PMID-sentid Pub_year Sent_text compound_name comp_offset prot_official_name organism prot_offset 35100463-6 2022 The molecular mechanism of cytotoxicity observed around Fr7 against ATL cells was the degradation of JAK1 to 3 and the dephosphorylation of STAT3/5, which occurs by proteasome-dependent proteolysis, confirming that PAC directly binds to HSP90. proanthocyanidin 215-218 Janus kinase 1 Homo sapiens 101-105 35100463-6 2022 The molecular mechanism of cytotoxicity observed around Fr7 against ATL cells was the degradation of JAK1 to 3 and the dephosphorylation of STAT3/5, which occurs by proteasome-dependent proteolysis, confirming that PAC directly binds to HSP90. proanthocyanidin 215-218 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 Homo sapiens 140-147 35100463-7 2022 JAK degradation was caused by proteasome-dependent proteolysis, and we identified the direct binding of PAC to HSP90. proanthocyanidin 104-107 heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1 Homo sapiens 111-116 35111187-0 2021 R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor NtMYB330 Regulates Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis and Seed Germination in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). proanthocyanidin 49-65 myb-related protein 3R-1-like Nicotiana tabacum 5-8 35111187-1 2021 Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are important phenolic compounds and PA biosynthesis is regulated by a ternary MBW complex consisting of a R2R3-MYB regulator, a bHLH factor and a WDR protein. proanthocyanidin 61-63 myb-related protein 3R-1-like Nicotiana tabacum 136-139 35111187-2 2021 In this study, a tobacco R2R3-MYB factor NtMYB330 was characterized as the PA-specific regulator in which the PA biosynthesis was promoted in the flowers of NtMYB330-overexpressing lines while decreased in the flowers of ntmyb330 mutants. proanthocyanidin 75-77 myb-related protein 3R-1-like Nicotiana tabacum 30-33 35111187-2 2021 In this study, a tobacco R2R3-MYB factor NtMYB330 was characterized as the PA-specific regulator in which the PA biosynthesis was promoted in the flowers of NtMYB330-overexpressing lines while decreased in the flowers of ntmyb330 mutants. proanthocyanidin 110-112 myb-related protein 3R-1-like Nicotiana tabacum 30-33 35111187-3 2021 NtMYB330 can interact with flavonoid-related bHLH partner NtAn1b and WDR protein NtAn11-1, and the NtMYB330-NtAn1b complex is required to achieve strong transcriptional activation of the PA-related structural genes NtDFR1, NtANS1, NtLAR1 and NtANR1. proanthocyanidin 187-189 basic helix-loop-helix protein A-like Nicotiana tabacum 58-64 35111187-3 2021 NtMYB330 can interact with flavonoid-related bHLH partner NtAn1b and WDR protein NtAn11-1, and the NtMYB330-NtAn1b complex is required to achieve strong transcriptional activation of the PA-related structural genes NtDFR1, NtANS1, NtLAR1 and NtANR1. proanthocyanidin 187-189 basic helix-loop-helix protein A-like Nicotiana tabacum 108-114 6574273-4 1983 The water extract and the proanthocyanidin (tannin)-containing extract, both of which contain the dose equivalent of one-quarter of a nut, reduced the excreted NPRO to background levels, which varied from 0.5 to 3.6 micrograms and from 0.6 to 2.1 micrograms (6 expts) in 24-hour urine samples from the 2 volunteers. proanthocyanidin 26-42 NUT midline carcinoma family member 1 Homo sapiens 134-137 32838552-9 2021 Studies were consistent overall in showing stronger inhibition of alpha-amylase compared to alpha-glucosidase by proanthocyanidin- and/or ellagitannin-rich fruit extracts. proanthocyanidin 113-129 sucrase-isomaltase Homo sapiens 92-109 33408726-0 2020 MiR858b Inhibits Proanthocyanidin Accumulation by the Repression of DkMYB19 and DkMYB20 in Persimmon. proanthocyanidin 17-33 MIR858b Arabidopsis thaliana 0-7 33408726-6 2020 The overexpression of miR858b led to the downregulation of DkMYB19 and DkMYB20, which reduced the content of PA, whereas a reduction in miR858b activity upregulated DkMYB19 and DkMYB20, resulting in a high content of PA in leaves transiently expressing a small tandem target mimic construct for blocking miR858 (STTM858b) in vivo. proanthocyanidin 109-111 MIR858b Arabidopsis thaliana 22-29 33408726-6 2020 The overexpression of miR858b led to the downregulation of DkMYB19 and DkMYB20, which reduced the content of PA, whereas a reduction in miR858b activity upregulated DkMYB19 and DkMYB20, resulting in a high content of PA in leaves transiently expressing a small tandem target mimic construct for blocking miR858 (STTM858b) in vivo. proanthocyanidin 217-219 MIR858b Arabidopsis thaliana 22-29 33408726-6 2020 The overexpression of miR858b led to the downregulation of DkMYB19 and DkMYB20, which reduced the content of PA, whereas a reduction in miR858b activity upregulated DkMYB19 and DkMYB20, resulting in a high content of PA in leaves transiently expressing a small tandem target mimic construct for blocking miR858 (STTM858b) in vivo. proanthocyanidin 217-219 MIR858b Arabidopsis thaliana 136-143 33408726-7 2020 The transient transformation of miR858b in fruit discs in vitro also reduced the content of PA, while the content of PA increased under the transient transformation of fruit discs with STTM858b, DkMYB19, or DkMYB20. proanthocyanidin 92-94 MIR858b Arabidopsis thaliana 32-39 33408726-7 2020 The transient transformation of miR858b in fruit discs in vitro also reduced the content of PA, while the content of PA increased under the transient transformation of fruit discs with STTM858b, DkMYB19, or DkMYB20. proanthocyanidin 117-119 MIR858b Arabidopsis thaliana 32-39 33178425-1 2020 The purpose of this study was to quantify the proanthocyanidin content of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) pericarp extract (PPE) and to assess its useful impacts against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity. proanthocyanidin 46-62 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 188-192 33484087-0 2021 Proanthocyanidin alleviates doxorubicin-induced cardiac injury by inhibiting NF-kB pathway and modulating oxidative stress, cell cycle, and fibrogenesis. proanthocyanidin 0-16 nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 Rattus norvegicus 77-82 33759251-0 2021 Jasmonate induces anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in apple by mediating the JAZ1-TRB1-MYB9 complex. proanthocyanidin 34-50 myb-related protein 308-like Malus domestica 100-104 33759251-7 2021 These results show that the JAZ1-TRB1-MYB9 module dynamically modulates JA-mediated anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin accumulation. proanthocyanidin 100-116 myb-related protein 308-like Malus domestica 38-42 33307696-11 2020 These results enriched the metabolic fluxes of leucoanthocyanins and further elaborated the roles of DFR in the process of C-type PA formation. proanthocyanidin 130-132 dihydroflavonol-4-reductase Nicotiana tabacum 101-104 33408726-9 2020 These findings suggested that miR858b repressed the expression of DkMYB19 and DkMYB20, which contributed to the PA accumulation in persimmon. proanthocyanidin 112-114 MIR858b Arabidopsis thaliana 30-37 33120878-1 2020 Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) catalyzes a committed step in anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by reducing dihydroflavonols to leucoanthocyanidins. proanthocyanidin 80-96 dihydroflavonol 4-reductase Arabidopsis thaliana 29-32 33072538-2 2020 Purpose: To improve adipocytes differentiation & glucose uptake activity of 3T3-L1 cells through sirtuin-1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma), glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4) of (+)-catechin & proanthocyanidin fraction Uncaria gambir Roxb. proanthocyanidin 225-241 solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 4 Mus musculus 199-205 32112739-7 2020 In imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse skin, topical application of the proanthocyanidin suppressed hyperplasia, decreased inflammatory cell infiltration, and down-regulated expression of the psoriasis-associated genes Il17a, Il22, S100a9, and Krt1. proanthocyanidin 75-91 interleukin 17A Mus musculus 222-227 32112739-7 2020 In imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse skin, topical application of the proanthocyanidin suppressed hyperplasia, decreased inflammatory cell infiltration, and down-regulated expression of the psoriasis-associated genes Il17a, Il22, S100a9, and Krt1. proanthocyanidin 75-91 interleukin 22 Mus musculus 229-233 32112739-7 2020 In imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse skin, topical application of the proanthocyanidin suppressed hyperplasia, decreased inflammatory cell infiltration, and down-regulated expression of the psoriasis-associated genes Il17a, Il22, S100a9, and Krt1. proanthocyanidin 75-91 keratin 1 Mus musculus 247-251 32103143-2 2020 DkMYB2 and DkMYB4 (MYB-type), DkMYC1 (bHLH-type) and DkWDR1 (WD40-type) factors have been proposed by different authors to take part of persimmon MBW complexes for proanthocyanidin accumulation in immature fruit, leading to its characteristic astringent flavour with important agronomical and ecological effects. proanthocyanidin 164-180 MYB proto-oncogene, transcription factor Homo sapiens 2-5 32190193-1 2020 Background: Immediate dentin sealing (IDS) with proanthocyanidin (PA) could be used before cementation with a self-adhesive (SA) cement. proanthocyanidin 48-64 iduronate 2-sulfatase Homo sapiens 38-41 32190193-1 2020 Background: Immediate dentin sealing (IDS) with proanthocyanidin (PA) could be used before cementation with a self-adhesive (SA) cement. proanthocyanidin 66-68 iduronate 2-sulfatase Homo sapiens 38-41 32190193-2 2020 The aim of this study was to assess the effect of PA treatment on acid-etched dentin before adhesive application, in IDS and delayed dentin sealing (DDS), on the strengthening property of SA-cemented composite resin inlay in premolars. proanthocyanidin 50-52 iduronate 2-sulfatase Homo sapiens 117-120 32190193-10 2020 Conclusions: IDS with or without PA treatment considerably improved the strength of premolars with self-adhesive-cemented inlay, while the value of only IDS with PA treatment reached the level of the sound teeth. proanthocyanidin 162-164 iduronate 2-sulfatase Homo sapiens 153-156 32161606-5 2020 Additionally, 12 DEGs, including 10 ERFs, 1 MYB, and 1 bHLH transcription factor, associated with PA biosynthesis were identified using WGCNA. proanthocyanidin 98-100 basic helix-loop-helix protein A Malus domestica 55-80 32161606-8 2020 Agrobacterium mediated-transient overexpression of the RAP2-4 led to an increase in PA abundance in crabapple leaves and apple fruits, and the opposite results were observed in RAV1-overexpressed crabapple leaves and apple fruits. proanthocyanidin 84-86 RAP2A, member of RAS oncogene family Homo sapiens 55-61 32161606-9 2020 Moreover, a yeast one-hybrid assay showed that RAP2-4 and RAV1 specifically bound the promoters of the PA biosynthetic genes McLAR1 and McANR2, respectively. proanthocyanidin 103-105 RAP2A, member of RAS oncogene family Homo sapiens 47-53 32161606-10 2020 These results indicate that RAP2-4 act as an inducer and RAV1 act as a repressor of PA biosynthesis by regulating the expression of the PA biosynthetic genes McLAR1 and McANR2. proanthocyanidin 84-86 RAP2A, member of RAS oncogene family Homo sapiens 28-34 32161606-10 2020 These results indicate that RAP2-4 act as an inducer and RAV1 act as a repressor of PA biosynthesis by regulating the expression of the PA biosynthetic genes McLAR1 and McANR2. proanthocyanidin 136-138 RAP2A, member of RAS oncogene family Homo sapiens 28-34 31353727-3 2019 flower proanthocyanidin fraction (LFPF) composed of (-)-epicatechin and proanthocyanidin A2 against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) generation induced by nickel (Ni) in hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cells was studied. proanthocyanidin 7-23 vascular endothelial growth factor A Homo sapiens 136-140 31021017-0 2019 R2R3-MYB transcription factor MYB6 promotes anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis but inhibits secondary cell wall formation in Populus tomentosa. proanthocyanidin 60-76 myb domain protein 6 Arabidopsis thaliana 30-34 31128564-0 2019 A functional homologue of Arabidopsis TTG1 from Freesia interacts with bHLH proteins to regulate anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in both Freesia hybrida and Arabidopsis thaliana. proanthocyanidin 113-129 Transducin/WD40 repeat-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 38-42 31128564-9 2019 Molecular biological assays validated FhTTG1 might interact with the endogenous bHLH factors to up-regulate genes responsible for anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and trichome formation, indicating that FhTTG1 might perform exchangeable roles with AtTTG1. proanthocyanidin 146-162 Transducin/WD40 repeat-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 261-267 31544455-2 2019 Here, we developed a novel method to encapsulate PA dimers successfully into horse spleen apoferritin (apoHSF) using a disassembly/reassembly method based on pH change. proanthocyanidin 49-51 ferritin heavy chain Equus caballus 90-101 31544455-4 2019 One apoferritin cage could approximately encapsulate 25.6 molecules of the PA dimer. proanthocyanidin 75-77 ferritin heavy chain Equus caballus 4-15 31466336-2 2019 Grape seed extract (GSE) could be proposed as an effective antioxidant, particularly due to its proanthocyanidin content. proanthocyanidin 96-112 CELIAC2 Homo sapiens 20-23 31092697-0 2019 VvLAR1 and VvLAR2 Are Bifunctional Enzymes for Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in Grapevine. proanthocyanidin 47-63 leucoanthocyanidin reductase 1 Vitis vinifera 0-6 30912865-10 2019 Phylogenetic analysis suggests that AcMYB123 or AcbHLH42 are closely related to TT2 or TT8, respectively, which determines proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, and to anthocyanin regulators in monocots rather than regulators in dicots. proanthocyanidin 123-139 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 80-83 31092697-0 2019 VvLAR1 and VvLAR2 Are Bifunctional Enzymes for Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in Grapevine. proanthocyanidin 47-63 leucoanthocyanidin reductase 2 Vitis vinifera 11-17 30912865-10 2019 Phylogenetic analysis suggests that AcMYB123 or AcbHLH42 are closely related to TT2 or TT8, respectively, which determines proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, and to anthocyanin regulators in monocots rather than regulators in dicots. proanthocyanidin 123-139 basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) DNA-binding superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 87-90 31092697-9 2019 VvLAR1 or VvLAR2 complement the M. truncatula lar:ldox double mutant that also lacks the leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) required for epicatechin starter unit formation, resulting in increased soluble PA levels, decreased insoluble PA levels, and reduced levels of Cys-C and Cys-EC when compared to the double mutant, and the appearance of catechin, epicatechin, and PA dimers characteristic of the ldox single mutant in young pods. proanthocyanidin 207-209 leucoanthocyanidin reductase 1 Vitis vinifera 0-6 31092697-9 2019 VvLAR1 or VvLAR2 complement the M. truncatula lar:ldox double mutant that also lacks the leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) required for epicatechin starter unit formation, resulting in increased soluble PA levels, decreased insoluble PA levels, and reduced levels of Cys-C and Cys-EC when compared to the double mutant, and the appearance of catechin, epicatechin, and PA dimers characteristic of the ldox single mutant in young pods. proanthocyanidin 207-209 leucoanthocyanidin reductase 2 Vitis vinifera 10-16 31092697-9 2019 VvLAR1 or VvLAR2 complement the M. truncatula lar:ldox double mutant that also lacks the leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) required for epicatechin starter unit formation, resulting in increased soluble PA levels, decreased insoluble PA levels, and reduced levels of Cys-C and Cys-EC when compared to the double mutant, and the appearance of catechin, epicatechin, and PA dimers characteristic of the ldox single mutant in young pods. proanthocyanidin 238-240 leucoanthocyanidin reductase 1 Vitis vinifera 0-6 31092697-9 2019 VvLAR1 or VvLAR2 complement the M. truncatula lar:ldox double mutant that also lacks the leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) required for epicatechin starter unit formation, resulting in increased soluble PA levels, decreased insoluble PA levels, and reduced levels of Cys-C and Cys-EC when compared to the double mutant, and the appearance of catechin, epicatechin, and PA dimers characteristic of the ldox single mutant in young pods. proanthocyanidin 238-240 leucoanthocyanidin reductase 2 Vitis vinifera 10-16 31092697-9 2019 VvLAR1 or VvLAR2 complement the M. truncatula lar:ldox double mutant that also lacks the leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) required for epicatechin starter unit formation, resulting in increased soluble PA levels, decreased insoluble PA levels, and reduced levels of Cys-C and Cys-EC when compared to the double mutant, and the appearance of catechin, epicatechin, and PA dimers characteristic of the ldox single mutant in young pods. proanthocyanidin 238-240 leucoanthocyanidin reductase 1 Vitis vinifera 0-6 31092697-9 2019 VvLAR1 or VvLAR2 complement the M. truncatula lar:ldox double mutant that also lacks the leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) required for epicatechin starter unit formation, resulting in increased soluble PA levels, decreased insoluble PA levels, and reduced levels of Cys-C and Cys-EC when compared to the double mutant, and the appearance of catechin, epicatechin, and PA dimers characteristic of the ldox single mutant in young pods. proanthocyanidin 238-240 leucoanthocyanidin reductase 2 Vitis vinifera 10-16 31071215-1 2019 A protein complex consisting of a MYB, basic Helix-Loop-Helix, and a WDR protein, the MBW complex, regulates five traits, namely the production of anthocyanidin, proanthocyanidin, and seed-coat mucilage, and the development of trichomes and root hairs. proanthocyanidin 162-178 MYB proto-oncogene, transcription factor Homo sapiens 34-37 31215400-5 2019 Overexpression of FtMYB8 in Arabidopsis reduces the accumulation of anthocyanin/proanthocyanidin by specifically inhibiting TT12 expression, which may depend on the interaction between FtMYB8 and TT8. proanthocyanidin 80-96 MATE efflux family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 124-128 31215400-5 2019 Overexpression of FtMYB8 in Arabidopsis reduces the accumulation of anthocyanin/proanthocyanidin by specifically inhibiting TT12 expression, which may depend on the interaction between FtMYB8 and TT8. proanthocyanidin 80-96 basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) DNA-binding superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 196-199 31384770-9 2019 The QPLD analysis of docking studies revealed that PAC exhibited better binding affinity of - 5.23, - 5.17 and - 4.43, - 4.47 kcal/mol against BCL-XL, CDK2 and were compared with 5-FU respectively, which significantly reveals the anticancerous activity of Proanthocyanidin compound. proanthocyanidin 51-54 BCL2 like 1 Homo sapiens 143-149 31384770-9 2019 The QPLD analysis of docking studies revealed that PAC exhibited better binding affinity of - 5.23, - 5.17 and - 4.43, - 4.47 kcal/mol against BCL-XL, CDK2 and were compared with 5-FU respectively, which significantly reveals the anticancerous activity of Proanthocyanidin compound. proanthocyanidin 51-54 cyclin dependent kinase 2 Homo sapiens 151-155 30544155-0 2019 Lotus seed skin proanthocyanidin extract exhibits potent antioxidant property via activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway. proanthocyanidin 16-32 NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2 Homo sapiens 100-104 30284105-0 2019 Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract and insulin prevents cognitive decline in type 1 diabetic rat by impacting Bcl-2 and Bax in the prefrontal cortex. proanthocyanidin 11-27 BCL2, apoptosis regulator Rattus norvegicus 111-116 30284105-0 2019 Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract and insulin prevents cognitive decline in type 1 diabetic rat by impacting Bcl-2 and Bax in the prefrontal cortex. proanthocyanidin 11-27 BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator Rattus norvegicus 121-124 30562012-0 2019 Lipophilic Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Exerts Anti-Proliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Effects on PC3 Human Prostate Cancer Cells and Suppresses PC3 Xenograft Tumor Growth in Vivo. proanthocyanidin 22-38 proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 Homo sapiens 94-97 30562012-0 2019 Lipophilic Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Exerts Anti-Proliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Effects on PC3 Human Prostate Cancer Cells and Suppresses PC3 Xenograft Tumor Growth in Vivo. proanthocyanidin 22-38 proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 Homo sapiens 141-144 30562012-1 2019 The in vitro antiprostate cancer activity of lipophilic grape seed proanthocyanidin (LGSP) against the PC3 cell line was evaluated by MTT assay, flow cytometry, and immunoblot analysis, and the in vivo antiprostate cancer effect was evaluated by a PC3-derived mouse xenograft model via oral gavage LGSP. proanthocyanidin 67-83 proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 Mus musculus 103-106 30562012-1 2019 The in vitro antiprostate cancer activity of lipophilic grape seed proanthocyanidin (LGSP) against the PC3 cell line was evaluated by MTT assay, flow cytometry, and immunoblot analysis, and the in vivo antiprostate cancer effect was evaluated by a PC3-derived mouse xenograft model via oral gavage LGSP. proanthocyanidin 67-83 proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 Mus musculus 248-251 29808220-7 2018 However, incubation with proanthocyanidin dimers prevented LPS-mediated oxidative stress, including the increase of SOD, HO-1, CAT, and GSH-Px mRNA expression, and counteracted LPS-mediated inflammation as evidenced by the down-regulation of inflammatory markers (NF-kappabeta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha mRNA expression). proanthocyanidin 25-41 nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 Homo sapiens 264-276 30647533-0 2018 Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Inhibits Human Esophageal Squamous Cancerous Cell Line ECA109 via the NF-kappaB Signaling Pathway. proanthocyanidin 11-27 nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 Homo sapiens 106-115 30467666-6 2019 Three of these MATE genes (GhMATE12, GhMATE16 and GhMATE38) were identified as candidate genes due to their functions in transport of PA similar to GhTT12. proanthocyanidin 134-136 protein DETOXIFICATION 41-like Gossypium hirsutum 148-154 30176084-4 2018 Previous work determined that poplar MYB134 and MYB115 are major activators of the proanthocyanidin pathway, and also induce the expression of repressor-like MYB transcription factors. proanthocyanidin 83-99 MYB proto-oncogene, transcription factor Homo sapiens 37-40 30176084-4 2018 Previous work determined that poplar MYB134 and MYB115 are major activators of the proanthocyanidin pathway, and also induce the expression of repressor-like MYB transcription factors. proanthocyanidin 83-99 MYB proto-oncogene, transcription factor Homo sapiens 48-51 30458720-6 2018 Phylogenetic analysis showed that CsMYB2 and CsMYB26 were grouped into the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis-related MYB clade. proanthocyanidin 75-91 MYB proto-oncogene, transcription factor Homo sapiens 36-39 30139248-4 2018 The most important transcription factors regulating PA biosynthesis are the MYB factors, potent tools for enhancing PA biosynthesis in plants. proanthocyanidin 52-54 MYB proto-oncogene, transcription factor Homo sapiens 76-79 30139248-4 2018 The most important transcription factors regulating PA biosynthesis are the MYB factors, potent tools for enhancing PA biosynthesis in plants. proanthocyanidin 116-118 MYB proto-oncogene, transcription factor Homo sapiens 76-79 30116498-0 2018 Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Ameliorates Cardiac Toxicity Induced by Boldenone Undecylenate through Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase and Reduction in the Expression of NOX2 and NOX4. proanthocyanidin 11-27 cytochrome b-245 beta chain Rattus norvegicus 162-166 30116498-0 2018 Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Ameliorates Cardiac Toxicity Induced by Boldenone Undecylenate through Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase and Reduction in the Expression of NOX2 and NOX4. proanthocyanidin 11-27 NADPH oxidase 4 Rattus norvegicus 171-175 29808220-7 2018 However, incubation with proanthocyanidin dimers prevented LPS-mediated oxidative stress, including the increase of SOD, HO-1, CAT, and GSH-Px mRNA expression, and counteracted LPS-mediated inflammation as evidenced by the down-regulation of inflammatory markers (NF-kappabeta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha mRNA expression). proanthocyanidin 25-41 interleukin 6 Homo sapiens 278-282 29808220-7 2018 However, incubation with proanthocyanidin dimers prevented LPS-mediated oxidative stress, including the increase of SOD, HO-1, CAT, and GSH-Px mRNA expression, and counteracted LPS-mediated inflammation as evidenced by the down-regulation of inflammatory markers (NF-kappabeta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha mRNA expression). proanthocyanidin 25-41 tumor necrosis factor Homo sapiens 288-297 29502000-0 2018 Dietary grape seed proanthocyanidin extract regulates metabolic disturbance in rat liver exposed to lead associated with PPARalpha signaling pathway. proanthocyanidin 19-35 peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha Rattus norvegicus 121-130 29138814-0 2018 Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract attenuates varicocele-induced testicular oxidative injury in rats by activating the Nrf2-antioxidant system. proanthocyanidin 11-27 NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2 Rattus norvegicus 120-124 29482057-0 2018 Grape seed proanthocyanidin reverses pulmonary vascular remodeling in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension by down-regulating HSP70. proanthocyanidin 11-27 heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1B Rattus norvegicus 143-148 29854627-0 2018 Neuro- and nephroprotective effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract against carboplatin and thalidomide through modulation of inflammation, tumor suppressor protein p53, neurotransmitters, oxidative stress and histology. proanthocyanidin 49-65 tumor protein p53 Homo sapiens 171-174 29571255-0 2018 Inhibition of PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and migration in VSMCs by proanthocyanidin A2: Involvement of KDR and Jak-2/STAT-3/cPLA2 signaling pathways. proanthocyanidin 70-86 kinase insert domain receptor Homo sapiens 106-109 29571255-0 2018 Inhibition of PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and migration in VSMCs by proanthocyanidin A2: Involvement of KDR and Jak-2/STAT-3/cPLA2 signaling pathways. proanthocyanidin 70-86 Janus kinase 2 Homo sapiens 114-119 29571255-0 2018 Inhibition of PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and migration in VSMCs by proanthocyanidin A2: Involvement of KDR and Jak-2/STAT-3/cPLA2 signaling pathways. proanthocyanidin 70-86 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 Homo sapiens 120-126 29571255-0 2018 Inhibition of PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and migration in VSMCs by proanthocyanidin A2: Involvement of KDR and Jak-2/STAT-3/cPLA2 signaling pathways. proanthocyanidin 70-86 phospholipase A2 group IVA Homo sapiens 127-132 29331860-0 2018 C18 core-shell column with in-series absorbance and fluorescence detection for simultaneous monitoring of changes in stilbenoid and proanthocyanidin concentrations during grape cane storage. proanthocyanidin 132-148 Bardet-Biedl syndrome 9 Homo sapiens 0-3 27271273-0 2018 Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract ameliorates murine autoimmune arthritis through regulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-kappaB signaling pathway. proanthocyanidin 11-27 toll-like receptor 4 Mus musculus 98-102 27271273-0 2018 Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract ameliorates murine autoimmune arthritis through regulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-kappaB signaling pathway. proanthocyanidin 11-27 myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 Mus musculus 103-108 29138814-1 2018 The present study investigated whether grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) can attenuate varicocele-induced testicular oxidative injury through the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant pathway. proanthocyanidin 50-66 NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2 Rattus norvegicus 200-204 28270376-7 2017 RESULTS: RBC and Hb values as well as the activity of SOD and GSH-PX were reduced after administration of linoleic acid, which was ameliorated by treatment with PA or HW. proanthocyanidin 161-163 glutathione peroxidase 1 Rattus norvegicus 62-68 28551265-6 2017 Extracts of both the proanthocyanidin-rich seed coat and isoflavonoid-rich embryo of YK attenuated adhesion of THP-1 to LPS-stimulated human umbilical vascular endothelial cells, suggesting that they are important sources of coronary heart disease-preventive phenolics. proanthocyanidin 21-37 GLI family zinc finger 2 Homo sapiens 111-116 28944891-0 2017 Thioredoxin is implicated in the anti-apoptotic effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract during hyperglycemia. proanthocyanidin 70-86 thioredoxin Homo sapiens 0-11 28944891-3 2017 In the present study, grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) was used to upregulate the expression of thioredoxin (Trx), in order to evaluate its potential as a novel agent for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including diabetic retinopathy. proanthocyanidin 33-49 thioredoxin Homo sapiens 106-117 28944891-3 2017 In the present study, grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) was used to upregulate the expression of thioredoxin (Trx), in order to evaluate its potential as a novel agent for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including diabetic retinopathy. proanthocyanidin 33-49 thioredoxin Homo sapiens 119-122 28956244-0 2017 Protective effect of proanthocyanidin on mice Sertoli cell apoptosis induced by zearalenone via the Nrf2/ARE signalling pathway. proanthocyanidin 21-37 nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2 Mus musculus 100-104 29054360-2 2017 Previous attempts aimed at developing proanthocyanidin derivatives with more potent antioxidative activity and stronger inhibition for LOX-1 demonstrated the synthesis of a novel proanthocyanidin derivative (1), in which the geometry of one catechin molecule in procyanidin B3 was constrained to a planar orientation. proanthocyanidin 38-54 oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 Homo sapiens 135-140 29054360-2 2017 Previous attempts aimed at developing proanthocyanidin derivatives with more potent antioxidative activity and stronger inhibition for LOX-1 demonstrated the synthesis of a novel proanthocyanidin derivative (1), in which the geometry of one catechin molecule in procyanidin B3 was constrained to a planar orientation. proanthocyanidin 179-195 oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 Homo sapiens 135-140 29051765-7 2017 Three transcription factor (TF) genes, including one bHLH gene and two MYB-related genes that are located within the previous seed coat color quantitative trait locus (QTL) region on chromosome A09, also showed similar developmental expression patterns to the key PA biosynthetic genes and they might thus potentially involved participate in flavonoid biosynthesis regulation. proanthocyanidin 264-266 transcription factor ABORTED MICROSPORES-like Brassica napus 53-57 28941603-8 2017 Furthermore, proanthocyanidin inhibited the LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 overexpression, via the modulation of NF-kappaB in the hippocampus, PFC and amygdala. proanthocyanidin 13-29 nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible Mus musculus 56-60 28941603-8 2017 Furthermore, proanthocyanidin inhibited the LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 overexpression, via the modulation of NF-kappaB in the hippocampus, PFC and amygdala. proanthocyanidin 13-29 cytochrome c oxidase II, mitochondrial Mus musculus 65-70 28444797-0 2017 The transcription factor MYB115 contributes to the regulation of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and enhances fungal resistance in poplar. proanthocyanidin 65-81 myb domain protein 115 Arabidopsis thaliana 25-31 28692939-0 2017 Oligomeric proanthocyanidin derived from grape seeds inhibited NF-kappaB signaling in activated HSC: Involvement of JNK/ERK MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways. proanthocyanidin 11-27 mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 Rattus norvegicus 116-119 28692939-0 2017 Oligomeric proanthocyanidin derived from grape seeds inhibited NF-kappaB signaling in activated HSC: Involvement of JNK/ERK MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways. proanthocyanidin 11-27 Eph receptor B1 Rattus norvegicus 120-123 28692939-0 2017 Oligomeric proanthocyanidin derived from grape seeds inhibited NF-kappaB signaling in activated HSC: Involvement of JNK/ERK MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways. proanthocyanidin 11-27 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Rattus norvegicus 138-141 28421329-0 2017 Characterization of two TT2-type MYB transcription factors regulating proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in tetraploid cotton, Gossypium hirsutum. proanthocyanidin 70-86 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 24-27 28421329-1 2017 MAIN CONCLUSION: Two TT2-type MYB transcription factors identified from tetraploid cotton are involved in regulating proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, providing new strategies for engineering condensed tannins in crops. proanthocyanidin 117-133 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 21-24 28421329-9 2017 Protoplast transactivation assays revealed that these two GhMYBs were able to activate promoters of genes encoding enzymes in the PA biosynthesis pathway, namely anthocyanidin reductase and leucoanthocyanidin reductase. proanthocyanidin 130-132 anthocyanidin reductase-like Gossypium hirsutum 162-185 28421329-10 2017 Complementation experiments showed that both of the GhMYBs were able to recover the transparent testa seed coat phenotype of the Arabidopsis tt2 mutant by restoring PA biosynthesis. proanthocyanidin 165-167 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 141-144 28371137-0 2017 Proanthocyanidin protects against cisplatin-induced oxidative liver damage through inhibition of inflammation and NF-kappabeta/TLR-4 pathway. proanthocyanidin 0-16 toll-like receptor 4 Rattus norvegicus 127-132 28534957-0 2017 Grape seed proanthocyanidin inhibits inflammatory responses in hepatic stellate cells by modulating the MAPK, Akt and NF-kappaB signaling pathways. proanthocyanidin 11-27 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 110-113 28534957-0 2017 Grape seed proanthocyanidin inhibits inflammatory responses in hepatic stellate cells by modulating the MAPK, Akt and NF-kappaB signaling pathways. proanthocyanidin 11-27 nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 Homo sapiens 118-127 28444797-5 2017 MYB115 restored PA productions in the seed coat of the Arabidopsis tt2 mutant. proanthocyanidin 16-18 myb domain protein 115 Arabidopsis thaliana 0-6 28444797-5 2017 MYB115 restored PA productions in the seed coat of the Arabidopsis tt2 mutant. proanthocyanidin 16-18 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 67-70 28444797-6 2017 Overexpression of MYB115 in poplar activated expression of PA biosynthetic genes, resulting in a significant increase in PA concentrations. proanthocyanidin 59-61 myb domain protein 115 Arabidopsis thaliana 18-24 28444797-6 2017 Overexpression of MYB115 in poplar activated expression of PA biosynthetic genes, resulting in a significant increase in PA concentrations. proanthocyanidin 121-123 myb domain protein 115 Arabidopsis thaliana 18-24 28444797-7 2017 By contrast, the CRISPR/Cas9-generated myb115 mutant exhibited reduced PA content and decreased expression of PA biosynthetic genes. proanthocyanidin 71-73 myb domain protein 115 Arabidopsis thaliana 39-45 28444797-7 2017 By contrast, the CRISPR/Cas9-generated myb115 mutant exhibited reduced PA content and decreased expression of PA biosynthetic genes. proanthocyanidin 110-112 myb domain protein 115 Arabidopsis thaliana 39-45 28444797-8 2017 MYB115 directly activated the promoters of PA-specific structural genes. proanthocyanidin 43-45 myb domain protein 115 Arabidopsis thaliana 0-6 28444797-12 2017 Our data provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms controlling PA biosynthesis by MYB115 in poplar, which could be effectively employed for metabolic engineering of PAs to improve resistance to fungal pathogens. proanthocyanidin 68-70 myb domain protein 115 Arabidopsis thaliana 87-93 27863453-5 2017 PAC prevented the attachment of the preS1 region in the LHBs to its cellular receptor, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP). proanthocyanidin 0-3 solute carrier family 10 member 1 Homo sapiens 87-133 28672844-0 2017 5-(3",4"-Dihydroxyphenyl-gamma-valerolactone), a Major Microbial Metabolite of Proanthocyanidin, Attenuates THP-1 Monocyte-Endothelial Adhesion. proanthocyanidin 79-95 GLI family zinc finger 2 Homo sapiens 108-113 28690624-8 2017 In addition, important TFs of the MYB and bZIP families such as the proanthocyanidin regulator VviMYBPA1 and the UV-B light responsive HY5 homolog VviHYH were significantly altered in their expression pattern by overexpression of VviMYBF1. proanthocyanidin 68-84 MYB proto-oncogene, transcription factor Homo sapiens 34-37 28830101-4 2017 Interestingly tt16 and tt15 mutants display a very similar flavonoid profiles and patterns of PA accumulation. proanthocyanidin 94-96 K-box region and MADS-box transcription factor family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 14-18 28830101-4 2017 Interestingly tt16 and tt15 mutants display a very similar flavonoid profiles and patterns of PA accumulation. proanthocyanidin 94-96 UDP-Glycosyltransferase superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 23-27 28830101-5 2017 By using a combination of genetic, molecular, biochemical, and histochemical methods, we showed that both TT16 and TT15 act upstream the PA biosynthetic pathway, but through two distinct genetic routes. proanthocyanidin 137-139 K-box region and MADS-box transcription factor family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 106-110 28830101-5 2017 By using a combination of genetic, molecular, biochemical, and histochemical methods, we showed that both TT16 and TT15 act upstream the PA biosynthetic pathway, but through two distinct genetic routes. proanthocyanidin 137-139 UDP-Glycosyltransferase superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 115-119 28830101-6 2017 We also demonstrated that the activity of TT16 in regulating cell fate determination and PA accumulation in the endothelium is required in the chalaza prior to the globular stage of embryo development. proanthocyanidin 89-91 K-box region and MADS-box transcription factor family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 42-46 28830101-7 2017 Finally this study provides new insight showing that TT16 and TT15 functions extend beyond PA biosynthesis in the inner integuments of the Arabidopsis seed coat. proanthocyanidin 91-93 K-box region and MADS-box transcription factor family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 53-57 28830101-7 2017 Finally this study provides new insight showing that TT16 and TT15 functions extend beyond PA biosynthesis in the inner integuments of the Arabidopsis seed coat. proanthocyanidin 91-93 UDP-Glycosyltransferase superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 62-66 28348066-0 2017 Poplar MYB115 and MYB134 Transcription Factors Regulate Proanthocyanidin Synthesis and Structure. proanthocyanidin 56-72 MYB proto-oncogene, transcription factor Homo sapiens 7-10 28348066-5 2017 Transcriptomic analysis of MYB115- and MYB134-overexpressing poplar plants identified a set of common up-regulated genes encoding proanthocyanidin biosynthetic enzymes and several novel uncharacterized MYB transcriptional repressors. proanthocyanidin 130-146 MYB proto-oncogene, transcription factor Homo sapiens 27-30 27863453-5 2017 PAC prevented the attachment of the preS1 region in the LHBs to its cellular receptor, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP). proanthocyanidin 0-3 solute carrier family 10 member 1 Homo sapiens 135-139 28400785-1 2017 Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) is a key enzyme in the reduction of dihydroflavonols to leucoanthocyanidins in both anthocyanin biosynthesis and proanthocyanidin accumulation. proanthocyanidin 147-163 dihydroflavonol 4-reductase Arabidopsis thaliana 0-27 28107780-0 2017 MYB12 and MYB22 play essential roles in proanthocyanidin and flavonol synthesis in red-fleshed apple (Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana). proanthocyanidin 40-56 transcription repressor MYB5 Malus domestica 0-5 28107780-0 2017 MYB12 and MYB22 play essential roles in proanthocyanidin and flavonol synthesis in red-fleshed apple (Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana). proanthocyanidin 40-56 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: transcription factor MYB11 Malus domestica 10-15 28107780-8 2017 MYB12 expression in the Arabidopsis TT2 mutant complemented its proanthocyanidin-deficient phenotype. proanthocyanidin 64-80 myb domain protein 12 Arabidopsis thaliana 0-5 28107780-8 2017 MYB12 expression in the Arabidopsis TT2 mutant complemented its proanthocyanidin-deficient phenotype. proanthocyanidin 64-80 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 36-39 28107780-10 2017 MYB12 could interact with bHLH3 and bHLH33 and played an essential role in proanthocyanidin synthesis. proanthocyanidin 75-91 transcription repressor MYB5 Malus domestica 0-5 28400785-1 2017 Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) is a key enzyme in the reduction of dihydroflavonols to leucoanthocyanidins in both anthocyanin biosynthesis and proanthocyanidin accumulation. proanthocyanidin 147-163 dihydroflavonol 4-reductase Arabidopsis thaliana 29-32 27046632-0 2016 TTG2 controls the developmental regulation of seed coat tannins in Arabidopsis by regulating vacuolar transport steps in the proanthocyanidin pathway. proanthocyanidin 125-141 WRKY family transcription factor family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 0-4 28294148-11 2017 Meanwhile, proanthocyanidin can inhibit monocytes" TNF-alpha production, and reduce plasma TNF-alpha concentration. proanthocyanidin 11-27 tumor necrosis factor Rattus norvegicus 51-60 28294148-11 2017 Meanwhile, proanthocyanidin can inhibit monocytes" TNF-alpha production, and reduce plasma TNF-alpha concentration. proanthocyanidin 11-27 tumor necrosis factor Rattus norvegicus 91-100 27761864-8 2017 Furthermore, PC pre-treatment substantially downregulated the expressions of the GRP78, CHOP and XBP-1 and upregulated the expression of the Bcl-2 gene. proanthocyanidin 13-15 heat shock protein 5 Mus musculus 81-86 27761864-8 2017 Furthermore, PC pre-treatment substantially downregulated the expressions of the GRP78, CHOP and XBP-1 and upregulated the expression of the Bcl-2 gene. proanthocyanidin 13-15 DNA-damage inducible transcript 3 Mus musculus 88-92 27761864-8 2017 Furthermore, PC pre-treatment substantially downregulated the expressions of the GRP78, CHOP and XBP-1 and upregulated the expression of the Bcl-2 gene. proanthocyanidin 13-15 X-box binding protein 1 Mus musculus 97-102 27761864-8 2017 Furthermore, PC pre-treatment substantially downregulated the expressions of the GRP78, CHOP and XBP-1 and upregulated the expression of the Bcl-2 gene. proanthocyanidin 13-15 B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 Mus musculus 141-146 27778021-0 2016 [Proanthocyanidin protects H9C2 cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway]. proanthocyanidin 1-17 Janus kinase 2 Rattus norvegicus 79-83 27778021-0 2016 [Proanthocyanidin protects H9C2 cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway]. proanthocyanidin 1-17 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 Rattus norvegicus 84-89 27778021-1 2016 The present study was aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the protective effect of proanthocyanidin (Pro) against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury in H9C2 cells with a focus on Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway. proanthocyanidin 97-113 Janus kinase 2 Rattus norvegicus 260-264 27778021-1 2016 The present study was aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the protective effect of proanthocyanidin (Pro) against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury in H9C2 cells with a focus on Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway. proanthocyanidin 97-113 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 Rattus norvegicus 265-270 27778021-1 2016 The present study was aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the protective effect of proanthocyanidin (Pro) against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury in H9C2 cells with a focus on Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway. proanthocyanidin 115-118 Janus kinase 2 Rattus norvegicus 260-264 27778021-1 2016 The present study was aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the protective effect of proanthocyanidin (Pro) against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury in H9C2 cells with a focus on Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway. proanthocyanidin 115-118 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 Rattus norvegicus 265-270 27536314-8 2016 Overexpression of VviGST3 in tt19-1 specifically rescued the dark seed coat phenotype associated to correct PA transport, which correlated with higher binding affinity for PA precursors. proanthocyanidin 108-110 glutathione S-transferase phi 12 Arabidopsis thaliana 29-33 27536314-8 2016 Overexpression of VviGST3 in tt19-1 specifically rescued the dark seed coat phenotype associated to correct PA transport, which correlated with higher binding affinity for PA precursors. proanthocyanidin 172-174 glutathione S-transferase phi 12 Arabidopsis thaliana 29-33 26975469-6 2016 Ginkgolic acid and proanthocyanidin have better predicted binding energy towards chymase than other serine proteases, i.e kallikrein, tryptase and elastase, suggesting specificity for chymase inhibition. proanthocyanidin 19-35 chymase 1 Homo sapiens 81-88 27314247-1 2016 PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of cranberry extract (PAC-A ~ proanthocyanidin-A) on the in vitro bacterial properties of uropathogenic (E. coli) and its efficacy/tolerability in patients with subclinical or uncomplicated recurrent UTI (r-UTI). proanthocyanidin 62-80 pancreas associated transcription factor 1a Homo sapiens 54-59 27388765-0 2016 miR-30e Blocks Autophagy and Acts Synergistically with Proanthocyanidin for Inhibition of AVEN and BIRC6 to Increase Apoptosis in Glioblastoma Stem Cells and Glioblastoma SNB19 Cells. proanthocyanidin 55-71 microRNA 30e Homo sapiens 0-7 27388765-0 2016 miR-30e Blocks Autophagy and Acts Synergistically with Proanthocyanidin for Inhibition of AVEN and BIRC6 to Increase Apoptosis in Glioblastoma Stem Cells and Glioblastoma SNB19 Cells. proanthocyanidin 55-71 apoptosis and caspase activation inhibitor Homo sapiens 90-94 27388765-0 2016 miR-30e Blocks Autophagy and Acts Synergistically with Proanthocyanidin for Inhibition of AVEN and BIRC6 to Increase Apoptosis in Glioblastoma Stem Cells and Glioblastoma SNB19 Cells. proanthocyanidin 55-71 baculoviral IAP repeat containing 6 Homo sapiens 99-104 29903320-0 2016 [Protective effect of proanthocyanidin on oxidative stress and mRNA expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 of mice cerebellar tissue induced by cypermethrin]. proanthocyanidin 22-38 nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2 Mus musculus 82-86 29903320-0 2016 [Protective effect of proanthocyanidin on oxidative stress and mRNA expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 of mice cerebellar tissue induced by cypermethrin]. proanthocyanidin 22-38 heme oxygenase 1 Mus musculus 91-95 29903320-1 2016 OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect of proanthocyanidin on oxidative stress and mRNA expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 of mice cerebellar tissue induced by cypermethrin. proanthocyanidin 51-67 nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2 Mus musculus 111-115 29903320-1 2016 OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect of proanthocyanidin on oxidative stress and mRNA expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 of mice cerebellar tissue induced by cypermethrin. proanthocyanidin 51-67 heme oxygenase 1 Mus musculus 120-124 29903320-10 2016 Proanthocyanidin could adjust mRNA expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 and ameliorate cypermethrin-induced oxidative stress. proanthocyanidin 0-16 nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2 Mus musculus 49-53 29903320-10 2016 Proanthocyanidin could adjust mRNA expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 and ameliorate cypermethrin-induced oxidative stress. proanthocyanidin 0-16 heme oxygenase 1 Mus musculus 58-62 27247720-0 2016 Anti-inflammatory effects of proanthocyanidin-rich red rice extract via suppression of MAPK, AP-1 and NF-kappaB pathways in Raw 264.7 macrophages. proanthocyanidin 29-45 jun proto-oncogene Mus musculus 93-97 27247720-0 2016 Anti-inflammatory effects of proanthocyanidin-rich red rice extract via suppression of MAPK, AP-1 and NF-kappaB pathways in Raw 264.7 macrophages. proanthocyanidin 29-45 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105 Mus musculus 102-111 27247720-9 2016 However, only proanthocyanidin reduced NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation in LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells. proanthocyanidin 14-30 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105 Mus musculus 39-48 27247720-9 2016 However, only proanthocyanidin reduced NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation in LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells. proanthocyanidin 14-30 jun proto-oncogene Mus musculus 53-57 26975469-6 2016 Ginkgolic acid and proanthocyanidin have better predicted binding energy towards chymase than other serine proteases, i.e kallikrein, tryptase and elastase, suggesting specificity for chymase inhibition. proanthocyanidin 19-35 chymase 1 Homo sapiens 184-191 27102823-7 2016 Our data clearly indicates that PAC consumption could be a valid tool to enhance hepatic SIRT1 activity through the modulation of NAD(+) levels. proanthocyanidin 32-35 sirtuin 1 Rattus norvegicus 89-94 27073432-0 2016 Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract protects the retina against early diabetic injury by activating the Nrf2 pathway. proanthocyanidin 11-27 NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2 Rattus norvegicus 104-108 25891958-6 2015 tt13 phenocopies tt12, a mutant that is defective in vacuolar import of the PA precursor epicatechin. proanthocyanidin 76-78 MATE efflux family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 17-21 26260843-3 2016 In this study, biosynthesis of isoflavone and PA in Medicago truncatula was enhanced via synergy between soya bean isoflavone synthase (IFS1); two upstream enzymes, chalcone synthase (CHS) and chalcone isomerase (CHI); and the endogenous flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H). proanthocyanidin 46-48 LOC25494499 Medicago truncatula 165-182 26347569-4 2015 CHIL loss-of-function mutations led to a strong reduction in the proanthocyanidin and flavonol levels in seeds, but not in the anthocyanin levels in leaves. proanthocyanidin 65-81 Chalcone-flavanone isomerase family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 0-4 26347569-5 2015 CHIL over-expression could partially recover the mutant phenotype of the chil mutant and increased both proanthocyanidin and flavonol accumulation in wild-type Arabidopsis. proanthocyanidin 104-120 Chalcone-flavanone isomerase family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 0-4 25911741-7 2015 In A. thaliana, the seed-specific TF complex (TT2, TT8, and TTG1) may regulate all the anthocyanin pathway genes, in addition to the proanthocyanidin-specific BAN. proanthocyanidin 133-149 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 46-49 25911741-7 2015 In A. thaliana, the seed-specific TF complex (TT2, TT8, and TTG1) may regulate all the anthocyanin pathway genes, in addition to the proanthocyanidin-specific BAN. proanthocyanidin 133-149 basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) DNA-binding superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 51-54 25911741-7 2015 In A. thaliana, the seed-specific TF complex (TT2, TT8, and TTG1) may regulate all the anthocyanin pathway genes, in addition to the proanthocyanidin-specific BAN. proanthocyanidin 133-149 Transducin/WD40 repeat-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 60-64 26109181-0 2015 Tc-MYBPA an Arabidopsis TT2-like transcription factor and functions in the regulation of proanthocyanidin synthesis in Theobroma cacao. proanthocyanidin 89-105 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 24-27 26109181-3 2015 In Arabidopsis, the R2R3 type MYB transcription factor TT2 regulates the major genes leading to the synthesis of PA. proanthocyanidin 113-115 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 55-58 26109181-8 2015 We observed that overexpression of the Tc-MYBPA gene resulted in increased expression of several key genes encoding the major structural enzymes of the PA and anthocyanidin pathway, including DFR (dihydroflavanol reductase), LDOX (leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase) and BAN (ANR, anthocyanidin reductase). proanthocyanidin 45-47 dihydroflavonol 4-reductase Arabidopsis thaliana 192-195 26109181-8 2015 We observed that overexpression of the Tc-MYBPA gene resulted in increased expression of several key genes encoding the major structural enzymes of the PA and anthocyanidin pathway, including DFR (dihydroflavanol reductase), LDOX (leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase) and BAN (ANR, anthocyanidin reductase). proanthocyanidin 45-47 dihydroflavonol 4-reductase Arabidopsis thaliana 197-222 26109181-8 2015 We observed that overexpression of the Tc-MYBPA gene resulted in increased expression of several key genes encoding the major structural enzymes of the PA and anthocyanidin pathway, including DFR (dihydroflavanol reductase), LDOX (leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase) and BAN (ANR, anthocyanidin reductase). proanthocyanidin 45-47 leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase Arabidopsis thaliana 225-229 26109181-8 2015 We observed that overexpression of the Tc-MYBPA gene resulted in increased expression of several key genes encoding the major structural enzymes of the PA and anthocyanidin pathway, including DFR (dihydroflavanol reductase), LDOX (leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase) and BAN (ANR, anthocyanidin reductase). proanthocyanidin 45-47 leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase Arabidopsis thaliana 231-261 26109181-9 2015 CONCLUSION: We conclude that the Tc-MYBPA gene that encodes an R2R3 type MYB transcription factor is an Arabidopsis TT2 like transcription factor, and may be involved in the regulation of both anthocyanin and PA synthesis in cacao. proanthocyanidin 39-41 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 116-119 26212957-1 2016 Isothermal titration calorimetry was applied to study the binding of purified proanthocyanidin oligomers to bovine serum albumin (BSA). proanthocyanidin 78-94 albumin Homo sapiens 115-128 25891958-9 2015 PA accumulation in tt13 is partially restored by expression of the tonoplast localized H(+) -PPase VHP1. proanthocyanidin 0-2 Inorganic H pyrophosphatase family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 99-103 25891958-10 2015 Our findings indicate that the P3A -ATPase TT13 functions as a proton pump in the tonoplast of seed coat endothelium cells, and generates the driving force for TT12-mediated transport of PA precursors to the vacuole. proanthocyanidin 187-189 MATE efflux family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 160-164 26072928-0 2015 Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts prevent high glucose-induced endothelia dysfunction via PKC and NF-kappaB inhibition. proanthocyanidin 11-27 nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 Homo sapiens 101-110 25914714-2 2015 Here, the relationship between the PA biosynthesis and the expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) was investigated in fruit skin of one apple cultivar and three crabapples. proanthocyanidin 35-37 anthocyanidin reductase Malus domestica 93-116 25914714-2 2015 Here, the relationship between the PA biosynthesis and the expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) was investigated in fruit skin of one apple cultivar and three crabapples. proanthocyanidin 35-37 anthocyanidin reductase Malus domestica 152-155 25914714-3 2015 Transcript levels of LAR1 and ANR2 genes were significantly correlated with the contents of catechin and epicatechin, respectively, which suggests their active roles in PA synthesis. proanthocyanidin 169-171 leucoanthocyanidin reductase-like Malus domestica 21-25 25914714-8 2015 Our study not only confirms the in vivo function of apple LAR1 gene, but it is also helpful for understanding the mechanism of PA biosynthesis. proanthocyanidin 127-129 leucoanthocyanidin reductase-like Malus domestica 58-62 25735761-11 2015 These results suggest that proanthocyanidin from red rice mediates MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell invasion by altering the expression of the invasion-associated proteins, possibly by targeting NF-kappaB activity. proanthocyanidin 27-43 nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 Homo sapiens 192-201 25974036-0 2015 Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Ameliorates Diabetic Bladder Dysfunction via the Activation of the Nrf2 Pathway. proanthocyanidin 11-27 NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2 Rattus norvegicus 103-107 25575669-10 2015 The ectopic expression of GhANR11 in an Arabidopsis ban mutant allowed for the reconstruction of the ANR pathway and PA biosynthesis in the seed coat. proanthocyanidin 117-119 anthocyanidin reductase-like Gossypium hirsutum 28-31 25769350-6 2015 Results show that 3 weeks of supplementation with grape seed proanthocyanidin extract normalized the overexpression of miR-33a and miR-122 in obese rats" liver for all doses studied, with no dose-dependent outcome, and also reduced the levels of plasma and liver lipids in a dose-dependent manner. proanthocyanidin 61-77 microRNA 122 Rattus norvegicus 131-138 25932661-0 2015 Barley Ant17, encoding flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), is a promising target locus for attaining anthocyanin/proanthocyanidin-free plants without pleiotropic reduction of grain dormancy. proanthocyanidin 108-124 LOC100191101 Hordeum vulgare 23-46 25932661-0 2015 Barley Ant17, encoding flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), is a promising target locus for attaining anthocyanin/proanthocyanidin-free plants without pleiotropic reduction of grain dormancy. proanthocyanidin 108-124 LOC100191101 Hordeum vulgare 48-51 24941909-0 2014 Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts ameliorate podocyte injury by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1alpha in low-dose streptozotocin-and high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet-induced diabetic rats. proanthocyanidin 11-27 PPARG coactivator 1 alpha Rattus norvegicus 78-145 25544874-7 2014 Further investigations into the action mechanism of oligomeric proanthocyanidin suggested that it is an inhibitor of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) such as hnRNP A2/B1. proanthocyanidin 63-79 heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 Homo sapiens 175-186 25353961-13 2014 The observed responses in the aldosterone-salt treated rats together with the antagonism of transactivation at the mineralocorticoid receptor by PASE provides evidence that the beneficial effect of this proanthocyanidin-rich almond skin extract is via as a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist with proanthocyanidins identified as the compounds responsible for the beneficial effects of PASE. proanthocyanidin 203-219 nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 2 Rattus norvegicus 115-141 25353961-13 2014 The observed responses in the aldosterone-salt treated rats together with the antagonism of transactivation at the mineralocorticoid receptor by PASE provides evidence that the beneficial effect of this proanthocyanidin-rich almond skin extract is via as a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist with proanthocyanidins identified as the compounds responsible for the beneficial effects of PASE. proanthocyanidin 203-219 nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 2 Rattus norvegicus 257-283 24923676-1 2014 MAIN CONCLUSION: The apple MdMYB9 gene encodes a positive regulator of proanthocyanidin synthesis that activates anthocyanidin reductase promoters from apple and poplar via interaction with basic helix-loop-helix proteins. proanthocyanidin 71-87 anthocyanidin reductase Malus domestica 113-136 25516986-5 2014 In turn, FT controls seed dormancy through inhibition of proanthocyanidin synthesis in fruits, resulting in altered seed coat tannin content. proanthocyanidin 57-73 PEBP (phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein) family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 9-11 25109283-8 2014 In the proanthocyanidin pretreatment group (PC) the myocardial cell survival rate was increased, ROS levels were reduced, caspase-3 expression was decreased and p-Akt and p-GSK-3beta expression levels were significantly increased as compared with the A/R group (P<0.05). proanthocyanidin 7-23 caspase 3 Rattus norvegicus 122-131 25109283-8 2014 In the proanthocyanidin pretreatment group (PC) the myocardial cell survival rate was increased, ROS levels were reduced, caspase-3 expression was decreased and p-Akt and p-GSK-3beta expression levels were significantly increased as compared with the A/R group (P<0.05). proanthocyanidin 7-23 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Rattus norvegicus 163-166 25109283-8 2014 In the proanthocyanidin pretreatment group (PC) the myocardial cell survival rate was increased, ROS levels were reduced, caspase-3 expression was decreased and p-Akt and p-GSK-3beta expression levels were significantly increased as compared with the A/R group (P<0.05). proanthocyanidin 7-23 glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta Rattus norvegicus 173-182 24941909-6 2014 Our study investigated whether grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts (GSPE), a strong antioxidant, ameliorate podocyte injury by activating PGC-1alpha in low-dose streptozotocin-and high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet-induced diabetic rats. proanthocyanidin 42-58 PPARG coactivator 1 alpha Rattus norvegicus 139-149 24983479-3 2014 Several of the proanthocyanidin-rich fractions, the procyanidins C1, B5 and B2 and the cyanidin aglycone possessed strong complement-fixing activities. proanthocyanidin 15-31 prefoldin 4 Mus musculus 65-78 24948832-1 2014 In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the major MYB protein regulating proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis is TT2, named for the transparent testa phenotype of tt2 mutant seeds that lack PAs in their coats. proanthocyanidin 72-88 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 110-113 24948832-1 2014 In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the major MYB protein regulating proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis is TT2, named for the transparent testa phenotype of tt2 mutant seeds that lack PAs in their coats. proanthocyanidin 72-88 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 160-163 24948832-1 2014 In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the major MYB protein regulating proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis is TT2, named for the transparent testa phenotype of tt2 mutant seeds that lack PAs in their coats. proanthocyanidin 90-92 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 110-113 24948832-1 2014 In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the major MYB protein regulating proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis is TT2, named for the transparent testa phenotype of tt2 mutant seeds that lack PAs in their coats. proanthocyanidin 90-92 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 160-163 24147899-5 2014 Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping was performed on the transcript abundance of five downstream PA synthesis genes (dihydroflavonol reductase (VvDFR), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (VvLDOX), leucoanthocyanidin reductase (VvLAR1), VvLAR2 and anthocyanidin reductase (VvANR)) measured by real-time quantitative PCR on a pseudo F1 population in two growing seasons. proanthocyanidin 112-114 dihydroflavonol 4-reductase Vitis vinifera 132-157 24532452-0 2014 Proanthocyanidin oxidation of Arabidopsis seeds is altered in mutant of the high-affinity nitrate transporter NRT2.7. proanthocyanidin 0-16 nitrate transporter 2:1 Arabidopsis thaliana 110-114 24524904-0 2014 In vitro and in vivo mechanistic study of a novel proanthocyanidin, GC-(4 8)-GCG from cocoa tea (Camellia ptilophylla) in antiangiogenesis. proanthocyanidin 50-66 glucagon a Danio rerio 77-80 24524904-4 2014 A novel proanthocyanidin, GC-(4 8)-GCG, which consisted of gallocatechin and gallocatechin 3-O gallate moieties, was discovered and thought to be one of the effective candidates for antiangiogenesis. proanthocyanidin 8-24 glucagon a Danio rerio 35-38 24524904-11 2014 In conclusion, these results revealed that our novel proanthocyanidin, GC-(4 8)-GCG might be a potential and promising agent of natural resource to be further developed as an antiangiogenic agent. proanthocyanidin 53-69 glucagon a Danio rerio 80-83 26401351-11 2014 This finding may provide an opportunity for further pharmacological studies using more specific models to clarify the possible action of proanthocyanidin as a natural DPP-IV inhibitor. proanthocyanidin 137-153 dipeptidylpeptidase 4 Rattus norvegicus 167-173 24453228-9 2014 Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Peace is closely related to AtMYB123 (TT2), which regulates proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, and to anthocyanin regulators in monocots rather than to regulators in dicots. proanthocyanidin 97-113 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 65-73 23786610-3 2014 Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the inactivation of matrix-bound MMPs by two different cross-linking agents, carbodiimide (EDC) or proanthocyanidin (PA), or the MMP-inhibitor, chlorhexidine (CHX), on acid-etched dentin using a simplified MMP assay method. proanthocyanidin 139-155 matrix metallopeptidase 9 Homo sapiens 73-77 23786610-3 2014 Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the inactivation of matrix-bound MMPs by two different cross-linking agents, carbodiimide (EDC) or proanthocyanidin (PA), or the MMP-inhibitor, chlorhexidine (CHX), on acid-etched dentin using a simplified MMP assay method. proanthocyanidin 139-155 matrix metallopeptidase 9 Homo sapiens 73-76 23786610-3 2014 Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the inactivation of matrix-bound MMPs by two different cross-linking agents, carbodiimide (EDC) or proanthocyanidin (PA), or the MMP-inhibitor, chlorhexidine (CHX), on acid-etched dentin using a simplified MMP assay method. proanthocyanidin 157-159 matrix metallopeptidase 9 Homo sapiens 73-77 23786610-3 2014 Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the inactivation of matrix-bound MMPs by two different cross-linking agents, carbodiimide (EDC) or proanthocyanidin (PA), or the MMP-inhibitor, chlorhexidine (CHX), on acid-etched dentin using a simplified MMP assay method. proanthocyanidin 157-159 matrix metallopeptidase 9 Homo sapiens 73-76 24147899-8 2014 In a genomic region co-locating eQTLs for VvDFR, VvLDOX and VvLAR1, gene annotation and a transcriptomic survey suggested that VvMYBC2-L1, a gene coding for an R2R3-MYB protein, is involved in regulating PA synthesis. proanthocyanidin 204-206 R2R3 Myb transcription factor C2 repressor motif protein Vitis vinifera 127-137 23998586-6 2013 20 mg/L PAC displayed significant effect on HL-60 cells with inhibition ratio (72.3 +- 1.8)% for 24 h. Microscopy displayed that some cells differentiated to relative mature cells after treating for 48 h. Expression of CD14 increased and the expression of CD11b increased a little after treating with 20 mg/L PAC for 24 h, the ratio of cells in G0/G1 phase increased, but the ratio of cells in S phase decreased. proanthocyanidin 8-11 CD14 molecule Homo sapiens 219-223 24406039-1 2014 BACKGROUND: In Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) the WD40 protein TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1) controls five traits relevant for the adaptation of plants to environmental changes including the production of proanthocyanidin, anthocyanidin, seed coat mucilage, trichomes and root hairs. proanthocyanidin 212-228 Transducin/WD40 repeat-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 67-92 24406039-1 2014 BACKGROUND: In Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) the WD40 protein TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1) controls five traits relevant for the adaptation of plants to environmental changes including the production of proanthocyanidin, anthocyanidin, seed coat mucilage, trichomes and root hairs. proanthocyanidin 212-228 Transducin/WD40 repeat-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 94-98 24308601-0 2013 Proanthocyanidin synthesis in Theobroma cacao: genes encoding anthocyanidin synthase, anthocyanidin reductase, and leucoanthocyanidin reductase. proanthocyanidin 0-16 leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase Theobroma cacao 62-84 24308601-0 2013 Proanthocyanidin synthesis in Theobroma cacao: genes encoding anthocyanidin synthase, anthocyanidin reductase, and leucoanthocyanidin reductase. proanthocyanidin 0-16 anthocyanidin reductase Theobroma cacao 86-109 24308601-0 2013 Proanthocyanidin synthesis in Theobroma cacao: genes encoding anthocyanidin synthase, anthocyanidin reductase, and leucoanthocyanidin reductase. proanthocyanidin 0-16 leucoanthocyanidin reductase Theobroma cacao 115-143 24308601-3 2013 RESULTS: To dissect the genetic basis of PA biosynthetic pathway in cacao (Theobroma cacao), we have isolated three genes encoding key PA synthesis enzymes, anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR). proanthocyanidin 41-43 leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase Theobroma cacao 157-179 24223854-0 2013 Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract-mediated regulation of STAT3 proteins contributes to Treg differentiation and attenuates inflammation in a murine model of obesity-associated arthritis. proanthocyanidin 11-27 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 Mus musculus 59-64 25206541-8 2013 We further found that expression of pro-apoptotic Bax and caspase-3 were significantly decreased while anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 was greatly increased in H2O2 damaged RGC-5 cells with oligomeric proanthocyanidin by western blot assay. proanthocyanidin 190-206 BCL2-associated X protein Mus musculus 50-53 25206541-8 2013 We further found that expression of pro-apoptotic Bax and caspase-3 were significantly decreased while anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 was greatly increased in H2O2 damaged RGC-5 cells with oligomeric proanthocyanidin by western blot assay. proanthocyanidin 190-206 B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 Mus musculus 118-123 23806340-2 2013 METHODS: The inhibitory effects of PA (1%, 2%, 3%, 4.5% and 6%) on soluble recombinant matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, -8 and -9) and cysteine cathepsins (cathepsin B and K) were evaluated using MMP and cysteine cathepsins fluorometric assay kits. proanthocyanidin 35-37 matrix metallopeptidase 2 Homo sapiens 114-130 23806340-7 2013 RESULTS: Proanthocyanidin inactivated more than 90% of soluble recombinant MMP-2, -8 and -9 and around 75-90% of cysteine cathepsin B and K, which was significantly higher than CHX (P<0.05). proanthocyanidin 9-25 matrix metallopeptidase 2 Homo sapiens 75-91 23998586-6 2013 20 mg/L PAC displayed significant effect on HL-60 cells with inhibition ratio (72.3 +- 1.8)% for 24 h. Microscopy displayed that some cells differentiated to relative mature cells after treating for 48 h. Expression of CD14 increased and the expression of CD11b increased a little after treating with 20 mg/L PAC for 24 h, the ratio of cells in G0/G1 phase increased, but the ratio of cells in S phase decreased. proanthocyanidin 8-11 integrin subunit alpha M Homo sapiens 256-261 23903044-3 2013 Cinnamtannin B-1 is a naturally occurring A-type proanthocyanidin that exhibits anti-oxidant properties. proanthocyanidin 49-65 immunoglobulin kappa variable 7-3 (pseudogene) Homo sapiens 13-16 23064255-4 2013 We hypothesized that adding PAC to EEN would maintain Th2-without stimulating Th1-cytokines and preserve luminal MUC2 vs EEN alone. proanthocyanidin 28-31 heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 2 Mus musculus 54-57 23940710-10 2013 RESULTS: Compared to participants with low consumption, participants in the highest tertile of proanthocyanidin intake had a 9% lower cystatin C concentration (P<0.001). proanthocyanidin 95-111 cystatin C Homo sapiens 134-144 23689818-3 2013 The Arabidopsis MYB TT2 regulates proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis by activating the expression of ANR (anthocyanidin reductase), the gene product of which catalyzes the first committed step of this pathway. proanthocyanidin 34-50 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 20-23 23689818-3 2013 The Arabidopsis MYB TT2 regulates proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis by activating the expression of ANR (anthocyanidin reductase), the gene product of which catalyzes the first committed step of this pathway. proanthocyanidin 52-54 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 20-23 23689818-6 2013 Using chimeric and point mutated variants of TT2 and PAP4 we found that exchange of a single amino acid, Gly/Arg(39) in the R2 domain combined with an exchange of a four amino acid motif in the R3 domain, could swap the pathway selection of TT2 and PAP4, thereby converting in planta specificity of the PA towards the anthocyanin pathway and vice versa. proanthocyanidin 53-55 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 241-244 23592226-3 2013 The mechanism of PA polymerization is still unclear, but may involve the laccase-like polyphenol oxidase TRANSPARENT TESTA 10 (TT10). proanthocyanidin 17-19 Laccase/Diphenol oxidase family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 117-125 23592226-3 2013 The mechanism of PA polymerization is still unclear, but may involve the laccase-like polyphenol oxidase TRANSPARENT TESTA 10 (TT10). proanthocyanidin 17-19 Laccase/Diphenol oxidase family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 127-131 23592226-9 2013 However, when UGT72L1 was expressed in the Arabidopsis tt10 mutant, extractable PA levels increased and seed coat browning was delayed. proanthocyanidin 80-82 Laccase/Diphenol oxidase family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 55-59 23448691-5 2013 A biochemical staining approach was used to detect tissue localizations of peroxidase activities in PA-deficit mutant seeds. proanthocyanidin 100-102 peroxidase Arabidopsis thaliana 75-85 23064255-4 2013 We hypothesized that adding PAC to EEN would maintain Th2-without stimulating Th1-cytokines and preserve luminal MUC2 vs EEN alone. proanthocyanidin 28-31 negative elongation factor complex member C/D, Th1l Mus musculus 78-81 23064255-4 2013 We hypothesized that adding PAC to EEN would maintain Th2-without stimulating Th1-cytokines and preserve luminal MUC2 vs EEN alone. proanthocyanidin 28-31 mucin 2 Mus musculus 113-117 23613820-10 2013 These findings indicate a role for the Brassica TT10 genes in proanthocyanidin polymerization and lignin biosynthesis, as well as seed coat pigmentation in B. napus. proanthocyanidin 62-78 Laccase/Diphenol oxidase family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 48-52 23398515-6 2013 Two modules were found to specifically drive TT8 promoter activity in PA- and anthocyanin-accumulating cells, by differentially integrating the signals issued from different regulators, in a spatio-temporal manner. proanthocyanidin 70-72 basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) DNA-binding superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 45-48 24023581-0 2013 Proanthocyanidin Attenuation of Oxidative Stress and NF- kappa B Protects Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice against Diabetic Nephropathy. proanthocyanidin 0-16 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105 Mus musculus 53-64 24096652-4 2013 The results indicate that proanthocyanidin reduced total RS generation while enhancing the activities of catalase and glutathione reductase and the GSH/GSSG ratio. proanthocyanidin 26-42 catalase Homo sapiens 105-113 24096652-4 2013 The results indicate that proanthocyanidin reduced total RS generation while enhancing the activities of catalase and glutathione reductase and the GSH/GSSG ratio. proanthocyanidin 26-42 glutathione-disulfide reductase Homo sapiens 118-139 24023581-0 2013 Proanthocyanidin Attenuation of Oxidative Stress and NF- kappa B Protects Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice against Diabetic Nephropathy. proanthocyanidin 0-16 apolipoprotein E Mus musculus 74-90 24023581-8 2013 Furthermore, PA feeding reduced the activation and translocation of NF- kappa B to the nucleus compared with the diabetic untreated animals. proanthocyanidin 13-15 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105 Mus musculus 68-79 24023581-9 2013 Reduction of NF- kappa B activation resulted in the attenuation of the expression of IL-6, TGF beta , and RAGE which protected PA-treated mice against DN. proanthocyanidin 127-129 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105 Mus musculus 13-24 24023581-9 2013 Reduction of NF- kappa B activation resulted in the attenuation of the expression of IL-6, TGF beta , and RAGE which protected PA-treated mice against DN. proanthocyanidin 127-129 interleukin 6 Mus musculus 85-89 24023581-9 2013 Reduction of NF- kappa B activation resulted in the attenuation of the expression of IL-6, TGF beta , and RAGE which protected PA-treated mice against DN. proanthocyanidin 127-129 transforming growth factor, beta 1 Mus musculus 91-99 24023581-9 2013 Reduction of NF- kappa B activation resulted in the attenuation of the expression of IL-6, TGF beta , and RAGE which protected PA-treated mice against DN. proanthocyanidin 127-129 MOK protein kinase Mus musculus 106-110 24023581-11 2013 In conclusion, part of the beneficial effects of PA includes the disruption of the detrimental AGE-RAGE-NF kappa B pathways. proanthocyanidin 49-51 MOK protein kinase Mus musculus 99-103 22023451-4 2012 As a proof of concept, the regulation of BANYULS (BAN), a key structural gene involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, was used. proanthocyanidin 90-106 NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 41-48 22879396-3 2012 Although TRANSPARENT TESTA2 (TT2) is well studied for its function in regulating proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the seed coat, little attention has been given to its role in affecting seed FA accumulation and tolerance to environmental stresses. proanthocyanidin 81-97 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 21-27 22879396-3 2012 Although TRANSPARENT TESTA2 (TT2) is well studied for its function in regulating proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the seed coat, little attention has been given to its role in affecting seed FA accumulation and tolerance to environmental stresses. proanthocyanidin 81-97 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 29-32 21735273-13 2012 Potential effects associated with pistachio nut consumption are discussed in terms of the proanthocyanidin bioavailability. proanthocyanidin 90-106 NUT midline carcinoma, family member 1 Mus musculus 44-47 21912569-4 2012 Moreover, proanthocyanidin, especially its oligomeric form, affected the inflammatory process with the regulation of related protein expression, iNOS, COX-2 and upstream regulators, NF-kappaB, and the IkappaB-alpha. proanthocyanidin 10-26 nitric oxide synthase 2 Rattus norvegicus 145-149 21912569-4 2012 Moreover, proanthocyanidin, especially its oligomeric form, affected the inflammatory process with the regulation of related protein expression, iNOS, COX-2 and upstream regulators, NF-kappaB, and the IkappaB-alpha. proanthocyanidin 10-26 cytochrome c oxidase II, mitochondrial Rattus norvegicus 151-156 21912569-4 2012 Moreover, proanthocyanidin, especially its oligomeric form, affected the inflammatory process with the regulation of related protein expression, iNOS, COX-2 and upstream regulators, NF-kappaB, and the IkappaB-alpha. proanthocyanidin 10-26 NFKB inhibitor alpha Rattus norvegicus 201-214 21922132-3 2012 We report the effect of a proanthocyanidin (PAC)-rich isolate from cranberry (PAC-1) as a therapeutic agent with dual activity to target both ovarian cancer viability and angiogenesis in vitro. proanthocyanidin 26-42 dual specificity phosphatase 2 Homo sapiens 90-95 21922132-3 2012 We report the effect of a proanthocyanidin (PAC)-rich isolate from cranberry (PAC-1) as a therapeutic agent with dual activity to target both ovarian cancer viability and angiogenesis in vitro. proanthocyanidin 56-59 dual specificity phosphatase 2 Homo sapiens 90-95 23157553-4 2013 In Arabidopsis thaliana the expression of the PA biosynthetic genes is specifically induced by a ternary protein complex, composed of AtTT2 (AtMYB123), AtTT8 (AtbHLH042) and AtTTG1 (WD40-repeat protein). proanthocyanidin 46-48 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 134-139 23157553-4 2013 In Arabidopsis thaliana the expression of the PA biosynthetic genes is specifically induced by a ternary protein complex, composed of AtTT2 (AtMYB123), AtTT8 (AtbHLH042) and AtTTG1 (WD40-repeat protein). proanthocyanidin 46-48 basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) DNA-binding superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 152-157 23157553-4 2013 In Arabidopsis thaliana the expression of the PA biosynthetic genes is specifically induced by a ternary protein complex, composed of AtTT2 (AtMYB123), AtTT8 (AtbHLH042) and AtTTG1 (WD40-repeat protein). proanthocyanidin 46-48 Transducin/WD40 repeat-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 174-180 23157553-9 2013 Taken together, these results demonstrated that FaMYB9/FaMYB11, FabHLH3 and FaTTG1 are the respective functional homologues of AtTT2, AtTT8 and AtTTG1, providing new tools for modifying PA content and strawberry fruit quality. proanthocyanidin 186-188 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 127-132 23157553-9 2013 Taken together, these results demonstrated that FaMYB9/FaMYB11, FabHLH3 and FaTTG1 are the respective functional homologues of AtTT2, AtTT8 and AtTTG1, providing new tools for modifying PA content and strawberry fruit quality. proanthocyanidin 186-188 basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) DNA-binding superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 134-139 23157553-9 2013 Taken together, these results demonstrated that FaMYB9/FaMYB11, FabHLH3 and FaTTG1 are the respective functional homologues of AtTT2, AtTT8 and AtTTG1, providing new tools for modifying PA content and strawberry fruit quality. proanthocyanidin 186-188 Transducin/WD40 repeat-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 144-150 23079990-1 2012 Recently, we found that the Arabidopsis TT19 protein, a glutathione S-transferase, has two functional domains that influence both anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin accumulation. proanthocyanidin 146-162 glutathione S-transferase phi 12 Arabidopsis thaliana 40-44 23079990-5 2012 No obvious flavonoid accumulation changes were detected in the transgenic seeds, indicating that CMGSTF12 may only involve the lower flavonoid pathway, further proving that the TT19 protein controls accumulation of unextractable proanthocyanidin. proanthocyanidin 229-245 glutathione S-transferase phi 12 Arabidopsis thaliana 177-181 22965541-7 2012 CONCLUSION: These results suggest that proanthocyanidin treatment increased hepatic cholesterol efflux to produce new HDL particles by repressing miR-33, and it reduced lipogenesis by repressing miR-122. proanthocyanidin 39-55 microRNA 33 Rattus norvegicus 146-152 22965541-7 2012 CONCLUSION: These results suggest that proanthocyanidin treatment increased hepatic cholesterol efflux to produce new HDL particles by repressing miR-33, and it reduced lipogenesis by repressing miR-122. proanthocyanidin 39-55 microRNA 122 Rattus norvegicus 195-202 22083247-3 2012 We observed that a distinct red-brown grain color could be engineered by the simultaneous suppression of two proanthocyanidin (PA) genes, ANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE1 (ANR1) and ANR2. proanthocyanidin 109-125 anthocyanidin reductase 1 Glycine max 188-192 22083247-3 2012 We observed that a distinct red-brown grain color could be engineered by the simultaneous suppression of two proanthocyanidin (PA) genes, ANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE1 (ANR1) and ANR2. proanthocyanidin 127-129 anthocyanidin reductase 1 Glycine max 188-192 22987017-0 2012 Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts enhance endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression through 5"-AMP activated protein kinase/Surtuin 1-Krupple like factor 2 pathway and modulate blood pressure in ouabain induced hypertensive rats. proanthocyanidin 11-27 protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2 Rattus norvegicus 98-129 22987017-0 2012 Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts enhance endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression through 5"-AMP activated protein kinase/Surtuin 1-Krupple like factor 2 pathway and modulate blood pressure in ouabain induced hypertensive rats. proanthocyanidin 11-27 Kruppel like factor 2 Homo sapiens 140-161 22393334-2 2012 Combination therapy is one of viable options, and grape seed proanthocyanidin (GSP) could be such an agent to be used with IFN because it has been shown to have anticancer activity. proanthocyanidin 61-77 interferon alpha 1 Homo sapiens 123-126 22023451-4 2012 As a proof of concept, the regulation of BANYULS (BAN), a key structural gene involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, was used. proanthocyanidin 90-106 NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 41-44 22023451-6 2012 Using this approach, two new regulatory sequences that are necessary and sufficient for specific BAN expression in proanthocyanidin-accumulating cells were identified. proanthocyanidin 115-131 NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 97-100 21359957-5 2011 These genes encode R2R3-type MYB domain proteins, similar to TT2 of Arabidopsis, which controls PA synthesis in testa. proanthocyanidin 96-98 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 61-64 22905202-0 2012 Grape proanthocyanidin inhibit pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo through induction of apoptosis and by targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway. proanthocyanidin 6-22 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 139-142 21452107-0 2011 Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract attenuates airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of asthma by downregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase. proanthocyanidin 11-27 nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible Mus musculus 137-168 21484436-0 2011 Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract inhibits interleukin-17-induced interleukin-6 production via MAPK pathway in human pulmonary epithelial cells. proanthocyanidin 11-27 interleukin 17A Homo sapiens 45-59 21484436-0 2011 Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract inhibits interleukin-17-induced interleukin-6 production via MAPK pathway in human pulmonary epithelial cells. proanthocyanidin 11-27 interleukin 6 Homo sapiens 68-81 21484436-0 2011 Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract inhibits interleukin-17-induced interleukin-6 production via MAPK pathway in human pulmonary epithelial cells. proanthocyanidin 11-27 mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 Homo sapiens 97-101 21484436-1 2011 This study was aimed to investigate the effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on interleukin-17 (IL-17)-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in A549 human pulmonary epithelial cells. proanthocyanidin 61-77 interleukin 17A Homo sapiens 96-110 21484436-1 2011 This study was aimed to investigate the effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on interleukin-17 (IL-17)-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in A549 human pulmonary epithelial cells. proanthocyanidin 61-77 interleukin 17A Homo sapiens 112-117 21484436-1 2011 This study was aimed to investigate the effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on interleukin-17 (IL-17)-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in A549 human pulmonary epithelial cells. proanthocyanidin 61-77 interleukin 6 Homo sapiens 127-140 21484436-1 2011 This study was aimed to investigate the effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on interleukin-17 (IL-17)-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in A549 human pulmonary epithelial cells. proanthocyanidin 61-77 interleukin 6 Homo sapiens 142-146 21054438-0 2011 The Arabidopsis tt19-4 mutant differentially accumulates proanthocyanidin and anthocyanin through a 3" amino acid substitution in glutathione S-transferase. proanthocyanidin 57-73 glutathione S-transferase phi 12 Arabidopsis thaliana 16-20 21054438-3 2011 Soluble and unextractable seed proanthocyanidins and hydrolysis of unextractable proanthocyanidin differ between wild-type Col-4 and both mutants. proanthocyanidin 31-47 zinc finger CONSTANS-like protein Arabidopsis thaliana 123-128 21054438-8 2011 In addition, TT19 appears to have a 5" GSH-binding domain influencing both anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin accumulation and a 3" domain affecting proanthocyanidin accumulation by a single amino acid substitution. proanthocyanidin 91-107 glutathione S-transferase phi 12 Arabidopsis thaliana 13-17 21054438-8 2011 In addition, TT19 appears to have a 5" GSH-binding domain influencing both anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin accumulation and a 3" domain affecting proanthocyanidin accumulation by a single amino acid substitution. proanthocyanidin 147-163 glutathione S-transferase phi 12 Arabidopsis thaliana 13-17 20715775-5 2010 Proanthocyanidin-rich fractions from the wild WB-10 showed the highest inhibition of iNOS expression (IC50=8.3 microM). proanthocyanidin 0-16 nitric oxide synthase 2 Homo sapiens 85-89 21161819-7 2011 Proanthocyanidin-enriched and flavonol-enriched fractions of cranberry also increased caspase-8 and caspase-9 activity, suggesting that these compounds play a possible role in apoptosis induction. proanthocyanidin 0-16 caspase 8 Homo sapiens 86-95 21161819-7 2011 Proanthocyanidin-enriched and flavonol-enriched fractions of cranberry also increased caspase-8 and caspase-9 activity, suggesting that these compounds play a possible role in apoptosis induction. proanthocyanidin 0-16 caspase 9 Homo sapiens 100-109 20444210-9 2010 Flavonoid and proanthocyanidin contents and transcript amounts for genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis also were reduced in KAN4 activation lines. proanthocyanidin 14-30 Homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 129-133 20929528-10 2010 Results from ATH1 microarray and qPCR experiments revealed a shift in gene activity from general flavonoid biosynthesis at early stages of seed development to PA synthesis at late (mature) stages of embryogenesis. proanthocyanidin 159-161 homeobox protein ATH1 Arabidopsis thaliana 13-17 20933009-0 2011 Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) differentially regulates Foxp3(+) regulatory and IL-17(+) pathogenic T cell in autoimmune arthritis. proanthocyanidin 11-27 forkhead box P3 Homo sapiens 68-73 20933009-0 2011 Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) differentially regulates Foxp3(+) regulatory and IL-17(+) pathogenic T cell in autoimmune arthritis. proanthocyanidin 11-27 interleukin 17A Homo sapiens 92-97 21821959-4 2011 The phosphorylation levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Ser-1177) and the upstream kinase Akt (Ser-473) in umbilical cells also increased in a time-dependent manner after the addition of a proanthocyanidin-rich fraction. proanthocyanidin 198-214 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Rattus norvegicus 99-102 21977025-2 2011 Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) is a key enzyme at a diverging point of the flavonoid pathway leading to production of different pigments: phlobaphene, proanthocyanidin, and anthocyanin. proanthocyanidin 150-166 flavanone 3-dioxygenase 2 Triticum aestivum 0-23 21977025-2 2011 Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) is a key enzyme at a diverging point of the flavonoid pathway leading to production of different pigments: phlobaphene, proanthocyanidin, and anthocyanin. proanthocyanidin 150-166 flavanone 3-dioxygenase 2 Triticum aestivum 25-28 20502321-0 2010 NFkappaB-dependent regulation of urokinase plasminogen activator by proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract: effect on invasion by prostate cancer cells. proanthocyanidin 68-84 nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 Homo sapiens 0-8 20502321-0 2010 NFkappaB-dependent regulation of urokinase plasminogen activator by proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract: effect on invasion by prostate cancer cells. proanthocyanidin 68-84 plasminogen activator, urokinase Homo sapiens 33-64 20118183-4 2010 Transient promoter and yeast two-hybrid assays demonstrated that VvMYC1 physically interacts with MYB5a, MYB5b, MYBA1/A2, and MYBPA1 to induce promoters of flavonoid pathway genes involved in anthocyanin and/or proanthocyanidin (PA) synthesis. proanthocyanidin 211-227 Basic helix-loop-helix protein A Vitis vinifera 65-71 20229526-6 2010 Moreover, epigallocatechin (EGC), and to a lesser extent epicatechin, metabolites identified in the proanthocyanidin extract, suppressed IL-4-stimulated CCL26 secretion. proanthocyanidin 100-116 interleukin 4 Homo sapiens 137-141 20229526-6 2010 Moreover, epigallocatechin (EGC), and to a lesser extent epicatechin, metabolites identified in the proanthocyanidin extract, suppressed IL-4-stimulated CCL26 secretion. proanthocyanidin 100-116 C-C motif chemokine ligand 26 Homo sapiens 153-158 20118183-4 2010 Transient promoter and yeast two-hybrid assays demonstrated that VvMYC1 physically interacts with MYB5a, MYB5b, MYBA1/A2, and MYBPA1 to induce promoters of flavonoid pathway genes involved in anthocyanin and/or proanthocyanidin (PA) synthesis. proanthocyanidin 129-131 Basic helix-loop-helix protein A Vitis vinifera 65-71 20118183-6 2010 Transcript levels of VvMYC1 during berry development correlate with the synthesis of anthocyanins and PAs in skins and seeds of berries, suggesting that VvMYC1 is involved in the regulation of anthocyanins and PA synthesis in these organs. proanthocyanidin 102-104 Basic helix-loop-helix protein A Vitis vinifera 21-27 20118183-6 2010 Transcript levels of VvMYC1 during berry development correlate with the synthesis of anthocyanins and PAs in skins and seeds of berries, suggesting that VvMYC1 is involved in the regulation of anthocyanins and PA synthesis in these organs. proanthocyanidin 102-104 Basic helix-loop-helix protein A Vitis vinifera 153-159 20118183-8 2010 These results suggest that VvMYC1 is part of the transcriptional cascade controlling anthocyanin and PA biosynthesis in grapevine. proanthocyanidin 101-103 Basic helix-loop-helix protein A Vitis vinifera 27-33 20180920-2 2010 PA accumulation sites in tt19 immature seeds were observed as small vacuolar-like structures, whereas those in tt12, a mutant of the tonoplast-bound transporter of PAs, and tt12 tt19 were observed at peripheral regions of small vacuoles. proanthocyanidin 0-2 glutathione S-transferase phi 12 Arabidopsis thaliana 25-29 20180920-2 2010 PA accumulation sites in tt19 immature seeds were observed as small vacuolar-like structures, whereas those in tt12, a mutant of the tonoplast-bound transporter of PAs, and tt12 tt19 were observed at peripheral regions of small vacuoles. proanthocyanidin 0-2 MATE efflux family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 173-177 20180920-2 2010 PA accumulation sites in tt19 immature seeds were observed as small vacuolar-like structures, whereas those in tt12, a mutant of the tonoplast-bound transporter of PAs, and tt12 tt19 were observed at peripheral regions of small vacuoles. proanthocyanidin 0-2 glutathione S-transferase phi 12 Arabidopsis thaliana 178-182 20180920-4 2010 The distribution pattern of the thick structures overlapped the location of PA accumulation sites, and the thick structures were outlined with GFP-TT12 proteins in tt19. proanthocyanidin 76-78 glutathione S-transferase phi 12 Arabidopsis thaliana 164-168 20180920-5 2010 PA analysis showed higher (eightfold) levels of solvent-insoluble PAs in tt19 immature seeds compared with the wild type. proanthocyanidin 0-2 glutathione S-transferase phi 12 Arabidopsis thaliana 73-77 20180920-6 2010 Metabolic profiling of the solvent-soluble fraction by LC-MS demonstrated that PA derivatives such as epicatechins and epicatechin oligomers, although highly accumulated in the wild type, were absent in tt19. proanthocyanidin 79-81 glutathione S-transferase phi 12 Arabidopsis thaliana 203-207 20180920-9 2010 Given the cytosolic localization of functional GFP-TT19 proteins, our results suggest that TT19, which acts prior to TT12, functions in the cytosol to maintain the regular accumulation of PA precursors, such as epicatechin and glycosylated epicatechin, in the vacuole. proanthocyanidin 188-190 glutathione S-transferase phi 12 Arabidopsis thaliana 51-55 20180920-9 2010 Given the cytosolic localization of functional GFP-TT19 proteins, our results suggest that TT19, which acts prior to TT12, functions in the cytosol to maintain the regular accumulation of PA precursors, such as epicatechin and glycosylated epicatechin, in the vacuole. proanthocyanidin 188-190 glutathione S-transferase phi 12 Arabidopsis thaliana 91-95 20180920-9 2010 Given the cytosolic localization of functional GFP-TT19 proteins, our results suggest that TT19, which acts prior to TT12, functions in the cytosol to maintain the regular accumulation of PA precursors, such as epicatechin and glycosylated epicatechin, in the vacuole. proanthocyanidin 188-190 MATE efflux family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 117-121 20107808-6 2010 When transformed into ttg1 mutants of A. thaliana, the apple sequence was able to restore trichome growth, anthocyanin production in young seedlings as well as proanthocyanidin production in seeds. proanthocyanidin 160-176 Transducin/WD40 repeat-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 22-26 18767857-4 2008 The bMP decrease observed in the mannoprotein-treated samples coincided with a substantial reduction in their proanthocyanidin content and wine stable color, suggesting a precipitation of the coaggregates mannoprotein-tannin and mannoprotein-pigment. proanthocyanidin 110-126 bone morphogenetic protein 1 Homo sapiens 4-7 19485931-5 2010 In this regard, there is evidence to suggest that traditional cardiovascular drugs (statins, thiazolidinediones, ACE-inhibitors, AT-1 receptor antagonists) as well as nutraceuticals (grape seed proanthocyanidin extract) could modulate RAGE expression and circulating sRAGE levels in cardiovascular disease states characterized by enhanced RAGE activation. proanthocyanidin 194-210 advanced glycosylation end-product specific receptor Homo sapiens 235-239 19485931-5 2010 In this regard, there is evidence to suggest that traditional cardiovascular drugs (statins, thiazolidinediones, ACE-inhibitors, AT-1 receptor antagonists) as well as nutraceuticals (grape seed proanthocyanidin extract) could modulate RAGE expression and circulating sRAGE levels in cardiovascular disease states characterized by enhanced RAGE activation. proanthocyanidin 194-210 advanced glycosylation end-product specific receptor Homo sapiens 268-272 19857512-8 2010 Moreover, Our study suggested that proanthocyanidin (12.5, 25 and 50mg/kg) dose dependently inhibited monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) activity, while MAO-B inhibitory activity was also found at higher doses (25 and 50mg/kg) after 7days administration. proanthocyanidin 35-51 monoamine oxidase A Mus musculus 102-121 19857512-8 2010 Moreover, Our study suggested that proanthocyanidin (12.5, 25 and 50mg/kg) dose dependently inhibited monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) activity, while MAO-B inhibitory activity was also found at higher doses (25 and 50mg/kg) after 7days administration. proanthocyanidin 35-51 monoamine oxidase A Mus musculus 123-128 19857512-8 2010 Moreover, Our study suggested that proanthocyanidin (12.5, 25 and 50mg/kg) dose dependently inhibited monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) activity, while MAO-B inhibitory activity was also found at higher doses (25 and 50mg/kg) after 7days administration. proanthocyanidin 35-51 monoamine oxidase B Mus musculus 146-151 19098092-6 2009 Ectopic expression of either VvMybPA1 or VvMybPA2 in grapevine hairy roots induced qualitative and quantitative changes of the proanthocyanidin profiles. proanthocyanidin 127-143 MYBPA1 protein Vitis vinifera 29-37 19098092-6 2009 Ectopic expression of either VvMybPA1 or VvMybPA2 in grapevine hairy roots induced qualitative and quantitative changes of the proanthocyanidin profiles. proanthocyanidin 127-143 MybPA2 Vitis vinifera 41-49 19960459-6 2010 This review summarizes the results that have been published on plasma triglyceride, apolipoprotein B, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels in humans and animal models in response to proanthocyanidin extracts and proanthocyanidin-rich foods. proanthocyanidin 188-204 apolipoprotein B Homo sapiens 84-100 19960459-6 2010 This review summarizes the results that have been published on plasma triglyceride, apolipoprotein B, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels in humans and animal models in response to proanthocyanidin extracts and proanthocyanidin-rich foods. proanthocyanidin 218-234 apolipoprotein B Homo sapiens 84-100 19684242-1 2009 Expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana MYB transcription factor TRANSPARENT TESTA 2 (TT2) in Medicago trunculata hairy roots induces both proanthocyanidin accumulation and the ATP-dependent vacuolar/vesicular uptake of epicatechin 3"-O-glucoside; neither process is active in control roots that do, however, possess anthocyanidin 3-O-glucoside vacuolar uptake activity. proanthocyanidin 138-154 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 64-83 19684242-3 2009 Genetic evidence has implicated TT12, a tonoplastic MATE transporter from Arabidopsis, in the transport of precursors for proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the seed coat. proanthocyanidin 122-138 MATE efflux family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 32-36 19684242-5 2009 Here, we show that Arabidopsis TT12, like Medicago MATE1, functions to transport epicatechin 3"-O-glucoside as a precursor for proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, and Medicago MATE1 complements the seed proanthocyanidin phenotype of the Arabidopsis tt12 mutant both quantitatively and qualitatively. proanthocyanidin 127-143 MATE efflux family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 31-35 19684242-5 2009 Here, we show that Arabidopsis TT12, like Medicago MATE1, functions to transport epicatechin 3"-O-glucoside as a precursor for proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, and Medicago MATE1 complements the seed proanthocyanidin phenotype of the Arabidopsis tt12 mutant both quantitatively and qualitatively. proanthocyanidin 198-214 MATE efflux family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 31-35 19153740-0 2009 The promoter of the Arabidopsis thaliana BAN gene is active in proanthocyanidin-accumulating cells of the Brassica napus seed coat. proanthocyanidin 63-79 NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 41-44 19098092-0 2009 Ectopic expression of VvMybPA2 promotes proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in grapevine and suggests additional targets in the pathway. proanthocyanidin 40-56 MybPA2 Vitis vinifera 22-30 19098092-3 2009 A previous study has already identified VvMybPA1 as the first transcription factor involved in the regulation of the proanthocyanidin pathway during seed development in grapevine. proanthocyanidin 117-133 MYBPA1 protein Vitis vinifera 40-48 20077221-6 2009 Proanthocyanidin also suppressed the expression levels of tyrosinase by 20-40%, and blocked the expression of MITF, TRP-1, and TRP-2, which are factors implicated in the control of melanogenesis. proanthocyanidin 0-16 tyrosinase Homo sapiens 58-68 20077221-6 2009 Proanthocyanidin also suppressed the expression levels of tyrosinase by 20-40%, and blocked the expression of MITF, TRP-1, and TRP-2, which are factors implicated in the control of melanogenesis. proanthocyanidin 0-16 melanocyte inducing transcription factor Homo sapiens 110-114 20077221-6 2009 Proanthocyanidin also suppressed the expression levels of tyrosinase by 20-40%, and blocked the expression of MITF, TRP-1, and TRP-2, which are factors implicated in the control of melanogenesis. proanthocyanidin 0-16 tRNA-Pro (anticodon AGG) 2-5 Homo sapiens 116-121 20077221-6 2009 Proanthocyanidin also suppressed the expression levels of tyrosinase by 20-40%, and blocked the expression of MITF, TRP-1, and TRP-2, which are factors implicated in the control of melanogenesis. proanthocyanidin 0-16 tRNA-Pro (anticodon AGG) 2-6 Homo sapiens 127-132 18562088-1 2008 Previous studies have shown that the proanthocyanidin-mediated induction of apoptosis and arrest of the cell cycle in cancer cells was associated with up-regulation of p21(Cip1/WAF1) (p21), suggesting that p21 may be the molecular mediator of the observed effects. proanthocyanidin 37-53 cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A Homo sapiens 168-171 18562088-1 2008 Previous studies have shown that the proanthocyanidin-mediated induction of apoptosis and arrest of the cell cycle in cancer cells was associated with up-regulation of p21(Cip1/WAF1) (p21), suggesting that p21 may be the molecular mediator of the observed effects. proanthocyanidin 37-53 cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A Homo sapiens 172-176 18562088-1 2008 Previous studies have shown that the proanthocyanidin-mediated induction of apoptosis and arrest of the cell cycle in cancer cells was associated with up-regulation of p21(Cip1/WAF1) (p21), suggesting that p21 may be the molecular mediator of the observed effects. proanthocyanidin 37-53 cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A Homo sapiens 177-181 18562088-1 2008 Previous studies have shown that the proanthocyanidin-mediated induction of apoptosis and arrest of the cell cycle in cancer cells was associated with up-regulation of p21(Cip1/WAF1) (p21), suggesting that p21 may be the molecular mediator of the observed effects. proanthocyanidin 37-53 cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A Homo sapiens 184-187 18562088-1 2008 Previous studies have shown that the proanthocyanidin-mediated induction of apoptosis and arrest of the cell cycle in cancer cells was associated with up-regulation of p21(Cip1/WAF1) (p21), suggesting that p21 may be the molecular mediator of the observed effects. proanthocyanidin 37-53 cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A Homo sapiens 184-187 18636738-8 2008 After fractionation of the raw extracts, proanthocyanidins P2, P3, P4 and gallate esters P2G and P3G (P = proanthocyanidin consisting of catechin and epicatechin units, n = oligomerization degree, G = gallate ester) were determined as active antibacterial agents toward 10 different pathogens. proanthocyanidin 41-57 exosome component 10 Homo sapiens 59-69 18772380-2 2008 Microarray analysis showed that TT2 induces genes for flavonoid/PA biosynthesis, transcription factors, and a large number of genes of unknown function. proanthocyanidin 64-66 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 32-35 18532978-1 2008 SUMMARY: In Arabidopsis thaliana, several MYB and basic helix-loop-helix (BHLH) proteins form ternary complexes with TTG1 (WD-Repeats) and regulate the transcription of genes involved in anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis. proanthocyanidin 203-219 Transducin/WD40 repeat-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 117-121 18532978-1 2008 SUMMARY: In Arabidopsis thaliana, several MYB and basic helix-loop-helix (BHLH) proteins form ternary complexes with TTG1 (WD-Repeats) and regulate the transcription of genes involved in anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis. proanthocyanidin 221-223 Transducin/WD40 repeat-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 117-121 18433795-1 2008 Cinnamtannin B-1 is a naturally occurring trimeric A-type proanthocyanidin, present in a limited number of plants, which exhibits a large number of cellular actions mostly derived from its antioxidant properties. proanthocyanidin 58-74 immunoglobulin kappa variable 7-3 (pseudogene) Homo sapiens 13-16 18539781-0 2008 The transcription factor VvMYB5b contributes to the regulation of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in developing grape berries. proanthocyanidin 82-98 MYB5b Vitis vinifera 25-32 18539781-6 2008 Overexpression of VvMYB5b in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leads to an up-regulation of genes encoding enzymes of the flavonoid pathway and results in the accumulation of anthocyanin- and proanthocyanidin-derived compounds. proanthocyanidin 186-202 MYB5b Vitis vinifera 18-25 18539781-7 2008 The ability of VvMYB5b to regulate particularly the anthocyanin and the proanthocyanidin pathways is discussed in relation to other recently characterized MYB transcription factors in grapevine. proanthocyanidin 72-88 MYB5b Vitis vinifera 15-22 18539781-7 2008 The ability of VvMYB5b to regulate particularly the anthocyanin and the proanthocyanidin pathways is discussed in relation to other recently characterized MYB transcription factors in grapevine. proanthocyanidin 72-88 uncharacterized protein LOC107775040 Nicotiana tabacum 17-20 18273752-0 2008 Oral administration of grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts downregulate RAGE dependant nuclear factor- kappa BP65 expression in the hippocampus of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. proanthocyanidin 34-50 advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor Rattus norvegicus 73-77 18273752-0 2008 Oral administration of grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts downregulate RAGE dependant nuclear factor- kappa BP65 expression in the hippocampus of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. proanthocyanidin 34-50 Blood pressure QTL 65 Rattus norvegicus 110-114 18925534-10 2008 RESULTS: PA significantly reduced the I/R-induced increases in S(Cr), BUN, and AST. proanthocyanidin 9-11 glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2 Rattus norvegicus 79-82 18202001-4 2008 Three copies of a homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana TRANSPARENT TESTA2 (TT2), which is a MYB transcription factor that regulates proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, were present in the L. japonicus genome. proanthocyanidin 127-143 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 62-68 18202001-4 2008 Three copies of a homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana TRANSPARENT TESTA2 (TT2), which is a MYB transcription factor that regulates proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, were present in the L. japonicus genome. proanthocyanidin 127-143 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 70-73 17939733-6 2007 Moreover, proanthocyanidin, especially its oligomeric form, affected the inflammatory process with regulation of related protein expression, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and upstream regulators, nuclear factor kappaB, and inhibitor-binding protein kappaB-alpha. proanthocyanidin 10-26 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 Rattus norvegicus 174-190 17923279-0 2007 Proanthocyanidin from grape seeds inactivates the PI3-kinase/PKB pathway and induces apoptosis in a colon cancer cell line. proanthocyanidin 0-16 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Homo sapiens 61-64 17208963-0 2007 The grapevine transcription factor VvMYBPA1 regulates proanthocyanidin synthesis during fruit development. proanthocyanidin 54-70 MYBPA1 protein Vitis vinifera 35-43 17885080-6 2007 Antisense down-regulation of ANS in M. truncatula resulted in reduced anthocyanin and PA levels, but had no impact on flavonol levels. proanthocyanidin 86-88 leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase-like Nicotiana tabacum 29-32 17697350-0 2007 Chondroprotective effects of a proanthocyanidin rich Amazonian genonutrient reflects direct inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases and upregulation of IGF-1 production by human chondrocytes. proanthocyanidin 31-47 insulin like growth factor 1 Homo sapiens 152-157 17513948-0 2007 Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts inhibit vascular cell adhesion molecule expression induced by advanced glycation end products through activation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma. proanthocyanidin 11-27 peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma Homo sapiens 153-202 17601828-0 2007 The Arabidopsis MATE transporter TT12 acts as a vacuolar flavonoid/H+ -antiporter active in proanthocyanidin-accumulating cells of the seed coat. proanthocyanidin 92-108 MATE efflux family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 33-37 17601828-1 2007 Phenotypic characterization of the Arabidopsis thaliana transparent testa12 (tt12) mutant encoding a membrane protein of the multidrug and toxic efflux transporter family, suggested that TT12 is involved in the vacuolar accumulation of proanthocyanidin precursors in the seed. proanthocyanidin 236-252 MATE efflux family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 77-81 17601828-1 2007 Phenotypic characterization of the Arabidopsis thaliana transparent testa12 (tt12) mutant encoding a membrane protein of the multidrug and toxic efflux transporter family, suggested that TT12 is involved in the vacuolar accumulation of proanthocyanidin precursors in the seed. proanthocyanidin 236-252 MATE efflux family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 187-191 17208963-3 2007 Here we report the characterization of a grapevine MYB transcription factor VvMYBPA1, which controls expression of PA pathway genes including both LAR and ANR. proanthocyanidin 81-83 anthocyanidin reductase ((2S)-flavan-3-ol-forming) Vitis vinifera 155-158 17208963-7 2007 The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) MYB transcription factor TRANSPARENT TESTA2 (TT2) regulates PA synthesis in the seed coat of Arabidopsis. proanthocyanidin 69-71 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 76-82 17208963-7 2007 The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) MYB transcription factor TRANSPARENT TESTA2 (TT2) regulates PA synthesis in the seed coat of Arabidopsis. proanthocyanidin 69-71 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 84-87 17208963-8 2007 By complementing the PA-deficient seed phenotype of the Arabidopsis tt2 mutant with VvMYBPA1, we confirmed the function of VvMYBPA1 as a transcriptional regulator of PA synthesis. proanthocyanidin 21-23 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 68-71 17208963-8 2007 By complementing the PA-deficient seed phenotype of the Arabidopsis tt2 mutant with VvMYBPA1, we confirmed the function of VvMYBPA1 as a transcriptional regulator of PA synthesis. proanthocyanidin 21-23 MYBPA1 protein Vitis vinifera 84-92 17208963-8 2007 By complementing the PA-deficient seed phenotype of the Arabidopsis tt2 mutant with VvMYBPA1, we confirmed the function of VvMYBPA1 as a transcriptional regulator of PA synthesis. proanthocyanidin 21-23 MYBPA1 protein Vitis vinifera 123-131 17208963-10 2007 To our knowledge, this is the first report of a MYB factor that controls genes of the PA pathway in fruit, including both LAR and ANR, and this single MYB factor can induce ectopic PA accumulation in Arabidopsis. proanthocyanidin 86-88 anthocyanidin reductase ((2S)-flavan-3-ol-forming) Vitis vinifera 130-133 17208963-10 2007 To our knowledge, this is the first report of a MYB factor that controls genes of the PA pathway in fruit, including both LAR and ANR, and this single MYB factor can induce ectopic PA accumulation in Arabidopsis. proanthocyanidin 181-183 anthocyanidin reductase ((2S)-flavan-3-ol-forming) Vitis vinifera 130-133 16399804-7 2006 Phylogenetic analysis, supported by comparative mapping in rice and maize (Zea mays), showed that Rc, a positive regulator of proanthocyanidin, is orthologous with INTENSIFIER1, a negative regulator of anthocyanin production in maize, and is not in the same clade as rice bHLH anthocyanin regulators. proanthocyanidin 126-142 transcription factor BHLH42 Zea mays 164-176 16709193-2 2006 First, the GUS activity generated in planta from a TT8::uidA construct revealed cell-specific activation of the TT8 promoter consistent with the known involvement of the TT8 bHLH factor in proanthocyanidin, anthocyanin and mucilage biosynthesis. proanthocyanidin 189-205 basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) DNA-binding superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 112-115 16709193-2 2006 First, the GUS activity generated in planta from a TT8::uidA construct revealed cell-specific activation of the TT8 promoter consistent with the known involvement of the TT8 bHLH factor in proanthocyanidin, anthocyanin and mucilage biosynthesis. proanthocyanidin 189-205 basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) DNA-binding superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 112-115 15870845-2 2005 The results showed that proanthocyanidin 12.5-200 mg/L significantly inhibited proliferation of K562, K562/DOX, SPC-A-1, and Lewis cells in vitro in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, as determined by microculture tetrazolium assay. proanthocyanidin 24-40 ATPase secretory pathway Ca2+ transporting 1 Homo sapiens 112-119 16167896-1 2005 Genetic transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana with the Arabidopsis TT2 MYB transcription factor resulted in ectopic expression of the BANYULS gene, encoding anthocyanidin reductase, AHA10 encoding a P-type proton-pump and TT12 encoding a transporter involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis. proanthocyanidin 263-279 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 68-71 16167896-4 2005 However, high-level combined expression of TT2, PAP1 and Lc resulted in proanthocyanidin synthesis throughout young leaves and cotyledons, followed by death of the plants 1 to 2 weeks after germination. proanthocyanidin 72-88 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 43-46 16167896-4 2005 However, high-level combined expression of TT2, PAP1 and Lc resulted in proanthocyanidin synthesis throughout young leaves and cotyledons, followed by death of the plants 1 to 2 weeks after germination. proanthocyanidin 72-88 phosphatidic acid phosphatase 1 Arabidopsis thaliana 48-52 16262003-5 2005 Proanthocyanidin-rich extract-treated groups showed significantly reduced renal TBA-reactive substance levels and enhanced catalase and GSH-Px activities. proanthocyanidin 0-16 catalase Rattus norvegicus 123-131 15914329-6 2005 Taken together, these results suggest that PA has anti-tumor activity and increases the anti-tumor activity of DOX, and the mechanism might be related partially to immunopotentiating activities through the enhancements of lymphocyte proliferation, NK cell cytotoxicity, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, IL-2 and IFN-gamma productions. proanthocyanidin 43-45 interleukin 2 Mus musculus 287-291 15914329-6 2005 Taken together, these results suggest that PA has anti-tumor activity and increases the anti-tumor activity of DOX, and the mechanism might be related partially to immunopotentiating activities through the enhancements of lymphocyte proliferation, NK cell cytotoxicity, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, IL-2 and IFN-gamma productions. proanthocyanidin 43-45 interferon gamma Mus musculus 296-305 16169968-0 2005 Proanthocyanidin synthesis and expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase and anthocyanidin reductase in developing grape berries and grapevine leaves. proanthocyanidin 0-16 anthocyanidin reductase ((2S)-flavan-3-ol-forming) Vitis vinifera 65-88 16169968-5 2005 We measured PA content and expression of genes encoding ANR, LAR, and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase in grape berries during development and in grapevine leaves, which accumulated PA throughout leaf expansion. proanthocyanidin 180-182 anthocyanidin reductase ((2S)-flavan-3-ol-forming) Vitis vinifera 56-59 16169968-13 2005 Both ANR and LAR contribute to PA synthesis in fruit, and the tissue and temporal-specific regulation of the genes encoding ANR and LAR determines PA accumulation and composition during grape berry development. proanthocyanidin 31-33 anthocyanidin reductase ((2S)-flavan-3-ol-forming) Vitis vinifera 5-8 16169968-13 2005 Both ANR and LAR contribute to PA synthesis in fruit, and the tissue and temporal-specific regulation of the genes encoding ANR and LAR determines PA accumulation and composition during grape berry development. proanthocyanidin 147-149 anthocyanidin reductase ((2S)-flavan-3-ol-forming) Vitis vinifera 124-127 16102261-6 2005 The intragastric administration of proanthocyanidin (200 mg kg(-1) daily) significantly inhibited tumour growth, and increased NK cell cytotoxicity, lymphocyte proliferation, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, IL-2 and INF-gamma production. proanthocyanidin 35-51 interleukin 2 Mus musculus 192-196 15834789-1 2005 The proanthocyanidin (PA) content was increased in seeds of pap1-D mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, in which the expression of endogenous PAP1 gene encoding a Myb-like transcription factor was induced by activation-tagging with enhancer sequences derived from cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. proanthocyanidin 4-20 phosphatidic acid phosphatase 1 Arabidopsis thaliana 60-64 15834789-1 2005 The proanthocyanidin (PA) content was increased in seeds of pap1-D mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, in which the expression of endogenous PAP1 gene encoding a Myb-like transcription factor was induced by activation-tagging with enhancer sequences derived from cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. proanthocyanidin 4-20 phosphatidic acid phosphatase 1 Arabidopsis thaliana 137-141 15834789-1 2005 The proanthocyanidin (PA) content was increased in seeds of pap1-D mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, in which the expression of endogenous PAP1 gene encoding a Myb-like transcription factor was induced by activation-tagging with enhancer sequences derived from cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. proanthocyanidin 22-24 phosphatidic acid phosphatase 1 Arabidopsis thaliana 60-64 15834789-1 2005 The proanthocyanidin (PA) content was increased in seeds of pap1-D mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, in which the expression of endogenous PAP1 gene encoding a Myb-like transcription factor was induced by activation-tagging with enhancer sequences derived from cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. proanthocyanidin 22-24 phosphatidic acid phosphatase 1 Arabidopsis thaliana 137-141 15834789-2 2005 In contrast, the PA contents decreased in seeds of transgenic plants transformed with a PAP1 cDNA or with a PAP1 chimeric repressor, although the amount of soluble anthocyanins increased in seeds of transgenic plants over-expressing PAP1 cDNA. proanthocyanidin 17-19 phosphatidic acid phosphatase 1 Arabidopsis thaliana 88-92 15834789-2 2005 In contrast, the PA contents decreased in seeds of transgenic plants transformed with a PAP1 cDNA or with a PAP1 chimeric repressor, although the amount of soluble anthocyanins increased in seeds of transgenic plants over-expressing PAP1 cDNA. proanthocyanidin 17-19 phosphatidic acid phosphatase 1 Arabidopsis thaliana 108-112 15834789-2 2005 In contrast, the PA contents decreased in seeds of transgenic plants transformed with a PAP1 cDNA or with a PAP1 chimeric repressor, although the amount of soluble anthocyanins increased in seeds of transgenic plants over-expressing PAP1 cDNA. proanthocyanidin 17-19 phosphatidic acid phosphatase 1 Arabidopsis thaliana 108-112 15695592-5 2005 A quantitative analysis of extractable flavonoids in aha10 seeds revealed an approximately 100-fold reduction of proanthocyanidin (PA), one of the two major end-product pigments in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. proanthocyanidin 113-129 autoinhibited H[+]-ATPase Arabidopsis thaliana 53-58 15695592-5 2005 A quantitative analysis of extractable flavonoids in aha10 seeds revealed an approximately 100-fold reduction of proanthocyanidin (PA), one of the two major end-product pigments in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. proanthocyanidin 131-133 autoinhibited H[+]-ATPase Arabidopsis thaliana 53-58 15695592-10 2005 Thus, the specific effect of aha10 on vacuolar and PA biogenesis provides genetic evidence to support an unexpected endomembrane function for a member of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase family. proanthocyanidin 51-53 autoinhibited H[+]-ATPase Arabidopsis thaliana 29-34 15565401-16 2004 The mechanisms underlying the effect of proanthocyanidin were considered to be the following: anti-gastrin and anti-histamine effects to prevent attacks by water-immersion restraint stress, and mucoprotective properties, bestowed by increased prostaglandin and increased superoxide dismutase activities in the gastric mucosa. proanthocyanidin 40-56 gastrin Rattus norvegicus 99-106 17147621-0 2004 Suppression of the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidin in Arabidopsis by a chimeric PAP1 repressor. proanthocyanidin 35-51 phosphatidic acid phosphatase 1 Arabidopsis thaliana 81-85 17147621-3 2004 We show here that a chimeric PAP1 repressor, in which the EAR-motif repression domain from SUPERMAN was fused to PAP1, suppressed the expression of four flavonoid biosynthetic genes, namely CHS, DFR, LDOX, and BAN, in siliques, and inhibited the accumulation of proanthocyanidin, even in the presence of an endogenous positive regulator, such as TT2. proanthocyanidin 262-278 phosphatidic acid phosphatase 1 Arabidopsis thaliana 29-33 17147621-3 2004 We show here that a chimeric PAP1 repressor, in which the EAR-motif repression domain from SUPERMAN was fused to PAP1, suppressed the expression of four flavonoid biosynthetic genes, namely CHS, DFR, LDOX, and BAN, in siliques, and inhibited the accumulation of proanthocyanidin, even in the presence of an endogenous positive regulator, such as TT2. proanthocyanidin 262-278 phosphatidic acid phosphatase 1 Arabidopsis thaliana 113-117 17147621-3 2004 We show here that a chimeric PAP1 repressor, in which the EAR-motif repression domain from SUPERMAN was fused to PAP1, suppressed the expression of four flavonoid biosynthetic genes, namely CHS, DFR, LDOX, and BAN, in siliques, and inhibited the accumulation of proanthocyanidin, even in the presence of an endogenous positive regulator, such as TT2. proanthocyanidin 262-278 dihydroflavonol 4-reductase Arabidopsis thaliana 195-198 17147621-3 2004 We show here that a chimeric PAP1 repressor, in which the EAR-motif repression domain from SUPERMAN was fused to PAP1, suppressed the expression of four flavonoid biosynthetic genes, namely CHS, DFR, LDOX, and BAN, in siliques, and inhibited the accumulation of proanthocyanidin, even in the presence of an endogenous positive regulator, such as TT2. proanthocyanidin 262-278 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 346-349 17147621-5 2004 Our results indicate that PAP1 has the potential ability to regulate the biosynthesis not only of anthocyanin but also of proanthocyanidin. proanthocyanidin 122-138 phosphatidic acid phosphatase 1 Arabidopsis thaliana 26-30 15255866-0 2004 TT2, TT8, and TTG1 synergistically specify the expression of BANYULS and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. proanthocyanidin 73-89 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 0-3 15255866-0 2004 TT2, TT8, and TTG1 synergistically specify the expression of BANYULS and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. proanthocyanidin 73-89 basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) DNA-binding superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 5-8 15255866-0 2004 TT2, TT8, and TTG1 synergistically specify the expression of BANYULS and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. proanthocyanidin 73-89 Transducin/WD40 repeat-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 14-18 12113470-4 2002 The purpose of this article is to introduce and describe literature on 2 natural compounds, namely, proanthocyanidin (PCO) and quercetin, which are 2 specific types of bioflavonoids, and to discuss their potential benefits in treating musculoskeletal conditions. proanthocyanidin 100-116 PCOS1 Homo sapiens 118-121 14555692-1 2003 Anthocyanidin reductase encoded by the BANYULS (BAN) gene is the core enzyme in proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis. proanthocyanidin 80-96 NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 39-46 14555692-1 2003 Anthocyanidin reductase encoded by the BANYULS (BAN) gene is the core enzyme in proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis. proanthocyanidin 80-96 NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 39-42 14555692-1 2003 Anthocyanidin reductase encoded by the BANYULS (BAN) gene is the core enzyme in proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis. proanthocyanidin 98-100 NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 39-46 14555692-1 2003 Anthocyanidin reductase encoded by the BANYULS (BAN) gene is the core enzyme in proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis. proanthocyanidin 98-100 NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 39-42 14555692-6 2003 Mutations in regulatory genes of PA biosynthesis abolished BAN promoter activity (transparent testa2 [tt2], tt8, and transparent testa glabra1 [ttg1]), modified its spatial pattern (tt1 and tt16), or had no influence (ttg2), thus revealing complex regulatory interactions at several developmental levels. proanthocyanidin 33-35 NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 59-62 14555692-6 2003 Mutations in regulatory genes of PA biosynthesis abolished BAN promoter activity (transparent testa2 [tt2], tt8, and transparent testa glabra1 [ttg1]), modified its spatial pattern (tt1 and tt16), or had no influence (ttg2), thus revealing complex regulatory interactions at several developmental levels. proanthocyanidin 33-35 myb domain protein 0 Arabidopsis thaliana 135-142 14555692-6 2003 Mutations in regulatory genes of PA biosynthesis abolished BAN promoter activity (transparent testa2 [tt2], tt8, and transparent testa glabra1 [ttg1]), modified its spatial pattern (tt1 and tt16), or had no influence (ttg2), thus revealing complex regulatory interactions at several developmental levels. proanthocyanidin 33-35 Transducin/WD40 repeat-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 144-148 14555692-6 2003 Mutations in regulatory genes of PA biosynthesis abolished BAN promoter activity (transparent testa2 [tt2], tt8, and transparent testa glabra1 [ttg1]), modified its spatial pattern (tt1 and tt16), or had no influence (ttg2), thus revealing complex regulatory interactions at several developmental levels. proanthocyanidin 33-35 WRKY family transcription factor family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 218-222 14555692-7 2003 Genetic ablation of PA-accumulating cells targeted by the BAN promoter fused to BARNASE led to the formation of normal plants that produced viable yellow seeds. proanthocyanidin 20-22 NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 58-61 12940955-0 2003 The Arabidopsis TDS4 gene encodes leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) and is essential for proanthocyanidin synthesis and vacuole development. proanthocyanidin 93-109 leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase Arabidopsis thaliana 16-20 12940955-0 2003 The Arabidopsis TDS4 gene encodes leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) and is essential for proanthocyanidin synthesis and vacuole development. proanthocyanidin 93-109 leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase Arabidopsis thaliana 34-64 12940955-0 2003 The Arabidopsis TDS4 gene encodes leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) and is essential for proanthocyanidin synthesis and vacuole development. proanthocyanidin 93-109 leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase Arabidopsis thaliana 66-70 12940955-1 2003 The anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthetic pathways share common intermediates until leucocyanidin, which may be used by leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) to produce anthocyanin, or the enzyme leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) to produce catechin, a precursor of PA. proanthocyanidin 20-36 leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase Arabidopsis thaliana 133-163 12940955-1 2003 The anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthetic pathways share common intermediates until leucocyanidin, which may be used by leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) to produce anthocyanin, or the enzyme leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) to produce catechin, a precursor of PA. proanthocyanidin 20-36 leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase Arabidopsis thaliana 165-169 12940955-1 2003 The anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthetic pathways share common intermediates until leucocyanidin, which may be used by leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) to produce anthocyanin, or the enzyme leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) to produce catechin, a precursor of PA. proanthocyanidin 38-40 leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase Arabidopsis thaliana 133-163 12940955-1 2003 The anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthetic pathways share common intermediates until leucocyanidin, which may be used by leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) to produce anthocyanin, or the enzyme leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) to produce catechin, a precursor of PA. proanthocyanidin 38-40 leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase Arabidopsis thaliana 165-169 12940955-1 2003 The anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthetic pathways share common intermediates until leucocyanidin, which may be used by leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) to produce anthocyanin, or the enzyme leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) to produce catechin, a precursor of PA. proanthocyanidin 280-282 leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase Arabidopsis thaliana 165-169 12940955-2 2003 The Arabidopsis mutant tannin deficient seed 4 (tds4-1) has a reduced PA level and altered pattern PA accumulation. proanthocyanidin 70-72 leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase Arabidopsis thaliana 48-52 12940955-2 2003 The Arabidopsis mutant tannin deficient seed 4 (tds4-1) has a reduced PA level and altered pattern PA accumulation. proanthocyanidin 99-101 leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase Arabidopsis thaliana 48-52 12940955-5 2003 The seed phenotype of ban tds4 double mutants showed that LDOX precedes BANYULS (BAN) in the PA pathway, confirming recent biochemical characterisation of BAN as an anthocyanidin reductase. proanthocyanidin 93-95 leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase Arabidopsis thaliana 26-30 12940955-7 2003 Analysis of the PA intermediates in tds4-1 revealed three dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) reacting compounds that accumulated in extracts from developing seeds. proanthocyanidin 16-18 leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase Arabidopsis thaliana 36-40 12940955-9 2003 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the pattern observed when seeds of tds4 were stained with DMACA was a result of the accumulation of PA intermediates in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells. proanthocyanidin 151-153 leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase Arabidopsis thaliana 86-90 12940955-11 2003 These results show that in addition to its established role in the formation of anthocyanin, LDOX is also part of the PA biosynthesis pathway. proanthocyanidin 118-120 leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase Arabidopsis thaliana 93-97 12943753-6 2003 Nevertheless, a vacuolar transmembrane protein TT12, defined by the Arabidopsis tt12 mutant, is involved in transport of proanthocyanidin polymer into the vacuole for accumulation. proanthocyanidin 121-137 MATE efflux family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 47-51 12943753-6 2003 Nevertheless, a vacuolar transmembrane protein TT12, defined by the Arabidopsis tt12 mutant, is involved in transport of proanthocyanidin polymer into the vacuole for accumulation. proanthocyanidin 121-137 MATE efflux family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 80-84 12368498-7 2002 TT16/ABS is necessary for BANYULS expression and proanthocyanidin accumulation in the endothelium of the seed coat, with the exception of the chalazal-micropylar area. proanthocyanidin 49-65 K-box region and MADS-box transcription factor family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 0-4 14718498-1 2004 DFR is involved in an important step in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway upstream of anthocyanin, proanthocyanidin, and phlobaphene production, which contributes to the pigmentation of various plant tissues. proanthocyanidin 100-116 DFR Triticum aestivum 0-3 14675436-9 2004 These results indicate that TT19 participates in the PA pathway as well as the anthocyanin pathway of Arabidopsis. proanthocyanidin 53-55 glutathione S-transferase phi 12 Arabidopsis thaliana 28-32 14675436-10 2004 As involvement of GST in the PA pathway was previously considered unlikely, the function of TT19 in the PA pathway is also discussed in the context of the putative transporter for PA precursors. proanthocyanidin 104-106 glutathione S-transferase phi 12 Arabidopsis thaliana 92-96 14675436-10 2004 As involvement of GST in the PA pathway was previously considered unlikely, the function of TT19 in the PA pathway is also discussed in the context of the putative transporter for PA precursors. proanthocyanidin 104-106 glutathione S-transferase phi 12 Arabidopsis thaliana 92-96 12420739-0 2002 Activin, a grape seed-derived proanthocyanidin extract, reduces plasma levels of oxidative stress and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin) in systemic sclerosis. proanthocyanidin 30-46 inhibin subunit beta E Homo sapiens 0-7 11425488-0 2001 Upregulation of oxidant-induced VEGF expression in cultured keratinocytes by a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. proanthocyanidin 90-106 vascular endothelial growth factor A Homo sapiens 32-36 12074976-14 2002 A combination of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract and resveratrol facilitates inducible VEGF expression, a key element supporting wound angiogenesis. proanthocyanidin 28-44 vascular endothelial growth factor A Homo sapiens 91-95 12074977-7 2002 Accordingly, ingestion of niacin-bound chromium and natural antioxidants such as grape seed proanthocyanidin extract has been demonstrated to improve insulin sensitivity and/or ameliorate free radical formation and reduce the signs/symptoms of chronic age-related disorders including syndrome X. proanthocyanidin 92-108 insulin Homo sapiens 150-157 11557310-9 2001 The results indicated significant induction of JNK-1 and c-fos proteins in the ischemic/reperfused myocardium, which was inhibited by the proanthocyanidin extract. proanthocyanidin 138-154 Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit Rattus norvegicus 57-62 11549766-0 2001 The Arabidopsis TT2 gene encodes an R2R3 MYB domain protein that acts as a key determinant for proanthocyanidin accumulation in developing seed. proanthocyanidin 95-111 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 16-19 11549766-7 2001 TT2 expression was restricted to the seed during early embryogenesis, consistent with BAN expression and the proanthocyanidin deposition profile. proanthocyanidin 109-125 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 0-3 11549766-9 2001 Therefore, our results strongly suggest that stringent spatial and temporal BAN expression, and thus proanthocyanidin accumulation, are determined at least partially by TT2. proanthocyanidin 101-117 Duplicated homeodomain-like superfamily protein Arabidopsis thaliana 169-172 11425488-5 2001 This study provides first evidence showing that natural extracts such as grape seed proanthocyanidin extract containing 5000 ppm resveratrol (GSPE) facilitates oxidant-induced VEGF expression in keratinocytes. proanthocyanidin 84-100 vascular endothelial growth factor A Homo sapiens 176-180 11276828-2 2001 In our previous studies, IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE, commercially known as ActiVin) demonstrated excellent concentration- and dose-dependent free radical scavenging abilities in both in vitro and in vivo models and provided significantly better protection than vitamins C, E and beta-carotene. proanthocyanidin 42-58 inhibin subunit beta E Homo sapiens 96-103 11283341-3 2001 Microscopic analysis of tt12 developing and mature testas revealed a strong reduction of proanthocyanidin deposition in vacuoles of endothelial cells. proanthocyanidin 89-105 MATE efflux family protein Arabidopsis thaliana 24-28 11330834-1 2001 Previous studies from our laboratories have linked the protective abilities of IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) with inactivation of anti-apoptotic gene bcl-XL, and modification of several other critical molecular targets such as DNA-damage/DNA-repair, lipid peroxidation and intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. proanthocyanidin 96-112 Bcl2-like 1 Rattus norvegicus 169-175 11351148-7 2001 The addition of a commercially available IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (commercially known as ActiVin) to their treatment regimen led to a reduction in the frequency and intensity of abdominal pain as well as resolution of vomiting in 1 patient. proanthocyanidin 58-74 inhibin subunit beta E Homo sapiens 106-113 9154941-5 1997 Measurement of dissociation constants indicates that the larger and more complex polyphenols interact more strongly with the PRP fragment; the order of binding affinity was determined as procyanidin dimer B-2 > pentagalloylglucose > trigalloylglucose >> proanthocyanidin monomer (-)-epicatechin approximately propyl gallate. proanthocyanidin 266-282 prion protein Homo sapiens 125-128 11216853-4 2001 We evaluated the effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on the expression of TNFalpha-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). proanthocyanidin 39-55 tumor necrosis factor Homo sapiens 92-100 11216853-4 2001 We evaluated the effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on the expression of TNFalpha-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). proanthocyanidin 39-55 intercellular adhesion molecule 1 Homo sapiens 109-115 11216853-4 2001 We evaluated the effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on the expression of TNFalpha-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). proanthocyanidin 39-55 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 Homo sapiens 120-126 10552467-6 1999 When the plasma from proanthocyanidin-administered rat was hydrolyzed by sulfatase and beta-glucuronidase following analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, metabolites of proanthocyanidins occurred in rat plasma at 15 min after administration, three peaks of which were identified as gallic acid, (+)-catechin, and (-)-epicatechin. proanthocyanidin 21-37 glucuronidase, beta Rattus norvegicus 87-105 10462439-0 1999 A novel proanthocyanidin IH636 grape seed extract increases in vivo Bcl-XL expression and prevents acetaminophen-induced programmed and unprogrammed cell death in mouse liver. proanthocyanidin 8-24 BCL2-like 1 Mus musculus 68-74 34801974-6 2021 Furthermore, the in planta assay, using Arabidopsis thaliana dfr mutant (tt3-1) and tobacco, displayed that RdDFR1 transgenes recovered the defective proanthocyanidin and anthocyanin biosynthesis at seed coats, hypocotyl as well as cotyledon, and altered the flowers color of tobacco from pale pink to dark pink which demonstrated its function as dihydroflavonol 4-reductase in vivo. proanthocyanidin 150-166 dihydroflavonol 4-reductase Arabidopsis thaliana 61-64 33233251-3 2020 Food derived proanthocyanidin (PAC) and curcumin (Cur) were loaded onto CSP-NPs and formed as PAC-NPs and Cur-NPs. proanthocyanidin 13-29 DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C5 Homo sapiens 72-75 33233251-3 2020 Food derived proanthocyanidin (PAC) and curcumin (Cur) were loaded onto CSP-NPs and formed as PAC-NPs and Cur-NPs. proanthocyanidin 31-34 DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C5 Homo sapiens 72-75 33233251-6 2020 The bioactivity analysis revealed that CSP-NPs system could effectively deliver PAC and Cur to exhibit strong antioxidant activity, potent neuroprotective effect against Abeta1-42-mediated toxicity in PC-12 cells (recovered cell viability from 57.5% to 81.0% at the dose of 25 mug/mL) and effective antiproliferative effects on HepG2 and Hela cells. proanthocyanidin 80-83 DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C5 Rattus norvegicus 39-42 33233251-8 2020 Therefore, CSP-NPs might be a promising delivery system for hydrophilic molecule proanthocyanidin and hydrophobic molecule curcumin against the oxidative damage, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, which could facilitate the application of food derived nutrients in functional foods industry. proanthocyanidin 81-97 DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C5 Homo sapiens 11-14 34789048-0 2021 Role of JNK, TGF-beta1, Akt, IL-1beta and INSL-3 in proanthocyanidin protection against apoptosis in diabetic rat testis. proanthocyanidin 52-68 mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 Rattus norvegicus 8-11 34789048-0 2021 Role of JNK, TGF-beta1, Akt, IL-1beta and INSL-3 in proanthocyanidin protection against apoptosis in diabetic rat testis. proanthocyanidin 52-68 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 Rattus norvegicus 24-27 34789048-0 2021 Role of JNK, TGF-beta1, Akt, IL-1beta and INSL-3 in proanthocyanidin protection against apoptosis in diabetic rat testis. proanthocyanidin 52-68 interleukin 1 alpha Rattus norvegicus 29-37 34789048-0 2021 Role of JNK, TGF-beta1, Akt, IL-1beta and INSL-3 in proanthocyanidin protection against apoptosis in diabetic rat testis. proanthocyanidin 52-68 insulin-like 3 Rattus norvegicus 42-48 34789048-1 2021 We investigated how proanthocyanidin treatment altered c-Jun N-terminal kinases, transforming growth factor beta 1, serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, interleukin 1 beta and insulin-like 3 expression in the testis of diabetic rats. proanthocyanidin 20-36 transforming growth factor, beta 1 Rattus norvegicus 81-114 34789048-1 2021 We investigated how proanthocyanidin treatment altered c-Jun N-terminal kinases, transforming growth factor beta 1, serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, interleukin 1 beta and insulin-like 3 expression in the testis of diabetic rats. proanthocyanidin 20-36 interleukin 1 beta Rattus norvegicus 158-176 34789048-1 2021 We investigated how proanthocyanidin treatment altered c-Jun N-terminal kinases, transforming growth factor beta 1, serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, interleukin 1 beta and insulin-like 3 expression in the testis of diabetic rats. proanthocyanidin 20-36 insulin-like 3 Rattus norvegicus 181-195 35625907-5 2022 The PGG and PAC inhibit similar Mpro activities in a protease activity assay, with IC50 values of 25-26 muM. proanthocyanidin 12-15 NEWENTRY Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 32-36 34721993-8 2021 Consistant with the biochemical assay results, overexpressing OjDFR1 in Arabidopsis tt3-1 mutant successfully restored the deficiency of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, hinting its function as DFR in planta. proanthocyanidin 153-169 dihydroflavonol 4-reductase Arabidopsis thaliana 195-198 34675946-4 2021 Here, we identified a miPEP encoded in non-mature miR164c putatively targeting grapevine transcription factor VvMYBPA1 (miPEP164c/miPEP-MYBPA1), a positive regulator of key genes in the proanthocyanidin (PA)-biosynthetic pathway, a pathway that competes directly for substrate with the anthocyanin-biosynthetic pathway. proanthocyanidin 186-202 mitochondrial intermediate peptidase Homo sapiens 22-27 34675946-4 2021 Here, we identified a miPEP encoded in non-mature miR164c putatively targeting grapevine transcription factor VvMYBPA1 (miPEP164c/miPEP-MYBPA1), a positive regulator of key genes in the proanthocyanidin (PA)-biosynthetic pathway, a pathway that competes directly for substrate with the anthocyanin-biosynthetic pathway. proanthocyanidin 204-206 mitochondrial intermediate peptidase Homo sapiens 22-27 34353622-8 2021 Furthermore, a larger induction of collagen cross-links (ATR-FTIR) and %Organic Matter (TGA) would indicate the PA incorporation and the achievement of dentin matrix stability. proanthocyanidin 112-114 ATR serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 57-60 34369753-5 2021 Besides, the soluble phenolic fraction of B13 dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of Caco-2 cells and the secretion of IL-1beta and NO in RAW264.7 macrophages, which might be attributed to its relatively high total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), and proanthocyanidin content (TPAC) values and radical scavenging capacities. proanthocyanidin 261-277 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A5 Homo sapiens 42-45 35625907-6 2022 The effects of PGG and PAC on the activity of the other essential SARS-CoV-2 viral protein, RdRp, were analyzed using a cell-based activity assay system. proanthocyanidin 23-26 ORF1a polyprotein;ORF1ab polyprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 92-96 35625907-7 2022 The activity of RdRp is inhibited by PGG and PAC, and PGG has a lower IC50 (5.098 +- 1.089 muM) than PAC (21.022 +- 1.202 muM), which is consistent with their inhibitory capacity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. proanthocyanidin 45-48 ORF1a polyprotein;ORF1ab polyprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 16-20 35625907-7 2022 The activity of RdRp is inhibited by PGG and PAC, and PGG has a lower IC50 (5.098 +- 1.089 muM) than PAC (21.022 +- 1.202 muM), which is consistent with their inhibitory capacity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. proanthocyanidin 101-104 ORF1a polyprotein;ORF1ab polyprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 16-20 35615132-0 2022 MdJa2 Participates in the Brassinosteroid Signaling Pathway to Regulate the Synthesis of Anthocyanin and Proanthocyanidin in Red-Fleshed Apple. proanthocyanidin 105-121 MADS-box protein JOINTLESS Malus domestica 0-5 35615132-5 2022 Additionally, MdJa2 was responsive to BR signal, and the overexpression of MdJa2 inhibited the synthesis of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin. proanthocyanidin 124-140 MADS-box protein JOINTLESS Malus domestica 14-19 35615132-5 2022 Additionally, MdJa2 was responsive to BR signal, and the overexpression of MdJa2 inhibited the synthesis of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin. proanthocyanidin 124-140 MADS-box protein JOINTLESS Malus domestica 75-80 35615132-6 2022 The silencing of MdJa2 in "Orin" calli promoted anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin accumulations. proanthocyanidin 64-80 MADS-box protein JOINTLESS Malus domestica 17-22 35615132-8 2022 MdJa2 was revealed to independently regulate anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin synthesis pathways. proanthocyanidin 61-77 MADS-box protein JOINTLESS Malus domestica 0-5 35527510-0 2022 The MdBBX22-miR858-MdMYB9/11/12 module regulates proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in apple peel. proanthocyanidin 49-65 MIR858 Malus domestica 12-18 35527510-6 2022 We showed that mdm-miR858 negatively regulated PA accumulation by targeting MdMYB9/11/12 in the peel. proanthocyanidin 47-49 MIR858 Malus domestica 19-25 35527510-7 2022 During fruit development, mdm-miR858 expression was negatively correlated with MdMYB9/11/12 expression and PA accumulation. proanthocyanidin 107-109 MIR858 Malus domestica 26-36 35527510-12 2022 Under light stress, MdBBX22 induced mdm-miR858 expression to inhibit PA accumulation and thereby indirectly enhanced anthocyanin synthesis in the peel. proanthocyanidin 69-71 MIR858 Malus domestica 36-46 35527510-13 2022 The present results revealed that the MdBBX22-miR858-MdMYB9/11/12 module regulates PA accumulation in apple. proanthocyanidin 83-85 MIR858 Malus domestica 46-52 35625907-9 2022 These data indicate that PGG and PAC may be candidate broad-spectrum anticoronaviral therapeutic agents, simultaneously targeting the Mpro and RdRp proteins of SARS-CoV-2. proanthocyanidin 33-36 NEWENTRY Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 134-138 35625907-9 2022 These data indicate that PGG and PAC may be candidate broad-spectrum anticoronaviral therapeutic agents, simultaneously targeting the Mpro and RdRp proteins of SARS-CoV-2. proanthocyanidin 33-36 ORF1a polyprotein;ORF1ab polyprotein Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 143-147