66-76	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	179-187
29967067-1	2018	N-acetylphosphoglucosamine mutase (AGM1) is a key component of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway that produces UDP-GlcNAc, an essential precursor for a wide range of glycans in eukaryotes.	Hexosamines	67-77	phosphoglucomutase 3	Homo sapiens	35-39
29706631-0	2018	O-GlcNAc elevation through activation of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway enhances cancer cell chemoresistance.	Hexosamines	45-55	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	0-8
29760045-6	2018	Among these adenocarcinoma genes correlated to glucose uptake, we focused on glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 (GFPT2), which codes for the glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 2 (GFAT2), a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation.	Hexosamines	241-251	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	77-122
29760045-6	2018	Among these adenocarcinoma genes correlated to glucose uptake, we focused on glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 (GFPT2), which codes for the glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 2 (GFAT2), a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation.	Hexosamines	241-251	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	124-129
29760045-6	2018	Among these adenocarcinoma genes correlated to glucose uptake, we focused on glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 (GFPT2), which codes for the glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 2 (GFAT2), a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation.	Hexosamines	241-251	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	152-201
29760045-9	2018	Our work provides new evidence of histology-specific tumor stromal properties associated with glucose uptake in NSCLC and identifies GFPT2 as a critical regulator of tumor metabolic reprogramming in adenocarcinoma.Significance: These findings implicate the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway as a potential new therapeutic target in lung adenocarcinoma.	Hexosamines	257-267	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	133-138
29753740-4	2018	Up-regulation of glutamine: fructose 6-phosphate aminotransferase 1 (GFAT1), which belongs to the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) that produces uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) to maintain glycoprotein, was validated by evaluation of mRNA and protein levels.	Hexosamines	98-108	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	17-67
29753740-4	2018	Up-regulation of glutamine: fructose 6-phosphate aminotransferase 1 (GFAT1), which belongs to the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) that produces uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) to maintain glycoprotein, was validated by evaluation of mRNA and protein levels.	Hexosamines	98-108	glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	69-74
29943541-5	2018	GFPT2 is a rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine pathway.	Hexosamines	39-49	glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2	Homo sapiens	0-5
29515119-0	2018	Inhibition of the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway by targeting PGM3 causes breast cancer growth arrest and apoptosis.	Hexosamines	18-28	phosphoglucomutase 3	Mus musculus	63-67