PMID-sentid	Pub_year	Sent_text	compound_name	comp_offset	prot_official_name	organism	prot_offset
2947572-6	1986	The spectra are consistent with an N-acetyl-lactosamine repeating unit that is predominantly sulphated at C-6 of both galactose and N-acetylglucosamine.	Galactose	118-127	complement C6	Homo sapiens	106-109
3013314-4	1986	Treatment with isoproterenol or dibutyryl cAMP for 2 h affected glycosylation of immunoadsorbable lipoprotein lipase, so that the ratio of [3H]galactose to [14C]mannose in the heparin-releasable enzyme increased from 3.8 (control) to 13.0 (isoproterenol-treated).	Galactose	143-152	lipoprotein lipase	Rattus norvegicus	98-116
3711098-7	1986	The major carbohydrate residues of asialo-gpL115 are galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine in approximately equimolar amounts (25 and 22 residues/100 amino acids, respectively) plus severalfold lower amounts of N-acetylglucosamine, fucose, and mannose.	Galactose	53-62	sialophorin	Homo sapiens	42-48
3013721-0	1986	Genetic and molecular analysis of the GAL3 gene in the expression of the galactose/melibiose regulon of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	73-82	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	38-42
3013721-1	1986	During the galactose adaptation period of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain bearing a naturally occurring gal3 allele, we found a longer induction lag and slower rate of accumulation of GAL10 and MEL1 RNAs compared to wild-type strains.	Galactose	11-20	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	106-110
3013721-1	1986	During the galactose adaptation period of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain bearing a naturally occurring gal3 allele, we found a longer induction lag and slower rate of accumulation of GAL10 and MEL1 RNAs compared to wild-type strains.	Galactose	11-20	PR/SET domain 16	Homo sapiens	196-200
3013721-6	1986	In experiments in which the presence of either the plasmid-carried cloned GAL3 gene or the plasmid-carried cloned GAL1-10-7 genes allows MEL1 induction of a gal3 gal1 gal7 cell, we find that loss of the plasmid results in the shutoff of MEL1 expression even when galactose is continuously present.	Galactose	263-272	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	114-118
3013721-6	1986	In experiments in which the presence of either the plasmid-carried cloned GAL3 gene or the plasmid-carried cloned GAL1-10-7 genes allows MEL1 induction of a gal3 gal1 gal7 cell, we find that loss of the plasmid results in the shutoff of MEL1 expression even when galactose is continuously present.	Galactose	263-272	PR/SET domain 16	Homo sapiens	137-141
2428746-6	1986	Binding of galactose to the CBP was enhanced by the presence of p-NO2-phenyl aglycones.	Galactose	11-20	CREB binding protein	Homo sapiens	28-31
3529502-6	1986	D-Galactose and D-fructose also decreased insulin release.	Galactose	0-11	insulin	Homo sapiens	42-49
3089057-2	1986	Soluble galactosyltransferase incorporates radiolabeled galactose from the substrate UDP-[6-3H]galactose into the appropriate immobilized acceptor with high specificity.	Galactose	56-65	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Bos taurus	8-29
3083780-5	1986	Ricin affinity chromatography revealed that the attachment of galactose residues is strikingly correlated with alpha 1-AGP externalization while neuraminidase digestions demonstrated that sialic acid attachment appears unessential for its secretion.	Galactose	62-71	orosomucoid 1	Rattus norvegicus	111-122
3736029-10	1986	Thus, in this rat model, intraluminal gastrin infusion was capable of increasing carbohydrate (galactose) absorption 456% (P less than 0.01) and protein (glycine) absorption 480% (P less than 0.01).	Galactose	95-104	gastrin	Rattus norvegicus	38-45
3711061-1	1986	Lysosomal acid alpha-mannosidase from porcine kidney was found to contain mannose (4.8%), galactose (0.9%), fucose (0.5%), N-acetylglucosamine (3.1%), and mannose 6-phosphate (0.1%).	Galactose	90-99	mannosidase alpha class 2B member 1	Homo sapiens	0-32
3707122-9	1986	Mutant strain HS111 pretreated in seed lectin for 0 or 1 h, followed by washing with the hapten D-galactose to remove the lectin, exhibited a delay in initiation of nodulation.	Galactose	96-107	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	122-128
3083206-9	1986	Both retinal and cerebral microvessels produce galactitol from galactose, and this activity is inhibited in the presence of the aldose reductase inhibitor sorbinil.	Galactose	63-72	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	128-144
3082856-2	1986	The clone restores galactose permease activity to gal2 yeasts and is regulated by galactose in a manner similar to other GAL gene products (GAL1, -7, and -10).	Galactose	19-28	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	50-54
3755041-4	1986	The specific binding of this sugar to SBA shows that the lectin can accommodate a large hydrophobic substituent on the C-2 of galactose.	Galactose	126-135	complement C2	Homo sapiens	119-122
3083784-13	1986	Biochemical studies have indicated that the molecular weight of FT-1 antigen on leukemia cells is about 100,000 by means of biosynthetic labeling with either [3H]-galactose or [35S]-methionine.	Galactose	163-172	AKT interacting protein	Mus musculus	64-68
3011415-1	1986	Binding sites for the GAL4-positive regulatory protein have been identified upstream of six galactose-inducible genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the basis of (i) protection in DNAse I footprints, (ii) loss of protection when excess GAL4-binding oligonucleotide is added and (iii) homology with a 23-bp dyad-symmetric consensus sequence.	Galactose	92-101	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	22-26
3011415-1	1986	Binding sites for the GAL4-positive regulatory protein have been identified upstream of six galactose-inducible genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the basis of (i) protection in DNAse I footprints, (ii) loss of protection when excess GAL4-binding oligonucleotide is added and (iii) homology with a 23-bp dyad-symmetric consensus sequence.	Galactose	92-101	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	236-240
3082856-2	1986	The clone restores galactose permease activity to gal2 yeasts and is regulated by galactose in a manner similar to other GAL gene products (GAL1, -7, and -10).	Galactose	19-28	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	140-144
3082856-5	1986	The GAL2-lacZ gene fusions code for galactose-regulated beta-galactosidase activity in yeasts.	Galactose	36-45	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
3749868-3	1986	The analysis of the experimental results indicates that Ca2+ participates in the binding of sialic acid residues on HBP with methyl-beta-D-galactoses and this enables the galactose molecules to be in stable bound state.	Galactose	139-148	heme binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	116-119
3944129-7	1986	Protein-bound endo beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H-resistant oligosaccharides liberated, upon a mild acid treatment, galactose residues and an unidentified substituent.	Galactose	116-125	O-GlcNAcase	Homo sapiens	19-47
3003205-6	1986	Effects of beta-galactosidase were reversed by readdition of galactose to cell-surface oligosaccharide acceptors.	Galactose	61-70	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	11-29
3093147-6	1986	In this orientation, it catalyzes the transfer of galactose to glycoprotein-bound acetylglucosamine and, in the presence of alpha-lactalbumin, to glucose, as shown in the Golgi complex of mammary gland epithelial cells.	Galactose	50-59	lactalbumin alpha	Homo sapiens	124-141
3023825-3	1986	This analysis identified a TATA box and two upstream activating sequences as necessary elements for galactose-controlled GAL7 transcription.	Galactose	100-109	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	121-125
3510183-8	1986	Temperature shift experiments with one of those mutants led to the conclusion that the GAL3 function is required not only for the initiation of enzyme induction but also for the maintenance of the induced state in galactose-nonfermenting S. cerevisiae because of a defect in any of the genes for the galactose-catabolizing enzymes, such as gal1 or gal10.	Galactose	214-223	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	87-91
3510183-8	1986	Temperature shift experiments with one of those mutants led to the conclusion that the GAL3 function is required not only for the initiation of enzyme induction but also for the maintenance of the induced state in galactose-nonfermenting S. cerevisiae because of a defect in any of the genes for the galactose-catabolizing enzymes, such as gal1 or gal10.	Galactose	214-223	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	340-344
3510183-8	1986	Temperature shift experiments with one of those mutants led to the conclusion that the GAL3 function is required not only for the initiation of enzyme induction but also for the maintenance of the induced state in galactose-nonfermenting S. cerevisiae because of a defect in any of the genes for the galactose-catabolizing enzymes, such as gal1 or gal10.	Galactose	214-223	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	348-353
3510183-8	1986	Temperature shift experiments with one of those mutants led to the conclusion that the GAL3 function is required not only for the initiation of enzyme induction but also for the maintenance of the induced state in galactose-nonfermenting S. cerevisiae because of a defect in any of the genes for the galactose-catabolizing enzymes, such as gal1 or gal10.	Galactose	300-309	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	87-91
3510183-10	1986	Thus, the normal catabolism of galactose can substitute for the GAL3 function.	Galactose	31-40	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	64-68
3091920-7	1986	The source of galactose metabolites, which may begin to accumulate prenatally and continue to damage the gonad in the postnatal period, is likely to be derived from the diet and from the endogenous synthesis of Gal-1-P from glucose via a variety of metabolic pathways.	Galactose	14-23	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	211-216
3098542-4	1986	This showed that the basement membrane thickening and the ultrastructural changes in the retinal capillaries that were induced by the galactose diet were inhibited by the addition of an aldose reductase inhibitor.	Galactose	134-143	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	186-202
3018689-3	1986	Retrodifferentiation of HT29-18 cells (after substitution of galactose for glucose) resulted in a partial reversion of VIP receptor activity.	Galactose	61-70	vasoactive intestinal peptide	Homo sapiens	119-122
3935432-3	1985	Two major polypeptide species (interleukin-2 N1 and N2, 16.5 kDa) were shown to be glycosylated on the basis of [3H]galactose/[3H]glucosamine incorporation and determination of amino sugars after acid hydrolysis.	Galactose	116-125	interleukin 2	Homo sapiens	31-44
2415652-4	1985	Oligosaccharides, O-linked to serine or threonine, were present in ElBre hCG beta, presumably on its CTE as judged by the complete binding of desialylated ElBre hCG beta to immobilized peanut agglutinin (this lectin is specific for terminal galactose linked beta 1----3 to N-acetylgalactosamine, a disaccharide exposed after desialylation of the O-linked oligosaccharides of standard hCG beta).	Galactose	241-250	chorionic gonadotropin subunit beta 3	Homo sapiens	73-81
3912401-3	1985	We found that a modified form of L15, containing 10 mM-fructose instead of galactose, supported high density growth of Vero and MDCK cells, with maintenance of a stable pH and lactate/pyruvate ratio.	Galactose	75-84	immunoglobulin kappa variable 1D-16	Homo sapiens	33-36
4067776-2	1985	The mean absorption rates of glucose and galactose were 26.5 and 43.8 mumol min-1 30 cm-1, respectively, and were significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) to 13 and 22%, respectively, of intake.	Galactose	41-50	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	76-81
2932469-10	1985	Sialic acid and galactose quantification of the patient"s vWf revealed approximately a 50% reduction compared with normal vWf.	Galactose	16-25	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	58-61
2416892-11	1985	More complex galactose- and fucose-substituted lactoseries structures recognized by MAbs LD2, KH10, TC6, TD10, LA4, and anti-Lewis a are segregated on subsets of DRG neurons that differ in their expression of substance P, somatostatin, and fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase and in their laminar termination in the superficial dorsal horn.	Galactose	13-22	somatostatin	Rattus norvegicus	222-234
4095364-0	1985	D-galactose uptake by snail intestine: competitive inhibition by phlorizin and sodium dependence.	Galactose	0-11	snail family transcriptional repressor 1	Homo sapiens	22-27
4095364-1	1985	The net entry of galactose into the tissue of snail everted intestinal rings with 2 or 15 minute long incubation periods has been measured.	Galactose	17-26	snail family transcriptional repressor 1	Homo sapiens	46-51
4052441-7	1985	The immunoadsorbable lipoprotein lipase in the intracellular compartment has a [14C]mannose to [3H]galactose ratio of 0.15 and this ratio increased 6-fold in monensin-treated cells.	Galactose	99-108	lipoprotein lipase	Rattus norvegicus	21-39
2931118-3	1985	The stimulation of galactosyltransferase was accompanied by a decrease in Km of this enzyme from 9.7 to 3.3. mM and an increase in Vmax from 1.87 to 3.71 nmol galactose transferred/min per mg galactosyltransferase when GlcNAc was the substrate.	Galactose	159-168	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Bos taurus	19-40
2931118-3	1985	The stimulation of galactosyltransferase was accompanied by a decrease in Km of this enzyme from 9.7 to 3.3. mM and an increase in Vmax from 1.87 to 3.71 nmol galactose transferred/min per mg galactosyltransferase when GlcNAc was the substrate.	Galactose	159-168	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Bos taurus	192-213
2931118-4	1985	When the Km for UDPgalactose was determined, it increased from 0.19 to 0.42 mM in the presence of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I and the Vmax increased from 0.66 to 2.76 nmol galactose transferred/min per mg galactosyltransferase.	Galactose	19-28	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Bos taurus	211-232
3927985-0	1985	Aldose reductase, NADPH and NADP+ in normal, galactose-fed and diabetic rat lens.	Galactose	45-54	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
4074713-8	1985	The oligosaccharides isolated from the Fab fragments also contained more galactose and bisecting N-acetylglucosamine residues than those from the Fc fragments.	Galactose	73-82	FA complementation group B	Homo sapiens	39-42
2992810-0	1985	Generation of a soluble IFN-gamma inducer by oxidation of galactose residues on macrophages.	Galactose	58-67	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	24-33
2995422-7	1985	Human R type binders of Cbl, which are glycoproteins and some having a terminal galactose, were bound by the HepG2 cells.	Galactose	80-89	Cbl proto-oncogene	Homo sapiens	24-27
3875670-8	1985	The reversibility of the galactose metabolic pathway was demonstrated by the addition of an excess of the unlabeled sugar to the labeled platelets and by the effect of thrombin and collagen on the TCA-precipitable radioactivity.	Galactose	25-34	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	168-176
2851900-6	1985	The fused gene on any type of vector was induced by galactose and repressed by glucose as for the GAL7 gene on the chromosome.	Galactose	52-61	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	98-102
4030768-7	1985	Splenic cells incorporated [3H]galactose in both gp2 and gp3 but not in gp3pr.	Galactose	31-40	glycoprotein 2 (zymogen granule membrane)	Mus musculus	49-52
2992810-5	1985	Galactose oxidase or sodium periodate only activated murine macrophages to stimulate lymphocyte IFN-gamma production after exposing D-galactose residues by the removal of the terminal N-acetyl-neuraminic acid residues with neuraminidase.	Galactose	132-143	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	96-105
2992810-6	1985	Removal of such exposed terminal galactose residues with beta-galactosidase inhibited the effect of galactose oxidase on murine macrophages.	Galactose	33-42	galactosidase, beta 1	Mus musculus	57-75
2992810-9	1985	Based on these findings, it appears that the oxidation of terminal galactose residues on the surface of macrophages leads to the induction and transmission of a soluble signal for lymphocyte production of IFN-gamma.	Galactose	67-76	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	205-214
4016113-5	1985	RMI 12330A and the calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine abolished the theophylline-effects on intestinal galactose transport.	Galactose	106-115	calmodulin 1	Rattus norvegicus	19-29
3161507-5	1985	The binding of IgM and IgG coated red blood cells to liver macrophages could not be blocked by potent inhibitors for mannose- and galactose-specific macrophage lectins such as mannan, D-mannose-bovine serum albumin, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, D-galactose-bovine serum albumin, or asialofetuin.	Galactose	242-253	immunoglobulin heavy chain 6	Rattus norvegicus	15-18
2860973-1	1985	Molecules carrying SSEA-1 were isolated from [3H]galactose-labeled embryonal carcinoma cells by detergent solubilization followed by indirect immunoprecipitation.	Galactose	49-58	fucosyltransferase 4	Mus musculus	19-25
2415138-3	1985	The trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor aprotinin was coupled to (carboxymethyl)dextran derivatives of D-galactose.	Galactose	96-107	pancreatic trypsin inhibitor	Bos taurus	33-42
2415138-7	1985	The conjugates of aprotinin with (carboxymethyl)dextran derivatives of D-galactose were characterized by decreased clearance rates; they accumulated in the active form in liver.	Galactose	71-82	pancreatic trypsin inhibitor	Bos taurus	18-27
4008485-3	1985	The neutral mucin (less than 1.0 mol % sialic acid) was the major species (greater than 80% by weight) and contained a higher molar proportion of fucose, galactose, and N-acetylglucosamine, and a lower proportion of sialic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine than the acidic species (greater than 10 mol % sialic acid).	Galactose	154-163	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	12-17
2864750-5	1985	Treatment of intact FVIII/vWF with beta-D-galactosidase results in the removal of 20% of galactose (agalacto FVIII/vWF) whereas 55% of galactose is released from asialo FVIII/vWF (asialo agalacto FVIII/vWF).	Galactose	89-98	coagulation factor VIII	Homo sapiens	20-25
2864750-5	1985	Treatment of intact FVIII/vWF with beta-D-galactosidase results in the removal of 20% of galactose (agalacto FVIII/vWF) whereas 55% of galactose is released from asialo FVIII/vWF (asialo agalacto FVIII/vWF).	Galactose	89-98	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	26-29
2864750-5	1985	Treatment of intact FVIII/vWF with beta-D-galactosidase results in the removal of 20% of galactose (agalacto FVIII/vWF) whereas 55% of galactose is released from asialo FVIII/vWF (asialo agalacto FVIII/vWF).	Galactose	89-98	coagulation factor VIII	Homo sapiens	109-114
2864750-5	1985	Treatment of intact FVIII/vWF with beta-D-galactosidase results in the removal of 20% of galactose (agalacto FVIII/vWF) whereas 55% of galactose is released from asialo FVIII/vWF (asialo agalacto FVIII/vWF).	Galactose	89-98	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	115-118
2864750-5	1985	Treatment of intact FVIII/vWF with beta-D-galactosidase results in the removal of 20% of galactose (agalacto FVIII/vWF) whereas 55% of galactose is released from asialo FVIII/vWF (asialo agalacto FVIII/vWF).	Galactose	89-98	coagulation factor VIII	Homo sapiens	109-114
2864750-5	1985	Treatment of intact FVIII/vWF with beta-D-galactosidase results in the removal of 20% of galactose (agalacto FVIII/vWF) whereas 55% of galactose is released from asialo FVIII/vWF (asialo agalacto FVIII/vWF).	Galactose	89-98	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	115-118
2864750-5	1985	Treatment of intact FVIII/vWF with beta-D-galactosidase results in the removal of 20% of galactose (agalacto FVIII/vWF) whereas 55% of galactose is released from asialo FVIII/vWF (asialo agalacto FVIII/vWF).	Galactose	89-98	coagulation factor VIII	Homo sapiens	109-114
2864750-5	1985	Treatment of intact FVIII/vWF with beta-D-galactosidase results in the removal of 20% of galactose (agalacto FVIII/vWF) whereas 55% of galactose is released from asialo FVIII/vWF (asialo agalacto FVIII/vWF).	Galactose	89-98	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	115-118
2864750-5	1985	Treatment of intact FVIII/vWF with beta-D-galactosidase results in the removal of 20% of galactose (agalacto FVIII/vWF) whereas 55% of galactose is released from asialo FVIII/vWF (asialo agalacto FVIII/vWF).	Galactose	135-144	coagulation factor VIII	Homo sapiens	20-25
2864750-5	1985	Treatment of intact FVIII/vWF with beta-D-galactosidase results in the removal of 20% of galactose (agalacto FVIII/vWF) whereas 55% of galactose is released from asialo FVIII/vWF (asialo agalacto FVIII/vWF).	Galactose	135-144	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	26-29
2864750-8	1985	Removal of either ultimate (agalacto FVIII/vWF) or ultimate and penultimate (asialo-agalacto FVIII/vWF) galactose results in the same loss of the larger molecular weight multimers and in an increase of smaller multimers.	Galactose	104-113	coagulation factor VIII	Homo sapiens	93-98
2864750-8	1985	Removal of either ultimate (agalacto FVIII/vWF) or ultimate and penultimate (asialo-agalacto FVIII/vWF) galactose results in the same loss of the larger molecular weight multimers and in an increase of smaller multimers.	Galactose	104-113	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	99-102
4005322-7	1985	Cathepsin D contains 6.4% carbohydrates consisting of mannose, galactose, fucose and glucosamine at a ratio of 3:9:2:2.	Galactose	63-72	cathepsin D	Oryctolagus cuniculus	0-11
4063438-5	1985	Preincubation of spermatozoa with neuraminidase (NEUA) exposed galactose residues that had not been labeled with GAO alone (i.e., 97K, 43K, 24K) in both cauda epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa.	Galactose	63-72	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	34-47
4063438-5	1985	Preincubation of spermatozoa with neuraminidase (NEUA) exposed galactose residues that had not been labeled with GAO alone (i.e., 97K, 43K, 24K) in both cauda epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa.	Galactose	63-72	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	49-53
3927048-8	1985	Purified galactosyltransferase and components F-1 and F-2 all catalyzed the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to alkali-stable beta-N-glycosidic acceptors, as well as to alkali-labile beta-O-glycosidic mucin-type acceptors.	Galactose	88-97	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	54-57
4028788-1	1985	We have demonstrated an increase in activity of arylsulfatase A and B during galactose induced cataract development in rats.	Galactose	77-86	arylsulfatase A	Rattus norvegicus	48-69
4028788-9	1985	Galactose induced damage to lens morphology and increase in activity of arylsulfatase A and B was inhibited by inclusion of 50mg/Kg (diet) Sorbinil in the galactose containing cataractogenic diet.	Galactose	0-9	arylsulfatase A	Rattus norvegicus	72-93
4028788-9	1985	Galactose induced damage to lens morphology and increase in activity of arylsulfatase A and B was inhibited by inclusion of 50mg/Kg (diet) Sorbinil in the galactose containing cataractogenic diet.	Galactose	155-164	arylsulfatase A	Rattus norvegicus	72-93
4010269-12	1985	More importantly, to our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that exogenously administered gastrin can increase absorption of carbohydrate (galactose; P less than 0.01) and protein (glycine; P less than 0.05).	Galactose	147-156	gastrin	Rattus norvegicus	98-105
3924026-2	1985	One enzyme transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to form a beta-(1----4)-linkage to GlcNAc (N-acetylglucosamine) or AsAgAGP [asialo-agalacto-(alpha 1-acid glycoprotein)].	Galactose	21-30	orosomucoid 1 (ovoglycoprotein)	Gallus gallus	143-169
16664109-5	1985	In addition, the presence of 30 millimolar d-galactose, a hapten of soybean seed lectin, in the root exudate or soybean seed lectin pretreatment solution prevents enhancement of nodulation of strain HS111.	Galactose	43-54	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	81-87
2859339-5	1985	Lymphocyte proliferation induced by these active fractions was specifically inhibited by asialofetuin (P less than .001), which contains three terminal beta 1-4 linked galactose residues.	Galactose	168-177	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	152-160
3993931-2	1985	A galactosyl-Sepharose affinity matrix was used to bind ricin toxin and its associated agglutinin, which both bind specifically to galactose, from a crude extract.	Galactose	131-140	ricin	Ricinus communis	56-61
3993931-3	1985	The selective elution of ricin toxin and agglutinin was then achieved by eluting the affinity column with a galactose gradient, which sequentially elutes the two proteins due to a difference in binding avidity to the matrix.	Galactose	108-117	ricin	Ricinus communis	25-30
3886158-5	1985	A single near-consensus synthetic 17 bp oligonucleotide, installed in front of the yeast GAL1 or CYC1 transcription units, conferred a high level of galactose inducibility upon these genes.	Galactose	149-158	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	89-93
3886158-5	1985	A single near-consensus synthetic 17 bp oligonucleotide, installed in front of the yeast GAL1 or CYC1 transcription units, conferred a high level of galactose inducibility upon these genes.	Galactose	149-158	cytochrome c isoform 1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	97-101
16664109-5	1985	In addition, the presence of 30 millimolar d-galactose, a hapten of soybean seed lectin, in the root exudate or soybean seed lectin pretreatment solution prevents enhancement of nodulation of strain HS111.	Galactose	43-54	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	125-131
16664109-6	1985	Pretreatment of mutant strain HS111 in soybean root exudate which has had galactose-specific lectin(s) removed by affinity chromatography (affinity eluate) results in no enhancement of nodulation by strain HS111.	Galactose	74-83	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	93-99
3918040-10	1985	The O-linked oligosaccharides from both MAT-B1 and MAT-C1 ASGP-1 have been shown to contain a core tetrasaccharide Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1-6)(Gal(beta 1-3]GalNAc in which both galactose residues may be linked to additional sugars (Hull, S. R., Laine, R. A., Kaizu, T., Rodriquez, I., and Carraway, K. L. (1984) J. Biol.	Galactose	179-188	mucin 4, cell surface associated	Rattus norvegicus	58-64
3871874-4	1985	The amino acid composition of gp 160 is compatible with the linkage of carbohydrates (galactose, glucosamine, and sialic acid) to the protein portion.	Galactose	86-95	leucyl/cystinyl aminopeptidase	Mus musculus	30-36
3883985-0	1985	Human serum amyloid P component, a circulating lectin with specificity for the cyclic 4,6-pyruvate acetal of galactose.	Galactose	109-118	amyloid P component, serum	Homo sapiens	6-31
3967040-2	1985	The mucin contained 11% carbohydrate, largely as glucosamine, galactose and N-acetylneuraminic acid, and 19% lipid, of which 86% was unesterified fatty acid.	Galactose	62-71	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	4-9
2983337-8	1985	F, the only glycoprotein on the HN- virus, was shown to compete with the galactose-terminated protein asialoorosomucoid for the ASGP-R.	Galactose	73-82	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	128-134
3883985-5	1985	SAP was found to bind in vitro to Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis, the cell wall of which is known to contain this particular cyclic pyruvate acetal of galactose.	Galactose	148-157	amyloid P component, serum	Homo sapiens	0-3
3979092-0	1985	Mitosis in the lens epithelium of the galactose-fed rat after prolactin treatment.	Galactose	38-47	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	62-71
3916808-7	1985	A gal2 mutation (defective in galactose uptake) partly relieved growth inhibition caused by excess galactose.	Galactose	30-39	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	2-6
3916808-7	1985	A gal2 mutation (defective in galactose uptake) partly relieved growth inhibition caused by excess galactose.	Galactose	99-108	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	2-6
2856899-11	1985	Galactose-terminated glycoproteins impede CEA and NCA clearance in vivo but not Kupffer cell endocytosis in vitro.	Galactose	0-9	CEA cell adhesion molecule 20	Rattus norvegicus	42-45
2856899-13	1985	However, the released CEA contains species with higher isoelectric points, suggesting that perhaps the removal of sialic acid and the resulting exposure of galactose residues mediate the subsequent transfer to the hepatocyte.	Galactose	156-165	CEA cell adhesion molecule 20	Rattus norvegicus	22-25
4053569-2	1985	The hexose (galactose + mannose) content of Macaca transferrin is 4.7 mole per mole of protein.	Galactose	12-21	INHCAP	Macaca fascicularis	51-62
3979092-2	1985	Our findings indicate that prolactin had a stimulatory effect on galactose-triggered mitosis within 24 hours after hormone administration.	Galactose	65-74	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	27-36
3979092-3	1985	After three full days of galactose-feeding and daily prolactin injections, lens epithelia from prolactin treated rats had fewer mitoses than those from saline-injected controls.	Galactose	25-34	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	95-104
3979092-4	1985	At the time when the number of mitoses had fallen to a subnormal level due to galactose-feeding (i.e., after 7 days), lenses of prolactin-treated animals exhibited less of a decrease in mitotic activity.	Galactose	78-87	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	128-137
3979092-5	1985	Thus, it seems that prolactin modulates the mitotic response of lens epithelial cells when animals are on a galactose-rich diet.	Galactose	108-117	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	20-29
3908221-1	1985	Transcription of the tightly linked genes GAL7-GAL10-GAL1 encoding three galactose-metabolizing enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by an interplay of the positive regulatory gene GAL4 and the negative regulatory gene GAL80.	Galactose	73-82	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	42-46
3908221-1	1985	Transcription of the tightly linked genes GAL7-GAL10-GAL1 encoding three galactose-metabolizing enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by an interplay of the positive regulatory gene GAL4 and the negative regulatory gene GAL80.	Galactose	73-82	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	47-52
3908221-1	1985	Transcription of the tightly linked genes GAL7-GAL10-GAL1 encoding three galactose-metabolizing enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by an interplay of the positive regulatory gene GAL4 and the negative regulatory gene GAL80.	Galactose	73-82	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	47-51
3908221-1	1985	Transcription of the tightly linked genes GAL7-GAL10-GAL1 encoding three galactose-metabolizing enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by an interplay of the positive regulatory gene GAL4 and the negative regulatory gene GAL80.	Galactose	73-82	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	193-197
3908221-1	1985	Transcription of the tightly linked genes GAL7-GAL10-GAL1 encoding three galactose-metabolizing enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by an interplay of the positive regulatory gene GAL4 and the negative regulatory gene GAL80.	Galactose	73-82	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	231-236
3908221-3	1985	The intracellular concentration of GAL80 mRNA increased by changing the carbon source to galactose by a factor of more than 5, in contrast to a GAL4 mRNA concentration which is essentially unaffected by galactose [Laughon and Gesteland, Proc.	Galactose	89-98	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	35-40
6393054-1	1984	The GAL80 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a negative regulatory protein for the set of inducible genes involving metabolism of galactose and melibiose.	Galactose	136-145	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-9
6209001-7	1984	Purified galactosyltransferase catalyzed the transfer of galactose to four types of acceptors: (a) alkali-stable N-glycosidic glycoproteins; (b) alkali-labile mucin-type acceptors; (c) N-acetylglucosamine; and (d) glucose in the presence of alpha-lactalbumin.	Galactose	57-66	lactalbumin alpha	Homo sapiens	241-258
6094514-2	1984	Mutants blocked in transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (sec18), from the Golgi body (sec7 and sec14), and in transport of secretory vesicles (sec1) show dramatically reduced assembly of galactose and arginine permease activities.	Galactose	191-200	AAA family ATPase SEC18	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	61-66
6094514-2	1984	Mutants blocked in transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (sec18), from the Golgi body (sec7 and sec14), and in transport of secretory vesicles (sec1) show dramatically reduced assembly of galactose and arginine permease activities.	Galactose	191-200	Arf family guanine nucleotide exchange factor SEC7	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	90-94
6094514-2	1984	Mutants blocked in transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (sec18), from the Golgi body (sec7 and sec14), and in transport of secretory vesicles (sec1) show dramatically reduced assembly of galactose and arginine permease activities.	Galactose	191-200	phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	99-104
3155566-1	1985	Mitogenic induction of interferon-gamma in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is prevented by enzymatic cleavage of galactose residues on the cell membrane, and by calcium depletion, suggesting that oxidation of galactose on the membrane glycoproteins and activation of a calcium flux across the membrane are critical events for interferon-gamma induction in nonspecifically stimulated human PBMC.	Galactose	129-138	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	23-39
3155566-1	1985	Mitogenic induction of interferon-gamma in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is prevented by enzymatic cleavage of galactose residues on the cell membrane, and by calcium depletion, suggesting that oxidation of galactose on the membrane glycoproteins and activation of a calcium flux across the membrane are critical events for interferon-gamma induction in nonspecifically stimulated human PBMC.	Galactose	225-234	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	23-39
3155566-1	1985	Mitogenic induction of interferon-gamma in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is prevented by enzymatic cleavage of galactose residues on the cell membrane, and by calcium depletion, suggesting that oxidation of galactose on the membrane glycoproteins and activation of a calcium flux across the membrane are critical events for interferon-gamma induction in nonspecifically stimulated human PBMC.	Galactose	225-234	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	342-358
3155566-3	1985	The results of these experiments show that also antigenic induction of interferon-gamma by purified protein derivative, tetanus toxoid, and MLR requires integrity of galactose residues and calcium intake suggesting that alteration of membrane-bound galactose and activation of a calcium flow are critical triggering events for both specific and nonspecific lymphocyte activation.	Galactose	166-175	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	71-87
3155566-3	1985	The results of these experiments show that also antigenic induction of interferon-gamma by purified protein derivative, tetanus toxoid, and MLR requires integrity of galactose residues and calcium intake suggesting that alteration of membrane-bound galactose and activation of a calcium flow are critical triggering events for both specific and nonspecific lymphocyte activation.	Galactose	249-258	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	71-87
6392017-4	1984	The snf2, snf4, and snf5 mutants produced little or no secreted invertase under derepressing conditions and were pleiotropically defective in galactose and glycerol utilization, which are both regulated by glucose repression.	Galactose	142-151	SWI/SNF catalytic subunit SNF2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
6392017-4	1984	The snf2, snf4, and snf5 mutants produced little or no secreted invertase under derepressing conditions and were pleiotropically defective in galactose and glycerol utilization, which are both regulated by glucose repression.	Galactose	142-151	Snf5p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	20-24
6239876-7	1984	Further treatment of von Willebrand factor with neuraminidase and beta-galactosidase reduced the D-galactose to 15% and ristocetin cofactor activity to 57%.	Galactose	97-108	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	21-42
6239876-7	1984	Further treatment of von Willebrand factor with neuraminidase and beta-galactosidase reduced the D-galactose to 15% and ristocetin cofactor activity to 57%.	Galactose	97-108	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	48-61
6096863-5	1984	The UASs are shown not to interrupt transcription of splicing in this construct since a GAL10 UAS positioned upstream of the TATA box gives rise to galactose-inducible expression of the tribrid gene.	Galactose	148-157	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	88-93
6239876-7	1984	Further treatment of von Willebrand factor with neuraminidase and beta-galactosidase reduced the D-galactose to 15% and ristocetin cofactor activity to 57%.	Galactose	97-108	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	66-84
6096864-3	1984	Fusions to derivatives lacking the his3 upstream promoter element but containing the "TATA box" place his3 expression under gal control--i.e., extremely high RNA levels in galactose-containing medium and essentially no his3 RNA in glucose-containing medium.	Galactose	172-181	imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase HIS3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	102-106
6096864-3	1984	Fusions to derivatives lacking the his3 upstream promoter element but containing the "TATA box" place his3 expression under gal control--i.e., extremely high RNA levels in galactose-containing medium and essentially no his3 RNA in glucose-containing medium.	Galactose	172-181	imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase HIS3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	102-106
6096864-4	1984	However, of the two normal his3 initiation sites, only the downstream one is activated by the gal element.	Galactose	94-97	imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase HIS3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	27-31
6095201-1	1984	A defined, "far upstream" promoter element, the Upstream Activator Sequence (UAS), which mediates the galactose dependent induction of expression of the GAL10 gene in yeast, is the locus of an anomalous, mainly expression independent chromatin structure.	Galactose	102-111	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	153-158
6525364-5	1984	It was thus concluded that in order for galactose-containing liposomes precipitation by lectin RCA1 to be induced, galactose should be separated from the liposome membrane with a distance not less than 7 A.	Galactose	40-49	von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor	Homo sapiens	95-99
6389533-2	1984	It was found that insulin decreased the infinite-cis Km for both D-glucose and D-galactose influx by 44 and 56%, respectively, while the Vmax was unchanged.	Galactose	79-90	insulin	Homo sapiens	18-25
6525364-5	1984	It was thus concluded that in order for galactose-containing liposomes precipitation by lectin RCA1 to be induced, galactose should be separated from the liposome membrane with a distance not less than 7 A.	Galactose	115-124	von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor	Homo sapiens	95-99
6441830-1	1984	In search of a beta-galactosidase which specifically hydrolyses beta 1----3 bound galactose residues in galacto-glycoconjugates, an acid beta-galactosidase from chicken liver was investigated.	Galactose	82-91	galactosidase beta 1	Gallus gallus	15-33
6238026-2	1984	The detergent-extracted membrane supernatant contains both beta 1-3- and beta 1-6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activities that transfer [3H]GlcNAc from UDP-[3H]GlcNAc to the terminal galactose of neolactotetraosylceramide (Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc-ceramide; nLcOse4ceramide), to form the Ii core structures.	Galactose	186-195	calcium channel, voltage-dependent, beta 3 subunit	Mus musculus	59-67
6526824-4	1984	This view was also supported by the almost exclusive addition of the terminal sugars such as N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, and sialic acid in GF1.	Galactose	114-123	GATA binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	144-147
6332856-1	1984	Generation of aldehydes on terminal D-galactose or N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues of cell surface glycoproteins by treatment with neuraminidase and galactose oxidase (NAGO) renders some types of cells mitogenic for T lymphocytes.	Galactose	36-47	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	133-146
6436236-11	1984	Since this glycolipid contains N-acetylgalactosamine linked beta 1,4 to galactose, it would appear that the N-acetylgalactosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of glycolipids is different from the UDP-GalNAc:glycoprotein N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase.	Galactose	72-81	beta-1,4-N-acetyl-galactosaminyl transferase 2	Mus musculus	228-261
6238026-2	1984	The detergent-extracted membrane supernatant contains both beta 1-3- and beta 1-6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activities that transfer [3H]GlcNAc from UDP-[3H]GlcNAc to the terminal galactose of neolactotetraosylceramide (Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc-ceramide; nLcOse4ceramide), to form the Ii core structures.	Galactose	186-195	basic helix-loop-helix family, member e23	Mus musculus	73-81
6238026-2	1984	The detergent-extracted membrane supernatant contains both beta 1-3- and beta 1-6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activities that transfer [3H]GlcNAc from UDP-[3H]GlcNAc to the terminal galactose of neolactotetraosylceramide (Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc-ceramide; nLcOse4ceramide), to form the Ii core structures.	Galactose	186-195	glucosaminyl (N-acetyl) transferase 2, I-branching enzyme	Mus musculus	82-113
6238026-2	1984	The detergent-extracted membrane supernatant contains both beta 1-3- and beta 1-6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activities that transfer [3H]GlcNAc from UDP-[3H]GlcNAc to the terminal galactose of neolactotetraosylceramide (Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc-ceramide; nLcOse4ceramide), to form the Ii core structures.	Galactose	186-195	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 9	Mus musculus	59-65
6238026-2	1984	The detergent-extracted membrane supernatant contains both beta 1-3- and beta 1-6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activities that transfer [3H]GlcNAc from UDP-[3H]GlcNAc to the terminal galactose of neolactotetraosylceramide (Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc-ceramide; nLcOse4ceramide), to form the Ii core structures.	Galactose	186-195	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 9	Mus musculus	73-79
6238026-2	1984	The detergent-extracted membrane supernatant contains both beta 1-3- and beta 1-6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activities that transfer [3H]GlcNAc from UDP-[3H]GlcNAc to the terminal galactose of neolactotetraosylceramide (Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc-ceramide; nLcOse4ceramide), to form the Ii core structures.	Galactose	186-195	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 9	Mus musculus	73-79
6206472-6	1984	Using this system, several recombinants with nearly full-length GAL1 cDNA inserts in a cDNA library made with galactose-induced yeast mRNA were identified.	Galactose	110-119	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	64-68
6434310-2	1984	Extracts of BHK (baby hamster kidney) cells catalyse incorporation of galactose from UDP-galactose into asialo bovine submaxillary gland mucin.	Galactose	70-79	mucin 1, cell surface associated	Bos taurus	137-142
6097485-11	1984	The HF-treated asialo-hCG, in which galactose residues are further removed, still reacts with the antiserum.	Galactose	36-45	glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide	Homo sapiens	22-25
6390184-4	1984	The chromosomal and single-copy centromeric plasmid locations of GAL7 were indistinguishable in their response to growth conditions (induction by galactose, repression by glucose) and positive and negative regulatory factors (GAL4 and GAL80).	Galactose	146-155	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	65-69
6426521-2	1984	The incorporation of the aminophenyl derivative of galactose into alpha-glucosidase caused some changes in the physiocochemical properties of the enzyme: a blue shift in the absorption maximum, an alteration of the total electric charge affecting electrophoretic mobility upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and acquisition of the ability to interact specifically with Ricinus communis agglutinin.	Galactose	51-60	alpha-glucosidase	Ricinus communis	66-83
6380309-4	1984	Glucose was shown to mediate this effect by the ability of intragastric skimmed milk, lactose, galactose, or D-glucose to return ODC induction, and the inability of casein, sucrose, fructose, L-glucose, or pyruvate plus lactate to do so.	Galactose	95-104	ornithine decarboxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	129-132
6092916-0	1984	Disruption of regulatory gene GAL80 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: effects on carbon-controlled regulation of the galactose/melibiose pathway genes.	Galactose	112-121	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	30-35
6092916-1	1984	In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the transcriptional expression of the galactose-melibiose catabolic pathway genes is under the control of at least three regulatory genes, GAL4, GAL80, and GAL3.	Galactose	67-76	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	168-172
6092916-1	1984	In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the transcriptional expression of the galactose-melibiose catabolic pathway genes is under the control of at least three regulatory genes, GAL4, GAL80, and GAL3.	Galactose	67-76	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	174-179
6092916-1	1984	In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the transcriptional expression of the galactose-melibiose catabolic pathway genes is under the control of at least three regulatory genes, GAL4, GAL80, and GAL3.	Galactose	67-76	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	185-189
6431895-1	1984	Previous studies using the lectin RCA-I from Ricinus communis have indicated that several lysosomal enzymes in the fibroblasts of patients deficient in beta-galactosidase carry excess terminal galactose.	Galactose	193-202	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	152-170
6737077-7	1984	The simulations indicated that radiopharmacokinetic sensitivity to alterations in [HBP] should be possible using a neoglycoalbumin preparation with a carbohydrate density within the range of 15 to 25 galactose units per albumin molecule.	Galactose	200-209	heme binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	83-86
6715128-6	1984	In addition, the authors compared PNA binding with that of Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA), another lectin that preferentially binds terminal D-galactose moieties.	Galactose	146-157	agglutinin	Ricinus communis	59-88
6715128-6	1984	In addition, the authors compared PNA binding with that of Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA), another lectin that preferentially binds terminal D-galactose moieties.	Galactose	146-157	agglutinin	Ricinus communis	90-93
6425277-1	1984	Preferential transfer of of galactose on the GlcNAc beta 1,2-Man alpha 1,3-branch of a complex biantennary Asn-linked oligosaccharide.	Galactose	28-37	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	52-60
6425277-3	1984	Purified rat liver Golgi galactosyltransferase was used with GlcNAc beta 1,2-Man alpha 1,6-(GlcNAc beta 1,2-Man alpha 1,3-)-Man beta 1,4-GlcNAc beta 1,4-(Fuc alpha 1,6-)-GlcNAc-Asn in order to determine the sequence of addition of Gal residues to the biantennary oligosaccharide.	Galactose	231-234	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 2	Homo sapiens	68-76
6425277-3	1984	Purified rat liver Golgi galactosyltransferase was used with GlcNAc beta 1,2-Man alpha 1,6-(GlcNAc beta 1,2-Man alpha 1,3-)-Man beta 1,4-GlcNAc beta 1,4-(Fuc alpha 1,6-)-GlcNAc-Asn in order to determine the sequence of addition of Gal residues to the biantennary oligosaccharide.	Galactose	231-234	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 2	Homo sapiens	99-107
6425277-5	1984	It was found that Gal was transferred at a much faster rate to the GlcNAc beta 1,2-Man alpha 1,3-branch than to the GlcNAc beta 1,2-Man alpha 1,6-branch, i.e. k1 was at least 5 times larger than k2.	Galactose	18-21	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	123-131
6425277-3	1984	Purified rat liver Golgi galactosyltransferase was used with GlcNAc beta 1,2-Man alpha 1,6-(GlcNAc beta 1,2-Man alpha 1,3-)-Man beta 1,4-GlcNAc beta 1,4-(Fuc alpha 1,6-)-GlcNAc-Asn in order to determine the sequence of addition of Gal residues to the biantennary oligosaccharide.	Galactose	231-234	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	68-74
6425277-3	1984	Purified rat liver Golgi galactosyltransferase was used with GlcNAc beta 1,2-Man alpha 1,6-(GlcNAc beta 1,2-Man alpha 1,3-)-Man beta 1,4-GlcNAc beta 1,4-(Fuc alpha 1,6-)-GlcNAc-Asn in order to determine the sequence of addition of Gal residues to the biantennary oligosaccharide.	Galactose	231-234	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	99-105
6425277-5	1984	It was found that Gal was transferred at a much faster rate to the GlcNAc beta 1,2-Man alpha 1,3-branch than to the GlcNAc beta 1,2-Man alpha 1,6-branch, i.e. k1 was at least 5 times larger than k2.	Galactose	18-21	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	74-82
6715281-1	1984	In Saccharomyces, the enzymes used to convert galactose to glucose are specified by three coordinately expressed, tightly linked genes, GAL7, GAL10, and GAL1.	Galactose	46-55	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	136-140
6608447-10	1984	A conjugate with diminished galactose-binding capacity was also prepared from the W3/25 monoclonal antibody which recognises an antigen upon helper T-lymphocytes in the rat.	Galactose	28-37	Cd4 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	82-87
6715281-1	1984	In Saccharomyces, the enzymes used to convert galactose to glucose are specified by three coordinately expressed, tightly linked genes, GAL7, GAL10, and GAL1.	Galactose	46-55	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	142-147
6715281-1	1984	In Saccharomyces, the enzymes used to convert galactose to glucose are specified by three coordinately expressed, tightly linked genes, GAL7, GAL10, and GAL1.	Galactose	46-55	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	142-146
6608576-8	1984	The molecular weight of FT-1 antigen on leukemia cells was estimated to be 130,000 by means of biosynthetic labeling with [3H]galactose and [35S]methionine.	Galactose	126-135	AKT interacting protein	Mus musculus	24-28
6715281-2	1984	These genes are induced by galactose and are controlled by the positive regulator gene gal4 and the negative regulator gene gal80.	Galactose	27-36	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	87-91
6715281-2	1984	These genes are induced by galactose and are controlled by the positive regulator gene gal4 and the negative regulator gene gal80.	Galactose	27-36	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	124-129
6715281-7	1984	By using various Saccharomyces DNA fragments, the accumulation of GAL1 and GAL10 RNA in yeast cells after induction with galactose was studied.	Galactose	121-130	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	66-70
6715281-7	1984	By using various Saccharomyces DNA fragments, the accumulation of GAL1 and GAL10 RNA in yeast cells after induction with galactose was studied.	Galactose	121-130	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	75-80
6707579-0	1984	Binding specificity of serum amyloid P component for the pyruvate acetal of galactose.	Galactose	76-85	amyloid P component, serum	Homo sapiens	23-48
6230110-3	1984	The N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases I and II (enzymes which attach N-acetylglucosamine to either the 3" or 6" core mannose, respectively) were assayed with structurally-defined glycopeptides as specific acceptors and galactosyltransferase was assayed with asialo, agalactosylfetuin (galactose is attached to exposed N-acetylglucosamine termini).	Galactose	284-293	alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	4-45
6709045-1	1984	alpha-Lactalbumin (alpha-LA) is a milk protein that interacts with the enzyme galactosyltransferase, modifying its substrate specificity in a way which promotes the transfer of galactose to glucose, resulting in a way which promotes the transfer of galactose to glucose, resulting in a beta-1----4 glycosidic linkage and the synthesis of lactose.	Galactose	177-186	lactalbumin, alpha	Rattus norvegicus	0-17
6709045-1	1984	alpha-Lactalbumin (alpha-LA) is a milk protein that interacts with the enzyme galactosyltransferase, modifying its substrate specificity in a way which promotes the transfer of galactose to glucose, resulting in a way which promotes the transfer of galactose to glucose, resulting in a beta-1----4 glycosidic linkage and the synthesis of lactose.	Galactose	177-186	lactalbumin, alpha	Rattus norvegicus	19-27
6709045-1	1984	alpha-Lactalbumin (alpha-LA) is a milk protein that interacts with the enzyme galactosyltransferase, modifying its substrate specificity in a way which promotes the transfer of galactose to glucose, resulting in a way which promotes the transfer of galactose to glucose, resulting in a beta-1----4 glycosidic linkage and the synthesis of lactose.	Galactose	249-258	lactalbumin, alpha	Rattus norvegicus	0-17
6709045-1	1984	alpha-Lactalbumin (alpha-LA) is a milk protein that interacts with the enzyme galactosyltransferase, modifying its substrate specificity in a way which promotes the transfer of galactose to glucose, resulting in a way which promotes the transfer of galactose to glucose, resulting in a beta-1----4 glycosidic linkage and the synthesis of lactose.	Galactose	249-258	lactalbumin, alpha	Rattus norvegicus	19-27
6608558-2	1984	Using mouse bone marrow cells cultured in microtiter plates, we show that addition of CSF indeed results in dose-dependent stimulation of incorporation of galactose into their membrane glycoconjugates.	Galactose	155-164	colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)	Mus musculus	86-89
6608558-3	1984	Maximum stimulation of galactose incorporation occurs between 16 and 24 h of culture in the presence of CSF.	Galactose	23-32	colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)	Mus musculus	104-107
6363072-1	1984	An intramolecular turnover of the terminal carbohydrates L-fucose, N-acetylneuraminic acid and D-galactose is a characteristic property of several liver plasma membrane glycoproteins, first demonstrated for dipeptidylaminopeptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.5., DPP IV).	Galactose	95-106	dipeptidylpeptidase 4	Rattus norvegicus	250-256
6363541-2	1984	The LPS of the galactose epimerase-deficient E. coli J5 mutant was specifically radiolabeled with [3H]galactose by growing the organism in a basic salts medium containing galactose.	Galactose	15-24	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	4-7
6363541-2	1984	The LPS of the galactose epimerase-deficient E. coli J5 mutant was specifically radiolabeled with [3H]galactose by growing the organism in a basic salts medium containing galactose.	Galactose	102-111	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	4-7
6710082-7	1984	The mechanism of AP-induced immunosuppression is still unclear, but human SAP circulates as a pair of pentameric rings, having ten identical subunits that bind to galactose polymers, and our present data suggest that AP affects the immune response through its properties as a lectin.	Galactose	163-172	SH2 domain containing 1A	Homo sapiens	74-77
6712616-10	1984	Testicular transferrin, isolated from cell culture medium, had increased amounts of glucose, galactose and glucosamine.	Galactose	93-102	transferrin	Rattus norvegicus	11-22
6422851-1	1984	Sequential digestion of human thrombin and antithrombin with neuraminidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase D resulted in the successive removal of sialic acid, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and mannose and more N-acetylglucosamine residues.	Galactose	217-226	O-GlcNAcase	Homo sapiens	96-124
6422851-1	1984	Sequential digestion of human thrombin and antithrombin with neuraminidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase D resulted in the successive removal of sialic acid, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and mannose and more N-acetylglucosamine residues.	Galactose	217-226	O-GlcNAcase	Homo sapiens	135-163
24253332-4	1984	On the other hand, the synthesis of exocellular polysaccharides composed of glucose, galactose, mannose and arabinose etc., was stimulated and a clear increase of the Man/Ara ratio was observed in the presence of GA3.	Galactose	85-94	succinyl-CoA:glutarate-CoA transferase	Homo sapiens	213-216
6366516-1	1984	The GAL4 gene encodes a positive regulator of the galactose-inducible genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	50-59	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
6366517-1	1984	We placed the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL4 gene under control of the galactose regulatory system by fusing it to the S. cerevisiae GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	70-79	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	39-43
6366517-1	1984	We placed the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL4 gene under control of the galactose regulatory system by fusing it to the S. cerevisiae GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	70-79	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	132-136
6366517-2	1984	After induction with galactose, GAL4 is now transcribed at about 1,000-fold higher levels than in wild-type S. cerevisiae.	Galactose	21-30	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-36
6242442-1	1984	The control of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis was investigated by studying the kinetic and regulatory properties of some enzymes involved in the formation of UDP-sugar precursors: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 4"-epimerase, catalyzing the interconversion of hexosamine precursors and UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and UDP-glucose 4"-epimerase, utilizing UDP-glucose for the formation of uronic acid and galactose precursors.	Galactose	393-402	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Bos taurus	180-216
6200133-4	1983	These results suggest that the primary requirement for entry of P. falciparum merozoites into human red cells is the recognition of a carbohydrate structure present on glycophorin A or B which includes sialic acid and galactose, but is not necessarily clustered at the N-terminal end of the molecule.	Galactose	218-227	glycophorin A (MNS blood group)	Homo sapiens	168-181
6320474-5	1984	The galactose tolerance test as well as the two-stage glucagon stimulation test suggested a decrease in activity of both amylo-1,6-glucosidase and glucose-6-phosphatase enzymes.	Galactose	4-13	glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Homo sapiens	147-168
6317691-11	1983	These studies suggest that the apparent differences in molecular weight between the precursor and mature forms of the LDL receptor are largely, if not entirely, due to the addition of sialic acid and galactose residues to the O-linked GalNAc residues.	Galactose	200-209	low density lipoprotein receptor	Homo sapiens	118-130
6140951-1	1983	The amphipathic form of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase was labeled either by reductive methylation of primary amino groups or by galactose oxidase/NaB3H4 labeling of galactose residues.	Galactose	127-136	inactive glutathione hydrolase 2	Homo sapiens	24-52
6364983-2	1983	Binding of the insulin-ricin B hybrid to minimal-deviation hepatoma cells occurred primarily through ricin-specified cell-surface carbohydrates (galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine) since 125I-insulin-ricin B binding to cells could be 90% displaced by 50 mM lactose.	Galactose	145-154	insulin	Homo sapiens	15-22
6226656-7	1983	The oligosaccharides of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor secreted from 1-deoxynojirimycin-treated cells were characterized by their susceptibility to endoglucosaminidase H, incorporation of [3H]galactose, and [3H]fucose and concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography.	Galactose	190-199	serpin family A member 1	Rattus norvegicus	24-52
6639963-2	1983	This method, which utilizes high performance liquid chromatography, distinguishes addition of sialic acid to the N-acetylgalactosamine vs. galactose residues of the mucin disaccharide Gal beta(1 leads to 3)GalNac, and can be used to distinguish formation of the 3"- and 6"-isomers of sialyllactose.	Galactose	139-148	mucin 1, cell surface associated	Bos taurus	165-170
6357942-1	1983	Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking glucokinase (EC 2.7.1.2) have no discernible phenotypic difference from the wild-type strain; in a hexokinaseless background, however, they are unable to grow on any sugar except galactose.	Galactose	223-232	glucokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	44-55
6643456-8	1983	The latter two are newly identified compounds and DG-4 contains a sugar sequence that has not been described previously, sialic acid residues linked to different hydroxyl groups of the same galactose.	Galactose	190-199	desmoglein 3	Homo sapiens	50-54
6615729-6	1983	The CDA II anion transport protein had a substantially reduced content of N-acetylglucosamine and galactose, which probably reflects a reduction in the number of N-acetyl-lactosamine units carried by the protein.	Galactose	98-107	SEC23 homolog B, COPII coat complex component	Homo sapiens	4-10
6612330-1	1983	A twofold thickening of capillary basement membranes of rat retinas resulting from dietary galactose was prevented by sorbinil, an inhibitor of aldose reductase.	Galactose	91-100	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	144-160
6357951-8	1983	Proinsulin was detected by radioimmunoassay for human C-peptide only in cells induced with galactose, and was not detected in the gene fusions that were out of phase with the GAL1 leader sequence.	Galactose	91-100	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-10
6617878-4	1983	The combined Mg2+ and Mn2+ contents of 10 lectins specific for D-galactose or N-acetyl-D-galactosamine were each close to one atom per subunit, suggesting occupancy of the Mn2+ site by Mg2+ is common in plant lectins.	Galactose	63-74	mucin 7, secreted	Homo sapiens	13-16
6643422-10	1983	3) Monosubstitution of galactose occurred at C-3.	Galactose	23-32	complement C3	Homo sapiens	45-48
6193115-7	1983	In contrast, it appears that CBP35 represents a newly identified protein capable of binding to galactose-containing carbohydrates.	Galactose	95-104	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3	Mus musculus	29-34
6643422-13	1983	Furthermore, methylation analysis of the glycan from the in vivo grown tumors indicated that monosubstitution of glucosamine occurred at C-4 and that disubstitution of galactose occurred at least mainly at C-3 and C-6.	Galactose	168-177	complement C3	Homo sapiens	206-209
6606875-8	1983	These latter cells, in addition, exhibit a cell membrane-bound lectin with a specificity for D-galactose which might well be the structure responsible for binding the galactosyl residues of the peanut lectin receptor of thymic lymphocytes.	Galactose	93-104	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	63-69
6606875-8	1983	These latter cells, in addition, exhibit a cell membrane-bound lectin with a specificity for D-galactose which might well be the structure responsible for binding the galactosyl residues of the peanut lectin receptor of thymic lymphocytes.	Galactose	93-104	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	201-207
6311200-1	1983	Homologous species specificity is demonstrated with bovine and human thyroglobulin in which the two terminal sugars of the B carbohydrate chain, sialic acid and galactose have been removed by enzymatic hydrolysis.	Galactose	161-170	thyroglobulin	Homo sapiens	69-82
6615438-1	1983	Ganglioside GM1, 3H-labelled at the level of terminal galactose or of sphingosine, was intravenously injected into Swiss albino mice and some steps in its metabolic fate in the liver were investigated.	Galactose	54-63	coenzyme Q10A	Mus musculus	12-15
6345657-2	1983	Galactosyltransferase is a membrane-bound Golgi enzyme that transfers galactose directly from uridine diphosphogalactose (UDP-Gal) to terminal N-acetylglucosamine groups of N-asparagine-linked glycoproteins during secretion.	Galactose	70-79	glycoprotein alpha-galactosyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-21
6889001-6	1983	This was not due to the presence of a direct galactose oxidative pathway as assessed by the [14CO2] yield from C-1 and C-2 labeled galactose.	Galactose	131-140	complement C2	Rattus norvegicus	111-122
6867011-3	1983	Actively transported galactose (C-4 epimer) stimulated GIP release, but less than glucose.	Galactose	21-30	GIP	Canis lupus familiaris	55-58
6311416-1	1983	Epiglycanin, the major glycoprotein of TA3-Ha mammary carcinoma ascites cells, was radiolabeled with tritium in the terminal D-galactose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose residues.	Galactose	125-136	mucin 21	Mus musculus	0-11
6870934-9	1983	Amino acid analyses showed the two kininogen fractions to be rich in acidic amino acids and to have a total carbohydrate content of 8.5% consisting of galactose (1.2 to 1.5%), mannose (1.9 to 2.1%), N-acetylglucosamine (4.3 to 5.1%), N-acetylgalactosamine (0.3%), and sialic acid (0.68%).	Galactose	151-160	kininogen 2-like 1	Rattus norvegicus	35-44
6408092-1	1983	The effect of lipids singly and in combination on the ability of galactosyltransferase to transfer galactose to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-forming lactosamine and to glucose forming lactose has been studied.	Galactose	99-108	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Bos taurus	65-86
6850678-5	1983	These results indicate that the intraspecies variability of intestinal-mucin carbohydrates arises from the interdependent addition of galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose, and sulfate residues.	Galactose	134-143	mucin 3A, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	60-76
18551445-2	1983	This produces, however, a high concentration of galactose, which is inhibitory for the enzyme catalyst (beta-galactosidase).	Galactose	48-57	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	104-122
6882370-8	1983	The present results indicate that the lactoferrin-clearance pathway is distinct from several pathways mediating glycoprotein clearance through recognition of terminal galactose, fucose, N-acetylglucosamine or mannose.	Galactose	167-176	lactotransferrin	Mus musculus	38-49
6876436-1	1983	Reactivity of an antiserum against Fucose alpha-1 leads to 3 galactose linkage conjugated with bovine serum albumin to human colon adenocarcinoma was examined by indirect immunofluorescence using the frozen section of the specimen.	Galactose	61-70	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	42-49
6601805-3	1983	Release of penultimate galactose by beta-galactosidase or modification by galactose oxidase results in loss of the largest molecular weight multimers and increased numbers of intermediate and smaller multimers.	Galactose	23-32	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	36-54
6408264-9	1983	Finally examination of DNA fragments containing total deletions of both galactose promoters allows us to confirm that the flanking sequences contain no significant promoter activity and that the P1 and P2 promoters are principally responsible for galactose operon expression in vivo.	Galactose	247-256	replication initiation protein	Escherichia coli	195-204
6840091-2	1983	Direct evidence is given for the presence of glucose, mannose and galactose as the products of hydrolysis of hemoglobins A1a1, A1a2, A1b, A1c and A0.	Galactose	66-75	syntrophin beta 1	Homo sapiens	133-136
6404553-1	1983	As a prelude to studies using bovine N-acetylglucosaminide-beta-(1 leads to 4)-galactosyltransferase to label membrane-surface glycoproteins with isotopically enriched D-galactose, the structural specificity of the enzymic reaction with water-soluble, hen ovalbumin has been examined.	Galactose	168-179	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Bos taurus	79-100
6841013-4	1983	The results also further support the concept that in galactosemia the cataract is not caused by the toxic effects of galactose per se but by the consequence of the aldose reductase reaction.	Galactose	53-62	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	164-180
6682738-5	1983	If this difference, partly or fully, is due to extrahepatic extrarenal elimination, the clinical test for galactose elimination needs a correction (of the order of magnitude of 0.7 mmol min-1) to serve as an absolute measure of the hepatic functional capacity, but since the hepatic uptake rate may be underestimated following a single injection, the correction may be smaller.	Galactose	106-115	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	186-191
6346405-6	1983	Plasma GIP increased following the glucose or galactose load to 4360 or 1653 pg/ml, respectively.	Galactose	46-55	GIP	Canis lupus familiaris	7-10
6832715-4	1983	However, commercial preparations of lactulose are contaminated with galactose, which shows a competitive action to Gal-N.	Galactose	68-77	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	115-120
6343928-1	1983	A lectin (soybean agglutinin or SBA) conjugated with horseradish peroxidase was used to identify the intracellular membranes containing galactose or alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine in young chick ciliary ganglions.	Galactose	136-145	lectin	Glycine max	32-35
6409502-7	1983	The kappa-casein-like component of cynomolgus monkey was highly glycosylated (about 50% carbohydrate) similarly as human kappa-casein and the constituent carbohydrates were same as those detected in human kappa-casein (galactose, fucose, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, and sialic acid).	Galactose	219-228	casein kappa	Homo sapiens	4-16
6833882-6	1983	We have determined that apoA-IV is a glycoprotein containing 6% carbohydrate by weight (mannose 1.8%, galactose 1.55%, N-acetyl glucosamine 1.55%, sialic acid 1.1%).	Galactose	102-111	apolipoprotein A4	Homo sapiens	24-31
6416742-7	1983	The optimal conditions for the hydrolysis of the terminal galactose from GM1-ganglioside which does not occur in gastropods, such as T. cornutus, was found to require 40 mM NaCl and 1 mM sodium taurodeoxycholate at pH 3.0 in 50 mM sodium citrate buffer, conditions similar to those by mammalian beta-galactosidase.	Galactose	58-67	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	295-313
6346428-4	1983	Biosynthetic studies showing the incorporation of all four labeled monosaccharides (fucose, mannose, galactose and glucosamine) into the two major subunits of the insulin receptor suggested that both subunits were likely to contain carbohydrate chains of the complex, N-linked type.	Galactose	101-110	insulin receptor	Homo sapiens	163-179
6350827-3	1983	When the isolated gene was incorporated into a multi-copy plasmid, the GAL cluster genes in the host chromosome partially escaped the normal control; a yeast that harbors the plasmid bearing the GAL4 gene synthesized the galactose-metabolizing enzymes encoded by the GAL cluster genes at a low but significant level in the absence of galactose.	Galactose	221-230	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	195-199
6350827-3	1983	When the isolated gene was incorporated into a multi-copy plasmid, the GAL cluster genes in the host chromosome partially escaped the normal control; a yeast that harbors the plasmid bearing the GAL4 gene synthesized the galactose-metabolizing enzymes encoded by the GAL cluster genes at a low but significant level in the absence of galactose.	Galactose	334-343	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	195-199
6578391-9	1983	The lectin affinity of P24 derived from lymphoblasts is consistent with the presence of N-linked oligosaccharide chains having N-acetyl glucosamine residues, a mannose core, and a terminal D-galactose.	Galactose	189-200	transmembrane p24 trafficking protein 2	Homo sapiens	23-26
6669360-6	1983	Suppression of the development of X-ray cataract by galactose feeding may be related to the ability of this sugar, which accumulates in mouse lens due to the low levels of aldose reductase, to act as a free radical scavenger.	Galactose	52-61	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	172-188
7150660-3	1982	Heparin and galactose prevented gel formation of fibrinogen with substance 1.	Galactose	12-21	fibrinogen beta chain	Homo sapiens	49-59
6129975-10	1982	Thymocyte OX 2 contained higher levels of galactose and sialic acid but less fucose than brain OX 2.	Galactose	42-51	OX-2 membrane glycoprotein	Oryctolagus cuniculus	10-14
6760197-1	1982	We have identified the promoter region of the GAL10 gene (whose product is UDP-galactose epimerase) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; this promoter mediates galactose induction of transcription in conjunction with the product of the GAL4 regulatory gene.	Galactose	79-88	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	46-51
7178131-0	1982	Effect of prolactin on galactose-induced cataractogenesis in the rat.	Galactose	23-32	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	10-19
6760197-1	1982	We have identified the promoter region of the GAL10 gene (whose product is UDP-galactose epimerase) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; this promoter mediates galactose induction of transcription in conjunction with the product of the GAL4 regulatory gene.	Galactose	79-88	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	228-232
6760197-8	1982	This promoter is regulated in a manner analogous to GAL10; i.e., it is induced by galactose and responds to mutations in the GAL4 and GAL80 regulatory loci.	Galactose	82-91	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	52-57
6760197-8	1982	This promoter is regulated in a manner analogous to GAL10; i.e., it is induced by galactose and responds to mutations in the GAL4 and GAL80 regulatory loci.	Galactose	82-91	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	125-129
6760197-8	1982	This promoter is regulated in a manner analogous to GAL10; i.e., it is induced by galactose and responds to mutations in the GAL4 and GAL80 regulatory loci.	Galactose	82-91	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	134-139
6760197-11	1982	Thus, the picture of the GAL10 promoter that emerges is one of an upstream activation site that responds to the GAL4 product plus galactose, and a region of transcription initiation that may contain sequences that mediate glucose repression.	Galactose	130-139	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	25-30
6294656-1	1982	The GAL4 locus encodes a positive regulator of the inducible galactose and melibiose genes of yeast.	Galactose	61-70	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
6294656-5	1982	The concentration of the GAL4 transcript is about 0.1 per cell and is almost identical in galactose-induced and noninduced cells.	Galactose	90-99	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	25-29
6294656-6	1982	This result is consistent with a previously proposed model in which the activity of the GAL4 protein and not the transcription of the GAL4 gene is modulated by galactose induction.	Galactose	160-169	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	88-92
6294669-0	1982	Isolation of the yeast regulatory gene GAL4 and analysis of its dosage effects on the galactose/melibiose regulon.	Galactose	86-95	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	39-43
6294669-4	1982	Yeast transformed with GAL4-bearing plasmid become constitutive for expression of the galactose/melibiose genes, even in normally repressing (glucose) medium.	Galactose	86-95	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	23-27
6294669-5	1982	Multiple copies of the GAL4 plasmid also increase expression of the structural genes in inducing (galactose) medium and can partially overcome the effects of a dominant super-repressor mutant, GAL80S.	Galactose	98-107	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	23-27
7085646-3	1982	The carbohydrate composition of N-CAM includes 13 mol of sialic acid but only 1.4 mol of galactose/100 mol of amino acids, suggesting the presence of a sialic acid to protein linkage not previously observed in higher organisms.	Galactose	89-98	neural cell adhesion molecule 1	Gallus gallus	32-37
22055133-4	1982	Average galactose levels in soya flours, soya concentrates and soya isolates were 674,600 and 66 muM galactose equivalents per gram of product, respectively.	Galactose	8-17	latexin	Homo sapiens	97-100
16662534-6	1982	Binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled SBA to mycelial cell walls could be abolished by adding N-acetyl galactosamine or galactose.	Galactose	128-137	lectin	Glycine max	46-49
7052147-3	1982	The presence of covalently bound galactose derivative in the enzyme was followed by changes in the absorption spectra and electrophoretic mobility during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by the ability of modified alpha-glucosidase to interact specifically with castor-bean lectin (RCA II).	Galactose	33-42	alpha-glucosidase	Ricinus communis	220-237
7044212-2	1982	We describe the isolation of mutants which map the galactose promoters and which pinpoint the sites for the binding of the cyclic AMP-binding protein (CRP) and the galactose repressor.	Galactose	51-60	catabolite gene activator protein	Escherichia coli	151-154
6181882-4	1982	Addition of galactose to cultures of growing S. typhimurium, LT2-M1 reduced the binding of CF in 1-10 min, and numerous ferritin-free areas became visible.	Galactose	12-21	ferritin	Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium str. LT2	120-128
6807347-5	1982	Addition of 0.1 M galactose caused at pH 3.5, but not at pH 4.0 and 7.0, an increased formation of multimeric beta-galactosidase which eluted with the void volume of the column.	Galactose	18-27	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	110-128
6802482-2	1982	This cell surface material released by mild trypsin digestion from galactose-labeled human teratocarcinoma cells, Tera I and PA1, was digested extensively with pronase.	Galactose	67-76	PAXIP1 associated glutamate rich protein 1	Homo sapiens	125-128
7116620-0	1982	Elevated hemoglobin A1 in streptozotocin diabetic rats and in rats on sucrose and galactose-enriched diets.	Galactose	82-91	hemoglobin alpha, adult chain 1	Rattus norvegicus	9-22
7116620-3	1982	The purpose of this study was to show that increased HbA1 could be induced by feeding rats a diet enriched either by galactose or sucrose.	Galactose	117-126	hemoglobin alpha, adult chain 1	Rattus norvegicus	53-57
7116620-5	1982	Exposure to a diet of 40% galactose resulted in a diabetes-like state with polyuria, weight loss, muscle atrophy, fat depletion, bilateral cataracts, peripheral neuropathy and significantly elevated HbA1.	Galactose	26-35	hemoglobin alpha, adult chain 1	Rattus norvegicus	199-203
7060593-7	1982	The results show that distal sialic acids linked to galactose are readily available to neuraminidase, and that their negative charge gives an increased electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate.	Galactose	52-61	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	87-100
6800417-4	1982	Comparison of the purified normal and vWd f.VIIi/vWf protein revealed several abnormalities, including decreased concentration of f.VIII/vWf antigen; decreased specific vWf activity; absence of the larger molecular forms of the f.VIII/vWf protein; carbohydrate deficiencies affecting the sialic acid, penultimate galactose and N-acetylglucosamine moieties; and decreased binding of the f.VIII/vWf protein to its platelet receptor.	Galactose	313-322	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	49-52
6800417-6	1982	f.VIII/vWf protein to normal f.VIII/vWf protein that had been treated with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) to reduce the multimer size and then treated with specific exoglycosidases to remove the sialic acid and penultimate galactose residues revealed similar biologic properties.	Galactose	217-226	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	7-10
6799419-0	1982	Galactose cataract prevention with sorbinil, an aldose reductase inhibitor: a light microscopic study.	Galactose	0-9	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	48-64
7200439-4	1982	The administration of galactose to the newborn W/SSM rats (2 mg/g of body weight for 14 days) resulted in a sustained decline in the uptake of 14C-galactose by erythrocytes at least for five months, in an increase of glucoso-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and in a continuous fall of Gal-1-PUT activity.	Galactose	22-31	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	288-297
6952252-3	1982	By contrast, lectins that require exposed non-reducing galactose residues for binding (Ricinus communis agglutinin1 and Bauhinia purpurea agglutinin) preferentially labeled the mucin of less-differentiated goblet cells located in the lower portion of the colonic crypt.	Galactose	55-64	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	177-182
7087566-2	1982	The specific activity of galactokinase is three times higher in the fetal red cells than in adult cells, shows a significant difference in the Michaelis constant toward galactose, and is more thermostable.	Galactose	169-178	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	25-38
6274854-3	1982	About 80% of the total disaccharide synthesized at 200 mM N-acetylglucosamine was base-labile suggesting the 1,3-linkage, alpha-Lactalbumin inhibits galactose incorporation into galactosyl-beta 1,4-N-acetylglucosamine but has little or no effect on the activity of the 1,3-galactosyltransferase.	Galactose	149-158	lactalbumin, alpha	Rattus norvegicus	122-139
7053388-1	1982	Pulse-chase experiments measuring the rates of incorporation of radiolabeled glucosamine and galactose into intracellular vitellogenin show that glycosylation of this multicomponent protein occurs in a Golgi-enriched fraction isolated from homogenized liver slices.	Galactose	93-102	a1-a	Xenopus laevis	122-134
7056747-0	1982	An NMR study of 13C-enriched galactose attached to the single carbohydrate chain of hen ovalbumin.	Galactose	29-38	ovalbumin	Bos taurus	88-97
6800822-3	1981	The prothrombin index, representing the function of the endoplasmic reticulum, was reduced from 1.13 +/- 0.02 to 0.34 +/- 0.02 (arbitrary units) after 12 h, and it was restored after 96 h. The rapid normalization of the initial fall in the capacity to metabolize galactose reflects a two- to three-fold increase of the galactose metabolizing capacity of the remaining liver.	Galactose	263-272	coagulation factor II	Rattus norvegicus	4-15
6800822-3	1981	The prothrombin index, representing the function of the endoplasmic reticulum, was reduced from 1.13 +/- 0.02 to 0.34 +/- 0.02 (arbitrary units) after 12 h, and it was restored after 96 h. The rapid normalization of the initial fall in the capacity to metabolize galactose reflects a two- to three-fold increase of the galactose metabolizing capacity of the remaining liver.	Galactose	319-328	coagulation factor II	Rattus norvegicus	4-15
6275561-1	1981	Control SV40-transformed human fibroblasts can be readily adapted to growth on medium containing galactose as sole hexose source (galactose-MEH).	Galactose	97-106	epoxide hydrolase 1	Homo sapiens	140-143
6171633-4	1981	Less glucosamine was demonstrated chemically in a alpha 1-M purified from rats in the first week of deficiency; alpha 1-M from more severely deficient rats showed significant depressions of mannose, galactose, and glucosamine.	Galactose	199-208	pregnancy-zone protein	Rattus norvegicus	112-121
6275561-1	1981	Control SV40-transformed human fibroblasts can be readily adapted to growth on medium containing galactose as sole hexose source (galactose-MEH).	Galactose	130-139	epoxide hydrolase 1	Homo sapiens	140-143
6790542-4	1981	All these 95 oligosaccharides contain Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 lead to 3 repeating structures in their outer chain moieties, indicating that the tissues of GM1-gangliosidosis Type 2 patients do contain beta-galactosidase activity which releases readily galactose residue from such repeating sugar chains.	Galactose	263-272	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	212-230
7295796-2	1981	Yolk RBP was found to contain 5--6 mannose, five galactose, 12 N-acetylglucosamine and four sialic acid residues.	Galactose	49-58	riboflavin binding protein	Gallus gallus	5-8
6790534-6	1981	Rat alpha-1-antitrypsin contains 14.3 residues/mol of N-acetylglucosamine, 5.0 residues/mol of mannose, 4.2 residues/mol of galactose, and 5.8 residues/mol of sialic acid.	Galactose	124-133	serpin family A member 1	Homo sapiens	4-23
7028115-16	1981	A hydroxyl in the manno configuration at C-2 interferes with transport as D-talose (Ki = 35.4 mM) has a lower affinity than D-galactose.	Galactose	124-135	complement C2	Rattus norvegicus	41-44
7028115-21	1981	Fluorine solution at C-6 of D-galactose restores high affinity.	Galactose	28-39	complement C6	Rattus norvegicus	21-24
6271905-7	1981	HA2 virus infection of MK cells increased fucose and glucose, and decreased mannose and galactose levels.	Galactose	88-97	keratin 32	Homo sapiens	0-3
7032516-5	1981	The inactivation of hexokinase by Procion Green H-4G is competitively inhibited by the adenine nucleotides ATP and ADP and the sugar substrates D-glucose, D-mannose and D-fructose but not by nonsubstrates such as D-arabinose and D-galactose.	Galactose	229-240	hexokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	20-30
7324920-2	1981	Exclusion of dietary galactose and lactose in the two propositi resulted in a reduction of HbA1 levels to normal in one and towards normal in the other.	Galactose	21-30	hemoglobin subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	91-95
7324920-4	1981	Exclusion of dietary galactose and lactose in the two propositi resulted in a reduction of HbA1 levels to normal in one and towards normal in the other.	Galactose	21-30	hemoglobin subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	91-95
7324920-6	1981	Exclusion of dietary galactose and lactose in the two propositi resulted in a reduction of HbA1 levels to normal in one and towards normal in the other.	Galactose	21-30	hemoglobin subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	91-95
6782094-1	1981	A galactosyltransferase, which transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to N-acetylglucosamine, was purified 286,000-fold to homogeneity with 40% yield from human plasma by repeated affinity chromatography on alpha-lactalbumin-Sepharose.	Galactose	41-50	lactalbumin alpha	Homo sapiens	207-224
6789880-4	1981	Specific cleavage of the enzymatic product by beta-galactosidase indicated a beta-configuration for incorporated galactose.	Galactose	113-122	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	46-64
6789880-4	1981	Specific cleavage of the enzymatic product by beta-galactosidase indicated a beta-configuration for incorporated galactose.	Galactose	113-122	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	75-81
6791772-1	1981	The desialilation of 125I-labelled haptoglobin unmasks non-reducing galactose which has become terminal and permits its recognition and binding by isolated hepatocytes.	Galactose	68-77	haptoglobin	Rattus norvegicus	35-46
7217669-4	1981	A weak interaction between CRP and agarose was observed, which was also CA++-dependent and could be inhibited by phosphocholine and galactose.	Galactose	132-141	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	27-30
7278393-5	1981	It is shown in addition, that the previously observed decrease per cell of the surface galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine residues of the ageing erythrocyte affect several groups of membrane glycoproteins including band 3, PAS-1, PAS-4 and PAS-3.	Galactose	87-96	mucin 15, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	241-246
7018908-6	1981	The transglycosylase released galactose-labeled X + X" muropeptides early during the course of digestion, suggesting exoenzymatic cleavage of the glycan chains preferentially from the N-acetylglucosaminyl ends.	Galactose	30-39	transglycosylase	Escherichia coli	4-20
6259949-1	1981	The specific activities of the galactose-metabolizing enzymes, galactokinase (EC 2.7.1.6), galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12), and UDPgalactose 4-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2), in suckling-rat livers perfused for 90 min with 1 and 4 mM galactose fluctuate significantly with a different pattern of change for each enzyme.	Galactose	31-40	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	91-130
7305927-4	1981	The amniotic-fluid fibronectins had similar mannose and sialic acid contents to plasma fibronectin, but greater amounts of glucosamine, galactosamine, galactose and fucose.	Galactose	151-160	fibronectin 1	Homo sapiens	19-30
6259949-1	1981	The specific activities of the galactose-metabolizing enzymes, galactokinase (EC 2.7.1.6), galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12), and UDPgalactose 4-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2), in suckling-rat livers perfused for 90 min with 1 and 4 mM galactose fluctuate significantly with a different pattern of change for each enzyme.	Galactose	31-40	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Rattus norvegicus	150-174
7216166-4	1981	It appeared that [14C]-sialic acid had been introduced exclusively to the galactose residues of Gal beta(1 leads to 3)GalNAc disaccharide units occurring on the mucin as minor chains.	Galactose	74-83	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	161-166
6179392-1	1981	It has been found that saprophytic strains of mycobacteria can utilize D-galactose via the Leloir pathway which involves galactokinase, galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase and UDP-galactose-4-epimerase.	Galactose	71-82	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	121-134
6179392-1	1981	It has been found that saprophytic strains of mycobacteria can utilize D-galactose via the Leloir pathway which involves galactokinase, galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase and UDP-galactose-4-epimerase.	Galactose	71-82	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	136-176
6179392-1	1981	It has been found that saprophytic strains of mycobacteria can utilize D-galactose via the Leloir pathway which involves galactokinase, galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase and UDP-galactose-4-epimerase.	Galactose	71-82	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	181-206
7247048-3	1981	The acrosomal membrane fraction (Mf 1) contains about 10% carbohydrates which are composed of fucose, mannose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylneuraminic acid in the molar ratio 1:3:6:4.5:2:3.	Galactose	111-120	flap structure-specific endonuclease 1	Homo sapiens	33-37
7471212-7	1981	Treatment of fibroblasts with neuraminidase exposes galactose residues, thus increasing the sensitivity to ricin eight fold.	Galactose	52-61	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	30-43
7021320-0	1981	IMP1/imp1: a gene involved in the nucleo-mitochondrial control of galactose fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	66-75	endopeptidase catalytic subunit IMP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
7021320-0	1981	IMP1/imp1: a gene involved in the nucleo-mitochondrial control of galactose fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	66-75	endopeptidase catalytic subunit IMP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	5-9
7021320-1	1981	In some strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the induction of enzymes of the Leloir pathway, galactose fermentation and growth on galactose depend on mitochondrial function; mitochondrial dependence is elicited through the recessive allele imp1 of the nuclear gene IMP1.	Galactose	93-102	endopeptidase catalytic subunit IMP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	240-244
7021320-1	1981	In some strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the induction of enzymes of the Leloir pathway, galactose fermentation and growth on galactose depend on mitochondrial function; mitochondrial dependence is elicited through the recessive allele imp1 of the nuclear gene IMP1.	Galactose	130-139	endopeptidase catalytic subunit IMP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	240-244
7021320-1	1981	In some strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the induction of enzymes of the Leloir pathway, galactose fermentation and growth on galactose depend on mitochondrial function; mitochondrial dependence is elicited through the recessive allele imp1 of the nuclear gene IMP1.	Galactose	130-139	endopeptidase catalytic subunit IMP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	265-269
7021320-2	1981	The genetic element IMP1 is not allelic to any of the known GAL genes; IMP1 strains can grow on  and ferment galactose in respiratory-deficient (RD) condition or in the presence of the mitochondrial inhibitors ethidium bromide and erythromycin; whereas, imp1 strains can grow on and ferment galactose only in respiratory-sufficient (RS) condition.	Galactose	109-118	endopeptidase catalytic subunit IMP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	20-24
7021320-2	1981	The genetic element IMP1 is not allelic to any of the known GAL genes; IMP1 strains can grow on  and ferment galactose in respiratory-deficient (RD) condition or in the presence of the mitochondrial inhibitors ethidium bromide and erythromycin; whereas, imp1 strains can grow on and ferment galactose only in respiratory-sufficient (RS) condition.	Galactose	109-118	endopeptidase catalytic subunit IMP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	71-75
7021320-2	1981	The genetic element IMP1 is not allelic to any of the known GAL genes; IMP1 strains can grow on  and ferment galactose in respiratory-deficient (RD) condition or in the presence of the mitochondrial inhibitors ethidium bromide and erythromycin; whereas, imp1 strains can grow on and ferment galactose only in respiratory-sufficient (RS) condition.	Galactose	291-300	endopeptidase catalytic subunit IMP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	20-24
7021320-2	1981	The genetic element IMP1 is not allelic to any of the known GAL genes; IMP1 strains can grow on  and ferment galactose in respiratory-deficient (RD) condition or in the presence of the mitochondrial inhibitors ethidium bromide and erythromycin; whereas, imp1 strains can grow on and ferment galactose only in respiratory-sufficient (RS) condition.	Galactose	291-300	endopeptidase catalytic subunit IMP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	71-75
7021320-3	1981	The imp1 elicited mitochondrial dependence apparently involves regulation of the synthesis of the galactose catabolizing enzymes and synthesis of the galactose specific permease.	Galactose	98-107	endopeptidase catalytic subunit IMP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
7021320-4	1981	IMP1 is not the only genetic determinant that elicits an interaction of the mitochondrion and the expression of the Gal system; the GAL3 gene, whose role in galactose utilization is demonstrated by the long-term adaptation phenotype of gal3 rS mutants, gives rise to a noninducible phenotype in RD condition or in the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors.	Galactose	157-166	endopeptidase catalytic subunit IMP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
7021320-4	1981	IMP1 is not the only genetic determinant that elicits an interaction of the mitochondrion and the expression of the Gal system; the GAL3 gene, whose role in galactose utilization is demonstrated by the long-term adaptation phenotype of gal3 rS mutants, gives rise to a noninducible phenotype in RD condition or in the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors.	Galactose	157-166	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	132-136
6451953-9	1980	The chemical compositions of the KS fractions from Morquio"s urine suggest that the sulfatase specific for 6-sulfate linked to sugars with the galactose configuration may act in a early step of the catabolism of oversulfated KS in the normal tissues.	Galactose	143-152	arylsulfatase family member H	Homo sapiens	84-93
7438137-3	1980	The capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella K74 is composed of D-glucuronic acid, D-galactose, and D-mannose, and this chemotype includes a total of seven strains, of which four have 1-carboxyethylidene groups (pyruvic acid acetals).	Galactose	82-93	keratin 74	Homo sapiens	44-47
6256005-6	1980	This neutralization ability was inhibited by high concentrations of D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and N-acetyl neuraminic acid and completely destroyed by periodate and neuraminidase.	Galactose	68-79	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	177-190
6166359-7	1980	The underlying mechanism is thought to be competition of galactose groups for binding sites with the result that the number of bonds varies between the galactose groups of a bound asialofetuin molecular and the hepatic lectin, depending on the concentration of the glycoprotein in the incubation mixture.	Galactose	57-66	alpha 2-HS glycoprotein	Bos taurus	180-192
6166359-7	1980	The underlying mechanism is thought to be competition of galactose groups for binding sites with the result that the number of bonds varies between the galactose groups of a bound asialofetuin molecular and the hepatic lectin, depending on the concentration of the glycoprotein in the incubation mixture.	Galactose	152-161	alpha 2-HS glycoprotein	Bos taurus	180-192
16661488-3	1980	is specifically inhibited by d-galactose and N-acetyl-d-galactosamine, haptens of Glycine max seed lectin.	Galactose	29-40	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	99-105
6932503-7	1980	The binding of the radioactive MGP to bacterial cells was specifically inhibited by galactose, lactose and N-acetyllactosamine.	Galactose	84-93	matrix Gla protein	Homo sapiens	31-34
7466801-10	1980	Nevertheless, the presence of small portions of galactose and xylose residues at the reducing ends of the carbohydrate chains suggested a possibility of  exertion of endo-beta-galactosidase and endo-beta-xylosidase activities for the linkage regions.	Galactose	48-57	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	171-189
6773969-1	1980	The tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) activity of cultured B-16 mouse melanoma cells (C2M) in the stationary phase depends greatly on whether the culture medium contains glucose or galactose.	Galactose	173-182	tyrosinase	Mus musculus	4-14
6773969-6	1980	But when they were cultured under identical conditions, except that glucose was replaced by galactose, they continued to synthesize tyrosinase.	Galactose	92-101	tyrosinase	Mus musculus	132-142
6773969-7	1980	The rate of synthesis in medium containing galactose at pH 6.3 was one third of that in the same medium at about pH 7, in which the increase in specific activity of tyrosinase per day was about 30 nmoles/mg cell protein per hr.	Galactose	43-52	tyrosinase	Mus musculus	165-175
6766326-1	1980	The effect of acylation of goat alpha-lactalbumin on lactose synthetase activity and the ability of alpha-lactalbumin to inhibit the transfer of galactose to N-acetylglucosamine is biphasic.	Galactose	145-154	alpha-lactalbumin	Capra hircus	100-117
16661379-4	1980	In both strains the proportion of galactose to methyl galactose is considerably greater in the polysaccharide from bacteria which do bind lectin than in the polysaccharide from bacteria which do not bind lectin.In addition to the changes in polysaccharide composition, there is a reduction of about 50% in the percentage of cells which are encapsulated as the cultures mature from early to late log phase.	Galactose	34-43	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	138-144
16661379-4	1980	In both strains the proportion of galactose to methyl galactose is considerably greater in the polysaccharide from bacteria which do bind lectin than in the polysaccharide from bacteria which do not bind lectin.In addition to the changes in polysaccharide composition, there is a reduction of about 50% in the percentage of cells which are encapsulated as the cultures mature from early to late log phase.	Galactose	34-43	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	204-210
16661328-10	1980	The binding of lentil lectin to R. japonicum 61A133 could be inhibited by glucose but not by galactose.	Galactose	93-102	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	22-28
7362830-4	1980	Antithrombin III was a glycoprotein containing 3.6% glucosamine, 0.2% fucose, 2.5% mannose, 1.6% galactose and 3.9% sialic acid.	Galactose	97-106	serpin family C member 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
479351-6	1979	The ingestion of glucose or galactose resulted in a similar increment of GIP (P less than 0.01), followed by a similar increment in the IRI response to iv glucose.	Galactose	28-37	gastric inhibitory polypeptide	Homo sapiens	73-76
6988385-0	1980	Function of positive regulatory gene gal4 in the synthesis of galactose pathway enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: evidence that the GAL81 region codes for part of the gal4 protein.	Galactose	62-71	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	135-140
20487739-5	1980	The structure of the sugar moiety of rhodopsin was thus identified as: Since the terminal GlcNac serves as galactose acceptor, the location of the sugar moiety of rhodopsin in the disc membrane was studied by incorporation of ((3)H)-galactose (from UDP-((3)H)-galactose) into the disk membrane.	Galactose	107-116	rhodopsin	Bos taurus	37-46
6988385-0	1980	Function of positive regulatory gene gal4 in the synthesis of galactose pathway enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: evidence that the GAL81 region codes for part of the gal4 protein.	Galactose	62-71	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	37-41
6778604-1	1980	Cultured cells of rat bladder transitional cell carcinoma line AY-27, in suspension, were assayed for galactosyl transferase (GT) by measurement of the transfer of [3H]galactose from uridine diphosphate-[3H]galactose to desialylated ovine submaxillary mucin (OSM-NANA).	Galactose	168-177	glycoprotein alpha-galactosyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	102-124
6244221-5	1980	The same degree of induction of galactokinase and galactotransferase, found when galactose or galactosamine were used as inducers, supports the model of coordinated regulation in the expression of the structural genes for the galactose pathway enzymes in yeast.	Galactose	81-90	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-68
6244221-5	1980	The same degree of induction of galactokinase and galactotransferase, found when galactose or galactosamine were used as inducers, supports the model of coordinated regulation in the expression of the structural genes for the galactose pathway enzymes in yeast.	Galactose	226-235	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-68
508810-6	1979	The purified mucin fraction contained 16.5% protein and primarily galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, and sialic acid.	Galactose	66-75	solute carrier family 13 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	13-18
118935-4	1979	Interferon production was inhibited to the same extent (99%) by pretreatment of the cells with beta-galactosidase or with neuraminidase followed by beta-galactosidase, suggesting that the critical event for activation of interferon production is the oxidation of exposed galactose residues on lymphocyte membrane.	Galactose	271-280	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	95-113
118935-4	1979	Interferon production was inhibited to the same extent (99%) by pretreatment of the cells with beta-galactosidase or with neuraminidase followed by beta-galactosidase, suggesting that the critical event for activation of interferon production is the oxidation of exposed galactose residues on lymphocyte membrane.	Galactose	271-280	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	122-135
479351-10	1979	From these studies we conclude that 1) galactose does not elicit IRI secretion per se, yet, like glucose, potentiates GIP and IRI secretion; 2) mannose, despite weak transport across gut or kidney, evokes significant betacytotropic effects; and 3) mannose- and fructose-induced enhancement of glucose disposal might be mediated by a factor(s) other than GIP.	Galactose	39-48	gastric inhibitory polypeptide	Homo sapiens	118-121
511941-7	1979	Three molecules, asialo-fetuin, asialo-orosomucoid, and lactosaminated RNase A dimer, the oligosaccharide chains of which terminate in galactose residues, were bound and internalized almost exclusively (greater than 90%) by hepatocytes.	Galactose	135-144	ribonuclease A family member 1, pancreatic	Rattus norvegicus	71-78
228278-1	1979	Cyclic AMP (cAMP) and its receptor protein (CRP) have a dual role in the regulation of the two promoters that control the galactose (gal) operon of Escherichia coli.	Galactose	122-131	catabolite gene activator protein	Escherichia coli	44-47
228278-1	1979	Cyclic AMP (cAMP) and its receptor protein (CRP) have a dual role in the regulation of the two promoters that control the galactose (gal) operon of Escherichia coli.	Galactose	122-125	catabolite gene activator protein	Escherichia coli	44-47
112098-4	1979	Following labeling of red cells with galactose oxidase + NaB3H4, 45 to 50% of the [3H]galactose residues can be released by endo-beta-galactosidase.	Galactose	37-46	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	129-147
524947-6	1979	After termination of both types of galactose loading the activity of the galactokinase (EC 2.7.1.6.)	Galactose	35-44	galactokinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	73-86
388424-5	1979	An internal deletion mutant of the his3 gene and a transposition of a galactose-inducible region into chromosome XV have been generated by using the ura3 gene as the selective marker.	Galactose	70-79	orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	149-153
314662-3	1979	Staining of disulfide-reduced factor VIII subunits, in polyacrylamide gels, with galactose-specific fluorescein-labelled Ricinus communis lectins, showed an increased binding affinity with increasing size and von Willebrand activity of the parent factor VIII.	Galactose	81-90	coagulation factor VIII	Bos taurus	30-41
314662-3	1979	Staining of disulfide-reduced factor VIII subunits, in polyacrylamide gels, with galactose-specific fluorescein-labelled Ricinus communis lectins, showed an increased binding affinity with increasing size and von Willebrand activity of the parent factor VIII.	Galactose	81-90	coagulation factor VIII	Bos taurus	247-258
314662-5	1979	These results suggest that galactose residues are involved in the aggregation of platelets by factor VIII.	Galactose	27-36	coagulation factor VIII	Bos taurus	94-105
93302-4	1979	Significant correlation (P less than 0.001) was noted between the elimination rate of galactose from blood and the serum beta 2-microglobulin concentration in patients with alcoholic liver damage but not in patients with chronic hepatitis.	Galactose	86-95	beta-2-microglobulin	Homo sapiens	121-141
477259-0	1979	Changes in blood glucose and plasma insulin after intravenous galactose in human injury.	Galactose	62-71	insulin	Homo sapiens	36-43
115730-2	1979	The possibility that this effect is of importance in its hypoglycaemic action was investigated by studying the effect of galactose on insulin release before and after treatment with glibenclamide; galactose stimulates insulin release when given orally but has no effect when given parenterally; thus its ability to release insulin appears to reside in an action on a gut factor.	Galactose	121-130	insulin	Homo sapiens	134-141
115730-2	1979	The possibility that this effect is of importance in its hypoglycaemic action was investigated by studying the effect of galactose on insulin release before and after treatment with glibenclamide; galactose stimulates insulin release when given orally but has no effect when given parenterally; thus its ability to release insulin appears to reside in an action on a gut factor.	Galactose	197-206	insulin	Homo sapiens	134-141
115730-2	1979	The possibility that this effect is of importance in its hypoglycaemic action was investigated by studying the effect of galactose on insulin release before and after treatment with glibenclamide; galactose stimulates insulin release when given orally but has no effect when given parenterally; thus its ability to release insulin appears to reside in an action on a gut factor.	Galactose	197-206	insulin	Homo sapiens	218-225
115730-2	1979	The possibility that this effect is of importance in its hypoglycaemic action was investigated by studying the effect of galactose on insulin release before and after treatment with glibenclamide; galactose stimulates insulin release when given orally but has no effect when given parenterally; thus its ability to release insulin appears to reside in an action on a gut factor.	Galactose	197-206	insulin	Homo sapiens	218-225
115730-8	1979	Galactose stimulated insulin release but insulin levels before and after treatment were identical.	Galactose	0-9	insulin	Homo sapiens	21-28
114170-2	1979	Adsorptive endocytosis of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase from human urine by isolated rat hepatocytes is inhibited by glycoproteins, polysaccharides and sugars that are known to bind to cell-surface receptors specific for either terminal galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine residues, terminal mannose residues or mannose 6-phosphate residues.	Galactose	237-246	N-acetyl-alpha-glucosaminidase	Homo sapiens	26-55
383580-5	1979	The yeast DNA fragment is 4700 base pairs long, and enables the host E. coli K-12 strain to grow in minimal medium containing galactose as the sole carbon source with a generation time of 14.3 h. The yeast galactokinase activity in the bacterial extracts is 0.7% of the bacterial galactokinase activity found in wild-type E. coli fully induced with fucose.	Galactose	126-135	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	206-219
383580-5	1979	The yeast DNA fragment is 4700 base pairs long, and enables the host E. coli K-12 strain to grow in minimal medium containing galactose as the sole carbon source with a generation time of 14.3 h. The yeast galactokinase activity in the bacterial extracts is 0.7% of the bacterial galactokinase activity found in wild-type E. coli fully induced with fucose.	Galactose	126-135	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	280-293
290997-1	1979	Bovine galactosyltransferase (lactose synthase; EC 2.4.1.22) which catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDPgalactose to glycoproteins with N-acetylglucosamine as the terminal residue of their oligosaccharide side chains was used to label glycoproteins of mouse retina with [14C]galactose.	Galactose	93-102	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Bos taurus	7-28
290997-1	1979	Bovine galactosyltransferase (lactose synthase; EC 2.4.1.22) which catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDPgalactose to glycoproteins with N-acetylglucosamine as the terminal residue of their oligosaccharide side chains was used to label glycoproteins of mouse retina with [14C]galactose.	Galactose	277-291	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Bos taurus	7-28
454846-1	1979	By use of the galactose/NaB3H4 surface labeling technique followed by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis, it is shown that the major labeled surface glycoprotein (GP130) of normal human blood granulocytes is markedly reduced in granulocytes from three patients with a chromosomal abnormality in all or most bone marrow mitoses.	Galactose	14-23	Neutrophil migration (granulocyte glycoprotein)	Homo sapiens	168-173
114170-3	1979	Recognition of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase by a cell-surface receptor specific for terminal galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine residues is supported by the observations (a) that neuraminidase pretreatment of the enzyme enhances endocytosis, (b) that beta-galactosidase treatment decreases endocytosis and (c) that neuraminidase pretreatment of hepatocytes decreases alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase endocytosis.	Galactose	94-103	N-acetyl-alpha-glucosaminidase	Homo sapiens	15-44
114170-3	1979	Recognition of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase by a cell-surface receptor specific for terminal galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine residues is supported by the observations (a) that neuraminidase pretreatment of the enzyme enhances endocytosis, (b) that beta-galactosidase treatment decreases endocytosis and (c) that neuraminidase pretreatment of hepatocytes decreases alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase endocytosis.	Galactose	94-103	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	177-190
114170-3	1979	Recognition of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase by a cell-surface receptor specific for terminal galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine residues is supported by the observations (a) that neuraminidase pretreatment of the enzyme enhances endocytosis, (b) that beta-galactosidase treatment decreases endocytosis and (c) that neuraminidase pretreatment of hepatocytes decreases alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase endocytosis.	Galactose	94-103	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	249-267
114170-3	1979	Recognition of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase by a cell-surface receptor specific for terminal galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine residues is supported by the observations (a) that neuraminidase pretreatment of the enzyme enhances endocytosis, (b) that beta-galactosidase treatment decreases endocytosis and (c) that neuraminidase pretreatment of hepatocytes decreases alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase endocytosis.	Galactose	94-103	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	313-326
114170-3	1979	Recognition of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase by a cell-surface receptor specific for terminal galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine residues is supported by the observations (a) that neuraminidase pretreatment of the enzyme enhances endocytosis, (b) that beta-galactosidase treatment decreases endocytosis and (c) that neuraminidase pretreatment of hepatocytes decreases alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase endocytosis.	Galactose	94-103	N-acetyl-alpha-glucosaminidase	Homo sapiens	365-394
86266-4	1979	Galactose oxidase treatment of asialo-TeBG, which presumably oxidized the primary alcohol of galactose at C-6 to an aldehyde, caused a reversion of its survival time in the blood to that of intact TeBG.	Galactose	93-102	complement C6	Rattus norvegicus	106-109
443419-5	1979	The specific activities in the galactose-perfused livers of the three major galactose metabolizing enzymes, galactokinase, galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, and uridine diphosphogalactose-4-epimerase, revealed that the transferase was significantly lower, whereas that of galactokinase and epimerase were significantly higher than in livers perfused without galactose.	Galactose	31-40	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	123-164
443419-5	1979	The specific activities in the galactose-perfused livers of the three major galactose metabolizing enzymes, galactokinase, galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, and uridine diphosphogalactose-4-epimerase, revealed that the transferase was significantly lower, whereas that of galactokinase and epimerase were significantly higher than in livers perfused without galactose.	Galactose	76-85	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	123-164
443419-5	1979	The specific activities in the galactose-perfused livers of the three major galactose metabolizing enzymes, galactokinase, galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, and uridine diphosphogalactose-4-epimerase, revealed that the transferase was significantly lower, whereas that of galactokinase and epimerase were significantly higher than in livers perfused without galactose.	Galactose	76-85	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	123-164
457133-2	1979	The Km values of galactokinase for galactose at 2.0 mM ATP are 0.34 mM in amniotic fluid cells and 0.48 mM in fibroblasts.	Galactose	35-44	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	17-30
381107-5	1979	This plasmid DNA hybridized with the galactokinase mRNA to the same extent in the presence of absence of a large excess of unlabelled mRNA from cells that were not induced for galactokinase synthesis, while the same amount of unlabelled galactose-induced mRNA reduced the hybridization by 95%.	Galactose	237-246	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	37-50
428694-0	1979	The effect of oral galactose on GIP and insulin secretion in man.	Galactose	19-28	gastric inhibitory polypeptide	Homo sapiens	32-35
428694-4	1979	The insulin response to galactose was greatly enhanced by IV glucose (mean area under plasma insulin curve with galactose alone 236.5 +/- 66.0, with galactose + IV glucose 451.9 +/- 81.6, p less than 0.025).	Galactose	24-33	insulin	Homo sapiens	4-11
428694-4	1979	The insulin response to galactose was greatly enhanced by IV glucose (mean area under plasma insulin curve with galactose alone 236.5 +/- 66.0, with galactose + IV glucose 451.9 +/- 81.6, p less than 0.025).	Galactose	24-33	insulin	Homo sapiens	93-100
381107-6	1979	When this plasmid was introduced into an E. coli strain deleted for the galactose operon it caused the synthesis of low levels of yeast galactokinase activity.	Galactose	72-81	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	136-149
428694-4	1979	The insulin response to galactose was greatly enhanced by IV glucose (mean area under plasma insulin curve with galactose alone 236.5 +/- 66.0, with galactose + IV glucose 451.9 +/- 81.6, p less than 0.025).	Galactose	112-121	insulin	Homo sapiens	4-11
45534-7	1979	The affinity constants of galactokinase for galactose ranged from 119 to 291 microM and from 178 to 406 microM for ATPMg2-.	Galactose	44-53	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	26-39
428694-4	1979	The insulin response to galactose was greatly enhanced by IV glucose (mean area under plasma insulin curve with galactose alone 236.5 +/- 66.0, with galactose + IV glucose 451.9 +/- 81.6, p less than 0.025).	Galactose	112-121	insulin	Homo sapiens	93-100
428694-4	1979	The insulin response to galactose was greatly enhanced by IV glucose (mean area under plasma insulin curve with galactose alone 236.5 +/- 66.0, with galactose + IV glucose 451.9 +/- 81.6, p less than 0.025).	Galactose	112-121	insulin	Homo sapiens	4-11
428694-4	1979	The insulin response to galactose was greatly enhanced by IV glucose (mean area under plasma insulin curve with galactose alone 236.5 +/- 66.0, with galactose + IV glucose 451.9 +/- 81.6, p less than 0.025).	Galactose	112-121	insulin	Homo sapiens	93-100
428694-7	1979	The lower plasma GIP and galactose levels observed following oral galactose in the presence of IV glucose may be accounted for either by postulating that insulin inhibits the absorption of oral galactose, or that insulin exerts a negative feed-back control on GIP release and accelerates galactose disposition in the body.	Galactose	66-75	gastric inhibitory polypeptide	Homo sapiens	17-20
428694-7	1979	The lower plasma GIP and galactose levels observed following oral galactose in the presence of IV glucose may be accounted for either by postulating that insulin inhibits the absorption of oral galactose, or that insulin exerts a negative feed-back control on GIP release and accelerates galactose disposition in the body.	Galactose	66-75	insulin	Homo sapiens	154-161
428694-7	1979	The lower plasma GIP and galactose levels observed following oral galactose in the presence of IV glucose may be accounted for either by postulating that insulin inhibits the absorption of oral galactose, or that insulin exerts a negative feed-back control on GIP release and accelerates galactose disposition in the body.	Galactose	66-75	insulin	Homo sapiens	213-220
428694-7	1979	The lower plasma GIP and galactose levels observed following oral galactose in the presence of IV glucose may be accounted for either by postulating that insulin inhibits the absorption of oral galactose, or that insulin exerts a negative feed-back control on GIP release and accelerates galactose disposition in the body.	Galactose	66-75	gastric inhibitory polypeptide	Homo sapiens	260-263
428694-7	1979	The lower plasma GIP and galactose levels observed following oral galactose in the presence of IV glucose may be accounted for either by postulating that insulin inhibits the absorption of oral galactose, or that insulin exerts a negative feed-back control on GIP release and accelerates galactose disposition in the body.	Galactose	66-75	gastric inhibitory polypeptide	Homo sapiens	17-20
428694-7	1979	The lower plasma GIP and galactose levels observed following oral galactose in the presence of IV glucose may be accounted for either by postulating that insulin inhibits the absorption of oral galactose, or that insulin exerts a negative feed-back control on GIP release and accelerates galactose disposition in the body.	Galactose	66-75	insulin	Homo sapiens	154-161
428694-7	1979	The lower plasma GIP and galactose levels observed following oral galactose in the presence of IV glucose may be accounted for either by postulating that insulin inhibits the absorption of oral galactose, or that insulin exerts a negative feed-back control on GIP release and accelerates galactose disposition in the body.	Galactose	66-75	insulin	Homo sapiens	213-220
428694-7	1979	The lower plasma GIP and galactose levels observed following oral galactose in the presence of IV glucose may be accounted for either by postulating that insulin inhibits the absorption of oral galactose, or that insulin exerts a negative feed-back control on GIP release and accelerates galactose disposition in the body.	Galactose	66-75	gastric inhibitory polypeptide	Homo sapiens	260-263
428694-7	1979	The lower plasma GIP and galactose levels observed following oral galactose in the presence of IV glucose may be accounted for either by postulating that insulin inhibits the absorption of oral galactose, or that insulin exerts a negative feed-back control on GIP release and accelerates galactose disposition in the body.	Galactose	66-75	gastric inhibitory polypeptide	Homo sapiens	17-20
428694-7	1979	The lower plasma GIP and galactose levels observed following oral galactose in the presence of IV glucose may be accounted for either by postulating that insulin inhibits the absorption of oral galactose, or that insulin exerts a negative feed-back control on GIP release and accelerates galactose disposition in the body.	Galactose	66-75	insulin	Homo sapiens	154-161
428694-7	1979	The lower plasma GIP and galactose levels observed following oral galactose in the presence of IV glucose may be accounted for either by postulating that insulin inhibits the absorption of oral galactose, or that insulin exerts a negative feed-back control on GIP release and accelerates galactose disposition in the body.	Galactose	66-75	insulin	Homo sapiens	213-220
428694-7	1979	The lower plasma GIP and galactose levels observed following oral galactose in the presence of IV glucose may be accounted for either by postulating that insulin inhibits the absorption of oral galactose, or that insulin exerts a negative feed-back control on GIP release and accelerates galactose disposition in the body.	Galactose	66-75	gastric inhibitory polypeptide	Homo sapiens	260-263
375029-1	1979	From a collection of 8,000 transposon-insertion mutants of Escherichia coli K12 we identified two mutations, trg-1::Tn5 and trg-2::Tn10, that simultaneously eliminate chemotactic response to ribose and galactose, two attractants recognized by independent receptors.	Galactose	202-211	T cell receptor gamma locus	Homo sapiens	109-112
375029-1	1979	From a collection of 8,000 transposon-insertion mutants of Escherichia coli K12 we identified two mutations, trg-1::Tn5 and trg-2::Tn10, that simultaneously eliminate chemotactic response to ribose and galactose, two attractants recognized by independent receptors.	Galactose	202-211	T cell receptor gamma locus	Homo sapiens	124-127
444207-2	1979	Human C1q, a subcomponent of the first component of complement, contains 67 disaccharides (glucosylgalactose) and 2.4 monosaccharides (galactose) linked to hydroxylysine in one molecule.	Galactose	99-108	complement C1q A chain	Homo sapiens	6-9
378392-8	1979	The cloned fragment Sc481 contains coding regions for all or part of three galactose"induced RNAs and may correspond to the GAL 1, GAL 7, GAL 10 gene cluster region of chromosome II.	Galactose	75-84	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	124-129
378392-8	1979	The cloned fragment Sc481 contains coding regions for all or part of three galactose"induced RNAs and may correspond to the GAL 1, GAL 7, GAL 10 gene cluster region of chromosome II.	Galactose	75-84	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	131-136
378392-8	1979	The cloned fragment Sc481 contains coding regions for all or part of three galactose"induced RNAs and may correspond to the GAL 1, GAL 7, GAL 10 gene cluster region of chromosome II.	Galactose	75-84	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	138-144
392694-4	1979	Serum myoglobin was positively correlated to age (P less than 0.05), body weight (P less than 0.02), serum creatine kinase (P less than 0.001), and serum creatinine (P less than 0.001) to galactose elimination rate.	Galactose	188-197	myoglobin	Homo sapiens	6-15
435552-0	1979	[Interaction between ricin hemagglutinin and its ligands, galactose and lactose.	Galactose	58-67	ricin	Ricinus communis	21-26
446474-9	1979	Cathepsin D-I contained 6.6% carbohydrate, consisting of mannose, glucose, galactose, fucose and glucosamine in a ratio of 8:2:1:1:5 with a trace of sialic acid.	Galactose	75-84	cathepsin D	Rattus norvegicus	0-11
571355-0	1979	Unequivocal evidence for a beta-D-configuration of the galactose residue in the disaccharide chain of epiglycanin, the major glycoprotein of the TA3-Ha tumor cell.	Galactose	55-64	mucin 21	Mus musculus	102-113
571355-0	1979	Unequivocal evidence for a beta-D-configuration of the galactose residue in the disaccharide chain of epiglycanin, the major glycoprotein of the TA3-Ha tumor cell.	Galactose	55-64	RIKEN cDNA 2700049A03 gene	Mus musculus	145-148
439779-5	1979	However, absorption of galactose and lactose is significantly reduced (p less than 0.01/0.008) during somatostatin infusion.	Galactose	23-32	somatostatin	Homo sapiens	102-114
439779-6	1979	On the other hand, serum levels of galactose remain unchanged despite administration of somatostatin, when galactose is given parenterally.	Galactose	107-116	somatostatin	Homo sapiens	88-100
369708-0	1979	Constitutive synthesis of the GAL4 protein, a galactose pathway regulator in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	46-55	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	30-34
729592-7	1978	The studies indicate that the poly(glycosyl)peptides contain a repeating-3)galactosyl(beta1-4)N-acetylglucosaminyl(beta1-structure with branch points at the C-6 of the galactose residues.	Galactose	168-177	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	86-93
103724-2	1978	The change in hepatic contents of galactose metabolites after CCl4 was measured.	Galactose	34-43	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	62-66
83302-6	1978	Type 19A(57) contained these four moieties, and in addition, contained fucose, galactose, and N-acetylglucosamine.	Galactose	79-88	SLAM family member 7	Homo sapiens	5-8
100492-2	1978	Human factor VIII/von Willebrand factor protein containing 120 +/- 12 nmol of sialic acid and 135 +/- 13 nmol of galactose/mg of protein was digested with neuraminidase.	Galactose	113-122	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	155-168
360073-1	1978	In polar IS2 abolishes galactose operon expression.	Galactose	23-32	IS2	Homo sapiens	9-12
99447-2	1978	The carbohydrate composition of TBG (14.6% by weight) consists of mannose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and N-acetylneuraminic acid in the molar ratios of 11:9:16:10 per mol of glycoprotein.	Galactose	75-84	serpin family A member 7	Homo sapiens	32-35
687592-2	1978	The composition and molecular weight of the Pronase glycopeptides revealed that rabbit transferrin contains two heteropolysaccharide units, each composed of 2 sialic acid residues, 2 galactose residues, 3 mannose residues, and 4-N-acetylglucosamine residues.	Galactose	183-192	serotransferrin	Oryctolagus cuniculus	87-98
102578-6	1978	Placenta alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase has an apparent molecular weight of 304 000 and contains 23.4% carbohydrate consisting of glucose, galactose, mannose, hexosamines and neuraminic acid.	Galactose	138-147	N-acetyl-alpha-glucosaminidase	Homo sapiens	9-38
307560-1	1978	Galactose a cryptic determinant of von Willebrand factor activity.	Galactose	0-9	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	35-56
307560-4	1978	However, oxidation of the penultimate galactose of the asialo Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor protein with galactose oxidase resulted in a progressive loss of von Willebrand factor activity with no effect on procoagulant activity.	Galactose	38-47	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	74-95
307560-4	1978	However, oxidation of the penultimate galactose of the asialo Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor protein with galactose oxidase resulted in a progressive loss of von Willebrand factor activity with no effect on procoagulant activity.	Galactose	38-47	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	161-182
307560-6	1978	These studies confirm the identification of the intact penultimate galactose moiety as a critical determinant of von Willebrand factor activity.	Galactose	67-76	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	113-134
668697-6	1978	The chemical shifts of sialic acid H-3 protons are typical for sialic acid residues in 2 leads to 3 or 2 leads to 6 linkage to galactose.	Galactose	127-136	H3 clustered histone 14	Homo sapiens	35-38
351620-0	1978	Regulation of the galactose pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: induction of uridyl transferase mRNA and dependency on GAL4 gene function.	Galactose	18-27	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	120-124
670480-5	1978	Galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetyl and N-glycolyl neuraminic acids were identified in whole kappa-casein.	Galactose	0-9	kappa-casein	Capra hircus	100-112
351620-5	1978	For the purpose of studying galactose pathway induction and its regulation, we have developed an immunoprecipitation assay that enables us to detect the GAL7 specified uridyl transferase polypeptide in yeast extracts and among the polypeptides synthesized in an RNA-dependent in vitro translation system.	Galactose	28-37	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	153-157
351620-9	1978	Cells carrying a nonsense (amber) mutation in the GAL4 gene fail to produce the transferase mRNA, whereas a nonsense suppressor of the GAL4 amber mutant regains the galactose-specific mRNA response.	Galactose	165-174	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	135-139
351620-10	1978	Our results establish that the induction of the GAL7 specified uridyl transferase activity is mediated by de novo appearance of a functional mRNA and that this galactose-specific response is dependent on a wild-type GAL4 gene product.	Galactose	160-169	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	48-52
351620-10	1978	Our results establish that the induction of the GAL7 specified uridyl transferase activity is mediated by de novo appearance of a functional mRNA and that this galactose-specific response is dependent on a wild-type GAL4 gene product.	Galactose	160-169	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	216-220
207666-3	1978	Both the TL and TSS gal80 mutants are constitutive for galactokinase activity at 35 degrees C and, because they are derived from a dominant super-repressible GAL80s mutant, are uninducible at 25 degrees C. Both the TL and TSS gal4 mutants are galactose negative at 35 degrees C and galactose positive at 25 degrees C. None of the ts gal4 mutations affected the thermolability of galactokinase activity in cell extracts.	Galactose	243-252	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	20-25
207666-3	1978	Both the TL and TSS gal80 mutants are constitutive for galactokinase activity at 35 degrees C and, because they are derived from a dominant super-repressible GAL80s mutant, are uninducible at 25 degrees C. Both the TL and TSS gal4 mutants are galactose negative at 35 degrees C and galactose positive at 25 degrees C. None of the ts gal4 mutations affected the thermolability of galactokinase activity in cell extracts.	Galactose	282-291	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	20-25
205871-2	1978	The specific activities of galactokinase in Tetrahymena cells grown in defined media with galactose or glycerol as the principal carbon source are equivalent; the specific activity in glucose minimal medium is [unk] the value.	Galactose	90-99	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	27-40
23384-4	1978	When cultured at a constant pH of 7.2, cells grown with 1 mM galactose had about five times higher tyrosinase activity than cells grown with 1 mM glucose.	Galactose	61-70	tyrosinase	Homo sapiens	99-109
27879-1	1978	The activity of GM1 beta-galactosidase in the brain and liver of patients with GM1-gangliosidosis was assayed using GM1-ganglioside tritiated in the terminal galactose.	Galactose	158-167	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	20-38
95956-2	1978	gamma2b heavy chains, but not gamma1 or gamma21, exist in two forms, differing in molecular weight, galactose labeling and charge.	Galactose	100-109	immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 2B	Mus musculus	0-7
640238-8	1978	glucose; oral galactose elicited a slight increase of insulin release without improving glucose tolerance.	Galactose	14-23	insulin	Homo sapiens	54-61
413833-6	1978	The analysis of the data indicates that the active center of beta-galactosidase is made up of two subsites: a galactose and a glucose subsite.	Galactose	110-119	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	61-79
204112-1	1978	The two enzymes of galactose metabolism, namely galactokinase and galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (Gal-1-PUT), were measured in 3653 subjects aged 7 months to 84 years in der to obtain the incidence of the gene deficiency causing galactosaemia in the Western Hungarian province of Vas.	Galactose	19-28	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	66-105
620020-6	1978	Under equilibrium-exchange conditions the galactose transport is mediated apparently by a single site with K = 146 mM and V = 521 mM.min-1.	Galactose	42-51	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	133-138
204112-1	1978	The two enzymes of galactose metabolism, namely galactokinase and galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (Gal-1-PUT), were measured in 3653 subjects aged 7 months to 84 years in der to obtain the incidence of the gene deficiency causing galactosaemia in the Western Hungarian province of Vas.	Galactose	19-28	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	107-116
618863-2	1978	Human antithrombin III was found to contain covalently linked N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, galactose, and sialic acid in a molar ratio of approximately 1:1:0.6:1.	Galactose	92-101	serpin family C member 1	Homo sapiens	6-22
619366-2	1978	Gastric secretion was collected during intraarterial infusion of pentagastrin alone for 3 h, and of secretin + pentagastrin for the next 3 h. Secretin produced a significant increase in the output of D-galactose, D-glucosamine, L-fucose, D-glucose, total sugars, total sulfate and uronic acid.	Galactose	200-211	SCT	Canis lupus familiaris	142-150
620487-8	1978	Plasma insulin increased after galactose in the fasted state, but there was no change in the fed state, indicating that galactose is not insulinogenic.	Galactose	31-40	insulin	Homo sapiens	7-14
620487-10	1978	After an intravenous galactose load in the fed state insulin appears to inhibit hepatic glucose release.	Galactose	21-30	insulin	Homo sapiens	53-60
32437-10	1978	The results of carbohydrate and lipid analyses indicated that the oxidoreductase is a glycolipoprotein with fucose, galactose, mannose, and glucosamine as the sugar components and cholesterol and sphingomyelin as the lipid constituents.	Galactose	116-125	thioredoxin reductase 1	Homo sapiens	66-80
893144-0	1977	The histochemistry of galactose residues of complex carbohydrates as studied by peroxidase-labeled Ricinus communis agglutinin.	Galactose	22-31	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: peroxidase 60	Ricinus communis	80-90
893144-1	1977	A peroxidase-labeled Ricinus communis agglutinin diaminobenzidine (PO-RCA-DAB) procedure has been utilized to determine the light microscopic localization of galactose residues of complex carbohydrates in a variety of tissues from different vertebrate species.	Galactose	158-167	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: peroxidase 60	Ricinus communis	2-12
328767-1	1977	A galactose epimeraseless (gal E) mutant of Salmonella typhimurium was investigated in mice and calves for its suitability as a live vaccine.	Galactose	2-11	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Bos taurus	27-32
558805-4	1977	Hemagglutination by the lectin was inhibited specifically by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and galactose-containing sugars.	Galactose	90-99	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	24-30
892689-3	1977	Infusion of galactose at 7.2 mg per minute significantly increased insulin output.	Galactose	12-21	insulin	Canis lupus familiaris	67-74
19484-4	1977	It seems likely that tyrosinase activity is suppressed by the presence of glucose rather than stimulated by galactose.	Galactose	108-117	tyrosinase	Mus musculus	21-31
16743049-11	1977	The protein alpha-lactalbumin modified the enzyme to a lactose synthetase by increasing substrate specificity for glucose in preference to N-acetylglucosamine and fetuin depleted of sialic acid and galactose.	Galactose	198-207	lactalbumin, alpha	Rattus norvegicus	12-29
592816-1	1977	Galactose was specifically inserted into the carbohydrate moiety of rhodopsin by incubating retinal disk membranes with UDP-galactose: N-acetylglucosamine galactosyltransferase.	Galactose	0-9	rhodopsin	Homo sapiens	68-77
14144-1	1977	Galactokinase (EC 2.7.1.6; ATP:D-galactose-1-phosphotransferase) was purified to homogeneity with a 50% yield from cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which were fully induced for the production of the galactose metabolizing enzymes.	Galactose	33-42	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-13
14144-8	1977	The effect of pH on the galactokinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of galactose was determined; the results showed the pH optimum of the reaction to be in the range of pH 8.0 to 9.0.	Galactose	67-76	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	24-37
14144-9	1977	The enzyme is highly specific for galactose since galactokinase did not appear to phosphorylate any of the other sugars tested at a rate greater than 0.5% of the rate of galactose phosphorylation.	Galactose	34-43	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	50-63
14148-6	1977	The binding of thyroid peroxidase to Con A-agarose can be inhibited by sugars in the following order: alpha-methyl-D-mannoside greater than D-mannose greater than alpha-methyl-D-glucoside greater than D-glucose greater than D-galactose.	Galactose	224-235	thyroid peroxidase	Homo sapiens	15-33
402403-1	1977	Galactosyltransferase is human parotid saliva catalyzed the transfer of galactose from uridine 5"-diphospho (UDP)-galactose to D-glucose in the presence of exogenous alpha-lactalbumin.	Galactose	72-81	lactalbumin alpha	Homo sapiens	166-183
327270-3	1977	Many galactose positive revertants from the GAL80s-2 GAL81-1 strain were isolated.	Galactose	5-14	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	53-58
843524-5	1977	Galactose, not normally found in rhodopsin, is also incorporated into both opsin and rhodopsin.	Galactose	0-9	rhodopsin	Bos taurus	33-42
843524-5	1977	Galactose, not normally found in rhodopsin, is also incorporated into both opsin and rhodopsin.	Galactose	0-9	rhodopsin	Bos taurus	85-94
913696-0	1977	[Comparative studies on human plasma insulin by stereoisomer galactose loading (author"s transl)].	Galactose	61-70	insulin	Homo sapiens	37-44
999941-10	1976	The BR protein contained glucosamine, mannose, galactose, fucose and sialic acids and the PAS-II protein contained glucosamine, mannose, galactose, fucose and glucose.	Galactose	137-146	peripheral myelin protein 22	Bos taurus	90-96
827447-3	1976	A general formula for the antigens is: (Fuc)3-4(Gal)n(LlcNAc)n-2(Glc)1(Sphingosine)1(where Fus is fucose, Gal is galactose, GlcNAc is N-acetylglucosamine and Glc is glucose) with values of n ranging from 10-27.	Galactose	113-122	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	48-51
827447-18	1976	However, the removal of terminal galactose with beta-galactosidase affects I-activity only slightly.	Galactose	33-42	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	48-66
827447-3	1976	A general formula for the antigens is: (Fuc)3-4(Gal)n(LlcNAc)n-2(Glc)1(Sphingosine)1(where Fus is fucose, Gal is galactose, GlcNAc is N-acetylglucosamine and Glc is glucose) with values of n ranging from 10-27.	Galactose	113-122	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	106-109
1002996-7	1976	Analysis of the carbohydrate moiety in C5a indicated 4 moles of glucosamine, 3 to 4 moles os sialic acid, 4 moles of mannose and 2 moles of galactose.	Galactose	140-149	complement C5a receptor 1	Homo sapiens	39-42
990260-6	1976	The enzyme catalyzed the formation of beta1 leads to 4 bonds between galactose and free terminal N-acetylglucosaminyl residues of soluble preparations of porcine IgG immunoglobulin heavy chain, fetuin, ovalbumin, and ovomucoid.	Galactose	69-78	alpha 2-HS glycoprotein	Sus scrofa	194-200
990260-6	1976	The enzyme catalyzed the formation of beta1 leads to 4 bonds between galactose and free terminal N-acetylglucosaminyl residues of soluble preparations of porcine IgG immunoglobulin heavy chain, fetuin, ovalbumin, and ovomucoid.	Galactose	69-78	ovalbumin	Sus scrofa	202-211
1017716-5	1976	The disease among most patients who died having a galactose elimination capacity greater than 13 mumol ran a subacute course.	Galactose	50-59	RAN, member RAS oncogene family	Homo sapiens	103-106
183881-4	1976	The group of smallest molecular weight (F-3) contained essentially only Man (25.8 +/- 1.5 nmol/mg protein) and GlcNac (3.0 +/- 0.4 nmol/mg protein) with traces of Gal and NANA.	Galactose	163-166	coagulation factor III, tissue factor	Homo sapiens	40-43
183881-5	1976	A group of intermediate molecular weight (F-2) exhibited considerable heterogeneity and contained Man, GlcNAc, Gal, and NANA in the amounts of 45.9 +/- 5.1, 18.3 +/- 1.7, 11.0 %/- 1.7, and 7.7 %/- 1.2 nmol/mg protein.	Galactose	111-114	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	42-45
956702-3	1976	Earlier studies demonstrated that red cell Gal-1-P is a sensitive indicator of exposure of such patients to galactose.	Galactose	108-117	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	43-48
975107-5	1976	N-Acetylneuraminic acid was shown to be linked to galactose since its prior removal with neuraminidase led to an equivalent increased destruction of galactose by one treatment with periodate.	Galactose	50-59	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	89-102
975107-5	1976	N-Acetylneuraminic acid was shown to be linked to galactose since its prior removal with neuraminidase led to an equivalent increased destruction of galactose by one treatment with periodate.	Galactose	149-158	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	89-102
182183-16	1976	The carbohydrate moiety of ApoB contained mannose, galactose and galactosamine.	Galactose	51-60	apolipoprotein B	Homo sapiens	27-31
1084886-7	1976	Specifically, the Z-type alpha-1-AT is deficient in 1 glucosamine residue, 3 neutral sugar residues (1 mannose and 2 galactose), and 2 sialic acid residues.	Galactose	117-126	serpin family A member 1	Homo sapiens	25-35
956159-6	1976	The molar ratios of the constituent neutral sugars of this glycoprotein (GP-1) are as follows: fucose 3, mannose 5, galactose 5, glucose 1, and xylose 1.	Galactose	116-125	GTP binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	73-77
822669-0	1976	Role of galactose in the antigenic properties of thyroglobulin.	Galactose	8-17	thyroglobulin	Homo sapiens	49-62
822669-2	1976	Terminal sialic acid and galactose were released by stepwise hydrolysis with neuraminidase and beta-galactosidase.	Galactose	25-34	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	77-90
822669-2	1976	Terminal sialic acid and galactose were released by stepwise hydrolysis with neuraminidase and beta-galactosidase.	Galactose	25-34	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	95-113
822669-5	1976	It is thus shown that galactose in the terminal environment of the oligosaccharide chains of thyroglobulin is essential for the structural groups involved in the antigenic properties of thyroglobulin.	Galactose	22-31	thyroglobulin	Homo sapiens	93-106
822669-5	1976	It is thus shown that galactose in the terminal environment of the oligosaccharide chains of thyroglobulin is essential for the structural groups involved in the antigenic properties of thyroglobulin.	Galactose	22-31	thyroglobulin	Homo sapiens	186-199
768376-6	1976	In contrast, human LIF activity on PMN leukocytes was significantly reduced by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, but not by 5-methylpentoses, D-glucose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, methyl alpha-Dmannoside or D-galactose.	Galactose	198-209	LIF interleukin 6 family cytokine	Homo sapiens	19-22
1260011-1	1976	A major glycoprotein 36 000 molecular weight) has been isolated from lung lavage of patients with alveolar proteinosis and found to contain five residues of hydroxyproline, fifty residues of glycine, three residues of methionine, 3 mol of sialic acid, 4.4 mol of mannose, 4.0 mol of galactose, 6.0 mol of glucosamine, and 1 mol of fucose.	Galactose	283-292	podoplanin	Homo sapiens	8-23
59739-10	1976	Stepwise degradation of fetuin glycopeptide established the galactose residues as important determinants of inhibitory activity.	Galactose	60-69	alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein	Ovis aries	24-30
173185-1	1975	The galactose tolerance of individuals with mutant genotypes affecting the activities of galactokinase (GALK) and galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) was examined.	Galactose	4-13	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	89-102
182297-4	1976	In all cell lines there was a direct relation between the degree of enhancement of galactokinase activity and the ability of cells to adapt to growth in media where the only hexose was galactose.	Galactose	185-194	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	83-96
1107315-0	1976	Effect of GAL4 gene dosage on the level of galactose catabolic enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	43-52	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	10-14
1245460-1	1976	The gal3 mutation of Saccharomyces, which is associated with an impairment in the utilization of galactose, has been shown to be pleiotropic, causing similar impairments in the utilization of melibiose and maltose.	Galactose	97-106	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
1245460-2	1976	Milibiose utilization and alpha-galactosidase production are directly controlled by the galactose regulatory elements i, c, and GAL4.	Galactose	88-97	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	128-132
56198-6	1976	Carbohydrate analysis demonstrated that ApoD is a glycoprotein with glucose, mannose, galactose, glucosamine, and sialic acid accounting for 18% of the dry weight of ApoD.	Galactose	86-95	apolipoprotein D	Homo sapiens	40-44
796401-0	1976	Effect of galactose and sugar substitutes on blood insulin levels in normal and obese individuals.	Galactose	10-19	insulin	Homo sapiens	51-58
811254-3	1975	The synthesis of a NAG analogue, N-diazoacetyl-glucosamine (diazoNAG), was carried out, and the molecule was demonstrated to be an active galactose acceptor in the lactose synthetase reaction.	Galactose	138-147	N-acetyl-alpha-glucosaminidase	Homo sapiens	19-22
173185-1	1975	The galactose tolerance of individuals with mutant genotypes affecting the activities of galactokinase (GALK) and galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) was examined.	Galactose	4-13	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	104-108
173185-7	1975	The intrafamilial consistency and interfamilial differences in the galactose tolerance of GALKG/GALKA individuals suggest heterogeneity of the genes responsible for the GALK-deficient form of galactosemia.	Galactose	67-76	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	90-94
1205449-5	1975	In hapten inhibition assays with simple sugars, the so-called Makela"s group 2 sugars, which bear the same configuration of hydroxy groups at C-3 and C-4 as D-galactopyranose, were inhibitors for this hemagglutinin.	Galactose	157-174	complement C3	Homo sapiens	142-145
1205449-5	1975	In hapten inhibition assays with simple sugars, the so-called Makela"s group 2 sugars, which bear the same configuration of hydroxy groups at C-3 and C-4 as D-galactopyranose, were inhibitors for this hemagglutinin.	Galactose	157-174	complement C4A (Rodgers blood group)	Homo sapiens	150-153
1162167-0	1975	Effect of anaerobiosis, dinitrophenol and fluoride on the active intestinal transport of galactose in snail.	Galactose	89-98	snail family transcriptional repressor 1	Homo sapiens	102-107
1213985-5	1975	It produced galactose on incubation  with beta-galactosidase, and N-acetyllactosamine and aspartic acid on incubation with 4-L-aspartylglycosylamine amindo hydrolase.	Galactose	12-21	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	42-60
1159895-4	1975	The envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 are relatively rich in galactose, glucosamine, and fucose.	Galactose	60-69	small nucleolar RNA, H/ACA box 73A	Homo sapiens	27-36
1170888-18	1975	On the other hand, GP-1 and GP-2 had nearly identical levels of carbohydrate, 45.1 and 48.0 wt %, and possessed essentially the same percent distribution of carbohydrates: sialic acid, 16.5 plus or minus 0.5; mannose, 10.3 plus or minus 0.4; glucosamine, 11.2 plus or minus 0.1; galactose, 7.9 plus or minus 0.3.	Galactose	279-288	glycoprotein 2	Bos taurus	19-32
3022-0	1975	[The specificity of galactokinase induction in rat liver tissue under the effect of galactose].	Galactose	84-93	galactokinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	20-33
3022-1	1975	In liver tissue of rats, a conventional laboratory food of which was substituted for galactose-rich food, the galactokinase activity was increased, but the glucokinase was not affected.	Galactose	85-94	galactokinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	110-123
3022-1	1975	In liver tissue of rats, a conventional laboratory food of which was substituted for galactose-rich food, the galactokinase activity was increased, but the glucokinase was not affected.	Galactose	85-94	glucokinase	Rattus norvegicus	156-167
3022-4	1975	The data obtained suggest that in rat liver tissue the galactokinase was specifically induced under the effect of galactose.	Galactose	114-123	galactokinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	55-68
3022-5	1975	Except for the liver tissue, galactose induced galactokinase in eye crystalline lens; the enzyme activity was not altered in spleen and kidney.	Galactose	29-38	galactokinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	47-60
51003-6	1975	Furthermore, the nominally galactose-specific lectins from Sophora japonica and Ulex europeus inhibited IgE-mediated histamine release while causing little if any histamine release themselves.	Galactose	27-36	immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon	Homo sapiens	104-107
1162166-1	1975	Sugar transport by sacs of everted intestine of snail have been measured in vitro at 30 degrees C. D-galactose, D-glucose and 3-O-methylglucose were actively transported against a concentration gradient from the mucosal to the serosal compartment.	Galactose	99-110	snail family transcriptional repressor 1	Homo sapiens	48-53
1162167-1	1975	The active transport of galactose across the intestinal wall (everted sacs) of the snail Cryptomphalus hortensis Muller has been studied in vitro, under several metabolic conditions.	Galactose	24-33	snail family transcriptional repressor 1	Homo sapiens	83-88
1162167-7	1975	It is deduced that in snail intestine the energy for the active transport of galactose can be supplied by aerobic as much as by anaerobic metabolism.	Galactose	77-86	snail family transcriptional repressor 1	Homo sapiens	22-27
165003-3	1975	Fucose and N-acetylneuraminic acid residues are nonreducing terminal groups, and the N-acetylneuraminic acid groups are linked to the D-galactose residues at C-3.	Galactose	134-145	complement component 3	Gallus gallus	158-161
163645-5	1975	Prior removal of sialic acid by neuraminidase treatment led to increased destruction of galactose by periodate.	Galactose	88-97	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	32-45
1116999-6	1975	The sulfate groups are linked at C-6 at the D-galactose residues.	Galactose	46-55	complement C6	Homo sapiens	33-36
234456-14	1975	In addition, the complex readily catalyzed the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to xylose in the absence of exogenous alpha-lactalbumin.	Galactose	59-68	lactalbumin alpha	Homo sapiens	126-143
165003-4	1975	Most of the sulfate groups (91% of the sulfate) are located on C-6 of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucose residues, and the rest on C-6 of the D-galactose residues.	Galactose	138-149	complement C6	Gallus gallus	127-130
1113312-4	1975	Incorporation of fucose and galactose into purified carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), used as an exogenous acceptor by colon glycosyltransferases, was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation with rabbit antiserum to human CEA.	Galactose	28-37	CEA cell adhesion molecule 3	Homo sapiens	52-76
1112819-4	1975	Thyroglobulin, analyzed by equilibrium centrifugation in RbCl, had a median density which varied according to the moiety labeled in the following increasing order: leucine smaller than galactose smaller than sialic acid smaller than iodine.	Galactose	185-194	thyroglobulin	Rattus norvegicus	0-13
1113312-4	1975	Incorporation of fucose and galactose into purified carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), used as an exogenous acceptor by colon glycosyltransferases, was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation with rabbit antiserum to human CEA.	Galactose	28-37	CEA cell adhesion molecule 3	Homo sapiens	216-219
1240812-1	1975	It was established earlier that the maintenance of rats on a galactose-rich diet induced in rat liver a sequental induction of enzymes, converting galactose to glucose (galactokinase, galactoso-1-phosphaturidytransferase and uridyndiphosphogalactose-4-epimerase); this was followed by the repression of these enzymes.	Galactose	61-70	galactokinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	169-182
1240812-1	1975	It was established earlier that the maintenance of rats on a galactose-rich diet induced in rat liver a sequental induction of enzymes, converting galactose to glucose (galactokinase, galactoso-1-phosphaturidytransferase and uridyndiphosphogalactose-4-epimerase); this was followed by the repression of these enzymes.	Galactose	147-156	galactokinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	169-182
1113312-4	1975	Incorporation of fucose and galactose into purified carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), used as an exogenous acceptor by colon glycosyltransferases, was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation with rabbit antiserum to human CEA.	Galactose	28-37	CEA cell adhesion molecule 3	Homo sapiens	78-81
4616940-7	1974	Close similarity between the apparent role of the phoO-PHOD gene cluster and that of the c-GAL4 gene cluster in the galactose system of S. cerevisiae could be inferred.	Galactose	116-125	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	91-95
171642-0	1975	Preparation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) containing significantly increased amounts of galactose and galactosamine.	Galactose	92-101	CEA cell adhesion molecule 3	Homo sapiens	15-39
171642-0	1975	Preparation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) containing significantly increased amounts of galactose and galactosamine.	Galactose	92-101	CEA cell adhesion molecule 3	Homo sapiens	41-44
4616952-1	1974	Adam Kepes suggested that the cellular transport and hydrolysis of orthonitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside is powered by the counterflux of the d-galactose resulting from beta-galactosidase action within the cell.	Galactose	146-157	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	173-191
4369925-1	1974	By use of a selective medium containing ethidium bromide, population analyses of yeast galactose long-term adaptation mutants (gal3) in the process of deadaptation in the absence of galactose have been performed.	Galactose	87-96	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	127-131
4369925-5	1974	It is postulated that the gal3 phenotype is the result of such strains" inability to actively synthesize an endogenous co-inducer which allows wild-type cells to be readily induced upon exposure to galactose.	Galactose	198-207	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	26-30
4376212-0	1974	Studies on the positive regulatory gene, GAL4, in regulation of galactose catabolic enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	64-73	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	41-45
4774399-2	1973	GM(1)-ganglioside, specifically tritiated in the terminal galactose, was hydrolysed by two forms of ;acid" methylumbelliferyl beta-galactosidase isolated on gel filtration.	Galactose	58-67	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	126-144
4270794-1	1973	An orally active inhibitor of aldose reductase, 1,3-dioxo-1H-benz[de]-isoquinoline-2(3H)acetic acid (AY-22,284), prevented cataractous changes in cultured lenses exposed to high concentrations of galactose.	Galactose	196-205	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	30-46
4205352-12	1973	The fact that intracellular IgA and IgM monomer subunits known to be deficient in galactose and fucose can be completely polymerized suggests that the addition of carbohydrate does not control polymerization.	Galactose	82-91	CD79A antigen (immunoglobulin-associated alpha)	Mus musculus	28-31
4144165-0	1973	Incorporation of galactose into blood-groups(ABH) precursor substance by lactose synthetase from human milk.	Galactose	17-26	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	45-48
4118634-0	1973	Amniotic-cell galactokinase activity: stimulation by galactose.	Galactose	53-62	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	14-27
4577139-1	1973	By use of a selective galactose agar medium containing ethidium bromide, a population analysis of the deinduction kinetics of yeast galactose long-term adaptation mutants (gal 3) has been done.	Galactose	22-31	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	172-177
4577139-1	1973	By use of a selective galactose agar medium containing ethidium bromide, a population analysis of the deinduction kinetics of yeast galactose long-term adaptation mutants (gal 3) has been done.	Galactose	132-141	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	172-177
4577139-2	1973	It was first determined that the gal 3 mutation is specific to the yeast galactose system and that induced cultures of gal 3 strains are capable of growth on galactose agar medium containing ethidium bromide, whereas noninduced cultures are not.	Galactose	73-82	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	33-38
4577139-3	1973	Population analyses of induced gal 3 strains under going deinduction in the absence of galactose demonstrate that a minimum number of five induction units per cell are required for induction of the galactose system.	Galactose	198-207	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	31-36
4722437-5	1973	Both polar and non-polar substituents at C-6 enhance the affinity of d-glucose derivatives relative to d-xylose, and d-galactose derivatives relative to l-arabinose, and it is suggested that the carrier region around C-6 of the sugar may contain both hydrophobic and polar binding groups.	Galactose	117-128	complement C6	Homo sapiens	41-44
4722437-5	1973	Both polar and non-polar substituents at C-6 enhance the affinity of d-glucose derivatives relative to d-xylose, and d-galactose derivatives relative to l-arabinose, and it is suggested that the carrier region around C-6 of the sugar may contain both hydrophobic and polar binding groups.	Galactose	117-128	complement C6	Homo sapiens	217-220
5063546-0	1972	Biological properties of hCG after removal of terminal sialic acid and galactose residues.	Galactose	71-80	hypertrichosis 2 (generalised, congenital)	Homo sapiens	25-28
4574907-0	1973	Insulin concentrations in portal venous and peripheral venous blood in man following administration of glucose, galactose, xylitol and tobutamide.	Galactose	112-121	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
5054461-7	1972	While the presence of alpha-lactalbumin in the incubation medium resulted in a significant decrease in the transfer of galactose to N-acetylglucosamine, glucose, which was not an acceptor for galactose in the absence of alpha-lactalbumin, became an excellent acceptor.	Galactose	119-128	lactalbumin alpha	Homo sapiens	22-39
5054461-7	1972	While the presence of alpha-lactalbumin in the incubation medium resulted in a significant decrease in the transfer of galactose to N-acetylglucosamine, glucose, which was not an acceptor for galactose in the absence of alpha-lactalbumin, became an excellent acceptor.	Galactose	192-201	lactalbumin alpha	Homo sapiens	22-39
5473450-0	1970	[Upon the influence of galactose infusions on galactose, glucose, insulin and free fatty acids in blood and plasma, and on the urinary excretion of galactose and glucose in men].	Galactose	23-32	insulin	Homo sapiens	66-73
5160356-0	1971	[Comparative liver function studies with high doses of BSP in intravenous galactose loading].	Galactose	74-83	integrin binding sialoprotein	Homo sapiens	55-58
4621795-4	1972	In cultures without added beta-galactosidase, a low concentration of galactose accumulated in the milk, whereas glucose was not detected after 2 hr of incubation.	Galactose	69-78	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	26-44
5158908-2	1971	Mannose and glucosamine residues are added at an early stage, whereas galactose and fucose are added just before, or at the time that, IgM leaves the cell.	Galactose	70-79	immunoglobulin heavy constant mu	Mus musculus	135-138
28603927-5	1971	The urato-binding alpha1-2 globulin contains 12.1% of carbohydrates including galactose, mannoso, galactosamine and sialic acid.	Galactose	78-87	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	18-26
16557832-3	1970	Uridine diphosphate-gal-4-epimeraseless mutants grown on galactose-supplemented medium, rendering them smooth phenotypes, showed resistance to ingestion and intracellular killing similar to the wild type.	Galactose	57-66	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 4	Mus musculus	20-25
5373812-0	1969	Inability of galactose to mobilize insulin in galactoknase-deficient individuals.	Galactose	13-22	insulin	Homo sapiens	35-42
4899578-0	1969	Loss of "galactose permease" and galactose sensitivity of E. coli associated with mutation in lac operon.	Galactose	9-18	permease	Escherichia coli	19-28
4902723-0	1969	[Influence of galactose on insulin secretion in humans].	Galactose	14-23	insulin	Homo sapiens	27-34
5376976-0	1969	[Action of various stimuli (galactose, fructose and lipids) on human insulin secretion: influence of the gastrointestinal tract].	Galactose	28-37	insulin	Homo sapiens	69-76
5356495-0	1969	[Analogue computer analysis of the effect of insulin on the metabolism of galactose in humans].	Galactose	74-83	insulin	Homo sapiens	45-52
5690539-6	1968	Transferrin has most of its carbohydrate in a single unit composed of 2 residues of mannose, 2 residues of galactose, 3 residues of N-acetylglucosamine and either 1 or 2 residues of sialic acid.	Galactose	107-116	transferrin	Homo sapiens	0-11
5773518-0	1969	Methionyl-tRNA synthetase detected by [75Se]selenomethionine in lenses from normal and galactose-fed rats.	Galactose	87-96	methionyl-tRNA synthetase 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-25
5916390-2	1966	Preparation of radioactive, sialic acid-free ceruloplasmin labeled with tritium on terminal D-galactose residues.	Galactose	92-103	ceruloplasmin	Homo sapiens	45-58
5660111-0	1968	The effect of an aldose reductase inhibitor on the galactose-exposed rabbit lens.	Galactose	51-60	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	17-33
5646187-1	1968	A ganglioside, previously designated HG-B in our laboratory, was isolated from mixed human brain ganglioside preparations and shown to contain equimolar quantities of sialic acid, galactose, and sphingosine.	Galactose	180-189	cytoglobin	Homo sapiens	37-41
6049914-8	1967	Treatment of the sialic acid-free glycoprotein with beta-galactosidase showed that much of the galactose occupies a sub-terminal location in the intact glycoprotein.	Galactose	95-104	galactosidase beta 1	Bos taurus	52-70
5647842-1	1968	A profound deficiency (10- to 30-fold) of beta-galactosidase activity was found in tissues (liver, spleen, kidney, and brain) from two patients with generalized gangliosidosis; this deficiency is demonstrated as a failure to cleave both p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside and ganglioside GM(1) labeled with C(14) in the terminal galactose.	Galactose	333-342	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	42-60
16742444-1	1966	Ceramide lactoside [1-O-(galactosido-4-beta-glucosido)-2-N-acyl-sphingosine] was hydrolysed to ceramide glucoside and galactose by beta-galactosidase of rat brain.	Galactose	118-127	galactosidase, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	131-149
16742444-3	1966	Ceramide lactoside could be degraded to ceramide, galactose and glucose by mixtures of rat-brain beta-galactosidase and ox-brain beta-glucosidase.	Galactose	50-59	galactosidase, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	97-115
5862402-9	1965	There was a greater randomization of (14)C in the glycerol than in C-1, C-2 and C-3 of the galactose moiety of lactose.	Galactose	91-100	complement C3	Bos taurus	80-83
5938660-10	1966	Galactokinase phosphorylates 2-deoxygalactose and galactosamine in addition to galactose, has a pH optimum of 7.8, a Q(10) of 2, and is stimulated by cysteine and other thiols.	Galactose	36-45	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-13
13991334-0	1963	Insulin response to fructose and galactose.	Galactose	33-42	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
14015352-1	1963	The galactose-methemoglobin test.	Galactose	4-13	hemoglobin subunit gamma 2	Homo sapiens	14-27
14466786-0	1962	Insulin, anaerobiosis, and phlorizin in entry of D-galactose into skeletal muscle.	Galactose	49-60	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
13972671-0	1962	[Observations on the action of insulin therapy on experimental galactose-induced cataract].	Galactose	63-72	insulin	Homo sapiens	31-38
13090670-0	1953	[The influence of ACTH and cortisone on galactose metabolism].	Galactose	40-49	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	18-22
13726706-0	1961	[On the effect of ACTH on results of the galactose test].	Galactose	41-50	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	18-22
13757672-0	1961	Enhancement by hypophysectomy of insulin effect on extrahepatic galactose transfer.	Galactose	64-73	insulin	Homo sapiens	33-40
14771275-0	1950	Action of insulin on the "permeability" of cells to free hexoses, as studied by its effect on the distribution of galactose.	Galactose	114-123	insulin	Homo sapiens	10-17
13065433-0	1953	Action of insulin on volume of distribution of galactose in the body.	Galactose	47-56	insulin	Homo sapiens	10-17
33714113-7	2021	ANF showed potential neuroprotective effects by relieving d-Galactose-induced memory deficits, reducing overexpression of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and amyloid-beta42 (Abeta42) in the hippocampus of rats.	Galactose	58-69	natriuretic peptide A	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
18150030-0	1949	The action of insulin on the distribution of galactose in eviscerated nephrectomized dogs.	Galactose	45-54	insulin	Canis lupus familiaris	14-21
17736585-0	1948	Effect of Galactose on the Utilization of Fat.	Galactose	10-19	FAT atypical cadherin 1	Homo sapiens	42-45
20320023-0	1935	The Galactose Tolerance Test as an Aid to Diagnosis in Jaundice.	Galactose	4-13	activation induced cytidine deaminase	Homo sapiens	35-38
33933969-5	2021	d-galactose-induced aging mice model showed that liver superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) were enhanced, while aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and NF-kappaB were decreased by SePPs significantly (p < 0.05).	Galactose	0-11	glutathione peroxidase 1	Mus musculus	88-112
33933969-5	2021	d-galactose-induced aging mice model showed that liver superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) were enhanced, while aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and NF-kappaB were decreased by SePPs significantly (p < 0.05).	Galactose	0-11	glutathione peroxidase 1	Mus musculus	114-119
33727095-12	2021	Taken together, these findings suggest the role of LAP in ameliorating D-gal-induced AD in OVX rats via activating the pro-survival pathway; PI3K-Akt-GSK-3beta, while inhibiting p-mTOR, NOX-1, and p38 MAPK pathways.	Galactose	71-76	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	146-149
33933969-5	2021	d-galactose-induced aging mice model showed that liver superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) were enhanced, while aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and NF-kappaB were decreased by SePPs significantly (p < 0.05).	Galactose	0-11	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	142-168
33933969-5	2021	d-galactose-induced aging mice model showed that liver superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) were enhanced, while aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and NF-kappaB were decreased by SePPs significantly (p < 0.05).	Galactose	0-11	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	170-173
33933969-5	2021	d-galactose-induced aging mice model showed that liver superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) were enhanced, while aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and NF-kappaB were decreased by SePPs significantly (p < 0.05).	Galactose	0-11	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	176-200
33933969-5	2021	d-galactose-induced aging mice model showed that liver superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) were enhanced, while aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and NF-kappaB were decreased by SePPs significantly (p < 0.05).	Galactose	0-11	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	202-205
33933969-5	2021	d-galactose-induced aging mice model showed that liver superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) were enhanced, while aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and NF-kappaB were decreased by SePPs significantly (p < 0.05).	Galactose	0-11	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	211-220
33892066-8	2021	RESULTS: The average molecular weight of OSP was distributed at 27972 Da, OSP was composed of xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose with the ratio of 2.9:6.6:166:2.6, with a trace amount of fucose, arabinose and rhamnose.	Galactose	124-133	claudin 11	Mus musculus	41-44
33892066-8	2021	RESULTS: The average molecular weight of OSP was distributed at 27972 Da, OSP was composed of xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose with the ratio of 2.9:6.6:166:2.6, with a trace amount of fucose, arabinose and rhamnose.	Galactose	124-133	claudin 11	Mus musculus	74-77
33964346-10	2021	Moreover, overexpression of miR-130a in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced SH-SY5Y cell senescence model attenuated D-gal-induced impaired autophagy and cell senescence, demonstrated by decreased levels of LC3, Ac-p53, p21 and increased p62, suggesting that voluntary wheel running can alleviate brain aging in natural aging rats by up-regulating miR-130a-mediated autophagy.	Galactose	40-51	microRNA 130a	Homo sapiens	28-36
33964346-10	2021	Moreover, overexpression of miR-130a in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced SH-SY5Y cell senescence model attenuated D-gal-induced impaired autophagy and cell senescence, demonstrated by decreased levels of LC3, Ac-p53, p21 and increased p62, suggesting that voluntary wheel running can alleviate brain aging in natural aging rats by up-regulating miR-130a-mediated autophagy.	Galactose	40-51	microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha	Homo sapiens	199-202
33964346-10	2021	Moreover, overexpression of miR-130a in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced SH-SY5Y cell senescence model attenuated D-gal-induced impaired autophagy and cell senescence, demonstrated by decreased levels of LC3, Ac-p53, p21 and increased p62, suggesting that voluntary wheel running can alleviate brain aging in natural aging rats by up-regulating miR-130a-mediated autophagy.	Galactose	40-51	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	207-210
33964346-10	2021	Moreover, overexpression of miR-130a in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced SH-SY5Y cell senescence model attenuated D-gal-induced impaired autophagy and cell senescence, demonstrated by decreased levels of LC3, Ac-p53, p21 and increased p62, suggesting that voluntary wheel running can alleviate brain aging in natural aging rats by up-regulating miR-130a-mediated autophagy.	Galactose	40-51	H3 histone pseudogene 16	Homo sapiens	212-215
33153341-12	2021	We further detected aging marker p53 expression in crystalline lenses, and our result showed that AOS significantly inhibited p53 protein expression in D-gal-induced mice.	Galactose	152-157	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	126-129
33964346-10	2021	Moreover, overexpression of miR-130a in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced SH-SY5Y cell senescence model attenuated D-gal-induced impaired autophagy and cell senescence, demonstrated by decreased levels of LC3, Ac-p53, p21 and increased p62, suggesting that voluntary wheel running can alleviate brain aging in natural aging rats by up-regulating miR-130a-mediated autophagy.	Galactose	40-51	nucleoporin 62	Homo sapiens	230-233
33964346-10	2021	Moreover, overexpression of miR-130a in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced SH-SY5Y cell senescence model attenuated D-gal-induced impaired autophagy and cell senescence, demonstrated by decreased levels of LC3, Ac-p53, p21 and increased p62, suggesting that voluntary wheel running can alleviate brain aging in natural aging rats by up-regulating miR-130a-mediated autophagy.	Galactose	40-51	microRNA 130a	Rattus norvegicus	340-348
33964346-10	2021	Moreover, overexpression of miR-130a in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced SH-SY5Y cell senescence model attenuated D-gal-induced impaired autophagy and cell senescence, demonstrated by decreased levels of LC3, Ac-p53, p21 and increased p62, suggesting that voluntary wheel running can alleviate brain aging in natural aging rats by up-regulating miR-130a-mediated autophagy.	Galactose	40-45	microRNA 130a	Homo sapiens	28-36
33964346-10	2021	Moreover, overexpression of miR-130a in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced SH-SY5Y cell senescence model attenuated D-gal-induced impaired autophagy and cell senescence, demonstrated by decreased levels of LC3, Ac-p53, p21 and increased p62, suggesting that voluntary wheel running can alleviate brain aging in natural aging rats by up-regulating miR-130a-mediated autophagy.	Galactose	40-45	microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha	Homo sapiens	199-202
33964346-10	2021	Moreover, overexpression of miR-130a in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced SH-SY5Y cell senescence model attenuated D-gal-induced impaired autophagy and cell senescence, demonstrated by decreased levels of LC3, Ac-p53, p21 and increased p62, suggesting that voluntary wheel running can alleviate brain aging in natural aging rats by up-regulating miR-130a-mediated autophagy.	Galactose	40-45	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	207-210
33964346-10	2021	Moreover, overexpression of miR-130a in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced SH-SY5Y cell senescence model attenuated D-gal-induced impaired autophagy and cell senescence, demonstrated by decreased levels of LC3, Ac-p53, p21 and increased p62, suggesting that voluntary wheel running can alleviate brain aging in natural aging rats by up-regulating miR-130a-mediated autophagy.	Galactose	40-45	H3 histone pseudogene 16	Homo sapiens	212-215
33964346-10	2021	Moreover, overexpression of miR-130a in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced SH-SY5Y cell senescence model attenuated D-gal-induced impaired autophagy and cell senescence, demonstrated by decreased levels of LC3, Ac-p53, p21 and increased p62, suggesting that voluntary wheel running can alleviate brain aging in natural aging rats by up-regulating miR-130a-mediated autophagy.	Galactose	40-45	nucleoporin 62	Homo sapiens	230-233
33964346-10	2021	Moreover, overexpression of miR-130a in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced SH-SY5Y cell senescence model attenuated D-gal-induced impaired autophagy and cell senescence, demonstrated by decreased levels of LC3, Ac-p53, p21 and increased p62, suggesting that voluntary wheel running can alleviate brain aging in natural aging rats by up-regulating miR-130a-mediated autophagy.	Galactose	40-45	microRNA 130a	Rattus norvegicus	340-348
33839467-6	2021	These differential proteins were mainly involved in biological processes (e.g., the regulation of cysteine peptidase activity, transmembrane transportation, ion transportation and ATP synthesis) and major signaling pathways (e.g., glutathione/galactose metabolism, cellular adhesion and PI3K-Akt), and most of them interacted with each other to some extent.	Galactose	243-252	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	292-295
33878391-7	2021	Gal3p and Gal80p of S. cerevisiae act as signal transducers that govern the galactose inducer Gal4p mediated transcriptional activation of the Gal gene family.	Galactose	76-85	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
33878391-7	2021	Gal3p and Gal80p of S. cerevisiae act as signal transducers that govern the galactose inducer Gal4p mediated transcriptional activation of the Gal gene family.	Galactose	76-85	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	10-16
33878391-7	2021	Gal3p and Gal80p of S. cerevisiae act as signal transducers that govern the galactose inducer Gal4p mediated transcriptional activation of the Gal gene family.	Galactose	76-85	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	94-99
33153341-14	2021	Western blot results showed that AOS attenuated the damage of D-gal in the protein expressions of antioxidative enzymes SOD1, SOD2 and CAT.	Galactose	62-67	superoxide dismutase 1, soluble	Mus musculus	120-124
33153341-14	2021	Western blot results showed that AOS attenuated the damage of D-gal in the protein expressions of antioxidative enzymes SOD1, SOD2 and CAT.	Galactose	62-67	superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	126-130
33153341-14	2021	Western blot results showed that AOS attenuated the damage of D-gal in the protein expressions of antioxidative enzymes SOD1, SOD2 and CAT.	Galactose	62-67	catalase	Mus musculus	135-138
33153341-15	2021	RT-qPCR results showed that AOS suppressed the down-regulation of Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA expressions induced by D-gal.	Galactose	108-113	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	66-70
33153341-15	2021	RT-qPCR results showed that AOS suppressed the down-regulation of Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA expressions induced by D-gal.	Galactose	108-113	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	75-79
33892061-3	2021	Because galactose group can recognize ASGPR overexpressed on hepatoma cells and morpholine group can target to the lysosome, they are integrated into a dual-targeted lipid material with low toxicity.	Galactose	8-17	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	38-43
33892061-6	2021	The endocytosis of Gal-Mor-LPs was competitively inhibited by galactose, which confirmed the galactose modified liposomes entered hepatoma cells via ASGPR-mediated pathway.	Galactose	62-71	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	149-154
33892061-6	2021	The endocytosis of Gal-Mor-LPs was competitively inhibited by galactose, which confirmed the galactose modified liposomes entered hepatoma cells via ASGPR-mediated pathway.	Galactose	93-102	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	149-154
33974923-6	2021	Further, the carbohydrate affinity of this lectin was found with mannitol, adonitol, L-arabinose, L-rhamnose, D-galactose and sorbitol.	Galactose	110-121	lectin	Musa acuminata	43-49
33616841-6	2021	In general, the results showed an increase in citrate synthase (CS) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities in animals treated with D-gal compared to the control group in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.	Galactose	137-142	citrate synthase	Rattus norvegicus	46-62
33616841-6	2021	In general, the results showed an increase in citrate synthase (CS) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities in animals treated with D-gal compared to the control group in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.	Galactose	137-142	citrate synthase	Rattus norvegicus	64-66
34043239-0	2021	A New D-Galactose Treatment Monitoring Index for PGM1-CDG.	Galactose	6-17	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	49-53
34043239-4	2021	Oral D-galactose supplementation shows significant clinical and metabolic improvements, which are indicated by the Tf glycan isoform normalization over time in patients with PGM1-CDG.	Galactose	5-16	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	174-178
34043239-6	2021	Here, we present a simplified algorithm called PGM1-CDG Treatment Monitoring Index (PGM1-TMI) for assessing the response of PGM1-CDG patients to D-galactose supplementation.	Galactose	145-156	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	47-51
34043239-6	2021	Here, we present a simplified algorithm called PGM1-CDG Treatment Monitoring Index (PGM1-TMI) for assessing the response of PGM1-CDG patients to D-galactose supplementation.	Galactose	145-156	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	84-88
34043239-8	2021	In addition, the PGM1-TMI was reduced in PGM1-CDG patients under D-Galactose supplementation as compared with their corresponding values before treatment, indicating that glycosylation proceeds towards normalization.	Galactose	65-76	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	17-21
34043239-9	2021	PGM1-TMI allows tracking Tf glycan isoform normalization over time when the patients are on D-galactose supplementation.	Galactose	92-103	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
33705905-0	2021	Effect of resveratrol on the repair of kidney and brain injuries and its regulation on klotho gene in D-galactose-induced aging mice.	Galactose	102-113	klotho	Mus musculus	87-93
33784256-4	2021	Here, we show that the presence of fucose on N-glycans of IgG induces, whereas the presence of galactose ameliorates, podocyte injury through CaMK4 expression.	Galactose	95-104	calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV	Mus musculus	142-147
31554431-6	2021	Moreover, huperzine A could inhibit d-gal-induced activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) in Schwann cells and significantly blocked d-gal-stimulated gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.	Galactose	36-41	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	239-243
31554431-6	2021	Moreover, huperzine A could inhibit d-gal-induced activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) in Schwann cells and significantly blocked d-gal-stimulated gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.	Galactose	36-41	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	249-276
31554431-6	2021	Moreover, huperzine A could inhibit d-gal-induced activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) in Schwann cells and significantly blocked d-gal-stimulated gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.	Galactose	142-147	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	239-243
31554431-6	2021	Moreover, huperzine A could inhibit d-gal-induced activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) in Schwann cells and significantly blocked d-gal-stimulated gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.	Galactose	142-147	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	249-276
33988358-3	2021	Small-molecule galectin-3 inhibitors, which are generally lactose or galactose-based derivatives, have the potential to be valuable disease-modifying agents.	Galactose	69-78	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	15-25
34028092-0	2021	The p53/p21/p16 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways are involved in the ameliorative effects of maltol on D-galactose-induced liver and kidney aging and injury.	Galactose	102-113	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	4-7
34028092-0	2021	The p53/p21/p16 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways are involved in the ameliorative effects of maltol on D-galactose-induced liver and kidney aging and injury.	Galactose	102-113	H3 histone pseudogene 16	Homo sapiens	8-11
34028092-0	2021	The p53/p21/p16 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways are involved in the ameliorative effects of maltol on D-galactose-induced liver and kidney aging and injury.	Galactose	102-113	cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A	Homo sapiens	12-15
34028092-0	2021	The p53/p21/p16 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways are involved in the ameliorative effects of maltol on D-galactose-induced liver and kidney aging and injury.	Galactose	102-113	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	25-28
34019619-5	2022	Our results demonstrate that BHK cells express higher levels of the non-human carbohydrate a1-3 galactose (aGal) than CHO cells, suggesting that aGal incorporation onto FVIII may result in anti-aGal antibody recognition that could positively influence the development of anti-FVIII antibodies.	Galactose	96-105	coagulation factor VIII	Homo sapiens	169-174
33955217-6	2021	By employing galactose as recognition units, the APN facilitated the phagocytosis of galectin-1 in tumor tissues, thereby improving the antitumor responses of tumor-infiltrating T cells.	Galactose	13-22	alanyl aminopeptidase, membrane	Homo sapiens	49-52
33955217-6	2021	By employing galactose as recognition units, the APN facilitated the phagocytosis of galectin-1 in tumor tissues, thereby improving the antitumor responses of tumor-infiltrating T cells.	Galactose	13-22	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	85-95
33272761-3	2021	Patatin was an O-linked glycoprotein that contained fucose monosaccharides, as well as mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose.	Galactose	115-124	Patatin class I	Solanum tuberosum	0-7
33990985-7	2021	This binding interaction is likely glycan-mediated as pre-incubation with galactose, galactosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and fucose reduced mucin adhesion to control levels.	Galactose	74-83	mucin 1, cell surface associated	Bos taurus	141-146
33508368-0	2021	BaZiBuShen alleviates altered testicular morphology and spermatogenesis and modulates Sirt6/P53 and Sirt6/NF-kappaB pathways in aging mice induced by D-galactose and NaNO2.	Galactose	150-161	sirtuin 6	Mus musculus	100-105
33974923-0	2021	Isolation, characterization of galactose-specific lectin from Odoiporus longicollis and its antibacterial and anticancer activities.	Galactose	31-40	lectin	Musa acuminata	50-56
33985879-13	2021	CONCLUSION: Our data suggested that TM-2 slowed down D-gal-induced cellular and mouse brain aging.	Galactose	53-58	tropomyosin 1, alpha	Mus musculus	36-40
33571703-5	2021	In contrast, fermentation-associated lactic acid bacteria metabolize BCAAs and degrade galactose and milk exosomes including their mTORC1-activating microRNAs.	Galactose	87-96	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	131-137
33859066-0	2021	Mangiferin ameliorates cardiac fibrosis in D-galactose-induced aging rats by inhibiting TGF-beta/p38/MK2 signaling pathway.	Galactose	43-54	transforming growth factor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	88-96
33859066-0	2021	Mangiferin ameliorates cardiac fibrosis in D-galactose-induced aging rats by inhibiting TGF-beta/p38/MK2 signaling pathway.	Galactose	43-54	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	97-100
33872003-0	2021	Ameliorative Effect of Dietary Tryptophan on Neurodegeneration and Inflammation in d-Galactose-Induced Aging Mice with the Potential Mechanism Relying on AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1alpha Pathway and Gut Microbiota.	Galactose	83-94	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	159-164
33872003-0	2021	Ameliorative Effect of Dietary Tryptophan on Neurodegeneration and Inflammation in d-Galactose-Induced Aging Mice with the Potential Mechanism Relying on AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1alpha Pathway and Gut Microbiota.	Galactose	83-94	peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha	Mus musculus	165-175
33997037-5	2021	Moreover, the immunohistochemistry results of NRF-2 and HO-1 were also detected in the livers of mice in the D-gal/CEp group.	Galactose	109-114	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	46-51
33997037-5	2021	Moreover, the immunohistochemistry results of NRF-2 and HO-1 were also detected in the livers of mice in the D-gal/CEp group.	Galactose	109-114	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	56-60
33899899-6	2021	XT-I can be coupled with beta-4-galactosyl transferase-7 for one pot synthesis of glycopeptides bearing galactose-xylose disaccharide, paving the way toward efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of PG glycopeptides and glycoproteins.	Galactose	104-113	xylosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
33445163-2	2021	Here we have developed a novel multi-functional nanostructure GAL-GNR-siGPC-3, which consists of Galactose (GAL) as the HCC-targeting moiety, golden nanorods (GNR) as a framework to destroy tumor cells under laser irradiation, and siRNA of Glypican-3 (siGPC-3) which induce specifically gene silence of GPC-3 in HCC.	Galactose	97-106	glypican 3	Homo sapiens	72-77
33445163-2	2021	Here we have developed a novel multi-functional nanostructure GAL-GNR-siGPC-3, which consists of Galactose (GAL) as the HCC-targeting moiety, golden nanorods (GNR) as a framework to destroy tumor cells under laser irradiation, and siRNA of Glypican-3 (siGPC-3) which induce specifically gene silence of GPC-3 in HCC.	Galactose	62-65	glypican 3	Homo sapiens	72-77
33985879-11	2021	RESULTS: TM-2 could improve D-gal-induced learning and memory impairement by inhibiting oxidative stress, increasing hippocampal neurogenesis and regulating the SH2B1-Akt pathway.	Galactose	28-33	tropomyosin 1, alpha	Mus musculus	9-13
34026879-8	2021	Perfusion of Ang II induced perturbations of multiple metabolic pathways in mice, such as steroid hormone biosynthesis and galactose metabolism.	Galactose	123-132	angiotensinogen (serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 8)	Mus musculus	13-19
33724769-8	2021	This yielded two micromolar inhibitors of hGALK1 that were not competitive with respect to either substrate (ATP or galactose) and demonstrated good selectivity over hGALK1 homologues, galactokinase 2 and mevalonate kinase.	Galactose	116-125	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	42-48
33985879-11	2021	RESULTS: TM-2 could improve D-gal-induced learning and memory impairement by inhibiting oxidative stress, increasing hippocampal neurogenesis and regulating the SH2B1-Akt pathway.	Galactose	28-33	SH2B adaptor protein 1	Mus musculus	161-166
33006074-8	2021	Pte also inhibits LPS/D-Gal-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) in liver tissues.	Galactose	22-27	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	100-109
33985879-11	2021	RESULTS: TM-2 could improve D-gal-induced learning and memory impairement by inhibiting oxidative stress, increasing hippocampal neurogenesis and regulating the SH2B1-Akt pathway.	Galactose	28-33	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	167-170
33897450-5	2021	10 g/kg BW D-galactose significantly influenced the jejunal and ileal expressions of GPx1, CAT1, and MnSOD.	Galactose	11-22	glutathione peroxidase 1	Sus scrofa	85-89
33897450-5	2021	10 g/kg BW D-galactose significantly influenced the jejunal and ileal expressions of GPx1, CAT1, and MnSOD.	Galactose	11-22	solute carrier family 7 member 1	Sus scrofa	91-95
32909036-5	2021	In this binding mode, the reducing end GalA beta-anomer of HGs takes the position of the nonreducing end galactose residue in lactose.	Galactose	105-114	galactosidase alpha	Homo sapiens	39-43
33860988-5	2021	A novel triantennary galactose conjugated quinoline derivative 4 has been synthesized that demonstrates a 17 fold higher binding affinity to isolated ASGPR-H1-CRD protein receptor (K d ~ 54 microM) in comparison to D-Galactose (Kd ~ 900 microM).	Galactose	21-30	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	150-155
33861503-2	2021	The monosaccharide composition of LGP was determined by ion chromatography to be galactose, xylose, glucose and fucose in a molar ratio of 2.568: 1.209: 1: 0.853.	Galactose	81-90	secretoglobin, family 1B, member 2	Mus musculus	34-37
33920278-6	2021	A specific inhibitor of GALK1 (Cpd36) was used to inhibit Gal catabolism.	Galactose	58-61	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	24-29
33920278-9	2021	GBM cultures proliferated when grown solely on Gal in Glc-free media and switching Glc-grown GBM cells into Gal-enriched/Glc-free media produced elevated levels of Glut3 and/or Glut14 enzymes.	Galactose	108-111	solute carrier family 2 member 3	Homo sapiens	164-169
33920278-9	2021	GBM cultures proliferated when grown solely on Gal in Glc-free media and switching Glc-grown GBM cells into Gal-enriched/Glc-free media produced elevated levels of Glut3 and/or Glut14 enzymes.	Galactose	108-111	solute carrier family 2 member 14	Homo sapiens	177-183
33920278-11	2021	CONCLUSION: Expression of Glut3 and/or Glut14 together with the enzymes of the Leloir pathway allows GBM to transport and metabolize Gal at physiological glucose concentrations, providing GBM cells with an alternate energy source.	Galactose	133-136	solute carrier family 2 member 3	Homo sapiens	26-31
33920278-11	2021	CONCLUSION: Expression of Glut3 and/or Glut14 together with the enzymes of the Leloir pathway allows GBM to transport and metabolize Gal at physiological glucose concentrations, providing GBM cells with an alternate energy source.	Galactose	133-136	solute carrier family 2 member 14	Homo sapiens	39-45
33832535-12	2021	Importantly, attenuation of tumor glycolysis by galactose largely hijacked the growth-promoting role of MAP17 in HCC cells.	Galactose	48-57	PDZK1 interacting protein 1	Homo sapiens	104-109
33006074-8	2021	Pte also inhibits LPS/D-Gal-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) in liver tissues.	Galactose	22-27	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	112-125
33006074-8	2021	Pte also inhibits LPS/D-Gal-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) in liver tissues.	Galactose	22-27	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	127-131
33006074-8	2021	Pte also inhibits LPS/D-Gal-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) in liver tissues.	Galactose	22-27	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	138-155
33006074-8	2021	Pte also inhibits LPS/D-Gal-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) in liver tissues.	Galactose	22-27	interleukin 1 alpha	Mus musculus	157-165
33325602-9	2021	Memory and learning impairment, MDA enhancement, GSH reduction, and neuroinflammation via increasing the TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and GFAP contents were observed in d-gal group.	Galactose	160-165	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	105-113
33617946-0	2021	Gensenoside Rg1 protects against lipopolysaccharide- and d-galactose-induced acute liver failure via suppressing HMGB1-mediated TLR4-NF-kappaB pathway.	Galactose	57-68	protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3A	Homo sapiens	12-15
33617946-0	2021	Gensenoside Rg1 protects against lipopolysaccharide- and d-galactose-induced acute liver failure via suppressing HMGB1-mediated TLR4-NF-kappaB pathway.	Galactose	57-68	high mobility group box 1	Homo sapiens	113-118
33617946-0	2021	Gensenoside Rg1 protects against lipopolysaccharide- and d-galactose-induced acute liver failure via suppressing HMGB1-mediated TLR4-NF-kappaB pathway.	Galactose	57-68	toll like receptor 4	Homo sapiens	128-132
33617946-0	2021	Gensenoside Rg1 protects against lipopolysaccharide- and d-galactose-induced acute liver failure via suppressing HMGB1-mediated TLR4-NF-kappaB pathway.	Galactose	57-68	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	133-142
33617946-2	2021	Gensenoside Rg1 (G-Rg1) effects on Lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) and d-galactose-(D-gal-) induced ALI, but its effects on ALF remained unclear.	Galactose	66-77	protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3A	Homo sapiens	12-15
33617946-2	2021	Gensenoside Rg1 (G-Rg1) effects on Lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) and d-galactose-(D-gal-) induced ALI, but its effects on ALF remained unclear.	Galactose	79-84	protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3A	Homo sapiens	12-15
33205491-4	2021	Results showed that RBP was found to contain 80.6% (w/w) of neutral sugars including D-fucose, D-mannose, D-glucose and D-galactose (1.7:1.4:1.0:1.8), and 12.5% (w/w) of proteins, which composed of glutamine, threonine, serine, etc.	Galactose	120-131	retinol binding protein 4, plasma	Mus musculus	20-23
33617946-8	2021	RESULTS: G-Rg1 relieved LPS- and D-gal-induced hepatic injury, and reduced ALT, AST and MDA levels but upregulated SOD and GSH levels, with downregulation on TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels.	Galactose	33-38	protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3A	Homo sapiens	11-14
33617946-11	2021	CONCLUSION: G-Rg1 had a protective effect against LPS- and D-gal-induced ALF both in vitro and in vivo, which might be related to inhibited HMGB1-mediated TLR4-NF-kappaB Pathway.	Galactose	59-64	high mobility group box 1	Homo sapiens	140-145
33617946-11	2021	CONCLUSION: G-Rg1 had a protective effect against LPS- and D-gal-induced ALF both in vitro and in vivo, which might be related to inhibited HMGB1-mediated TLR4-NF-kappaB Pathway.	Galactose	59-64	toll like receptor 4	Homo sapiens	155-159
33617946-11	2021	CONCLUSION: G-Rg1 had a protective effect against LPS- and D-gal-induced ALF both in vitro and in vivo, which might be related to inhibited HMGB1-mediated TLR4-NF-kappaB Pathway.	Galactose	59-64	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	160-169
33325602-9	2021	Memory and learning impairment, MDA enhancement, GSH reduction, and neuroinflammation via increasing the TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and GFAP contents were observed in d-gal group.	Galactose	160-165	interleukin 1 alpha	Rattus norvegicus	115-123
33325602-9	2021	Memory and learning impairment, MDA enhancement, GSH reduction, and neuroinflammation via increasing the TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and GFAP contents were observed in d-gal group.	Galactose	160-165	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Rattus norvegicus	129-133
33621295-8	2021	It is believed that EACC could improve the learning and memory impairment of d-galactose-induced aging mice by acting on the nine targets Grin1, Grin2a, Camk2a, Camk2b, Kras, Raf1, Mapk1, Mapk3 and Creb to affect the NMDA receptor-related pathway of long-term potentiation.	Galactose	77-88	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Mus musculus	181-186
33790561-9	2021	The Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, Phenylalanine metabolism and Galactose metabolism were found to be significantly changed in elderly PSD subjects.	Galactose	86-95	F-box and leucine rich repeat protein 15	Homo sapiens	157-160
33860051-5	2021	Results showed that irregularly arranged cardiac muscle fibers were observed in heart tissues of D-gal-treated mice, and the levels of cardiac troponin T (cTnT), creatine kinase (CK), p21, and p53 were increased after D-gal treatment.	Galactose	97-102	troponin T2, cardiac	Mus musculus	155-159
33860051-5	2021	Results showed that irregularly arranged cardiac muscle fibers were observed in heart tissues of D-gal-treated mice, and the levels of cardiac troponin T (cTnT), creatine kinase (CK), p21, and p53 were increased after D-gal treatment.	Galactose	218-223	troponin T2, cardiac	Mus musculus	135-153
33860051-5	2021	Results showed that irregularly arranged cardiac muscle fibers were observed in heart tissues of D-gal-treated mice, and the levels of cardiac troponin T (cTnT), creatine kinase (CK), p21, and p53 were increased after D-gal treatment.	Galactose	218-223	troponin T2, cardiac	Mus musculus	155-159
33860051-5	2021	Results showed that irregularly arranged cardiac muscle fibers were observed in heart tissues of D-gal-treated mice, and the levels of cardiac troponin T (cTnT), creatine kinase (CK), p21, and p53 were increased after D-gal treatment.	Galactose	218-223	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	193-196
33645601-3	2021	To overcome this challenge, a MUC1 glycopeptide mimic has been synthesized with the galactose-galactosamine disaccharide linked with threonine (Thomsen-Friedenreich or Tf antigen) through an unnatural beta-glycosyl bond.	Galactose	84-93	mucin 1, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	30-34
33694194-6	2021	Additionally, d-galactose + AlCl3 led to neurotoxicity assessed on the basis of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, glial cell activation, neuronal damage, and augmented GSK-3beta level in mice hippocampus.	Galactose	14-25	glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha	Mus musculus	171-180
33743737-0	2021	D-galactose supplementation in individuals with PMM2-CDG: results of a multicenter, open label, prospective pilot clinical trial.	Galactose	0-11	phosphomannomutase 2	Homo sapiens	48-52
33743737-3	2021	We performed an open-label pilot trial with D-galactose in 9 PMM2-CDG patients.	Galactose	44-55	phosphomannomutase 2	Homo sapiens	61-65
33743737-5	2021	Larger placebo-controlled studies are required to determine whether D-galactose could be used as supportive treatment in PMM2-CDG patients.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02955264.	Galactose	68-79	phosphomannomutase 2	Homo sapiens	121-125
33678756-3	2021	The results indicated that treatment with SRT1720 inhibited LPS/D-Gal-induced elevation of ALT and AST, alleviated the histological abnormalities, suppressed the induction of TNF-alpha and IL-6, mitigated the phosphorylation of JNK, downregulated the activities of caspase 8, caspase 9 and caspase 3, decreased the level of cleaved caspase 3, reduced the TUNEL-positive cells, and improved the survival rate of the LPS/D-Gal-exposed mice.	Galactose	64-69	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	91-94
33678756-3	2021	The results indicated that treatment with SRT1720 inhibited LPS/D-Gal-induced elevation of ALT and AST, alleviated the histological abnormalities, suppressed the induction of TNF-alpha and IL-6, mitigated the phosphorylation of JNK, downregulated the activities of caspase 8, caspase 9 and caspase 3, decreased the level of cleaved caspase 3, reduced the TUNEL-positive cells, and improved the survival rate of the LPS/D-Gal-exposed mice.	Galactose	64-69	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	175-184
33750826-6	2021	In addition, BmGalNAcT mediated transfer of galactose and N-acetylglucosamine residues but not transfer of either glucose or glucuronic acid from the UDP-sugar donor substrate to the N-glycan.	Galactose	44-53	N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 7	Bombyx mori	13-22
33678756-3	2021	The results indicated that treatment with SRT1720 inhibited LPS/D-Gal-induced elevation of ALT and AST, alleviated the histological abnormalities, suppressed the induction of TNF-alpha and IL-6, mitigated the phosphorylation of JNK, downregulated the activities of caspase 8, caspase 9 and caspase 3, decreased the level of cleaved caspase 3, reduced the TUNEL-positive cells, and improved the survival rate of the LPS/D-Gal-exposed mice.	Galactose	64-69	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	189-193
33678756-3	2021	The results indicated that treatment with SRT1720 inhibited LPS/D-Gal-induced elevation of ALT and AST, alleviated the histological abnormalities, suppressed the induction of TNF-alpha and IL-6, mitigated the phosphorylation of JNK, downregulated the activities of caspase 8, caspase 9 and caspase 3, decreased the level of cleaved caspase 3, reduced the TUNEL-positive cells, and improved the survival rate of the LPS/D-Gal-exposed mice.	Galactose	64-69	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	228-231
33678756-3	2021	The results indicated that treatment with SRT1720 inhibited LPS/D-Gal-induced elevation of ALT and AST, alleviated the histological abnormalities, suppressed the induction of TNF-alpha and IL-6, mitigated the phosphorylation of JNK, downregulated the activities of caspase 8, caspase 9 and caspase 3, decreased the level of cleaved caspase 3, reduced the TUNEL-positive cells, and improved the survival rate of the LPS/D-Gal-exposed mice.	Galactose	64-69	caspase 8	Mus musculus	265-274
33678756-3	2021	The results indicated that treatment with SRT1720 inhibited LPS/D-Gal-induced elevation of ALT and AST, alleviated the histological abnormalities, suppressed the induction of TNF-alpha and IL-6, mitigated the phosphorylation of JNK, downregulated the activities of caspase 8, caspase 9 and caspase 3, decreased the level of cleaved caspase 3, reduced the TUNEL-positive cells, and improved the survival rate of the LPS/D-Gal-exposed mice.	Galactose	64-69	caspase 9	Mus musculus	276-285
33678756-3	2021	The results indicated that treatment with SRT1720 inhibited LPS/D-Gal-induced elevation of ALT and AST, alleviated the histological abnormalities, suppressed the induction of TNF-alpha and IL-6, mitigated the phosphorylation of JNK, downregulated the activities of caspase 8, caspase 9 and caspase 3, decreased the level of cleaved caspase 3, reduced the TUNEL-positive cells, and improved the survival rate of the LPS/D-Gal-exposed mice.	Galactose	64-69	caspase 3	Mus musculus	290-299
33678756-3	2021	The results indicated that treatment with SRT1720 inhibited LPS/D-Gal-induced elevation of ALT and AST, alleviated the histological abnormalities, suppressed the induction of TNF-alpha and IL-6, mitigated the phosphorylation of JNK, downregulated the activities of caspase 8, caspase 9 and caspase 3, decreased the level of cleaved caspase 3, reduced the TUNEL-positive cells, and improved the survival rate of the LPS/D-Gal-exposed mice.	Galactose	64-69	caspase 3	Mus musculus	332-341
33678756-4	2021	These data indicated that treatment with the SIRT1 activator SRT1720 alleviated LPS/D-Gal-induced fulminant hepatitis, which might be attributed to the suppressive effects of SRT1720 on TNF-alpha production and the subsequent activation of the apoptosis cascade.	Galactose	84-89	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	45-50
33678756-4	2021	These data indicated that treatment with the SIRT1 activator SRT1720 alleviated LPS/D-Gal-induced fulminant hepatitis, which might be attributed to the suppressive effects of SRT1720 on TNF-alpha production and the subsequent activation of the apoptosis cascade.	Galactose	84-89	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	186-195
33576634-3	2021	The xylosylated glycopeptides were synthesized via solid phase synthesis, which was followed by the addition of the galactose unit by the galactosyl transferase beta4GalT7.	Galactose	116-125	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7	Homo sapiens	161-171
33276159-6	2021	Exogenous application of D-galactose (D-Gal) causes an increase in beta-1,4-galactan levels in wild type and GALS1 mutants, especially in GALS1 overexpressors, which correlated with the aggravated salt hypersensitivity.	Galactose	25-36	glycosyltransferase family protein (DUF23)	Arabidopsis thaliana	109-114
33351779-6	2021	In a cohort of pMN patients, we identified increased levels of galactose-deficient IgG4, which correlated with anti-PLA2R1-titers and podocyte damage induced by patient sera.	Galactose	63-72	phospholipase A2 receptor 1	Homo sapiens	116-122
33602883-0	2021	Mangiferin ameliorates cardiac fibrosis in D-galactose-induced aging rats by inhibiting TGF-beta/p38/MK2 signaling pathway.	Galactose	43-54	transforming growth factor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	88-96
33602883-0	2021	Mangiferin ameliorates cardiac fibrosis in D-galactose-induced aging rats by inhibiting TGF-beta/p38/MK2 signaling pathway.	Galactose	43-54	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	97-100
33602883-10	2021	These results showed that mangiferin could ameliorate cardiac fibrosis in D-galactose-induced aging rats possibly via inhibiting TGF-beta/p38/MK2 signaling pathway.	Galactose	74-85	transforming growth factor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	129-137
33602883-10	2021	These results showed that mangiferin could ameliorate cardiac fibrosis in D-galactose-induced aging rats possibly via inhibiting TGF-beta/p38/MK2 signaling pathway.	Galactose	74-85	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	138-141
33276159-6	2021	Exogenous application of D-galactose (D-Gal) causes an increase in beta-1,4-galactan levels in wild type and GALS1 mutants, especially in GALS1 overexpressors, which correlated with the aggravated salt hypersensitivity.	Galactose	25-36	glycosyltransferase family protein (DUF23)	Arabidopsis thaliana	138-143
33276159-6	2021	Exogenous application of D-galactose (D-Gal) causes an increase in beta-1,4-galactan levels in wild type and GALS1 mutants, especially in GALS1 overexpressors, which correlated with the aggravated salt hypersensitivity.	Galactose	38-43	glycosyltransferase family protein (DUF23)	Arabidopsis thaliana	109-114
33276159-6	2021	Exogenous application of D-galactose (D-Gal) causes an increase in beta-1,4-galactan levels in wild type and GALS1 mutants, especially in GALS1 overexpressors, which correlated with the aggravated salt hypersensitivity.	Galactose	38-43	glycosyltransferase family protein (DUF23)	Arabidopsis thaliana	138-143
33829690-11	2021	Conclusion: Up-regulation of Cx43 expression can reverse the D-gal-induced abnormal expression of P16 and P21, two aging-related proteins, in SMA.	Galactose	61-66	gap junction alpha-1 protein	Cavia porcellus	29-33
33829690-12	2021	It is suggested that Cx43 on SMA may be involved in D-gal-induced cell senescence, which provides a theoretical basis and possible intervention target for the delay of cell senescence.	Galactose	52-57	gap junction alpha-1 protein	Cavia porcellus	21-25
33212117-3	2021	The GAL residue allows the targeting to the asialo-glycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), overexpressed in HCC cells compared to normal hepatocytes.	Galactose	4-7	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	44-72
33583937-4	2021	The spleens of aging model mice subjected to repeated subcutaneous injections of D-galactose exhibited significant increases in T cells with the memory phenotype (CD62Llow CD44high) and individual T-cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg).	Galactose	81-92	CD44 antigen	Mus musculus	172-176
33443506-5	2021	Moreover, walnut diets with dairy products reserved a d-galactose induced decrease of hippocampal p-ERK/ERK, p-CREB/CREB, and BDNF expression in the protein level.	Galactose	54-65	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Mus musculus	100-103
33443506-5	2021	Moreover, walnut diets with dairy products reserved a d-galactose induced decrease of hippocampal p-ERK/ERK, p-CREB/CREB, and BDNF expression in the protein level.	Galactose	54-65	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Mus musculus	104-107
33443506-5	2021	Moreover, walnut diets with dairy products reserved a d-galactose induced decrease of hippocampal p-ERK/ERK, p-CREB/CREB, and BDNF expression in the protein level.	Galactose	54-65	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Mus musculus	111-115
33443506-5	2021	Moreover, walnut diets with dairy products reserved a d-galactose induced decrease of hippocampal p-ERK/ERK, p-CREB/CREB, and BDNF expression in the protein level.	Galactose	54-65	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Mus musculus	116-120
33443506-5	2021	Moreover, walnut diets with dairy products reserved a d-galactose induced decrease of hippocampal p-ERK/ERK, p-CREB/CREB, and BDNF expression in the protein level.	Galactose	54-65	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	126-130
33665135-0	2021	Chloroquine ameliorates bone loss induced by d-galactose in male rats via inhibition of ERK associated osteoclastogenesis and antioxidant effect.	Galactose	45-56	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	88-91
33212117-3	2021	The GAL residue allows the targeting to the asialo-glycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), overexpressed in HCC cells compared to normal hepatocytes.	Galactose	4-7	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	74-79
33562281-0	2021	Exogenous NAD+ Postpones the D-Gal-Induced Senescence of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells via Sirt1 Signaling.	Galactose	29-34	sirtuin 1	Homo sapiens	104-109
33562281-6	2021	In addition, the reduced expression of Sirt1 by small interfering RNA abolished the beneficial effects of exogenous NAD+ in terms of postponing BMSCs senescence induced by D-gal.	Galactose	172-177	sirtuin 1	Homo sapiens	39-44
33562281-7	2021	Taken together, our results indicate that exogenous NAD+ could postpone D-gal-induced BMSC senescence through Sirt1 signaling, providing a potential method for obtaining high quality BMSCs to support their research and clinical application.	Galactose	72-77	sirtuin 1	Homo sapiens	110-115
32959326-2	2021	Among the strains, the overexpression of PGM2 showed twofold high galactose utilization rate (URgal) and produced ethanol 1.4-fold more than that of the control.	Galactose	66-75	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	41-45
33546740-3	2021	Ion chromatography (IC) revealed that THP contained glucose, arabinose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and galacturonic acid, in different molar ratios.	Galactose	98-107	uromodulin	Mus musculus	38-41
33314439-2	2021	BACKGROUND: The alpha1,4-galactosyltransferase (A4GALT), also called Gb3/CD77 synthase or P1/Pk synthase enzyme, is encoded by the A4GALT gene and catalyses the transfer of galactose from uridine diphosphate-galactose to lactosylceramide, creating the Pk antigen (Gb3).	Galactose	173-182	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	69-72
33496031-5	2021	In vivo experiments in analbuminemic mice showed that these mice exhibit a more pronounced response to a model of TNFalpha-mediated liver injury induced by the administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine (D-gal).	Galactose	207-212	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	114-122
32686020-2	2021	In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of curcumin, an agent that could counter aging, and explored its optimal intake and the alteration of autoimmune regulator (Aire) after curcumin treatment in the D-galactose (D-gal)-induced accelerated aging mice.	Galactose	217-222	autoimmune regulator (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy)	Mus musculus	157-184
33370682-8	2021	Colocalized IgA1 and Gd-IgA1 indicated that there were galactose-deficient IgA1 deposits in the glomerular mesangium.	Galactose	55-64	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	12-16
33370682-8	2021	Colocalized IgA1 and Gd-IgA1 indicated that there were galactose-deficient IgA1 deposits in the glomerular mesangium.	Galactose	55-64	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	24-28
33219893-7	2021	D-gal induced synaptophysin and BCL-2 decrease in the hippocampus and phosphorylated tau increase in the prefrontal cortex.	Galactose	0-5	synaptophysin	Rattus norvegicus	14-27
33219893-7	2021	D-gal induced synaptophysin and BCL-2 decrease in the hippocampus and phosphorylated tau increase in the prefrontal cortex.	Galactose	0-5	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	32-37
33314439-2	2021	BACKGROUND: The alpha1,4-galactosyltransferase (A4GALT), also called Gb3/CD77 synthase or P1/Pk synthase enzyme, is encoded by the A4GALT gene and catalyses the transfer of galactose from uridine diphosphate-galactose to lactosylceramide, creating the Pk antigen (Gb3).	Galactose	173-182	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	16-46
33314439-2	2021	BACKGROUND: The alpha1,4-galactosyltransferase (A4GALT), also called Gb3/CD77 synthase or P1/Pk synthase enzyme, is encoded by the A4GALT gene and catalyses the transfer of galactose from uridine diphosphate-galactose to lactosylceramide, creating the Pk antigen (Gb3).	Galactose	173-182	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	48-54
33314439-2	2021	BACKGROUND: The alpha1,4-galactosyltransferase (A4GALT), also called Gb3/CD77 synthase or P1/Pk synthase enzyme, is encoded by the A4GALT gene and catalyses the transfer of galactose from uridine diphosphate-galactose to lactosylceramide, creating the Pk antigen (Gb3).	Galactose	173-182	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	73-86
33314439-2	2021	BACKGROUND: The alpha1,4-galactosyltransferase (A4GALT), also called Gb3/CD77 synthase or P1/Pk synthase enzyme, is encoded by the A4GALT gene and catalyses the transfer of galactose from uridine diphosphate-galactose to lactosylceramide, creating the Pk antigen (Gb3).	Galactose	173-182	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	131-137
33314439-2	2021	BACKGROUND: The alpha1,4-galactosyltransferase (A4GALT), also called Gb3/CD77 synthase or P1/Pk synthase enzyme, is encoded by the A4GALT gene and catalyses the transfer of galactose from uridine diphosphate-galactose to lactosylceramide, creating the Pk antigen (Gb3).	Galactose	173-182	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	264-267
33314439-2	2021	BACKGROUND: The alpha1,4-galactosyltransferase (A4GALT), also called Gb3/CD77 synthase or P1/Pk synthase enzyme, is encoded by the A4GALT gene and catalyses the transfer of galactose from uridine diphosphate-galactose to lactosylceramide, creating the Pk antigen (Gb3).	Galactose	208-217	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	16-46
33314439-2	2021	BACKGROUND: The alpha1,4-galactosyltransferase (A4GALT), also called Gb3/CD77 synthase or P1/Pk synthase enzyme, is encoded by the A4GALT gene and catalyses the transfer of galactose from uridine diphosphate-galactose to lactosylceramide, creating the Pk antigen (Gb3).	Galactose	208-217	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	48-54
33314439-2	2021	BACKGROUND: The alpha1,4-galactosyltransferase (A4GALT), also called Gb3/CD77 synthase or P1/Pk synthase enzyme, is encoded by the A4GALT gene and catalyses the transfer of galactose from uridine diphosphate-galactose to lactosylceramide, creating the Pk antigen (Gb3).	Galactose	208-217	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	69-72
33314439-2	2021	BACKGROUND: The alpha1,4-galactosyltransferase (A4GALT), also called Gb3/CD77 synthase or P1/Pk synthase enzyme, is encoded by the A4GALT gene and catalyses the transfer of galactose from uridine diphosphate-galactose to lactosylceramide, creating the Pk antigen (Gb3).	Galactose	208-217	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	73-86
33314439-2	2021	BACKGROUND: The alpha1,4-galactosyltransferase (A4GALT), also called Gb3/CD77 synthase or P1/Pk synthase enzyme, is encoded by the A4GALT gene and catalyses the transfer of galactose from uridine diphosphate-galactose to lactosylceramide, creating the Pk antigen (Gb3).	Galactose	208-217	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	131-137
33314439-2	2021	BACKGROUND: The alpha1,4-galactosyltransferase (A4GALT), also called Gb3/CD77 synthase or P1/Pk synthase enzyme, is encoded by the A4GALT gene and catalyses the transfer of galactose from uridine diphosphate-galactose to lactosylceramide, creating the Pk antigen (Gb3).	Galactose	208-217	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	264-267
33434031-1	2021	This work describes the high capacity of MelA alpha-galactosidase from Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 to transfer galactosyl residues from melibiose to the C6-hydroxyl group of disaccharide-acceptors with beta-linkages (lactulose, lactose, and cellobiose) or alpha-linkages (isomaltulose and isomaltose) to produce novel galactose-containing hetero-oligosaccharides (HOS).	Galactose	320-329	alpha-galactosidase	Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1	41-45
33531972-2	2021	The NF is mainly composed of GOS, consisting of different galactosyl residues (two to nine) linked to a terminal glucose by a beta-glycosidic bond but also contains lactose and its monomers (galactose and glucose).	Galactose	191-200	neurofascin	Homo sapiens	4-6
31603230-1	2021	BACKGROUND: Both ABO blood group antigens and pathogenic immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) are influenced by modifications of N-acetylgalactosamine and galactose.	Galactose	183-192	ABO, alpha 1-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase and alpha 1-3-galactosyltransferase	Homo sapiens	17-32
31603230-1	2021	BACKGROUND: Both ABO blood group antigens and pathogenic immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) are influenced by modifications of N-acetylgalactosamine and galactose.	Galactose	183-192	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	57-74
31603230-1	2021	BACKGROUND: Both ABO blood group antigens and pathogenic immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) are influenced by modifications of N-acetylgalactosamine and galactose.	Galactose	183-192	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	76-80
33494388-0	2021	Synergistic Effects of Milk-Derived Exosomes and Galactose on alpha-Synuclein Pathology in Parkinson"s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.	Galactose	49-58	synuclein, alpha	Mus musculus	62-77
33479156-2	2021	We discovered two functional, incompatible versions of the galactose pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae We identified a three-locus genetic interaction for growth in galactose, and used precisely engineered alleles to show that it arises from variation in the galactose utilization genes GAL2, GAL1/10/7, and phosphoglucomutase (PGM1), and that the reference allele of PGM1 is incompatible with the alternative alleles of the other genes.	Galactose	59-68	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	289-293
33479156-2	2021	We discovered two functional, incompatible versions of the galactose pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae We identified a three-locus genetic interaction for growth in galactose, and used precisely engineered alleles to show that it arises from variation in the galactose utilization genes GAL2, GAL1/10/7, and phosphoglucomutase (PGM1), and that the reference allele of PGM1 is incompatible with the alternative alleles of the other genes.	Galactose	59-68	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	295-304
33479156-2	2021	We discovered two functional, incompatible versions of the galactose pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae We identified a three-locus genetic interaction for growth in galactose, and used precisely engineered alleles to show that it arises from variation in the galactose utilization genes GAL2, GAL1/10/7, and phosphoglucomutase (PGM1), and that the reference allele of PGM1 is incompatible with the alternative alleles of the other genes.	Galactose	59-68	phosphoglucomutase PGM1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	330-334
33479156-2	2021	We discovered two functional, incompatible versions of the galactose pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae We identified a three-locus genetic interaction for growth in galactose, and used precisely engineered alleles to show that it arises from variation in the galactose utilization genes GAL2, GAL1/10/7, and phosphoglucomutase (PGM1), and that the reference allele of PGM1 is incompatible with the alternative alleles of the other genes.	Galactose	59-68	phosphoglucomutase PGM1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	370-374
33479156-2	2021	We discovered two functional, incompatible versions of the galactose pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae We identified a three-locus genetic interaction for growth in galactose, and used precisely engineered alleles to show that it arises from variation in the galactose utilization genes GAL2, GAL1/10/7, and phosphoglucomutase (PGM1), and that the reference allele of PGM1 is incompatible with the alternative alleles of the other genes.	Galactose	167-176	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	289-293
33479156-2	2021	We discovered two functional, incompatible versions of the galactose pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae We identified a three-locus genetic interaction for growth in galactose, and used precisely engineered alleles to show that it arises from variation in the galactose utilization genes GAL2, GAL1/10/7, and phosphoglucomutase (PGM1), and that the reference allele of PGM1 is incompatible with the alternative alleles of the other genes.	Galactose	167-176	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	295-304
33479156-2	2021	We discovered two functional, incompatible versions of the galactose pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae We identified a three-locus genetic interaction for growth in galactose, and used precisely engineered alleles to show that it arises from variation in the galactose utilization genes GAL2, GAL1/10/7, and phosphoglucomutase (PGM1), and that the reference allele of PGM1 is incompatible with the alternative alleles of the other genes.	Galactose	167-176	phosphoglucomutase PGM1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	330-334
33479156-2	2021	We discovered two functional, incompatible versions of the galactose pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae We identified a three-locus genetic interaction for growth in galactose, and used precisely engineered alleles to show that it arises from variation in the galactose utilization genes GAL2, GAL1/10/7, and phosphoglucomutase (PGM1), and that the reference allele of PGM1 is incompatible with the alternative alleles of the other genes.	Galactose	167-176	phosphoglucomutase PGM1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	370-374
33479156-2	2021	We discovered two functional, incompatible versions of the galactose pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae We identified a three-locus genetic interaction for growth in galactose, and used precisely engineered alleles to show that it arises from variation in the galactose utilization genes GAL2, GAL1/10/7, and phosphoglucomutase (PGM1), and that the reference allele of PGM1 is incompatible with the alternative alleles of the other genes.	Galactose	167-176	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	289-293
33479156-2	2021	We discovered two functional, incompatible versions of the galactose pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae We identified a three-locus genetic interaction for growth in galactose, and used precisely engineered alleles to show that it arises from variation in the galactose utilization genes GAL2, GAL1/10/7, and phosphoglucomutase (PGM1), and that the reference allele of PGM1 is incompatible with the alternative alleles of the other genes.	Galactose	167-176	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	295-304
33479156-2	2021	We discovered two functional, incompatible versions of the galactose pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae We identified a three-locus genetic interaction for growth in galactose, and used precisely engineered alleles to show that it arises from variation in the galactose utilization genes GAL2, GAL1/10/7, and phosphoglucomutase (PGM1), and that the reference allele of PGM1 is incompatible with the alternative alleles of the other genes.	Galactose	167-176	phosphoglucomutase PGM1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	330-334
33479156-2	2021	We discovered two functional, incompatible versions of the galactose pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae We identified a three-locus genetic interaction for growth in galactose, and used precisely engineered alleles to show that it arises from variation in the galactose utilization genes GAL2, GAL1/10/7, and phosphoglucomutase (PGM1), and that the reference allele of PGM1 is incompatible with the alternative alleles of the other genes.	Galactose	167-176	phosphoglucomutase PGM1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	370-374
33494388-9	2021	MiRNA-148a- and galactose-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress activate c-Abl-mediated aggregation of alpha-syn which is exported by exosome release.	Galactose	16-25	c-abl oncogene 1, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Mus musculus	74-79
33494388-9	2021	MiRNA-148a- and galactose-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress activate c-Abl-mediated aggregation of alpha-syn which is exported by exosome release.	Galactose	16-25	synuclein, alpha	Mus musculus	104-113
33717848-5	2021	Herein, a galactose-decorated lipopolyplex (Gal-SLP) is developed as an HCC-targeting self-activated cascade-responsive nanoplatform to co-delivery sorafenib and USP22 shRNA (shUSP22) for synergetic HCC therapy.	Galactose	10-19	ubiquitin specific peptidase 22	Homo sapiens	162-167
33536915-11	2020	In addition, HO-1 inhibitor ZnPP blocked the therapeutic effects of OEA on LPS/D-Gal-induced liver damage and oxidative stress, suggesting crucial role of Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway in the protective effects of OEA in acute liver injury.	Galactose	79-84	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	13-17
33536915-11	2020	In addition, HO-1 inhibitor ZnPP blocked the therapeutic effects of OEA on LPS/D-Gal-induced liver damage and oxidative stress, suggesting crucial role of Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway in the protective effects of OEA in acute liver injury.	Galactose	79-84	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	155-160
33536915-11	2020	In addition, HO-1 inhibitor ZnPP blocked the therapeutic effects of OEA on LPS/D-Gal-induced liver damage and oxidative stress, suggesting crucial role of Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway in the protective effects of OEA in acute liver injury.	Galactose	79-84	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	161-165
33536915-12	2020	Together, these findings demonstrated that OEA protect against the LPS/D-Gal-induced acute liver injury in mice through the inhibition of apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation, and its mechanisms might be associated with the Nrf-2/HO-1 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways.	Galactose	71-76	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	232-237
33536915-12	2020	Together, these findings demonstrated that OEA protect against the LPS/D-Gal-induced acute liver injury in mice through the inhibition of apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation, and its mechanisms might be associated with the Nrf-2/HO-1 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways.	Galactose	71-76	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	238-242
33536915-12	2020	Together, these findings demonstrated that OEA protect against the LPS/D-Gal-induced acute liver injury in mice through the inhibition of apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation, and its mechanisms might be associated with the Nrf-2/HO-1 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways.	Galactose	71-76	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	247-252
33440845-6	2021	N-glycan analysis with mass spectrometry indeed demonstrated heterogeneous glycosylation for recombinant C1-INH containing terminal galactose and terminal sialic acid.	Galactose	132-141	serpin family G member 1	Homo sapiens	105-111
33432584-0	2021	Melatonin alleviates d-galactose-decreased hyaluronic acid production in synovial membrane cells via Sirt1 signalling.	Galactose	21-32	sirtuin 1	Homo sapiens	101-106
33432584-11	2021	Additionally, Sirt1 overexpression directly antagonized d-gal-induced cell aging and HA downregulation.	Galactose	56-61	sirtuin 1	Homo sapiens	14-19
33506023-0	2021	Alginate Oligosaccharide Ameliorates D-Galactose-Induced Kidney Aging in Mice through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway.	Galactose	37-48	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	104-108
33271531-0	2021	The Role of Nrf2 in D-Galactose-Induced Cardiac Aging in Mice: Involvement of Oxidative Stress.	Galactose	20-31	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	12-16
33407116-3	2021	To date, eight Hyp-O-galactosyltransferases (GALT2-6, HPGT1-3) have been identified; these enzymes are responsible for adding the first sugar, galactose, onto AGPs.	Galactose	143-152	Galactosyltransferase family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	45-52
33272570-5	2021	Using a cytometric bead array, we found that IL-1alpha and IL-1beta, the downstream of NLRP3, had highest reduction among the plasma inflammatory cytokines in LPS/D-Gal-challenged mice after a treatment of baicalein.	Galactose	163-168	interleukin 1 alpha	Mus musculus	45-54
33272570-5	2021	Using a cytometric bead array, we found that IL-1alpha and IL-1beta, the downstream of NLRP3, had highest reduction among the plasma inflammatory cytokines in LPS/D-Gal-challenged mice after a treatment of baicalein.	Galactose	163-168	interleukin 1 alpha	Mus musculus	59-67
33272570-5	2021	Using a cytometric bead array, we found that IL-1alpha and IL-1beta, the downstream of NLRP3, had highest reduction among the plasma inflammatory cytokines in LPS/D-Gal-challenged mice after a treatment of baicalein.	Galactose	163-168	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	87-92
33272570-7	2021	Deficiency of Nlrp3 or Gsdmd significantly restored LPS/D-Gal-induced acute liver injury and lethality, and further administration of baicalein did not have additive effects.	Galactose	56-61	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	14-19
33272570-7	2021	Deficiency of Nlrp3 or Gsdmd significantly restored LPS/D-Gal-induced acute liver injury and lethality, and further administration of baicalein did not have additive effects.	Galactose	56-61	gasdermin D	Mus musculus	23-28
33002743-0	2021	miRNA-146a-5p mitigates stress-induced premature senescence of D-galactose-induced primary thymic stromal cells.	Galactose	63-74	microRNA 146a	Homo sapiens	0-10
33407696-12	2021	Mannose supplementation in MPI-CDG patients, as well as galactose supplementation in PGM1-CDG patient, improved patients" clinical picture and Tf isoform profiles.	Galactose	56-65	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	85-89
33271531-4	2021	RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: D-galactose injection significantly induced cardiac aging, cell apoptosis, and oxidative stress in Nrf2+/+ mice, all of which were further exacerbated in Nrf2-/- mice.	Galactose	25-36	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	124-128
33271531-4	2021	RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: D-galactose injection significantly induced cardiac aging, cell apoptosis, and oxidative stress in Nrf2+/+ mice, all of which were further exacerbated in Nrf2-/- mice.	Galactose	25-36	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	179-183
33271531-6	2021	Nrf2 activator CDDO-Im could therefore effectively protect against D-galactose-induced cardiac aging by inhibiting oxidative stress, suggesting that CDDO-Im might be a potential and promising therapeutic candidate drug to treat cardiac aging.	Galactose	67-78	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	0-4
33179093-1	2021	The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the ginsenoside Rg1 on D-galactose (D-gal)-induced mouse models of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and the related mechanisms.	Galactose	86-97	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	79-82
32936032-3	2021	Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) is a C-type lectin expressed in the hepatocyte plasma membrane that efficiently endocytoses glycoproteins exposing galactose (Gal) or N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc).	Galactose	151-160	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	0-27
32936032-3	2021	Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) is a C-type lectin expressed in the hepatocyte plasma membrane that efficiently endocytoses glycoproteins exposing galactose (Gal) or N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc).	Galactose	151-160	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	29-34
32936032-3	2021	Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) is a C-type lectin expressed in the hepatocyte plasma membrane that efficiently endocytoses glycoproteins exposing galactose (Gal) or N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc).	Galactose	162-165	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	0-27
32936032-3	2021	Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) is a C-type lectin expressed in the hepatocyte plasma membrane that efficiently endocytoses glycoproteins exposing galactose (Gal) or N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc).	Galactose	162-165	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	29-34
32681750-6	2021	Unlike most other CDG, PGM1-CDG has an effective treatment option, D-galactose, which has been shown to improve many of the patients" symptoms.	Galactose	67-78	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	23-27
32882063-0	2021	A pilot study of neonatal GALT gene replacement using AAV9 dramatically lowers galactose metabolites in blood, liver, and brain and minimizes cataracts in GALT-null rat pups.	Galactose	79-88	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	26-30
33159979-0	2021	Vitamin D Exerts Neuroprotection via SIRT1/Nrf-2/ NF-kB Signaling Pathways against D-Galactose-induced Memory Impairment in Adult Mice.	Galactose	83-94	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	37-42
33159979-0	2021	Vitamin D Exerts Neuroprotection via SIRT1/Nrf-2/ NF-kB Signaling Pathways against D-Galactose-induced Memory Impairment in Adult Mice.	Galactose	83-94	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	43-48
33159979-7	2021	Most importantly, Vt. D significantly abrogate the amyloidogenic pathway of amyloid beta (Abeta) production against D-gal in the brains of adult male albino mice.	Galactose	116-121	amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein	Mus musculus	90-95
33200472-0	2021	Agaricus blazei polypeptide exerts a protective effect on D-galactose-induced aging mice via the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE and P53/Trim32 signaling pathways.	Galactose	58-69	kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1	Mus musculus	97-102
33200472-0	2021	Agaricus blazei polypeptide exerts a protective effect on D-galactose-induced aging mice via the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE and P53/Trim32 signaling pathways.	Galactose	58-69	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	103-107
33200472-0	2021	Agaricus blazei polypeptide exerts a protective effect on D-galactose-induced aging mice via the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE and P53/Trim32 signaling pathways.	Galactose	58-69	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	116-119
33200472-0	2021	Agaricus blazei polypeptide exerts a protective effect on D-galactose-induced aging mice via the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE and P53/Trim32 signaling pathways.	Galactose	58-69	tripartite motif-containing 32	Mus musculus	120-126
33179093-7	2021	The results showed that mice in the Rg1 + D-gal group had significantly higher uterine and ovarian weight compared with those in the D-gal group.	Galactose	133-138	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	36-39
33179093-9	2021	In addition, the Rg1 treatment after D-gal administration significantly decreased the expression of senescence-associated factors, enhanced the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes total T-SOD and GSH-px in addition to reducing TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, MDA and IL-6 (based on the comparison between the D-gal group and the Rg1 + D-gal group).	Galactose	37-42	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	17-20
33179093-9	2021	In addition, the Rg1 treatment after D-gal administration significantly decreased the expression of senescence-associated factors, enhanced the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes total T-SOD and GSH-px in addition to reducing TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, MDA and IL-6 (based on the comparison between the D-gal group and the Rg1 + D-gal group).	Galactose	297-302	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	17-20
33179093-1	2021	The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the ginsenoside Rg1 on D-galactose (D-gal)-induced mouse models of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and the related mechanisms.	Galactose	86-91	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	79-82
33141945-1	2021	In many yeast species the three genes at the center of the galactose catabolism pathway, GAL1, GAL10 and GAL7, are neighbors in the genome and form a metabolic gene cluster.	Galactose	59-68	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	89-93
33141945-1	2021	In many yeast species the three genes at the center of the galactose catabolism pathway, GAL1, GAL10 and GAL7, are neighbors in the genome and form a metabolic gene cluster.	Galactose	59-68	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	95-100
33141945-1	2021	In many yeast species the three genes at the center of the galactose catabolism pathway, GAL1, GAL10 and GAL7, are neighbors in the genome and form a metabolic gene cluster.	Galactose	59-68	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	105-109
33448178-12	2020	CONCLUSIONS: The knockdown of Sirt3 shows a protective effect on AD induced by D-galactose and Abeta1-40 in mice, which may be related to its function of activating autophagy.	Galactose	79-90	sirtuin 3	Mus musculus	30-35
33363558-4	2020	Despite the similarity in sequence and in vitro function, mutants in urgt1 led to a specific reduction in galactose in rosette leaves.	Galactose	106-115	Nucleotide-sugar transporter family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	69-74
33144082-6	2020	Also, CANPs suppress the D-Gal/radiation-induced IL-1beta, IL-18, and ASK1 mRNA gene expression and the protein expression of TLR4 and MyD88 in the hepatic tissue.	Galactose	25-30	interleukin 1 alpha	Rattus norvegicus	49-57
33144082-6	2020	Also, CANPs suppress the D-Gal/radiation-induced IL-1beta, IL-18, and ASK1 mRNA gene expression and the protein expression of TLR4 and MyD88 in the hepatic tissue.	Galactose	25-30	interleukin 18	Rattus norvegicus	59-64
33144082-6	2020	Also, CANPs suppress the D-Gal/radiation-induced IL-1beta, IL-18, and ASK1 mRNA gene expression and the protein expression of TLR4 and MyD88 in the hepatic tissue.	Galactose	25-30	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5	Rattus norvegicus	70-74
33311472-0	2020	Peroxiredoxin 4 protects against ovarian ageing by ameliorating D-galactose-induced oxidative damage in mice.	Galactose	64-75	peroxiredoxin 4	Mus musculus	0-15
33311472-3	2020	This research aimed to explore the effect and underlying molecular mechanism of the protective role of Prdx4 against D-gal-induced ovarian ageing in mice.	Galactose	117-122	peroxiredoxin 4	Mus musculus	103-108
33311472-10	2020	Thus, D-gal-induced ovarian ageing is accelerated in Prdx4-/- mice due to granulosa cell apoptosis via oxidative damage and ER stress-related pathways, suggesting that Prdx4 is a protective agent against POF.	Galactose	6-11	peroxiredoxin 4	Mus musculus	53-58
33311472-10	2020	Thus, D-gal-induced ovarian ageing is accelerated in Prdx4-/- mice due to granulosa cell apoptosis via oxidative damage and ER stress-related pathways, suggesting that Prdx4 is a protective agent against POF.	Galactose	6-11	peroxiredoxin 4	Mus musculus	168-173
33363558-14	2020	Finally, the expression of URGT2 in urgt1 mutants rescued galactose reduction in rosette leaves.	Galactose	58-67	Nucleotide-sugar transporter family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	27-32
33363558-14	2020	Finally, the expression of URGT2 in urgt1 mutants rescued galactose reduction in rosette leaves.	Galactose	58-67	Nucleotide-sugar transporter family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	36-41
33274583-4	2020	In vitro, cyanidin-3-rutinoside (C-3-R) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (C-3-G) inhibited the d-galactose (d-gal)-induced senescence in human endothelial cells, as indicated by reduced senescence-associated-beta-galactosidase activity, p21, and p16INK4a .	Galactose	87-98	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	200-218
33274583-4	2020	In vitro, cyanidin-3-rutinoside (C-3-R) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (C-3-G) inhibited the d-galactose (d-gal)-induced senescence in human endothelial cells, as indicated by reduced senescence-associated-beta-galactosidase activity, p21, and p16INK4a .	Galactose	87-98	H3 histone pseudogene 16	Homo sapiens	229-232
33274583-4	2020	In vitro, cyanidin-3-rutinoside (C-3-R) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (C-3-G) inhibited the d-galactose (d-gal)-induced senescence in human endothelial cells, as indicated by reduced senescence-associated-beta-galactosidase activity, p21, and p16INK4a .	Galactose	87-98	cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A	Homo sapiens	238-246
33274583-4	2020	In vitro, cyanidin-3-rutinoside (C-3-R) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (C-3-G) inhibited the d-galactose (d-gal)-induced senescence in human endothelial cells, as indicated by reduced senescence-associated-beta-galactosidase activity, p21, and p16INK4a .	Galactose	87-92	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	200-218
33274583-4	2020	In vitro, cyanidin-3-rutinoside (C-3-R) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (C-3-G) inhibited the d-galactose (d-gal)-induced senescence in human endothelial cells, as indicated by reduced senescence-associated-beta-galactosidase activity, p21, and p16INK4a .	Galactose	87-92	H3 histone pseudogene 16	Homo sapiens	229-232
33274583-4	2020	In vitro, cyanidin-3-rutinoside (C-3-R) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (C-3-G) inhibited the d-galactose (d-gal)-induced senescence in human endothelial cells, as indicated by reduced senescence-associated-beta-galactosidase activity, p21, and p16INK4a .	Galactose	87-92	cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A	Homo sapiens	238-246
33274583-6	2020	Anthocyanins reversed d-gal-mediated inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) serine phosphorylation and SIRT1 expression, recovering NO level in endothelial cells.	Galactose	22-27	nitric oxide synthase 3	Rattus norvegicus	51-84
33274583-6	2020	Anthocyanins reversed d-gal-mediated inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) serine phosphorylation and SIRT1 expression, recovering NO level in endothelial cells.	Galactose	22-27	nitric oxide synthase 3	Rattus norvegicus	86-90
33274583-6	2020	Anthocyanins reversed d-gal-mediated inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) serine phosphorylation and SIRT1 expression, recovering NO level in endothelial cells.	Galactose	22-27	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	119-124
32970507-11	2020	RESULTS: Decreased cleaved caspase-3 (1.30 +- 0.09) and Bax/Bcl2 ratio (1.32 +- 0.11) were observed in BV2 cells induced by d-gal + PTM (50 mug/mL).	Galactose	124-129	caspase 3	Mus musculus	27-36
32950730-5	2020	Substrate of GLUT galactose conjugated Polyethylene glycol-Distearyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PEG-DSPE) as a kind of ligand was selected to modified liposome.	Galactose	18-27	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Homo sapiens	13-17
32950730-7	2020	The effect of GLUT1 inhibitor on cellular uptake of Galactose-PEG-DSPE modified liposomes showed that the mechanism might be relative to Warburg effect causing GLUT overexpression.	Galactose	52-61	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Homo sapiens	14-19
32950730-7	2020	The effect of GLUT1 inhibitor on cellular uptake of Galactose-PEG-DSPE modified liposomes showed that the mechanism might be relative to Warburg effect causing GLUT overexpression.	Galactose	52-61	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Homo sapiens	14-18
32970507-11	2020	RESULTS: Decreased cleaved caspase-3 (1.30 +- 0.09) and Bax/Bcl2 ratio (1.32 +- 0.11) were observed in BV2 cells induced by d-gal + PTM (50 mug/mL).	Galactose	124-129	BCL2-associated X protein	Mus musculus	56-59
32970507-11	2020	RESULTS: Decreased cleaved caspase-3 (1.30 +- 0.09) and Bax/Bcl2 ratio (1.32 +- 0.11) were observed in BV2 cells induced by d-gal + PTM (50 mug/mL).	Galactose	124-129	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	60-64
33496141-10	2020	FPS and VE could both ameliorate the changes of SA-beta-gal staining characteristics and klotho, P53 and P21 protein expression levels in the HK-2 cells exposed to D-gal.	Galactose	164-169	klotho	Homo sapiens	89-95
33496141-10	2020	FPS and VE could both ameliorate the changes of SA-beta-gal staining characteristics and klotho, P53 and P21 protein expression levels in the HK-2 cells exposed to D-gal.	Galactose	164-169	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	97-100
33496141-10	2020	FPS and VE could both ameliorate the changes of SA-beta-gal staining characteristics and klotho, P53 and P21 protein expression levels in the HK-2 cells exposed to D-gal.	Galactose	164-169	H3 histone pseudogene 16	Homo sapiens	105-108
33496141-12	2020	D-gal could not only induce cell aging but also increase LC3II, phosphorylated-AMPK(p-AMPK) and phosphorylated-ULK1(p-ULK1) protein expressions, and activate autophagy-related AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway.	Galactose	0-5	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	79-83
33496141-12	2020	D-gal could not only induce cell aging but also increase LC3II, phosphorylated-AMPK(p-AMPK) and phosphorylated-ULK1(p-ULK1) protein expressions, and activate autophagy-related AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway.	Galactose	0-5	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	86-90
33496141-12	2020	D-gal could not only induce cell aging but also increase LC3II, phosphorylated-AMPK(p-AMPK) and phosphorylated-ULK1(p-ULK1) protein expressions, and activate autophagy-related AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway.	Galactose	0-5	unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1	Homo sapiens	111-115
33496141-12	2020	D-gal could not only induce cell aging but also increase LC3II, phosphorylated-AMPK(p-AMPK) and phosphorylated-ULK1(p-ULK1) protein expressions, and activate autophagy-related AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway.	Galactose	0-5	unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1	Homo sapiens	118-122
33496141-12	2020	D-gal could not only induce cell aging but also increase LC3II, phosphorylated-AMPK(p-AMPK) and phosphorylated-ULK1(p-ULK1) protein expressions, and activate autophagy-related AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway.	Galactose	0-5	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	86-90
33496141-12	2020	D-gal could not only induce cell aging but also increase LC3II, phosphorylated-AMPK(p-AMPK) and phosphorylated-ULK1(p-ULK1) protein expressions, and activate autophagy-related AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway.	Galactose	0-5	unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1	Homo sapiens	118-122
33496141-13	2020	FPS and VE could both improve the changes of LC3II, p-AMPK and p-ULK1 protein expression levels in the HK-2 cells exposed to D-gal.	Galactose	125-130	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	54-58
33496141-13	2020	FPS and VE could both improve the changes of LC3II, p-AMPK and p-ULK1 protein expression levels in the HK-2 cells exposed to D-gal.	Galactose	125-130	unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1	Homo sapiens	65-69
33496141-15	2020	On the whole, for the human proximal renal tubular epithelial cells aging models induced by D-gal, FPS similar to VE, can ameliorate renal cells aging by possibly inhibiting autophagy-related AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway activation.	Galactose	92-97	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	192-196
32938718-2	2020	N-acetylglucosamine, in the form of UDP-GlcNAc, and galactose, as UDP-Gal, are delivered into the Golgi apparatus by SLC35A3 and SLC35A2 transporters, respectively.	Galactose	52-61	solute carrier family 35 member A3	Homo sapiens	117-124
32938718-2	2020	N-acetylglucosamine, in the form of UDP-GlcNAc, and galactose, as UDP-Gal, are delivered into the Golgi apparatus by SLC35A3 and SLC35A2 transporters, respectively.	Galactose	52-61	solute carrier family 35 member A2	Homo sapiens	129-136
33148324-0	2020	hPMSCs protects against D-galactose-induced oxidative damage of CD4+ T cells through activating Akt-mediated Nrf2 antioxidant signaling.	Galactose	24-35	CD4 antigen	Mus musculus	64-67
32629059-3	2020	Structural characterization indicated that SCP2-1 was composed of glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 8.78:1.23 with molecular weight of 5.388 kDa.	Galactose	78-87	sterol carrier protein 2, liver	Mus musculus	43-47
33154460-2	2020	Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420.	Galactose	52-61	solute carrier family 25 member 22	Homo sapiens	0-3
33158064-0	2020	Clinical Relevance of Serum Galactose Deficient IgA1 in Patients with IgA Nephropathy.	Galactose	28-37	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	48-52
33148324-0	2020	hPMSCs protects against D-galactose-induced oxidative damage of CD4+ T cells through activating Akt-mediated Nrf2 antioxidant signaling.	Galactose	24-35	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	96-99
33148324-0	2020	hPMSCs protects against D-galactose-induced oxidative damage of CD4+ T cells through activating Akt-mediated Nrf2 antioxidant signaling.	Galactose	24-35	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	109-113
33148324-15	2020	CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that hPMSCs attenuate D-gal-induced CD4+ T cell senescence by activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defenses and that upregulation of Nrf2 by hPMSCs is regulated via the Akt/GSK-3beta/Fyn pathway.	Galactose	56-61	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	70-73
33148324-15	2020	CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that hPMSCs attenuate D-gal-induced CD4+ T cell senescence by activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defenses and that upregulation of Nrf2 by hPMSCs is regulated via the Akt/GSK-3beta/Fyn pathway.	Galactose	56-61	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	107-111
33148324-15	2020	CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that hPMSCs attenuate D-gal-induced CD4+ T cell senescence by activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defenses and that upregulation of Nrf2 by hPMSCs is regulated via the Akt/GSK-3beta/Fyn pathway.	Galactose	56-61	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	203-206
33148324-15	2020	CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that hPMSCs attenuate D-gal-induced CD4+ T cell senescence by activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defenses and that upregulation of Nrf2 by hPMSCs is regulated via the Akt/GSK-3beta/Fyn pathway.	Galactose	56-61	glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha	Mus musculus	207-216
33148324-15	2020	CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that hPMSCs attenuate D-gal-induced CD4+ T cell senescence by activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defenses and that upregulation of Nrf2 by hPMSCs is regulated via the Akt/GSK-3beta/Fyn pathway.	Galactose	56-61	Fyn proto-oncogene	Mus musculus	217-220
33025691-11	2020	Importantly, inhibition of glycolysis by the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) or replacement of glucose in the culture medium with galactose (which has a much lower rate than glucose entry into glycolysis) largely compromised PRKAR2B-mediated tumour-promoting effect.	Galactose	144-153	protein kinase cAMP-dependent type II regulatory subunit beta	Homo sapiens	239-246
33000191-7	2020	Furthermore, it was also demonstrated that the activation of p53/p21 and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling, and downregulation of SIRT1/6 may be involved in IMR-90 cells, in D-gal-induced aging and ICA may effectively prevent IMR-90 cells from these changes induced by D-gal.	Galactose	279-284	sirtuin 1	Homo sapiens	140-147
32809047-8	2020	SD also promoted LPS/D-Gal-induced production of TNF-alpha and upregulated hepatic caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 activities in LPS/D-Gal-exposed mice.	Galactose	21-26	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	49-58
32809047-8	2020	SD also promoted LPS/D-Gal-induced production of TNF-alpha and upregulated hepatic caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 activities in LPS/D-Gal-exposed mice.	Galactose	21-26	caspase 8	Mus musculus	83-92
32809047-8	2020	SD also promoted LPS/D-Gal-induced production of TNF-alpha and upregulated hepatic caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 activities in LPS/D-Gal-exposed mice.	Galactose	21-26	caspase 9	Mus musculus	94-103
32809047-8	2020	SD also promoted LPS/D-Gal-induced production of TNF-alpha and upregulated hepatic caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 activities in LPS/D-Gal-exposed mice.	Galactose	21-26	caspase 3	Mus musculus	109-118
33000191-7	2020	Furthermore, it was also demonstrated that the activation of p53/p21 and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling, and downregulation of SIRT1/6 may be involved in IMR-90 cells, in D-gal-induced aging and ICA may effectively prevent IMR-90 cells from these changes induced by D-gal.	Galactose	184-189	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	61-64
33115496-5	2020	The potential role of several differentially expressed genes, including ABCB5, RGS2, GAK, GIT1 and 3 members of the galactose metabolism pathway (GALE, GALT, GALK1) are substantiated by prior associations to ADHD and by established mechanistic connections to molecular pathways relevant to ADHD and behavioral control.	Galactose	116-125	GIT ArfGAP 1	Homo sapiens	90-100
33000191-7	2020	Furthermore, it was also demonstrated that the activation of p53/p21 and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling, and downregulation of SIRT1/6 may be involved in IMR-90 cells, in D-gal-induced aging and ICA may effectively prevent IMR-90 cells from these changes induced by D-gal.	Galactose	184-189	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	73-94
33000191-7	2020	Furthermore, it was also demonstrated that the activation of p53/p21 and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling, and downregulation of SIRT1/6 may be involved in IMR-90 cells, in D-gal-induced aging and ICA may effectively prevent IMR-90 cells from these changes induced by D-gal.	Galactose	184-189	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	96-105
33000191-7	2020	Furthermore, it was also demonstrated that the activation of p53/p21 and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling, and downregulation of SIRT1/6 may be involved in IMR-90 cells, in D-gal-induced aging and ICA may effectively prevent IMR-90 cells from these changes induced by D-gal.	Galactose	184-189	sirtuin 1	Homo sapiens	140-147
33210594-0	2020	[D-galactose (D-gal) disrupts barrier function of murine TM4 sertoli cells via activation of p38MAPK signaling pathway].	Galactose	1-12	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	93-100
33210594-0	2020	[D-galactose (D-gal) disrupts barrier function of murine TM4 sertoli cells via activation of p38MAPK signaling pathway].	Galactose	1-6	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	93-100
33210594-6	2020	In addition, the protein expression levels of ZO-1, occludin, N-cadherin, E-cadherin and beta-catenin were significantly down-regulated in D-gal-treated group, while the protein expression levels of p-p38MAPK were significantly up-regulated.	Galactose	139-144	tight junction protein 1	Mus musculus	46-50
33210594-6	2020	In addition, the protein expression levels of ZO-1, occludin, N-cadherin, E-cadherin and beta-catenin were significantly down-regulated in D-gal-treated group, while the protein expression levels of p-p38MAPK were significantly up-regulated.	Galactose	139-144	occludin	Mus musculus	52-60
33210594-6	2020	In addition, the protein expression levels of ZO-1, occludin, N-cadherin, E-cadherin and beta-catenin were significantly down-regulated in D-gal-treated group, while the protein expression levels of p-p38MAPK were significantly up-regulated.	Galactose	139-144	cadherin 2	Mus musculus	62-72
33210594-6	2020	In addition, the protein expression levels of ZO-1, occludin, N-cadherin, E-cadherin and beta-catenin were significantly down-regulated in D-gal-treated group, while the protein expression levels of p-p38MAPK were significantly up-regulated.	Galactose	139-144	cadherin 1	Mus musculus	74-84
33210594-6	2020	In addition, the protein expression levels of ZO-1, occludin, N-cadherin, E-cadherin and beta-catenin were significantly down-regulated in D-gal-treated group, while the protein expression levels of p-p38MAPK were significantly up-regulated.	Galactose	139-144	catenin (cadherin associated protein), beta 1	Mus musculus	89-101
33210594-6	2020	In addition, the protein expression levels of ZO-1, occludin, N-cadherin, E-cadherin and beta-catenin were significantly down-regulated in D-gal-treated group, while the protein expression levels of p-p38MAPK were significantly up-regulated.	Galactose	139-144	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	201-208
33210594-8	2020	Conclusion D-gal can disrupt tight junction and adheren junction of TM4 cells via the activation of p38MAPK signaling pathway.	Galactose	11-16	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	100-107
33115496-5	2020	The potential role of several differentially expressed genes, including ABCB5, RGS2, GAK, GIT1 and 3 members of the galactose metabolism pathway (GALE, GALT, GALK1) are substantiated by prior associations to ADHD and by established mechanistic connections to molecular pathways relevant to ADHD and behavioral control.	Galactose	116-125	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	146-150
33115496-5	2020	The potential role of several differentially expressed genes, including ABCB5, RGS2, GAK, GIT1 and 3 members of the galactose metabolism pathway (GALE, GALT, GALK1) are substantiated by prior associations to ADHD and by established mechanistic connections to molecular pathways relevant to ADHD and behavioral control.	Galactose	116-125	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	152-156
33115496-5	2020	The potential role of several differentially expressed genes, including ABCB5, RGS2, GAK, GIT1 and 3 members of the galactose metabolism pathway (GALE, GALT, GALK1) are substantiated by prior associations to ADHD and by established mechanistic connections to molecular pathways relevant to ADHD and behavioral control.	Galactose	116-125	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	158-163
33078641-11	2022	Biochemical studies showed that D-gal significantly increases the oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in rat brain.	Galactose	32-37	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	87-107
32590113-10	2020	The impact of D-galactose on the expression of Forkhead box O1 and superoxide dismutase 2 in femur tissue was also evaluated.	Galactose	14-25	forkhead box O1	Rattus norvegicus	47-62
32590113-12	2020	Additionally, BJTW treatment alleviated D-galactose-induced bone loss through regulation of levels of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand.	Galactose	40-51	TNF superfamily member 11	Rattus norvegicus	158-209
32991164-0	2020	Benzylguanidine and Galactose Double-Conjugated Chitosan Nanoparticles with Reduction Responsiveness for Targeted Delivery of Doxorubicin to CXCR 4 Positive Tumors.	Galactose	20-29	C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4	Homo sapiens	141-147
33078641-11	2022	Biochemical studies showed that D-gal significantly increases the oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in rat brain.	Galactose	32-37	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	118-122
33078641-13	2022	D-gal and CAE co-treatment for 42 days attenuated the behavioral, biochemical, and neuroanatomical impairments caused by the D-gal; it markedly suppresses the D-gal-induced oxidative stress and AChE activity in the brain, and maintains the normal cellular architecture in hippocampal and cortical areas.	Galactose	0-5	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	194-198
33078641-14	2022	Thus, this study shows that CAE can protect the brain from the adverse effects of D-gal (e.g., memory loss and cognitive impairment) by modulating AChE activity and oxidative stress.	Galactose	82-87	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	147-151
33037058-1	2020	The yeast galactose switch operated by the Gal4p-Gal80p-Gal3p regulatory module is a textbook model of transcription regulation in eukaryotes.	Galactose	10-19	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	43-48
33473337-0	2021	Galactose treatment of a PGM1 patient presenting with restrictive cardiomyopathy.	Galactose	0-9	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	25-29
33059700-7	2020	However, D-gal + Gly cotreatment reversed the neurotoxic effects of D-gal by downregulating p-JNK levels, which had been elevated by D-gal.	Galactose	9-14	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	94-97
33059700-7	2020	However, D-gal + Gly cotreatment reversed the neurotoxic effects of D-gal by downregulating p-JNK levels, which had been elevated by D-gal.	Galactose	68-73	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	94-97
33059700-7	2020	However, D-gal + Gly cotreatment reversed the neurotoxic effects of D-gal by downregulating p-JNK levels, which had been elevated by D-gal.	Galactose	68-73	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	94-97
33059700-8	2020	We also found that Gly reversed D-gal-induced neuroapoptosis by significantly reducing the protein expression levels of proapoptotic markers (Bax, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP-1) and increasing the protein expression level of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2.	Galactose	32-37	BCL2-associated X protein	Mus musculus	142-145
33059700-8	2020	We also found that Gly reversed D-gal-induced neuroapoptosis by significantly reducing the protein expression levels of proapoptotic markers (Bax, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP-1) and increasing the protein expression level of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2.	Galactose	32-37	caspase 3	Mus musculus	169-178
33059700-8	2020	We also found that Gly reversed D-gal-induced neuroapoptosis by significantly reducing the protein expression levels of proapoptotic markers (Bax, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP-1) and increasing the protein expression level of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2.	Galactose	32-37	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	192-198
33059700-8	2020	We also found that Gly reversed D-gal-induced neuroapoptosis by significantly reducing the protein expression levels of proapoptotic markers (Bax, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP-1) and increasing the protein expression level of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2.	Galactose	32-37	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	273-278
33059700-10	2020	Moreover, the addition of Gly alleviated D-gal-mediated neuroinflammation by inhibiting gliosis via attenuation of astrocytosis (GFAP) and microgliosis (Iba-1) in addition to reducing the protein expression levels of various inflammatory cytokines (IL-1betaeta and TNFalpha).	Galactose	41-46	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	265-273
33059700-11	2020	Finally, the addition of Gly reversed D-gal-induced synaptic dysfunction by upregulating the expression of memory-related presynaptic protein markers (synaptophysin (SYP), syntaxin (Syn), and a postsynaptic density protein (PSD95)) and markedly improved behavioral measures of cognitive deficits in D-gal-treated mice.	Galactose	38-43	synaptophysin	Mus musculus	151-164
33059700-11	2020	Finally, the addition of Gly reversed D-gal-induced synaptic dysfunction by upregulating the expression of memory-related presynaptic protein markers (synaptophysin (SYP), syntaxin (Syn), and a postsynaptic density protein (PSD95)) and markedly improved behavioral measures of cognitive deficits in D-gal-treated mice.	Galactose	38-43	discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4	Mus musculus	224-229
33059700-12	2020	CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that Gly-mediated deactivation of the JNK signaling pathway underlies the neuroprotective effect of Gly, which reverses D-gal-induced oxidative stress, apoptotic neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and memory impairment.	Galactose	157-162	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	75-78
32504713-3	2020	In this study, a polysaccharide from the Rhizoma of Atractylodis macrocephala Koidz., designated as RAMP2, with an absolute molecular weight of 4.354 x 103 Da was isolated and found to be composed of mannose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose and arabinose.	Galactose	237-246	receptor (calcitonin) activity modifying protein 2	Mus musculus	100-105
32563030-0	2020	Preparation of galactose oxidase functional phosphorescent quantum dots and detection of D-galactose.	Galactose	89-100	hydroxyacid oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	15-32
32563030-2	2020	In this study, a kind of room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) quantum dots (QDs) (GOX RTP QDs) nanobiosensor was prepared by mineralization at room temperature (25  C), using galactose oxidase (GOX) as template, which improved the catalytic ability of traditional GOx to D-Galactose.	Galactose	273-284	hydroxyacid oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	84-87
32563030-2	2020	In this study, a kind of room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) quantum dots (QDs) (GOX RTP QDs) nanobiosensor was prepared by mineralization at room temperature (25  C), using galactose oxidase (GOX) as template, which improved the catalytic ability of traditional GOx to D-Galactose.	Galactose	273-284	hydroxyacid oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	177-194
32563030-2	2020	In this study, a kind of room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) quantum dots (QDs) (GOX RTP QDs) nanobiosensor was prepared by mineralization at room temperature (25  C), using galactose oxidase (GOX) as template, which improved the catalytic ability of traditional GOx to D-Galactose.	Galactose	273-284	hydroxyacid oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	196-199
32563030-3	2020	The specific enzyme substrate reaction between GOx and D-Galactose and photoinduced electron transfer (Piet) were used to detect the RTP of D-galactose.	Galactose	140-151	hydroxyacid oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	47-50
32969225-5	2020	Furthermore, thanks to the hepatocyte targeting moiety (galactose) and the interplay of surface charge and size of nanoparticles, the SPN is able to enter into asialoglycoprotein-receptor positive HepG2 cells and further locate at lysosomes, successfully enabling accurate HClO detection in lysosomes of HepG2 cells.	Galactose	56-65	DEAF1 transcription factor	Homo sapiens	134-137
33037058-1	2020	The yeast galactose switch operated by the Gal4p-Gal80p-Gal3p regulatory module is a textbook model of transcription regulation in eukaryotes.	Galactose	10-19	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	49-55
33037058-1	2020	The yeast galactose switch operated by the Gal4p-Gal80p-Gal3p regulatory module is a textbook model of transcription regulation in eukaryotes.	Galactose	10-19	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	56-61
32855692-7	2020	The relative expression of hippocampal IL-6, TNF-alpha, NF-kappaB and mGluR2 mRNA of the PCPA+D-gal-induced ageing insomnia group was higher, while the relative expression of 5-HT1AR and GABAARa1 mRNA were lower.	Galactose	94-99	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	39-43
32220037-8	2020	The atomic structures revealed that binding interactions mainly occur with the galactose moiety at the non-reducing end, primarily with subsites C and D of the CRD, differing from oligo-lactosamine which bind more consistently across the whole groove formed by the five subsites (A-E) of the galectin-3 CRD.	Galactose	79-88	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	292-302
32855692-7	2020	The relative expression of hippocampal IL-6, TNF-alpha, NF-kappaB and mGluR2 mRNA of the PCPA+D-gal-induced ageing insomnia group was higher, while the relative expression of 5-HT1AR and GABAARa1 mRNA were lower.	Galactose	94-99	glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA2 (alpha 2)	Mus musculus	70-76
33010578-7	2020	Consistently, in d-galactose-induced in vitro aging condition, ER-ROS and its associated ER Nox4 expression and activity were highly increased.	Galactose	17-28	NADPH oxidase 4	Mus musculus	92-96
32827291-1	2020	beta1,4-galactosyltransferase 4 (B4GalT4) is one of seven B4GalTs that belong to CAZy glycosyltransferase family 7 and transfer galactose to growing sugar moieties of proteins, glycolipids, glycosaminoglycans as well as single sugar for lactose synthesis.	Galactose	128-137	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 4	Homo sapiens	0-31
32827291-1	2020	beta1,4-galactosyltransferase 4 (B4GalT4) is one of seven B4GalTs that belong to CAZy glycosyltransferase family 7 and transfer galactose to growing sugar moieties of proteins, glycolipids, glycosaminoglycans as well as single sugar for lactose synthesis.	Galactose	128-137	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 4	Homo sapiens	33-40
33010578-8	2020	Also, in chronic d-galactose-treated condition, IRE1alpha phosphorylation and XBP-1 splicing and were transiently increased, but IRE1alpha sulfonation was robustly increased in the aging Nox4 WT condition when compared to the counter KO condition.	Galactose	17-28	endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to nucleus signalling 1	Mus musculus	48-57
33010578-8	2020	Also, in chronic d-galactose-treated condition, IRE1alpha phosphorylation and XBP-1 splicing and were transiently increased, but IRE1alpha sulfonation was robustly increased in the aging Nox4 WT condition when compared to the counter KO condition.	Galactose	17-28	X-box binding protein 1	Mus musculus	78-83
33010578-8	2020	Also, in chronic d-galactose-treated condition, IRE1alpha phosphorylation and XBP-1 splicing and were transiently increased, but IRE1alpha sulfonation was robustly increased in the aging Nox4 WT condition when compared to the counter KO condition.	Galactose	17-28	endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to nucleus signalling 1	Mus musculus	129-138
33010578-8	2020	Also, in chronic d-galactose-treated condition, IRE1alpha phosphorylation and XBP-1 splicing and were transiently increased, but IRE1alpha sulfonation was robustly increased in the aging Nox4 WT condition when compared to the counter KO condition.	Galactose	17-28	NADPH oxidase 4	Mus musculus	187-191
33010578-9	2020	In vitro D-gal-induced aging study, the phenomenon were abrogated with Nox4 knock-down condition and was significantly decreased in GKT, Nox4 inhibitor and 4-PBA, ER chemical chaperone-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells.	Galactose	9-14	NADPH oxidase 4	Homo sapiens	71-75
33010578-9	2020	In vitro D-gal-induced aging study, the phenomenon were abrogated with Nox4 knock-down condition and was significantly decreased in GKT, Nox4 inhibitor and 4-PBA, ER chemical chaperone-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells.	Galactose	9-14	NADPH oxidase 4	Homo sapiens	137-141
31481471-1	2020	Autosomal recessive mutations in the galactosidase beta1 (GLB1) gene cause lysosomal beta-gal deficiency, resulting in accumulation of galactose-containing substrates and onset of the progressive and fatal neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease, GM1 gangliosidosis.	Galactose	135-144	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	37-56
32991321-7	2020	Mechanistically, D-gal inactivated the YAP-CDK6 signaling pathway, while overexpression of YAP or CDK6 could restore D-gal-induced senescence of C6 cells.	Galactose	117-122	Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator	Homo sapiens	91-94
32991321-7	2020	Mechanistically, D-gal inactivated the YAP-CDK6 signaling pathway, while overexpression of YAP or CDK6 could restore D-gal-induced senescence of C6 cells.	Galactose	117-122	cyclin dependent kinase 6	Homo sapiens	98-102
32991321-0	2020	D-galactose induces senescence of glioblastoma cells through YAP-CDK6 pathway.	Galactose	0-11	Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator	Homo sapiens	61-64
32991321-0	2020	D-galactose induces senescence of glioblastoma cells through YAP-CDK6 pathway.	Galactose	0-11	cyclin dependent kinase 6	Homo sapiens	65-69
32991321-7	2020	Mechanistically, D-gal inactivated the YAP-CDK6 signaling pathway, while overexpression of YAP or CDK6 could restore D-gal-induced senescence of C6 cells.	Galactose	17-22	Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator	Homo sapiens	39-42
32991321-7	2020	Mechanistically, D-gal inactivated the YAP-CDK6 signaling pathway, while overexpression of YAP or CDK6 could restore D-gal-induced senescence of C6 cells.	Galactose	17-22	cyclin dependent kinase 6	Homo sapiens	43-47
31481471-1	2020	Autosomal recessive mutations in the galactosidase beta1 (GLB1) gene cause lysosomal beta-gal deficiency, resulting in accumulation of galactose-containing substrates and onset of the progressive and fatal neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease, GM1 gangliosidosis.	Galactose	135-144	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	58-62
32857080-0	2020	Astaxanthin attenuates oxidative stress and immune impairment in D-galactose-induced aging in rats by activating the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway and suppressing the NF-kappaB pathway.	Galactose	65-76	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	117-121
32857080-0	2020	Astaxanthin attenuates oxidative stress and immune impairment in D-galactose-induced aging in rats by activating the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway and suppressing the NF-kappaB pathway.	Galactose	65-76	Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	122-127
32353494-4	2020	Galactose ligands could bind to the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) on the surface of hepatocytes.	Galactose	0-9	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	36-63
33005806-11	2020	Unlike the untreated galactose group, in the group treated with O-rPRP, p70S6k and MCL-1 expression levels were increased, indicating that the mTOR growth signaling pathway was active and that apoptosis was inactive.	Galactose	21-30	proline rich protein 2-like 1	Rattus norvegicus	66-70
33005806-13	2020	Conclusion: O-rPRP inhibited galactose-induced excessive atresia and provided an overall protective effect on the ovarian follicles.	Galactose	29-38	proline rich protein 2-like 1	Rattus norvegicus	14-18
32353494-4	2020	Galactose ligands could bind to the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) on the surface of hepatocytes.	Galactose	0-9	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	65-70
32450067-0	2020	The effect and mechanism of 19S proteasome PSMD11/Rpn6 subunit in D-Galactose induced mimetic aging models.	Galactose	66-77	proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 11	Rattus norvegicus	43-49
32450234-15	2020	PCP1.1, PCP1.2 and PCP2.1 were composed of fucose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid; and PCP2.2 was composed of arabinose, galactose, glucose, galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid.	Galactose	62-71	Purkinje cell protein 2	Homo sapiens	19-23
33013875-0	2020	Association Between Galactose-Deficient IgA1 Derived From the Tonsils and Recurrence of IgA Nephropathy in Patients Who Underwent Kidney Transplantation.	Galactose	20-29	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	40-44
32889782-6	2020	Immunohistochemistry and western blotting analysis showed that AOF with ADMSCs could significantly reduce aging-induced oxidative stress in D-galactose-induced aging rat hearts by inducing Nrf2 pathway.	Galactose	140-151	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	189-193
32450067-4	2020	In the present study, we explore the function and mechanism of PSMD11 protecting neurons in d-Galactose (D-Gal) mimetic aging models.	Galactose	92-103	proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 11	Rattus norvegicus	63-69
32450067-4	2020	In the present study, we explore the function and mechanism of PSMD11 protecting neurons in d-Galactose (D-Gal) mimetic aging models.	Galactose	105-110	proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 11	Rattus norvegicus	63-69
32450067-9	2020	PSMD11 changed with aging, and was associated with the metabolism of proteasome activity in the D-Gal treated models.	Galactose	96-101	proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 11	Rattus norvegicus	0-6
32450067-10	2020	Moreover, the knockdown or overexpression of PSMD11 was sufficient to change the oxidative state caused by D-Gal.	Galactose	107-112	proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 11	Rattus norvegicus	45-51
32691886-6	2020	Compared with normal control mice, the thymus epithelium of the D-gal treated mice had structural changes, the number of senescent cells increased, and the number of CD4+ T cells decreased and CD8+ T cells increased.	Galactose	64-69	CD4 antigen	Mus musculus	166-169
32717457-0	2020	The effects and mechanism of collagen peptide and elastin peptide on skin aging induced by D-galactose combined with ultraviolet radiation.	Galactose	91-102	elastin	Homo sapiens	50-57
32691886-11	2020	These findings suggest that RSV intake could restore the alterations caused by D-gal treatment in the thymus via stimulation of Aire expression.	Galactose	79-84	autoimmune regulator (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy)	Mus musculus	128-132
32782534-9	2020	The present results revealed that the average molecular weight of RF-1 was 17,093 Da and that RF-1 was composed of the monosaccharides glucose and galactose, with a 2:1 ratio.	Galactose	147-156	retroperitoneal fat pad weight 1	Mus musculus	94-98
32829466-2	2020	SGLT1 and GLUT2 are relevant for absorption of D-glucose and D-galactose while GLUT5 is relevant for D-fructose absorption.	Galactose	61-72	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
32767111-7	2020	While SGLT1 is essential for fast absorption of glucose and galactose in the intestine, the expression of SGLT2 is largely confined to the early part of the kidney proximal tubules, where it reabsorbs the bulk part of filtered glucose.	Galactose	60-69	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	6-11
32829466-2	2020	SGLT1 and GLUT2 are relevant for absorption of D-glucose and D-galactose while GLUT5 is relevant for D-fructose absorption.	Galactose	61-72	solute carrier family 2 member 2	Homo sapiens	10-15
32877990-5	2020	Dysfunctional mutations and decreased GLUT2 expression leads to dysglycaemia (fasting hypoglycemia, postprandial hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and rarely diabetes mellitus), hepatomegaly, galactose intolerance, rickets, and poor growth.	Galactose	194-203	solute carrier family 2 member 2	Homo sapiens	38-43
32532874-7	2020	We also show that the usp45 promoter is highly activated by galactose.	Galactose	60-69	usp45	Lactococcus lactis	22-27
32657300-2	2020	These precursors, comprising galactose sensitive units at both polar heads, showed the formation of hydrogels upon the action of beta-galactosidase.	Galactose	29-38	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	129-147
32929335-6	2020	Among them, ST3GAL6, a glycotransferase to transfer sialic acid to 3"-hydroxyl group of a galactose residue, showed a significant negative association with the subtype with luminal feature in UBC patients (n=2,130 in total).	Galactose	90-99	ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 6	Homo sapiens	12-19
32689796-3	2020	In this study, a unique UDP-galactosyltransferase GmSGT2 from Glycine max was found to transfer a galactose to the C2 position of the sugar moiety of GA-3-O-monoglucuronide (GAMG) and GA-3-O-monoglucose.	Galactose	98-107	soyasapogenol B glucuronide galactosyltransferase	Glycine max	50-56
32848596-0	2020	Downregulation of the CB1-Mediated Endocannabinoid Signaling Underlies D-Galactose-Induced Memory Impairment.	Galactose	71-82	cannabinoid receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	22-25
31785297-3	2020	Galactose (33.47%), beta-d-Glucose (26.71%) and alpha-d-Mannose (18.21%) were the major monosaccharides components presenting in PAP, and a smaller amounts of beta-d-Galactose, d-Fructose, alpha-d-Glucose, alpha-l-Galactose and arabinose were detected.	Galactose	0-9	poly (A) polymerase beta (testis specific)	Mus musculus	129-132
32437790-0	2020	Ginsenoside Rg1 protects against d-galactose induced fatty liver disease in a mouse model via FOXO1 transcriptional factor.	Galactose	33-44	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	12-15
32437790-0	2020	Ginsenoside Rg1 protects against d-galactose induced fatty liver disease in a mouse model via FOXO1 transcriptional factor.	Galactose	33-44	forkhead box O1	Mus musculus	94-99
32437790-6	2020	KEY FINDINGS: Rg1 played an anti-aging role in reversing d-galactose induced increase in senescence-associated SA-beta-gal staining and p53, p21 protein in hepatocytes of mice and sustained mitochondria homeostasis.	Galactose	57-68	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	14-17
32437790-6	2020	KEY FINDINGS: Rg1 played an anti-aging role in reversing d-galactose induced increase in senescence-associated SA-beta-gal staining and p53, p21 protein in hepatocytes of mice and sustained mitochondria homeostasis.	Galactose	57-68	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	136-139
32437790-6	2020	KEY FINDINGS: Rg1 played an anti-aging role in reversing d-galactose induced increase in senescence-associated SA-beta-gal staining and p53, p21 protein in hepatocytes of mice and sustained mitochondria homeostasis.	Galactose	57-68	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (P21)	Mus musculus	141-144
32437790-7	2020	Meanwhile, Rg1 protected livers from d-galactose caused abnormal elevation of ALT and AST in serum, hepatic steatosis, reduction in hepatic glucose production, hydrogenic degeneration, inflammatory phenomena including senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) IL-1beta, IL-6, MCP-1 elevation and lymphocyte infiltration.	Galactose	37-48	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	11-14
32437790-8	2020	Furthermore, Rg1 suppressed drastic elevation in FOXO1 phosphorylation resulting in maintaining FOXO1 protein level in the liver after d-galactose treatment, followed by FOXO1 targeted antioxidase SOD and CAT significant up-regulation concurrent with marked decrease in lipid peroxidation marker MDA.	Galactose	135-146	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	13-16
32748857-2	2020	In the present investigation, the effect of d-Gal (0.1 and 10 mM, for 3 and 24 h incubation), known to induce oxidative stress, has been assayed on human erythrocytes by determining the rate constant of SO42- uptake through the anion exchanger Band 3 protein (B3p), essential to erythrocytes homeostasis.	Galactose	44-49	immunoglobulin kappa variable 4-1	Homo sapiens	260-263
32748857-4	2020	Our results show that d-Gal reduces anion exchange capability of B3p, involving neither lipid peroxidation, nor oxidation of sulfhydryl membrane groups, nor MetHb formation, nor altered expression levels of B3p.	Galactose	22-27	immunoglobulin kappa variable 4-1	Homo sapiens	65-68
32748857-4	2020	Our results show that d-Gal reduces anion exchange capability of B3p, involving neither lipid peroxidation, nor oxidation of sulfhydryl membrane groups, nor MetHb formation, nor altered expression levels of B3p.	Galactose	22-27	immunoglobulin kappa variable 4-1	Homo sapiens	207-210
32748857-5	2020	d-Gal-induced %A1c, known to crosslink with B3p, could be responsible for rate of anion exchange alteration.	Galactose	0-5	immunoglobulin kappa variable 4-1	Homo sapiens	44-47
32748857-6	2020	The present findings confirm that erythrocytes are a suitable model to study the impact of high sugar concentrations on cell homeostasis; show the first in vitro effect of d-Gal on B3p, contributing to the understanding of mechanisms underlying an in vitro model of aging; demonstrate that the first impact of d-Gal on B3p is mediated by early Hb glycation, rather than by oxidative stress, which may be involved on a later stage, possibly adding more knowledge about the consequences of d-Gal accumulation.	Galactose	172-177	immunoglobulin kappa variable 4-1	Homo sapiens	181-184
32748857-6	2020	The present findings confirm that erythrocytes are a suitable model to study the impact of high sugar concentrations on cell homeostasis; show the first in vitro effect of d-Gal on B3p, contributing to the understanding of mechanisms underlying an in vitro model of aging; demonstrate that the first impact of d-Gal on B3p is mediated by early Hb glycation, rather than by oxidative stress, which may be involved on a later stage, possibly adding more knowledge about the consequences of d-Gal accumulation.	Galactose	310-315	immunoglobulin kappa variable 4-1	Homo sapiens	181-184
32748857-6	2020	The present findings confirm that erythrocytes are a suitable model to study the impact of high sugar concentrations on cell homeostasis; show the first in vitro effect of d-Gal on B3p, contributing to the understanding of mechanisms underlying an in vitro model of aging; demonstrate that the first impact of d-Gal on B3p is mediated by early Hb glycation, rather than by oxidative stress, which may be involved on a later stage, possibly adding more knowledge about the consequences of d-Gal accumulation.	Galactose	310-315	immunoglobulin kappa variable 4-1	Homo sapiens	181-184
32848596-8	2020	We show that a decrease in CB1 and increase in degradation enzymes for CB1 ligand endocannabinoid anandamide all occurred to D-galactose-treated rats.	Galactose	125-136	cannabinoid receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	27-30
32848596-8	2020	We show that a decrease in CB1 and increase in degradation enzymes for CB1 ligand endocannabinoid anandamide all occurred to D-galactose-treated rats.	Galactose	125-136	cannabinoid receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	71-74
32660632-12	2020	Moreover, concomitant activation of mTORC1 pathway and heterochromatin organization was found in D-galactose-induced osteoporosis model in rats.	Galactose	97-108	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	36-42
32305635-1	2020	OBJECTIVE: lacZ encodes for beta-galactosidase within the galactose operon of bacterial cells.	Galactose	58-67	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	28-46
32660632-7	2020	A D-galactose (D-Gal)-induced aging model was established in rats to evaluate the crosstalk between heterochromatin and mTORC1 pathway in vivo.	Galactose	2-13	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	120-126
32699192-6	2020	TLR7+CD19+ B cells expressed inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-12) in kidneys and produced high levels of IgA1 and galactose deficient-IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) in peripheral blood of patients with IgAN.	Galactose	117-126	toll like receptor 7	Homo sapiens	0-4
32699192-6	2020	TLR7+CD19+ B cells expressed inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-12) in kidneys and produced high levels of IgA1 and galactose deficient-IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) in peripheral blood of patients with IgAN.	Galactose	117-126	CD19 molecule	Homo sapiens	5-9
32335047-2	2020	Gas chromatography analysis showed that TPSN was composed of d-glucose, l-arabinose and d-galactose residues at a molar ratio of 90.0: 9.1: 0.9.	Galactose	88-99	TAP binding protein	Homo sapiens	40-44
32660632-7	2020	A D-galactose (D-Gal)-induced aging model was established in rats to evaluate the crosstalk between heterochromatin and mTORC1 pathway in vivo.	Galactose	15-20	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	120-126
32647628-0	2020	Changes of fat-mass and obesity-associated protein expression in the hippocampus in animal models of high-fat diet-induced obesity and D-galactose-induced aging.	Galactose	135-146	fat mass and obesity associated	Mus musculus	11-50
32639961-4	2020	In the current study, we identify two understudied yeast genes, YTA6 and YPR096C that when deleted, cell sensitivity to LiCl is increased when galactose is used as a carbon source.	Galactose	143-152	putative AAA family ATPase YTA6	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	64-68
32639961-4	2020	In the current study, we identify two understudied yeast genes, YTA6 and YPR096C that when deleted, cell sensitivity to LiCl is increased when galactose is used as a carbon source.	Galactose	143-152	uncharacterized protein	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	73-80
32633256-7	2020	Among ABO blood groups, higher labeling (71.7 +- 5.9%) was detected for B-type RBCs, whose antigens have galactose in their structure.	Galactose	105-114	ABO, alpha 1-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase and alpha 1-3-galactosyltransferase	Homo sapiens	6-9
32647628-2	2020	In the present study, we measured Fto immunoreactivity and protein levels in the hippocampus of obese and aged mice, which were induced by high-fat diet for 12 weeks and D-galactose treatment for 10 weeks, respectively.	Galactose	170-181	fat mass and obesity associated	Mus musculus	34-37
32647628-8	2020	In the hippocampus of D-galactose-induced aged mice, fewer Fto immunoreactive structures were detected in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus compared to the control group.	Galactose	22-33	fat mass and obesity associated	Mus musculus	59-62
33680043-10	2020	D-gal administration significantly elevated ALT, AST, ALP levels, which were markedly inhibited by crocin administration.	Galactose	0-5	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	49-52
32430170-6	2020	Exposure BMSCs from NCHD patients with D-galactose under hypoxia (4% O2) decreased the expression of Notch1.	Galactose	39-50	notch receptor 1	Homo sapiens	101-107
32501643-9	2020	The glycan sequence N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, and sialic acid was consistently expressed on serine 94, threonine 194, and threonine 289 of APOE in L5 and was predicted to contribute to L5"s negative surface charge and hydrophilicity.	Galactose	43-52	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	147-151
33680043-12	2020	iNOS was elevated by D-gal administration and was returned to the normal extent by crocin.	Galactose	21-26	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
32502344-7	2020	Herein, we developed a dual-probe approach for mass spectrometric quantification of protein-specific glycosylation using the terminal galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine (Gal/GalNAc) of MUC1 as a model.	Galactose	134-143	mucin 1, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	182-186
32637492-4	2020	We developed an SDL array of 4548 yeast strains in which each strain contained a single non-essential gene deletion, in combination with a galactose-inducible construct overexpressing wild-type (WT) Hmt1-HZ tagged protein.	Galactose	139-148	protein-arginine omega-N methyltransferase HMT1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	199-203
33364043-10	2021	However, these aging associated effects were ameliorated upon exercise training in the D-galactose-induced aging rats that showed elevated IGF1R/Akt signaling.	Galactose	87-98	insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor	Rattus norvegicus	139-144
33364043-10	2021	However, these aging associated effects were ameliorated upon exercise training in the D-galactose-induced aging rats that showed elevated IGF1R/Akt signaling.	Galactose	87-98	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	145-148
32560312-2	2020	Lactose is a common disaccharide found in dairy that requires lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) to break down into glucose and galactose.	Galactose	127-136	lactase	Homo sapiens	62-89
32560312-2	2020	Lactose is a common disaccharide found in dairy that requires lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) to break down into glucose and galactose.	Galactose	127-136	lactase	Homo sapiens	91-94
32518113-4	2020	At an expression level that equalizes the mean cell size with that of wild-type cells, the size distributions of cells with galactose-induced Whi5 expression and wild-type cells are indistinguishable.	Galactose	124-133	transcriptional repressor WHI5	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	142-146
32476418-0	2020	Torularhodin from Sporidiobolus pararoseus Attenuates d-galactose/AlCl3-Induced Cognitive Impairment, Oxidative Stress, and Neuroinflammation via the Nrf2/NF-kappaB Pathway.	Galactose	54-65	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	150-154
32476418-0	2020	Torularhodin from Sporidiobolus pararoseus Attenuates d-galactose/AlCl3-Induced Cognitive Impairment, Oxidative Stress, and Neuroinflammation via the Nrf2/NF-kappaB Pathway.	Galactose	54-65	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	155-164
31672636-2	2020	The hydrolytic activity of MelA alpha-galactosidase on a wide range of p-nitrophenyl glycoside derivatives and carbohydrates of different molecular-weights showed its high selectivity and efficiency towards the alpha(1 6) glycosidic bonds involving the anomeric carbon of galactose and the C6-hydroxyl group of galactose or glucose units.	Galactose	272-281	alpha-galactosidase	Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1	27-31
31672636-2	2020	The hydrolytic activity of MelA alpha-galactosidase on a wide range of p-nitrophenyl glycoside derivatives and carbohydrates of different molecular-weights showed its high selectivity and efficiency towards the alpha(1 6) glycosidic bonds involving the anomeric carbon of galactose and the C6-hydroxyl group of galactose or glucose units.	Galactose	311-320	alpha-galactosidase	Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1	27-31
31672636-4	2020	The catalytic mechanism of MelA for the production of alpha-GOS was elucidated, revealing its great preference for the transfer of galactosyl residues to the C6-hydroxyl group of galactose units to elongate the chain of alpha-GOS having either a terminal sucrose (raffinose family oligosaccharides, RFOS) or a terminal glucose (melibiose, manninotriose and verbascotetraose).	Galactose	179-188	alpha-galactosidase	Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1	27-31
32724648-6	2020	These data indicate that COS could protect against D-gal-induced hepatic aging by activating Nrf2 antioxidant signaling, which may provide novel applications for the prevention and treatment of aging-related hepatic dysfunction.	Galactose	51-56	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	93-97
32103184-1	2020	PURPOSE: We studied galactose supplementation in SLC35A2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (SLC35A2-CDG), caused by monoallelic pathogenic variants in SLC35A2 (Xp11.23), encoding the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi UDP-galactose transporter.	Galactose	20-29	solute carrier family 35 member A2	Homo sapiens	49-56
32026209-5	2020	Compared with the control group, the levels of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase were increased in a concentration-dependent manner in the CBM of the D-gal groups.	Galactose	157-162	galactosidase, beta 1	Mus musculus	69-87
32026209-9	2020	A loss of hair cells and activation of caspase-3-mediated outer hair cell apoptosis were also observed in the CBM of the high-dose D-gal group.	Galactose	131-136	caspase 3	Mus musculus	39-48
32485969-2	2020	Galectin-3 (Gal3) is a beta-galactose binding lectin that has been reported as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and is known to mediate adhesion between cells and microbes.	Galactose	28-37	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	0-10
32343912-1	2020	Re: "beta-Caryophyllene Reduces DNA Oxidation and the Overexpression of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in the Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus of d-Galactose-Induced Aged BALB/c Mice" (J Med Food [Epub ahead of print]; DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0302).	Galactose	148-159	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Mus musculus	72-103
32295448-14	2020	HighlightsTesticular mitochondria are less sensitive to induction of permeability transition than liver mitochondria in rats exposed to D-galactose for 6 weeks, despite the occurrence of alterations in the antioxidant defense system and generation of ROS in sperm cells as in hepatocytes.The occurrence of mitochondrial permeability transition in liver of galactose-exposed rats is consistent with malondialdehyde production, alteration in antioxidant levels, enhanced ATPase activity, caspases-9 and 3 activation, immune dysfunction, and DNA fragmentation.The study of biochemical basis of reduced sensitivity of testis to permeability transition under conditions which the liver is extremely susceptible may become useful in age associated-neurodegenerative diseases where apoptosis is upregulated and has to be properly managed to achieve downregulation.	Galactose	136-147	caspase 9	Rattus norvegicus	486-502
32321762-7	2020	Using a sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidation (SALSA) method to discriminate alpha2,3-linkage from alpha2,6-linkage, we found that N-acetylneuraminic acid in PrPC"s GPI side-chain is linked to galactose through an alpha2,3-linkage.	Galactose	199-208	prion protein	Mus musculus	164-168
32485969-2	2020	Galectin-3 (Gal3) is a beta-galactose binding lectin that has been reported as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and is known to mediate adhesion between cells and microbes.	Galactose	28-37	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	12-16
32485969-2	2020	Galectin-3 (Gal3) is a beta-galactose binding lectin that has been reported as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and is known to mediate adhesion between cells and microbes.	Galactose	28-37	nectin cell adhesion molecule 1	Homo sapiens	111-114
32537466-0	2020	Clinical Significance of Serum Galactose-Deficient IgA1 Level in Children with IgA Nephropathy.	Galactose	31-40	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	51-55
32449085-4	2020	Galactose (GAL) can target the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) that is highly expressed on liver cancer cells.	Galactose	0-9	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	31-58
32449085-4	2020	Galactose (GAL) can target the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) that is highly expressed on liver cancer cells.	Galactose	0-9	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	60-65
32449085-4	2020	Galactose (GAL) can target the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) that is highly expressed on liver cancer cells.	Galactose	11-14	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	31-58
32449085-4	2020	Galactose (GAL) can target the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) that is highly expressed on liver cancer cells.	Galactose	11-14	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	60-65
32134631-4	2020	Here we evaluate the capacity of norbornene polymers displaying galactose and/or fucose to block CTB binding to immobilized protein-linked glycan structures and also to primary human and murine small intestine epithelial cells (SI ECs).	Galactose	64-73	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1B, choline	Homo sapiens	97-100
32100029-2	2020	In Arabidopsis, the first step of galactolipid synthesis is catalyzed by monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 1 (MGD1), a monotopic protein located in the inner envelope membrane of chloroplasts, which transfers a galactose residue from UDP-galactose to diacylglycerol (DAG).	Galactose	215-224	monogalactosyl diacylglycerol synthase 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	73-112
32100029-2	2020	In Arabidopsis, the first step of galactolipid synthesis is catalyzed by monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 1 (MGD1), a monotopic protein located in the inner envelope membrane of chloroplasts, which transfers a galactose residue from UDP-galactose to diacylglycerol (DAG).	Galactose	215-224	monogalactosyl diacylglycerol synthase 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	114-118
31774565-0	2020	Galactose 1-Phosphate accumulates to high levels in galactose-treated cells due to low GALT activity and absence of product inhibition of GALK.	Galactose	52-61	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	87-91
30145915-0	2020	Berberine ameliorates renal injury in a rat model of D-galactose-induced aging through a PTEN/Akt-dependent mechanism.	Galactose	53-64	phosphatase and tensin homolog	Rattus norvegicus	89-93
30145915-0	2020	Berberine ameliorates renal injury in a rat model of D-galactose-induced aging through a PTEN/Akt-dependent mechanism.	Galactose	53-64	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	94-97
32106375-8	2020	Mechanistically, posttreatment with apocynin prohibited LPS/D-Gal-induced activation of the late stage pro-apoptotic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway.	Galactose	60-65	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	178-181
32106375-10	2020	These data suggest that NOX-derived ROS might be a crucial late stage detrimental factor in LPS/D-Gal-induced acute liver injury via promoting the activation of the pro-apoptotic AMPK/JNK pathway, and the NOX inhibitor might have important value in the pharmacological intervention of inflammation-base liver damage.	Galactose	96-101	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	184-187
32169593-3	2020	d-glucose and d-galactose derivatives 6a and 6b showed inhibitory activities against both AChE and BChE.	Galactose	14-25	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	90-94
32169593-3	2020	d-glucose and d-galactose derivatives 6a and 6b showed inhibitory activities against both AChE and BChE.	Galactose	14-25	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	99-103
32163602-4	2020	GC-MS spectrometry results showed that CPH and DCPH were mainly composed of galactose.	Galactose	76-85	carboxypeptidase E	Mus musculus	39-42
32420546-10	2020	Results: Oral treatment of D-galactose-injected rats with BDS, PDS, CDS, or ZH ameliorated the serum hepatic function parameters as well as serum levels of adiponectin, apolipoprotein B 100, and insulin.	Galactose	27-38	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Rattus norvegicus	156-167
32420546-10	2020	Results: Oral treatment of D-galactose-injected rats with BDS, PDS, CDS, or ZH ameliorated the serum hepatic function parameters as well as serum levels of adiponectin, apolipoprotein B 100, and insulin.	Galactose	27-38	apolipoprotein B	Rattus norvegicus	169-189
31845337-0	2020	The 1-13 C galactose breath test in GALT deficient patients distinguishes NBS detected variant patients but does not predict outcome in classical phenotypes.	Galactose	4-20	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	36-40
31845342-6	2020	Our results document that the relative levels of galactose metabolites seen in GALT deficiency differ widely by tissue and age, and that red blood cell Gal-1P, the marker most commonly followed in patients, shows no significant association with Gal-1P in other tissues.	Galactose	49-58	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	79-83
31774565-7	2020	We also investigated the metabolism of both galactose and glucose in GALT-expressing HEK293T and 143B cells to identify critical reactions steps contributing to the metabolic toxicity of galactose.	Galactose	44-53	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	69-73
31774565-7	2020	We also investigated the metabolism of both galactose and glucose in GALT-expressing HEK293T and 143B cells to identify critical reactions steps contributing to the metabolic toxicity of galactose.	Galactose	187-196	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	69-73
31774565-8	2020	Notably, we found that galactose-treated HEK293T and 143B cells, which express endogenous GALT, accumulate markedly high intracellular Gal-1P concentrations.	Galactose	23-32	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	90-94
32543139-10	2020	Conclusion: The regulation of AMPKalpha1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway mediated by Gal on endoplasmic reticulum stress apoptosis, myocardial apoptosis and fibrosis in myocardial ischemia reperfusion rats.	Galactose	71-74	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Rattus norvegicus	30-40
33361031-0	2020	Galactose protects pancreatic acinar cells from cerulein induced damage by regulating FGF21 and Klotho.	Galactose	0-9	fibroblast growth factor 21	Rattus norvegicus	86-91
33361031-0	2020	Galactose protects pancreatic acinar cells from cerulein induced damage by regulating FGF21 and Klotho.	Galactose	0-9	Klotho	Rattus norvegicus	96-102
33361031-4	2020	table Significantly increased, Bcl-2, FGF21 and Klotho protein expression was significantly increased, Bax protein was significantly decreased; the FGF21 inhibitor can be significantly reduced on galactose these caerulein-induced AR42J cells.	Galactose	196-205	fibroblast growth factor 21	Rattus norvegicus	148-153
33361031-5	2020	Galactose can inhibit the apoptosis and autophagy of pancreatic acinar cells induced by cerana, and its potential mechanism is to up-regulate FGF21 and Klotho, providing a new potential drug for the treatment of acute pancreatitis.	Galactose	0-9	fibroblast growth factor 21	Rattus norvegicus	142-147
33361031-5	2020	Galactose can inhibit the apoptosis and autophagy of pancreatic acinar cells induced by cerana, and its potential mechanism is to up-regulate FGF21 and Klotho, providing a new potential drug for the treatment of acute pancreatitis.	Galactose	0-9	Klotho	Rattus norvegicus	152-158
32543139-1	2020	Objective: To investigate the effects of AMPKalpha1/Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway mediated by galantamine hydrobromide lycoremine (Gal) on endoplasmic reticulum stress apoptosis, myocardial apoptosis and fibrosis in rats with myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R).	Galactose	138-141	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Rattus norvegicus	41-51
32543139-1	2020	Objective: To investigate the effects of AMPKalpha1/Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway mediated by galantamine hydrobromide lycoremine (Gal) on endoplasmic reticulum stress apoptosis, myocardial apoptosis and fibrosis in rats with myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R).	Galactose	138-141	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	52-56
32543139-1	2020	Objective: To investigate the effects of AMPKalpha1/Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway mediated by galantamine hydrobromide lycoremine (Gal) on endoplasmic reticulum stress apoptosis, myocardial apoptosis and fibrosis in rats with myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R).	Galactose	138-141	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	57-73
32543139-1	2020	Objective: To investigate the effects of AMPKalpha1/Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway mediated by galantamine hydrobromide lycoremine (Gal) on endoplasmic reticulum stress apoptosis, myocardial apoptosis and fibrosis in rats with myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R).	Galactose	138-141	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	75-79
32543139-10	2020	Conclusion: The regulation of AMPKalpha1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway mediated by Gal on endoplasmic reticulum stress apoptosis, myocardial apoptosis and fibrosis in myocardial ischemia reperfusion rats.	Galactose	71-74	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	41-45
32543139-10	2020	Conclusion: The regulation of AMPKalpha1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway mediated by Gal on endoplasmic reticulum stress apoptosis, myocardial apoptosis and fibrosis in myocardial ischemia reperfusion rats.	Galactose	71-74	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	46-50
32326345-2	2020	Galectin-3 (Gal3), a beta-galactose binding lectin, has been reported to interact with Alix and regulate HIV-1 subtype B budding.	Galactose	26-35	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	0-10
32382276-0	2020	Preventive Electroacupuncture Ameliorates D-Galactose-Induced Alzheimer"s Disease-Like Pathology and Memory Deficits Probably via Inhibition of GSK3beta/mTOR Signaling Pathway.	Galactose	42-53	glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha	Rattus norvegicus	144-152
32382276-0	2020	Preventive Electroacupuncture Ameliorates D-Galactose-Induced Alzheimer"s Disease-Like Pathology and Memory Deficits Probably via Inhibition of GSK3beta/mTOR Signaling Pathway.	Galactose	42-53	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Rattus norvegicus	153-157
32239931-3	2020	The integration of localized chemical remodeling and quantitative electrochemistry allows the proof-of-concept QLA examination of exosomal mucin 1 (MUC1)-specific terminal galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine (Gal/GalNAc).	Galactose	172-181	mucin 1, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	139-146
32239931-3	2020	The integration of localized chemical remodeling and quantitative electrochemistry allows the proof-of-concept QLA examination of exosomal mucin 1 (MUC1)-specific terminal galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine (Gal/GalNAc).	Galactose	172-181	mucin 1, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	148-152
32365741-9	2020	In addition, only SP2 showed some galactose units sulfated at C-4, indicating that sulfation at this position is not essential for the immunomodulatory activity of these galactans.	Galactose	34-43	Sp2 transcription factor	Mus musculus	18-21
32320382-5	2020	The longevity-related AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1alpha signaling pathway and brain IGF1/PI3K/Akt survival pathway were significantly reduced in D-galactose-induced aging group compared to non-aging control group and increased after exercise training.	Galactose	133-144	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Rattus norvegicus	22-26
32320382-5	2020	The longevity-related AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1alpha signaling pathway and brain IGF1/PI3K/Akt survival pathway were significantly reduced in D-galactose-induced aging group compared to non-aging control group and increased after exercise training.	Galactose	133-144	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	27-32
32320382-5	2020	The longevity-related AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1alpha signaling pathway and brain IGF1/PI3K/Akt survival pathway were significantly reduced in D-galactose-induced aging group compared to non-aging control group and increased after exercise training.	Galactose	133-144	PPARG coactivator 1 alpha	Rattus norvegicus	33-43
32320382-5	2020	The longevity-related AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1alpha signaling pathway and brain IGF1/PI3K/Akt survival pathway were significantly reduced in D-galactose-induced aging group compared to non-aging control group and increased after exercise training.	Galactose	133-144	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	72-76
32320382-5	2020	The longevity-related AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1alpha signaling pathway and brain IGF1/PI3K/Akt survival pathway were significantly reduced in D-galactose-induced aging group compared to non-aging control group and increased after exercise training.	Galactose	133-144	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	82-85
32326345-2	2020	Galectin-3 (Gal3), a beta-galactose binding lectin, has been reported to interact with Alix and regulate HIV-1 subtype B budding.	Galactose	26-35	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	12-16
32326345-2	2020	Galectin-3 (Gal3), a beta-galactose binding lectin, has been reported to interact with Alix and regulate HIV-1 subtype B budding.	Galactose	26-35	programmed cell death 6 interacting protein	Homo sapiens	87-91
32144204-10	2020	In vitro enzyme assays confirmed that GBA1 and GBA2 have transgalactosylation activity to transfer the galactose residue from GalCer to cholesterol to form beta-GalChol.	Galactose	103-112	glucosidase, beta, acid	Mus musculus	38-42
32070517-2	2020	Structural characterization showed that MOP-3 had a molecular weight (MW) of 4.033 x 106 Da and was composed of arabinose, glucose and galactose with a molar ratio of 47.73:1.00:57.65.	Galactose	135-144	morphine preference 3	Mus musculus	40-45
32410834-0	2020	Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates the cognitive deficits in D-galactose and AlCl3-induced aging mice by restoring FGF2-Akt and BDNF-TrkB signaling axis to inhibit apoptosis.	Galactose	54-65	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	12-15
32144204-10	2020	In vitro enzyme assays confirmed that GBA1 and GBA2 have transgalactosylation activity to transfer the galactose residue from GalCer to cholesterol to form beta-GalChol.	Galactose	103-112	glucosidase beta 2	Mus musculus	47-51
32094265-3	2020	Using immortalized mammary epithelial cells, we discovered that constitutively active AKT but not MYC induced cell death in galactose culture, where cells rely on oxidative phosphorylation for energy generation.	Galactose	124-133	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	86-89
32094265-4	2020	However, the negative effects of AKT were temporary, and AKT-expressing cells recommenced growth after ~15 days in galactose.	Galactose	115-124	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	57-60
32094265-9	2020	We then confirmed that galactose induced ROS-mediated cell death in breast cancer cells with upregulated AKT signaling.	Galactose	23-32	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	105-108
32094265-5	2020	To identify the mechanisms regulating AKT-mediated cell death, we used metabolomics and found that AKT cells dying in galactose upregulated glutathione metabolism.	Galactose	118-127	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	38-41
32094265-5	2020	To identify the mechanisms regulating AKT-mediated cell death, we used metabolomics and found that AKT cells dying in galactose upregulated glutathione metabolism.	Galactose	118-127	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	99-102
32094265-6	2020	Proteomic profiling revealed that AKT cells dying in galactose also upregulated nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, a marker of sensitivity to oxidative stress.	Galactose	53-62	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	34-37
32094265-7	2020	We therefore measured levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and discovered that galactose induced ROS exclusively in cells expressing AKT.	Galactose	82-91	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	136-139
32094265-8	2020	Furthermore, ROS were required for galactose-induced death of AKT-expressing cells.	Galactose	35-44	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	62-65
31978220-7	2020	Macrophage galactose lectin (MGL) together with AMR mediated clearance of desialylated or cold-stored platelets by Kupffer cells.	Galactose	11-20	C-type lectin domain family 10, member A	Mus musculus	29-32
32253370-15	2020	CONCLUSIONS Rg1 conducted functions of anti-aging in Sca-1+ HSC/HPC cells in the D-gal-induced aging model by inhibiting mitochondrial pathway-mediated apoptosis and activating the SIRT3/SOD2 signaling pathway.	Galactose	81-86	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	53-58
32253370-15	2020	CONCLUSIONS Rg1 conducted functions of anti-aging in Sca-1+ HSC/HPC cells in the D-gal-induced aging model by inhibiting mitochondrial pathway-mediated apoptosis and activating the SIRT3/SOD2 signaling pathway.	Galactose	81-86	sirtuin 3	Rattus norvegicus	181-186
32253370-15	2020	CONCLUSIONS Rg1 conducted functions of anti-aging in Sca-1+ HSC/HPC cells in the D-gal-induced aging model by inhibiting mitochondrial pathway-mediated apoptosis and activating the SIRT3/SOD2 signaling pathway.	Galactose	81-86	superoxide dismutase 2	Rattus norvegicus	187-191
31821902-2	2020	POx oxidizes several monosaccharides including D-glucose, D-galactose, and D-xylose, while concurrently oxygen is reduced to hydrogen peroxide.	Galactose	58-69	proline dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
32081014-7	2020	Comparison of the acetylome from Hat1+/+ cells grown on galactose and glucose demonstrated that there are large carbon source-dependent changes in the mammalian acetylome where the acetylation of enzymes involved in glycolysis was the most affected.	Galactose	56-65	histone acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	33-37
32356415-4	2020	RESULTS: Supra-physiological concentrations of galactose significantly decreased FBSand IGF-1-induced BrdU incorporation.	Galactose	47-56	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	88-93
31821902-5	2020	POx has been applied in biosensing of D-glucose, D-galactose, and D-xylose, and in combination with alpha-glucosidase also maltose.	Galactose	49-60	proline dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
32035132-5	2020	C2C12 cells were treated with D-gal, which promoted fibrosis and SLN upregulation.	Galactose	30-35	sarcolipin	Mus musculus	65-68
31372715-6	2020	Specifically in this study, the gsp1-1894 cells lost mitochondria, and could not grow on media containing glycerol, galactose or maltose.	Galactose	116-125	Ran GTPase GSP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-36
31372715-10	2020	Growth deficiency of the gsp1-1894 cells on galactose medium was further suppressed by high dosage of the SIP2 DNA, which encodes the cytosolic beta subunit of AMPK.	Galactose	44-53	Ran GTPase GSP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	25-29
31372715-10	2020	Growth deficiency of the gsp1-1894 cells on galactose medium was further suppressed by high dosage of the SIP2 DNA, which encodes the cytosolic beta subunit of AMPK.	Galactose	44-53	Sip2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	106-110
31958555-6	2020	LCP-1 had a molecular weight of 2.303 x 105 Da and 7.519 x 103 Da, and was composed of mannose (Man), ribose (Rib), rhamnose (Rha), glucuronic acid (GluA), galacturonic acid (GalA), glucose (Glu), galactose (Gal), xylose (Xyl), arabinose (Ara) and fucuronic (Fuc).	Galactose	197-206	lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1	Mus musculus	0-5
31958555-6	2020	LCP-1 had a molecular weight of 2.303 x 105 Da and 7.519 x 103 Da, and was composed of mannose (Man), ribose (Rib), rhamnose (Rha), glucuronic acid (GluA), galacturonic acid (GalA), glucose (Glu), galactose (Gal), xylose (Xyl), arabinose (Ara) and fucuronic (Fuc).	Galactose	175-178	lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1	Mus musculus	0-5
31958555-7	2020	The molecular weight of LCP-2 was 2.655 x 105 Da, and its monosaccharide constituents were Man, Rib, Rha, GluA, Glu, Gal, Xyl, Ara and Fuc.	Galactose	117-120	lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2	Mus musculus	24-29
31917981-2	2020	SHP-1 was mainly composed of galacturonic acid, galactose, rhamnose and arabinose (molar ratio = 46.59%:17.95%:14.77%:13.97%) with small amounts of fucose, glucose, mannose and xylose.	Galactose	48-57	nuclear receptor subfamily 0 group B member 2	Homo sapiens	0-5
32230787-5	2020	Statistically significant higher levels of isoleucine and methionine in their free form were detected in FM samples based on caprine milk, while FM samples based on bovine milk showed a higher level of glucose and galactose in comparison to HBM.	Galactose	214-223	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	172-176
32235559-11	2020	Lastly, cells grown in galactose showed higher activation of mTOR/Akt signaling pathways.	Galactose	23-32	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	61-65
32235559-11	2020	Lastly, cells grown in galactose showed higher activation of mTOR/Akt signaling pathways.	Galactose	23-32	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	66-69
31996377-3	2020	Here, we demonstrate that Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains harboring a deletion of UBX4 - a gene encoding a partner of Cdc48p in the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway - exhibit delayed UPR activation after lithium and galactose exposure because the deletion decreases galactose-1-phosphate levels.	Galactose	250-259	AAA family ATPase CDC48	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	125-131
32273888-0	2020	The Protective Effect of Adiponectin-Transfected Endothelial Progenitor Cells on Cognitive Function in D-Galactose-Induced Aging Rats.	Galactose	103-114	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Rattus norvegicus	25-36
32273888-7	2020	Under these circumstances, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of the APN-transfected EPC (APN-EPC) treatment on rats after administration with D-gal and explored the likely underlying mechanisms.	Galactose	151-156	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Rattus norvegicus	77-80
32273888-7	2020	Under these circumstances, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of the APN-transfected EPC (APN-EPC) treatment on rats after administration with D-gal and explored the likely underlying mechanisms.	Galactose	151-156	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Rattus norvegicus	98-101
32273888-8	2020	Compared to model group for D-gal administration, better cognitive function and denser microvessels were significantly found in the APN-EPC treatment group, and indicated APN-EPC treatment in aging rats could improve the cognitive dysfunction and microvessel density.	Galactose	28-33	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Rattus norvegicus	132-135
32273888-11	2020	These results of our study indicated that APN-EPC treatment in D-gal-induced aging rats have a positive effect on improving cognitive and BBB dysfunction, increasing angiogenesis, and reducing neuroinflammation and apoptosis rate.	Galactose	63-68	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Rattus norvegicus	42-45
31996377-8	2020	Our results indicate a role for Ubx4p in yeast mitochondrial function and highlight that mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum functions are intertwined through galactose metabolism.	Galactose	163-172	Ubx4p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-37
31740124-5	2020	The results indicated that the specific recognition of ASGPR over-expressed in hepatocytes by galactose group was an important reason for the good targeting ability of probe QL-Gal-N3.	Galactose	94-103	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	55-60
32188137-1	2020	UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc) is synthesized by UGP2-encoded UDP-Glc pyrophosphorylase (UGP) and is required for glycoconjugate biosynthesis and galactose metabolism because it is a uridyl donor for galactose-1-P (Gal1P) uridyltransferase.	Galactose	137-146	UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2	Homo sapiens	40-44
31415112-7	2020	Our results also demonstrate that iron and/or galactose can modulate the observed glycosylation defects in TMEM165 KO cells.	Galactose	46-55	transmembrane protein 165	Homo sapiens	107-114
32138379-1	2020	Genetic defects of human galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (hGALT) and the partial loss of enzyme function result in an altered galactose metabolism with serious long-term developmental impairment of organs in classic galactosemia patients.	Galactose	25-34	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	66-71
32138379-2	2020	In search for cellular pathomechanisms induced by the stressor galactose, we looked for ways to induce metabolically a galactosemia-like phenotype by hGALT inhibition in HEK293 cells.	Galactose	63-72	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	150-155
31759980-1	2020	Collagen beta (1-O) galactosyltransferase 1 (GLT25D1) has been reported to transfer galactose to hydroxylysine residues via beta (1-O) linkages in collagen.	Galactose	84-93	collagen beta(1-O)galactosyltransferase 1	Mus musculus	0-43
31759980-1	2020	Collagen beta (1-O) galactosyltransferase 1 (GLT25D1) has been reported to transfer galactose to hydroxylysine residues via beta (1-O) linkages in collagen.	Galactose	84-93	collagen beta(1-O)galactosyltransferase 1	Mus musculus	45-52
31922237-0	2020	Metformin attenuates the D-galactose-induced aging process via the UPR through the AMPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways.	Galactose	25-36	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Rattus norvegicus	83-87
31922237-0	2020	Metformin attenuates the D-galactose-induced aging process via the UPR through the AMPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways.	Galactose	25-36	mitogen activated protein kinase 3	Rattus norvegicus	88-94
32127444-1	2020	Anti-galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (anti-alpha-Gal) antibody is naturally expressed at a high level in humans.	Galactose	5-14	glycoprotein galactosyltransferase alpha 1, 3	Mus musculus	41-50
32189994-8	2020	Additionally, serine deficiency in combination with D-galactose injection significantly decreased fecal butyric acid content and gene expression of short-chain fatty acid transporters (Slc16a3 and Slc16a7) and receptor (Gpr109a) in the brain.	Galactose	52-63	solute carrier family 16 (monocarboxylic acid transporters), member 3	Mus musculus	185-192
32189994-8	2020	Additionally, serine deficiency in combination with D-galactose injection significantly decreased fecal butyric acid content and gene expression of short-chain fatty acid transporters (Slc16a3 and Slc16a7) and receptor (Gpr109a) in the brain.	Galactose	52-63	solute carrier family 16 (monocarboxylic acid transporters), member 7	Mus musculus	197-204
32189994-8	2020	Additionally, serine deficiency in combination with D-galactose injection significantly decreased fecal butyric acid content and gene expression of short-chain fatty acid transporters (Slc16a3 and Slc16a7) and receptor (Gpr109a) in the brain.	Galactose	52-63	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2	Mus musculus	220-227
31675454-0	2020	Autophagy inhibits the mesenchymal stem cell aging induced by D-galactose through ROS/JNK/p38 signaling.	Galactose	62-73	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	86-89
31675454-0	2020	Autophagy inhibits the mesenchymal stem cell aging induced by D-galactose through ROS/JNK/p38 signaling.	Galactose	62-73	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	90-93
32158388-0	2020	Bungeanum Improves Cognitive Dysfunction and Neurological Deficits in D-Galactose-Induced Aging Mice via Activating PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway.	Galactose	70-81	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	121-124
31829102-8	2020	Decreased hrpL and avrRpm1 expression also occurred in a setA::Tn5 mutant in response to glucose, sucrose, galactose and mannitol, demonstrating that setA is genetically required for T3SS induction by many different sugars.	Galactose	107-116	RNA polymerase sigma factor HrpL	Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato str. DC3000	10-14
31954591-0	2020	The Galactose Index measured in fibroblasts of GALT deficient patients distinguishes variant patients detected by newborn screening from patients with classical phenotypes.	Galactose	4-13	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	47-51
32158388-0	2020	Bungeanum Improves Cognitive Dysfunction and Neurological Deficits in D-Galactose-Induced Aging Mice via Activating PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway.	Galactose	70-81	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	125-129
31940436-6	2020	GAL4 (a transcriptional activator of GAL promotors) and PGM2 (a yeast phosphoglucomutase) were overexpressed to overall promote this artificial santalol biosynthetic pathway and enhance galactose uptake.	Galactose	186-195	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
32180781-11	2020	However, seedlings from plates, in which the sucrose was replaced by galactose, showed a strong increase of Gal-1-P to levels of up to 200 nmol g FW-1.	Galactose	69-78	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	108-113
31940436-4	2020	To alter flux from predominant triterpenoid/steroid biosynthesis to sesquiterpenoid production, expression of ERG9 (encoding yeast squalene synthase) was depressed by replacing its innate promotor with PHXT1 and fermenting the resulting strains in galactose-rich media.	Galactose	248-257	bifunctional farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase/squalene synthase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	110-114
31940436-6	2020	GAL4 (a transcriptional activator of GAL promotors) and PGM2 (a yeast phosphoglucomutase) were overexpressed to overall promote this artificial santalol biosynthetic pathway and enhance galactose uptake.	Galactose	186-195	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	56-60
32019882-6	2020	We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues.	Galactose	116-125	C-type lectin domain containing 10A	Homo sapiens	139-142
32066852-5	2020	The hydrolysis of lactose over beta-galactosidase converted 95.77 +- 0.67% of lactose into glucose and galactose.	Galactose	103-112	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	31-49
31759899-2	2020	We aimed to explore the mechanism of miR-592 in oxidative stress (OS) injury of astrocytes (ASTs) from AD rat models induced by D-galactose or Abeta25-35 injection.	Galactose	128-139	microRNA 592	Rattus norvegicus	37-44
32054864-3	2020	Here, based on a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 genetic screen for genes required for GPI side-chain modification by galactose in the Golgi apparatus, we report that beta1,3-galactosyltransferase 4 (B3GALT4), the previously characterized GM1 ganglioside synthase, additionally functions in transferring galactose to the N-acetylgalactosamine side-chain of GPI.	Galactose	110-119	beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase 4	Homo sapiens	159-190
32054864-3	2020	Here, based on a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 genetic screen for genes required for GPI side-chain modification by galactose in the Golgi apparatus, we report that beta1,3-galactosyltransferase 4 (B3GALT4), the previously characterized GM1 ganglioside synthase, additionally functions in transferring galactose to the N-acetylgalactosamine side-chain of GPI.	Galactose	110-119	beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase 4	Homo sapiens	192-199
32175478-7	2018	Using site-directed mutagenesis several point mutations and domain deletions was created in Sbp1 expressed under a galactose-inducible promoter.	Galactose	115-124	multiple EGF like domains 8	Homo sapiens	92-96
32054864-3	2020	Here, based on a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 genetic screen for genes required for GPI side-chain modification by galactose in the Golgi apparatus, we report that beta1,3-galactosyltransferase 4 (B3GALT4), the previously characterized GM1 ganglioside synthase, additionally functions in transferring galactose to the N-acetylgalactosamine side-chain of GPI.	Galactose	296-305	beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase 4	Homo sapiens	159-190
32054864-3	2020	Here, based on a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 genetic screen for genes required for GPI side-chain modification by galactose in the Golgi apparatus, we report that beta1,3-galactosyltransferase 4 (B3GALT4), the previously characterized GM1 ganglioside synthase, additionally functions in transferring galactose to the N-acetylgalactosamine side-chain of GPI.	Galactose	296-305	beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase 4	Homo sapiens	192-199
32045633-3	2020	The chemical components of the SFE were analyzed by UPLC-MS and the anti-aging effects of SFE were investigated in d-galactose (d-gal) induced aging rats by behavior examination and biochemical indexes, and the potential anti-aging mechanism of SFE were explored by 1H NMR-based liver metabolomics.	Galactose	115-126	membrane metallo-endopeptidase	Rattus norvegicus	90-93
32045633-3	2020	The chemical components of the SFE were analyzed by UPLC-MS and the anti-aging effects of SFE were investigated in d-galactose (d-gal) induced aging rats by behavior examination and biochemical indexes, and the potential anti-aging mechanism of SFE were explored by 1H NMR-based liver metabolomics.	Galactose	115-126	membrane metallo-endopeptidase	Rattus norvegicus	90-93
32045633-3	2020	The chemical components of the SFE were analyzed by UPLC-MS and the anti-aging effects of SFE were investigated in d-galactose (d-gal) induced aging rats by behavior examination and biochemical indexes, and the potential anti-aging mechanism of SFE were explored by 1H NMR-based liver metabolomics.	Galactose	115-120	membrane metallo-endopeptidase	Rattus norvegicus	90-93
32045633-3	2020	The chemical components of the SFE were analyzed by UPLC-MS and the anti-aging effects of SFE were investigated in d-galactose (d-gal) induced aging rats by behavior examination and biochemical indexes, and the potential anti-aging mechanism of SFE were explored by 1H NMR-based liver metabolomics.	Galactose	115-120	membrane metallo-endopeptidase	Rattus norvegicus	90-93
32045633-10	2020	These results indicated that regulation of the glutamine-glutamate metabolic pathway is involved in the anti-aging effect of SFE in d-gal induced aging rats.	Galactose	132-137	membrane metallo-endopeptidase	Rattus norvegicus	125-128
31465718-5	2020	Previous research has shown that methylation of the promoter region of the SOD2 gene decreased the expression of SOD2 in marginal cells (MCs) extracted from the inner ear of rats subjected to D-galactose-induced mtDNA4834 deletion.	Galactose	192-203	superoxide dismutase 2	Rattus norvegicus	75-79
31465718-5	2020	Previous research has shown that methylation of the promoter region of the SOD2 gene decreased the expression of SOD2 in marginal cells (MCs) extracted from the inner ear of rats subjected to D-galactose-induced mtDNA4834 deletion.	Galactose	192-203	superoxide dismutase 2	Rattus norvegicus	113-117
31907993-8	2020	Taken together, these data demonstrate that discrete glycan motifs expressed on CD11b/CD18 such as biantennary galactose could represent novel targets for selective manipulation of CD11b function and reduction of PMN-associated tissue damage in chronic inflammatory diseases.	Galactose	111-120	integrin subunit alpha M	Homo sapiens	80-85
31907993-8	2020	Taken together, these data demonstrate that discrete glycan motifs expressed on CD11b/CD18 such as biantennary galactose could represent novel targets for selective manipulation of CD11b function and reduction of PMN-associated tissue damage in chronic inflammatory diseases.	Galactose	111-120	integrin subunit alpha M	Homo sapiens	181-186
32099340-12	2020	Conclusion: Anwulignan can restore the immune function that is declined in D-gal-induced aging mice partly related to its antioxidant capacity by activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway and downstream enzymes, as well as its anti-apoptotic effect by regulating Caspase-3 and the ratio of Bcl2 to Bax in the spleen.	Galactose	75-80	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	161-165
31870891-11	2020	Furthermore, compared with control mice, the protein levels of NADPH oxidase 2 and uncoupling protein 2 were significantly increased in the cochlea of D-gal-treated mice.	Galactose	151-156	cytochrome b-245, beta polypeptide	Mus musculus	63-78
31240708-8	2020	The expression of PPAR gamma was high in the presence of sucrose and galactose, possibly of adipogenic cocktail in enhancing the expression rather than the effect of carbohydrate.	Galactose	69-78	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens	18-28
32099340-12	2020	Conclusion: Anwulignan can restore the immune function that is declined in D-gal-induced aging mice partly related to its antioxidant capacity by activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway and downstream enzymes, as well as its anti-apoptotic effect by regulating Caspase-3 and the ratio of Bcl2 to Bax in the spleen.	Galactose	75-80	caspase 3	Mus musculus	253-262
32099340-12	2020	Conclusion: Anwulignan can restore the immune function that is declined in D-gal-induced aging mice partly related to its antioxidant capacity by activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway and downstream enzymes, as well as its anti-apoptotic effect by regulating Caspase-3 and the ratio of Bcl2 to Bax in the spleen.	Galactose	75-80	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	280-284
32099340-12	2020	Conclusion: Anwulignan can restore the immune function that is declined in D-gal-induced aging mice partly related to its antioxidant capacity by activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway and downstream enzymes, as well as its anti-apoptotic effect by regulating Caspase-3 and the ratio of Bcl2 to Bax in the spleen.	Galactose	75-80	BCL2-associated X protein	Mus musculus	288-291
31095840-3	2020	We provide new molecular insights into the binding mode of sialoglycans in complex with h-CD22, highlighting the role of the sialic acid galactose moieties in the recognition process, elucidating the conformational behaviour of complex-type N-glycans bound to Siglec-2 and dissecting the formation of CD22 homo-oligomers on the B-cell surface.	Galactose	137-146	CD22 molecule	Homo sapiens	90-94
31959827-2	2020	IgA1 hinge region (HR) has up to six clustered O-glycans consisting of Ser/Thr-linked N-acetylgalactosamine with beta1,3-linked galactose and variable sialylation.	Galactose	128-137	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
31959827-2	2020	IgA1 hinge region (HR) has up to six clustered O-glycans consisting of Ser/Thr-linked N-acetylgalactosamine with beta1,3-linked galactose and variable sialylation.	Galactose	128-137	immunoglobulin kappa variable 2D-18 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	113-120
31998300-1	2019	Because of a loss-of-function mutation in the GGTA1 gene, humans are unable to synthetize alpha1,3-Galactose (Gal) decorated glycans and develop high levels of circulating anti-alpha1,3-Galactose antibodies (anti-Gal Abs).	Galactose	110-113	glycoprotein alpha-galactosyltransferase 1 (inactive)	Homo sapiens	46-51
31998300-1	2019	Because of a loss-of-function mutation in the GGTA1 gene, humans are unable to synthetize alpha1,3-Galactose (Gal) decorated glycans and develop high levels of circulating anti-alpha1,3-Galactose antibodies (anti-Gal Abs).	Galactose	99-102	glycoprotein alpha-galactosyltransferase 1 (inactive)	Homo sapiens	46-51
31435952-6	2020	The mRNA expression levels of stress-related genes (SOD2, SIRT1 and FOXO3a) were remarkably up-regulated after d-galactose induction, but the up-regulation was weakened or disappeared by the gavage of oyster polypeptides.	Galactose	111-122	superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	52-56
31435952-6	2020	The mRNA expression levels of stress-related genes (SOD2, SIRT1 and FOXO3a) were remarkably up-regulated after d-galactose induction, but the up-regulation was weakened or disappeared by the gavage of oyster polypeptides.	Galactose	111-122	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	58-63
31435952-6	2020	The mRNA expression levels of stress-related genes (SOD2, SIRT1 and FOXO3a) were remarkably up-regulated after d-galactose induction, but the up-regulation was weakened or disappeared by the gavage of oyster polypeptides.	Galactose	111-122	forkhead box O3	Mus musculus	68-74
31604675-2	2020	Previously, we constructed a GalT-/- (GalT-deficient) mouse model that exhibits galactose sensitivity in the newborn mutant pups, reduced fertility in adult females, impaired motor functions, and growth restriction in both sexes.	Galactose	80-89	galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase	Mus musculus	29-33
31604675-3	2020	In this study, we tested whether restoration of hepatic GALT activity alone could decrease galactose-1 phosphate (gal-1P) and plasma galactose in the mouse model.	Galactose	91-100	galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase	Mus musculus	56-60
31604675-10	2020	Additionally, a single intraperitoneal dose of hGALT mRNA overcame the galactose sensitivity and promoted the growth in a GalT-/- newborn pup.	Galactose	71-80	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	47-52
31630800-0	2020	Trehalose targets Nrf2 signal to alleviate d-galactose induced aging and improve behavioral ability.	Galactose	43-54	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	18-22
31829566-5	2020	With this treatment complete, a third zone of alpha2-3,6,8 sialidase converted the remaining alpha2-6-linked sialic acid to terminal galactose.	Galactose	133-142	immunoglobulin binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	93-101
31829566-6	2020	With these enzyme processing steps, the alpha2-6 linked sialic acid residues on an N-glycan correlated directly to the number of terminal galactose residues that remained.	Galactose	138-147	immunoglobulin binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	40-48
32990282-0	2020	RhoA/Rock2/Limk1/cofilin1 pathway is involved in attenuation of neuronal dendritic spine loss by paeonol in the frontal cortex of D-galactose and aluminum-induced Alzheimer"s disease-like rat model.	Galactose	130-141	ras homolog family member A	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
32990282-0	2020	RhoA/Rock2/Limk1/cofilin1 pathway is involved in attenuation of neuronal dendritic spine loss by paeonol in the frontal cortex of D-galactose and aluminum-induced Alzheimer"s disease-like rat model.	Galactose	130-141	Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2	Rattus norvegicus	5-10
32990282-0	2020	RhoA/Rock2/Limk1/cofilin1 pathway is involved in attenuation of neuronal dendritic spine loss by paeonol in the frontal cortex of D-galactose and aluminum-induced Alzheimer"s disease-like rat model.	Galactose	130-141	LIM domain kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	11-16
32990282-0	2020	RhoA/Rock2/Limk1/cofilin1 pathway is involved in attenuation of neuronal dendritic spine loss by paeonol in the frontal cortex of D-galactose and aluminum-induced Alzheimer"s disease-like rat model.	Galactose	130-141	cofilin 1	Rattus norvegicus	17-25
32249264-0	2020	Anthocyanidin Extract from Summer-black-grape Affects the Expression of Ki-67 in Testis, Ovary of D-Galactose-induced Aging Mice.	Galactose	98-109	antigen identified by monoclonal antibody Ki 67	Mus musculus	72-77
31670032-6	2020	Thus, we constructed a therapeutic plasmid pVAX1-IL-1Ra-ApoAI (pVAX1-IA) encoding IL-1Ra anchored to the liver-targeting protein apolipoprotein A-I (ApoAI), and developed hepatocyte-specific nanobiologics (Glipo-pVAX1-IA) by galactose functionalization for local and prolonged expression of IL-1Ra in liver.	Galactose	225-234	interleukin 1 receptor antagonist	Mus musculus	49-55
31670032-6	2020	Thus, we constructed a therapeutic plasmid pVAX1-IL-1Ra-ApoAI (pVAX1-IA) encoding IL-1Ra anchored to the liver-targeting protein apolipoprotein A-I (ApoAI), and developed hepatocyte-specific nanobiologics (Glipo-pVAX1-IA) by galactose functionalization for local and prolonged expression of IL-1Ra in liver.	Galactose	225-234	interleukin 1 receptor antagonist	Mus musculus	82-88
31670032-6	2020	Thus, we constructed a therapeutic plasmid pVAX1-IL-1Ra-ApoAI (pVAX1-IA) encoding IL-1Ra anchored to the liver-targeting protein apolipoprotein A-I (ApoAI), and developed hepatocyte-specific nanobiologics (Glipo-pVAX1-IA) by galactose functionalization for local and prolonged expression of IL-1Ra in liver.	Galactose	225-234	interleukin 1 receptor antagonist	Mus musculus	82-88
31669519-9	2020	The protective effects and modulation of the MAPK/IkappaB/NFkappaB signaling pathway were abolished with beta-D-galactose which blocked the carbohydrate-recognition domain of galectin-1.	Galactose	105-121	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	58-66
31669519-9	2020	The protective effects and modulation of the MAPK/IkappaB/NFkappaB signaling pathway were abolished with beta-D-galactose which blocked the carbohydrate-recognition domain of galectin-1.	Galactose	105-121	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	175-185
31822433-5	2020	In this study, we explored the effects of GA in preventing the age-related thymic involution and the alterations of the forkhead box protein N1 (FoxN1) in d-gal induced accelerated aging mice.	Galactose	155-160	forkhead box N1	Mus musculus	120-143
31822433-5	2020	In this study, we explored the effects of GA in preventing the age-related thymic involution and the alterations of the forkhead box protein N1 (FoxN1) in d-gal induced accelerated aging mice.	Galactose	155-160	forkhead box N1	Mus musculus	145-150
31710934-11	2020	Moreover, piperine also reversed D-Gal-induced GSK-3beta activation through modulating PKC and PI3K/AKT pathways in senescent mouse hippocampus, suggesting GSK-3beta-related signaling might be involved in the benefits of piperine against D-Gal-induced cognitive decline in mice.	Galactose	33-38	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Mus musculus	47-56
31710934-11	2020	Moreover, piperine also reversed D-Gal-induced GSK-3beta activation through modulating PKC and PI3K/AKT pathways in senescent mouse hippocampus, suggesting GSK-3beta-related signaling might be involved in the benefits of piperine against D-Gal-induced cognitive decline in mice.	Galactose	33-38	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	100-103
31710934-11	2020	Moreover, piperine also reversed D-Gal-induced GSK-3beta activation through modulating PKC and PI3K/AKT pathways in senescent mouse hippocampus, suggesting GSK-3beta-related signaling might be involved in the benefits of piperine against D-Gal-induced cognitive decline in mice.	Galactose	33-38	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Mus musculus	156-165
33342467-9	2020	In conclusion, severe infantile morbidity of PGM1-CDG due to delayed diagnosis could be prevented by raising awareness on its early presentation and by inclusion in newborn screening programs, enabling early treatments and galactose-based metabolic management.	Galactose	223-232	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	45-49
31877915-3	2019	WAP was mainly composed of glucose, galactose, arabinose and glacturonic acid, with glucan, arabinogalactan and RG-I regions, and it showed loosely irregular sheet conformation.	Galactose	36-45	whey acidic protein	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
31882756-0	2019	Histone acetyltransferase and Polo-like kinase 3 inhibitors prevent rat galactose-induced cataract.	Galactose	72-81	polo-like kinase 3	Rattus norvegicus	30-48
31882756-7	2019	Plk3 mRNA levels correlated with the degree of turbidity, and Plk3 inhibition alleviated galactose-induced cataract formation.	Galactose	89-98	polo-like kinase 3	Rattus norvegicus	62-66
31756283-2	2019	Galactose specifically binds to the hepatocytes via the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) and an increase in galactose density further improves the hepatocyte proliferation and functions.	Galactose	0-9	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	56-83
31756283-2	2019	Galactose specifically binds to the hepatocytes via the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) and an increase in galactose density further improves the hepatocyte proliferation and functions.	Galactose	0-9	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	85-90
31756283-3	2019	In this work, we aimed to increase the galactose density within the biopolymeric scaffold by physically blending the biopolymers chitosan and gelatin with an amphiphlic beta-galactose polypeptide (PPO-GP).	Galactose	39-48	protoporphyrinogen oxidase	Homo sapiens	197-200
31791350-11	2019	The odds of rapid decline in AMH was significantly reduced with higher intakes of fat, carbohydrate, protein, and calcium intakes from dairy sources, lactose and galactose.	Galactose	162-171	anti-Mullerian hormone	Homo sapiens	29-32
31714050-5	2019	Anti-EpCAM antibodies and galactose-rhodamine-polyacrylamide nanoparticles (Gal-Rh-PAA NPs) specifically recognizing ASGPR are modified on the surface of a graphene film that quenches the rhodamine fluorescence.	Galactose	26-35	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	117-122
31791350-12	2019	Annual rate of AMH decline was inversely correlated with dairy products, milk, fermented dairy, fruits, dairy carbohydrate, dairy fat, dairy protein, total calcium and dairy calcium, lactose and galactose, and positively correlated with organ meats.	Galactose	195-204	anti-Mullerian hormone	Homo sapiens	15-18
31803713-2	2019	The obtained (S p )- and (R p )-beta-D-galactose functionalized pillar[5]arenes [(S p-D )-GP5 and (R p-D )-GP5] exhibit the S p and R p planar chirality.	Galactose	37-48	glycoprotein V platelet	Homo sapiens	90-93
30942622-1	2019	In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the effect of products of beta-galactosidase (betaGS) catalyzed reaction i.e. glucose and galactose and their structurally related compound vitamin C (VC) on the catalytic activity of native and PANI-CS-NC and PANI-CS-Ag-NC adsorbed betaGS.	Galactose	142-151	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	78-96
31382820-6	2019	QPS1, with a molecular weight of 34.0 kDa, was mainly composed of mannose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose at a molar ratio of 2.63:2.40:1.64:6.28:1.95:2.48:5.01.	Galactose	113-122	succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit C, integral membrane protein	Mus musculus	0-4
31704571-1	2019	Galactokinase catalyses the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of galactose and structurally related sugars.	Galactose	61-70	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
31476363-2	2019	Sialic acid (Sia), and in particular, 5-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), is chemically bound to galactose and the underlying glycan via alpha2-3 or alpha2-6 glycosidic linkage (i.e., Siaalpha2-3Galactose or Siaalpha2-6Galactose), conferring two different cell surface structures that affects cell to cell communication and interactions with foreign agents including microparasites and toxins.	Galactose	97-106	immunoglobulin binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	149-157
31520708-5	2019	Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses indicated that hydrophobic groups were successfully introduced in agarose, and the hydroxyl group in the C-2 of D-galactose was the preferred location for esterification.	Galactose	192-203	complement C2	Homo sapiens	185-188
31803713-2	2019	The obtained (S p )- and (R p )-beta-D-galactose functionalized pillar[5]arenes [(S p-D )-GP5 and (R p-D )-GP5] exhibit the S p and R p planar chirality.	Galactose	37-48	glycoprotein V platelet	Homo sapiens	107-110
31720227-1	2019	Introduction: GM1 gangliosidosis is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by the disruption of the GLB1 gene that encodes beta-galactosidase, a lysosomal hydrolase that removes beta-linked galactose from the non-reducing end of glycans.	Galactose	202-211	coenzyme Q10A	Mus musculus	14-17
31720227-1	2019	Introduction: GM1 gangliosidosis is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by the disruption of the GLB1 gene that encodes beta-galactosidase, a lysosomal hydrolase that removes beta-linked galactose from the non-reducing end of glycans.	Galactose	202-211	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	112-116
31720227-1	2019	Introduction: GM1 gangliosidosis is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by the disruption of the GLB1 gene that encodes beta-galactosidase, a lysosomal hydrolase that removes beta-linked galactose from the non-reducing end of glycans.	Galactose	202-211	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	135-153
31720227-3	2019	In addition to GM1 and GA1, there are other glycoconjugates that contain beta-linked galactose whose metabolites are substrates for beta-galactosidase.	Galactose	85-94	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	132-150
31720227-11	2019	Conclusions: Our studies illustrate that GLB1 deficiency is not purely a ganglioside accumulation disorder, but instead a broad oligosaccharidosis that include representatives of many beta-linked galactose containing glycans and glycoconjugates including glycolipids, N-linked glycans, and various O-linked glycans.	Galactose	196-205	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	41-45
31392501-0	2019	The gal80 Deletion by CRISPR-Cas9 in Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae Produces Artemisinic Acid Without Galactose Induction.	Galactose	107-116	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-9
31426957-3	2019	Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that LRP3-S1 was composed of rhamnose, galacturonic acid, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 14.4: 17.7: 26.6: 16.4: 24.9.	Galactose	103-112	LDL receptor related protein 3	Homo sapiens	50-54
31426994-2	2019	Monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that SLP-4 was composed of mannose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 0.825:2.030:14.998:0.841:8.260:4.039:6.009.	Galactose	120-129	sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 4	Homo sapiens	51-56
31244409-3	2019	The chemical structural analysis revealed that BFP mainly consisted of galactose together with a small amount of uronic acid, mannose, and glucose.	Galactose	71-80	ring finger protein 112	Homo sapiens	47-50
31392501-3	2019	Here, we used CRISPR-Cas9 technology to delete the gal80 gene in uracil-deficient strain and had successfully remolded the engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae that can produce artemisinic acid without galactose induction.	Galactose	201-210	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	51-56
31505270-4	2019	In the current study, we investigated the histological and functional changes of five tissues (hippocampus, heart, liver, kidney and lung) and their molecular basis in Mutyh-/- and wild-type mice exposed to D-galactose (D-gal).	Galactose	207-218	mutY DNA glycosylase	Mus musculus	168-173
31659068-2	2019	We previously developed an EOC-specific lectin sandwich immunoassay (CA125MGL) using a human macrophage galactose-binding lectin coated on fluorescent europium nanoparticles (Eu+3-NPs) as a tracer and an anti-CA125-specific mAb for capture.	Galactose	104-113	mucin 16, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	69-74
31718895-0	2019	3,6-Anhydro-L-galactose increases hyaluronic acid production via the EGFR and AMPKalpha signaling pathway in HaCaT keratinocytes.	Galactose	0-23	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	69-73
31652573-2	2019	Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is the most common long-term complication experienced by females with CG, presenting with hypergonadotrophic hypoestrogenic infertility affecting at least 80% of females despite new-born screening and lifelong galactose dietary restriction.	Galactose	246-255	cathepsin G	Homo sapiens	106-108
31545444-6	2019	Consistently, senescent astrocytic CRT cells induced by D-galactose exhibited increases in the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 via NF-kappaB activation, which are major SASP components and inflammatory cytokines.	Galactose	56-67	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	105-109
31545444-6	2019	Consistently, senescent astrocytic CRT cells induced by D-galactose exhibited increases in the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 via NF-kappaB activation, which are major SASP components and inflammatory cytokines.	Galactose	56-67	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	114-118
31545444-6	2019	Consistently, senescent astrocytic CRT cells induced by D-galactose exhibited increases in the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 via NF-kappaB activation, which are major SASP components and inflammatory cytokines.	Galactose	56-67	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	123-132
31640543-9	2019	Finally, SGY4119 strain expressing Spo13 and Rec8 was transformed with pRS316 gal cDNA library and transformants were screened for lethality on galactose.	Galactose	144-153	Spo13p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	35-40
31376448-4	2019	AGC1 (average molecular weight: 5.2kDa) was predominantly composed of galactose (>60%) along with the presence of several other neutral sugars such as arabinose, xylose, glucose, mannose and rhamnose in minor amounts.	Galactose	70-79	aggrecan	Mus musculus	0-4
31653008-3	2019	We demonstrated that Gal and NGGAs degraded AR/AR-V7 and Mnk1/2; blocked cell cycle progression and proliferation of human PC cells; induced apoptosis; inhibited cell migration, invasion, and putative stem cell markers; and reversed the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT).	Galactose	21-24	MAPK interacting serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	57-63
31511226-0	2019	Plasma Galactose-Deficient IgA1 and C3 and CKD Progression in IgA Nephropathy.	Galactose	7-16	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	27-31
31401282-2	2019	Physicochemical characterization showed that PSP-1 with the average molecular weight of 1.036 x 106 Da was composed of fucose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid in a molar ratio of 18.45:2.15:19.06:1.89:16.07:1.00:5.74:20.09.	Galactose	138-147	paraspeckle component 1	Homo sapiens	45-50
31623220-4	2019	It also protected mice from D-gal induced informatory aging by increasing the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), inhibiting D-gal-induced NF-kappaB upregulation, and increasing PPARs expression in the brain and gut.	Galactose	28-33	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	175-184
31623220-4	2019	It also protected mice from D-gal induced informatory aging by increasing the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), inhibiting D-gal-induced NF-kappaB upregulation, and increasing PPARs expression in the brain and gut.	Galactose	161-166	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	175-184
31180129-9	2019	Chicken mucin monosaccharides included l-fucose (Fuc), d-mannose (Man), d-galactose (Gal), N-acetyl-d-galactosamine (GalNAc), N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc), and Neu5Ac (sialic acid).	Galactose	85-88	mucin 2, oligomeric mucus/gel-forming	Gallus gallus	8-13
31318148-7	2019	Ectopic expression of Klotho, an antagonist of endogenous Wnt/beta-catenin activity, abolished renal fibrosis in d-galactose (d-gal)-induced accelerated aging mouse model and significantly protected renal mitochondrial functions by preserving mass and diminishing the production of reactive oxygen species.	Galactose	113-124	klotho	Mus musculus	22-28
31318148-7	2019	Ectopic expression of Klotho, an antagonist of endogenous Wnt/beta-catenin activity, abolished renal fibrosis in d-galactose (d-gal)-induced accelerated aging mouse model and significantly protected renal mitochondrial functions by preserving mass and diminishing the production of reactive oxygen species.	Galactose	113-118	klotho	Mus musculus	22-28
31357127-2	2019	And the galactose residue is a promising ASGP-R ligand because of its high receptor affinity.	Galactose	8-17	mucin 4, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	41-45
31357127-12	2019	Thus, the carborane-containing PEGylated galactose micelles with ASGP-R targeting can be used as a promising therapeutic vector for effective boron neutron capture therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma.	Galactose	41-50	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	65-71
31444275-0	2019	Glomerular Immunodeposits of Patients with IgA Nephropathy Are Enriched for IgG Autoantibodies Specific for Galactose-Deficient IgA1.	Galactose	108-117	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	43-58
31444275-0	2019	Glomerular Immunodeposits of Patients with IgA Nephropathy Are Enriched for IgG Autoantibodies Specific for Galactose-Deficient IgA1.	Galactose	108-117	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	128-132
31349481-4	2019	An azobenzene/galactose-grafted polymer (GAP) was introduced to functionalize the MSN surface through host-guest interaction.	Galactose	14-23	Rho GTPase activating protein 31	Homo sapiens	41-44
31318148-10	2019	Moreover, d-gal triggered the transduction of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, which further activated angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1), and then decreased the mitochondrial mass and increased cellular senescence in HKC-8 cells and primary cultured renal tubular cells.	Galactose	10-15	Wnt family member 1	Homo sapiens	46-49
31318148-10	2019	Moreover, d-gal triggered the transduction of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, which further activated angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1), and then decreased the mitochondrial mass and increased cellular senescence in HKC-8 cells and primary cultured renal tubular cells.	Galactose	10-15	catenin beta 1	Homo sapiens	50-62
31569409-4	2019	In the case of the galactose anomeric glycoconjugate (C-1), intriguing solvent-dependent effects were observed in the glycosylation stereochemical outcome.	Galactose	19-28	heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C	Homo sapiens	54-57
31420820-0	2019	Activation of the miR-34a-Mediated SIRT1/mTOR Signaling Pathway by Urolithin A Attenuates D-Galactose-Induced Brain Aging in Mice.	Galactose	90-101	microRNA 34a	Mus musculus	18-25
31420820-0	2019	Activation of the miR-34a-Mediated SIRT1/mTOR Signaling Pathway by Urolithin A Attenuates D-Galactose-Induced Brain Aging in Mice.	Galactose	90-101	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	35-40
31420820-0	2019	Activation of the miR-34a-Mediated SIRT1/mTOR Signaling Pathway by Urolithin A Attenuates D-Galactose-Induced Brain Aging in Mice.	Galactose	90-101	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Mus musculus	41-45
31420820-6	2019	The in vivoD-gal-induced brain aging model showed that urolithin A significantly suppressed the upregulation of miR-34a induced by D-gal.	Galactose	11-16	microRNA 34a	Mus musculus	112-119
31481215-9	2019	DoGALT2 complemented Arabidopsis GALT2 mutant (galt2-1), with an equivalent galactose with wild-type Arabidopsis but significantly higher than galt2-1.	Galactose	76-85	Galactosyltransferase family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	2-7
31481215-9	2019	DoGALT2 complemented Arabidopsis GALT2 mutant (galt2-1), with an equivalent galactose with wild-type Arabidopsis but significantly higher than galt2-1.	Galactose	76-85	Galactosyltransferase family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	47-52
31527304-0	2019	Leonurine ameliorates D-galactose-induced aging in mice through activation of the Nrf2 signalling pathway.	Galactose	22-33	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	82-86
31461273-5	2019	Long-term d-Gal treatment reduced expression of cholinergic regulators, i.e., the cholineacetyltransferase (ChAT) (0.456 +- 0.10 vs 0.211 +- 0.03 U/mg prot), the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (36.4 +- 5.21 vs 66.5 +- 9.96 U/g).	Galactose	10-15	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	162-182
31461273-5	2019	Long-term d-Gal treatment reduced expression of cholinergic regulators, i.e., the cholineacetyltransferase (ChAT) (0.456 +- 0.10 vs 0.211 +- 0.03 U/mg prot), the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (36.4 +- 5.21 vs 66.5 +- 9.96 U/g).	Galactose	10-15	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	184-188
31461273-9	2019	The above results clearly indicate that supplementation of maltol diminishes d-Gal-induced behavioral dysfunction and neurological deficits via activation of the PI3K/Akt-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in brain.	Galactose	77-82	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	167-170
31461273-9	2019	The above results clearly indicate that supplementation of maltol diminishes d-Gal-induced behavioral dysfunction and neurological deficits via activation of the PI3K/Akt-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in brain.	Galactose	77-82	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	180-184
31431007-5	2019	The inhibition of d-galactose-induced oxidative damage in the liver was correlated with the torularhodin-mediated effects on improving the activity of Nrf2/HO-1, reducing the expression of Bax and NF-kappaB p65 by western blot analysis.	Galactose	18-29	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	151-155
31527444-1	2019	Ching in d-Galactose-Induced Aging Mice via PI3K/AKT Pathway.	Galactose	9-20	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	49-52
31527444-9	2019	CONCLUSION: AMC polysaccharides attenuated d-galactose-induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway, which might in part contributed to their anti-aging activity.	Galactose	43-54	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	122-125
31540073-1	2019	This study was designed to investigate beneficial effects of swimming exercise training on learning/memory, synaptic plasticity and CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) expression in hippocampus in a rat model of d-galactose-induced aging (DGA).	Galactose	221-232	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	138-175
31611735-12	2019	Furthermore, LPS/D-Gal stimulation triggered posttranslational modifications of related gene loci in the TLR4 signaling pathway, including phosphorylation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4 T345/S346) and acetylation of IRAK4 (K34).	Galactose	17-22	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	105-109
31611735-12	2019	Furthermore, LPS/D-Gal stimulation triggered posttranslational modifications of related gene loci in the TLR4 signaling pathway, including phosphorylation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4 T345/S346) and acetylation of IRAK4 (K34).	Galactose	17-22	interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4	Mus musculus	193-198
31611735-12	2019	Furthermore, LPS/D-Gal stimulation triggered posttranslational modifications of related gene loci in the TLR4 signaling pathway, including phosphorylation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4 T345/S346) and acetylation of IRAK4 (K34).	Galactose	17-22	interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4	Mus musculus	229-234
31611735-13	2019	However, after treatment with oridonin, the modification pattern of IRAK4 expression stimulated by LPS/D-Gal was suggestively attenuated.	Galactose	103-108	interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4	Mus musculus	68-73
31611735-14	2019	Conclusion: Our study revealed that the protective effects of oridonin on LPS/D-Gal-induced ALI mediated by inhibition of the PTMs of IRAK4, including phosphorylation of T345/S346 and acetylation of K34.	Galactose	78-83	interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4	Mus musculus	134-139
31431007-5	2019	The inhibition of d-galactose-induced oxidative damage in the liver was correlated with the torularhodin-mediated effects on improving the activity of Nrf2/HO-1, reducing the expression of Bax and NF-kappaB p65 by western blot analysis.	Galactose	18-29	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	156-160
31431007-5	2019	The inhibition of d-galactose-induced oxidative damage in the liver was correlated with the torularhodin-mediated effects on improving the activity of Nrf2/HO-1, reducing the expression of Bax and NF-kappaB p65 by western blot analysis.	Galactose	18-29	BCL2-associated X protein	Mus musculus	189-192
31431007-5	2019	The inhibition of d-galactose-induced oxidative damage in the liver was correlated with the torularhodin-mediated effects on improving the activity of Nrf2/HO-1, reducing the expression of Bax and NF-kappaB p65 by western blot analysis.	Galactose	18-29	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	197-206
31431007-5	2019	The inhibition of d-galactose-induced oxidative damage in the liver was correlated with the torularhodin-mediated effects on improving the activity of Nrf2/HO-1, reducing the expression of Bax and NF-kappaB p65 by western blot analysis.	Galactose	18-29	v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (avian)	Mus musculus	207-210
31318118-3	2019	Nuclear localization signal (NLS)-tagged Cas9 and Pcsk9-targeted single guide RNA (sgPcsk9) were complexed with gold nanoclusters (GNCs) modified with cationic HIV-1-transactivating transcriptor (TAT) peptide and further encapsulated in a galactose-modified lipid layer to target the nanoclusters to the liver.	Galactose	239-248	proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9	Mus musculus	50-55
31348050-4	2019	RECENT FINDINGS: Novel genes recently implicated in human platelet dysfunction include the galactose metabolism enzyme UDP-galactose-4-epimerase in macrothrombocytopenia, and erythropoietin-producing hepatoma-amplified sequence receptor transmembrane tyrosine kinase EPHB2 in a severe bleeding disorder with deficiencies in platelet agonist response and granule secretion.	Galactose	91-100	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	119-144
31055665-2	2019	To improve galactose utilization, we overexpressed two genes, SNR84 and PGM2, in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae CEN-PK2 using CRISPR/Cas-9.	Galactose	11-20	SNR84	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	62-67
31055665-2	2019	To improve galactose utilization, we overexpressed two genes, SNR84 and PGM2, in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae CEN-PK2 using CRISPR/Cas-9.	Galactose	11-20	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	72-76
31055665-3	2019	The overexpression of both SNR84 and PGM2 improved galactose utilization and ethanol production compared to the overexpression of each gene alone.	Galactose	51-60	SNR84	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	27-32
31055665-3	2019	The overexpression of both SNR84 and PGM2 improved galactose utilization and ethanol production compared to the overexpression of each gene alone.	Galactose	51-60	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	37-41
31055665-6	2019	The overexpression of both SNR84 and PGM2 increased the transcriptional levels of GAL and regulatory genes; however, the transcriptional levels of these genes were lower than those in S. cerevisiae adapted to high galactose concentrations.	Galactose	214-223	SNR84	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	27-32
31055665-6	2019	The overexpression of both SNR84 and PGM2 increased the transcriptional levels of GAL and regulatory genes; however, the transcriptional levels of these genes were lower than those in S. cerevisiae adapted to high galactose concentrations.	Galactose	214-223	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	37-41
30986433-1	2019	Galectin-1, as a typical animal galactose-binding protein, it is found on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix.	Galactose	32-41	galectin-1	Anas platyrhynchos	0-10
31551807-0	2019	CD38 Deficiency Alleviates D-Galactose-Induced Myocardial Cell Senescence Through NAD+/Sirt1 Signaling Pathway.	Galactose	27-38	CD38 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
31551807-0	2019	CD38 Deficiency Alleviates D-Galactose-Induced Myocardial Cell Senescence Through NAD+/Sirt1 Signaling Pathway.	Galactose	27-38	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	87-92
31551807-3	2019	In the present study, we reported that CD38 knockdown significantly protected cardiomyocytes from D-galactose (D-gal)-induced cellular senescence.	Galactose	98-109	CD38 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	39-43
31551807-3	2019	In the present study, we reported that CD38 knockdown significantly protected cardiomyocytes from D-galactose (D-gal)-induced cellular senescence.	Galactose	98-103	CD38 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	39-43
31551807-5	2019	Our results showed that the expression of CD38 was increased in H9c2 cells after D-gal treatment and the expressions of NAMPT and Sirt1 were downregulated in heart tissue from old mice.	Galactose	81-86	CD38 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	42-46
31551807-6	2019	CD38 knockdown significantly reduced the number of SA-beta-gal-positive cells and the expressions of p16 and p21 in H9c2 cells with or without D-gal treatment.	Galactose	143-148	CD38 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
31551807-7	2019	The acetylation level of total protein was decreased in CD38 knockdown group, but the expression of Sirt3 was increased in CD38 knockdown group treated with D-gal.	Galactose	157-162	sirtuin 3	Rattus norvegicus	100-105
31551807-7	2019	The acetylation level of total protein was decreased in CD38 knockdown group, but the expression of Sirt3 was increased in CD38 knockdown group treated with D-gal.	Galactose	157-162	CD38 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	123-127
31551807-8	2019	In addition, knockdown of CD38 significantly attenuated D-gal induced ROS production, MDA content and NOX4 expression in the cells.	Galactose	56-61	CD38 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	26-30
31551807-8	2019	In addition, knockdown of CD38 significantly attenuated D-gal induced ROS production, MDA content and NOX4 expression in the cells.	Galactose	56-61	NADPH oxidase 4	Rattus norvegicus	102-106
31551807-9	2019	Inhibition Sirt1 partially reversed the effects of CD38 knockdown on D-gal induced senescence and oxidative stress.	Galactose	69-74	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	11-16
31551807-9	2019	Inhibition Sirt1 partially reversed the effects of CD38 knockdown on D-gal induced senescence and oxidative stress.	Galactose	69-74	CD38 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	51-55
31551807-12	2019	Taken together, our results demonstrated that CD38 knockdown alleviated D-gal induced cell senescence and oxidative stress via NAD+/Sirt1 signaling pathway.	Galactose	72-77	CD38 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	46-50
31551807-12	2019	Taken together, our results demonstrated that CD38 knockdown alleviated D-gal induced cell senescence and oxidative stress via NAD+/Sirt1 signaling pathway.	Galactose	72-77	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	132-137
31348050-4	2019	RECENT FINDINGS: Novel genes recently implicated in human platelet dysfunction include the galactose metabolism enzyme UDP-galactose-4-epimerase in macrothrombocytopenia, and erythropoietin-producing hepatoma-amplified sequence receptor transmembrane tyrosine kinase EPHB2 in a severe bleeding disorder with deficiencies in platelet agonist response and granule secretion.	Galactose	91-100	EPH receptor B2	Homo sapiens	267-272
31062431-5	2019	It is converted to substrate diacylglycerol (DAG) for MGDG Synthase (MGD1) which adds to it a galactose from UDP-Gal.	Galactose	94-103	monogalactosyl diacylglycerol synthase 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	69-73
31201723-4	2019	SHP-2 exerted a favorable influence on immune organ coefficients and ameliorated the histopathological hepatic lesions and apoptosis in hepatocytes of D-galactose-aged mice almost in a dose-dependent manner.	Galactose	151-162	protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11	Mus musculus	0-5
31485527-9	2019	The time of UV irradiation gives the longer energy for the bond formation between the positive C atoms of the carbonyl group and the O atoms of the hydroxyl group at C-6 atoms of mannose and galactose.	Galactose	191-200	complement C6	Homo sapiens	166-169
31412567-4	2019	The four purified polysaccharides (Pe1, Pe2, Pe3, Pe4) from TCBL are mainly composed of arabinose, galactose, glucose, a small amount of xylose, and mannose.	Galactose	99-108	ETS variant transcription factor 3	Homo sapiens	35-38
31269795-1	2019	beta-Galactosidase (beta-Gal), as a lysosomal hydrolytic enzyme, plays an important physiological role in catalyzing the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds which convert lactose into galactose.	Galactose	179-188	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	0-18
31269795-1	2019	beta-Galactosidase (beta-Gal), as a lysosomal hydrolytic enzyme, plays an important physiological role in catalyzing the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds which convert lactose into galactose.	Galactose	179-188	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	0-8
31430865-5	2019	In this study, we evaluated the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)/silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1)-dependent antioxidant efficacy of 17beta-estradiol against d-gal-induced oxidative damage-mediated cognitive dysfunction in a male mouse model.	Galactose	187-192	estrogen receptor 1 (alpha)	Mus musculus	32-55
31430865-5	2019	In this study, we evaluated the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)/silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1)-dependent antioxidant efficacy of 17beta-estradiol against d-gal-induced oxidative damage-mediated cognitive dysfunction in a male mouse model.	Galactose	187-192	estrogen receptor 1 (alpha)	Mus musculus	57-64
31430865-5	2019	In this study, we evaluated the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)/silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1)-dependent antioxidant efficacy of 17beta-estradiol against d-gal-induced oxidative damage-mediated cognitive dysfunction in a male mouse model.	Galactose	187-192	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	121-126
31430865-8	2019	Interestingly, inhibition of SIRT1 with Ex527 (a potent and selective SIRT1 inhibitor) further enhanced d-gal-induced toxicity and abolished the beneficial effect of 17beta-estradiol.	Galactose	104-109	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	29-34
31430865-8	2019	Interestingly, inhibition of SIRT1 with Ex527 (a potent and selective SIRT1 inhibitor) further enhanced d-gal-induced toxicity and abolished the beneficial effect of 17beta-estradiol.	Galactose	104-109	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	70-75
31430865-10	2019	In summary, we can conclude that 17beta-estradiol, in an ERalpha/SIRT1-dependent manner, abrogates d-gal-induced oxidative stress-mediated memory impairment, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration in adult mice.	Galactose	99-104	estrogen receptor 1 (alpha)	Mus musculus	57-64
31430865-10	2019	In summary, we can conclude that 17beta-estradiol, in an ERalpha/SIRT1-dependent manner, abrogates d-gal-induced oxidative stress-mediated memory impairment, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration in adult mice.	Galactose	99-104	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	65-70
31213518-4	2019	Finally, the CEN/ARS sequence is fused to the GAL1-10 promoter, which disrupts plasmid segregation in the presence of the sugar galactose, causing Superloser to rapidly be removed from a population of cells.	Galactose	128-137	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	46-53
31265043-2	2019	Compared with the natural aging group and d-galactose induced aging mice, the mice with MRP administration showed increases in body weight gain, food intake, organ indexes, feces color and urine fluorescence intensity.	Galactose	42-53	ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 1	Mus musculus	88-91
31490109-6	2019	Conclusion: We found the impact to be specific to the sialylation linkage type, in other words, alpha2,3- versus alpha2,6-linked sialic acid attached to the terminal galactose residues.	Galactose	166-175	immunoglobulin kappa variable 2-24	Homo sapiens	96-104
31490109-6	2019	Conclusion: We found the impact to be specific to the sialylation linkage type, in other words, alpha2,3- versus alpha2,6-linked sialic acid attached to the terminal galactose residues.	Galactose	166-175	immunoglobulin kappa variable 6-21 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	113-121
29958242-5	2019	METHODS: Senescence induced by D-galactose in primary cardiomyocytes from neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats was measured by senescence-associated beta-galactosidase staining.	Galactose	31-42	galactosidase, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	141-159
31175181-6	2019	FXR was downregulated in all hepatocyte cell lines and primary human hepatocytes (P &lt; 0.0001), and mithramycin inhibited chenodeoxycholic acid- and GW4046-induced FXR-galactose-induced gene 4 luciferase reporter activity (P &lt; 0.001).	Galactose	170-179	nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 4	Homo sapiens	0-3
31336597-6	2019	The PCA1 isolated from P. carruthersii is a galactan-type polysaccharide, containing galactose (77.0%), 3-O-methyl galactose (20.0%), and arabinose (3.0%).	Galactose	85-94	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1	Mus musculus	4-8
31336597-7	2019	Linkage analysis of PCA1 showed that both the 3-O-methyl galactose and galactose were 1,4-linked.	Galactose	57-66	ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1	Mus musculus	20-24
31299057-0	2019	Correction: Galactose-deficient IgA1 and the corresponding IgG autoantibodies predict IgA nephropathy progression.	Galactose	12-21	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	32-36
31115633-8	2019	Heterologous over-expression of D-lactate dehydrogenase (ldhA) in the recombinant strain L. lactis TSG1 resulted in 0.67 g g-1 and 0.44 g g-1 of D-LA yield from lactose and galactose, respectively.	Galactose	173-182	dld	Lactococcus lactis	32-55
31296935-0	2019	Escitalopram Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment in D-Galactose-Injected Ovariectomized Rats: Modulation of JNK, GSK-3beta, and ERK Signalling Pathways.	Galactose	49-60	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	125-128
31065855-3	2019	CHO-Galk1 cells showed a 39% increase of the specific growth rate in galactose.	Galactose	69-78	galactokinase	Cricetulus griseus	4-9
30981336-1	2019	ALP-2 was composed of rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose.	Galactose	77-86	apolipoprotein A-II	Mus musculus	0-5
31115633-8	2019	Heterologous over-expression of D-lactate dehydrogenase (ldhA) in the recombinant strain L. lactis TSG1 resulted in 0.67 g g-1 and 0.44 g g-1 of D-LA yield from lactose and galactose, respectively.	Galactose	173-182	dld	Lactococcus lactis	57-61
31115633-9	2019	Co-expression of galactose permease (galP) and alpha-phosphoglucomutase (pgmA) with ldhA in the recombinant strain L. lactis TSG3 achieved a D-LA yield of 0.92 g g-1 from galactose.	Galactose	17-26	dld	Lactococcus lactis	84-88
30990348-0	2019	Effects of terminal galactose residues in mannose alpha1-6 arm of Fc-glycan on the effector functions of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.	Galactose	20-29	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	50-58
30959371-0	2019	Aloin attenuates cognitive impairment and inflammation induced by d-galactose via down-regulating ERK, p38 and NF-kappaB signaling pathway.	Galactose	66-77	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Mus musculus	98-101
30959371-0	2019	Aloin attenuates cognitive impairment and inflammation induced by d-galactose via down-regulating ERK, p38 and NF-kappaB signaling pathway.	Galactose	66-77	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	103-106
31353707-5	2019	The results indicated that DIP-1 was consisted of mannose, glucosamine, glucose, galactose and arabinose in a ratio of 1.00:0.42:18.36:14.17:0.81, and its molecular weight was 218.3 kDa.	Galactose	81-90	cyclin D1 binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	27-32
30990348-6	2019	Hydrogen-deuterium exchange/mass spectrometry analysis of dynamic structures of mAbs revealed the greater involvement of the terminal Gal residue on the Man alpha1-6 arm in the structural stability of the CH2 domain.	Galactose	134-137	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	157-165
30990348-7	2019	Considering that mAbs interact with FcgammaR and C1q via their hinge proximal region in the CH2 domain, the structural stabilization of the CH2 domain by the terminal Gal residue on the Man alpha1-6 arm of Fc-glycans may be important for the effector functions of mAbs.	Galactose	167-170	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	190-198
31497475-1	2019	Classic galactosemia results from a deficiency in the galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) enzyme, which is essential for galactose metabolism.	Galactose	8-17	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	97-101
30953738-0	2019	Aqueous extracts of se-enriched Auricularia auricular attenuates D-galactose-induced cognitive deficits, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation via suppressing RAGE/MAPK/NF-kappaB pathway.	Galactose	65-76	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	170-179
30953738-11	2019	Importantly, AESAA inhibited the up-regulation of RAGE, p-Erk, p-JNK, p-P38 in the hippocampus of d-gal treated mice.	Galactose	98-103	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Mus musculus	58-61
30953738-11	2019	Importantly, AESAA inhibited the up-regulation of RAGE, p-Erk, p-JNK, p-P38 in the hippocampus of d-gal treated mice.	Galactose	98-103	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	65-68
30953738-11	2019	Importantly, AESAA inhibited the up-regulation of RAGE, p-Erk, p-JNK, p-P38 in the hippocampus of d-gal treated mice.	Galactose	98-103	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	72-75
30953738-0	2019	Aqueous extracts of se-enriched Auricularia auricular attenuates D-galactose-induced cognitive deficits, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation via suppressing RAGE/MAPK/NF-kappaB pathway.	Galactose	65-76	MOK protein kinase	Mus musculus	160-164
31275309-9	2019	Despite these factors there is no certain recurrence predictor, young age at renal transplant, rapid progression of the original disease and higher levels of circulating galactose-deficient IgA1 and IgA-IgG immune complexes are all associated with a higher rate of recurrence.	Galactose	170-179	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	190-194
31180333-4	2019	In galactose, PRKN-PD fibroblasts exhibited decreased basal/maximal respiration vs. controls and reduced mitochondrial CIV and oxidative stress compared to glucose, suggesting an inefficient mitochondrial oxidative capacity to meet an extra metabolic requirement.	Galactose	3-12	parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase	Homo sapiens	14-18
31180333-5	2019	PRKN-PD fibroblasts presented decreased autophagic flux with reduction of autophagy substrate and autophagosome synthesis in both conditions.The alterations exhibited under neuron-like oxidative environment (galactose), may be relevant to the disease pathogenesis potentially explaining the increased susceptibility of dopaminergic neurons to undergo degeneration.	Galactose	208-217	parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase	Homo sapiens	0-4
30735778-2	2019	Gas chromatography (GC) indicated that DAP was composed of galactose and mannose with a molar ratio of 1:1.	Galactose	59-68	death-associated protein	Rattus norvegicus	39-42
31275443-0	2019	ELL2 Is Downregulated and Associated with Galactose-Deficient IgA1 in IgA Nephropathy.	Galactose	42-51	elongation factor for RNA polymerase II 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
31275443-0	2019	ELL2 Is Downregulated and Associated with Galactose-Deficient IgA1 in IgA Nephropathy.	Galactose	42-51	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	62-66
31275443-1	2019	Background: Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is an important causal factor in IgA nephropathy; however, the underlying mechanism for the production of Gd-IgA1 is unknown.	Galactose	12-21	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	32-36
31275443-1	2019	Background: Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is an important causal factor in IgA nephropathy; however, the underlying mechanism for the production of Gd-IgA1 is unknown.	Galactose	12-21	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	41-45
31275443-1	2019	Background: Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is an important causal factor in IgA nephropathy; however, the underlying mechanism for the production of Gd-IgA1 is unknown.	Galactose	12-21	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	41-45
30935793-2	2019	Accordingly, efficient modification on C-6" of galactose head was recommended in this report to favor the production of Th2 cytokines.	Galactose	47-56	heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 2	Mus musculus	120-123
31934025-2	2019	Upon ingestion, it is hydrolyzed to glucose and galactose by the enzyme lactase and absorbed in the small intestine.	Galactose	48-57	lactase	Homo sapiens	72-79
30879666-2	2019	LPD2 was composed of arabinose, mannose, glucose, and galactose in a molar ratio of 0.25:0.49:1:0.5 with average molecular weight of 9.64 x 106 Da.	Galactose	54-63	neuroguidin	Homo sapiens	0-4
30923019-6	2019	Vitamin D3 treatment also increased CYP19A1 and decreased AR expression in the testes of d-gal-induced aged and normal rats.	Galactose	89-94	cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily a, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	36-43
30923019-6	2019	Vitamin D3 treatment also increased CYP19A1 and decreased AR expression in the testes of d-gal-induced aged and normal rats.	Galactose	89-94	ferredoxin reductase	Rattus norvegicus	58-60
30959459-3	2019	This redox state change was accompanied by loss of two surface-exposed disulfide bonds in the catalytic domain of the alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase (ST6Gal-I) and its ability to functionally interact with B4GalT-I, an enzyme adding the preceding galactose to complex N-glycans.	Galactose	244-253	ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	147-155
31049543-2	2019	Structural characterization revealed that PSP-2 with a molecular weight of 144.8 kDa was composed of fucose (21.6%), arabinose (2.5%), galactose (22.4%), glucose (2.2%), xylose (18.8%), mannose (1.2%), glucuronic acid (7.7%) and galacturonic acid (23.6%).	Galactose	135-144	regenerating family member 1 beta	Homo sapiens	42-47
31062106-1	2019	Agarose samples of low (Ag1) and high (Ag2) O -methyl content on position 6 of the galactose residue were studied in H2O and D2O.	Galactose	83-92	anterior gradient 2, protein disulphide isomerase family member	Homo sapiens	39-42
30852321-7	2019	Enzymatic removal of sialic acids results in the removal of galactose residues from the EPS upon subsequent treatment with beta-galactosidase, indicating a linkage between galactose and sialic acid at the terminus of glycan chains.	Galactose	60-69	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	123-141
30852321-7	2019	Enzymatic removal of sialic acids results in the removal of galactose residues from the EPS upon subsequent treatment with beta-galactosidase, indicating a linkage between galactose and sialic acid at the terminus of glycan chains.	Galactose	172-181	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	123-141
31303989-0	2019	Aminopyrimidine-galactose hybrids are highly selective galectin-3 inhibitors.	Galactose	16-25	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	55-65
30982613-3	2019	On the basis of the decreased galactosylation in glycan chains, galactose was administered to individuals with PGM1-CDG and was shown to markedly reverse most disease-related laboratory abnormalities.	Galactose	64-73	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	111-115
33072978-2	2019	Several methods are used for screening; however, the predominant methods used today are based on the determination of either galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) activity or the concentration of total galactose.	Galactose	125-134	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	166-170
30982613-5	2019	Here, we confirm the clinical benefit of galactose supplementation in PGM1-CDG-affected individuals and obtain significant insights into the functional and biochemical regulation of glycosylation.	Galactose	41-50	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	70-74
30982613-6	2019	We report here that, by using tracer-based metabolomics, we found that galactose treatment of PGM1-CDG fibroblasts metabolically re-wires their sugar metabolism, and as such replenishes the depleted levels of galactose-1-P, as well as the levels of UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose, the nucleotide sugars that are required for ER- and GA-linked glycosylation, respectively.	Galactose	71-80	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	94-98
31019232-4	2019	Here we show that in addition to the well-characterized glucose (and galactose) repression of ADH2 (alcohol dehydrogenase 2, required for efficient utilization of ethanol as a carbon source), ADH2 expression is also inhibited by acetate which is produced during ethanol catabolism.	Galactose	69-78	alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	94-98
30611494-4	2019	NMR spectrum of the OSAG suggested the main substitution occurred at the C-2 in the d-galactopyranose.	Galactose	84-101	complement C2	Homo sapiens	73-76
30611496-1	2019	beta-Galactosidase is vital to dairy industries because it catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose into glucose and galactose making it useful for lactose intolerant patients to consume milk and its products.	Galactose	112-121	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	0-18
31062524-7	2019	Dominant SGLT1 (SLC5A1) and SGLT3 (SLC5A4) expression was associated with the sigmoidal Ha/sLc glucose and La/Lc galactose transport systems in the jejunum.	Galactose	113-122	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	9-14
31062524-7	2019	Dominant SGLT1 (SLC5A1) and SGLT3 (SLC5A4) expression was associated with the sigmoidal Ha/sLc glucose and La/Lc galactose transport systems in the jejunum.	Galactose	113-122	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	16-22
31062524-7	2019	Dominant SGLT1 (SLC5A1) and SGLT3 (SLC5A4) expression was associated with the sigmoidal Ha/sLc glucose and La/Lc galactose transport systems in the jejunum.	Galactose	113-122	solute carrier family 5 member 4	Homo sapiens	28-33
31062524-7	2019	Dominant SGLT1 (SLC5A1) and SGLT3 (SLC5A4) expression was associated with the sigmoidal Ha/sLc glucose and La/Lc galactose transport systems in the jejunum.	Galactose	113-122	solute carrier family 5 member 4	Homo sapiens	35-41
31019232-4	2019	Here we show that in addition to the well-characterized glucose (and galactose) repression of ADH2 (alcohol dehydrogenase 2, required for efficient utilization of ethanol as a carbon source), ADH2 expression is also inhibited by acetate which is produced during ethanol catabolism.	Galactose	69-78	alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	192-196
30770394-0	2019	Increased galactose expression and enhanced clearance in patients with low von Willebrand factor.	Galactose	10-19	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	75-96
31014012-5	2019	Results showed that co-administration of CA to d-gal/AlCl3 induced AD-like rat models significantly increased the levels of protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) and decreased the levels of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3beta).	Galactose	47-52	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Rattus norvegicus	181-212
31014012-5	2019	Results showed that co-administration of CA to d-gal/AlCl3 induced AD-like rat models significantly increased the levels of protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) and decreased the levels of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3beta).	Galactose	47-52	glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha	Rattus norvegicus	214-223
30770394-10	2019	Furthermore, an inverse correlation between Gal exposure and estimated VWF half-life was observed in those patients with enhanced VWF clearance.	Galactose	44-47	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	71-74
30770394-10	2019	Furthermore, an inverse correlation between Gal exposure and estimated VWF half-life was observed in those patients with enhanced VWF clearance.	Galactose	44-47	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	130-133
30935005-10	2019	Conversely, co-administration of CA with D-gal/AlCl3 improved cognitive impairment, decreased AChE levels, attenuated the oxidative stress in hippocampus and cerebral cortex, and prevented ultrastructural alteration of neurons in the prefrontal cortex.	Galactose	41-46	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	94-98
30987402-1	2019	Classic galactosemia is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by the deficiency of the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) involved in galactose metabolism.	Galactose	8-17	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	136-140
30809935-3	2019	The glycopolymer containing both galactose and neuraminic acid showed enhanced recognition of CTB.	Galactose	33-42	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1B, choline	Homo sapiens	94-97
30610899-7	2019	Western blot analysis showed that isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 (IDH3), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase 2 (MDH2) were markedly decreased both in these two aging models, whereas the iron-sulfur cluster assembly enzyme (ISCU) was up-regulated in the naturally occurring senescent astrocytes but was down-regulated in the d-gal-induced senescent astrocytes.	Galactose	339-344	malate dehydrogenase 2	Homo sapiens	127-131
30806949-2	2019	Galactokinase (GALK1) is the enzyme responsible for converting galactose into gal-1-p.	Galactose	63-72	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
30806949-2	2019	Galactokinase (GALK1) is the enzyme responsible for converting galactose into gal-1-p.	Galactose	63-72	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	15-20
30718057-2	2019	Due to the decreased activity or absence of the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT), cells from affected individuals are unable to metabolize galactose normally.	Galactose	55-64	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	98-102
30798131-9	2019	Such significant increase in galangin amount in the liver for GF68-Gal micelles could be attributed to their efficient targeting to the liver by galactose moieties having affinity towards ASGPR receptor, P-gp and cytochrome enzyme inhibition activity of pluronic F68 reducing the rate of metabolism and in turn elimination.	Galactose	145-154	phosphoglycolate phosphatase	Homo sapiens	204-208
30905601-5	2019	Furthermore, the milk lineage of S. cerevisiae has achieved galactose-utilization rate elevation and galactose-over-glucose preference switch through the duplication of the introgressed GAL2 and the loss of function of the main glucose transporter genes HXT6 and HXT7.	Galactose	60-69	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	186-190
30905601-5	2019	Furthermore, the milk lineage of S. cerevisiae has achieved galactose-utilization rate elevation and galactose-over-glucose preference switch through the duplication of the introgressed GAL2 and the loss of function of the main glucose transporter genes HXT6 and HXT7.	Galactose	60-69	hexose transporter HXT6	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	254-258
30905601-5	2019	Furthermore, the milk lineage of S. cerevisiae has achieved galactose-utilization rate elevation and galactose-over-glucose preference switch through the duplication of the introgressed GAL2 and the loss of function of the main glucose transporter genes HXT6 and HXT7.	Galactose	101-110	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	186-190
30905601-5	2019	Furthermore, the milk lineage of S. cerevisiae has achieved galactose-utilization rate elevation and galactose-over-glucose preference switch through the duplication of the introgressed GAL2 and the loss of function of the main glucose transporter genes HXT6 and HXT7.	Galactose	101-110	hexose transporter HXT6	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	254-258
30571958-7	2019	Improvement of reduced grooming behavior and normalization in reduced plasma insulin levels were seen only in 5M+2M Tg2576 mice while in 10M+2M Tg2576 mice oral galactose induced metabolic exacerbation at the level of plasma insulin, GLP-1 homeostasis and glucose intolerance, and additionally increased hippocampal sAbeta1-42 level, decreased IR expression and increased GSK-3beta activity.	Galactose	161-170	glucagon	Mus musculus	234-239
30571958-7	2019	Improvement of reduced grooming behavior and normalization in reduced plasma insulin levels were seen only in 5M+2M Tg2576 mice while in 10M+2M Tg2576 mice oral galactose induced metabolic exacerbation at the level of plasma insulin, GLP-1 homeostasis and glucose intolerance, and additionally increased hippocampal sAbeta1-42 level, decreased IR expression and increased GSK-3beta activity.	Galactose	161-170	glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha	Mus musculus	372-381
30902987-4	2019	First, GAL1 coding for galactose kinase is deleted to eliminate galactose utilization.	Galactose	23-32	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	7-11
30901066-3	2019	Galectin 1 (Gal 1), the first galectin isolated, is a noncovalent homodimeric protein with a 14 kDa monomer that contains one carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) and preferentially recognizes galactose-beta1-4-N-acetyl-glucosamine sequences on N- or O-linked glycans.	Galactose	194-203	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	0-10
30901066-3	2019	Galectin 1 (Gal 1), the first galectin isolated, is a noncovalent homodimeric protein with a 14 kDa monomer that contains one carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) and preferentially recognizes galactose-beta1-4-N-acetyl-glucosamine sequences on N- or O-linked glycans.	Galactose	194-203	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	12-17
30989992-0	2019	[Molecular mechanisms of mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis ameliorating renal tubular epithelial cells aging induced by D-galactose via inhibiting autophagy-related AMPK/ULK1 signaling activation].	Galactose	117-128	unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	167-171
30639021-4	2019	The antioxidant-related proteins nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were upregulated in liver after treatment of d-galactose-treated aging mice with probiotics.	Galactose	157-168	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	33-76
30639021-4	2019	The antioxidant-related proteins nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were upregulated in liver after treatment of d-galactose-treated aging mice with probiotics.	Galactose	157-168	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	78-82
30639021-4	2019	The antioxidant-related proteins nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were upregulated in liver after treatment of d-galactose-treated aging mice with probiotics.	Galactose	157-168	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	88-104
30578839-8	2019	Furthermore, apocynin inhibited cytochrome c (Cyt c) translocation from mitochondria to the cytoplasm and suppressed caspase 3-dependent apoptosis in the VCN of D-gal-induced aging model in rats.	Galactose	161-166	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	117-126
30794576-0	2019	Galactose-deficient IgA1 and the corresponding IgG autoantibodies predict IgA nephropathy progression.	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	20-24
30830487-0	2019	Selective galactose culture condition reveals distinct metabolic signatures in pyruvate dehydrogenase and complex I deficient human skin fibroblasts.	Galactose	10-19	pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Homo sapiens	79-101
30794576-0	2019	Galactose-deficient IgA1 and the corresponding IgG autoantibodies predict IgA nephropathy progression.	Galactose	0-9	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	74-89
30723285-5	2019	We synthesized NO-Rosa-Gal bearing D-galactose (Gal) at this location, and showed that hydrolysis by beta-galactosidase restored the photoresponse.	Galactose	35-46	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	101-119
30723285-5	2019	We synthesized NO-Rosa-Gal bearing D-galactose (Gal) at this location, and showed that hydrolysis by beta-galactosidase restored the photoresponse.	Galactose	23-26	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	101-119
30247636-5	2019	GALE encodes UDP-galactose-4-epimerase, an enzyme of galactose metabolism and glycosylation responsible for two reversible reactions: interconversion of UDP-galactose with UDP-glucose and interconversion of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine with UDP-N-acetylglucosamine.	Galactose	17-26	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	0-4
30721917-1	2019	Background: Lactase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and galactose in the small intestine, where they are absorbed.	Galactose	74-83	lactase	Homo sapiens	12-19
30537634-7	2019	The elevated levels of nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in hippocampus of d-gal-treated mice were reduced by PF11 through reducing the accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and the expression of the receptor of advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE).	Galactose	90-95	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	23-50
30537634-7	2019	The elevated levels of nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in hippocampus of d-gal-treated mice were reduced by PF11 through reducing the accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and the expression of the receptor of advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE).	Galactose	90-95	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	52-57
30537634-7	2019	The elevated levels of nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in hippocampus of d-gal-treated mice were reduced by PF11 through reducing the accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and the expression of the receptor of advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE).	Galactose	90-95	advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor	Mus musculus	231-273
30537634-7	2019	The elevated levels of nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in hippocampus of d-gal-treated mice were reduced by PF11 through reducing the accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and the expression of the receptor of advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE).	Galactose	90-95	advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor	Mus musculus	275-279
30366547-5	2019	As indicated by monosaccharides components analysis, the major component BS-2 mainly consisted of galactose, glucose, and mannose with average molecular weight (Mw) of 1.765 x 104 Da.	Galactose	98-107	alkylglycerone phosphate synthase	Mus musculus	73-77
30650605-7	2019	Furthermore, ascorbic acid ameliorated D-gal-induced downregulation of superoxide dismutase 1 and 2, sirtuin1, caveolin-1, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor and upregulation of interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha in the hippocampus.	Galactose	39-44	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	101-109
30650605-7	2019	Furthermore, ascorbic acid ameliorated D-gal-induced downregulation of superoxide dismutase 1 and 2, sirtuin1, caveolin-1, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor and upregulation of interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha in the hippocampus.	Galactose	39-44	caveolin 1, caveolae protein	Mus musculus	111-121
30650605-7	2019	Furthermore, ascorbic acid ameliorated D-gal-induced downregulation of superoxide dismutase 1 and 2, sirtuin1, caveolin-1, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor and upregulation of interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha in the hippocampus.	Galactose	39-44	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	127-160
30650605-7	2019	Furthermore, ascorbic acid ameliorated D-gal-induced downregulation of superoxide dismutase 1 and 2, sirtuin1, caveolin-1, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor and upregulation of interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha in the hippocampus.	Galactose	39-44	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	181-231
30204870-7	2019	Overall, our findings increase understanding as to how galactans interact with Gal-3 at the non-reducing, terminal end of galactose-containing polysaccharides as found on the cell surface.	Galactose	122-131	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	79-84
30367734-7	2019	Results showed collagen deposition and up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases-MMP-2 and -9 in D-galactose-induced aging rats.	Galactose	98-109	matrix metallopeptidase 2	Rattus norvegicus	82-94
30428394-7	2019	Docking results performed between the synthesized compounds and human Galectin 1 (hGal-1) and human Galectin 3 (hGal-3) showed that the replacement of a glucose moiety linked to the terminal galactose with a galactose moiety, decreases the affinity for these galectins.	Galactose	191-200	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	70-80
30428394-7	2019	Docking results performed between the synthesized compounds and human Galectin 1 (hGal-1) and human Galectin 3 (hGal-3) showed that the replacement of a glucose moiety linked to the terminal galactose with a galactose moiety, decreases the affinity for these galectins.	Galactose	191-200	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	82-88
30428394-7	2019	Docking results performed between the synthesized compounds and human Galectin 1 (hGal-1) and human Galectin 3 (hGal-3) showed that the replacement of a glucose moiety linked to the terminal galactose with a galactose moiety, decreases the affinity for these galectins.	Galactose	191-200	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	100-110
30428394-7	2019	Docking results performed between the synthesized compounds and human Galectin 1 (hGal-1) and human Galectin 3 (hGal-3) showed that the replacement of a glucose moiety linked to the terminal galactose with a galactose moiety, decreases the affinity for these galectins.	Galactose	191-200	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	112-118
30406697-4	2019	A liver-specific knockout of LGR4 in mouse was generated and used to study hepatic ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury (HIRI) as well as lipopolysaccharide/ D- galactosamine (LPS/D-Gal)-induced liver injury.	Galactose	179-184	leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 4	Mus musculus	29-33
30806252-3	2019	The results indicated that FPS was mainly composed of mannose; IPS, of glucose; and EPS, of galactose.	Galactose	92-101	farnesyl diphosphate synthetase	Mus musculus	27-30
30073864-14	2019	Enzyme kinetic analysis conducted with galactose supported the notion that (1) the reactivity of GOx enzyme toward nonglucose sugars and (2) the presence of enzymatic impurities (such as galactose oxidase) are two potential sources for sugar interference with GOx glucose sensors, and thus, should be considered during device development.	Galactose	39-48	hydroxyacid oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	97-100
30585174-0	2018	Hyperoside attenuates renal aging and injury induced by D-galactose via inhibiting AMPK-ULK1 signaling-mediated autophagy.	Galactose	56-67	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Rattus norvegicus	83-87
30585174-0	2018	Hyperoside attenuates renal aging and injury induced by D-galactose via inhibiting AMPK-ULK1 signaling-mediated autophagy.	Galactose	56-67	unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	88-92
30372040-4	2018	Here, the enzymatic addition of galactose to N-acetylglucosamine functionalized glycodendrimers reduced the requisite number of synthetic steps for the full chemical synthesis of N-acetyl lactosamine (Lac NAc) functionalized dendrimers to four steps.	Galactose	32-41	synuclein alpha	Homo sapiens	205-208
30327107-3	2018	Because SBA binds to the galactose residue that exists at the terminals of the carbohydrate chains in ASF, the target protein was accumulated on the protein magnetic beads.	Galactose	25-34	lectin	Glycine max	8-11
30327107-4	2018	SBA is an example of N-acetylgalactosamine- and galactose-binding proteins that readily combine with YYYYC.	Galactose	48-57	lectin	Glycine max	0-3
30577438-9	2018	SpD treatment increased ATP production and the oxygen consumption rate in D-galactose-treated AC16 cells.	Galactose	74-85	surfactant protein D	Homo sapiens	0-3
30488048-0	2018	Lactobacillus helveticus KLDS1.8701 alleviates d-galactose-induced aging by regulating Nrf-2 and gut microbiota in mice.	Galactose	47-58	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	87-92
30662725-9	2018	But, it is found that pre-addition of galactose in the medium, leading to competitive binding to the galectin receptor of SW620 cells, resulted in a decrease in the binding of MSN-NH2/GC to the galectin receptor.	Galactose	38-47	moesin	Homo sapiens	176-179
30526529-9	2018	Furthermore, we demonstrate that the mesangial IgA deposits in this patient consisted of the galactose-deficient IgA1 variant.	Galactose	93-102	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	113-117
30253338-1	2018	Galactokinase catalyses the phosphorylation of alpha-d-galactose and some structurally related monosaccharides.	Galactose	47-64	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
30287368-3	2018	Results showed that PIP-1 had a high molecular weight, a high intrinsic viscosity and a linear repeating backbone composed of glucopyranose (Glcp), galactopyranose, and mannopyranose joined by alpha-(1   4), alpha-(1   3), and alpha-(1   6) linkages, and single alpha-terminal-D-Glcp as side chains 6-O-linked to the main chain according to the GC-MS and NMR results, and exhibited triple helical structure.	Galactose	148-163	ACD shelterin complex subunit and telomerase recruitment factor	Homo sapiens	20-25
30241853-2	2018	Chemical analysis demonstrated that SHP was primarily composed of mannose, glucuronic acid, glucose, fucose, galactose, xylose and rahmnose with a molar ratio of 1.00:0.85:0.84:0.58:0.30:0.37:0.15.	Galactose	109-118	nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 2	Mus musculus	36-39
30292551-9	2018	In addition, strain LPSP-YBJ01 also increased the hepatic and splenic protein expressions of some antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, Cu/Zn-SOD, and Mn-SOD in mice treated with d-galactose.	Galactose	179-190	superoxide dismutase 1, soluble	Mus musculus	136-145
30292551-9	2018	In addition, strain LPSP-YBJ01 also increased the hepatic and splenic protein expressions of some antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, Cu/Zn-SOD, and Mn-SOD in mice treated with d-galactose.	Galactose	179-190	superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	151-157
30388165-1	2018	INTRODUCTION: Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is a critical pathogenic factor for IgA nephropathy (IgAN), but its value as a disease-specific biomarker remains controversial.	Galactose	14-23	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	34-38
30261341-6	2018	This gene encodes a putative glycosyltransferase (UGT73P10) and is a homolog of GmSGT2 (UGT73P2) whose recombinant protein has been previously shown, in vitro, to conjugate the second galactose moiety at the C-3 position of soyasapogenol B monoglucuronide (SBMG).	Galactose	184-193	soyasapogenol B glucuronide galactosyltransferase	Glycine max	80-86
30375618-7	2018	Sesamol elevated mRNA levels and protein expressions of antioxidant enzymes HO-1 and NQO1 as well as decreased inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in d-galactose-treated mice serum.	Galactose	160-171	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	148-156
30570353-0	2018	Galactose-Deficient IgA1-Specific Antibody Recognizes GalNAc-Modified Unique Epitope on Hinge Region of IgA1.	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	20-24
30570353-0	2018	Galactose-Deficient IgA1-Specific Antibody Recognizes GalNAc-Modified Unique Epitope on Hinge Region of IgA1.	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	104-108
30570353-1	2018	Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) that exposes GalNAc or sialylated GalNAc has been shown to be associated with disease activity of IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	20-24
30570353-1	2018	Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) that exposes GalNAc or sialylated GalNAc has been shown to be associated with disease activity of IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	29-33
30570353-1	2018	Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) that exposes GalNAc or sialylated GalNAc has been shown to be associated with disease activity of IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	0-9	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	133-148
30570353-1	2018	Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) that exposes GalNAc or sialylated GalNAc has been shown to be associated with disease activity of IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	0-9	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	150-154
30388165-1	2018	INTRODUCTION: Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is a critical pathogenic factor for IgA nephropathy (IgAN), but its value as a disease-specific biomarker remains controversial.	Galactose	14-23	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	43-47
30388165-1	2018	INTRODUCTION: Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is a critical pathogenic factor for IgA nephropathy (IgAN), but its value as a disease-specific biomarker remains controversial.	Galactose	14-23	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	85-100
30388165-1	2018	INTRODUCTION: Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is a critical pathogenic factor for IgA nephropathy (IgAN), but its value as a disease-specific biomarker remains controversial.	Galactose	14-23	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	102-106
30340901-4	2018	The d-galactose derivative 8a was the most selective for AChE exhibiting an IC50 ratio of 7.6 for AChE over BuChE.	Galactose	4-15	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	57-61
30340901-4	2018	The d-galactose derivative 8a was the most selective for AChE exhibiting an IC50 ratio of 7.6 for AChE over BuChE.	Galactose	4-15	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	98-102
30340901-4	2018	The d-galactose derivative 8a was the most selective for AChE exhibiting an IC50 ratio of 7.6 for AChE over BuChE.	Galactose	4-15	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	108-113
30377844-6	2018	DLP-1 was composed of D-(+)-galactose, DL-arabinose, and L-(+)-rhamnose with a molar ratio of 3.21:1.11:0.23, and traces of D-xylose, D-glucose, and D-(+)-mannose.	Galactose	22-37	dynamin 1 like	Homo sapiens	0-5
30083810-1	2018	MAIN CONCLUSION: AXY4/XGOAT1, AXY4L/XGOAT2 and PtrXGOATs are O-acetyltransferases acetylating fucosylated galactose residues on xyloglucan and AXY9 does not directly catalyze O-acetylation of xyloglucan but exhibits weak acetylesterase activity.	Galactose	106-115	TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE 27	Arabidopsis thaliana	17-21
30083810-1	2018	MAIN CONCLUSION: AXY4/XGOAT1, AXY4L/XGOAT2 and PtrXGOATs are O-acetyltransferases acetylating fucosylated galactose residues on xyloglucan and AXY9 does not directly catalyze O-acetylation of xyloglucan but exhibits weak acetylesterase activity.	Galactose	106-115	TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE 22	Arabidopsis thaliana	30-35
30083810-10	2018	These findings provide biochemical evidence that AXY4/XGOAT1, AXY4L/XGOAT2 and PtrXGOATs are xyloglucan O-acetyltransferases catalyzing acetyl transfer onto fucosylated Gal residues on xyloglucan side chains and the defucosylation of these acetylated side chains by apoplastic AXY8 generates side chains with acetylated, non-fucosylated Gal residues.	Galactose	169-172	TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE 27	Arabidopsis thaliana	49-53
30083810-10	2018	These findings provide biochemical evidence that AXY4/XGOAT1, AXY4L/XGOAT2 and PtrXGOATs are xyloglucan O-acetyltransferases catalyzing acetyl transfer onto fucosylated Gal residues on xyloglucan side chains and the defucosylation of these acetylated side chains by apoplastic AXY8 generates side chains with acetylated, non-fucosylated Gal residues.	Galactose	169-172	TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE 22	Arabidopsis thaliana	62-67
30083810-10	2018	These findings provide biochemical evidence that AXY4/XGOAT1, AXY4L/XGOAT2 and PtrXGOATs are xyloglucan O-acetyltransferases catalyzing acetyl transfer onto fucosylated Gal residues on xyloglucan side chains and the defucosylation of these acetylated side chains by apoplastic AXY8 generates side chains with acetylated, non-fucosylated Gal residues.	Galactose	169-172	1,2-alpha-L-fucosidase	Arabidopsis thaliana	277-281
30083810-10	2018	These findings provide biochemical evidence that AXY4/XGOAT1, AXY4L/XGOAT2 and PtrXGOATs are xyloglucan O-acetyltransferases catalyzing acetyl transfer onto fucosylated Gal residues on xyloglucan side chains and the defucosylation of these acetylated side chains by apoplastic AXY8 generates side chains with acetylated, non-fucosylated Gal residues.	Galactose	337-340	TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE 27	Arabidopsis thaliana	49-53
30083810-10	2018	These findings provide biochemical evidence that AXY4/XGOAT1, AXY4L/XGOAT2 and PtrXGOATs are xyloglucan O-acetyltransferases catalyzing acetyl transfer onto fucosylated Gal residues on xyloglucan side chains and the defucosylation of these acetylated side chains by apoplastic AXY8 generates side chains with acetylated, non-fucosylated Gal residues.	Galactose	337-340	TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE 22	Arabidopsis thaliana	62-67
30083810-10	2018	These findings provide biochemical evidence that AXY4/XGOAT1, AXY4L/XGOAT2 and PtrXGOATs are xyloglucan O-acetyltransferases catalyzing acetyl transfer onto fucosylated Gal residues on xyloglucan side chains and the defucosylation of these acetylated side chains by apoplastic AXY8 generates side chains with acetylated, non-fucosylated Gal residues.	Galactose	337-340	1,2-alpha-L-fucosidase	Arabidopsis thaliana	277-281
30402153-0	2018	Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates liver injury induced by D-galactose in mice.	Galactose	51-62	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	12-15
30402153-1	2018	The present study investigated the effect and underlying mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) in attenuating subacute liver injury induced by D-galactose (D-gal) in mice.	Galactose	141-152	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	83-86
30402153-1	2018	The present study investigated the effect and underlying mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) in attenuating subacute liver injury induced by D-galactose (D-gal) in mice.	Galactose	141-152	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	88-91
30402153-1	2018	The present study investigated the effect and underlying mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) in attenuating subacute liver injury induced by D-galactose (D-gal) in mice.	Galactose	141-146	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	83-86
30402153-1	2018	The present study investigated the effect and underlying mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) in attenuating subacute liver injury induced by D-galactose (D-gal) in mice.	Galactose	141-146	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	88-91
29969638-2	2018	The physicochemical evaluations indicate that FPS is mainly composed of glucose, mannose, galactose, fucose, arabinose and glucuronic acid with the mole percentages of 70.30%, 8.70%, 12.88%, 0.79%, 5.04% and 1.57%, respectively.	Galactose	90-99	farnesyl diphosphate synthase	Homo sapiens	46-49
30375371-3	2018	ST3GAL1 is a sialyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid from cytidine monophosphate-sialic acid to galactose-containing substrates and is associated with cancer progression and chemoresistance.	Galactose	117-126	ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	0-7
30375371-3	2018	ST3GAL1 is a sialyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid from cytidine monophosphate-sialic acid to galactose-containing substrates and is associated with cancer progression and chemoresistance.	Galactose	117-126	ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	13-30
30746088-3	2019	Here we report an enzyme-activatable aggregation-induced emission (AIE) probe QM-betagal, which is composed of a hydrophilic beta-galactosidase (beta-gal)-triggered galactose moiety and a hydrophobic AIE-active fluorophore QM-OH.	Galactose	165-174	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	125-143
30150300-12	2018	We found that inhibiting ACLY with SB204990 (SB) reverses the galactose-induced beta-catenin activity and OB differentiation.	Galactose	62-71	ATP citrate lyase	Mus musculus	25-29
30356849-0	2018	Inhibiting RIP1 Improves Chronic Stress-Induced Cognitive Impairments in D-Galactose-Induced Aging Mice.	Galactose	73-84	receptor (TNFRSF)-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1	Mus musculus	11-15
30356849-13	2018	These suggest that inhibiting RIP1 using necrostatin-1 improves chronic stress-related brain dysfunction in D-galactose-induced aging mice.	Galactose	108-119	receptor (TNFRSF)-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1	Mus musculus	30-34
30150300-12	2018	We found that inhibiting ACLY with SB204990 (SB) reverses the galactose-induced beta-catenin activity and OB differentiation.	Galactose	62-71	catenin (cadherin associated protein), beta 1	Mus musculus	80-92
30157640-0	2018	Acid Degradable Cationic Galactose-Based Hyperbranched Polymers as Nanotherapeutic Vehicles for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Knockdown in Cervical Carcinoma.	Galactose	25-34	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	96-128
30746088-3	2019	Here we report an enzyme-activatable aggregation-induced emission (AIE) probe QM-betagal, which is composed of a hydrophilic beta-galactosidase (beta-gal)-triggered galactose moiety and a hydrophobic AIE-active fluorophore QM-OH.	Galactose	165-174	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	125-133
30157640-0	2018	Acid Degradable Cationic Galactose-Based Hyperbranched Polymers as Nanotherapeutic Vehicles for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Knockdown in Cervical Carcinoma.	Galactose	25-34	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	130-134
29802924-2	2018	Physicochemical analysis showed that RRP1 was composed of mannose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose and arabinose with a relative molar ratio of 0.69:0.11:0.15:1:0.51:7.5 and RRP2 was consisted of mannose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose and arabinose (relative molar ratio = 0.15:0.19:1.01:0.18:0.47:1).	Galactose	259-268	ribosomal RNA processing 1	Mus musculus	37-41
30323572-0	2018	Protective effect of Anwulignan against D-galactose-induced hepatic injury through activating p38 MAPK-Nrf2-HO-1 pathway in mice.	Galactose	40-51	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	94-102
29777434-6	2018	We discovered that ascorbic acid could inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of AKT/mTOR signaling in MSCs caused by D-galactose.	Galactose	150-161	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	113-116
29777434-6	2018	We discovered that ascorbic acid could inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of AKT/mTOR signaling in MSCs caused by D-galactose.	Galactose	150-161	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	117-121
29777434-7	2018	Especially, when treated together with a ROS scavenger or AKT inhibitor, the senescent cells were obviously decreased in D-galactose-induced MSCs.	Galactose	121-132	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	58-61
30157640-8	2018	The superior stability of the polyplexes under physiological conditions and the low cytotoxicity observed in the 48 h post-transfection demonstrated the high potential of these acid degradable galactose-based hyperbranched cationic polymers for EGFR silencing treatment applications at the clinical level.	Galactose	193-202	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	245-249
30323572-0	2018	Protective effect of Anwulignan against D-galactose-induced hepatic injury through activating p38 MAPK-Nrf2-HO-1 pathway in mice.	Galactose	40-51	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	103-107
30121750-2	2018	Genome sequencing of the HJ7-14 revealed a point mutation in the GAL83 gene (G703A) involved in the catabolite repression as well as the galactose metabolism.	Galactose	137-146	Gal83p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	65-70
30121750-3	2018	Cultural and transcriptional analyses of a S. cerevisiae mutant with chromosomal GAL83(G703A) indicated that the catabolite repression onto the galactose metabolism was considerably relieved in all cell growth stages.	Galactose	144-153	Gal83p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	81-86
29802924-2	2018	Physicochemical analysis showed that RRP1 was composed of mannose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose and arabinose with a relative molar ratio of 0.69:0.11:0.15:1:0.51:7.5 and RRP2 was consisted of mannose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose and arabinose (relative molar ratio = 0.15:0.19:1.01:0.18:0.47:1).	Galactose	105-114	ribosomal RNA processing 1	Mus musculus	37-41
29802924-3	2018	Periodate oxidation and Smith degradation analysis revealed that, in RRP1, part of the arabinose and glucose residues were 1   3,6/1   3/1   2,3/1   3,4/1   2,4/1   2,3,4-linked, and the mannose, rhamnose and galactose residues were 1   2,6/1   6/1   2/1 /1   4,6/1   4-linked.	Galactose	209-218	ribosomal RNA processing 1	Mus musculus	69-73
29802924-4	2018	In RRP2, the rhamnose, glucose and galactose residues were linked by 1   3,6/1   3/1   2,3/1   3,4/1   2,4/1   2,3,4 linkages, and the arabinose and mannose residues were 1   2/1   6/1   4-linked.	Galactose	35-44	ribosome binding protein 1	Mus musculus	3-7
29516284-5	2018	Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between PI3K/Akt pathway and the activation of ACE2/MasR in the AD model of D-galactose-ovariectomized rats.	Galactose	138-149	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	75-78
30132521-1	2018	Collagen beta (1-O) galactosyltransferase 1 (GLT25D1) has been reported to transfer galactose to hydroxylysine residues via beta (1-O) linkages in collagen.	Galactose	84-93	collagen beta(1-O)galactosyltransferase 1	Mus musculus	0-43
30132521-1	2018	Collagen beta (1-O) galactosyltransferase 1 (GLT25D1) has been reported to transfer galactose to hydroxylysine residues via beta (1-O) linkages in collagen.	Galactose	84-93	collagen beta(1-O)galactosyltransferase 1	Mus musculus	45-52
29516284-5	2018	Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between PI3K/Akt pathway and the activation of ACE2/MasR in the AD model of D-galactose-ovariectomized rats.	Galactose	138-149	angiotensin I converting enzyme 2	Rattus norvegicus	109-113
29891277-4	2018	The purified P-selectin-binding moiety of BCPS, designated as BCPS-m, was mainly composed of arabinose, galactose and glucose, and had a relative molecular weight of 3600 Da.	Galactose	104-113	selectin P	Homo sapiens	13-23
30257679-4	2018	Using the galactose utilization pathway as a model network in diploid yeast, we reduce the copy number of four regulatory genes (GAL2, GAL3, GAL4, GAL80) from two to one, and measure the activity of the perturbed networks.	Galactose	10-19	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	129-133
30257679-4	2018	Using the galactose utilization pathway as a model network in diploid yeast, we reduce the copy number of four regulatory genes (GAL2, GAL3, GAL4, GAL80) from two to one, and measure the activity of the perturbed networks.	Galactose	10-19	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	135-139
30257679-4	2018	Using the galactose utilization pathway as a model network in diploid yeast, we reduce the copy number of four regulatory genes (GAL2, GAL3, GAL4, GAL80) from two to one, and measure the activity of the perturbed networks.	Galactose	10-19	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	141-145
30257679-4	2018	Using the galactose utilization pathway as a model network in diploid yeast, we reduce the copy number of four regulatory genes (GAL2, GAL3, GAL4, GAL80) from two to one, and measure the activity of the perturbed networks.	Galactose	10-19	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	147-152
30093085-5	2018	Galactose elevated thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBA-RS), protein carbonyl content and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and decreased total sulfhydryl content and catalase (CAT) activity in the cerebral cortex.	Galactose	0-9	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	182-190
30093085-5	2018	Galactose elevated thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBA-RS), protein carbonyl content and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and decreased total sulfhydryl content and catalase (CAT) activity in the cerebral cortex.	Galactose	0-9	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	192-195
30093085-6	2018	In the hippocampus, galactose enhanced TBA-RS, decreased total sulfhydryl content and increased AChE activity, while in the cerebellum it decreased total sulfhydryl content and increased CAT and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities.	Galactose	20-29	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	187-190
29893426-2	2018	GALK enzyme catalyzes the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent phosphorylation of alpha-d-galactose to galactose-1-phosphate.	Galactose	84-101	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
30117507-0	2018	Quinoline-galactose hybrids bind selectively with high affinity to a galectin-8 N-terminal domain.	Galactose	10-19	galectin 8	Homo sapiens	69-79
30073131-10	2018	The extracted polysaccharides composed of mannose, galactose, glucose, arabinose, xylose and rhamanose, with highest percentage of mannose (62.49%) and galactose (25.42%) in SPCA.	Galactose	152-161	coagulation factor VII	Homo sapiens	174-178
30159031-4	2018	Gal2p-the most prominent transporter enabling l-arabinose uptake in S. cerevisiae wild-type strains-has an affinity for the transport of l-arabinose, d-glucose, and d-galactose.	Galactose	165-176	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
30159031-5	2018	d-Galactose was reported for being mandatory for inducing GAL2 expression.	Galactose	0-11	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	58-62
30159031-9	2018	Expression levels of GAL2 during growth on l-arabinose reached up to 21% of those obtained with d-galactose as sole carbon and energy source.	Galactose	96-107	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	21-25
30976401-1	2019	Background: Galactose-deficient immunoglobulin A1 (Gd-IgA1) is known to play a key role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	12-21	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	54-58
30976401-1	2019	Background: Galactose-deficient immunoglobulin A1 (Gd-IgA1) is known to play a key role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	12-21	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	111-126
30976401-1	2019	Background: Galactose-deficient immunoglobulin A1 (Gd-IgA1) is known to play a key role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	12-21	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	128-132
29689332-4	2018	Gene expression of RHO1 and other five CWI-related genes (including Pkc1, Rlm1, Fks1, Fks2 and Chs3) were significant up-regulated in the treatment of SC/Rho1-induced strain (Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformed with RHO1 and induced by galactose).	Galactose	237-246	Rho family GTPase RHO1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	19-23
29689332-4	2018	Gene expression of RHO1 and other five CWI-related genes (including Pkc1, Rlm1, Fks1, Fks2 and Chs3) were significant up-regulated in the treatment of SC/Rho1-induced strain (Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformed with RHO1 and induced by galactose).	Galactose	237-246	Rho family GTPase RHO1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	154-158
29796630-3	2018	The carbohydrate recognition domain in BDCA-2 binds selectively to galactose-terminated bi-antennary glycans.	Galactose	67-76	C-type lectin domain family 4 member C	Homo sapiens	39-45
29650365-1	2018	We reported previously that tobacco plants transformed with the human UDP-galactose transporter 1 gene (hUGT1) had enhanced growth, displayed characteristic traits, and had an increased proportion of galactose (hyper-galactosylation) in the cell wall matrix polysaccharides.	Galactose	74-83	UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	104-109
29671937-6	2018	Furthermore, quercetin could increase the expression of beta-casein, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, fatty acid synthase, and alpha-lactalbumin in the breast tissues that are responsible for the production of fatty acid, lactose, and galactose in the milk at the transcriptional level determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.	Galactose	227-236	lactalbumin, alpha	Mus musculus	119-136
29788479-5	2018	Specifically, the genes encoding phosphoglucomutase activity (PGM1/PGM2), which connect GALactose catabolism to glycolysis, have gained and lost direct regulation by the transcription factor Gal4 several times during yeast evolution.	Galactose	88-97	phosphoglucomutase PGM1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	62-66
29788479-5	2018	Specifically, the genes encoding phosphoglucomutase activity (PGM1/PGM2), which connect GALactose catabolism to glycolysis, have gained and lost direct regulation by the transcription factor Gal4 several times during yeast evolution.	Galactose	88-97	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	67-71
29788479-5	2018	Specifically, the genes encoding phosphoglucomutase activity (PGM1/PGM2), which connect GALactose catabolism to glycolysis, have gained and lost direct regulation by the transcription factor Gal4 several times during yeast evolution.	Galactose	88-97	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	191-195
29788479-6	2018	Through targeted mutations of predicted Gal4-binding sites in yeast genomes, we show this galactose-mediated regulation of PGM1/2 supports vigorous growth on galactose in multiple yeast species, including Saccharomyces uvarum and Lachancea kluyveri.	Galactose	90-99	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	40-44
29788479-6	2018	Through targeted mutations of predicted Gal4-binding sites in yeast genomes, we show this galactose-mediated regulation of PGM1/2 supports vigorous growth on galactose in multiple yeast species, including Saccharomyces uvarum and Lachancea kluyveri.	Galactose	90-99	phosphoglucomutase PGM1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	123-129
29788479-6	2018	Through targeted mutations of predicted Gal4-binding sites in yeast genomes, we show this galactose-mediated regulation of PGM1/2 supports vigorous growth on galactose in multiple yeast species, including Saccharomyces uvarum and Lachancea kluyveri.	Galactose	158-167	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	40-44
29788479-6	2018	Through targeted mutations of predicted Gal4-binding sites in yeast genomes, we show this galactose-mediated regulation of PGM1/2 supports vigorous growth on galactose in multiple yeast species, including Saccharomyces uvarum and Lachancea kluyveri.	Galactose	158-167	phosphoglucomutase PGM1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	123-129
29788479-7	2018	Furthermore, the addition of galactose-inducible PGM1 alone is sufficient to improve the growth on galactose of multiple species that lack this regulation, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	29-38	phosphoglucomutase PGM1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	49-53
29788479-7	2018	Furthermore, the addition of galactose-inducible PGM1 alone is sufficient to improve the growth on galactose of multiple species that lack this regulation, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	99-108	phosphoglucomutase PGM1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	49-53
29788479-8	2018	The strong association between regulation of PGM1/2 by Gal4 even enables remarkably accurate predictions of galactose growth phenotypes between closely related species.	Galactose	108-117	phosphoglucomutase PGM1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	45-51
29788479-8	2018	The strong association between regulation of PGM1/2 by Gal4 even enables remarkably accurate predictions of galactose growth phenotypes between closely related species.	Galactose	108-117	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	55-59
29395731-5	2018	In this clade, the galactose catabolic pathway (also known as the Leloir pathway) genes are regulated by Rtg1/Rtg3.	Galactose	19-28	Rtg1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	105-109
29395731-5	2018	In this clade, the galactose catabolic pathway (also known as the Leloir pathway) genes are regulated by Rtg1/Rtg3.	Galactose	19-28	Rtg3p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	110-114
29884186-7	2018	In response to galactose, mitochondrial dynamics of NM-LRRK2 G2019S improved (- 17.54% circularity, p = 0.002 and + 42.53% form factor, p = 0.051), probably to maintain ATP levels over controls.	Galactose	15-24	leucine rich repeat kinase 2	Homo sapiens	55-60
30018219-5	2018	The analysis of Drosophila EGF20 expressed in HEK293T cells revealed that the majority of the proteins are modified with an elongated form of O-GlcNAc glycan comprising terminal galactose or sialic acid residues.	Galactose	178-187	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	142-150
29631057-2	2018	Previous studies revealed that langerin has an unusual binding affinity toward 6-sulfated galactose (Gal), a structure primarily found in keratan sulfate (KS).	Galactose	101-104	CD207 antigen	Mus musculus	31-39
29359328-6	2018	The activity of galectin-3 could be reduced by a novel d-galactopyranoside derivative targeting the conserved galactoside-binding site of galectins and did not involve interaction with IL-1 receptor 1 or the induction of endogenous IL-1beta.	Galactose	55-74	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	16-26
29905928-0	2018	Lactobacillus plantarum AR501 Alleviates the Oxidative Stress of D-Galactose-Induced Aging Mice Liver by Upregulation of Nrf2-Mediated Antioxidant Enzyme Expression.	Galactose	65-76	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	121-125
29905928-6	2018	In vivo, oral administration of L. plantarum AR113 and AR501 improved the antioxidant status of D-galactose-induced oxidative stress mice such as alleviated liver damages and reduced abnormal activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase to normal levels.	Galactose	96-107	catalase	Mus musculus	256-264
30087939-1	2018	As observed for the reference PSMA I&amp;T, the natGa/natLu complexes of the respective galactose-, mannose-, and cellobiose-conjugated analogs showed high PSMA affinity.	Galactose	88-97	folate hydrolase 1	Homo sapiens	30-34
30087939-1	2018	As observed for the reference PSMA I&amp;T, the natGa/natLu complexes of the respective galactose-, mannose-, and cellobiose-conjugated analogs showed high PSMA affinity.	Galactose	88-97	folate hydrolase 1	Homo sapiens	156-160
29997173-3	2018	CD52-Fc bound specifically to the proinflammatory Box B domain of HMGB1, and this in turn promoted binding of the CD52 N-linked glycan, in alpha-2,3 sialic acid linkage with galactose, to Siglec-10.	Galactose	174-183	CD52 molecule	Homo sapiens	0-4
29997173-3	2018	CD52-Fc bound specifically to the proinflammatory Box B domain of HMGB1, and this in turn promoted binding of the CD52 N-linked glycan, in alpha-2,3 sialic acid linkage with galactose, to Siglec-10.	Galactose	174-183	high mobility group box 1	Homo sapiens	66-71
29997173-3	2018	CD52-Fc bound specifically to the proinflammatory Box B domain of HMGB1, and this in turn promoted binding of the CD52 N-linked glycan, in alpha-2,3 sialic acid linkage with galactose, to Siglec-10.	Galactose	174-183	CD52 molecule	Homo sapiens	114-118
29997173-3	2018	CD52-Fc bound specifically to the proinflammatory Box B domain of HMGB1, and this in turn promoted binding of the CD52 N-linked glycan, in alpha-2,3 sialic acid linkage with galactose, to Siglec-10.	Galactose	174-183	sialic acid binding Ig like lectin 10	Homo sapiens	188-197
29727704-5	2018	In this study, our results showed Nmnat was a positive factor on lifespan and movement capacity, which was consistent on d-galactose induced aging acceleration.	Galactose	121-132	Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase	Drosophila melanogaster	34-39
29688330-3	2018	We synthesized a series of thioglycoside analogs of alpha-GalCer with different substituents to the galactose residue and found that two of these compounds, XZ7 and XZ11, bound to CD1d-transfected HeLa cells and activated lines of expanded human iNKT cells.	Galactose	100-109	CD1d molecule	Homo sapiens	180-184
29851371-0	2018	Schisantherin A Improves Learning and Memory of Mice with D-Galactose-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment Through Its Antioxidation and Regulation of p19/p53/p21/Cyclin D1/CDK4/RB Gene Expressions.	Galactose	58-69	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (P21)	Mus musculus	161-164
29851371-0	2018	Schisantherin A Improves Learning and Memory of Mice with D-Galactose-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment Through Its Antioxidation and Regulation of p19/p53/p21/Cyclin D1/CDK4/RB Gene Expressions.	Galactose	58-69	cyclin D1	Mus musculus	165-174
29851371-0	2018	Schisantherin A Improves Learning and Memory of Mice with D-Galactose-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment Through Its Antioxidation and Regulation of p19/p53/p21/Cyclin D1/CDK4/RB Gene Expressions.	Galactose	58-69	cyclin-dependent kinase 4	Mus musculus	175-179
29808997-2	2018	Galactose (Gal) residues recognized by the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) can serve as potent targeting moieties for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.	Galactose	0-9	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	43-70
29808997-2	2018	Galactose (Gal) residues recognized by the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) can serve as potent targeting moieties for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.	Galactose	0-9	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	72-77
29808997-2	2018	Galactose (Gal) residues recognized by the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) can serve as potent targeting moieties for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.	Galactose	0-3	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	43-70
29808997-2	2018	Galactose (Gal) residues recognized by the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) can serve as potent targeting moieties for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.	Galactose	0-3	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	72-77
29218650-2	2018	LEP-2a was identified to be a homogeneous component with an average molecular weight of 1.31 x 106 Da, which was consisted of mannose and galactose in a molar ratio of 3.8:1.0.	Galactose	138-147	late cornified envelope 1B	Homo sapiens	0-5
29758985-2	2018	The present work sought to research the effects of ultrasonic pretreatment combined with dry heating-induced glycation between alpha-LA and galactose on the immunoglobulin E (IgE)/immunoglobulin G (IgG)-binding ability and glycation extent of alpha-LA, determined by inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and high-resolution mass spectrometry, respectively.	Galactose	140-149	lactalbumin alpha	Bos taurus	243-251
29758985-4	2018	When the mixtures of alpha-LA and galactose were pretreated by ultrasonication at 150 W/cm2, glycated alpha-LA possesses seven glycation sites, the highest IR and DSP values, and the lowest IgE/IgG-binding ability.	Galactose	34-43	lactalbumin alpha	Bos taurus	102-110
31032583-5	2018	CONCLUSIONS: Supplement of Deoxygedunin can significantly reverse Abeta deposition, oxidative stress and cognitive deficits by activating the TrkB signal transduction pathway, which suggest that Deoxygedunin may serve as a promising therapeutic candidate for attenuating AD-like pathological dysfunction induced by D-galactose combined with AlCl3.	Galactose	315-326	neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Rattus norvegicus	142-146
29526355-4	2018	Furthermore, to improve the transcriptional efficiency of heterologous genes, the cellular galactose regulatory network was reconstructed by knocking out galactose metabolic genes GAL80 and GAL1.	Galactose	91-100	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	180-185
29635149-1	2018	The thermal stability of apo alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-LA) and lysozyme was measured in the presence of mixtures of glucose, fructose, and galactose.	Galactose	138-147	lactalbumin alpha	Homo sapiens	48-56
29526355-4	2018	Furthermore, to improve the transcriptional efficiency of heterologous genes, the cellular galactose regulatory network was reconstructed by knocking out galactose metabolic genes GAL80 and GAL1.	Galactose	91-100	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	190-194
29526355-4	2018	Furthermore, to improve the transcriptional efficiency of heterologous genes, the cellular galactose regulatory network was reconstructed by knocking out galactose metabolic genes GAL80 and GAL1.	Galactose	154-163	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	180-185
29526355-4	2018	Furthermore, to improve the transcriptional efficiency of heterologous genes, the cellular galactose regulatory network was reconstructed by knocking out galactose metabolic genes GAL80 and GAL1.	Galactose	154-163	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	190-194
29409891-2	2018	Galactose is metabolized by Leloir pathway enzymes; galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) and UDP-galactose 4-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	0-9	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	52-65
29409891-2	2018	Galactose is metabolized by Leloir pathway enzymes; galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) and UDP-galactose 4-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	0-9	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	67-71
29409891-2	2018	Galactose is metabolized by Leloir pathway enzymes; galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) and UDP-galactose 4-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	0-9	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	74-115
29409891-2	2018	Galactose is metabolized by Leloir pathway enzymes; galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) and UDP-galactose 4-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	0-9	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	117-121
29409891-2	2018	Galactose is metabolized by Leloir pathway enzymes; galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) and UDP-galactose 4-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	0-9	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	127-152
29409891-2	2018	Galactose is metabolized by Leloir pathway enzymes; galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) and UDP-galactose 4-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	0-9	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	154-158
29501615-0	2018	Glucagon-like peptide-1 mediates effects of oral galactose in streptozotocin-induced rat model of sporadic Alzheimer"s disease.	Galactose	49-58	glucagon	Rattus norvegicus	0-23
29501615-3	2018	Galactose, an epimer of glucose, may serve as an alternative source of energy, and given orally may stimulate secretion of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).	Galactose	0-9	glucagon	Rattus norvegicus	144-167
29501615-3	2018	Galactose, an epimer of glucose, may serve as an alternative source of energy, and given orally may stimulate secretion of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).	Galactose	0-9	glucagon	Rattus norvegicus	169-174
29501615-8	2018	Our findings provide strong evidence of beneficial effects of oral galactose treatment in the STZ-icv rat model of sAD and present possible underlying mechanisms including both direct effects of galactose within the brain and indirect GLP-1-induced neuroprotective effects that might open a new, dietary-based strategy in sAD treatment.	Galactose	67-76	glucagon	Rattus norvegicus	235-240
29868268-1	2018	As a DNA binding transcriptional activator, Gal4 promotes the expression of genes responsible for galactose metabolism.	Galactose	98-107	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	44-48
29855477-6	2018	The addition of galactose instead of glucose, to experimentally force mitochondrial respiration, triggered an initial ER stress response that was associated with IRE1alpha-dependent inflammatory signals including JNK and p38 MAP kinases in mutant cells.	Galactose	16-25	endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1	Homo sapiens	162-171
29855477-6	2018	The addition of galactose instead of glucose, to experimentally force mitochondrial respiration, triggered an initial ER stress response that was associated with IRE1alpha-dependent inflammatory signals including JNK and p38 MAP kinases in mutant cells.	Galactose	16-25	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	213-216
29672051-1	2018	The medically important drug target galectin-3 binds galactose-containing moieties on glycoproteins through an intricate pattern of hydrogen bonds to a largely polar surface-exposed binding site.	Galactose	53-62	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	36-46
29526991-7	2018	It is probably by upregulating the mRNA expression of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, which contribute to the enhancement of D-galactose metabolism.	Galactose	134-145	galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase	Mus musculus	54-93
29512726-12	2018	The results of the present study demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg1 was able to protect the testes against D-gal-induced aging in mice.	Galactose	106-111	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	63-66
29505688-1	2018	Galactokinase catalyses the site- and stereospecific phosphorylation of alpha-d-galactose.	Galactose	72-89	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
29525161-4	2018	SLP-1, with a molecular weight of 90 KDa, was mainly composed of galacturonic acid, galactose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 17.6:41.7:33.9.	Galactose	84-93	synaptotagmin like 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
29525161-5	2018	SLP-2, with a molecular weight of 44 KDa, was mainly composed of mannose, galacturonic acid, galactose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 11.5:69.5:9.3:8.2.	Galactose	93-102	synaptotagmin like 2	Homo sapiens	0-5
29523547-0	2018	A Mutation in PGM2 Causing Inefficient Galactose Metabolism in the Probiotic Yeast Saccharomyces boulardii.	Galactose	39-48	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	14-18
29523547-5	2018	As the point mutation resulted in the truncation of the Pgm2 protein, which is known to play a pivotal role in galactose utilization, we hypothesized that the truncated Pgm2 might be associated with inefficient galactose metabolism.	Galactose	111-120	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	56-60
29523547-5	2018	As the point mutation resulted in the truncation of the Pgm2 protein, which is known to play a pivotal role in galactose utilization, we hypothesized that the truncated Pgm2 might be associated with inefficient galactose metabolism.	Galactose	111-120	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	169-173
29523547-5	2018	As the point mutation resulted in the truncation of the Pgm2 protein, which is known to play a pivotal role in galactose utilization, we hypothesized that the truncated Pgm2 might be associated with inefficient galactose metabolism.	Galactose	211-220	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	56-60
29523547-5	2018	As the point mutation resulted in the truncation of the Pgm2 protein, which is known to play a pivotal role in galactose utilization, we hypothesized that the truncated Pgm2 might be associated with inefficient galactose metabolism.	Galactose	211-220	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	169-173
29523547-8	2018	As expected, the mutant (with a full-length PGM2) was able to ferment galactose faster than the wild-type strain.	Galactose	70-79	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	44-48
29523547-9	2018	Interestingly, the mutant showed a lower growth rate than that of the wild-type strain on glucose at 37 C. Also, the wild-type strain was enriched in the mixed culture of wild-type and mutant strains on glucose at 37 C, suggesting that the truncated PGM2 might offer better growth on glucose at a higher temperature in return for inefficient galactose utilization.	Galactose	342-351	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	250-254
29523547-13	2018	Our study reports that a point mutation in PGM2, which codes for phosphoglucomutase, is responsible for inferior galactose utilization by S. boulardii After correction of the mutated PGM2 via genome editing, the resulting strain was able to use galactose faster than a parental strain.	Galactose	113-122	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	43-47
29523547-14	2018	While the PGM2 mutation made the yeast use galactose slowly, investigation of the genomic sequencing data of other S. boulardii strains revealed that the PGM2 mutation is evolutionarily conserved.	Galactose	43-52	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	10-14
29643515-3	2018	Sham group and Aqp4-/--Sham group were injected with saline by intraperitoneal each day for 6 weeks, and the AD group and Aqp4-/--AD group were injected with D-galactose by intraperitoneal each day for 6 weeks.	Galactose	158-169	aquaporin 4	Rattus norvegicus	122-126
29702557-4	2018	Only for few CDG, potentially curative therapies are being used, including dietary supplementation (e.g., galactose for PGM1-CDG, fucose for SLC35C1-CDG, Mn2+ for TMEM165-CDG or mannose for MPI-CDG) and organ transplantation (e.g., liver for MPI-CDG and heart for DOLK-CDG).	Galactose	106-115	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	120-124
29686372-4	2018	We find that both of these QS circuits are induced by short hydrophobic peptides (Shp) upon sensing sugars found in the respiratory tract, such as galactose and mannose.	Galactose	147-156	nuclear receptor subfamily 0 group B member 2	Homo sapiens	54-80
29686372-4	2018	We find that both of these QS circuits are induced by short hydrophobic peptides (Shp) upon sensing sugars found in the respiratory tract, such as galactose and mannose.	Galactose	147-156	nuclear receptor subfamily 0 group B member 2	Homo sapiens	82-85
29446495-6	2018	Using correlative phenotyping of structural and biochemical characteristics, unique features of the cobl2 extruded mucilage are revealed, including: "unraveled" ray morphology, loss of primary cell wall "pyramidal" organization, reduced Ruthenium red staining intensity of the adherent mucilage layer, and increased levels of the monosaccharides arabinose and galactose.	Galactose	360-369	COBRA-like protein 2 precursor	Arabidopsis thaliana	100-105
29626156-9	2018	Accordingly, the GCN2c mutant has strongly reduced activity of succinate dehydrogenase, an iron-sulfur mitochondrial enzyme, and is unable to grow in media with very low iron or with galactose instead of glucose, conditions where formation of ISCs is specially needed.	Galactose	183-192	serine/threonine-protein kinase GCN2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	17-22
29700341-3	2018	The results of binding preferences show that distinct glycosylation on the galactose and fucose motifs are key for C-type lectin receptor binding and that these interactions occur in a Ca2+-dependent fashion.	Galactose	75-84	C-type lectin domain family 4 member D	Homo sapiens	115-137
29155159-3	2018	PRG1-1 was composed of glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose and fructose, in a molar ratio of 66.5:29.2:3.17: 0.663:0.447, respectively.	Galactose	32-41	PRG1	Homo sapiens	0-4
29344647-5	2018	Compared with the age-matched NS group, the D-gal group demonstrated significantly increased levels of the autophagy-related proteins, LC3 and Beclin 1 (BECN1) and the anti-apoptotic proteins B-cell lymphoma (BCL)2 and BCL-extra large (BCL-xL) at 3 months, with no obvious changes in cell apoptosis level and neuron ultrastructural morphology.	Galactose	44-49	annexin A3	Rattus norvegicus	135-138
29344647-5	2018	Compared with the age-matched NS group, the D-gal group demonstrated significantly increased levels of the autophagy-related proteins, LC3 and Beclin 1 (BECN1) and the anti-apoptotic proteins B-cell lymphoma (BCL)2 and BCL-extra large (BCL-xL) at 3 months, with no obvious changes in cell apoptosis level and neuron ultrastructural morphology.	Galactose	44-49	beclin 1	Rattus norvegicus	143-151
29344647-5	2018	Compared with the age-matched NS group, the D-gal group demonstrated significantly increased levels of the autophagy-related proteins, LC3 and Beclin 1 (BECN1) and the anti-apoptotic proteins B-cell lymphoma (BCL)2 and BCL-extra large (BCL-xL) at 3 months, with no obvious changes in cell apoptosis level and neuron ultrastructural morphology.	Galactose	44-49	beclin 1	Rattus norvegicus	153-158
29344647-5	2018	Compared with the age-matched NS group, the D-gal group demonstrated significantly increased levels of the autophagy-related proteins, LC3 and Beclin 1 (BECN1) and the anti-apoptotic proteins B-cell lymphoma (BCL)2 and BCL-extra large (BCL-xL) at 3 months, with no obvious changes in cell apoptosis level and neuron ultrastructural morphology.	Galactose	44-49	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	209-214
29344647-5	2018	Compared with the age-matched NS group, the D-gal group demonstrated significantly increased levels of the autophagy-related proteins, LC3 and Beclin 1 (BECN1) and the anti-apoptotic proteins B-cell lymphoma (BCL)2 and BCL-extra large (BCL-xL) at 3 months, with no obvious changes in cell apoptosis level and neuron ultrastructural morphology.	Galactose	44-49	Bcl2-like 1	Rattus norvegicus	219-234
29344647-5	2018	Compared with the age-matched NS group, the D-gal group demonstrated significantly increased levels of the autophagy-related proteins, LC3 and Beclin 1 (BECN1) and the anti-apoptotic proteins B-cell lymphoma (BCL)2 and BCL-extra large (BCL-xL) at 3 months, with no obvious changes in cell apoptosis level and neuron ultrastructural morphology.	Galactose	44-49	Bcl2-like 1	Rattus norvegicus	236-242
29344647-6	2018	However, LC3, BECN1, BCL2 and BCL-xL were decreased at 15 months in the D-gal group, with cell apoptosis significantly increased and substantial neuron degeneration.	Galactose	72-77	annexin A3	Rattus norvegicus	9-12
29344647-6	2018	However, LC3, BECN1, BCL2 and BCL-xL were decreased at 15 months in the D-gal group, with cell apoptosis significantly increased and substantial neuron degeneration.	Galactose	72-77	beclin 1	Rattus norvegicus	14-19
29344647-6	2018	However, LC3, BECN1, BCL2 and BCL-xL were decreased at 15 months in the D-gal group, with cell apoptosis significantly increased and substantial neuron degeneration.	Galactose	72-77	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	21-25
29344647-6	2018	However, LC3, BECN1, BCL2 and BCL-xL were decreased at 15 months in the D-gal group, with cell apoptosis significantly increased and substantial neuron degeneration.	Galactose	72-77	Bcl2-like 1	Rattus norvegicus	30-36
31938335-0	2018	Erythropoietin suppresses D-galactose-induced aging of rats via the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2-ARE pathway.	Galactose	26-37	erythropoietin	Rattus norvegicus	0-14
31938335-0	2018	Erythropoietin suppresses D-galactose-induced aging of rats via the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2-ARE pathway.	Galactose	26-37	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	73-76
31938335-0	2018	Erythropoietin suppresses D-galactose-induced aging of rats via the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2-ARE pathway.	Galactose	26-37	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	77-81
29606255-4	2018	Mechanims of the disease implicate at least four key molecules have been implicated in immune complex formation: galactose-deficient IgA1, autoantibodies anti-galactose-deficient-IgA1, soluble CD89 (Fc receptor for IgA) and the CD71 mesangial IgA receptor (transferrin receptor).	Galactose	113-122	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	133-137
29437881-9	2018	In conclusion, curcumin effectively inhibited d-gal-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and ovarian injury via a mechanism involving the Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, suggesting that curcumin is a potential protective agent against POF.	Galactose	46-51	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	137-141
29437881-9	2018	In conclusion, curcumin effectively inhibited d-gal-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and ovarian injury via a mechanism involving the Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, suggesting that curcumin is a potential protective agent against POF.	Galactose	46-51	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	142-146
29848151-0	2018	Sulfur dioxide improves endothelial dysfunction by downregulating the angiotensin II/AT1R pathway in D-galactose-induced aging rats.	Galactose	101-112	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	70-84
29848151-0	2018	Sulfur dioxide improves endothelial dysfunction by downregulating the angiotensin II/AT1R pathway in D-galactose-induced aging rats.	Galactose	101-112	angiotensin II receptor, type 1b	Rattus norvegicus	85-89
29418030-4	2018	In Arabidopsis, galactan synthase 1 (GALS1) catalyzes the addition of galactose units from UDP-Gal to growing beta-1,4-galactan chains.	Galactose	70-79	glycosyltransferase family protein (DUF23)	Arabidopsis thaliana	37-42
29418030-6	2018	In this study, we show that AtGALS1 is bifunctional, catalyzing both the transfer of galactose from UDP-alpha-d-Gal and the transfer of an arabinopyranose from UDP-beta-l-Arap to galactan chains.	Galactose	85-94	glycosyltransferase family protein (DUF23)	Arabidopsis thaliana	28-35
29282218-6	2018	The macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL) is a C-type lectin that binds to glycoproteins expressing terminal N-acetylgalactosamine or galactose residues.	Galactose	15-24	C-type lectin domain family 10, member A	Mus musculus	38-41
29325995-6	2018	In addition, AS also ameliorated the oxidative stress and neuroinflammation induced by d-gal through decreasing the level of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), malondialdehyde (MDA) and enhancing the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD).	Galactose	87-92	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	125-142
29325995-6	2018	In addition, AS also ameliorated the oxidative stress and neuroinflammation induced by d-gal through decreasing the level of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), malondialdehyde (MDA) and enhancing the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD).	Galactose	87-92	interleukin 1 alpha	Mus musculus	144-152
29325995-6	2018	In addition, AS also ameliorated the oxidative stress and neuroinflammation induced by d-gal through decreasing the level of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), malondialdehyde (MDA) and enhancing the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD).	Galactose	87-92	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	155-182
29507734-7	2018	Genes from the ethylene signaling, ABA signaling, the AP2/ERF, WRKY, and NAC transcription factor families, and starch/sucrose/galactose pathways were among the most commonly observed to be differentially regulated.	Galactose	127-136	transcription factor APETALA2	Vitis vinifera	54-57
29580262-2	2018	Our previous studies showed that Galectin-3, a lectin that clusters galactose-modified glycoproteins and that has both an intracellular and extracellular location, protects different subtypes of BP-ALL cells against chemotherapy.	Galactose	68-77	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3	Mus musculus	33-43
29507546-6	2018	Moreover, the levels of N-acetylgalactosamine, mannose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine on CEA showed a downward trend after first experiencing an increase at Stage II with the stages of CRC.	Galactose	56-65	CEA cell adhesion molecule 3	Homo sapiens	90-93
29500371-7	2018	Each antibody fraction was employed for structural, biological, and physicochemical analysis, illustrating the mechanism by which galactose modulates the affinity to FcgammaRIIIa.	Galactose	130-139	Fc gamma receptor IIIa	Homo sapiens	166-178
29325995-7	2018	Moreover, western blot results showed that AS can up-regulate the expression of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and inhibit d-gal-induced activation of p53/p21 signaling pathway in the hippocampus of mice.	Galactose	110-115	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	138-141
29325995-7	2018	Moreover, western blot results showed that AS can up-regulate the expression of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and inhibit d-gal-induced activation of p53/p21 signaling pathway in the hippocampus of mice.	Galactose	110-115	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (P21)	Mus musculus	142-145
29325995-8	2018	These results suggest that AS can execute the prevention and treatment of d-gal-induced brain aging by SIRT1/P53/P21 pathway.	Galactose	74-79	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	103-108
29325995-8	2018	These results suggest that AS can execute the prevention and treatment of d-gal-induced brain aging by SIRT1/P53/P21 pathway.	Galactose	74-79	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	109-112
29325995-8	2018	These results suggest that AS can execute the prevention and treatment of d-gal-induced brain aging by SIRT1/P53/P21 pathway.	Galactose	74-79	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (P21)	Mus musculus	113-116
29137999-4	2018	Lectin microarray analysis demonstrated increased glycosylation of fibrinogen due to aging, with predominant increase in high-mannose or hybrid type N-glycans, as well as tri-/tetraantennary complex N-glycans with greater content of galactose and N-acetylglucosamine residues.	Galactose	233-242	fibrinogen beta chain	Homo sapiens	67-77
29174358-4	2018	Monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that the LBP1B-S-2 was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and glucuronic acid in a molar ratio of 3.13: 53.55: 39.37: 3.95.	Galactose	102-111	upstream binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	55-60
29329643-1	2018	Galactose-deficient IgA1 has been proposed as an important effector molecule in IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	20-24
29329643-1	2018	Galactose-deficient IgA1 has been proposed as an important effector molecule in IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	0-9	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	80-95
29329643-1	2018	Galactose-deficient IgA1 has been proposed as an important effector molecule in IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	0-9	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	97-101
29329643-6	2018	Galactose-deficient IgA1 was localized predominantly in the mesangial region as IgA deposition.	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	20-24
29311272-4	2018	Heterologous expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) revealed that STP8 and STP12 catalyze the high-affinity proton-dependent uptake of glucose and also accept galactose and mannose.	Galactose	167-176	sugar transporter protein 12	Arabidopsis thaliana	83-88
29147958-0	2018	Ginsenoside Rg1 Decreases Oxidative Stress and Down-Regulates Akt/mTOR Signalling to Attenuate Cognitive Impairment in Mice and Senescence of Neural Stem Cells Induced by D-Galactose.	Galactose	171-182	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	12-15
29329959-0	2018	miR-21 suppression prevents cardiac alterations induced by d-galactose and doxorubicin.	Galactose	59-70	microRNA 21a	Mus musculus	0-6
29287199-0	2018	Trillium tschonoskii maxim saponin mitigates D-galactose-induced brain aging of rats through rescuing dysfunctional autophagy mediated by Rheb-mTOR signal pathway.	Galactose	45-56	Ras homolog, mTORC1 binding	Rattus norvegicus	138-142
29287199-0	2018	Trillium tschonoskii maxim saponin mitigates D-galactose-induced brain aging of rats through rescuing dysfunctional autophagy mediated by Rheb-mTOR signal pathway.	Galactose	45-56	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Rattus norvegicus	143-147
29254034-2	2018	REPS2-A was composed of galactose, arabinose, glucose, and mannose at a molar ratio of 63.1:0.2:18.3:18.3, respectively, with a molecular weight of 7.125x106Da.	Galactose	24-33	RALBP1 associated Eps domain containing 2	Homo sapiens	0-5
29147958-0	2018	Ginsenoside Rg1 Decreases Oxidative Stress and Down-Regulates Akt/mTOR Signalling to Attenuate Cognitive Impairment in Mice and Senescence of Neural Stem Cells Induced by D-Galactose.	Galactose	171-182	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Mus musculus	66-70
29147958-10	2018	Compared with the D-gal group, Rg1 improved cognitive impairment induced by D-galactose in mice by attenuating senescence of neural stem cells.	Galactose	76-87	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	31-34
29351230-3	2018	The present study was designed to compare the antioxidative effects of insect tea polyphenols (ITP) and its raw tea (Kuding tea) polyphenols (KTP) on d-galactose-induced oxidation in Kunming (KM) mice.	Galactose	150-161	solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 2	Mus musculus	78-81
29194992-2	2018	Herein we report that derivatizing galactose with un-natural structural elements that form multiple non-natural lectin-ligand interactions (orthogonal multipolar fluorine-amide, phenyl-arginine, sulfur-pi, and halogen bond) can provide inhibitors with extraordinary affinity (low nanomolar) for the model lectin, galectin-3, which is more than five orders of magnitude higher than the parent galactose; moreover, is selective over other galectins.	Galactose	35-44	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	313-323
29351230-3	2018	The present study was designed to compare the antioxidative effects of insect tea polyphenols (ITP) and its raw tea (Kuding tea) polyphenols (KTP) on d-galactose-induced oxidation in Kunming (KM) mice.	Galactose	150-161	solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 2	Mus musculus	112-115
29351230-3	2018	The present study was designed to compare the antioxidative effects of insect tea polyphenols (ITP) and its raw tea (Kuding tea) polyphenols (KTP) on d-galactose-induced oxidation in Kunming (KM) mice.	Galactose	150-161	solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 2	Mus musculus	112-115
29335276-5	2018	Here, we combined experiments and computations to visualize natural alleles of the yeast GAL3 gene in a space of model parameters describing the galactose response network.	Galactose	145-154	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	89-93
29335276-6	2018	Alleles altering the activation of Gal3p by galactose were discriminated from those affecting its activity (production/degradation or efficiency of the activated protein).	Galactose	44-53	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	35-40
29863056-4	2018	The recombinant yeast was incubated in SC-Ura medium, which contained galactose to induce BGL2 overexpression.	Galactose	70-79	glucan 1,3-beta-glucosidase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	90-94
29399076-0	2018	Effects of calcium dobesilate on Nrf2, Keap1 and HO-1 in the lenses of D-galactose-induced cataracts in rats.	Galactose	71-82	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	49-53
29324897-0	2018	Serum galactose-deficient-IgA1 and IgG autoantibodies correlate in patients with IgA nephropathy.	Galactose	6-15	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	26-30
29387570-10	2018	Results: Administration of d-galactose led to induction of lipid peroxidation in liver and brain tissues, as well as elevation of AST, ALT, and pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduction of male sex hormones levels in serum.	Galactose	27-38	transmembrane protease, serine 11d	Mus musculus	130-133
29387570-10	2018	Results: Administration of d-galactose led to induction of lipid peroxidation in liver and brain tissues, as well as elevation of AST, ALT, and pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduction of male sex hormones levels in serum.	Galactose	27-38	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	135-138
30196290-10	2018	RESULTS: The expression of M3-mAChR was down-regulated in the myocardium from aged mice and D-galactose-treated mice, while the expression levels of caspase-1 and its downstream molecule IL-1beta were significantly increased.	Galactose	92-103	caspase 1	Mus musculus	149-158
30196290-10	2018	RESULTS: The expression of M3-mAChR was down-regulated in the myocardium from aged mice and D-galactose-treated mice, while the expression levels of caspase-1 and its downstream molecule IL-1beta were significantly increased.	Galactose	92-103	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	187-195
30196290-11	2018	The M3-mAChR agonist choline reduced the increase in caspase-1 in cardiomyocytes induced by D-galactose, which was reversed by the M3-mAChR antagonist 4-DAMP.	Galactose	92-103	caspase 1	Mus musculus	53-62
30196290-12	2018	Moreover, 4-DAMP promoted D-galactose-induced cardiomyocyte aging, which was attenuated by a caspase-1 inhibitor.	Galactose	26-37	caspase 1	Mus musculus	93-102
29121267-3	2018	Here we show that the p.R15L CHCHD10 variant in ALS patient fibroblasts destabilizes the protein, leading to a defect in the assembly of Complex I, impaired cellular respiration, mitochondrial hyperfusion, an increase in the steady-state level of CHCHD2, and a severe proliferation defect on galactose, a substrate that forces cells to synthesize virtually all of their ATP aerobically.	Galactose	292-301	coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 10	Homo sapiens	29-36
29121267-3	2018	Here we show that the p.R15L CHCHD10 variant in ALS patient fibroblasts destabilizes the protein, leading to a defect in the assembly of Complex I, impaired cellular respiration, mitochondrial hyperfusion, an increase in the steady-state level of CHCHD2, and a severe proliferation defect on galactose, a substrate that forces cells to synthesize virtually all of their ATP aerobically.	Galactose	292-301	coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 2	Homo sapiens	247-253
29121267-6	2018	CHCHD10 and CHCHD2 levels increased markedly in control cells in galactose medium, a response that was dampened in patient cells, and a new complex (40 kDa) appeared in both control and patient cells cultured in galactose.	Galactose	65-74	coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 10	Homo sapiens	0-7
29121267-6	2018	CHCHD10 and CHCHD2 levels increased markedly in control cells in galactose medium, a response that was dampened in patient cells, and a new complex (40 kDa) appeared in both control and patient cells cultured in galactose.	Galactose	65-74	coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 2	Homo sapiens	12-18
29121267-6	2018	CHCHD10 and CHCHD2 levels increased markedly in control cells in galactose medium, a response that was dampened in patient cells, and a new complex (40 kDa) appeared in both control and patient cells cultured in galactose.	Galactose	212-221	coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 10	Homo sapiens	0-7
29121267-6	2018	CHCHD10 and CHCHD2 levels increased markedly in control cells in galactose medium, a response that was dampened in patient cells, and a new complex (40 kDa) appeared in both control and patient cells cultured in galactose.	Galactose	212-221	coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 2	Homo sapiens	12-18
29136560-4	2018	Interestingly, GAL-treated mice showed decreased LD and inflammatory cytokines of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in blood.	Galactose	15-18	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	82-86
29136560-4	2018	Interestingly, GAL-treated mice showed decreased LD and inflammatory cytokines of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in blood.	Galactose	15-18	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	91-100
29136560-6	2018	In addition, intravesical mRNAs of NF-kappaB and TNF-alpha were lowered dose-dependently in GAL-treated mice.	Galactose	92-95	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	49-58
29136560-7	2018	As shown in cytohistological staining, the number of intravesical caspase-3, PARP-positive cells decreased in GAL-treated mice.	Galactose	110-113	caspase 3	Mus musculus	66-75
29136560-7	2018	As shown in cytohistological staining, the number of intravesical caspase-3, PARP-positive cells decreased in GAL-treated mice.	Galactose	110-113	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	77-81
29372032-11	2018	Furthermore, Met increased the physical power as well as the activity of SOD and BDNF level in D-gal-treated mice.	Galactose	95-100	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	81-85
28913702-7	2018	Analogous to humans, galt knockout fish accumulate galactose-1-phosphate upon exposure to exogenous galactose.	Galactose	51-60	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	21-25
29399025-3	2017	In addition, administration of DML to D-galactose-treated mice significantly ameliorated the microglial activation and increases of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha levels in the hippocampus.	Galactose	38-49	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	132-140
29153325-5	2017	This mutation confirms that cytoplasmically inherited Gal1 produced during previous growth in galactose directly interferes with Gal80 repression to promote faster induction of GAL genes.	Galactose	94-103	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	54-58
29153325-5	2017	This mutation confirms that cytoplasmically inherited Gal1 produced during previous growth in galactose directly interferes with Gal80 repression to promote faster induction of GAL genes.	Galactose	94-103	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	129-134
29032033-0	2017	Effect of mofezolac-galactose distance in conjugates targeting cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and CNS GLUT-1 carrier.	Galactose	20-29	mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I	Homo sapiens	63-85
29032033-0	2017	Effect of mofezolac-galactose distance in conjugates targeting cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and CNS GLUT-1 carrier.	Galactose	20-29	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Homo sapiens	94-100
29399025-3	2017	In addition, administration of DML to D-galactose-treated mice significantly ameliorated the microglial activation and increases of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha levels in the hippocampus.	Galactose	38-49	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	142-146
29399025-3	2017	In addition, administration of DML to D-galactose-treated mice significantly ameliorated the microglial activation and increases of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha levels in the hippocampus.	Galactose	38-49	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	152-161
28622086-0	2017	Naringenin Ameliorates Behavioral Dysfunction and Neurological Deficits in a d-Galactose-Induced Aging Mouse Model Through Activation of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 Pathway.	Galactose	77-88	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	142-145
29399025-4	2017	Administration of D-galactose significantly reduced IL-4 levels in the hippocampus, while administration of DML to D-galactose-treated mice significantly increased IL-4 level.	Galactose	18-29	interleukin 4	Mus musculus	52-56
29399025-4	2017	Administration of D-galactose significantly reduced IL-4 levels in the hippocampus, while administration of DML to D-galactose-treated mice significantly increased IL-4 level.	Galactose	115-126	interleukin 4	Mus musculus	164-168
28622086-0	2017	Naringenin Ameliorates Behavioral Dysfunction and Neurological Deficits in a d-Galactose-Induced Aging Mouse Model Through Activation of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 Pathway.	Galactose	77-88	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	146-150
29201212-5	2017	Treatment with fullerenol effectively promoted the mRNA expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in a mouse model of skin aging induced by D-galactose.	Galactose	186-197	runt related transcription factor 2	Mus musculus	70-105
29112118-5	2017	Recently, with the successful use of d-galactose in Phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM1)-CDG, other CDG types have been trialed on galactose and with an increasing number of potential nutritional therapies.	Galactose	37-48	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	52-72
29112118-5	2017	Recently, with the successful use of d-galactose in Phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM1)-CDG, other CDG types have been trialed on galactose and with an increasing number of potential nutritional therapies.	Galactose	37-48	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	74-78
29112118-5	2017	Recently, with the successful use of d-galactose in Phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM1)-CDG, other CDG types have been trialed on galactose and with an increasing number of potential nutritional therapies.	Galactose	39-48	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	52-72
29112118-5	2017	Recently, with the successful use of d-galactose in Phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM1)-CDG, other CDG types have been trialed on galactose and with an increasing number of potential nutritional therapies.	Galactose	39-48	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	74-78
28894966-6	2017	Naturally occurring 1 and its analog 3 that adopt similar conformation in water bind preferentially L-fucose, and to a lesser degree D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, typically found within the mucin O-glycan core structures.	Galactose	133-144	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	202-207
28877911-2	2017	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE) is the last enzyme in this pathway that converts UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose and was previously identified as a downstream target of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress effector spliced X-box binding protein 1, suggesting an interesting cross talk between galactose and glucose metabolism in the context of hepatic ER stress and whole-body metabolic fitness.	Galactose	4-13	galactose-4-epimerase, UDP	Mus musculus	27-31
28877911-2	2017	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE) is the last enzyme in this pathway that converts UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose and was previously identified as a downstream target of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress effector spliced X-box binding protein 1, suggesting an interesting cross talk between galactose and glucose metabolism in the context of hepatic ER stress and whole-body metabolic fitness.	Galactose	4-13	X-box binding protein 1	Mus musculus	222-245
28938427-8	2017	In the CRT-knockdown cells, terminal sialylation and fucosylation were decreased, and the core galactose-containing structure was increased in the N-glycans of integrin beta1.	Galactose	95-104	calreticulin	Homo sapiens	7-10
28938427-8	2017	In the CRT-knockdown cells, terminal sialylation and fucosylation were decreased, and the core galactose-containing structure was increased in the N-glycans of integrin beta1.	Galactose	95-104	integrin subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	160-174
28977504-3	2017	Additionally, interactions of RFs with IgG with altered galactose content in the Fc domain were examined, since ACPA-IgGs have been shown to have decreased Fc galactose content in RF+ patients.	Galactose	159-168	proteinase 3	Homo sapiens	112-116
28617415-0	2017	Oral D-galactose supplementation in PGM1-CDG.	Galactose	5-16	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	36-40
28617415-2	2017	Previous casereports in PGM1-CDG patients receiving oral D-galactose (D-gal) showed clinical improvement.	Galactose	57-68	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	24-28
28617415-2	2017	Previous casereports in PGM1-CDG patients receiving oral D-galactose (D-gal) showed clinical improvement.	Galactose	57-62	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	24-28
28617415-12	2017	D-gal increased both UDP-Glc and UDP-Gal levels and improved lipid-linked oligosaccharide fractions in concert with improved glycosylation in PGM1-CDG.ConclusionOral D-gal supplementation is a safe and effective treatment for PGM1-CDG in this pilot study.	Galactose	0-5	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	226-230
28617415-12	2017	D-gal increased both UDP-Glc and UDP-Gal levels and improved lipid-linked oligosaccharide fractions in concert with improved glycosylation in PGM1-CDG.ConclusionOral D-gal supplementation is a safe and effective treatment for PGM1-CDG in this pilot study.	Galactose	166-171	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	226-230
28642114-3	2017	The molecular weight of ACP1 was 1.72x104Da, and ACP1 consisted of glucose and galactose in the mole ratio of 2.21:1.	Galactose	79-88	acid phosphatase 1	Homo sapiens	49-53
28155331-6	2017	Galactose-mediated competitive inhibition confirmed ASGPR-mediated uptake of ligand-anchored NPs in HepG2 cell lines.	Galactose	0-9	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	52-57
28837860-0	2017	Pomegranate peel extract attenuates D-galactose-induced oxidative stress and hearing loss by regulating PNUTS/PP1 activity in the mouse cochlea.	Galactose	36-47	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 10	Mus musculus	104-109
28837860-0	2017	Pomegranate peel extract attenuates D-galactose-induced oxidative stress and hearing loss by regulating PNUTS/PP1 activity in the mouse cochlea.	Galactose	36-47	protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit gamma	Mus musculus	110-113
28780103-8	2017	The extracellular beta-galactosidase (lacL, LBA1467) of L. acidophilus NCFM cleaves the terminal galactose of LNnT for growth, leaving lacto-N-triose II in the media as detected by HPLC.	Galactose	97-106	beta-galactosidase	Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM	18-36
28737584-4	2017	Glycogenin-1 (GYG1) is involved in the initial steps of glycogen synthesis, whereas phosphoglucomutase catalyzes two metabolic pathways; the connection between galactose and glycogen on one side, and glucose metabolism on the other side.	Galactose	160-169	glycogenin 1	Homo sapiens	0-12
28737584-4	2017	Glycogenin-1 (GYG1) is involved in the initial steps of glycogen synthesis, whereas phosphoglucomutase catalyzes two metabolic pathways; the connection between galactose and glycogen on one side, and glucose metabolism on the other side.	Galactose	160-169	glycogenin 1	Homo sapiens	14-18
28821118-3	2017	Preliminary physicochemical analysis identified arabinose (Ara), galactose (Gal) and glucose (Glc) were the major monosaccharides of S-CP1-8, with average Molecular weight (Mw) of 970kDa and contained sulfate with degree of substitution (DS) of 0.12.	Galactose	65-74	stem cell proliferation 1	Mus musculus	133-140
28821118-3	2017	Preliminary physicochemical analysis identified arabinose (Ara), galactose (Gal) and glucose (Glc) were the major monosaccharides of S-CP1-8, with average Molecular weight (Mw) of 970kDa and contained sulfate with degree of substitution (DS) of 0.12.	Galactose	76-79	stem cell proliferation 1	Mus musculus	133-140
28777499-5	2017	Adding D-galactose to the patient"s fibroblast culture increased ICAM-1 expression in vitro, offering a potential treatment option in ALG13-CDG.	Galactose	7-18	intercellular adhesion molecule 1	Homo sapiens	65-71
28777499-5	2017	Adding D-galactose to the patient"s fibroblast culture increased ICAM-1 expression in vitro, offering a potential treatment option in ALG13-CDG.	Galactose	7-18	ALG13 UDP-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit	Homo sapiens	134-139
28732858-5	2017	STP-1 had a major molecular weight of 190.4kDa, and comprised of arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid with molar percentages of 1.94, 30.7, 4.54, 23.2, 17.6, 8.11, and 13.9%, respectively.	Galactose	76-85	transition protein 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
28673733-6	2017	rCTB in periplasm was purified using an immobilized d-galactose resin; GM1-ELISA experiments showed that rCTB retains strong GM1 ganglioside-binding activity.	Galactose	52-63	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1B, choline	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
28673733-6	2017	rCTB in periplasm was purified using an immobilized d-galactose resin; GM1-ELISA experiments showed that rCTB retains strong GM1 ganglioside-binding activity.	Galactose	52-63	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1B, choline	Rattus norvegicus	105-109
28969604-2	2017	Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) and glycan-specific IgG antibody have been identified as major components in cIgA1.	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	29-33
28757412-0	2017	Quercetin ameliorates learning and memory via the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway in d-galactose-induced neurotoxicity in mice.	Galactose	80-91	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	50-54
28969604-2	2017	Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) and glycan-specific IgG antibody have been identified as major components in cIgA1.	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	20-24
28757412-6	2017	Quercetin also prevented changes in the neuronal cell morphology and apoptosis in the hippocampus as well as increased the expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and SOD in d-galactose-treated mice.	Galactose	159-170	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	137-141
28757412-6	2017	Quercetin also prevented changes in the neuronal cell morphology and apoptosis in the hippocampus as well as increased the expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and SOD in d-galactose-treated mice.	Galactose	159-170	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	143-155
28757412-8	2017	In conclusion, quercetin protected mice from d-galactose-induced cognitive functional impairment and neuronal cell apoptosis via activation of the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway.	Galactose	45-56	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	147-151
28934273-10	2017	The induction of D-gal and AlCl3 promoted the expression of RAC1/CDC42 expression; however, the tendency of gene expression was inhibited by pretreatment with Pa.	Galactose	17-22	Rac family small GTPase 1	Rattus norvegicus	60-64
28934273-10	2017	The induction of D-gal and AlCl3 promoted the expression of RAC1/CDC42 expression; however, the tendency of gene expression was inhibited by pretreatment with Pa.	Galactose	17-22	cell division cycle 42	Rattus norvegicus	65-70
28545161-1	2017	Classic galactosemia results from deficient activity of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT), a key enzyme of galactose metabolism.	Galactose	8-17	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Ovis aries	56-97
28545161-1	2017	Classic galactosemia results from deficient activity of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT), a key enzyme of galactose metabolism.	Galactose	8-17	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Ovis aries	99-103
28578968-4	2017	Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that LW1 and LW2 were mainly composed of galactose (52.4% and 57.4%, mol%) and glucose (29.1% and 22.2%, mol%), respectively.	Galactose	86-95	heat shock transcription factor family, X-linked 1	Homo sapiens	50-53
28502776-0	2017	Dried plum and chokeberry ameliorate d-galactose-induced aging in mice by regulation of Pl3k/Akt-mediated Nrf2 and Nf-kB pathways.	Galactose	37-48	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	93-96
27328681-9	2017	Further studies are warranted to confirm the clinical relevance of the milder cardiovascular effects of galactose than other sugars for insulin resistant obese and/or diabetic patients with cardiac insufficiency.	Galactose	104-113	insulin	Homo sapiens	136-143
28502776-0	2017	Dried plum and chokeberry ameliorate d-galactose-induced aging in mice by regulation of Pl3k/Akt-mediated Nrf2 and Nf-kB pathways.	Galactose	37-48	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	106-110
28841174-4	2017	DRP1, with a molecular weight of 5695 Da, was composed of glucose, galactose and arabinose, whereas DRP2, with molecular weight of 8882 Da, was composed of rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose and arabinose.	Galactose	67-76	collapsin response mediator protein 1	Mus musculus	0-4
28412343-2	2017	The monosaccharide component of PAP1-A was L-rhamnose, L-arabinose, L-fucose, D-xylose, D-mannose, D-glucose and D-galactose in the molar ration of 1.82: 1.53: 1.42: 1.31: 5.24: 1: 12.35.	Galactose	113-124	PDGFA associated protein 1	Mus musculus	32-36
28607101-5	2017	Addition of purified MsgA and NanA to the FBS resulted in a release of 2.8 mM galactose and 4.3 mM N-acetylneuraminic acid; these sugar concentrations were sufficient to upregulate the expression of ILY, MsgA, and NanA.	Galactose	78-87	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	30-34
28592437-6	2017	SGLT2 is selective for glucose and alpha-methylglucose but also transports, to a lesser extent, galactose and 3-O-methylglucose.	Galactose	96-105	solute carrier family 5 member 2	Homo sapiens	0-5
28644609-7	2017	Additionally, we evaluated potential recognition by two mammalian lectins, human (hMGL) and murine (mMGL-2) macrophage galactose type C-type lectins.	Galactose	119-128	macrophage galactose N-acetyl-galactosamine specific lectin 2	Mus musculus	100-106
28512676-6	2017	Furthermore, the perfusion process produced anti-CD52 mAb had higher complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) efficacy than that produced by the fed-batch culture, a result probably linked to its higher galactose content.	Galactose	202-211	CD52 molecule	Homo sapiens	49-53
28502921-0	2017	Umbilical Cord MSCs Reverse D-Galactose-Induced Hepatic Mitochondrial Dysfunction via Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway.	Galactose	28-39	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	105-109
28443380-0	2017	Acute hypersensitivity reaction to Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (CroFab) as initial presentation of galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal) allergy.	Galactose	104-113	FA complementation group B	Homo sapiens	64-67
28502921-0	2017	Umbilical Cord MSCs Reverse D-Galactose-Induced Hepatic Mitochondrial Dysfunction via Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway.	Galactose	28-39	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	100-104
28654282-1	2017	Our previous study indicated that pretreatment by dynamic high-pressure microfluidization (DHPM) and glycation with galactose was a promising method for decreasing the immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding ability of beta-lactoglobulin (beta-LG).	Galactose	116-125	immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon	Homo sapiens	186-189
27250629-6	2017	RESULTS: Betaine-exposed neonatal piglets had lower serum concentration of galactose, which was associated with significantly down-regulated hepatic GALK1 expression.	Galactose	75-84	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	149-154
28607146-9	2017	This mechanism allows cells to integrate a previous experience (growth in galactose, reflected by Gal1 levels) with current conditions (growth in glucose, potentially through Tup1 function) to overcome repression and to poise critical GAL genes for future reactivation.	Galactose	74-83	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	98-102
28607146-9	2017	This mechanism allows cells to integrate a previous experience (growth in galactose, reflected by Gal1 levels) with current conditions (growth in glucose, potentially through Tup1 function) to overcome repression and to poise critical GAL genes for future reactivation.	Galactose	74-83	chromatin-silencing transcriptional regulator TUP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	175-179
29270528-1	2017	Introduction: IgA nephropathy is a chronic renal disease characterized by mesangial immunodeposits that contain autoantigen, which is aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 with some hinge-region O-glycans deficient in galactose.	Galactose	209-218	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	158-162
28344090-4	2017	Moreover, the anti-aging activity of DCP-2 was investigated using an aging model-induced by D-galactose (D-gal) in mice.	Galactose	92-103	decapping mRNA 2	Mus musculus	37-42
28344090-4	2017	Moreover, the anti-aging activity of DCP-2 was investigated using an aging model-induced by D-galactose (D-gal) in mice.	Galactose	92-97	decapping mRNA 2	Mus musculus	37-42
28344090-5	2017	The results show that the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of DCP-2 was 2 273Da with a narrow polydispersity index of 1.01, and it was a heteropolysaccharide and consisted of glucose, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose and mannose with a molar ratio of 3.20:2.54:1.69:1.58:1.00.	Galactose	188-197	decapping mRNA 2	Mus musculus	66-71
28932561-8	2017	The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-2R, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 in plasma on the first postoperative day significantly increased in the GAL group than in the non-GAL group (P&lt;0.05).	Galactose	177-180	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	51-60
28932561-8	2017	The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-2R, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 in plasma on the first postoperative day significantly increased in the GAL group than in the non-GAL group (P&lt;0.05).	Galactose	177-180	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	84-88
28932561-8	2017	The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-2R, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 in plasma on the first postoperative day significantly increased in the GAL group than in the non-GAL group (P&lt;0.05).	Galactose	177-180	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	90-94
28932561-8	2017	The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-2R, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 in plasma on the first postoperative day significantly increased in the GAL group than in the non-GAL group (P&lt;0.05).	Galactose	177-180	interleukin 10	Homo sapiens	99-104
28470711-3	2017	Recombinant SUL-I (rSUL-I) was produced in Escherichia coli cells, and its carbohydrate-binding specificity was examined with the glycoconjugate microarray analysis, which suggested that potential target carbohydrate structures are galactose-terminated N-glycans.	Galactose	232-241	dihydropteroate synthase	Escherichia coli	12-17
28794993-0	2017	Limitations of galactose therapy in phosphoglucomutase 1 deficiency.	Galactose	15-24	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	36-56
27324790-12	2017	Galactose increased active caspase-3 immunocontent and acetylcholinesterase activity, decreased acetylcholinesterase immunocontent, glutathione, and BDNF levels, as well as caused protein and DNA damage.	Galactose	0-9	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	27-75
27324790-12	2017	Galactose increased active caspase-3 immunocontent and acetylcholinesterase activity, decreased acetylcholinesterase immunocontent, glutathione, and BDNF levels, as well as caused protein and DNA damage.	Galactose	0-9	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	55-75
27324790-12	2017	Galactose increased active caspase-3 immunocontent and acetylcholinesterase activity, decreased acetylcholinesterase immunocontent, glutathione, and BDNF levels, as well as caused protein and DNA damage.	Galactose	0-9	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	149-153
28746357-2	2017	The molecular pathways in this response remain unelucidated, however, previous data has supported a role for cell membrane-metabolism related pathways including an up regulation of UDP glycosyltransferase 8 (UGT8), which catalyzes the transfer of galactose to ceramide, a lipid that is associated with the induction of apoptotic signalling.	Galactose	247-256	UDP glycosyltransferase 8	Homo sapiens	181-206
28746357-2	2017	The molecular pathways in this response remain unelucidated, however, previous data has supported a role for cell membrane-metabolism related pathways including an up regulation of UDP glycosyltransferase 8 (UGT8), which catalyzes the transfer of galactose to ceramide, a lipid that is associated with the induction of apoptotic signalling.	Galactose	247-256	UDP glycosyltransferase 8	Homo sapiens	208-212
28499970-0	2017	Chitinase1 contributed to a potential protection via microglia polarization and Abeta oligomer reduction in D-galactose and aluminum-induced rat model with cognitive impairments.	Galactose	108-119	chitinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-10
28499970-0	2017	Chitinase1 contributed to a potential protection via microglia polarization and Abeta oligomer reduction in D-galactose and aluminum-induced rat model with cognitive impairments.	Galactose	108-119	amyloid beta precursor protein	Rattus norvegicus	80-85
28557363-4	2017	The proof-of-concept protocol developed for MUC1-specific terminal galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine (Gal/GalNAc) combines affinity binding, off-on switchable catalytic activity, and proximity catalysis to create a reactive handle for bioorthogonal labeling and imaging.	Galactose	67-76	mucin 1, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	44-48
28499970-4	2017	Artificial chitinase1 and chitinase inhibitor (chitinase-IN-2) were used to determine the effects of chitinase1 on inflammatory factors and beta-amyloid (Abeta) oligomers deposition in D-galactose/AlCl3-induced rat model with cognitive impairments.	Galactose	185-196	chitinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	101-111
28499970-4	2017	Artificial chitinase1 and chitinase inhibitor (chitinase-IN-2) were used to determine the effects of chitinase1 on inflammatory factors and beta-amyloid (Abeta) oligomers deposition in D-galactose/AlCl3-induced rat model with cognitive impairments.	Galactose	185-196	amyloid beta precursor protein	Rattus norvegicus	154-159
28499970-6	2017	Our data displayed that the activity of chitinase1 was both improved in D-galactose/AlCl3-injected rats and Abeta-pretreated microglia.	Galactose	72-83	chitinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	40-50
28499970-10	2017	We also detected that chitnase1 could weaken the deposition of Abeta oligomers in the brain of D-galactose/ AlCl3-induced AD rats.	Galactose	95-106	amyloid beta precursor protein	Rattus norvegicus	63-68
27998813-6	2017	The success of the complementary gradient relies on the specific interaction between galactose and asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) expressed on HepG2 cells.	Galactose	85-94	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	128-133
27734244-3	2017	In this study, we aimed to observe the effects of TPM on cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the D-galactose-induced aging mice by Ki-67 and doublecortin (DCX) immunohistochemistry.	Galactose	138-149	doublecortin	Mus musculus	196-199
28433181-2	2017	The molecular weight of SPS2p showed only one molecular weight distribution (2.6x104Da) and the monosaccharide composition of SPS2p showed the presence of arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose at the ratio of 1.31:1.00:3.59:1.59.	Galactose	187-196	selenophosphate synthetase 2	Homo sapiens	126-131
28515121-8	2017	Finally, providing specific nutrients (galactose/glucose) to MuSCs directly controlled their fate through the AMPKalpha1/LDH pathway, emphasizing the importance of metabolism in stem cell fate.	Galactose	39-48	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	110-120
28442211-10	2017	We also observed in patients" fibroblasts a higher proportion of fragmented and intermediate mitochondria upon galactose treatment compared to controls, as already seen in other patients harboring mutations in OPA1.	Galactose	111-120	OPA1 mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase	Homo sapiens	210-214
27734244-6	2017	In addition, we also found that decreased immunoreactivities and protein levels of antioxidants including superoxide dismutase and catalase induced by D-galactose treatment were significantly recovered by 50 mg/kg TPM treatment in the mice hippocampal DG (P &lt; 0.05).	Galactose	151-162	catalase	Mus musculus	131-139
28654657-5	2017	However, when key enzymes of the galactose/GalNAc salvage pathways were disrupted in tandem (GALE+GALK1 or GALE+GALK2), O-glycosylation was eliminated and could not be rescued by the addition of either galactose plus GalNAc or UDP-galactose plus UDP-GalNAc.	Galactose	33-42	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	98-103
28672975-0	2017	The protective effect of Ginsenoside Rg1 on aging mouse pancreas damage induced by D-galactose.	Galactose	83-94	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	37-40
28672975-1	2017	The protective effect and mechanism of Ginsenoside Rg1 on aging mouse pancreas damaged by D-galactose (D-gal)-induced was studied.	Galactose	90-101	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	51-54
28672975-1	2017	The protective effect and mechanism of Ginsenoside Rg1 on aging mouse pancreas damaged by D-galactose (D-gal)-induced was studied.	Galactose	90-95	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	51-54
28654657-4	2017	Deficient glycosylation in the GALE knockout cell line could be rescued by the addition of galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to the cell culture media.	Galactose	91-100	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	31-35
28654657-5	2017	However, when key enzymes of the galactose/GalNAc salvage pathways were disrupted in tandem (GALE+GALK1 or GALE+GALK2), O-glycosylation was eliminated and could not be rescued by the addition of either galactose plus GalNAc or UDP-galactose plus UDP-GalNAc.	Galactose	33-42	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	107-111
28654657-5	2017	However, when key enzymes of the galactose/GalNAc salvage pathways were disrupted in tandem (GALE+GALK1 or GALE+GALK2), O-glycosylation was eliminated and could not be rescued by the addition of either galactose plus GalNAc or UDP-galactose plus UDP-GalNAc.	Galactose	33-42	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	93-97
28654657-5	2017	However, when key enzymes of the galactose/GalNAc salvage pathways were disrupted in tandem (GALE+GALK1 or GALE+GALK2), O-glycosylation was eliminated and could not be rescued by the addition of either galactose plus GalNAc or UDP-galactose plus UDP-GalNAc.	Galactose	33-42	galactokinase 2	Homo sapiens	112-117
28654657-6	2017	GALK1 and GALK2 are key enzymes of the galactose/GalNAc salvage pathways.	Galactose	39-48	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
28654657-6	2017	GALK1 and GALK2 are key enzymes of the galactose/GalNAc salvage pathways.	Galactose	39-48	galactokinase 2	Homo sapiens	10-15
28598487-0	2017	Apigenin exhibits protective effects in a mouse model of d-galactose-induced aging via activating the Nrf2 pathway.	Galactose	57-68	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	102-106
28119125-5	2017	The presence of GAL residues in the polyplexes allows the targeting of HCC cells that express the asialo-glycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R).	Galactose	16-19	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	128-134
28634480-6	2017	Addition of terminal galactose to the N-glycan specifically improved binding of C1q without changing antigen- and FcgammaRIIIa-binding affinities of IgG isotypes.	Galactose	21-30	complement C1q A chain	Homo sapiens	80-83
28119125-5	2017	The presence of GAL residues in the polyplexes allows the targeting of HCC cells that express the asialo-glycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R).	Galactose	16-19	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	98-126
28500071-2	2017	Galectin-3 (Gal-3) can cross-link surface glycoproteins by binding galactose residues that are normally hidden below terminal sialic acid residues.	Galactose	67-76	galectin 3	Rattus norvegicus	0-10
28500071-2	2017	Galectin-3 (Gal-3) can cross-link surface glycoproteins by binding galactose residues that are normally hidden below terminal sialic acid residues.	Galactose	67-76	galectin 3	Rattus norvegicus	12-17
28472605-0	2017	Total Flavonoid Extract from Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medic Flowers Attenuates d-Galactose-Induced Oxidative Stress in Mouse Liver Through the Nrf2 Pathway.	Galactose	79-90	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	143-147
28349866-3	2017	Given the central role of hepatic cholesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH) in the intrahepatic hydrolysis of CE and subsequent removal of the resulting free cholesterol (FC), in this work, we applied galactose-functionalized polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer generation 5 (Gal-G5) for hepatocyte-specific delivery of CEH expression vector.	Galactose	193-202	carboxylesterase 1	Homo sapiens	34-61
28349866-3	2017	Given the central role of hepatic cholesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH) in the intrahepatic hydrolysis of CE and subsequent removal of the resulting free cholesterol (FC), in this work, we applied galactose-functionalized polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer generation 5 (Gal-G5) for hepatocyte-specific delivery of CEH expression vector.	Galactose	193-202	carboxylesterase 1	Homo sapiens	63-66
28349866-3	2017	Given the central role of hepatic cholesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH) in the intrahepatic hydrolysis of CE and subsequent removal of the resulting free cholesterol (FC), in this work, we applied galactose-functionalized polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer generation 5 (Gal-G5) for hepatocyte-specific delivery of CEH expression vector.	Galactose	193-202	carboxylesterase 1	Homo sapiens	309-312
28302704-0	2017	Swimming attenuates d-galactose-induced brain aging via suppressing miR-34a-mediated autophagy impairment and abnormal mitochondrial dynamics.	Galactose	20-31	microRNA 34a	Rattus norvegicus	68-75
28302704-5	2017	In contrast, the miR-34a inhibitor in cell model not only attenuated D-gal-induced the impairment of autophagy but also decreased the expression of DRP1 and mitofusin 2 (MFN2).	Galactose	69-74	microRNA 34a	Rattus norvegicus	17-24
28302704-5	2017	In contrast, the miR-34a inhibitor in cell model not only attenuated D-gal-induced the impairment of autophagy but also decreased the expression of DRP1 and mitofusin 2 (MFN2).	Galactose	69-74	dynamin 1-like	Rattus norvegicus	148-152
28302704-5	2017	In contrast, the miR-34a inhibitor in cell model not only attenuated D-gal-induced the impairment of autophagy but also decreased the expression of DRP1 and mitofusin 2 (MFN2).	Galactose	69-74	mitofusin 2	Rattus norvegicus	157-168
28302704-5	2017	In contrast, the miR-34a inhibitor in cell model not only attenuated D-gal-induced the impairment of autophagy but also decreased the expression of DRP1 and mitofusin 2 (MFN2).	Galactose	69-74	mitofusin 2	Rattus norvegicus	170-174
28302704-6	2017	Therefore, swimming training can delay brain aging of d-gal-induced aging rats through attenuating the impairment of miR-34a-mediated autophagy and abnormal mitochondrial dynamics, and miR-34a could be the novel therapeutic target for aging-related diseases such as AD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the present study, we have found that the upregulation of miR-34a is the hallmark of aging or aging-related diseases, which can result in dysfunctional autophagy and abnormal mitochondrial dynamics.	Galactose	54-59	microRNA 34a	Rattus norvegicus	117-124
28302704-6	2017	Therefore, swimming training can delay brain aging of d-gal-induced aging rats through attenuating the impairment of miR-34a-mediated autophagy and abnormal mitochondrial dynamics, and miR-34a could be the novel therapeutic target for aging-related diseases such as AD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the present study, we have found that the upregulation of miR-34a is the hallmark of aging or aging-related diseases, which can result in dysfunctional autophagy and abnormal mitochondrial dynamics.	Galactose	54-59	microRNA 34a	Rattus norvegicus	185-192
28302704-6	2017	Therefore, swimming training can delay brain aging of d-gal-induced aging rats through attenuating the impairment of miR-34a-mediated autophagy and abnormal mitochondrial dynamics, and miR-34a could be the novel therapeutic target for aging-related diseases such as AD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the present study, we have found that the upregulation of miR-34a is the hallmark of aging or aging-related diseases, which can result in dysfunctional autophagy and abnormal mitochondrial dynamics.	Galactose	54-59	microRNA 34a	Rattus norvegicus	185-192
28440498-13	2017	The promoters of GALK1 and GALK2 were activated in 201B7 cells cultured in HSM, enabling survival using galactose as an energy source.	Galactose	104-113	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	17-22
28440498-13	2017	The promoters of GALK1 and GALK2 were activated in 201B7 cells cultured in HSM, enabling survival using galactose as an energy source.	Galactose	104-113	galactokinase 2	Homo sapiens	27-32
27643636-5	2017	We built a 3D culture platform for hepatocytes-attachment and formation of cell monolayer by interacting the galactose chain of galactosylated alginate gel (GA-gel) with asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) of hepatocytes.	Galactose	109-118	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	170-197
27643636-5	2017	We built a 3D culture platform for hepatocytes-attachment and formation of cell monolayer by interacting the galactose chain of galactosylated alginate gel (GA-gel) with asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) of hepatocytes.	Galactose	109-118	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	199-204
28343910-0	2017	Anti-skin-aging effect of epigallocatechin gallate by regulating epidermal growth factor receptor pathway on aging mouse model induced by d-Galactose.	Galactose	138-149	epidermal growth factor receptor	Mus musculus	65-97
28636500-2	2017	In the serum of patients with IgAN, the hinge region of IgA1 immunoglobulin contains aberrantly glycosylated O-glycans deficient in galactose, which is normally added to the core 1 O-glycan structure by core 1 synthase, glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GALT1), the key enzyme in the process of glycosylation.	Galactose	132-141	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	30-34
28636500-2	2017	In the serum of patients with IgAN, the hinge region of IgA1 immunoglobulin contains aberrantly glycosylated O-glycans deficient in galactose, which is normally added to the core 1 O-glycan structure by core 1 synthase, glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GALT1), the key enzyme in the process of glycosylation.	Galactose	132-141	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	56-60
28325338-5	2017	PCS2 was composed of d-galactose, d-mannose, d-(+)-glucose, d-(+)-xylose, l-arabinose and l-rhamnose.	Galactose	21-32	dominant cataract 4	Mus musculus	0-4
28537556-5	2017	Surprisingly, we observe a localized increase in homologous interactions between the HAS1-TDA1 alleles specifically under galactose induction and saturated growth.	Galactose	122-131	ATP-dependent RNA helicase HAS1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	85-89
28537556-5	2017	Surprisingly, we observe a localized increase in homologous interactions between the HAS1-TDA1 alleles specifically under galactose induction and saturated growth.	Galactose	122-131	protein kinase TDA1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	90-94
28395779-1	2017	A novel near-infrared fluorescent probe for beta-galactosidase has been developed based on a hemicyanine skeleton, which is conjugated with a d-galactose residue via a glycosidic bond.	Galactose	142-153	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	44-62
27897089-9	2017	The administration of d-galactose upregulated the expression of sirtuin-2, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and downregulated the expression of Beclin-1.	Galactose	22-33	sirtuin 2	Rattus norvegicus	64-73
27897089-9	2017	The administration of d-galactose upregulated the expression of sirtuin-2, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and downregulated the expression of Beclin-1.	Galactose	22-33	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	75-88
27897089-9	2017	The administration of d-galactose upregulated the expression of sirtuin-2, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and downregulated the expression of Beclin-1.	Galactose	22-33	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	90-94
27897089-9	2017	The administration of d-galactose upregulated the expression of sirtuin-2, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and downregulated the expression of Beclin-1.	Galactose	22-33	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	101-128
27897089-9	2017	The administration of d-galactose upregulated the expression of sirtuin-2, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and downregulated the expression of Beclin-1.	Galactose	22-33	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	130-139
27897089-9	2017	The administration of d-galactose upregulated the expression of sirtuin-2, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and downregulated the expression of Beclin-1.	Galactose	22-33	beclin 1	Rattus norvegicus	177-185
27897089-10	2017	Metformin supplementation downregulated the d-galactose induced expressions of sirtuin-2, IL-6, and TNF-alpha expression, whereas upregulated the Beclin-1 expression.	Galactose	44-55	sirtuin 2	Rattus norvegicus	79-88
27897089-10	2017	Metformin supplementation downregulated the d-galactose induced expressions of sirtuin-2, IL-6, and TNF-alpha expression, whereas upregulated the Beclin-1 expression.	Galactose	44-55	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	90-94
27897089-10	2017	Metformin supplementation downregulated the d-galactose induced expressions of sirtuin-2, IL-6, and TNF-alpha expression, whereas upregulated the Beclin-1 expression.	Galactose	44-55	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	100-109
28596955-0	2017	Flux-Enabled Exploration of the Role of Sip1 in Galactose Yeast Metabolism.	Galactose	48-57	Sip1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	40-44
28596955-8	2017	Deletion of SIP1 in the CEN.PK113-7D gal1Delta cells grown in mixed glucose/galactose medium results in a further increase.	Galactose	76-85	Sip1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	12-16
28542190-4	2017	Using bulk segregant analysis, we found that a locus containing the galactose sensor GAL3 was associated with differences in GAL signaling in eight different crosses.	Galactose	68-77	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	85-89
28334829-5	2017	Although deleting Sac3 residues 1-90 produced a wild-type phenotype, deletion of the loop as well generated growth defects at 37 C, whereas the deletion of residues 1-250 impaired mRNA export and also generated longer lag times when glucose or raffinose was replaced by galactose as the carbon source.	Galactose	270-279	Sac3p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	18-22
28163205-0	2017	Localization pattern of visfatin (NAMPT) in d-galactose induced aged rat testis.	Galactose	44-55	nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	24-32
28469195-6	2017	In contrast, when hIgG was coexpressed with both hGnT II and hGalT I under the control of the polyhedrin promoter, 27% of all N-glycans were biantennary and terminally modified with GlcNAc, with up to 5% carrying one galactose and 11% carrying two.	Galactose	217-226	alpha-1,6-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase	Homo sapiens	49-56
28163205-0	2017	Localization pattern of visfatin (NAMPT) in d-galactose induced aged rat testis.	Galactose	44-55	nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	34-39
28163205-8	2017	The western blot and immunohistochemical results of the present study showed that d-gal treatment decreases visfatin expression in the testis, particularly in the Leydig cell, and decreases serum testosterone level.	Galactose	82-87	nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	108-116
29071963-1	2017	OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in inferior colliculus and auditory cortex of guinea pigs with age-related hearing loss(AHL) induced by D-galactose, so as to explore the possible mechanism of electroacupuncture(EA) underlying preventing AHL.	Galactose	180-191	catechol O-methyltransferase	Cavia porcellus	40-68
28358426-8	2017	AFP mRNA expression levels significantly increased with the addition of 0.1 microM 2DG in the media, and galactose addition acted synergistically with 2DG to further upregulate AFP expression.	Galactose	105-114	alpha fetoprotein	Homo sapiens	177-180
27324471-4	2017	Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is a specific biomarker of IgAN and could be the first treatment target.	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	20-24
27324471-4	2017	Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is a specific biomarker of IgAN and could be the first treatment target.	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	29-33
27324471-4	2017	Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is a specific biomarker of IgAN and could be the first treatment target.	Galactose	0-9	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	62-66
28593132-0	2017	Activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by lithium chloride attenuates d-galactose-induced neurodegeneration in the auditory cortex of a rat model of aging.	Galactose	72-83	Wnt family member 2	Rattus norvegicus	14-17
28593132-0	2017	Activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by lithium chloride attenuates d-galactose-induced neurodegeneration in the auditory cortex of a rat model of aging.	Galactose	72-83	catenin beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	18-30
28593132-6	2017	Activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by Licl attenuated d-gal-induced auditory cortex apoptosis and neurodegeneration.	Galactose	60-65	Wnt family member 2	Rattus norvegicus	14-17
28593132-6	2017	Activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by Licl attenuated d-gal-induced auditory cortex apoptosis and neurodegeneration.	Galactose	60-65	catenin beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	18-30
29071963-1	2017	OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in inferior colliculus and auditory cortex of guinea pigs with age-related hearing loss(AHL) induced by D-galactose, so as to explore the possible mechanism of electroacupuncture(EA) underlying preventing AHL.	Galactose	180-191	catechol O-methyltransferase	Cavia porcellus	70-74
28110172-3	2017	As a model system for in vivo targeted imaging, DCDHF-betagal possessing galactose unit selectively target hepatocyte and monitor the beta-galactosidase activity with deep tissue penetration, and low background interference.	Galactose	73-82	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	134-152
28371603-10	2017	Apart from this, the incubation of gpm1-delta cells in galactose-containing medium appeared to cause a large increase in their size.	Galactose	55-64	phosphoglycerate mutase GPM1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	35-39
28178855-1	2017	This study aims to investigate the effect as well as mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) on premature ovarian failure (POF) induced by d-galactose (d-gal) in mice.	Galactose	134-145	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	78-81
28115195-3	2017	The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of carnosine on cell damage and glutamine synthetase (GS) expression in D-galactose-induced senescent astrocytes exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/recovery (OGD/R).	Galactose	125-136	glutamate-ammonia ligase	Homo sapiens	85-105
28178855-1	2017	This study aims to investigate the effect as well as mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) on premature ovarian failure (POF) induced by d-galactose (d-gal) in mice.	Galactose	134-145	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	83-86
28178855-1	2017	This study aims to investigate the effect as well as mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) on premature ovarian failure (POF) induced by d-galactose (d-gal) in mice.	Galactose	134-139	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	78-81
28178855-1	2017	This study aims to investigate the effect as well as mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) on premature ovarian failure (POF) induced by d-galactose (d-gal) in mice.	Galactose	134-139	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	83-86
27714582-0	2017	Galactose alters markers of oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase activity in the cerebrum of rats: protective role of antioxidants.	Galactose	0-9	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	49-69
28323990-0	2017	Galactose Supplementation in Patients With TMEM165-CDG Rescues the Glycosylation Defects.	Galactose	0-9	transmembrane protein 165	Homo sapiens	43-50
28323990-6	2017	The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of galactose supplementation on Golgi glycosylation in TMEM165-depleted HEK293 cells, as well as in 2 patients with TMEM165-CDG and in their cultured skin fibroblast cells.	Galactose	57-66	transmembrane protein 165	Homo sapiens	109-116
28323990-11	2017	We then demonstrated that oral galactose supplementation in patients with TMEM165-deficient CDG improved biochemical and clinical parameters, including a substantial increase in the negatively charged transferrin isoforms, and a decrease in hypogalactosylated total N-glycan structures, endocrine function, and coagulation parameters.	Galactose	31-40	transmembrane protein 165	Homo sapiens	74-81
28323990-11	2017	We then demonstrated that oral galactose supplementation in patients with TMEM165-deficient CDG improved biochemical and clinical parameters, including a substantial increase in the negatively charged transferrin isoforms, and a decrease in hypogalactosylated total N-glycan structures, endocrine function, and coagulation parameters.	Galactose	31-40	transferrin	Homo sapiens	201-212
28323990-13	2017	We recommend the use of oral d-galactose therapy in TMEM165-CDG.	Galactose	29-40	transmembrane protein 165	Homo sapiens	52-59
28146365-2	2017	It encodes bacterial beta-galactosidase (Bact beta-Gal), which causes insoluble precipitates when exposed to chromogenic homologues of galactose.	Galactose	135-144	galactosidase, beta 1	Mus musculus	21-39
27714582-4	2017	In the cerebral cortex, galactose at concentrations of 5.0 and 10.0 mM increased TBA-RS and protein carbonyl content, and at 10.0 mM increased CAT activity and decreased AChE activity.	Galactose	24-33	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	170-174
27714582-8	2017	Trolox, ascorbic acid and glutathione addition prevented the majority of alterations in oxidative stress parameters and the decrease in AChE activity that were caused by galactose.	Galactose	170-179	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	136-140
28126686-4	2017	In phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM1) deficiency, an inherited disorder with an enzymatic defect just one metabolic step ahead, hypogalactosylation can be successfully treated by dietary galactose.	Galactose	180-189	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	3-23
28254702-1	2017	Galactose (Gal) is incorporated into cell wall polysaccharides as flowers open, but then is lost because of beta-galactosidase activity as flowers mature and wilt.	Galactose	0-9	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	108-126
28254702-1	2017	Galactose (Gal) is incorporated into cell wall polysaccharides as flowers open, but then is lost because of beta-galactosidase activity as flowers mature and wilt.	Galactose	0-3	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	108-126
28254702-5	2017	The petals of the most down-regulated line (GA19) were significantly disrupted in galactose turnover during flower opening, and at the onset of senescence had retained 86% of their galactose compared with 20% in the controls.	Galactose	82-91	N-alpha-acetyltransferase 15, NatA auxiliary subunit	Homo sapiens	44-48
28254702-5	2017	The petals of the most down-regulated line (GA19) were significantly disrupted in galactose turnover during flower opening, and at the onset of senescence had retained 86% of their galactose compared with 20% in the controls.	Galactose	181-190	N-alpha-acetyltransferase 15, NatA auxiliary subunit	Homo sapiens	44-48
27995398-12	2017	Oral supplementation with galactose and uridine led to improvement of the transferrin isoform pattern within 14 days of treatment initiation.	Galactose	26-35	transferrin	Homo sapiens	74-85
28065439-2	2017	Multiple screening methods have been used since, and currently a two-tier system is used, with residual enzyme activity of galactose-1-phosphate-uridyltransferase (GALT) and total galactose concentration in dried blood spots as the primary and secondary markers.	Galactose	123-132	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	164-168
27888523-7	2017	The galactose: arabinose ratio of AG glycans was higher in GhGalT1 overexpression fibers, but was lower in GhGalT1-silenced lines, compared with that in the wild type.	Galactose	4-13	probable beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase 14	Gossypium hirsutum	59-66
28117590-4	2017	In this study, structural characterization revealed that MC-2 has an average molecular weight of 9.83 kDa and is composed of arabinose (20.9%), mannose (4.5%), glucose (71.9%), and galactose (2.7%).	Galactose	181-190	melanocortin 5 receptor	Homo sapiens	57-61
28075131-1	2017	Classical galactosemia, a hereditary metabolic disease caused by the deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT; EC 2.7.712), results in an impaired galactose metabolism and serious long-term developmental affection of the CNS and ovaries, potentially related in part to endogenous galactose-induced protein dysglycosylation.	Galactose	10-19	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	124-128
28187132-6	2017	Moreover, rs13226913 represents a strong cis-eQTL for C1GALT1 that encodes the key enzyme responsible for the transfer of galactose to O-linked glycans on IgA1.	Galactose	122-131	core 1 synthase, glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	54-61
28187132-6	2017	Moreover, rs13226913 represents a strong cis-eQTL for C1GALT1 that encodes the key enzyme responsible for the transfer of galactose to O-linked glycans on IgA1.	Galactose	122-131	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	155-159
28075131-2	2017	In search for galactose-induced changes in membrane raft proteomes of GALT-deficient cells, we performed differential analyses of lipid rafts from patient-derived (Q) and sex- and age-matched control fibroblasts (H) in the presence or absence of the stressor.	Galactose	14-23	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	70-74
28075131-6	2017	The membrane-anchored N-glycoprotein receptor CD109 was concertedly decreased under galactose-stress together with cadherin-13, GLIPR1, glypican-1, and semaphorin-7A.	Galactose	84-93	semaphorin 7A (John Milton Hagen blood group)	Homo sapiens	152-165
28075131-5	2017	However, a series of common galactose-induced effects were observed, among them the strongly increased ER-stress marker GRP78 and calreticulin involved in N-glycoprotein quality control.	Galactose	28-37	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Homo sapiens	120-125
28075131-5	2017	However, a series of common galactose-induced effects were observed, among them the strongly increased ER-stress marker GRP78 and calreticulin involved in N-glycoprotein quality control.	Galactose	28-37	calreticulin	Homo sapiens	130-142
28075131-6	2017	The membrane-anchored N-glycoprotein receptor CD109 was concertedly decreased under galactose-stress together with cadherin-13, GLIPR1, glypican-1, and semaphorin-7A.	Galactose	84-93	CD109 molecule	Homo sapiens	46-51
28075131-6	2017	The membrane-anchored N-glycoprotein receptor CD109 was concertedly decreased under galactose-stress together with cadherin-13, GLIPR1, glypican-1, and semaphorin-7A.	Galactose	84-93	cadherin 13	Homo sapiens	115-126
28128227-5	2017	In cardiomyocytes, galactose (transported through SGLT1) did not activate NOX2.	Galactose	19-28	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	50-55
27209632-0	2017	Hsp90 mediates the crosstalk between galactose metabolism and cell morphology pathways in yeast.	Galactose	37-46	Hsp90 family chaperone HSP82	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
27209632-6	2017	Our previous and current findings support the "Hsp90 titration model" of Hsp90 buffering, which links the cell morphology and galactose pathways.	Galactose	126-135	Hsp90 family chaperone HSP82	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	47-52
27209632-6	2017	Our previous and current findings support the "Hsp90 titration model" of Hsp90 buffering, which links the cell morphology and galactose pathways.	Galactose	126-135	Hsp90 family chaperone HSP82	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	73-78
27913116-0	2017	Multiple Conformations of Gal3 Protein Drive the Galactose-Induced Allosteric Activation of the GAL Genetic Switch of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	49-58	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	26-30
27913116-1	2017	Gal3p is an allosteric monomeric protein that activates the GAL genetic switch of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in response to galactose.	Galactose	122-131	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
27913116-2	2017	Expression of constitutive mutant of Gal3p or overexpression of wild-type Gal3p activates the GAL switch in the absence of galactose.	Galactose	123-132	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	74-79
27913116-5	2017	However, a mutant of Gal3p that predominantly exists in inactive conformation and is yet capable of responding to galactose has not been isolated.	Galactose	114-123	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	21-26
27913116-6	2017	To understand the mechanism of allosteric transition, we have isolated a triple mutant of Gal3p with V273I, T404A, and N450D substitutions, which, upon overexpression, fails to activate the GAL switch on its own but activates the switch in response to galactose.	Galactose	252-261	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	90-95
27688191-9	2017	The results from this study demonstrate the usefulness of glucose, mannose and galactose as alternative sugar motif on glycoconjugation for GLUT mediated drug design and pharmaceutical R&amp;D, and the obtained fundamental results also support the potential of the GLUT targeted platinum(II)-sugar conjugates as lead compounds for further pre-clinical evaluation.	Galactose	79-88	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Homo sapiens	140-144
27688191-9	2017	The results from this study demonstrate the usefulness of glucose, mannose and galactose as alternative sugar motif on glycoconjugation for GLUT mediated drug design and pharmaceutical R&amp;D, and the obtained fundamental results also support the potential of the GLUT targeted platinum(II)-sugar conjugates as lead compounds for further pre-clinical evaluation.	Galactose	79-88	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Homo sapiens	265-269
28479925-5	2017	The results showed that treating rats with D-galactose resulted in pathological hypertrophy as evident from the morphology change, increased left ventricular weight/whole heart weight, and expression of hypertrophy-related markers (MYH7 and BNP).	Galactose	43-54	myosin heavy chain 7	Rattus norvegicus	232-236
28479925-5	2017	The results showed that treating rats with D-galactose resulted in pathological hypertrophy as evident from the morphology change, increased left ventricular weight/whole heart weight, and expression of hypertrophy-related markers (MYH7 and BNP).	Galactose	43-54	natriuretic peptide B	Rattus norvegicus	241-244
28458714-2	2017	Application of the D-galactose induced accelerated-aging model employing male ICR mice showed that oral administration of some combinations of B, Y, P, and A significantly improved spatial memory in Y-maze test and reduced brain levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 based on immunoassays and oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde, based on the thiobarbituric acid test, and the loss of whiskers, indicating antiaging and antineurodegeneration effects.	Galactose	19-30	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	271-284
29234402-8	2017	Furthermore, EFC inhibited the activation of astrocytes and remarkably attenuated phosphorylated tau and suppressed the expression of presenilin 1 in the brain of D-galactose-treated rats.	Galactose	163-174	presenilin 1	Rattus norvegicus	134-146
27683310-2	2017	ST3Gal-II (coded by the St3gal2 gene) transfers sialic acid preferentially to the three positions of galactose on the Galbeta1-3GalNAc terminus of gangliosides GM1 and GD1b to synthesize GD1a and GT1b, respectively.	Galactose	101-110	ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 2	Mus musculus	0-9
27683310-2	2017	ST3Gal-II (coded by the St3gal2 gene) transfers sialic acid preferentially to the three positions of galactose on the Galbeta1-3GalNAc terminus of gangliosides GM1 and GD1b to synthesize GD1a and GT1b, respectively.	Galactose	101-110	ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 2	Mus musculus	24-31
29333295-0	2017	Serial Galactose-Deficient IgA1 Levels in Children with IgA Nephropathy and Healthy Controls.	Galactose	7-16	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	27-31
27871117-2	2017	SCP-80-I is composed mainly of arabinose, mannose, glucose, and galactose in a molar ratio of 0.369:0.824:10.759:0.333, and has a molecular mass of 18350 Da and beta-glycosides linkages in its molecular structure.	Galactose	64-73	cysteine-rich secretory protein 3	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
29333295-0	2017	Serial Galactose-Deficient IgA1 Levels in Children with IgA Nephropathy and Healthy Controls.	Galactose	7-16	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	56-71
29333295-1	2017	Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is a key pathogenic factor for IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and a potential biomarker for the disease.	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	20-24
29333295-1	2017	Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is a key pathogenic factor for IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and a potential biomarker for the disease.	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	29-33
29333295-1	2017	Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is a key pathogenic factor for IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and a potential biomarker for the disease.	Galactose	0-9	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	66-81
29333295-1	2017	Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is a key pathogenic factor for IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and a potential biomarker for the disease.	Galactose	0-9	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	83-87
27714848-2	2017	Using fluorescent protein reporters we find that under non-inducing conditions the MAL32 promoter exhibits a low basal level of expression, similar to the GAL1 promoter, and that both promoters can be induced independently of each other using the respective sugars, maltose and galactose.	Galactose	278-287	alpha-glucosidase MAL32	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	83-88
27997616-3	2016	Gas chromatography analysis indicated that UP2 contained three kinds of monosaccharides, including mannose, glucose, and galactose at a molar ratio of 1.7:1.0:1.2.	Galactose	121-130	uroplakin 2	Mus musculus	43-46
27930655-0	2016	Effect of Immunosuppressive Drugs on the Changes of Serum Galactose-Deficient IgA1 in Patients with IgA Nephropathy.	Galactose	58-67	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	78-82
27930655-0	2016	Effect of Immunosuppressive Drugs on the Changes of Serum Galactose-Deficient IgA1 in Patients with IgA Nephropathy.	Galactose	58-67	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	100-115
27930655-1	2016	Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) and IgA-IgG complexes are known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	20-24
27930655-1	2016	Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) and IgA-IgG complexes are known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	29-33
27930655-1	2016	Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) and IgA-IgG complexes are known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	0-9	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	116-131
27930655-1	2016	Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) and IgA-IgG complexes are known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	0-9	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	133-137
27704662-2	2016	For example, alpha2,6-sialylation on terminal galactose, catalyzed by the sialyltransferase ST6GAL1, inhibits the binding of galectin-1, a beta-galactoside-binding lectin.	Galactose	46-55	ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	92-99
27919945-6	2016	Our study thus not only supports GALK1 and GALT as being possible novel targets for treating HCC, but also uncovers new post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that link the galactose metabolic pathway to protein expression of the PI3K/AKT pathway in hepatoma.	Galactose	177-186	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	33-38
27919945-6	2016	Our study thus not only supports GALK1 and GALT as being possible novel targets for treating HCC, but also uncovers new post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that link the galactose metabolic pathway to protein expression of the PI3K/AKT pathway in hepatoma.	Galactose	177-186	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	43-47
27919945-6	2016	Our study thus not only supports GALK1 and GALT as being possible novel targets for treating HCC, but also uncovers new post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that link the galactose metabolic pathway to protein expression of the PI3K/AKT pathway in hepatoma.	Galactose	177-186	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	239-242
27538840-3	2016	We showed before that a single nucleotide substitution c.631C &gt; G in the open reading frame of A4GALT, resulting in replacement of glutamine with glutamic acid at position 211 (substitution p. Q211E), broadens the enzyme acceptor specificity, so it can not only attach galactose to another galactose but also to N-acetylgalactosamine.	Galactose	272-281	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	98-104
27538840-3	2016	We showed before that a single nucleotide substitution c.631C &gt; G in the open reading frame of A4GALT, resulting in replacement of glutamine with glutamic acid at position 211 (substitution p. Q211E), broadens the enzyme acceptor specificity, so it can not only attach galactose to another galactose but also to N-acetylgalactosamine.	Galactose	293-302	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	98-104
27704662-2	2016	For example, alpha2,6-sialylation on terminal galactose, catalyzed by the sialyltransferase ST6GAL1, inhibits the binding of galectin-1, a beta-galactoside-binding lectin.	Galactose	46-55	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	125-135
27704662-2	2016	For example, alpha2,6-sialylation on terminal galactose, catalyzed by the sialyltransferase ST6GAL1, inhibits the binding of galectin-1, a beta-galactoside-binding lectin.	Galactose	46-55	galectin 16	Homo sapiens	139-170
27492264-7	2016	Adding galactose to the non-reducing termini of the complex-type, biantennary glycan increased affinity for all CD16s and 32s tested by 1.7-fold.	Galactose	7-16	Fc gamma receptor IIIa	Homo sapiens	112-116
27780933-10	2016	In conclusion, DHM can execute the prevention and treatment of D-gal-induced brain aging by miR-34a-mediated SIRT1-mTOR signal pathway.	Galactose	63-68	microRNA 34a	Rattus norvegicus	92-99
27780933-10	2016	In conclusion, DHM can execute the prevention and treatment of D-gal-induced brain aging by miR-34a-mediated SIRT1-mTOR signal pathway.	Galactose	63-68	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	109-114
27780933-10	2016	In conclusion, DHM can execute the prevention and treatment of D-gal-induced brain aging by miR-34a-mediated SIRT1-mTOR signal pathway.	Galactose	63-68	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Rattus norvegicus	115-119
27217143-8	2016	However, when galactose was used as a sole carbon source to the strain without PFK-2, GlcNAc production was significantly increased and ethanol production was reduced, suggesting that further reduction of glycolytic flux can be used to further improve GlcNAc production.	Galactose	14-23	6-phosphofructokinase subunit beta	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	79-84
28460991-1	2016	The effects of dynamic high-pressure microfluidization (DHPM) (80, 120, and 160MPa) treatment and glycation with galactose on the IgE-binding capacity and conformation of beta-lactoglobulin (beta-Lg) were investigated.	Galactose	113-122	immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon	Homo sapiens	130-133
28460991-2	2016	The binding capacity of immunoglobulin E (IgE) from patients" sera with cow"s milk allergy on beta-Lg glycated with galactose decreased after DHPM treatment.	Galactose	116-125	immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon	Homo sapiens	24-40
28460991-2	2016	The binding capacity of immunoglobulin E (IgE) from patients" sera with cow"s milk allergy on beta-Lg glycated with galactose decreased after DHPM treatment.	Galactose	116-125	immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon	Homo sapiens	42-45
28460991-2	2016	The binding capacity of immunoglobulin E (IgE) from patients" sera with cow"s milk allergy on beta-Lg glycated with galactose decreased after DHPM treatment.	Galactose	116-125	beta-lactoglobulin	Bos taurus	94-101
28460991-6	2016	The results suggested pretreatment by DHPM and glycation with galactose was a promising approach for eliminating the IgE-binding capacity of beta-Lg.	Galactose	62-71	immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon	Homo sapiens	117-120
28460991-6	2016	The results suggested pretreatment by DHPM and glycation with galactose was a promising approach for eliminating the IgE-binding capacity of beta-Lg.	Galactose	62-71	beta-lactoglobulin	Bos taurus	141-148
27870872-1	2016	OBJECTIVE: Galactose-deficient IgA1 was evaluated in patients with IgA nephropathy(IgAN) and controls in order to determine the predictive value of galactose-deficient IgA1 in cases of IgA nephropathy.	Galactose	11-20	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	31-35
27870872-1	2016	OBJECTIVE: Galactose-deficient IgA1 was evaluated in patients with IgA nephropathy(IgAN) and controls in order to determine the predictive value of galactose-deficient IgA1 in cases of IgA nephropathy.	Galactose	11-20	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	83-87
27821126-1	2016	BACKGROUND: alpha1,3-Galactosyltransferase (GGTA1) is essential for the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and therefore a simple and effective target for disrupting the expression of galactose alpha-1,3-galactose epitopes, which mediate hyperacute rejection (HAR) in xenotransplantation.	Galactose	179-188	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Sus scrofa	12-42
27821126-1	2016	BACKGROUND: alpha1,3-Galactosyltransferase (GGTA1) is essential for the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and therefore a simple and effective target for disrupting the expression of galactose alpha-1,3-galactose epitopes, which mediate hyperacute rejection (HAR) in xenotransplantation.	Galactose	179-188	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Sus scrofa	44-49
26966014-0	2016	Somatic Mutations Modulate Autoantibodies against Galactose-Deficient IgA1 in IgA Nephropathy.	Galactose	50-59	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	70-74
27662763-5	2016	Bi-, tri- and tetraantennary glycan isomers with different terminal sialic acid linkages to galactose (alpha2-3 or alpha2-6) were assigned, and the potential of this technique for the structural characterization of isobaric isomers was therefore demonstrated.	Galactose	92-101	immunoglobulin binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	115-123
27485714-9	2016	Furthermore, HBO decreased p16, p21 and p53 gene and protein expression in the hippocampus of D-gal-treated mice.	Galactose	94-99	cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A	Mus musculus	27-30
27485714-9	2016	Furthermore, HBO decreased p16, p21 and p53 gene and protein expression in the hippocampus of D-gal-treated mice.	Galactose	94-99	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (P21)	Mus musculus	32-35
27485714-9	2016	Furthermore, HBO decreased p16, p21 and p53 gene and protein expression in the hippocampus of D-gal-treated mice.	Galactose	94-99	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	40-43
27711358-1	2016	A supramolecular hydrogel formed by spiropyran conjugated galactose was developed for light-controlled release of miR-122 and target-mediated delivery of the miRNA into HepG2 cells cultured on top of the gel.	Galactose	58-67	microRNA 122	Homo sapiens	114-121
27448857-12	2016	The LLC and MLC cheeses had lower levels of lactose, galactose, lactic acid, and insoluble calcium compared with HLC cheese.	Galactose	53-62	modulator of VRAC current 1	Homo sapiens	12-15
27452792-4	2016	The present study utilized a d-galactose (d-gal)-induced aging model in which the inducement of aging was mainly oxidative injury, to explore underlying mechanisms for the decline of brain EPO in aging rats.	Galactose	29-40	erythropoietin	Rattus norvegicus	189-192
27816999-5	2016	We have generated such a tool by heterologously expressing AOX from the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of a galactose promoter.	Galactose	168-177	alternative oxidase, mitochondrial-like	Crassostrea gigas	59-62
27620493-3	2016	In this study we demonstrated that Galectin-3, a galactose-binding lectin that is known to cross-link proteins on cell-surfaces via binding their N-glycans, bound to highly-galactosylated, but not agalactosylated IgG1.	Galactose	49-58	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	35-45
27351940-6	2016	Recognition of novel epitopes by IgA and IgG antibodies leads to the formation of immune complexes galactose deficient-IgA1/anti-glycan IgG or IgA.	Galactose	99-108	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	119-123
27578866-7	2016	Lgals3, a PRC2 target gene encoding a multifunctional galactose-binding lectin, was derepressed in I363M heterozygotes, which enhanced the stemness of HSPCs.	Galactose	54-63	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3	Mus musculus	0-6
27497819-7	2016	We also found that Arc/Arg3.1, c-fos, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels are decreased in the D-galactose animal model, and that minocycline reverses the protein and mRNA levels of Arc in the hippocampus, suggesting the potential role of Arc/Arg3.1 in minocycline"s neuroprotective mechanism.	Galactose	104-115	activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein	Rattus norvegicus	19-29
27497819-7	2016	We also found that Arc/Arg3.1, c-fos, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels are decreased in the D-galactose animal model, and that minocycline reverses the protein and mRNA levels of Arc in the hippocampus, suggesting the potential role of Arc/Arg3.1 in minocycline"s neuroprotective mechanism.	Galactose	104-115	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	42-75
27497819-7	2016	We also found that Arc/Arg3.1, c-fos, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels are decreased in the D-galactose animal model, and that minocycline reverses the protein and mRNA levels of Arc in the hippocampus, suggesting the potential role of Arc/Arg3.1 in minocycline"s neuroprotective mechanism.	Galactose	104-115	activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein	Rattus norvegicus	248-258
27500311-0	2016	A Selective Galactose-Coumarin-Derived Galectin-3 Inhibitor Demonstrates Involvement of Galectin-3-glycan Interactions in a Pulmonary Fibrosis Model.	Galactose	12-21	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3	Mus musculus	39-49
27500311-0	2016	A Selective Galactose-Coumarin-Derived Galectin-3 Inhibitor Demonstrates Involvement of Galectin-3-glycan Interactions in a Pulmonary Fibrosis Model.	Galactose	12-21	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3	Mus musculus	88-98
27580247-2	2016	In Arabidopsis, the last step of xyloglucan (XG) biosynthesis is catalyzed by fucosyltransferase 1 (AtFUT1), which transfers l-fucose from GDP-beta-l-fucose to a specific galactose on the XG core.	Galactose	171-180	fucosyltransferase 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	78-98
27268480-7	2016	These studies indicate that genetic disruption of the alpha-galactosyltransferase (GGTA-1) which blocks synthesis of the Gal antigen has no significant impact on the structural integrity of porcine pericardium and suggest that this tissue could be directly substituted for standard pig pericardium in biomedical devices such as bioprosthetic heart valves.	Galactose	121-124	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Sus scrofa	83-89
27580247-2	2016	In Arabidopsis, the last step of xyloglucan (XG) biosynthesis is catalyzed by fucosyltransferase 1 (AtFUT1), which transfers l-fucose from GDP-beta-l-fucose to a specific galactose on the XG core.	Galactose	171-180	fucosyltransferase 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	100-106
27527101-5	2016	Interestingly, the inability to grow on galactose was found associated with a frameshift in GAL4 gene that seems peculiar of flor strains.	Galactose	40-49	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	92-96
27573383-4	2016	Here, we demonstrate that altering the epistatic interaction between Gal80p and Gal4p also abolishes the bistability, and the switch response to galactose becomes graded instead of binary.	Galactose	145-154	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	69-75
27573383-4	2016	Here, we demonstrate that altering the epistatic interaction between Gal80p and Gal4p also abolishes the bistability, and the switch response to galactose becomes graded instead of binary.	Galactose	145-154	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	80-85
27466186-3	2016	Galactosemia II results from loss of galactokinase (GALK), phosphorylating galactose to galactose-1-phosphate.	Galactose	75-84	Galactokinase	Drosophila melanogaster	52-56
26730750-0	2016	Mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 renal protection in a mouse model of d-galactose-induced subacute damage.	Galactose	66-77	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	25-28
26916459-0	2016	Adipose stem cells" antagonism in glycosylation of D-galactose-induced skin aging of nude mice and its skin recovery function.	Galactose	51-62	WD and tetratricopeptide repeats 1	Mus musculus	0-7
26916459-1	2016	This study aims to discuss adipose stem cells" (ASCs) antagonism in glycosylation of D-galactose-induced skin aging of nude mice and its skin recovery function; the study also aims to explore a new mechanism of anti-aging to provide clinical anti-aging therapy with new thoughts and methods.	Galactose	85-96	WD and tetratricopeptide repeats 1	Mus musculus	27-34
26916459-4	2016	Results also indicated that transplantation of ASCs could reverse expression of aging-related biomarkers such as MDA, SOD, and advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs); hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining showed that thickness of the dermis layer as well as the collagen content of mice in the D-galactose-induced model group increased significantly after ASC transplantation compared with that of control group.	Galactose	296-307	steroid sulfatase	Mus musculus	47-50
26916459-5	2016	In addition, immunohistochemical assay showed that expression quantity of CD31 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) of mice in the D-galactose-induced model group increased significantly after ASC transplantation compared with that of control group.	Galactose	140-151	platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1	Mus musculus	74-78
26916459-5	2016	In addition, immunohistochemical assay showed that expression quantity of CD31 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) of mice in the D-galactose-induced model group increased significantly after ASC transplantation compared with that of control group.	Galactose	140-151	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Mus musculus	83-117
26916459-5	2016	In addition, immunohistochemical assay showed that expression quantity of CD31 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) of mice in the D-galactose-induced model group increased significantly after ASC transplantation compared with that of control group.	Galactose	140-151	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Mus musculus	119-123
26916459-5	2016	In addition, immunohistochemical assay showed that expression quantity of CD31 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) of mice in the D-galactose-induced model group increased significantly after ASC transplantation compared with that of control group.	Galactose	140-151	steroid sulfatase	Mus musculus	202-205
26730750-2	2016	Objective The objectives of this work were to study the protective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on subacute murine renal damage induced by d-galactose and its mechanism.	Galactose	136-147	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	89-92
26730750-7	2016	Conclusions Ginsenoside Rg1 can antagonise d-galactose subacute renal damage in mice and this may occur due to alleviating oxidative stress injury.	Galactose	43-54	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	24-27
27417255-1	2016	Toxicity of the SYD-1 mesoionic compound (3-[4-chloro-3-nitrophenyl]-1,2,3-oxadiazolium-5-olate) was evaluated on human liver cancer cells (HepG2) grown in either high glucose (HG) or galactose (GAL) medium, and also on suspended cells kept in HG medium.	Galactose	184-193	synapse defective Rho GTPase homolog 1	Homo sapiens	16-21
27417255-1	2016	Toxicity of the SYD-1 mesoionic compound (3-[4-chloro-3-nitrophenyl]-1,2,3-oxadiazolium-5-olate) was evaluated on human liver cancer cells (HepG2) grown in either high glucose (HG) or galactose (GAL) medium, and also on suspended cells kept in HG medium.	Galactose	195-198	synapse defective Rho GTPase homolog 1	Homo sapiens	16-21
27405813-6	2016	Biochemical analysis from mammalian animal experiments demonstrated that SHP-1 possesses the ability to enhance antioxidant enzyme activities, such as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) in serum of d-galactose-aged mice, while reducing lipofuscin levels, another indicator of cell aging, indicating a potential association with anti-aging activities in a dose dependent manner.	Galactose	267-278	nuclear receptor subfamily 0 group B member 2	Homo sapiens	73-78
27560716-1	2016	Alpha1,2-fucosyltransferases, FUT1 and FUT2, which transfer fucoses onto the terminal galactose of N-acetyl-lactosamine via alpha1,2-linkage have been shown to be highly expressed in various types of cancers.	Galactose	86-95	fucosyltransferase 1 (H blood group)	Homo sapiens	30-34
27560716-1	2016	Alpha1,2-fucosyltransferases, FUT1 and FUT2, which transfer fucoses onto the terminal galactose of N-acetyl-lactosamine via alpha1,2-linkage have been shown to be highly expressed in various types of cancers.	Galactose	86-95	fucosyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	39-43
27405813-8	2016	These results suggest that SHP-1 has strong antioxidant activities and a significant protective effect against oxidative stress or hepatotoxicity induced by d-galactose in mice and it could be developed as a food ingredient or a pharmaceutical to prevent many age-associated diseases such as major depressive disorder and hepatotoxicity.	Galactose	157-168	nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 2	Mus musculus	27-32
28335269-4	2016	The Gal-DOX/siRNA-L was created via electrostatic interaction of galactose linked-cationic liposomal doxorubicin (Gal-DOX-L) on vimentin siRNA.	Galactose	65-74	vimentin	Homo sapiens	128-136
27345527-2	2016	Physicochemical characterization indicated that POP1 had a relative molecular weight of 8.10 x 10(3) Da and consisted of rhamnose (5.74%), arabinose (12.58%), mannose (10.97%), glucose (64.96%), and galactose (6.55%).	Galactose	199-208	POP1 homolog, ribonuclease P/MRP subunit	Homo sapiens	48-52
26940150-3	2016	B4GALT7 encodes galactosyltransferase-I that catalyzes the addition of a galactose moiety to a xylosyl group in the tetrasaccharide linker of proteoglycans.	Galactose	73-82	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7	Homo sapiens	0-7
27507985-11	2016	Exogenous galactose partially promotes germination of DeltaAtRS4,5 seeds in the dark suggesting that RFOs act as a galactose store and repress AtPIF6 transcripts.	Galactose	10-19	phytochrome interacting factor 3-like 2	Arabidopsis thaliana	143-149
27128978-1	2016	The human Glucose Transporter 1 (hGLUT1 or SLC2A1) is a facilitative membrane transporter found in the liver, intestines, kidney, and brain, where it transports sugars such as d-glucose and d-galactose.	Galactose	190-201	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Homo sapiens	33-39
27128978-1	2016	The human Glucose Transporter 1 (hGLUT1 or SLC2A1) is a facilitative membrane transporter found in the liver, intestines, kidney, and brain, where it transports sugars such as d-glucose and d-galactose.	Galactose	190-201	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Homo sapiens	43-49
27281709-4	2016	The binding of galectin-1 to glycoproteins is blocked by alpha2,6-sialylation of the terminal galactose residues of glycoconjugates, which is catalyzed by a sialyltransferase (ST6Gal-I).	Galactose	94-103	galectin 1	Bos taurus	15-25
27281709-4	2016	The binding of galectin-1 to glycoproteins is blocked by alpha2,6-sialylation of the terminal galactose residues of glycoconjugates, which is catalyzed by a sialyltransferase (ST6Gal-I).	Galactose	94-103	ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1	Bos taurus	176-184
27294914-8	2016	Our findings indicated that ginsenoside Rg1 can improve the resistance of Sca-1+ HSC/HPCs in a mouse model of d-galactose-induced aging through the suppression of oxidative stress and excessive activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, and reduction of DNA damage response, p16(Ink4a)-Rb and p53-p21(Cip1/Waf1) signaling.	Galactose	110-121	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	40-43
27294914-8	2016	Our findings indicated that ginsenoside Rg1 can improve the resistance of Sca-1+ HSC/HPCs in a mouse model of d-galactose-induced aging through the suppression of oxidative stress and excessive activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, and reduction of DNA damage response, p16(Ink4a)-Rb and p53-p21(Cip1/Waf1) signaling.	Galactose	110-121	lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus A	Mus musculus	74-79
27140870-3	2016	In order to force S. cerevisiae to use galactose without respiration, a subunit (COX9) of a respiratory enzyme was deleted, but the resulting deletion mutant (Deltacox9) was impaired in terms of galactose assimilation.	Galactose	39-48	cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIIa	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	81-85
27140870-3	2016	In order to force S. cerevisiae to use galactose without respiration, a subunit (COX9) of a respiratory enzyme was deleted, but the resulting deletion mutant (Deltacox9) was impaired in terms of galactose assimilation.	Galactose	195-204	cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIIa	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	81-85
27140870-8	2016	The mutation (Glu348*) in Gal80p was found to act synergistically with deletion of COX9 for efficient galactose fermentation, and thus the double deletion mutant Deltacox9Deltagal80 produced ethanol 2.4 times faster and with 35% higher yield than a single knockout mutant with deletion of GAL80 alone.	Galactose	102-111	cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIIa	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	83-87
27140870-9	2016	When we introduced a functional COX9 cassette back into the JQ-G1 strain, the JQ-G1-COX9 strain showed a 33% reduction in specific galactose uptake rate and a 49% reduction in specific ethanol production rate as compared to JQ-G1.	Galactose	131-140	cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIIa	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-36
27140870-9	2016	When we introduced a functional COX9 cassette back into the JQ-G1 strain, the JQ-G1-COX9 strain showed a 33% reduction in specific galactose uptake rate and a 49% reduction in specific ethanol production rate as compared to JQ-G1.	Galactose	131-140	cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIIa	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	84-88
26922727-3	2016	Generally, sugar phosphate isomerases show metal-independent activity but PA-PGI exhibited metal-dependent isomerization activity with aldosugars and optimally catalyzed the D-galactose isomerization in the presence of 1.0 mM MnCl2.	Galactose	174-185	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1	77-80
27350617-7	2016	In addition, compared to adhesion to IPEC-J2 cells, adhesion to mucin by both LM1 and LGG was characterized by enhanced specific recognition of glycoreceptor components such as galactose, mannose, and N-acetylglucosamine.	Galactose	177-186	lymphomyeloid antigen 1	Mus musculus	78-81
27300140-2	2016	JJX12 consists of RTA-D10, a camelid single variable domain (VHH) antibody directed against an epitope on ricin"s enzymatic subunit (RTA), linked via a 15-mer peptide to RTB-B7, a VHH against ricin"s bivalent galactose binding subunit (RTB).	Galactose	209-218	MAS related GPR family member F	Homo sapiens	18-21
27294914-0	2016	Protective Effect of Ginsenoside Rg1 on Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells through Attenuating Oxidative Stress and the Wnt/beta-Catenin Signaling Pathway in a Mouse Model of d-Galactose-induced Aging.	Galactose	176-187	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	33-36
26940150-3	2016	B4GALT7 encodes galactosyltransferase-I that catalyzes the addition of a galactose moiety to a xylosyl group in the tetrasaccharide linker of proteoglycans.	Galactose	73-82	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7	Homo sapiens	16-39
27184763-3	2016	Both novel and known locus-specific DNA-protein interactions were identified at the ENO2 and GAL1 promoter regions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and revealed subgroups of proteins present in significantly different levels at the loci in cells grown on glucose versus galactose as the carbon source.	Galactose	266-275	phosphopyruvate hydratase ENO2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	84-88
27184763-3	2016	Both novel and known locus-specific DNA-protein interactions were identified at the ENO2 and GAL1 promoter regions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and revealed subgroups of proteins present in significantly different levels at the loci in cells grown on glucose versus galactose as the carbon source.	Galactose	266-275	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	93-97
27148819-0	2016	Gallic acid-l-leucine (GAL) conjugate enhances macrophage phagocytosis via inducing leukotriene B4 12-hydroxydehydrogenase (LTB4DH) expression.	Galactose	23-26	prostaglandin reductase 1	Mus musculus	84-122
27221740-8	2016	The APE3 did not enter in lysosomes and formed an inclusion body at 30  C, but it inserted to lysosomes as shown by the merger of GFP with lysosomes at 28  C. Antimicrobial activity of the cloned S. cerevisiae increased about 5 to 10 % against eight strains, compared to normal cells, and galactose induction is increased more two folds than that of normal cells.	Galactose	289-298	aminopeptidase Y	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
27148819-0	2016	Gallic acid-l-leucine (GAL) conjugate enhances macrophage phagocytosis via inducing leukotriene B4 12-hydroxydehydrogenase (LTB4DH) expression.	Galactose	23-26	prostaglandin reductase 1	Mus musculus	124-130
27148819-7	2016	Further mechanistic studies revealed that the effect of GAL conjugate on macrophage phagocytosis was positively correlated with the up-regulation of leukotriene B4 12-hydroxydehydrogenase (LTB4DH) expression at both mRNA and protein levels.	Galactose	56-59	prostaglandin reductase 1	Mus musculus	149-187
27148819-7	2016	Further mechanistic studies revealed that the effect of GAL conjugate on macrophage phagocytosis was positively correlated with the up-regulation of leukotriene B4 12-hydroxydehydrogenase (LTB4DH) expression at both mRNA and protein levels.	Galactose	56-59	prostaglandin reductase 1	Mus musculus	189-195
27148819-10	2016	Moreover, it appeared that GAL conjugate induced LTB4DH expression via activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.	Galactose	27-30	prostaglandin reductase 1	Mus musculus	49-55
27148819-10	2016	Moreover, it appeared that GAL conjugate induced LTB4DH expression via activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.	Galactose	27-30	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	86-90
27148819-10	2016	Moreover, it appeared that GAL conjugate induced LTB4DH expression via activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.	Galactose	27-30	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	91-95
27148819-12	2016	Taken together, our results suggest that GAL enhances macrophage phagocytosis via sequentially activating Nrf2 and up-regulating LTB4DH expression.	Galactose	41-44	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	106-110
27148819-12	2016	Taken together, our results suggest that GAL enhances macrophage phagocytosis via sequentially activating Nrf2 and up-regulating LTB4DH expression.	Galactose	41-44	prostaglandin reductase 1	Mus musculus	129-135
27240337-3	2016	Locust bean gum (LBG) is a polysaccharide composed of galactose and mannose residues, which may favour specific recognition by macrophages and potentiate phagocytosis.	Galactose	54-63	brain expressed associated with NEDD4 1	Homo sapiens	7-11
27071848-5	2016	The crystal structure of GalNAc-T2 with the galactose derivative traps the enzyme in an inactive form; this suggests that compounds only containing the beta-phosphate could be efficient ligands for the enzyme.	Galactose	44-53	polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	25-34
26959526-6	2016	Enzymes involved in raffinose catabolism were elevated in the whole cell proteome; alpha-galactosidase (+13.9 fold); sucrose phosphorylase (+5.4 fold) together with metabolic enzymes from the Leloir pathway for galactose utilization and the glycolysis; beta-galactosidase (+5.7 fold); galactose (+2.9/+3.1 fold) and fructose (+2.8 fold) kinases.	Galactose	211-220	alpha-galactosidase	Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM	83-102
33440481-0	2016	Cationic Galactose-Conjugated Copolymers for Epidermal Growth Factor (EGFR) Knockdown in Cervical Adenocarcinoma.	Galactose	9-18	epidermal growth factor	Homo sapiens	45-68
33440481-0	2016	Cationic Galactose-Conjugated Copolymers for Epidermal Growth Factor (EGFR) Knockdown in Cervical Adenocarcinoma.	Galactose	9-18	epidermal growth factor	Homo sapiens	70-74
26747426-3	2016	Using in vitro Ca(2+)transport assays, immunoblot analysis, immunohistochemistry, patch clamp electrophysiology and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, it is demonstrated that the glycosidase beta-galactosidase (beta-gal), an enzyme that hydrolyzes galactose, stimulates TRPV5 channel activity.	Galactose	264-273	galactosidase, beta 1	Mus musculus	207-225
26747426-3	2016	Using in vitro Ca(2+)transport assays, immunoblot analysis, immunohistochemistry, patch clamp electrophysiology and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, it is demonstrated that the glycosidase beta-galactosidase (beta-gal), an enzyme that hydrolyzes galactose, stimulates TRPV5 channel activity.	Galactose	264-273	galactosidase, beta 1	Mus musculus	207-215
26747426-3	2016	Using in vitro Ca(2+)transport assays, immunoblot analysis, immunohistochemistry, patch clamp electrophysiology and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, it is demonstrated that the glycosidase beta-galactosidase (beta-gal), an enzyme that hydrolyzes galactose, stimulates TRPV5 channel activity.	Galactose	264-273	transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 5	Mus musculus	286-291
26948151-0	2016	Intracerebroventricular D-galactose administration impairs memory and alters activity and expression of acetylcholinesterase in the rat.	Galactose	24-35	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	104-124
26948151-10	2016	These findings suggest that these changes in AChE may, at least in part, to lead to memory impairment caused by galactose.	Galactose	112-121	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	45-49
26972278-6	2016	Interestingly, Akt3 knockdown also led to severe structural defects in the mitochondria, an increase in doxorubicin-induced senescence, and impairment of cell proliferation in galactose medium.	Galactose	176-185	AKT serine/threonine kinase 3	Homo sapiens	15-19
26507776-3	2016	An analysis of the monosaccharide composition of the cell wall matrix polysaccharides revealed that the ratio of galactose to total monosaccharides was significantly elevated in the hemicellulose II and pectin fractions of hUGT1-transgenic plants compared with that of control plants.	Galactose	113-122	UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	223-228
26507776-5	2016	These results indicated that, because of the enhanced UDP-galactose transport from the cytosol to the Golgi apparatus by hUGT1, galactose incorporation in the cell wall matrix polysaccharides increased.	Galactose	58-67	UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	121-126
26507776-6	2016	This increased galactose incorporation may have contributed to increased galactose tolerance in hUGT1-transgenic plants.	Galactose	15-24	UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	96-101
26507776-6	2016	This increased galactose incorporation may have contributed to increased galactose tolerance in hUGT1-transgenic plants.	Galactose	73-82	UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	96-101
26959526-6	2016	Enzymes involved in raffinose catabolism were elevated in the whole cell proteome; alpha-galactosidase (+13.9 fold); sucrose phosphorylase (+5.4 fold) together with metabolic enzymes from the Leloir pathway for galactose utilization and the glycolysis; beta-galactosidase (+5.7 fold); galactose (+2.9/+3.1 fold) and fructose (+2.8 fold) kinases.	Galactose	285-294	alpha-galactosidase	Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM	83-102
28446413-6	2016	Compared with those in the negative control group, the numbers of BDNF-positive cells in the hippocampal CA1 region, CA3 region, dentate gyrus (DG) and frontal cortex were all decreased obviously in D-galactose group (P&lt;0.05) but increased in both EPO group and the positive control group (P&lt;0.05) without significant differences between the latter two groups.	Galactose	199-210	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	66-70
28446413-6	2016	Compared with those in the negative control group, the numbers of BDNF-positive cells in the hippocampal CA1 region, CA3 region, dentate gyrus (DG) and frontal cortex were all decreased obviously in D-galactose group (P&lt;0.05) but increased in both EPO group and the positive control group (P&lt;0.05) without significant differences between the latter two groups.	Galactose	199-210	erythropoietin	Rattus norvegicus	251-254
26951197-0	2016	Hsp90 Maintains Proteostasis of the Galactose Utilization Pathway To Prevent Cell Lethality.	Galactose	36-45	heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
26951197-4	2016	Here, we observe that Hsp90 influences the protein abundance of multiple Gal proteins and the efficiency of galactose utilization even after the galactose utilization pathway (GAL pathway) is fully induced.	Galactose	108-117	heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1	Homo sapiens	22-27
26951197-4	2016	Here, we observe that Hsp90 influences the protein abundance of multiple Gal proteins and the efficiency of galactose utilization even after the galactose utilization pathway (GAL pathway) is fully induced.	Galactose	145-154	heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1	Homo sapiens	22-27
26518192-10	2016	GAL treatment increased brain MDA and PC levels and AChE activities.	Galactose	0-3	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	52-56
27148252-3	2016	The IgA in these renal deposits is galactose-deficient IgA1, with less than a full complement of galactose residues on the O-glycans in the hinge region of the heavy chains.	Galactose	35-44	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	55-59
26902800-1	2016	Galectin-1 (Gal-1) is a naturally occurring galactose-binding lectin, which is overexpressed in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).	Galactose	44-53	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 1	Mus musculus	0-10
26902800-1	2016	Galectin-1 (Gal-1) is a naturally occurring galactose-binding lectin, which is overexpressed in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).	Galactose	44-53	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 1	Mus musculus	12-17
25977259-8	2016	In biochemical analysis, there was an increase in malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase levels, while a decrease was observed in glutathione level and glutathione peroxidase activity in groups treated with d-GAL compared with the control group.	Galactose	204-209	myeloperoxidase	Rattus norvegicus	70-85
27209700-2	2016	ASPS was composed of arabinose (51.4%), glucose (24.5%), galactose (10.2%), xylose (5.7) and galacturonic acid (4.9%).	Galactose	57-66	casein kinase 1 delta	Homo sapiens	0-4
27095766-9	2016	The ASP+D-galactose group had reduced content of ALT, AST, and TBil, increased activities of SOD and GSH-Px, and reduced content of MDA and AGEs; the amount of glycogen in the liver increased, and liver injury and hepatocyte injury were alleviated.	Galactose	8-19	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	49-52
27043531-8	2016	Moreover, the expression of the pro-survival p-Akt (protein kinase B (Akt)), Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2), anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-xL) protein decreased significantly in the d-Galactose-induced aging group, with increased performance in the AOF treatment group with levels of p-IGFIR and p-PI3K (Phosphatidylinositol-3" kinase (PI3K)) to increase by dosage and compensatory performance.	Galactose	177-186	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	47-50
27043531-8	2016	Moreover, the expression of the pro-survival p-Akt (protein kinase B (Akt)), Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2), anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-xL) protein decreased significantly in the d-Galactose-induced aging group, with increased performance in the AOF treatment group with levels of p-IGFIR and p-PI3K (Phosphatidylinositol-3" kinase (PI3K)) to increase by dosage and compensatory performance.	Galactose	177-186	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	77-82
27043531-8	2016	Moreover, the expression of the pro-survival p-Akt (protein kinase B (Akt)), Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2), anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-xL) protein decreased significantly in the d-Galactose-induced aging group, with increased performance in the AOF treatment group with levels of p-IGFIR and p-PI3K (Phosphatidylinositol-3" kinase (PI3K)) to increase by dosage and compensatory performance.	Galactose	177-186	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	84-101
27043531-8	2016	Moreover, the expression of the pro-survival p-Akt (protein kinase B (Akt)), Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2), anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-xL) protein decreased significantly in the d-Galactose-induced aging group, with increased performance in the AOF treatment group with levels of p-IGFIR and p-PI3K (Phosphatidylinositol-3" kinase (PI3K)) to increase by dosage and compensatory performance.	Galactose	177-186	Bcl2-like 1	Rattus norvegicus	128-134
27095766-8	2016	RESULTS: The D-galactose model group had increased content of ALT, AST, and TBil, reduced activities of SOD and GSH-Px, an increased content of MDA, and severe liver injuries; the hepatocytes showed degenerative changes, the amount of glycogen in the liver decreased, and the accumulation of AGEs increased.	Galactose	13-24	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	62-65
26896572-8	2016	d-gal and AlCl3-treated caused a decline in spatial learning and memory, hippocampal histopathological abnormalities and increased Abeta1-40 levels in the brain cortex and hippocampus along with decreased Bcl-2 and ChAT expression in the hippocampus.	Galactose	0-5	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	205-210
26896572-8	2016	d-gal and AlCl3-treated caused a decline in spatial learning and memory, hippocampal histopathological abnormalities and increased Abeta1-40 levels in the brain cortex and hippocampus along with decreased Bcl-2 and ChAT expression in the hippocampus.	Galactose	0-5	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	215-219
27095766-8	2016	RESULTS: The D-galactose model group had increased content of ALT, AST, and TBil, reduced activities of SOD and GSH-Px, an increased content of MDA, and severe liver injuries; the hepatocytes showed degenerative changes, the amount of glycogen in the liver decreased, and the accumulation of AGEs increased.	Galactose	13-24	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	67-70
27095766-9	2016	The ASP+D-galactose group had reduced content of ALT, AST, and TBil, increased activities of SOD and GSH-Px, and reduced content of MDA and AGEs; the amount of glycogen in the liver increased, and liver injury and hepatocyte injury were alleviated.	Galactose	8-19	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	54-57
26706839-1	2016	Isolated caprine epididymal plasma glycoprotein "anti sticking factor" (ASF) interacts with caudal sperm surface in a D-galactose dependent manner.	Galactose	118-129	serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1	Homo sapiens	72-75
26706839-3	2016	As a D-galactose specific lectin, it has a specific affinity for fibronectin as well as fibronectin receptor, i.e. integrins alpha5beta3 and alpha5beta1.	Galactose	5-16	fibronectin 1	Homo sapiens	65-76
26706839-3	2016	As a D-galactose specific lectin, it has a specific affinity for fibronectin as well as fibronectin receptor, i.e. integrins alpha5beta3 and alpha5beta1.	Galactose	5-16	fibronectin 1	Homo sapiens	88-99
26721223-0	2016	Neuroprotective effects of ginseng protein on PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the hippocampus of D-galactose/AlCl3 inducing rats model of Alzheimer"s disease.	Galactose	95-106	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	51-54
26836029-7	2016	RPS-1 and RPS-2 were mainly composed of galactose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid, while RPS-3 was mainly composed of galactose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, and glucose.	Galactose	136-145	ribosomal protein S3	Mus musculus	107-112
26915683-2	2016	After conjugating galactose and CMCS to the surface of Fe3O4-NPs, we observed that Gal-CMCS-Fe3O4-NPs were round with a relatively stable zeta potential of +6.5 mV and an mean hydrodynamic size of 40.1 +- 5.3 nm.	Galactose	18-27	cerebral malaria susceptibility in CBA/N	Mus musculus	87-91
26554583-4	2016	We chose as an experimental testbed the most commonly used inducible promoter in yeast: the galactose-responsive GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	92-101	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	113-117
26554583-6	2016	Using a microfluidics-based experimental platform, in which either glucose or galactose can be provided to the cells, we demonstrated that both the MPC and ZAD control strategies can successfully regulate gene expression from the GAL1 promoter in living cells for thousands of minutes.	Galactose	78-87	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	230-234
25869013-6	2016	These data are consistent with the predicted deleterious influence of Gln&gt;His substitution produced by rs11125 on galactose-binding activity of galectin-3.	Galactose	117-126	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	147-157
26875981-6	2016	When SelR-gene-silenced hLE cells were exposed to d-galactose, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) protein level was further increased, mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly decreased and accompanied by a release of mitochondrial cytochrome c.	Galactose	50-61	methionine sulfoxide reductase B1	Homo sapiens	5-9
26875981-6	2016	When SelR-gene-silenced hLE cells were exposed to d-galactose, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) protein level was further increased, mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly decreased and accompanied by a release of mitochondrial cytochrome c.	Galactose	50-61	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Homo sapiens	63-91
26875981-6	2016	When SelR-gene-silenced hLE cells were exposed to d-galactose, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) protein level was further increased, mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly decreased and accompanied by a release of mitochondrial cytochrome c.	Galactose	50-61	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Homo sapiens	93-98
26875981-6	2016	When SelR-gene-silenced hLE cells were exposed to d-galactose, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) protein level was further increased, mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly decreased and accompanied by a release of mitochondrial cytochrome c.	Galactose	50-61	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	244-256
26875981-8	2016	These results suggested that SelR might protect hLE cell mitochondria and mitigating apoptosis in hLE cells against oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by d-galactose, implying that selenium as a micronutrient may play important roles in hLE cells.	Galactose	182-193	methionine sulfoxide reductase B1	Homo sapiens	29-33
26875981-0	2016	Selenoprotein R Protects Human Lens Epithelial Cells against D-Galactose-Induced Apoptosis by Regulating Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress.	Galactose	61-72	methionine sulfoxide reductase B1	Homo sapiens	0-15
26862196-1	2016	Galactokinase catalyses the first committed step of the Leloir pathway, i.e. the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of alpha-D-galactose at C1-OH.	Galactose	114-131	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
26516093-3	2016	We show that replacement of GAL3"s open-reading-frame with GAL1"s results in an extended lag phase upon switching to growth on galactose with up to 2.5-fold differences in the initial cell masses.	Galactose	127-136	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	28-32
26516093-3	2016	We show that replacement of GAL3"s open-reading-frame with GAL1"s results in an extended lag phase upon switching to growth on galactose with up to 2.5-fold differences in the initial cell masses.	Galactose	127-136	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	59-63
26547052-4	2016	Intracellular d-galactose is metabolized to galactose-1-phosphate by galactokinase.	Galactose	14-25	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	69-82
27563166-11	2016	More importantly, negative correlation was observed between galactose-deficient IgA1and alpha-defensins.	Galactose	60-69	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	80-84
27647947-0	2016	Galactose-Deficient IgA1 as a Candidate Urinary Polypeptide Marker of IgA Nephropathy?	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	20-24
27647947-0	2016	Galactose-Deficient IgA1 as a Candidate Urinary Polypeptide Marker of IgA Nephropathy?	Galactose	0-9	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	70-85
26729717-4	2016	We have also developed a new variant of the delitto perfetto methodology to place BDH1 under the control of the GAL1 promoter, resulting in a yeast strain that overexpresses butanediol dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase activities in the presence of galactose and regenerates NADH in the presence of formate.	Galactose	255-264	(R,R)-butanediol dehydrogenase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	82-86
26729717-4	2016	We have also developed a new variant of the delitto perfetto methodology to place BDH1 under the control of the GAL1 promoter, resulting in a yeast strain that overexpresses butanediol dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase activities in the presence of galactose and regenerates NADH in the presence of formate.	Galactose	255-264	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	112-116
27833452-1	2016	We previously found a cross-reactive autoantibody that bound to bovine serum albumin generated in a D-galactose-induced aging mouse model.	Galactose	100-111	albumin	Mus musculus	71-84
27833452-3	2016	Mice that had never been exposed to bovine serum albumin produced an anti-bovine serum albumin autoantibody following repeated subcutaneous injection of D-galactose (D-gal).	Galactose	153-164	albumin	Mus musculus	81-94
27833452-3	2016	Mice that had never been exposed to bovine serum albumin produced an anti-bovine serum albumin autoantibody following repeated subcutaneous injection of D-galactose (D-gal).	Galactose	153-158	albumin	Mus musculus	81-94
27833452-7	2016	In summary, our results suggest that adaptive immune response participates in the autoantibody formation against bovine serum albumin in D-gal-treated mice.	Galactose	137-142	albumin	Mus musculus	120-133
26547052-5	2016	Galactokinase-deficient fibroblasts, which accumulate intracellular d-galactose, displayed increased baseline senescence.	Galactose	68-79	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
26547052-6	2016	Senescence of galactokinase-deficient fibroblasts was further enhanced by d-galactose administration and was diminished by restoration of wild-type galactokinase expression.	Galactose	74-85	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	14-27
26478094-4	2016	AMPS-a has an estimated molecular weight of 8.8x10(3)Da and is mainly composed of beta-d-glucose, alpha-d-mannose, alpha-d-galactose and alpha-l-fucose at a molar ratio of 1.00:0.91:2.14:1.09.	Galactose	115-132	adenylosuccinate lyase	Homo sapiens	0-4
26498380-1	2015	It was previously shown that total saponins extracted from Aralia taibaiensis (sAT) have potent antioxidant activities for treating diabetes mellitus and attenuate d-galactose-induced aging.	Galactose	164-175	spermidine/spermine N1-acetyl transferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	79-82
27225493-8	2016	The cotreatment of neonate skin fibroblast cultures with galactose and Gal-1-P significantly (p &lt; 0.01) increased cellular levels of NO and iNOS protein expression, and decreased (p &lt; 0.01) IGF-1 mRNA levels.	Galactose	57-66	nitric oxide synthase 2	Homo sapiens	143-147
27225493-8	2016	The cotreatment of neonate skin fibroblast cultures with galactose and Gal-1-P significantly (p &lt; 0.01) increased cellular levels of NO and iNOS protein expression, and decreased (p &lt; 0.01) IGF-1 mRNA levels.	Galactose	57-66	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	196-201
27225493-9	2016	Treatment with L-NAME, a NOS inhibitor, significantly (p &lt; 0.05) alleviated a galactose/Gal-1-P-induced decrease in IGF-1 mRNA levels.	Galactose	81-90	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	91-96
27225493-9	2016	Treatment with L-NAME, a NOS inhibitor, significantly (p &lt; 0.05) alleviated a galactose/Gal-1-P-induced decrease in IGF-1 mRNA levels.	Galactose	81-90	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	119-124
26538210-5	2015	The N-glycome of the fut-1;fut-6 mutant was the most complex of the three double-mutant strains due to the extension of the core alpha1,6-fucose as well as the presence of fucose on the bisecting galactose.	Galactose	196-205	Alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferase fut-1	Caenorhabditis elegans	21-32
26890737-3	2016	In the present study, we found that treatment of D-galactose rats with Puerarin could significantly improve behavioral performance and ameliorate the enhanced neurogenesis and microtubule-associated protein tau hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampus of D-galactose rat brains.	Galactose	49-60	microtubule-associated protein tau	Rattus norvegicus	176-210
26890737-3	2016	In the present study, we found that treatment of D-galactose rats with Puerarin could significantly improve behavioral performance and ameliorate the enhanced neurogenesis and microtubule-associated protein tau hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampus of D-galactose rat brains.	Galactose	254-265	microtubule-associated protein tau	Rattus norvegicus	176-210
26303607-8	2016	Optimal improvement of glycosylation-dependent phenotypes should be achieved by early and permanent galactose treatment.However, in case of mutations in ZASP, DCM can develop as a consequence of impaired binding of PGM1 to the heart-specific isoform of ZASP, independently of overall glycosylation efficiency.	Galactose	100-109	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	215-219
26449597-4	2015	The key regulatory component, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) was stabilized at 5 h in 5 % oxygen for all three studied regimens, i.e. in glycolytic cells at 5 mM or 25 mM glucose, or in aglycemic (OXPHOS) cells when glucose was replaced by galactose.	Galactose	260-269	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	30-67
26449597-4	2015	The key regulatory component, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) was stabilized at 5 h in 5 % oxygen for all three studied regimens, i.e. in glycolytic cells at 5 mM or 25 mM glucose, or in aglycemic (OXPHOS) cells when glucose was replaced by galactose.	Galactose	260-269	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	69-79
26498835-0	2015	NADPH oxidase 3-associated oxidative stress and caspase 3-dependent apoptosis in the cochleae of D-galactose-induced aged rats.	Galactose	97-108	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	48-57
26312438-1	2015	The alpha-fluorination of alpha- and beta-C-ethanals of galactose using Jorgensen catalysts and NFSI was investigated.	Galactose	56-65	colony stimulating factor 2 receptor subunit beta	Homo sapiens	26-43
26549684-4	2015	During galactose induction, GAL10 sense transcription occurs in short stochastic bursts, which are unaffected by transcription of antisense GAL10 ncRNA, even when both are present simultaneously at the same locus.	Galactose	7-16	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	28-33
26629321-9	2015	Yeast co-transformants containing corresponding fusion proteins for CTGF and all four tested cystine knot motifs survived on selective medium containing galactose and raffinose but lacking histidine, tryptophan, and uracil.	Galactose	153-162	connective tissue growth factor	Oryctolagus cuniculus	68-72
26209154-6	2015	We observed that chronic treatment of caffeine (3 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally (i.p) for 60 days) improved memory impairment and synaptic markers (Synaptophysin and PSD95) in the d-galactose treated rats.	Galactose	178-189	synaptophysin	Rattus norvegicus	146-159
26344854-1	2015	UDP-galactose 4-epimerase (GalE) catalyzes the interconversion of UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc) and UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal), which is a pivotal step in the Leloir pathway for d-galactose metabolism.	Galactose	167-178	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	27-31
26344854-7	2015	Our data showed that TM0509 is a UDP-galactosugar 4-epimerase involved in d-galactose metabolism; consequently, this study provides the first detailed characterization of a hyperthermophilic GalE.	Galactose	74-85	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	191-195
26344854-8	2015	Moreover, the promiscuous substrate specificity of TMGalE, which is more similar to human GalE than E. coli GalE, supports the notion that TMGalE might exhibit the earliest form of sugar-epimerizing enzymes in the evolution of galactose metabolism.	Galactose	227-236	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	53-57
26344854-8	2015	Moreover, the promiscuous substrate specificity of TMGalE, which is more similar to human GalE than E. coli GalE, supports the notion that TMGalE might exhibit the earliest form of sugar-epimerizing enzymes in the evolution of galactose metabolism.	Galactose	227-236	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	90-94
25842188-1	2015	In the present study, it was aimed to optimize the process of lactose hydrolysis using free and immobilized beta-galactosidase to produce glucose and galactose.	Galactose	150-159	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	108-126
26283730-3	2015	The GAL1 activity in cell populations is modulated in a well-defined range of galactose concentrations, correlating with a dynamic change of histone remodeling and RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) association.	Galactose	78-87	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
26256325-4	2015	PRM1 (143.2 kDa), PRM3 (105.3 kDa) and PRM5 (162.1 kDa) were heteropolysaccharides because they were composed of arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose.	Galactose	145-154	protamine 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
26256355-2	2015	CSP had a weight-average molecular weight of about 6.3 x 10(4)Da and was composed of glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), rhamnose (Rha) and arabinose (Ara) with a relative molar ratio of 4.6:1.3:0.8:0.5.	Galactose	100-109	DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C5	Mus musculus	0-3
26256355-2	2015	CSP had a weight-average molecular weight of about 6.3 x 10(4)Da and was composed of glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), rhamnose (Rha) and arabinose (Ara) with a relative molar ratio of 4.6:1.3:0.8:0.5.	Galactose	111-114	DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C5	Mus musculus	0-3
26209154-6	2015	We observed that chronic treatment of caffeine (3 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally (i.p) for 60 days) improved memory impairment and synaptic markers (Synaptophysin and PSD95) in the d-galactose treated rats.	Galactose	178-189	discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4	Rattus norvegicus	164-169
26209154-9	2015	Additionally, caffeine treatment significantly reduced the d-galactose-induced neuroinflammation through alleviation of COX-2, NOS-2, TNFalpha and IL-1beta.	Galactose	59-70	cytochrome c oxidase II, mitochondrial	Rattus norvegicus	120-125
26209154-9	2015	Additionally, caffeine treatment significantly reduced the d-galactose-induced neuroinflammation through alleviation of COX-2, NOS-2, TNFalpha and IL-1beta.	Galactose	59-70	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	127-132
26209154-9	2015	Additionally, caffeine treatment significantly reduced the d-galactose-induced neuroinflammation through alleviation of COX-2, NOS-2, TNFalpha and IL-1beta.	Galactose	59-70	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	134-142
26209154-9	2015	Additionally, caffeine treatment significantly reduced the d-galactose-induced neuroinflammation through alleviation of COX-2, NOS-2, TNFalpha and IL-1beta.	Galactose	59-70	interleukin 1 beta	Rattus norvegicus	147-155
26129747-7	2015	Transport kinetics of S. cerevisiae Gal2p showed K(m) 371 mM and V(max) 341 nM/mg/min for L-arabinose, and K(m) 25 mM and V(max) 76 nM/mg/min for galactose.	Galactose	146-155	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	36-41
26270612-3	2015	Cell binding by using glycosylation mutants reveals binding of the N-terminal domain of chicken galectin-8 (CG-8N) to alpha-2,3-sialylated and galactose-terminated glycan chains.	Galactose	143-152	galectin 8	Gallus gallus	96-106
26345600-6	2015	Observation by fluorescence microscopy as well as flow cytometry showed that galactose-containing Curdlan derivatives delivered fluorescently labeled short nucleic acid to HepG2 cells expressing ASGPR receptor but not in other cells lacking surface ASGPR protein.	Galactose	77-86	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	195-200
26345600-6	2015	Observation by fluorescence microscopy as well as flow cytometry showed that galactose-containing Curdlan derivatives delivered fluorescently labeled short nucleic acid to HepG2 cells expressing ASGPR receptor but not in other cells lacking surface ASGPR protein.	Galactose	77-86	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	249-254
26345600-7	2015	Moreover, highly galactose-substituted Curdlan derivatives delivered siRNA specifically to ASGPR-expressing cells and induced RNAi activities, silencing endogenous GAPDH gene expression.	Galactose	17-26	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	91-96
26345600-7	2015	Moreover, highly galactose-substituted Curdlan derivatives delivered siRNA specifically to ASGPR-expressing cells and induced RNAi activities, silencing endogenous GAPDH gene expression.	Galactose	17-26	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	164-169
26420964-1	2015	AIM: To investigate the effects of Recql5 deficiency on liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-Gal).	Galactose	120-125	RecQ protein-like 5	Mus musculus	35-41
26057877-4	2015	We determined the binding of the glycopeptides to the hepatocytes, and we established the optimal distance and orientation of the galactose moieties for interaction with the ASGPR using flow cytometry.	Galactose	130-139	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	174-179
26258607-2	2015	Hepatocytes exclusively express asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), which can recognize and bind to galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine.	Galactose	101-110	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	32-59
26258607-2	2015	Hepatocytes exclusively express asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), which can recognize and bind to galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine.	Galactose	101-110	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	61-66
25956382-2	2015	Conjugation of carbohydrate units, including lactose (Lac), glucose (GS), and galactose (Gal) to LHRH peptide protected the peptide from proteolytic degradation and increased the peptides" half-lives in human plasma, rat kidney membrane enzymes, and liver homogenate markedly.	Galactose	78-87	gonadotropin releasing hormone 1	Homo sapiens	97-101
26270769-6	2015	In addition, intravenous administration of Man-S-alpha-CDE (G3, DSM4)/sip65 complex had the potential to induce the in vivo RNAi effect by significant suppression of mRNA expression of NF-kappaB p65 and inflammatory cytokines in the liver of fulminant hepatitis model mice induced by LPS/d-galactosamine (d-Gal) without any significant side effects.	Galactose	305-310	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	185-194
26270769-6	2015	In addition, intravenous administration of Man-S-alpha-CDE (G3, DSM4)/sip65 complex had the potential to induce the in vivo RNAi effect by significant suppression of mRNA expression of NF-kappaB p65 and inflammatory cytokines in the liver of fulminant hepatitis model mice induced by LPS/d-galactosamine (d-Gal) without any significant side effects.	Galactose	305-310	RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit	Homo sapiens	72-75
25956382-2	2015	Conjugation of carbohydrate units, including lactose (Lac), glucose (GS), and galactose (Gal) to LHRH peptide protected the peptide from proteolytic degradation and increased the peptides" half-lives in human plasma, rat kidney membrane enzymes, and liver homogenate markedly.	Galactose	89-92	gonadotropin releasing hormone 1	Homo sapiens	97-101
26143497-8	2015	Also, galactose disrupted this inhibition on the expression of IL-8 and hBD-2.	Galactose	6-15	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	63-67
26143497-8	2015	Also, galactose disrupted this inhibition on the expression of IL-8 and hBD-2.	Galactose	6-15	defensin beta 4A	Homo sapiens	72-77
25778940-8	2015	The effect of dietary galactose supplementation on glycosylation was investigated, showing a nearly complete normalization of transferrin glycosylation.	Galactose	22-31	transferrin	Homo sapiens	126-137
26329882-5	2015	FGF21-KO pups fed by FGF21-KO dams showed decreased expression and circulating levels of incretins (GIP and GLP-1), reduced gene expression of intestinal lactase and maltase-glucoamylase, and low levels of galactose in plasma, all associated with a mild decrease in body weight.	Galactose	206-215	fibroblast growth factor 21	Homo sapiens	0-5
26347169-5	2015	HepG2 cells and rat primary hepatocytes cultured in Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Gelatin hydrogel scaffolds with and without galactose (a ligand for ASGPR) modification are studied using SECM.	Galactose	120-129	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	144-149
26347169-6	2015	Systematic investigation of live cells cultured for different durations in scaffolds of different compositions (9:1 and 8:2 PVA:Gelatin with and without galactose) reveals significant improvement in cell-cell communication and proliferation on galactose incorporated scaffolds, thereby demonstrating the positive influence of ASGPR-mediated adhesion.	Galactose	153-162	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	326-331
26347169-6	2015	Systematic investigation of live cells cultured for different durations in scaffolds of different compositions (9:1 and 8:2 PVA:Gelatin with and without galactose) reveals significant improvement in cell-cell communication and proliferation on galactose incorporated scaffolds, thereby demonstrating the positive influence of ASGPR-mediated adhesion.	Galactose	244-253	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	326-331
25091456-7	2015	RESULTS: We have found statistically significant increase of MUC1 and sialic acid linked by alpha-2,3 bond with galactose in cancer tissue and in intermediate zone comparing to normal renal tissue distant of tumor.	Galactose	112-121	mucin 1, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	61-65
26119284-15	2015	Gigantol reduced the galactose-induced AR and iNOS mRNA expression by 51.2% and 60.9%, respectively.	Galactose	21-30	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	39-41
26119284-15	2015	Gigantol reduced the galactose-induced AR and iNOS mRNA expression by 51.2% and 60.9%, respectively.	Galactose	21-30	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	46-50
26119284-20	2015	denneanum was found to inhibit galactose-induced formation of cataracts through repression of the gene expression and activity of AR and iNOS.	Galactose	31-40	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	137-141
26111224-4	2015	Increasing mannose number (controlled through polymer chain length) and density (controlled through comonomer feed ratio of mannose versus galactose) result in greater interaction with MBL.	Galactose	139-148	mannose binding lectin 2	Homo sapiens	185-188
25997894-7	2015	H9c2 cardiomyoblasts cultured in the galactose-modified media showed lower DOX-induced activation of the apoptotic pathway, measured by decreased caspase-3 and -9 activation, and lower p53 expression, although ultimately loss of cells was not prevented.	Galactose	37-46	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	146-162
25997894-7	2015	H9c2 cardiomyoblasts cultured in the galactose-modified media showed lower DOX-induced activation of the apoptotic pathway, measured by decreased caspase-3 and -9 activation, and lower p53 expression, although ultimately loss of cells was not prevented.	Galactose	37-46	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	185-188
26109484-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is a critical effector molecule in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	12-21	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	119-123
25683148-3	2015	Hepatocytes have galactokinase (GALK), which metabolizes galactose for gluconeogenesis, and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), which converts ornithine to arginine in the urea cycle.	Galactose	57-66	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	17-30
25683148-3	2015	Hepatocytes have galactokinase (GALK), which metabolizes galactose for gluconeogenesis, and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), which converts ornithine to arginine in the urea cycle.	Galactose	57-66	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	32-36
26109484-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is a critical effector molecule in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	12-21	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	32-36
26109484-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is a critical effector molecule in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	12-21	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	41-45
26109484-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is a critical effector molecule in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	12-21	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	102-117
25995448-0	2015	A Novel Mechanism for Binding of Galactose-terminated Glycans by the C-type Carbohydrate Recognition Domain in Blood Dendritic Cell Antigen 2.	Galactose	33-42	C-type lectin domain family 4 member C	Homo sapiens	111-141
26141754-7	2015	ETR1, ETR2 and ETR3 hemagglutinated human, sheep and rat erythrocytes and this hemagglutination was specifically inhibited by galactose and its derivatives.	Galactose	126-135	CUGBP Elav-like family member 3	Homo sapiens	0-4
26141754-7	2015	ETR1, ETR2 and ETR3 hemagglutinated human, sheep and rat erythrocytes and this hemagglutination was specifically inhibited by galactose and its derivatives.	Galactose	126-135	CUGBP Elav-like family member 2	Homo sapiens	15-19
26089151-3	2015	Here, three hexose transporters (CsHT2, CsHT3, and CsHT4) were cloned from Cucumis sativus L. Heterologous expression in yeast demonstrated that CsHT3 transported glucose, galactose and mannose, with a K(m) of 131.9 muM for glucose, and CsHT4 only transported galactose, while CsHT2 was non-functional.	Galactose	172-181	sugar carrier protein C	Cucumis sativus	33-38
26089151-3	2015	Here, three hexose transporters (CsHT2, CsHT3, and CsHT4) were cloned from Cucumis sativus L. Heterologous expression in yeast demonstrated that CsHT3 transported glucose, galactose and mannose, with a K(m) of 131.9 muM for glucose, and CsHT4 only transported galactose, while CsHT2 was non-functional.	Galactose	172-181	sugar transport protein 14	Cucumis sativus	51-56
26089151-3	2015	Here, three hexose transporters (CsHT2, CsHT3, and CsHT4) were cloned from Cucumis sativus L. Heterologous expression in yeast demonstrated that CsHT3 transported glucose, galactose and mannose, with a K(m) of 131.9 muM for glucose, and CsHT4 only transported galactose, while CsHT2 was non-functional.	Galactose	260-269	sugar carrier protein C	Cucumis sativus	33-38
26089151-3	2015	Here, three hexose transporters (CsHT2, CsHT3, and CsHT4) were cloned from Cucumis sativus L. Heterologous expression in yeast demonstrated that CsHT3 transported glucose, galactose and mannose, with a K(m) of 131.9 muM for glucose, and CsHT4 only transported galactose, while CsHT2 was non-functional.	Galactose	260-269	sugar transport protein 14	Cucumis sativus	51-56
26089151-3	2015	Here, three hexose transporters (CsHT2, CsHT3, and CsHT4) were cloned from Cucumis sativus L. Heterologous expression in yeast demonstrated that CsHT3 transported glucose, galactose and mannose, with a K(m) of 131.9 muM for glucose, and CsHT4 only transported galactose, while CsHT2 was non-functional.	Galactose	260-269	hexose carrier protein HEX6	Cucumis sativus	145-150
26091901-3	2015	HPLC analysis showed that PAP consisted of D-mannose, D-ribose, l-rhamnose, D-glucuronic acid, D-glucose and D-galactose, and their corresponding mole percentages were 3.4%, 1.1%, 1.9%, 1.4%, 87.9% and 4.4%, respectively.	Galactose	109-120	regenerating family member 3 alpha	Homo sapiens	26-29
25995448-3	2015	The C-type carbohydrate recognition domain in the extracellular portion of BDCA-2 contains a signature motif typical of C-type animal lectins that bind mannose, glucose, or GlcNAc, yet it has been reported that BDCA-2 binds selectively to galactose-terminated, biantennary N-linked glycans.	Galactose	239-248	C-type lectin domain family 4 member C	Homo sapiens	75-81
25995448-3	2015	The C-type carbohydrate recognition domain in the extracellular portion of BDCA-2 contains a signature motif typical of C-type animal lectins that bind mannose, glucose, or GlcNAc, yet it has been reported that BDCA-2 binds selectively to galactose-terminated, biantennary N-linked glycans.	Galactose	239-248	C-type lectin domain family 4 member C	Homo sapiens	211-217
25995448-6	2015	As predicted from these studies, BDCA-2 binds to IgG, which bears galactose-terminated glycans that are not commonly found attached to other serum glycoproteins.	Galactose	66-75	C-type lectin domain family 4 member C	Homo sapiens	33-39
25996168-4	2015	The purpose of this study was to explore the association between Trx2 and the phenotype of central presbycusis using a mimetic aging animal model induced by long-term exposure to d-galactose (d-Gal).	Galactose	179-190	thioredoxin 2	Rattus norvegicus	65-69
25996168-4	2015	The purpose of this study was to explore the association between Trx2 and the phenotype of central presbycusis using a mimetic aging animal model induced by long-term exposure to d-galactose (d-Gal).	Galactose	192-197	thioredoxin 2	Rattus norvegicus	65-69
26161153-4	2015	The fate of cells with pre-induced lac operon on glucose and galactose milieu is not known.	Galactose	61-70	lactase	Homo sapiens	35-38
26393141-5	2015	OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of two commonly used drugs, phenytoin (CYP inducer) and ciprofloxacin (CYP inhibitor) on the initiation and maturation of cataract with the galactose- induced cataract model.	Galactose	171-180	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily g, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	70-73
26393141-5	2015	OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of two commonly used drugs, phenytoin (CYP inducer) and ciprofloxacin (CYP inhibitor) on the initiation and maturation of cataract with the galactose- induced cataract model.	Galactose	171-180	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily g, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	102-105
26000826-1	2015	The reversible thermal denaturation of apo alpha-lactalbumin and lysozyme was monitored via measurement of changes in absorbance and ellipticity in the presence of varying concentrations of seven mono- and oligosaccharides: glucose, galactose, fructose, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, and stachyose.	Galactose	233-242	lysozyme	Homo sapiens	65-73
25855082-3	2015	Our results showed that GLUT12 is a facilitative sugar transporter with substrate selectivity: d-glucose &gt;= alpha-methyl-d-glucopyranoside (alpha-MG) &gt; 2-deoxy-d-glucose(2-DOG) &gt; d-fructose = d-galactose.	Galactose	201-212	solute carrier family 2 member 12	Canis lupus familiaris	24-30
25869931-4	2015	We have characterized the basic mechanism for a Phr-peptide signaling system in S. pneumoniae and found that it induces the expression of the lantibiotic genes when pneumococcal cells are at high density in the presence of galactose, a main sugar of the human nasopharynx, a highly competitive microbial environment.	Galactose	223-232	MYC binding protein 2	Homo sapiens	48-51
26112740-9	2015	The galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter provided the highest GFP expression on galactose, and the copper-inducible CUP1 promoter provided the highest induced GFP expression following the diauxic shift.	Galactose	4-13	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	24-28
26112740-9	2015	The galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter provided the highest GFP expression on galactose, and the copper-inducible CUP1 promoter provided the highest induced GFP expression following the diauxic shift.	Galactose	77-86	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	24-28
26161153-7	2015	Results of this present study indicate that pre-induced lac operon provide benefit in terms of growth on galactose milieu.	Galactose	105-114	lactase	Homo sapiens	56-59
25871519-0	2015	Fibroblast growth factor 21 protects mouse brain against D-galactose induced aging via suppression of oxidative stress response and advanced glycation end products formation.	Galactose	57-68	fibroblast growth factor 21	Mus musculus	0-27
26369013-4	2015	Flow cytometry and laser confocal scanning microscopy analyses showed that the galactose-modified liposomes facilitated the intracellular uptake of liposomes into HepG2 via asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) mediated endocytosis.	Galactose	79-88	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	202-208
25511550-6	2015	MDA and PC levels and AChE activity increased, but GSH levels, SOD and GSH-Px activities decreased together with histopathological structural damage in the brain of GAL-treated rats.	Galactose	165-168	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	22-26
25871519-4	2015	In this study d-galactose (d-gal)-induced aging mice were used to study the mechanism that FGF21 protects mice from aging.	Galactose	14-25	fibroblast growth factor 21	Mus musculus	91-96
25871519-4	2015	In this study d-galactose (d-gal)-induced aging mice were used to study the mechanism that FGF21 protects mice from aging.	Galactose	14-19	fibroblast growth factor 21	Mus musculus	91-96
25817687-3	2015	In the present study, two polysaccharide fractions, SGP-1 and SGP-2, were isolated from the rhizomes of S. glabra with the number average molecular weights of 1.72 x 10(2)kDa and 1.31 x 10(2)kDa, and the weight average molecular weights of 1.31 x 10(5)kDa and 1.18 x 10(5)kDa, respectively, and their mainly monosaccharide compositions were both galactose and rhamnose (2.5:1).	Galactose	346-355	serum gp70 production 1	Mus musculus	52-57
25817687-3	2015	In the present study, two polysaccharide fractions, SGP-1 and SGP-2, were isolated from the rhizomes of S. glabra with the number average molecular weights of 1.72 x 10(2)kDa and 1.31 x 10(2)kDa, and the weight average molecular weights of 1.31 x 10(5)kDa and 1.18 x 10(5)kDa, respectively, and their mainly monosaccharide compositions were both galactose and rhamnose (2.5:1).	Galactose	346-355	serum gp70 production 2	Mus musculus	62-67
25841057-1	2015	Asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPR) are hepatocyte bound receptors, which exhibit receptor mediated endocytosis (RME) for galactose specific moieties.	Galactose	123-132	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	0-28
26029356-2	2015	This disease is caused by defects in the lysosomal enzyme beta-galactocerebrosidase (GALC), which hydrolyzes the terminal galactose from glycosphingolipids.	Galactose	122-131	galactosylceramidase	Homo sapiens	58-83
26029356-2	2015	This disease is caused by defects in the lysosomal enzyme beta-galactocerebrosidase (GALC), which hydrolyzes the terminal galactose from glycosphingolipids.	Galactose	122-131	galactosylceramidase	Homo sapiens	85-89
25841057-1	2015	Asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPR) are hepatocyte bound receptors, which exhibit receptor mediated endocytosis (RME) for galactose specific moieties.	Galactose	123-132	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	30-35
25920068-9	2015	Furthermore, YLSP decreased p21 and p53 gene expressions in the liver and brain of D-galactose-treated mice.	Galactose	83-94	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (P21)	Mus musculus	28-31
25678554-8	2015	Cells lacking FOXRED1 had ~10% complex I levels, reduced complex I activity, and were unable to grow on galactose media.	Galactose	104-113	FAD dependent oxidoreductase domain containing 1	Homo sapiens	14-21
25853438-3	2015	By means of specific interaction between galactose moieties attached to the surface of gold nanoparticles and receptors on the B-subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin (LTB), the gold nanoparticles reported here act as an efficient colorimetric sensor, which can detect the toxin at nanomolar concentrations.	Galactose	41-50	lymphotoxin beta	Homo sapiens	165-168
25659691-5	2015	Shorter (1 4)- and/or (1 6)-linked sulfated galactose chains are attached at positions C-2, C-3 of fucose residues.	Galactose	44-53	complement C2	Homo sapiens	87-90
25659691-5	2015	Shorter (1 4)- and/or (1 6)-linked sulfated galactose chains are attached at positions C-2, C-3 of fucose residues.	Galactose	44-53	complement C3	Homo sapiens	92-95
25901322-6	2015	In senju mutants, reduced expression of galactose-containing glycans resulted in hyperactivation of the Toll signaling pathway in the absence of immune challenges.	Galactose	40-49	Toll	Drosophila melanogaster	104-108
25901322-8	2015	Interestingly, Toll activation in immune-challenged wild type (WT) flies reduced the expression of galactose-containing glycans.	Galactose	99-108	Toll	Drosophila melanogaster	15-19
25869099-2	2015	Galectin-3 (Lgals3) is a multifunctional galactose-binding lectin with reported location in the nucleus, cytoplasm and extracellular space in different cell types.	Galactose	41-50	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	0-10
25869099-2	2015	Galectin-3 (Lgals3) is a multifunctional galactose-binding lectin with reported location in the nucleus, cytoplasm and extracellular space in different cell types.	Galactose	41-50	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	12-18
25920068-9	2015	Furthermore, YLSP decreased p21 and p53 gene expressions in the liver and brain of D-galactose-treated mice.	Galactose	83-94	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	36-39
25633186-7	2015	Agglutination was inhibitable by galactosides and decreased 4-8 fold if precursor lipoprotein was selectively depleted of Lp(a), showing agglutinating ICs were contributed mainly by desialylated Lp(a) and galactose-specific antibodies.	Galactose	205-214	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	122-127
25751739-0	2015	Galactose protects hepatocytes against TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis by promoting activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in acute liver failure.	Galactose	0-9	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	39-48
25751739-0	2015	Galactose protects hepatocytes against TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis by promoting activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in acute liver failure.	Galactose	0-9	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	98-107
25751739-4	2015	Specifically, galactose prevented TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes through promoting phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) p65.	Galactose	14-23	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	34-43
25751739-4	2015	Specifically, galactose prevented TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes through promoting phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) p65.	Galactose	14-23	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	114-136
25751739-4	2015	Specifically, galactose prevented TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes through promoting phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) p65.	Galactose	14-23	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	138-147
25751739-4	2015	Specifically, galactose prevented TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes through promoting phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) p65.	Galactose	14-23	RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit	Homo sapiens	149-152
25751739-5	2015	Additionally, galactose enhanced expression of the anti-apoptotic genes, c-IAP1 and A20, and inhibited cleavage of caspase-8 and caspase-3.	Galactose	14-23	baculoviral IAP repeat containing 2	Homo sapiens	73-79
25751739-5	2015	Additionally, galactose enhanced expression of the anti-apoptotic genes, c-IAP1 and A20, and inhibited cleavage of caspase-8 and caspase-3.	Galactose	14-23	TNF alpha induced protein 3	Homo sapiens	84-87
25751739-5	2015	Additionally, galactose enhanced expression of the anti-apoptotic genes, c-IAP1 and A20, and inhibited cleavage of caspase-8 and caspase-3.	Galactose	14-23	caspase 8	Homo sapiens	115-124
25751739-5	2015	Additionally, galactose enhanced expression of the anti-apoptotic genes, c-IAP1 and A20, and inhibited cleavage of caspase-8 and caspase-3.	Galactose	14-23	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	129-138
25751739-6	2015	These findings collectively suggest that galactose prevents TNF-alpha-induced liver injury through activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway.	Galactose	41-50	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	60-69
25751739-6	2015	These findings collectively suggest that galactose prevents TNF-alpha-induced liver injury through activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway.	Galactose	41-50	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	117-126
25205734-9	2015	Moreover, serum levels of the pathogenic galactose-deficient glycoform of IgA1 were also associated with the degree of mesangial C3 deposition in patients with IgAN.	Galactose	41-50	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	74-78
25205734-9	2015	Moreover, serum levels of the pathogenic galactose-deficient glycoform of IgA1 were also associated with the degree of mesangial C3 deposition in patients with IgAN.	Galactose	41-50	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	160-164
25471482-2	2015	Herein, small molecules that inhibit HIF-1alpha protein stability by targeting mitochondrial energy production were screened using the Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds and cell growth assay in galactose or glucose medium.	Galactose	206-215	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	37-47
25701356-0	2015	Fibroblast growth factor (FGF21) protects mouse liver against D-galactose-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis via activating Nrf2 and PI3K/Akt pathways.	Galactose	62-73	fibroblast growth factor 21	Mus musculus	26-31
25701356-0	2015	Fibroblast growth factor (FGF21) protects mouse liver against D-galactose-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis via activating Nrf2 and PI3K/Akt pathways.	Galactose	62-73	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	128-132
25701356-0	2015	Fibroblast growth factor (FGF21) protects mouse liver against D-galactose-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis via activating Nrf2 and PI3K/Akt pathways.	Galactose	62-73	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	142-145
25701356-8	2015	Furthermore, a TUNEL assay showed that D-gal-induced apoptosis in the mouse liver was significantly inhibited by FGF21.	Galactose	39-44	fibroblast growth factor 21	Mus musculus	113-118
25701356-9	2015	The expression of caspase-3 was markedly inhibited by the treatment of FGF21 in the liver of D-gal-treated mice.	Galactose	93-98	caspase 3	Mus musculus	18-27
25701356-9	2015	The expression of caspase-3 was markedly inhibited by the treatment of FGF21 in the liver of D-gal-treated mice.	Galactose	93-98	fibroblast growth factor 21	Mus musculus	71-76
25633186-10	2015	Results suggest a possible route of Lp(a) attachment to vascular cells that offer terminal galactose on surface glycans following desialylation.	Galactose	91-100	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	36-41
25592817-1	2015	Classical galactosemia is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism due to mutations of the GALT gene leading to toxic accumulation of galactose and derived metabolites.	Galactose	10-19	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	100-104
25701309-4	2015	ASGPR facilitates internalization by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and exhibits high affinity for carbohydrates specifically galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine and glucose.	Galactose	125-134	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
26281585-2	2015	The results showed that P1 A had a backbone consisting rhamnose, mannose, glucose and galactose.	Galactose	86-95	zinc finger protein 185 with LIM domain	Homo sapiens	24-28
25602611-7	2015	The higher content of cell wall galactose residue in "Scifresh" cell walls correlated with a lower beta-galactosidase activity and more intense immunolabelling of RG-I galactan side chains in both microscopy sections and glycan microarrays.	Galactose	32-41	beta-galactosidase	Malus domestica	99-117
25852737-3	2015	The O-glycan structures present in mucin are diverse and complex, consisting predominantly of core 1-4 mucin-type O-glycans containing alpha- and beta- linked N-acetyl-galactosamine, galactose and N-acetyl-glucosamine.	Galactose	183-192	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	35-40
25889867-11	2015	However, the production of nitric oxide and superoxide and the expression and activity of SOD2 were significantly reduced after 5 days in galactose culture.	Galactose	138-147	superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial	Bos taurus	90-94
25631823-7	2015	YHB1 mRNA is stabilized in galactose and high culture density, indicating inactivation of the Puf proteins.	Galactose	27-36	flavohemoglobin	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
25889867-12	2015	Nuclear protein expression and gene expression of HIF-2alpha, a transcription factor for SOD2, were significantly downregulated (more than twofold; P&lt;0.05) with galactose culture.	Galactose	164-173	superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial	Bos taurus	89-93
25889867-13	2015	CoCl2-mediated stabilization of HIF-2alpha during the initial galactose response phase attenuated the reduction in SOD2 (P=0.028) and increased cell death (P=0.003).	Galactose	62-71	superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial	Bos taurus	115-119
25542240-1	2015	In last three decades, several studies were carried out on the D-galactose-specific lectin of Momordica charantia seeds (MCL).	Galactose	63-74	C-type lectin domain family 4, member d	Mus musculus	121-124
25498624-5	2015	GIP-II was composed of galactose, glucose, xylose, and mannose, with glucose was the predominant monosaccharide.	Galactose	23-32	gastric inhibitory polypeptide	Homo sapiens	0-3
25620248-1	2015	Immunoglobulin (Ig) E antibodies to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-Gal) are associated with delayed anaphylaxis to mammalian food products and gelatin-based foods (Commins et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;123:426; Caponetto et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2013;1:302).	Galactose	36-45	immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon	Homo sapiens	0-21
25586565-0	2015	Evaluation of a 64Cu-labeled 1,4,7-triazacyclononane, 1-glutaric acid-4,7 acetic acid (NODAGA)-galactose-bombesin analogue as a PET imaging probe in a gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-expressing prostate cancer xenograft model.	Galactose	95-104	gastrin releasing peptide	Homo sapiens	105-113
25173400-4	2015	Administration of biatractylenolide could significantly decrease the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decrease the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and increase the expression of synapsin I and protein kinase C (PKC) in D-galactose-treated mice.	Galactose	239-250	synapsin I	Mus musculus	198-208
27110035-5	2015	Through Western blot and mass spectrometry, the arginine/serine rich splicing factor Sfrs1 was identified as a galactose-selective endogenous lectin, overexpressed in B16F10 cells, compared with B16F1 cells.	Galactose	111-120	serine and arginine-rich splicing factor 1	Mus musculus	85-90
25173400-6	2015	The potential mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of biatractylenolide in D-galactose-treated mice might be (i) attenuating oxidative damage via decreasing ROS formation, (ii) restoring cholinergic neurotransmission via decreasing AChE activity, and (iii) increasing the expression of memory-related proteins (synapsin I and PKC).	Galactose	87-98	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	244-248
25173400-6	2015	The potential mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of biatractylenolide in D-galactose-treated mice might be (i) attenuating oxidative damage via decreasing ROS formation, (ii) restoring cholinergic neurotransmission via decreasing AChE activity, and (iii) increasing the expression of memory-related proteins (synapsin I and PKC).	Galactose	87-98	synapsin I	Mus musculus	323-333
28357275-5	2015	Cells expressing PAP and AtBI-1 were able to survive on galactose media compared to PAP alone, indicating a reduction in the cytotoxicity of PAP in yeast.	Galactose	56-65	BAX inhibitor 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	25-31
25499316-0	2015	NADPH oxidase 2-dependent oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in the ventral cochlear nucleus of D-galactose-induced aging rats.	Galactose	114-125	cytochrome b-245 beta chain	Rattus norvegicus	0-15
25499316-5	2015	We found that the levels of H2O2 and the expression of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and its corresponding subunits P22(phox), P47(phox) and P67(phox) were greatly increased in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) of D-gal-treated rats as compared with controls.	Galactose	208-213	cytochrome b-245 beta chain	Rattus norvegicus	55-70
25499316-5	2015	We found that the levels of H2O2 and the expression of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and its corresponding subunits P22(phox), P47(phox) and P67(phox) were greatly increased in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) of D-gal-treated rats as compared with controls.	Galactose	208-213	cytochrome b-245 beta chain	Rattus norvegicus	72-76
25499316-5	2015	We found that the levels of H2O2 and the expression of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and its corresponding subunits P22(phox), P47(phox) and P67(phox) were greatly increased in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) of D-gal-treated rats as compared with controls.	Galactose	208-213	cytochrome b-245 alpha chain	Rattus norvegicus	113-117
25499316-5	2015	We found that the levels of H2O2 and the expression of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and its corresponding subunits P22(phox), P47(phox) and P67(phox) were greatly increased in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) of D-gal-treated rats as compared with controls.	Galactose	208-213	methionyl aminopeptidase 2	Rattus norvegicus	134-137
25499316-5	2015	We found that the levels of H2O2 and the expression of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and its corresponding subunits P22(phox), P47(phox) and P67(phox) were greatly increased in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) of D-gal-treated rats as compared with controls.	Galactose	208-213	cytochrome b-245 alpha chain	Rattus norvegicus	124-128
25499316-7	2015	Moreover, the damage of mitochondrial ultrastructure, a decline in ATP levels, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), an increase in the amount of cytochrome c (cyt c) translocated to the cytoplasm and caspase-3 activation were observed in the VCN induced by D-gal.	Galactose	272-277	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	215-224
25499316-8	2015	In addition, we also found that the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells in the VCN were increased in D-gal-treated rats.	Galactose	192-197	DNA nucleotidylexotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	36-73
25499316-8	2015	In addition, we also found that the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells in the VCN were increased in D-gal-treated rats.	Galactose	192-197	DNA nucleotidylexotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	75-78
25497884-2	2015	Trpm5 KO mice express mild preferences for galactose but no preferences for fructose in 24-h tests, which suggests that these sugars differ in their post-oral reinforcing effects.	Galactose	43-52	transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 5	Mus musculus	0-5
25497884-10	2015	Trpm5 KO mice also preferred galactose and MDG to fructose in direct choice tests.	Galactose	29-38	transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 5	Mus musculus	0-5
25497884-11	2015	The Trpm5 KO data indicate that glucose and, to a lesser extent, galactose and MDG have post-oral reinforcing actions that stimulate intake and preference while fructose has a much weaker effect.	Galactose	65-74	transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 5	Mus musculus	4-9
25497884-13	2015	Glucose, galactose, and MDG, but not fructose, are ligands for the sodium-glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) which is implicated in post-oral sugar conditioning in B6 mice.	Galactose	9-18	solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 1	Mus musculus	67-95
25497884-13	2015	Glucose, galactose, and MDG, but not fructose, are ligands for the sodium-glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) which is implicated in post-oral sugar conditioning in B6 mice.	Galactose	9-18	solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 1	Mus musculus	97-102
25525995-2	2015	Structure characterization revealed that DP1 had an average molecular weight of 1132 kDa and consisted of glucose (56.2%), galactose (14.1%), and mannose (29.7%).	Galactose	123-132	transcription factor Dp 1	Mus musculus	41-44
25553891-3	2015	Galactokinase (GALK) is an upstream enzyme of GALT in the Leloir pathway and is responsible for conversion of galactose and ATP to gal-1-p and ADP.	Galactose	110-119	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
25553891-3	2015	Galactokinase (GALK) is an upstream enzyme of GALT in the Leloir pathway and is responsible for conversion of galactose and ATP to gal-1-p and ADP.	Galactose	110-119	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	15-19
25553891-3	2015	Galactokinase (GALK) is an upstream enzyme of GALT in the Leloir pathway and is responsible for conversion of galactose and ATP to gal-1-p and ADP.	Galactose	110-119	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	46-50
25475394-6	2015	While rSUL-I exhibited binding activity for several galactose-related sugars, the highest affinity was found for l-rhamnose among carbohydrates tested, confirming that SUL-I is a rhamnose-binding lectin.	Galactose	52-61	dihydropteroate synthase	Escherichia coli	7-12
25281698-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Galactose-deficient O-glycans in the hinge region (HR) of immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) play a key role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	12-21	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	70-87
25281698-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Galactose-deficient O-glycans in the hinge region (HR) of immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) play a key role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	12-21	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	89-93
25281698-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Galactose-deficient O-glycans in the hinge region (HR) of immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) play a key role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	12-21	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	134-149
25281698-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Galactose-deficient O-glycans in the hinge region (HR) of immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) play a key role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	12-21	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	151-155
25536026-2	2015	PLP has a molecular weight of 1.15 x 10(6) Da, and a monosaccharide composition of xylose (Xyl), arabinose (Ara), glucuronic acid (GlcA), and galactose (Gal) in a molar ratio of 18.8:7.2:6.1:1.	Galactose	142-151	proteolipid protein 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
25536026-2	2015	PLP has a molecular weight of 1.15 x 10(6) Da, and a monosaccharide composition of xylose (Xyl), arabinose (Ara), glucuronic acid (GlcA), and galactose (Gal) in a molar ratio of 18.8:7.2:6.1:1.	Galactose	153-156	proteolipid protein 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
24106048-7	2015	By contrast, at the onset of arthritis, ACPA exhibited a decrease in galactose residues in RA patients, but not in UA patients.	Galactose	69-78	proteinase 3	Homo sapiens	40-44
26052559-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Gal-32 is a Chinese hamster lung cell nuclear mutant that is unable to grow in galactose due to a defect in mitochondrial protein synthesis.	Galactose	91-100	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	12-15
26052559-8	2015	CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate the isolation of two pCV108-transformant recombinant clones containing a human gene that complements the Chinese hamster Gal-32 mutation and restores galactose metabolism.	Galactose	185-194	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	156-159
25866542-10	2015	GAL inhibited the expression of SIRT1 but increased the phosphorylation of FOXO3a and the expression of p27Kip1.	Galactose	0-3	sirtuin 1	Homo sapiens	32-37
26548423-1	2015	INTRODUCTION: SGLT1 is the primary transporter responsible for the absorption of glucose and galactose in the intestine, while SGLT2 and SGLT1 are both involved in the renal reabsorption of glucose.	Galactose	93-102	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	14-19
25664320-2	2015	Macrophage galactose-type lectin 1 (MGL1) recognizes glycoconjugates expressing Lewis X structures which contain galactose residues, and it is selectively expressed on immature DCs and macrophages.	Galactose	11-20	C-type lectin domain family 10, member A	Mus musculus	36-40
26155180-1	2015	INTRODUCTION: In a previous study, we identified the formation of cross-reactive autoantibodies that bound to bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a D-galactose-induced aging mouse model.	Galactose	142-153	albumin	Mus musculus	117-130
25866542-9	2015	GAL promoted the production of ROS; however NAC could remove ROS and block the effect of GAL.	Galactose	89-92	synuclein alpha	Homo sapiens	44-47
25866542-10	2015	GAL inhibited the expression of SIRT1 but increased the phosphorylation of FOXO3a and the expression of p27Kip1.	Galactose	0-3	forkhead box O3	Homo sapiens	75-81
25367374-0	2015	Structural basis of multivalent galactose-based dendrimer recognition by human galectin-7.	Galactose	32-41	galectin 7	Homo sapiens	79-89
25367374-5	2015	Previously, we reported the crystal structure of hGal-7 and its complex with galactose and lactose which provided insight into its molecular recognition and detailed interactions.	Galactose	77-86	galectin 7	Homo sapiens	49-55
25866542-10	2015	GAL inhibited the expression of SIRT1 but increased the phosphorylation of FOXO3a and the expression of p27Kip1.	Galactose	0-3	cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B	Homo sapiens	104-111
25866542-14	2015	GAL inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation and induced MCF-7 cell apoptosis by increasing ROS level which could induce cell apoptosis by both SIRT1/FOXO3a/p27Kip1 and caspase-3 signal pathway.	Galactose	0-3	sirtuin 1	Homo sapiens	138-143
25866542-14	2015	GAL inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation and induced MCF-7 cell apoptosis by increasing ROS level which could induce cell apoptosis by both SIRT1/FOXO3a/p27Kip1 and caspase-3 signal pathway.	Galactose	0-3	forkhead box O3	Homo sapiens	144-150
25866542-14	2015	GAL inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation and induced MCF-7 cell apoptosis by increasing ROS level which could induce cell apoptosis by both SIRT1/FOXO3a/p27Kip1 and caspase-3 signal pathway.	Galactose	0-3	cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B	Homo sapiens	151-158
25866542-14	2015	GAL inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation and induced MCF-7 cell apoptosis by increasing ROS level which could induce cell apoptosis by both SIRT1/FOXO3a/p27Kip1 and caspase-3 signal pathway.	Galactose	0-3	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	163-172
25401971-12	2015	Hence, melatonin attenuated the D-galactose-induced memory impairment, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration possibly through RAGE/NF-K B/JNK pathway.	Galactose	32-43	advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor	Mus musculus	128-132
25398792-4	2015	Yeast strains with loss-of-function mutations in the yeast ortholog (GAL7) of the human disease gene (GALT) fail to grow in the presence of even small amounts of galactose due to accumulation of the same toxic intermediates that poison human cells.	Galactose	162-171	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	69-73
25398792-4	2015	Yeast strains with loss-of-function mutations in the yeast ortholog (GAL7) of the human disease gene (GALT) fail to grow in the presence of even small amounts of galactose due to accumulation of the same toxic intermediates that poison human cells.	Galactose	162-171	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	102-106
25349247-7	2015	Moreover, leptin was able to regulate the absorption of galactose and Gln in the same animal, indicating a direct action of the hormone on the specific transporters implicated in the uptake of each nutrient.	Galactose	56-65	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	10-16
26839900-2	2015	In this review, we focus on the role of the macrophage galactose type C-type lectin (MGL) in the immune response against self-antigens, pathogens, and tumor associated antigens (TAA).	Galactose	55-64	C-type lectin domain containing 10A	Homo sapiens	85-88
25401971-0	2015	Melatonin attenuates D-galactose-induced memory impairment, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration via RAGE/NF-K B/JNK signaling pathway in aging mouse model.	Galactose	21-32	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	116-119
25401971-9	2015	We also determined that melatonin enhances memory function in the D-galactose-treated mice possibly via reduction of elevated ROS and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE).	Galactose	66-77	advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor	Mus musculus	134-178
25401971-9	2015	We also determined that melatonin enhances memory function in the D-galactose-treated mice possibly via reduction of elevated ROS and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE).	Galactose	66-77	advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor	Mus musculus	180-184
25578699-2	2015	The aim of the current study is to develop galactose containing physical cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin (P/G 8:2 and 9:1) hydrogel scaffolds via freeze/thaw technique.	Galactose	43-52	coiled-coil alpha-helical rod protein 1	Homo sapiens	113-126
25401971-12	2015	Hence, melatonin attenuated the D-galactose-induced memory impairment, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration possibly through RAGE/NF-K B/JNK pathway.	Galactose	32-43	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	140-143
25401971-10	2015	Furthermore, Western blot and morphological results showed that melatonin treatment significantly reduced D-galactose-induced neuroinflammation through inhibition of microgliosis (Iba-1) and astrocytosis (GFAP), and downregulating other inflammatory mediators such as p-IKKbeta, p-NF-K B65, COX2, NOS2, IL-1beta, and TNFalpha.	Galactose	106-117	induction of brown adipocytes 1	Mus musculus	180-185
26738358-7	2015	Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activities decreased in the D-galactose group.	Galactose	148-159	catalase	Mus musculus	115-118
25401971-10	2015	Furthermore, Western blot and morphological results showed that melatonin treatment significantly reduced D-galactose-induced neuroinflammation through inhibition of microgliosis (Iba-1) and astrocytosis (GFAP), and downregulating other inflammatory mediators such as p-IKKbeta, p-NF-K B65, COX2, NOS2, IL-1beta, and TNFalpha.	Galactose	106-117	conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase	Mus musculus	270-277
25401971-10	2015	Furthermore, Western blot and morphological results showed that melatonin treatment significantly reduced D-galactose-induced neuroinflammation through inhibition of microgliosis (Iba-1) and astrocytosis (GFAP), and downregulating other inflammatory mediators such as p-IKKbeta, p-NF-K B65, COX2, NOS2, IL-1beta, and TNFalpha.	Galactose	106-117	cytochrome c oxidase II, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	291-295
25401971-10	2015	Furthermore, Western blot and morphological results showed that melatonin treatment significantly reduced D-galactose-induced neuroinflammation through inhibition of microgliosis (Iba-1) and astrocytosis (GFAP), and downregulating other inflammatory mediators such as p-IKKbeta, p-NF-K B65, COX2, NOS2, IL-1beta, and TNFalpha.	Galactose	106-117	nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible	Mus musculus	297-301
25401971-10	2015	Furthermore, Western blot and morphological results showed that melatonin treatment significantly reduced D-galactose-induced neuroinflammation through inhibition of microgliosis (Iba-1) and astrocytosis (GFAP), and downregulating other inflammatory mediators such as p-IKKbeta, p-NF-K B65, COX2, NOS2, IL-1beta, and TNFalpha.	Galactose	106-117	interleukin 1 alpha	Mus musculus	303-311
25401971-10	2015	Furthermore, Western blot and morphological results showed that melatonin treatment significantly reduced D-galactose-induced neuroinflammation through inhibition of microgliosis (Iba-1) and astrocytosis (GFAP), and downregulating other inflammatory mediators such as p-IKKbeta, p-NF-K B65, COX2, NOS2, IL-1beta, and TNFalpha.	Galactose	106-117	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	317-325
24276958-2	2015	MAG binds with high preference to sialic acids alpha(2-3)-linked to D-galactose.	Galactose	68-79	myelin associated glycoprotein	Homo sapiens	0-3
25681079-1	2015	Classic galactosemia (CG) is a potentially lethal genetic disease that results from profound impairment of galactose-1-P uridylyltransferase (GALT), the middle enzyme in the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism.	Galactose	8-17	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	142-146
25814382-4	2015	Arginine is a known stabilizer of aggregation-prone proteins, having already shown a beneficial effect in other inherited metabolic disorders.Herein we developed a prokaryotic model of galactose sensitivity that allows evaluating in a cellular context the mutations" impact on GALT function, as well as the potential effect of arginine in functionally rescuing clinically relevant variants.This study revealed that some hGALT variants, previously described to exhibit no detectable activity in vitro, actually present residual activity when determined in vivo.	Galactose	185-194	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	277-281
25814382-4	2015	Arginine is a known stabilizer of aggregation-prone proteins, having already shown a beneficial effect in other inherited metabolic disorders.Herein we developed a prokaryotic model of galactose sensitivity that allows evaluating in a cellular context the mutations" impact on GALT function, as well as the potential effect of arginine in functionally rescuing clinically relevant variants.This study revealed that some hGALT variants, previously described to exhibit no detectable activity in vitro, actually present residual activity when determined in vivo.	Galactose	185-194	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	420-425
25789082-0	2015	Coenzyme Q10 inhibits the aging of mesenchymal stem cells induced by D-galactose through Akt/mTOR signaling.	Galactose	69-80	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	89-92
25789082-0	2015	Coenzyme Q10 inhibits the aging of mesenchymal stem cells induced by D-galactose through Akt/mTOR signaling.	Galactose	69-80	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	93-97
25789082-8	2015	These results indicated that CoQ10 could inhibit D-gal-induced MSC aging through the Akt/mTOR signaling.	Galactose	49-54	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	85-88
25789082-8	2015	These results indicated that CoQ10 could inhibit D-gal-induced MSC aging through the Akt/mTOR signaling.	Galactose	49-54	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	89-93
24766279-5	2014	RESULTS: Application of exogenous H2S with its donor, NaHS, or overexpression of its generating enzyme, cystathionine beta-synthase, induced sulfhydration of p66Shc, but inhibited its phosphorylation caused by H2O2/D-galactose in SH-SY5Y cells or in the mice cortex.	Galactose	215-226	cystathionine beta-synthase	Homo sapiens	104-131
25178170-8	2015	Cells lacking galactose alpha-1,3 galactose (alpha-Gal) were negatively selected by an IB4 lectin/magnetic bead.	Galactose	14-23	GLA	Sus scrofa	45-54
25670982-1	2014	All mammals lose their ability to produce lactase (beta-galactosidase), the enzyme that cleaves lactose into galactose and glucose, after weaning.	Galactose	109-118	lactase	Homo sapiens	42-49
25670982-1	2014	All mammals lose their ability to produce lactase (beta-galactosidase), the enzyme that cleaves lactose into galactose and glucose, after weaning.	Galactose	109-118	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	51-69
25400165-2	2014	Patatin (PTT), a major potato protein, was glycated with galactose, xylose, galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, galactan, and xylan under controlled conditions.	Galactose	57-66	Patatin class I	Solanum tuberosum	0-7
25400165-2	2014	Patatin (PTT), a major potato protein, was glycated with galactose, xylose, galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, galactan, and xylan under controlled conditions.	Galactose	57-66	Patatin class I	Solanum tuberosum	9-12
25400165-4	2014	Sodium bisulfite was the most effective inhibitor for PTT-galactose and PTT-xylan reaction systems (reaction control ratios of 210.0 and 12.8).	Galactose	58-67	Patatin class I	Solanum tuberosum	54-57
25465919-2	2014	Accumulating evidence shows that ST6GAL1, an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid onto galactose-containing substrates, is aberrantly expressed in various cancers and may affect cell motility and invasion.	Galactose	100-109	ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	33-40
25464841-3	2014	To separate the roles of replication and transcription in the expansion of Friedreich"s ataxia (GAA)n repeats, we designed two yeast genetic systems that utilize a galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter but contain these repeats in either the transcribed or nontranscribed region of a selectable cassette.	Galactose	164-173	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	184-188
25492673-8	2014	Co-overexpression of AtUGE2 and GalS1 led to over 80% increase in cell wall galactose levels in Arabidopsis stems, providing evidence that these proteins work synergistically.	Galactose	76-85	UDP-D-glucose/UDP-D-galactose 4-epimerase 2	Arabidopsis thaliana	21-27
25492673-8	2014	Co-overexpression of AtUGE2 and GalS1 led to over 80% increase in cell wall galactose levels in Arabidopsis stems, providing evidence that these proteins work synergistically.	Galactose	76-85	glycosyltransferase family protein (DUF23)	Arabidopsis thaliana	32-37
25492673-9	2014	Furthermore, AtUGE2 and GalS1 overexpression in combination with overexpression of the NST1 master regulator for secondary cell wall biosynthesis resulted in increased thickness of fiber cell walls in addition to the high cell wall galactose levels.	Galactose	232-241	UDP-D-glucose/UDP-D-galactose 4-epimerase 2	Arabidopsis thaliana	13-19
25492673-9	2014	Furthermore, AtUGE2 and GalS1 overexpression in combination with overexpression of the NST1 master regulator for secondary cell wall biosynthesis resulted in increased thickness of fiber cell walls in addition to the high cell wall galactose levels.	Galactose	232-241	glycosyltransferase family protein (DUF23)	Arabidopsis thaliana	24-29
25492673-9	2014	Furthermore, AtUGE2 and GalS1 overexpression in combination with overexpression of the NST1 master regulator for secondary cell wall biosynthesis resulted in increased thickness of fiber cell walls in addition to the high cell wall galactose levels.	Galactose	232-241	NAC (No Apical Meristem) domain transcriptional regulator superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	87-91
25492673-11	2014	CONCLUSIONS: This approach clearly indicates that simultaneous overexpression of AtUGE2 and GalS1 increases the cell wall galactose to much higher levels than can be achieved by overexpressing either one of these proteins alone.	Galactose	122-131	UDP-D-glucose/UDP-D-galactose 4-epimerase 2	Arabidopsis thaliana	81-87
25492673-11	2014	CONCLUSIONS: This approach clearly indicates that simultaneous overexpression of AtUGE2 and GalS1 increases the cell wall galactose to much higher levels than can be achieved by overexpressing either one of these proteins alone.	Galactose	122-131	glycosyltransferase family protein (DUF23)	Arabidopsis thaliana	92-97
25421745-8	2014	We observed that HIV-1 infected primary CD4+ T cells cultured in galactose have a survival advantage over those cultured in glucose and this coincides with reduced caspase 3 activation and apoptosis in cultures with galactose.	Galactose	65-74	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	40-43
25268296-4	2014	In the present study the endogenous galactose release in a group of non-Q188R homozygous galactosaemic patients (n = 17; 4-34 years) exhibiting comparably low residual GALT activity in red blood cells was investigated.	Galactose	36-45	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	168-172
25268296-6	2014	The results demonstrate that all patients exhibiting residual GALT activity of &lt;1.5% of control showed a comparable pathological pattern of increased endogenous galactose release irrespective of the underlying genetic variations.	Galactose	164-173	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	62-66
25326312-7	2014	Dietary galactose and mutation of galactokinase (dGALK) or UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (sugarless) genes are identified, respectively, as critical environmental and genetic modifiers of behavioral and cellular defects.	Galactose	8-17	Galactokinase	Drosophila melanogaster	49-54
25324030-5	2014	All three doses of D-gal caused a significant increase in the expression of NOX2, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, a biomarker of DNA oxidative damage, and uncoupling protein 2, together with a decrease in the mitochondrial total antioxidant capabilities in the auditory cortex, as compared with the control rats (injected daily with the same volume of 0.9% saline for eight weeks).	Galactose	19-24	cytochrome b-245 beta chain	Rattus norvegicus	76-80
25324030-5	2014	All three doses of D-gal caused a significant increase in the expression of NOX2, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, a biomarker of DNA oxidative damage, and uncoupling protein 2, together with a decrease in the mitochondrial total antioxidant capabilities in the auditory cortex, as compared with the control rats (injected daily with the same volume of 0.9% saline for eight weeks).	Galactose	19-24	uncoupling protein 2	Rattus norvegicus	151-171
25326386-6	2014	We expressed human SV2A in hexose transport-deficient EBY.VW4000 yeast cells and demonstrated that these cells are able to grow on galactose-containing medium but not on other fermentable carbon sources.	Galactose	131-140	synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A	Homo sapiens	19-23
25326386-7	2014	Furthermore, the addition of the SV2A-binding antiepileptic drug levetiracetam to the medium inhibited the galactose-dependent growth of hexose transport-deficient EBY.VW4000 yeast cells expressing human SV2A.	Galactose	107-116	synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A	Homo sapiens	33-37
25326386-7	2014	Furthermore, the addition of the SV2A-binding antiepileptic drug levetiracetam to the medium inhibited the galactose-dependent growth of hexose transport-deficient EBY.VW4000 yeast cells expressing human SV2A.	Galactose	107-116	synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A	Homo sapiens	204-208
25326386-8	2014	Most importantly, direct measurement of galactose uptake in the same strain verified that SV2A is able to transport extracellular galactose inside the cells.	Galactose	40-49	synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A	Homo sapiens	90-94
25326386-8	2014	Most importantly, direct measurement of galactose uptake in the same strain verified that SV2A is able to transport extracellular galactose inside the cells.	Galactose	130-139	synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A	Homo sapiens	90-94
25326386-9	2014	The newly identified galactose transport capability of SV2A may have an important role in regulating/modulating synaptic function.	Galactose	21-30	synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A	Homo sapiens	55-59
25298520-1	2014	Type III galactosemia is a metabolic disorder caused by reduced activity of UDP-galactose-4-epimerase, which participates in galactose metabolism and the generation of various UDP-sugar species.	Galactose	9-18	UDP-glucose 4-epimerase	Caenorhabditis elegans	76-101
25298520-3	2014	We also observed that gale-1 mutants are hypersensitive to galactose as well as to infections.	Galactose	59-68	UDP-glucose 4-epimerase	Caenorhabditis elegans	22-28
25421745-8	2014	We observed that HIV-1 infected primary CD4+ T cells cultured in galactose have a survival advantage over those cultured in glucose and this coincides with reduced caspase 3 activation and apoptosis in cultures with galactose.	Galactose	216-225	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	40-43
25368518-7	2014	In the presence of galactose, which competes with lactosyl-PE for the binding to the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R), a significant reduction in biological activity was observed, showing that the potentiation of transfection induced by the presence of lactosyl-PE could be due to its specific interaction with ASGP-R, which is overexpressed in HCC.	Galactose	19-28	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	85-112
25160934-6	2014	FcgammaRIIIa binding strongly predicted ADCC and decreased galactose content inversely correlated with ADCP, whereas N-glycolylneuraminic acid-containing structures exhibited enhanced ADCP.	Galactose	59-68	Fc gamma receptor IIIa	Homo sapiens	0-12
25160934-7	2014	Additionally, the bi-antenary glycan arm onto which galactose was added predicted enhanced binding to FcgammaRIIIa and ADCC activity, independent of the specificity of the mAb.	Galactose	52-61	Fc gamma receptor IIIa	Homo sapiens	102-114
25614870-1	2014	Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) is a key enzyme in galactose metabolism, particularly important in the neonatal period due to ingestion of galactose-containing milk.	Galactose	68-77	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-41
25614870-1	2014	Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) is a key enzyme in galactose metabolism, particularly important in the neonatal period due to ingestion of galactose-containing milk.	Galactose	68-77	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	43-47
25614870-1	2014	Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) is a key enzyme in galactose metabolism, particularly important in the neonatal period due to ingestion of galactose-containing milk.	Galactose	156-165	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-41
25614870-1	2014	Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) is a key enzyme in galactose metabolism, particularly important in the neonatal period due to ingestion of galactose-containing milk.	Galactose	156-165	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	43-47
25359614-10	2014	CONCLUSION: These results suggest that treadmill exercise attenuates the D-galactose-induced reduction in neural stem cells, cell proliferation, and neuronal differentiation by enhancing the expression of pCREB and BDNF in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.	Galactose	73-84	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	215-219
25356552-2	2014	In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, growth in non-preferred carbon sources (like galactose) induces differentiation to the filamentous cell type through an extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK)-type MAPK pathway.	Galactose	74-83	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	188-191
25356552-2	2014	In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, growth in non-preferred carbon sources (like galactose) induces differentiation to the filamentous cell type through an extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK)-type MAPK pathway.	Galactose	74-83	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	198-202
25356552-4	2014	To determine the extent of functional overlap between the MAPK pathways, comparative RNA sequencing was performed, which uncovered an unexpected role for the HOG pathway in regulating the response to growth in galactose.	Galactose	210-219	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	58-62
25298396-6	2014	Importantly, OPA1 was required for resistance to starvation-induced cell death, for mitochondrial respiration, for growth in galactose media and for maintenance of ATP synthase assembly, independently of its fusion activity.	Galactose	125-134	OPA1 mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase	Homo sapiens	13-17
25174965-5	2014	Analysis of gene expression in patient-derived dermal fibroblasts of patients exposed to toxic levels of galactose, with immunostaining, has further identified the susceptibility of the glycosylation gene alpha-1,2-mannosyltransferase (ALG9) and the inflammatory gene annexin A1 (ANXA1) to increased galactose concentrations.	Galactose	105-114	ALG9 alpha-1,2-mannosyltransferase	Homo sapiens	236-240
25174965-5	2014	Analysis of gene expression in patient-derived dermal fibroblasts of patients exposed to toxic levels of galactose, with immunostaining, has further identified the susceptibility of the glycosylation gene alpha-1,2-mannosyltransferase (ALG9) and the inflammatory gene annexin A1 (ANXA1) to increased galactose concentrations.	Galactose	105-114	annexin A1	Homo sapiens	268-278
25174965-5	2014	Analysis of gene expression in patient-derived dermal fibroblasts of patients exposed to toxic levels of galactose, with immunostaining, has further identified the susceptibility of the glycosylation gene alpha-1,2-mannosyltransferase (ALG9) and the inflammatory gene annexin A1 (ANXA1) to increased galactose concentrations.	Galactose	105-114	annexin A1	Homo sapiens	280-285
25359614-7	2014	D-galactose treatment significantly decreased the number of nestin (a neural stem cell marker), Ki67 (a cell proliferation marker), and doublecortin (DCX, a differentiating neuroblast marker) positive cells compared to those in the control group.	Galactose	0-11	antigen identified by monoclonal antibody Ki 67	Mus musculus	96-100
25359614-7	2014	D-galactose treatment significantly decreased the number of nestin (a neural stem cell marker), Ki67 (a cell proliferation marker), and doublecortin (DCX, a differentiating neuroblast marker) positive cells compared to those in the control group.	Galactose	0-11	doublecortin	Mus musculus	136-148
25359614-7	2014	D-galactose treatment significantly decreased the number of nestin (a neural stem cell marker), Ki67 (a cell proliferation marker), and doublecortin (DCX, a differentiating neuroblast marker) positive cells compared to those in the control group.	Galactose	0-11	doublecortin	Mus musculus	150-153
25359614-8	2014	In contrast, treadmill exercise significantly increased Ki67- and DCX-positive cell numbers in both the vehicle- and D-galactose treated groups.	Galactose	117-128	antigen identified by monoclonal antibody Ki 67	Mus musculus	56-60
25359614-8	2014	In contrast, treadmill exercise significantly increased Ki67- and DCX-positive cell numbers in both the vehicle- and D-galactose treated groups.	Galactose	117-128	doublecortin	Mus musculus	66-69
25359614-9	2014	In addition, phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein (pCREB) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was significantly decreased in the D-galactose treated group, whereas exercise increased their expression in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in both the vehicle- and D-galactose-treated groups.	Galactose	154-165	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	78-111
25359614-9	2014	In addition, phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein (pCREB) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was significantly decreased in the D-galactose treated group, whereas exercise increased their expression in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in both the vehicle- and D-galactose-treated groups.	Galactose	154-165	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	113-117
25368518-7	2014	In the presence of galactose, which competes with lactosyl-PE for the binding to the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R), a significant reduction in biological activity was observed, showing that the potentiation of transfection induced by the presence of lactosyl-PE could be due to its specific interaction with ASGP-R, which is overexpressed in HCC.	Galactose	19-28	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	114-120
25368518-7	2014	In the presence of galactose, which competes with lactosyl-PE for the binding to the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R), a significant reduction in biological activity was observed, showing that the potentiation of transfection induced by the presence of lactosyl-PE could be due to its specific interaction with ASGP-R, which is overexpressed in HCC.	Galactose	19-28	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	315-321
24728980-9	2014	We determined that MnCl2 can be used as a manipulated variable to increase the relative abundance of M51 and decrease FA2 simultaneously, and galactose can be used as a manipulated variable to increase the relative abundance of FA2G1 and decrease FA2 and A2 simultaneously.	Galactose	142-151	FA complementation group B	Homo sapiens	228-231
25105231-3	2014	TBG1 released galactose from lupin galactan, tomato fruit alkali soluble pectin, arabinogalactan, gum arabic and methyl beta-(1,6)-galactohexaoside, but not from labeled beta-(1,4)-galactoheptaose.	Galactose	14-23	beta-galactosidase	Solanum lycopersicum	0-4
25105231-5	2014	TBG1 released galactose from all of the fractions from all of the stages tested.	Galactose	14-23	beta-galactosidase	Solanum lycopersicum	0-4
25105231-8	2014	TBG1 might act on a small but specific set of polysaccharide containing galactose.	Galactose	72-81	beta-galactosidase	Solanum lycopersicum	0-4
25307962-4	2014	We experimentally created a code table correlating amino acid sequence motifs of the ABO gene-encoded glycosyltransferases with GalNAc (A)/galactose (B) specificity, and assigned A/B specificity to individual ABO genes from various species thus going beyond the simple sequence comparison.	Galactose	139-148	ABO, alpha 1-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase and alpha 1-3-galactosyltransferase	Homo sapiens	85-88
25155912-2	2014	Galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine is known to be recognized and incorporated into the cells through asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) that is exclusively expressed on hepatocyte and hepatoma.	Galactose	0-9	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	101-128
25155912-2	2014	Galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine is known to be recognized and incorporated into the cells through asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) that is exclusively expressed on hepatocyte and hepatoma.	Galactose	0-9	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	130-135
25382556-3	2014	One of the subunits, MED15, is located in the tail module, and was initially identified as Gal11 in budding yeast, where it plays an essential role in the transcriptional regulation of galactose metabolism with the potent transcriptional activator Gal4.	Galactose	185-194	Gal11p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	21-26
25382556-3	2014	One of the subunits, MED15, is located in the tail module, and was initially identified as Gal11 in budding yeast, where it plays an essential role in the transcriptional regulation of galactose metabolism with the potent transcriptional activator Gal4.	Galactose	185-194	Gal11p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	91-96
25382556-3	2014	One of the subunits, MED15, is located in the tail module, and was initially identified as Gal11 in budding yeast, where it plays an essential role in the transcriptional regulation of galactose metabolism with the potent transcriptional activator Gal4.	Galactose	185-194	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	248-252
25128847-0	2014	Glutamine synthetase plays a role in D-galactose-induced astrocyte aging in vitro and in vivo.	Galactose	37-48	glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase)	Mus musculus	0-20
24549051-1	2014	The first GalT gene knockout (KO) mouse model for Classic Galactosemia (OMIM 230400) accumulated some galactose and its metabolites upon galactose challenge, but was seemingly fertile and symptom free.	Galactose	102-111	galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase	Mus musculus	10-14
24549051-1	2014	The first GalT gene knockout (KO) mouse model for Classic Galactosemia (OMIM 230400) accumulated some galactose and its metabolites upon galactose challenge, but was seemingly fertile and symptom free.	Galactose	137-146	galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase	Mus musculus	10-14
24549051-7	2014	Administration of a high-galactose (40% w/w) diet to lactating homozygous GalT gene-trapped females led to lethality in over 70% of the homozygous GalT gene-trapped pups before weaning.	Galactose	25-34	galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase	Mus musculus	74-78
24549051-7	2014	Administration of a high-galactose (40% w/w) diet to lactating homozygous GalT gene-trapped females led to lethality in over 70% of the homozygous GalT gene-trapped pups before weaning.	Galactose	25-34	galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase	Mus musculus	147-151
25128847-7	2014	The impairments of glutamate-glutamine cycle and astrocytes were also found in the cerebral cortex of mice treatment with D-gal (100mg/kg) for 6 weeks, and the level of GS mRNA was also found to be reduced markedly, being consistent with the result obtained from the senescent astrocytes in vitro.	Galactose	122-127	glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase)	Mus musculus	169-171
25270201-0	2014	[Acteoside enhances expression of neurotrophin-3 in brain tissues of subacute aging mice induced by D-galactose combined with aluminum trichloride].	Galactose	100-111	neurotrophin 3	Mus musculus	34-48
24906465-2	2014	Aga2p-SmChiC fusion protein was expressed and anchored on the yeast cell surface by induction with galactose, which was verified by indirect immunofluorescence and Western blotting.	Galactose	99-108	Aga2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
25135592-0	2014	Perturbation of the interaction between Gal4p and Gal80p of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL switch results in altered responses to galactose and glucose.	Galactose	132-141	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	40-45
25135592-0	2014	Perturbation of the interaction between Gal4p and Gal80p of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL switch results in altered responses to galactose and glucose.	Galactose	132-141	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	50-56
25270201-1	2014	OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of acteoside on the expression of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in brain tissues of subacute aging mice induced by D-galactose (D-Gal) combined with aluminum trichloride (AlCl3).	Galactose	138-149	neurotrophin 3	Mus musculus	65-79
25270201-1	2014	OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of acteoside on the expression of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in brain tissues of subacute aging mice induced by D-galactose (D-Gal) combined with aluminum trichloride (AlCl3).	Galactose	138-149	neurotrophin 3	Mus musculus	81-85
25270201-1	2014	OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of acteoside on the expression of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in brain tissues of subacute aging mice induced by D-galactose (D-Gal) combined with aluminum trichloride (AlCl3).	Galactose	151-156	neurotrophin 3	Mus musculus	65-79
25270201-1	2014	OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of acteoside on the expression of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in brain tissues of subacute aging mice induced by D-galactose (D-Gal) combined with aluminum trichloride (AlCl3).	Galactose	151-156	neurotrophin 3	Mus musculus	81-85
25270201-6	2014	RESULTS: D-Gal and AlCl3 caused a significant reduction of NT-3 in cerebral cortex and hippocampus.	Galactose	9-14	neurotrophin 3	Mus musculus	59-63
25270201-7	2014	Acteoside, vitamin E and piracetam increased the decreased expression of NT-3 induced by D-Gal and AlCl3, and the difference was statistically significant (P&lt;0.05 or P&lt;0.01).	Galactose	89-94	neurotrophin 3	Mus musculus	73-77
24972571-8	2014	The content of Cyt C, [Ca(2+)]i of cardiomyocytes, the activity of Caspase-3, Bax expression level in D-galactose induced aging group were higher than NC (p &lt; 0.05).	Galactose	102-113	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	78-81
25159847-0	2014	Reduced expression of Connexin26 and its DNA promoter hypermethylation in the inner ear of mimetic aging rats induced by d-galactose.	Galactose	121-132	gap junction protein, beta 2	Rattus norvegicus	22-32
25159847-5	2014	Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot of rat inner ear tissue indicated that the Cx26 expression decreased in the d-gal group.	Galactose	110-115	gap junction protein, beta 2	Rattus norvegicus	77-81
25159847-6	2014	Further bisulfite sequencing analysis revealed that the methylation status of the promoter region of Cx26 gene in the d-gal group was higher than that in control group.	Galactose	118-123	gap junction protein, beta 2	Rattus norvegicus	101-105
24972571-9	2014	The ratio of Bcl-2/Bax was decreased in D-galactose induced aging group compared to NC.	Galactose	40-51	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	13-18
24972571-9	2014	The ratio of Bcl-2/Bax was decreased in D-galactose induced aging group compared to NC.	Galactose	40-51	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	19-22
25022577-1	2014	In this study, we compared N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor type 1 (NMDAR1) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in the hippocampus of D-galactose (D-gal)-induced and naturally aging models of mice.	Galactose	124-135	glutamate receptor, ionotropic, NMDA1 (zeta 1)	Mus musculus	27-63
25022577-1	2014	In this study, we compared N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor type 1 (NMDAR1) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in the hippocampus of D-galactose (D-gal)-induced and naturally aging models of mice.	Galactose	124-135	glutamate receptor, ionotropic, NMDA1 (zeta 1)	Mus musculus	65-71
25022577-1	2014	In this study, we compared N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor type 1 (NMDAR1) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in the hippocampus of D-galactose (D-gal)-induced and naturally aging models of mice.	Galactose	124-129	glutamate receptor, ionotropic, NMDA1 (zeta 1)	Mus musculus	27-63
25022577-1	2014	In this study, we compared N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor type 1 (NMDAR1) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in the hippocampus of D-galactose (D-gal)-induced and naturally aging models of mice.	Galactose	124-129	glutamate receptor, ionotropic, NMDA1 (zeta 1)	Mus musculus	65-71
25293709-2	2014	Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose allergy was suspected and the subsequent blood test showed highly elevated specific IgE levels.	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon	Homo sapiens	114-117
25106451-11	2014	Galactose polymer modified NPs adsorbed more of the negative regulator of complement, factor H, than the glucose surface, providing an explanation for its lower level of complement activation.	Galactose	0-9	complement factor H	Homo sapiens	86-94
24805887-4	2014	We used living yeast cells with V-ATPase subunits fused to green, yellow or cyan fluorescent protein and found that only the V1 subunit C (Vma5) was released into the cytosol after substitution of extracellular glucose with galactose, whereas the other V1 subunits remained at or near the membrane.	Galactose	224-233	H(+)-transporting V1 sector ATPase subunit C	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	139-143
25071213-3	2014	Here, we demonstrate that, in budding yeast, Thr4, although dispensable for growth in rich media, is essential in phosphate-depleted or galactose-containing media.	Galactose	136-145	threonine synthase THR4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	45-49
25071213-4	2014	Thr4 is required to maintain repression of phosphate-regulated (PHO) genes under normal growth conditions and for full induction of PHO5 and the galactose-induced GAL1 and GAL7 genes.	Galactose	145-154	threonine synthase THR4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
25071213-4	2014	Thr4 is required to maintain repression of phosphate-regulated (PHO) genes under normal growth conditions and for full induction of PHO5 and the galactose-induced GAL1 and GAL7 genes.	Galactose	145-154	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	163-167
25071213-4	2014	Thr4 is required to maintain repression of phosphate-regulated (PHO) genes under normal growth conditions and for full induction of PHO5 and the galactose-induced GAL1 and GAL7 genes.	Galactose	145-154	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	172-176
25170304-1	2014	The C-type lectin receptor mMGL is expressed exclusively by myeloid antigen presenting cells (APC) such as dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (Mphi), and it mediates binding to glycoproteins carrying terminal galactose and alpha- or beta-N-acetylgalactosamine (Gal/GalNAc) residues.	Galactose	211-220	C-type lectin domain family 10, member A	Mus musculus	27-31
25196440-2	2014	This study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of sulforaphane (an activator of NF-E2-related factor 2) on mice with AD-like lesions induced by combined administration of aluminum and D-galactose.	Galactose	204-215	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	100-122
24991705-2	2014	In this study, a biosensor is reported that exploits the specific interaction between lactose and the enzyme beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) normally employed to process lactose into glucose and galactose for lactose-intolerant people.	Galactose	193-202	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	109-127
24476772-9	2014	Higher plasma glucose concentrations during exercise, and the attenuated serum insulin response at rest, may explain the significantly longer times to exhaustion produced by Gal compared with Glu.	Galactose	174-177	insulin	Homo sapiens	79-86
24997537-0	2014	Galactose supplementation in phosphoglucomutase-1 deficiency; review and outlook for a novel treatable CDG.	Galactose	0-9	phosphoglucomutase 1	Homo sapiens	29-49
24997537-11	2014	Four patients with PGM1 deficiency have been trialed on d-galactose (compassionate use), and showed improvement of serum transferrin hypoglycosylation.	Galactose	56-67	transferrin	Homo sapiens	121-132
25122090-4	2014	EVA-1 is a conserved transmembrane protein with predicted galactose-binding lectin domains.	Galactose	58-67	Protein eva-1;SUEL-type lectin domain-containing protein	Caenorhabditis elegans	0-5
24633508-1	2014	Ricin is a toxic protein derived from castor beans and composed of a cytotoxic A chain and a galactose-binding B chain linked by a disulfide bond, which can inhibit protein synthesis and cause cell death.	Galactose	93-102	ricin	Ricinus communis	0-5
24991705-2	2014	In this study, a biosensor is reported that exploits the specific interaction between lactose and the enzyme beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) normally employed to process lactose into glucose and galactose for lactose-intolerant people.	Galactose	193-202	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	129-137
25032857-5	2014	The overexpression of Zfp637 markedly increases mTERT expression and telomerase activity, maintains telomere length, and inhibits both H2O2 and D-galactose-induced senescence accompanied by a reduction in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).	Galactose	144-155	zinc finger protein 637	Mus musculus	22-28
25003388-2	2014	Signaling via the yeast Gal80 protein, a negative regulator of the prototypic transcription activator Gal4, is primarily regulated by galactose.	Galactose	134-143	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	24-29
25003388-2	2014	Signaling via the yeast Gal80 protein, a negative regulator of the prototypic transcription activator Gal4, is primarily regulated by galactose.	Galactose	134-143	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	102-106
24656556-0	2014	Delayed clinical and ex vivo response to mammalian meat in patients with IgE to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose.	Galactose	80-89	immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon	Homo sapiens	73-76
24918438-3	2014	Specifically, serum IgA1 of healthy controls has more alpha2,3-sialylated O-glycans (NeuAc attached to Gal) than alpha2,6-sialylated O-glycans (NeuAc attached to GalNAc).	Galactose	103-106	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	20-24
24620968-9	2014	RESULTS: Chronic administration of valsartan not only improved learning and memory but also restored the elevation of AChE activity induced by AlCl3 and d-gal in cortex and hippocampus.	Galactose	153-158	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	118-122
24850720-7	2014	Galactose-deficient polymeric IgA1 alone, but not M4, induced C3 secretion from the cells, and costimulation enhanced this effect.	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	30-34
25233630-0	2014	[Effect of FGF-21 on learning and memory ability and antioxidant capacity in brain tissue of D-galactose-induced aging mice].	Galactose	93-104	fibroblast growth factor 21	Mus musculus	11-17
25233630-1	2014	This study aims to investigate the effects of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) on learning and memory abilities and antioxidant capacity of D-galactose-induced aging mice.	Galactose	144-155	fibroblast growth factor 21	Mus musculus	46-73
25233630-1	2014	This study aims to investigate the effects of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) on learning and memory abilities and antioxidant capacity of D-galactose-induced aging mice.	Galactose	144-155	fibroblast growth factor 21	Mus musculus	75-81
25233630-14	2014	This study demonstrates that FGF-21 can ameliorate learning and memory abilities of D-galactose induced aging mice, improve the antioxidant abilities in brain tissue and delay brain aging.	Galactose	84-95	fibroblast growth factor 21	Mus musculus	29-35
24918438-7	2014	Sialylation of Gal-deficient asialo-IgA1 (Ale) myeloma protein by an ST6GalNAc enzyme generated sialylated IgA1 that mimics the Gal-deficient IgA1 glycoforms in patients with IgAN, characterized by alpha2,6-sialylated Gal-deficient GalNAc.	Galactose	15-18	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	36-40
24657159-10	2014	C29 treatment inhibited D-galactose-induced expression of M1 polarization markers tumor necrosis factor-alpha and arginase II, and attenuated the d-galactose-suppressed expression of M2 markers IL-10, arginase I and CD206.	Galactose	24-35	arginase, liver	Mus musculus	114-124
24918438-7	2014	Sialylation of Gal-deficient asialo-IgA1 (Ale) myeloma protein by an ST6GalNAc enzyme generated sialylated IgA1 that mimics the Gal-deficient IgA1 glycoforms in patients with IgAN, characterized by alpha2,6-sialylated Gal-deficient GalNAc.	Galactose	15-18	ST6 N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 4	Homo sapiens	69-78
24918438-7	2014	Sialylation of Gal-deficient asialo-IgA1 (Ale) myeloma protein by an ST6GalNAc enzyme generated sialylated IgA1 that mimics the Gal-deficient IgA1 glycoforms in patients with IgAN, characterized by alpha2,6-sialylated Gal-deficient GalNAc.	Galactose	15-18	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	107-111
24918438-7	2014	Sialylation of Gal-deficient asialo-IgA1 (Ale) myeloma protein by an ST6GalNAc enzyme generated sialylated IgA1 that mimics the Gal-deficient IgA1 glycoforms in patients with IgAN, characterized by alpha2,6-sialylated Gal-deficient GalNAc.	Galactose	15-18	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	107-111
24918438-7	2014	Sialylation of Gal-deficient asialo-IgA1 (Ale) myeloma protein by an ST6GalNAc enzyme generated sialylated IgA1 that mimics the Gal-deficient IgA1 glycoforms in patients with IgAN, characterized by alpha2,6-sialylated Gal-deficient GalNAc.	Galactose	15-18	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	175-179
24918438-10	2014	We assessed HAA binding to IgA1 sialylated at Gal or GalNAc.	Galactose	46-49	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	27-31
24918438-14	2014	These results suggest that binding of a GalNAc-specific lectin is modulated by sialylation of GalNAc as well as Gal in the clustered IgA1 O-glycans.	Galactose	40-43	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	133-137
24214524-0	2014	Plasma paraoxonase 1 arylesterase activity in D-galactose-induced aged rat model: correlation with LDL oxidation and redox status.	Galactose	46-57	paraoxonase 1	Rattus norvegicus	7-20
24657159-7	2014	Excessive intake of D-galactose not only impaired memory, which was indicated by passive avoidance, Y-maze, and Morris water-maze tasks, but also reduced the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and hippocampal doublecortin (DCX) and the activation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB).	Galactose	20-31	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	172-205
24657159-7	2014	Excessive intake of D-galactose not only impaired memory, which was indicated by passive avoidance, Y-maze, and Morris water-maze tasks, but also reduced the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and hippocampal doublecortin (DCX) and the activation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB).	Galactose	20-31	brain derived neurotrophic factor	Mus musculus	207-211
24657159-10	2014	C29 treatment inhibited D-galactose-induced expression of M1 polarization markers tumor necrosis factor-alpha and arginase II, and attenuated the d-galactose-suppressed expression of M2 markers IL-10, arginase I and CD206.	Galactose	24-35	mannose receptor, C type 1	Mus musculus	216-221
24657159-7	2014	Excessive intake of D-galactose not only impaired memory, which was indicated by passive avoidance, Y-maze, and Morris water-maze tasks, but also reduced the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and hippocampal doublecortin (DCX) and the activation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB).	Galactose	20-31	doublecortin	Mus musculus	243-246
24657159-7	2014	Excessive intake of D-galactose not only impaired memory, which was indicated by passive avoidance, Y-maze, and Morris water-maze tasks, but also reduced the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and hippocampal doublecortin (DCX) and the activation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB).	Galactose	20-31	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Mus musculus	270-307
24657159-7	2014	Excessive intake of D-galactose not only impaired memory, which was indicated by passive avoidance, Y-maze, and Morris water-maze tasks, but also reduced the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and hippocampal doublecortin (DCX) and the activation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB).	Galactose	20-31	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Mus musculus	309-313
24657159-10	2014	C29 treatment inhibited D-galactose-induced expression of M1 polarization markers tumor necrosis factor-alpha and arginase II, and attenuated the d-galactose-suppressed expression of M2 markers IL-10, arginase I and CD206.	Galactose	146-157	interleukin 10	Mus musculus	194-199
24657159-10	2014	C29 treatment inhibited D-galactose-induced expression of M1 polarization markers tumor necrosis factor-alpha and arginase II, and attenuated the d-galactose-suppressed expression of M2 markers IL-10, arginase I and CD206.	Galactose	146-157	mannose receptor, C type 1	Mus musculus	216-221
24753407-5	2014	Transcription from all three promoters was imaged in live cells and transcriptional increases from the GAL1 promoter were observed with time after adding galactose.	Galactose	154-163	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	103-107
24655306-0	2014	Gcn4p and the Crabtree effect of yeast: drawing the causal model of the Crabtree effect in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and explaining evolutionary trade-offs of adaptation to galactose through systems biology.	Galactose	172-181	amino acid starvation-responsive transcription factor GCN4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
24655306-1	2014	By performing an integrated comparative analysis on the physiology and transcriptome of four different S. cerevisiae strains growing on galactose and glucose, it was inferred that the transcription factors Bas1p, Pho2p, and Gcn4p play a central role in the regulatory events causing the Crabtree effect in S. cerevisiae.	Galactose	136-145	Bas1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	206-211
24655306-1	2014	By performing an integrated comparative analysis on the physiology and transcriptome of four different S. cerevisiae strains growing on galactose and glucose, it was inferred that the transcription factors Bas1p, Pho2p, and Gcn4p play a central role in the regulatory events causing the Crabtree effect in S. cerevisiae.	Galactose	136-145	Pho2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	213-218
24655306-1	2014	By performing an integrated comparative analysis on the physiology and transcriptome of four different S. cerevisiae strains growing on galactose and glucose, it was inferred that the transcription factors Bas1p, Pho2p, and Gcn4p play a central role in the regulatory events causing the Crabtree effect in S. cerevisiae.	Galactose	136-145	amino acid starvation-responsive transcription factor GCN4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	224-229
24655306-2	2014	The analysis also revealed that a point mutation in the RAS2 observed in a galactose-adapted strain causes a lower Crabtree effect and growth rate on glucose by decreasing the activity of Gcn4p while at the same time is at the origin of higher growth rate on galactose due to a lower activity of the transcriptional repressor Sok2p.	Galactose	75-84	Ras family GTPase RAS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	56-60
24655306-2	2014	The analysis also revealed that a point mutation in the RAS2 observed in a galactose-adapted strain causes a lower Crabtree effect and growth rate on glucose by decreasing the activity of Gcn4p while at the same time is at the origin of higher growth rate on galactose due to a lower activity of the transcriptional repressor Sok2p.	Galactose	75-84	amino acid starvation-responsive transcription factor GCN4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	188-193
24655306-2	2014	The analysis also revealed that a point mutation in the RAS2 observed in a galactose-adapted strain causes a lower Crabtree effect and growth rate on glucose by decreasing the activity of Gcn4p while at the same time is at the origin of higher growth rate on galactose due to a lower activity of the transcriptional repressor Sok2p.	Galactose	75-84	Sok2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	326-331
24655306-2	2014	The analysis also revealed that a point mutation in the RAS2 observed in a galactose-adapted strain causes a lower Crabtree effect and growth rate on glucose by decreasing the activity of Gcn4p while at the same time is at the origin of higher growth rate on galactose due to a lower activity of the transcriptional repressor Sok2p.	Galactose	259-268	Ras family GTPase RAS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	56-60
24655306-2	2014	The analysis also revealed that a point mutation in the RAS2 observed in a galactose-adapted strain causes a lower Crabtree effect and growth rate on glucose by decreasing the activity of Gcn4p while at the same time is at the origin of higher growth rate on galactose due to a lower activity of the transcriptional repressor Sok2p.	Galactose	259-268	amino acid starvation-responsive transcription factor GCN4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	188-193
24655306-2	2014	The analysis also revealed that a point mutation in the RAS2 observed in a galactose-adapted strain causes a lower Crabtree effect and growth rate on glucose by decreasing the activity of Gcn4p while at the same time is at the origin of higher growth rate on galactose due to a lower activity of the transcriptional repressor Sok2p.	Galactose	259-268	Sok2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	326-331
24631548-2	2014	The r-EPS1 and r-EPS2 were homogenous polysaccharides with average molecular weights of, respectively, 204.6 and 202.8kDa, and composed of glucose, mannose and galactose with molar ratios of 18.21:78.76:3.03 and 12.92:30.89:56.19, respectively.	Galactose	160-169	RALBP1 associated Eps domain containing 1	Homo sapiens	4-21
24355574-1	2014	Human erythropoietin produced in the egg white of chimeric chicken contains N-glycan with lower amounts of terminal galactose and sialic acid; therefore, the chicken galactosyltransferase gene was introduced together with the human erythropoietin gene by a retroviral vector.	Galactose	116-125	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	6-20
24439480-6	2014	Switching the energy source from glucose to galactose caused uncoupling of mitochondria with increased proton leak in SOD1(I113T) fibroblasts.	Galactose	44-53	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	118-122
24214524-5	2014	RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in plasma PON1 arylesterase activity in both subcutaneous D-galactose-treated groups and 24-month-old aged rats (P &lt; 0.05, for each).	Galactose	100-111	paraoxonase 1	Rattus norvegicus	52-56
24214524-9	2014	CONCLUSIONS: The D-galactose-induced rat model of aging mimics the naturally aged rat with reference to PON1 arylesterase activity and susceptibility to LDL oxidation.	Galactose	17-28	paraoxonase 1	Rattus norvegicus	104-108
24785355-1	2014	GAL1 and GAL3 are paralogous signal transducers that functionally inactivate Gal80p to activate the Gal4p-dependent transcriptional activation of GAL genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in response to galactose.	Galactose	199-208	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
23758052-3	2014	Both SOD mimics conferred a significant survival benefit to GALT-null larvae exposed to galactose but not to controls or to GALT-null larvae reared in the absence of galactose.	Galactose	88-97	Superoxide dismutase 1	Drosophila melanogaster	5-8
23758052-3	2014	Both SOD mimics conferred a significant survival benefit to GALT-null larvae exposed to galactose but not to controls or to GALT-null larvae reared in the absence of galactose.	Galactose	88-97	Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Drosophila melanogaster	60-64
23758052-6	2014	INNOVATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm oxidative stress as a mediator of acute galactose sensitivity in GALT-null Drosophila larvae and demonstrate for the first time that oxidative stress may also contribute to galactose-independent adult outcomes in GALT deficiency.	Galactose	88-97	Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Drosophila melanogaster	113-117
24530538-0	2014	Quick nuclear transportation of siRNA and in vivo hepatic ApoB gene silencing with galactose-bearing polymeric carrier.	Galactose	83-92	apolipoprotein B	Mus musculus	58-62
24693939-7	2014	The recombinant AtGALT29A expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana demonstrated a galactosyltransferase activity, transferring galactose from UDP-galactose to a mixture of various oligosaccharides derived from arabinogalactan proteins.	Galactose	121-130	Glycosyltransferase family 29 (sialyltransferase) family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	16-25
24693939-8	2014	The galactose-incorporated products were analyzed using structure-specific hydrolases indicating that the recombinant AtGALT29A possesses beta-1,6-galactosyltransferase activity, elongating beta-1,6-galactan side chains and forming 6-Gal branches on the beta-1,3-galactan main chain of arabinogalactan proteins.	Galactose	4-13	Glycosyltransferase family 29 (sialyltransferase) family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	118-127
24693939-8	2014	The galactose-incorporated products were analyzed using structure-specific hydrolases indicating that the recombinant AtGALT29A possesses beta-1,6-galactosyltransferase activity, elongating beta-1,6-galactan side chains and forming 6-Gal branches on the beta-1,3-galactan main chain of arabinogalactan proteins.	Galactose	4-13	beta-1,2-xylosyltransferase	Arabidopsis thaliana	254-262
24693939-12	2014	The complex can work cooperatively to enhance the activities of adding galactose residues 6-linked to beta-1,6-galactan and to beta-1,3-galactan.	Galactose	71-80	beta-1,2-xylosyltransferase	Arabidopsis thaliana	127-135
24463171-1	2014	The lysosomal hydrolase galactocerebrosidase (GALC) catalyzes the removal of galactose from galactosylceramide and from other sphingolipids.	Galactose	77-86	galactosylceramidase b	Danio rerio	24-44
24463171-1	2014	The lysosomal hydrolase galactocerebrosidase (GALC) catalyzes the removal of galactose from galactosylceramide and from other sphingolipids.	Galactose	77-86	galactosylceramidase b	Danio rerio	46-50
24804163-8	2014	We were able to show by immunological assays that human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cells display O-GlcNAc, the product of EOGT, and that O-GlcNAc is further elongated with galactose to form O-linked N-acetyllactosamine.	Galactose	194-203	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	159-167
25212013-5	2014	Due to unique characters of ldlD-14 cells, carbohydrate chain of NCAM molecule can be easily manipulated with or without adding galactose in the serum free medium, and this modification can provide the basis for further studies on the effect of glycosylation on NCAM molecular function.	Galactose	128-137	neural cell adhesion molecule 1	Mus musculus	65-69
24981025-9	2014	CONCLUSIONS: GGH copolymers could integrate advantages relating to galactose content for hepatocyte targeting, guanidino groups for cell penetration and HPMA component for shielding, showing great potential for effective hepatocyte targeting gene delivery.	Galactose	67-76	gamma-glutamyl hydrolase	Homo sapiens	13-16
24515582-5	2014	Mannose- or galactose-displaying HFPCNs recognize and tightly bind to DC-SIGN or ASGP-R lectins on the surface of the mammalian cells, DCEK or HepG2 cells.	Galactose	12-21	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	81-87
24567334-5	2014	Down-regulation of Gal3 protein or incubation with lactose, a galactose-containing disaccharide that competitively inhibits galectin binding to Dsg2, decreased intercellular adhesion in intestinal epithelial cells.	Galactose	62-71	desmoglein 2	Homo sapiens	144-148
24326249-5	2014	The lacto- and neolacto- glycosphingolipids revealed different orientations of their terminal galactose in the galectin-3-bound LNT and LNnT structures that has significant ramifications for the capacity of galectin-3 to interact with higher-order lacto/neolacto-series glycosphingolipids such as ABH blood group antigens and the HNK-1 antigen that is common on leukocytes.	Galactose	94-103	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	111-121
24326249-5	2014	The lacto- and neolacto- glycosphingolipids revealed different orientations of their terminal galactose in the galectin-3-bound LNT and LNnT structures that has significant ramifications for the capacity of galectin-3 to interact with higher-order lacto/neolacto-series glycosphingolipids such as ABH blood group antigens and the HNK-1 antigen that is common on leukocytes.	Galactose	94-103	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	207-217
24326249-5	2014	The lacto- and neolacto- glycosphingolipids revealed different orientations of their terminal galactose in the galectin-3-bound LNT and LNnT structures that has significant ramifications for the capacity of galectin-3 to interact with higher-order lacto/neolacto-series glycosphingolipids such as ABH blood group antigens and the HNK-1 antigen that is common on leukocytes.	Galactose	94-103	beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	330-335
24785355-4	2014	Using galactose and histidine growth complementation assays, we demonstrate that 0.3% of the gal3  cell population responds to galactose.	Galactose	127-136	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	93-97
24785355-1	2014	GAL1 and GAL3 are paralogous signal transducers that functionally inactivate Gal80p to activate the Gal4p-dependent transcriptional activation of GAL genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in response to galactose.	Galactose	199-208	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	9-13
24785355-1	2014	GAL1 and GAL3 are paralogous signal transducers that functionally inactivate Gal80p to activate the Gal4p-dependent transcriptional activation of GAL genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in response to galactose.	Galactose	199-208	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	77-82
24785355-1	2014	GAL1 and GAL3 are paralogous signal transducers that functionally inactivate Gal80p to activate the Gal4p-dependent transcriptional activation of GAL genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in response to galactose.	Galactose	199-208	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	100-105
24785355-4	2014	Using galactose and histidine growth complementation assays, we demonstrate that 0.3% of the gal3  cell population responds to galactose.	Galactose	6-15	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	93-97
24591487-2	2014	As a result of a higher affinity of galactokinase toward galactose, the lumped constant (LC) for (18)F-FDGal was 0.13 in healthy subjects.	Galactose	57-66	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	36-49
24206532-3	2014	Further, Gal80p and Gal3p are the repressor and galactose sensor, respectively, which are also under the regulation of GAL regulon.	Galactose	48-57	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	9-15
24377263-4	2014	We have used an inducible system to express human huntingtin fragments harboring normal (25Q) and pathogenic (103Q) polyglutamine lengths under the control of a galactose promoter in a yeast model of HD.	Galactose	161-170	huntingtin	Homo sapiens	50-60
24649098-1	2014	The level of immunoglobulin G (IgG) lacking the terminal galactose, referred to as agalactosyl IgG, was found to be increased in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly in Crohn"s disease, which is suggested to have a genetic component.	Galactose	57-66	immunoglobulin heavy variable V1-62	Mus musculus	13-29
24649098-1	2014	The level of immunoglobulin G (IgG) lacking the terminal galactose, referred to as agalactosyl IgG, was found to be increased in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly in Crohn"s disease, which is suggested to have a genetic component.	Galactose	57-66	immunoglobulin heavy variable V1-62	Mus musculus	31-34
24649098-1	2014	The level of immunoglobulin G (IgG) lacking the terminal galactose, referred to as agalactosyl IgG, was found to be increased in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly in Crohn"s disease, which is suggested to have a genetic component.	Galactose	57-66	immunoglobulin heavy variable V1-62	Mus musculus	95-98
24343997-0	2014	Identification and characterization of an Arabidopsis mutant with altered localization of NIP5;1, a plasma membrane boric acid channel, reveals the requirement for D-galactose in endomembrane organization.	Galactose	164-175	NOD26-like intrinsic protein 5;1	Arabidopsis thaliana	90-96
24343997-6	2014	The responsible gene encodes UDP-glucose 4-epimerase 4 (UGE4), which functions in the biosynthesis of d-galactose, especially for the synthesis of the cell wall polysaccharide xyloglucan and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs).	Galactose	102-113	NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	29-54
24343997-6	2014	The responsible gene encodes UDP-glucose 4-epimerase 4 (UGE4), which functions in the biosynthesis of d-galactose, especially for the synthesis of the cell wall polysaccharide xyloglucan and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs).	Galactose	102-113	NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	56-60
24343997-9	2014	Overall, our results suggest that UGE4 activity in d-galactose synthesis is required for the structure of cell wall polysaccharides and endomembrane organization.	Galactose	51-62	NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	34-38
24691064-4	2014	LPD, the molecular weight of which was lower than that of LPF, contained more protein, uronic acid, arabinose, galactose and xylose.	Galactose	111-120	acyl-CoA synthetase bubblegum family member 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
24550398-4	2014	Gene disruption studies show that AgtA, the enzyme responsible for addition of the final two galactose residues, in alpha-linkages to the Skp1 core trisaccharide, is unexpectedly critical for oxygen-dependent terminal development.	Galactose	93-102	S-phase kinase associated protein 1	Homo sapiens	138-142
24206532-3	2014	Further, Gal80p and Gal3p are the repressor and galactose sensor, respectively, which are also under the regulation of GAL regulon.	Galactose	48-57	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	20-25
24221747-8	2014	In addition to its primary presence on the plasma membrane, GLUT1 is also expressed on the Golgi membrane of mammary epithelial cells and is likely involved in facilitating the uptake of glucose and galactose to the site of lactose synthesis.	Galactose	199-208	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Homo sapiens	60-65
24499211-9	2014	Mass spectrometry of transferrin showed a loss of complete N-glycans and the presence of truncated glycans lacking galactose.	Galactose	115-124	transferrin	Homo sapiens	21-32
23872881-9	2014	GAL treatment caused decreases in GSH levels, SOD and GSH-Px activities in the liver.	Galactose	0-3	glutathione peroxidase 1	Rattus norvegicus	54-60
24221747-4	2014	Mammary glands mainly express GLUT1 and GLUT8, and GLUT1 is the predominant isoform with a Km of ~10 mM and transport activity for mannose and galactose in addition to glucose.	Galactose	143-152	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Homo sapiens	51-56
24152993-0	2014	KSGal6ST is essential for the 6-sulfation of galactose within keratan sulfate in early postnatal brain.	Galactose	45-54	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	0-8
24180678-0	2014	Laminin gamma-1 and collagen alpha-1 (VI) chain are galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose-bound allergens in beef.	Galactose	52-61	collagen type VI alpha 1 chain	Homo sapiens	0-47
24270321-7	2014	Bga42A thus prefers the beta1-3-galactosidic linkage from human milk and other beta1-3- and beta1-6-galactosides with glucose or Gal situated at subsite +1.	Galactose	129-132	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	24-31
24152993-2	2014	Residues of Gal and GlcNAc in KS are potentially modified with sulfate at their C-6 positions.	Galactose	12-15	complement C6	Homo sapiens	80-83
24152993-11	2014	These results indicate that KSGal6ST is essential for C-6 sulfation of Gal within KS in early postnatal brains.	Galactose	30-33	complement C6	Homo sapiens	54-57
24433593-8	2014	The two most recent advances in our ability to detect the cause are the discovery that episodes can be caused by mast cell-activating syndromes, systemic mastocytosis, and IgE to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose.	Galactose	179-188	immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon	Homo sapiens	172-175
24256145-10	2014	In galactose media, endothelial cells showed increased expression of basic FGF, IGF-1, TGF-beta, P-ERK1/2, and P-SAPK/JNK, which were only partially reduced by ARIs.	Galactose	3-12	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	80-85
24055495-2	2014	An alternative source of energy is d-galactose (the C-4-epimer of d-glucose) which is transported into the brain by insulin-independent GLUT3 transporter where it might be metabolized to glucose via the Leloir pathway.	Galactose	35-46	solute carrier family 2 member 3	Rattus norvegicus	136-141
24044515-0	2014	Calorie restriction down-regulates expression of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin in normal and D-galactose-induced aging mouse brain.	Galactose	100-111	hepcidin antimicrobial peptide	Mus musculus	77-85
24044515-8	2014	Hepcidin mRNA expression was increased in the D-gal group, decreased in the CR group, and was basically unchanged in the D-gal-CR group.	Galactose	46-51	hepcidin antimicrobial peptide	Mus musculus	0-8
24432014-3	2014	The Twitcher mouse is a model for the Krabbe disease, characterized by the deficiency of galactosylceramidase (GALC), a lysosomal enzyme that hydrolyzes the terminal galactose from galactosylceramide, a typical component of the myelin membrane.	Galactose	166-175	galactosylceramidase	Mus musculus	111-115
24432014-4	2014	In addition, GALC catalyzes the hydrolysis of the terminal galactose from galactosyl-alkyl-acyl-glycerol, precursor of seminolipids, specifically expressed on the membrane of germ cells.	Galactose	59-68	galactosylceramidase	Mus musculus	13-17
24281423-4	2014	In this study, we quantitatively measured gene expression patterns of the selection marker (KlURA3 driven by the promoter, pKlURA) and the gene expression cassette (GFP driven by the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter, pGAL1) in all their possible relative arrangements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	183-192	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	203-207
25151383-3	2014	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of oligodendrocytes in culture.	Galactose	12-21	galactosylceramidase	Homo sapiens	61-65
25151383-3	2014	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of oligodendrocytes in culture.	Galactose	12-21	sarcoglycan beta	Homo sapiens	66-69
25151383-3	2014	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of oligodendrocytes in culture.	Galactose	12-21	galactosylceramidase	Homo sapiens	178-182
25151383-3	2014	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of oligodendrocytes in culture.	Galactose	12-21	sarcoglycan beta	Homo sapiens	187-190
25151383-3	2014	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of oligodendrocytes in culture.	Galactose	35-44	galactosylceramidase	Homo sapiens	61-65
25151383-3	2014	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of oligodendrocytes in culture.	Galactose	35-44	sarcoglycan beta	Homo sapiens	66-69
25151383-3	2014	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of oligodendrocytes in culture.	Galactose	35-44	galactosylceramidase	Homo sapiens	178-182
25151383-3	2014	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of oligodendrocytes in culture.	Galactose	35-44	sarcoglycan beta	Homo sapiens	187-190
25151383-3	2014	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of oligodendrocytes in culture.	Galactose	35-44	galactosylceramidase	Homo sapiens	61-65
25151383-3	2014	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of oligodendrocytes in culture.	Galactose	35-44	sarcoglycan beta	Homo sapiens	66-69
25151383-3	2014	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of oligodendrocytes in culture.	Galactose	35-44	galactosylceramidase	Homo sapiens	178-182
25151383-3	2014	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of oligodendrocytes in culture.	Galactose	35-44	sarcoglycan beta	Homo sapiens	187-190
23771791-0	2014	Fructo-oligosaccharide attenuates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the activation of JNK/Jun pathway in the lungs of D-galactose-treated Balb/cJ mice.	Galactose	133-144	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	101-104
24274513-4	2014	HMP-1 and HMP-2 were mainly composed of arabinose, galactose, glucose and mannose with the molecular weight of 133 and 100 kDa, respectively.	Galactose	51-60	inner membrane mitochondrial protein	Homo sapiens	0-3
24274513-4	2014	HMP-1 and HMP-2 were mainly composed of arabinose, galactose, glucose and mannose with the molecular weight of 133 and 100 kDa, respectively.	Galactose	51-60	inner membrane mitochondrial protein	Homo sapiens	10-13
24336744-3	2014	SGP-2 is mainly composed of glucose, galactose, mannose, arabinose and galacturonic acid in a molar ratio of 12.19 : 8.68 : 6.03 : 1.00 : 15.24.	Galactose	37-46	clusterin	Homo sapiens	0-5
23771791-5	2014	RESULTS: D-galactose treatment, generally similar to NA, increased the lung pro-inflammatory status, as shown in the IL-6 and IL-1beta levels and the expression of phospho-Jun and phospho-JNK, and the fibrotic status as shown in the hydroxyproline level compared to the vehicle.	Galactose	9-20	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	117-121
23771791-5	2014	RESULTS: D-galactose treatment, generally similar to NA, increased the lung pro-inflammatory status, as shown in the IL-6 and IL-1beta levels and the expression of phospho-Jun and phospho-JNK, and the fibrotic status as shown in the hydroxyproline level compared to the vehicle.	Galactose	9-20	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	126-134
23771791-5	2014	RESULTS: D-galactose treatment, generally similar to NA, increased the lung pro-inflammatory status, as shown in the IL-6 and IL-1beta levels and the expression of phospho-Jun and phospho-JNK, and the fibrotic status as shown in the hydroxyproline level compared to the vehicle.	Galactose	9-20	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	188-191
24975671-2	2014	The physiological function of ASGPR has not been completely clarified and is thought to be specific binding and internalization of galactose (Gal) or N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-terminating glycoproteins by hepatocytes.	Galactose	131-140	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	30-35
24669284-0	2014	Saponins from Aralia taibaiensis attenuate D-galactose-induced aging in rats by activating FOXO3a and Nrf2 pathways.	Galactose	43-54	forkhead box O3	Rattus norvegicus	91-97
24669284-0	2014	Saponins from Aralia taibaiensis attenuate D-galactose-induced aging in rats by activating FOXO3a and Nrf2 pathways.	Galactose	43-54	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	102-106
24669284-9	2014	By activating FOXO3a and Nrf2 pathways, saponins increase their downstream multiple antioxidants expression and function, at least in part contributing to the protection on the D-galactose-induced aging in rats.	Galactose	177-188	forkhead box O3	Rattus norvegicus	14-20
24669284-9	2014	By activating FOXO3a and Nrf2 pathways, saponins increase their downstream multiple antioxidants expression and function, at least in part contributing to the protection on the D-galactose-induced aging in rats.	Galactose	177-188	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	25-29
25078371-5	2014	When rats with D-galactose-induced aging were fed an HFD for 9 wk, enhanced oxidative DNA damage, renal cell apoptosis, protein glycation, and extracellular high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), a signal of tissue damage, were observed in renal glomerular cells and tubular epithelial cells.	Galactose	15-26	high mobility group box 1	Rattus norvegicus	157-182
24975671-2	2014	The physiological function of ASGPR has not been completely clarified and is thought to be specific binding and internalization of galactose (Gal) or N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-terminating glycoproteins by hepatocytes.	Galactose	142-145	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	30-35
24128328-8	2013	This increase of galactosylation in the mutants is most likely caused by increased availability of the O6 position of Gal, which is a shared acceptor site for AtGlcAT14A and galactosyltransferases in synthesis of type II AG, and thus addition of GlcA may terminate Gal chain extension.	Galactose	118-121	Core-2/I-branching beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	159-169
24339723-0	2013	Aldose reductase inhibitor counteracts the enhanced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-10 and improves corneal wound healing in galactose-fed rats.	Galactose	132-141	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
24339723-6	2013	The expression level of MMP-10 was enhanced at both the protein and mRNA levels by exposure to a high concentration of Gal, while integrin alpha3 expression decreased at the protein level but remained unchanged at the mRNA level.	Galactose	119-122	matrix metallopeptidase 10	Rattus norvegicus	24-30
23942731-3	2013	The beta4GalT1 enzyme transfers galactose (Gal) from UDP-Gal to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in the presence of manganese.	Galactose	32-41	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Bos taurus	4-14
24219615-5	2014	Galactose-deficient IgA1 was measurement by ELISA.	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	20-24
24180291-5	2013	This study, therefore, describes the surface functionalization of these materials with galactose, a carbohydrate known to specifically bind to hepatocytes via the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), to further improve hepatocyte adhesion and function when growing on the scaffold.	Galactose	87-96	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	163-190
24180291-5	2013	This study, therefore, describes the surface functionalization of these materials with galactose, a carbohydrate known to specifically bind to hepatocytes via the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), to further improve hepatocyte adhesion and function when growing on the scaffold.	Galactose	87-96	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	192-197
24201055-7	2013	d-Gal and AlCl3 caused significant memory impairment along with significant elevation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in cerebral cortex and hippocampus.	Galactose	0-5	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	89-109
24201055-7	2013	d-Gal and AlCl3 caused significant memory impairment along with significant elevation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in cerebral cortex and hippocampus.	Galactose	0-5	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	111-115
24201055-9	2013	Perindopril not only improved cognitive impairment but also restored the elevation of AChE activity induced by d-gal and AlCl3.	Galactose	111-116	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	86-90
24128328-8	2013	This increase of galactosylation in the mutants is most likely caused by increased availability of the O6 position of Gal, which is a shared acceptor site for AtGlcAT14A and galactosyltransferases in synthesis of type II AG, and thus addition of GlcA may terminate Gal chain extension.	Galactose	265-268	Core-2/I-branching beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	159-169
24129567-5	2013	This caused a significant decrease in Gcn5 histone acetyltransferase activity in vitro and in vivo at two SAGA-regulated galactose genes, GAL1 and GAL7.	Galactose	121-130	lysine acetyltransferase 2A	Homo sapiens	38-42
23319291-1	2013	Classic galactosemia is a potentially lethal disorder that results from profound deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT), the second enzyme in the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism.	Galactose	8-17	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	138-142
24161108-8	2013	Expression strength of these promoters over a typical production time frame in glucose/galactose medium was examined, and identified the TEF1 and HXT7 promoters as preferred promoters over long term fermentations.	Galactose	87-96	translation elongation factor EF-1 alpha	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	137-141
24156692-0	2013	Metagenomic approach for the isolation of a thermostable beta-galactosidase with high tolerance of galactose and glucose from soil samples of Turpan Basin.	Galactose	99-108	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	57-75
24123359-1	2013	To mediate selective gene delivery to hepatocytes via the asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGP-Rs), we designed and synthesized well-defined and narrowly dispersed galactose- and glucose-functionalized cationic polycarbonate diblock copolymers (designated as Gal-APC and Glu-APC, respectively) using organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization of functionalized carbonate monomers, with a subsequent quaternization step using bis-tertiary amines to confer quaternary and tertiary amines for DNA binding and endosomal buffering, respectively.	Galactose	162-171	mucin 4, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	88-92
23891555-3	2013	Normal IgA1 hinge region carries 3 to 6 O-glycans consisting of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and galactose (Gal); both sugars may be sialylated.	Galactose	99-108	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	7-11
23891555-3	2013	Normal IgA1 hinge region carries 3 to 6 O-glycans consisting of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and galactose (Gal); both sugars may be sialylated.	Galactose	87-90	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	7-11
24161108-8	2013	Expression strength of these promoters over a typical production time frame in glucose/galactose medium was examined, and identified the TEF1 and HXT7 promoters as preferred promoters over long term fermentations.	Galactose	87-96	hexose transporter HXT7	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	146-150
23892988-7	2013	In addition, the administration of PEP-1-SOD1 and/or PEP-1-PRX2 ameliorated D-galactose-induced reductions of cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus and significantly reduced D-galactose-induced lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus.	Galactose	76-87	peroxiredoxin 2	Mus musculus	59-63
23926132-5	2013	Infusions of the SGLT1 ligands glucose, galactose, MDG, and OMG stimulated CS+ licking above CS- levels.	Galactose	40-49	solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 1	Mus musculus	17-22
23910014-2	2013	We have previously demonstrated that TNFalpha inhibits galactose, fructose and leucine intestinal absorption in animal models.	Galactose	55-64	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	37-45
23892988-0	2013	Repeated administration of PEP-1-Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase and PEP-1-peroxiredoxin-2 to senescent mice induced by D-galactose improves the hippocampal functions.	Galactose	115-126	CNDP dipeptidase 2 (metallopeptidase M20 family)	Mus musculus	27-32
23892988-7	2013	In addition, the administration of PEP-1-SOD1 and/or PEP-1-PRX2 ameliorated D-galactose-induced reductions of cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus and significantly reduced D-galactose-induced lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus.	Galactose	207-218	CNDP dipeptidase 2 (metallopeptidase M20 family)	Mus musculus	35-45
23892988-0	2013	Repeated administration of PEP-1-Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase and PEP-1-peroxiredoxin-2 to senescent mice induced by D-galactose improves the hippocampal functions.	Galactose	115-126	CNDP dipeptidase 2 (metallopeptidase M20 family)	Mus musculus	64-69
23892988-0	2013	Repeated administration of PEP-1-Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase and PEP-1-peroxiredoxin-2 to senescent mice induced by D-galactose improves the hippocampal functions.	Galactose	115-126	peroxiredoxin 2	Mus musculus	70-85
23892988-7	2013	In addition, the administration of PEP-1-SOD1 and/or PEP-1-PRX2 ameliorated D-galactose-induced reductions of cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus and significantly reduced D-galactose-induced lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus.	Galactose	207-218	CNDP dipeptidase 2 (metallopeptidase M20 family)	Mus musculus	35-40
23892988-6	2013	The administration of PEP-1-SOD1 and/or PEP-1-PRX2 significantly improved D-galactose-induced deficits on the escape latency, swimming speeds, platform crossings, spatial preference for the target quadrant in Morris water maze test.	Galactose	74-85	CNDP dipeptidase 2 (metallopeptidase M20 family)	Mus musculus	22-32
23892988-7	2013	In addition, the administration of PEP-1-SOD1 and/or PEP-1-PRX2 ameliorated D-galactose-induced reductions of cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus and significantly reduced D-galactose-induced lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus.	Galactose	207-218	peroxiredoxin 2	Mus musculus	59-63
23892988-6	2013	The administration of PEP-1-SOD1 and/or PEP-1-PRX2 significantly improved D-galactose-induced deficits on the escape latency, swimming speeds, platform crossings, spatial preference for the target quadrant in Morris water maze test.	Galactose	74-85	CNDP dipeptidase 2 (metallopeptidase M20 family)	Mus musculus	22-27
23892988-6	2013	The administration of PEP-1-SOD1 and/or PEP-1-PRX2 significantly improved D-galactose-induced deficits on the escape latency, swimming speeds, platform crossings, spatial preference for the target quadrant in Morris water maze test.	Galactose	74-85	peroxiredoxin 2	Mus musculus	46-50
23892988-9	2013	These results suggest that a SOD1 and/or PRX2 supplement to aged mice could improve the memory deficits, cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus of D-galactose induced aged mice by reducing lipid peroxidation.	Galactose	179-190	superoxide dismutase 1, soluble	Mus musculus	29-33
23892988-7	2013	In addition, the administration of PEP-1-SOD1 and/or PEP-1-PRX2 ameliorated D-galactose-induced reductions of cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus and significantly reduced D-galactose-induced lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus.	Galactose	76-87	CNDP dipeptidase 2 (metallopeptidase M20 family)	Mus musculus	35-45
23892988-7	2013	In addition, the administration of PEP-1-SOD1 and/or PEP-1-PRX2 ameliorated D-galactose-induced reductions of cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus and significantly reduced D-galactose-induced lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus.	Galactose	76-87	CNDP dipeptidase 2 (metallopeptidase M20 family)	Mus musculus	35-40
23892988-9	2013	These results suggest that a SOD1 and/or PRX2 supplement to aged mice could improve the memory deficits, cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus of D-galactose induced aged mice by reducing lipid peroxidation.	Galactose	179-190	peroxiredoxin 2	Mus musculus	41-45
23469839-8	2013	In response to the non-lethal energetic challenge induced by substituting galactose for glucose, we observed increased IDH1, 2, and 3 expression and cessation of cellular proliferation.	Galactose	74-83	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Rattus norvegicus	119-123
24039837-7	2013	DmAChE was expressed and displayed on the cell surface after galactose induction.	Galactose	61-70	Acetylcholine esterase	Drosophila melanogaster	0-6
24433696-1	2013	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the preventive and therapeutic effects of agent calcium dobesilate(CDO) with different doses on the galactose cataract of rats.	Galactose	126-135	cysteine dioxygenase type 1	Rattus norvegicus	93-96
23886446-0	2013	Interleukin-1beta reduces galactose transport in intestinal epithelial cells in a NF-kB and protein kinase C-dependent manner.	Galactose	26-35	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	0-17
23886446-3	2013	The aim of this work was to study the in vitro effect of IL-1beta on d-galactose transport across intestinal epithelia in rabbit jejunum and Caco-2 cells.	Galactose	69-80	interleukin-1 beta	Oryctolagus cuniculus	57-65
23886446-4	2013	The results showed that d-galactose intestinal absorption was diminished in IL-1beta treated jejunum rabbits without affecting the Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity.	Galactose	24-35	interleukin-1 beta	Oryctolagus cuniculus	76-84
23886446-10	2013	In summary, the direct addition of IL-1beta to intestinal epithelia inhibits d-galactose transport by a possible reduction in the SGLT1 activity.	Galactose	77-88	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	35-43
23886446-10	2013	In summary, the direct addition of IL-1beta to intestinal epithelia inhibits d-galactose transport by a possible reduction in the SGLT1 activity.	Galactose	77-88	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	130-135
23999306-1	2013	Human beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) establishes the final glycosylation pattern of many glycoproteins by transferring a sialyl moiety to a terminal galactose.	Galactose	176-185	ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	54-62
23999306-2	2013	Complete sialylation of therapeutic immunoglobulins is essential for their anti-inflammatory activity and protein stability, but is difficult to achieve in vitro owing to the limited activity of ST6Gal-I towards some galactose acceptors.	Galactose	217-226	ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	195-203
23858060-1	2013	The DNA-binding transcriptional activator Gal4 and its regulators Gal80 and Gal3 constitute a galactose-responsive switch for the GAL genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	94-103	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	42-46
23685046-4	2013	Partial acid hydrolysis, GC, GC-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy analysis of the HPS4-2A revealed a predominance of glucose, galactose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose linked in a highly-branched structure.	Galactose	123-132	HPS4 biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex 3 subunit 2	Homo sapiens	79-83
23795773-9	2013	Systemic administration of d-galactose significantly increased behavioural alterations, biochemical parameters, mitochondrial enzymes, and activations of caspase-3 and acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity as compared with the control group.	Galactose	27-38	caspase 3	Mus musculus	154-163
23795773-9	2013	Systemic administration of d-galactose significantly increased behavioural alterations, biochemical parameters, mitochondrial enzymes, and activations of caspase-3 and acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity as compared with the control group.	Galactose	27-38	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	168-188
23795773-11	2013	Furthermore, pretreatment of BADGE (PPARgamma antagonist) with pioglitazone reversed the protective effect of pioglitazone in d-galactose-induced mice.	Galactose	126-137	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	36-45
23795773-12	2013	The present study highlights the protective effects of pioglitzone against d-galactose-induced memory dysfunction, mito-oxidative damage and apoptosis through activation of PPARgamma receptors.	Galactose	75-86	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	173-182
23858060-1	2013	The DNA-binding transcriptional activator Gal4 and its regulators Gal80 and Gal3 constitute a galactose-responsive switch for the GAL genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	94-103	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	66-71
23858060-1	2013	The DNA-binding transcriptional activator Gal4 and its regulators Gal80 and Gal3 constitute a galactose-responsive switch for the GAL genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	94-103	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	76-80
23858060-4	2013	Galactose triggers Gal3-Gal80 interaction to rapidly initiate Gal4-mediated transcription activation.	Galactose	0-9	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	19-23
23858060-4	2013	Galactose triggers Gal3-Gal80 interaction to rapidly initiate Gal4-mediated transcription activation.	Galactose	0-9	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	24-29
23858060-4	2013	Galactose triggers Gal3-Gal80 interaction to rapidly initiate Gal4-mediated transcription activation.	Galactose	0-9	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	62-66
23858060-8	2013	Consistent with this, we find that newly discovered nuclear clusters of Gal80 dissipate in response to galactose-triggered Gal3-Gal80 interaction.	Galactose	103-112	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	72-77
23858060-8	2013	Consistent with this, we find that newly discovered nuclear clusters of Gal80 dissipate in response to galactose-triggered Gal3-Gal80 interaction.	Galactose	103-112	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	123-127
23858060-8	2013	Consistent with this, we find that newly discovered nuclear clusters of Gal80 dissipate in response to galactose-triggered Gal3-Gal80 interaction.	Galactose	103-112	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	128-133
24033743-2	2013	Genetically engineered pigs deficient in galactose alpha1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (gene modified: CMAH) have significantly improved cell survival when challenged by human antibody and complement in vitro.	Galactose	41-50	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Sus scrofa	86-91
23247039-6	2013	Through the recognition between galactose ligand and ASGP-R of HepG2 cells, the endocytosis of galactosylated nanomedicine was significantly promoted, which was demonstrated by confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry.	Galactose	32-41	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	53-59
24023395-0	2013	Effect of Regular Exercise on the Histochemical Changes of d-Galactose-Induced Oxidative Renal Injury in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats.	Galactose	59-70	FAT atypical cadherin 1	Rattus norvegicus	110-113
24023395-4	2013	Oxidative stress was induced by an administration of d-galactose (100 mg/kg intraperitoneally injected) for 9 weeks, and d-galactose-treated rats were also fed with a high-fat diet (60% kcal as fat) for 9 weeks to induce obesity.	Galactose	121-132	FAT atypical cadherin 1	Rattus norvegicus	172-175
24023395-4	2013	Oxidative stress was induced by an administration of d-galactose (100 mg/kg intraperitoneally injected) for 9 weeks, and d-galactose-treated rats were also fed with a high-fat diet (60% kcal as fat) for 9 weeks to induce obesity.	Galactose	121-132	FAT atypical cadherin 1	Rattus norvegicus	194-197
23535562-3	2013	A Campylobacter jejuni beta1-3GalT (CjCgtBDelta30-His6) mutant has been found to catalyze the transfer of one or more galactose residues to Tn-MUC1 for the synthesis of T-MUC1 and galactosylated T-MUC1.	Galactose	118-127	mucin 1, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	143-147
23894652-7	2013	On the other hand, the UPR (X-box binding protein 1 mRNA levels) of galactose-fed and lithium treated cells was even greater than in fasting cells.	Galactose	68-77	X-box binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	28-51
23603103-6	2013	We found that galactose and high molecular weight exopolysaccharides present in various dairy products contributed to the thermal stability of ricin.	Galactose	14-23	ricin	Ricinus communis	143-148
23711662-11	2013	It is suggested that the interaction of the galactose units of the polymer brush with the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) of HepG2 cells has resulted in the protein enrichment along the cell periphery.	Galactose	44-53	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	90-117
23711662-11	2013	It is suggested that the interaction of the galactose units of the polymer brush with the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) of HepG2 cells has resulted in the protein enrichment along the cell periphery.	Galactose	44-53	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	119-124
23864426-3	2013	A novel approach--replacing galactose with its C2 epimer, talose--offers an alternative framework, as extensions at C2 permit exploitation of a galectin-3-specific binding groove, thereby facilitating the design of selective inhibitors.	Galactose	28-37	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3	Mus musculus	144-154
23908586-4	2013	The DIA uncovered that Fatty acid biosynthesis, Interleukin-4 receptor binding, Galactose metabolism, and mTOR signaling were among the most-impacted pathways.	Galactose	80-89	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Sus scrofa	106-110
32481830-6	2013	Cellular uptake assay and cytotoxicity tests demonstrated that these nanoparticles could be effectively internalized by HepG2 cells and had an evident targeting function through the selective recognition of galactose pendants of the copolymer by ASGP-R of HepG2 cells.	Galactose	207-216	mucin 4, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	246-250
23580183-8	2013	The binding of ASGP-R was validated using D-galactose as monomer.	Galactose	42-53	mucin 4, cell surface associated	Rattus norvegicus	15-19
23826391-5	2013	Mannose, galactose, and fructose were able to inhibit FGT-1-mediated 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake (P &lt; 0.01), indicating that FGT-1 is also able to transport these hexose sugars.	Galactose	9-18	Facilitated glucose transporter protein 1	Caenorhabditis elegans	54-59
23826391-5	2013	Mannose, galactose, and fructose were able to inhibit FGT-1-mediated 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake (P &lt; 0.01), indicating that FGT-1 is also able to transport these hexose sugars.	Galactose	9-18	Facilitated glucose transporter protein 1	Caenorhabditis elegans	125-130
23651235-3	2013	On one hand, bulk-functionalized fibers were prepared by electrospinning of native and galactose-modified PCL polymers.	Galactose	87-96	PHD finger protein 1	Homo sapiens	106-109
23651235-4	2013	The size and morphology of the resulting fibers was strongly influenced by the galactose-PCL content as observed by electron microscopy.	Galactose	79-88	PHD finger protein 1	Homo sapiens	89-92
23858973-2	2013	In the present work, we report on the development of rifampicin (RIF)-loaded nanoparticles and flower-like polymeric micelles surface-modified with hydrolyzed galatomannan (GalM-h), a polysaccharide of mannose and galactose, two sugars that are recognized by lectin-like receptors.	Galactose	214-223	galactose mutarotase	Mus musculus	173-177
23762286-7	2013	While CLEC4F has strong binding to Gal and GalNAc, terminal fucosylation inhibits CLEC4F recognition to several glycans such as Fucosyl GM1, Globo H, Bb3~4 and other fucosyl-glycans.	Galactose	35-38	C-type lectin domain family 4, member f	Mus musculus	6-12
23762286-1	2013	CLEC4F, a member of C-type lectin, was first purified from rat liver extract with high binding affinity to fucose, galactose (Gal), N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), and un-sialylated glucosphingolipids with GalNAc or Gal terminus.	Galactose	115-124	C-type lectin domain family 4, member F	Rattus norvegicus	0-6
23762286-1	2013	CLEC4F, a member of C-type lectin, was first purified from rat liver extract with high binding affinity to fucose, galactose (Gal), N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), and un-sialylated glucosphingolipids with GalNAc or Gal terminus.	Galactose	126-129	C-type lectin domain family 4, member F	Rattus norvegicus	0-6
23254763-4	2013	Expression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL2 in uge1Deltaght2Delta cells suppressed the defective galactosylation phenotype in galactose-containing medium.	Galactose	126-135	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	39-43
23294575-7	2013	Hence, although er is annotated as a galactose-inducible crystalline-like yeast protein gene (gcy1) homolog, er may be functionally different from gcy1 in glycolytic metabolism.	Galactose	37-46	glycerol 2-dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) GCY1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	94-98
23557092-4	2013	The galactose functional groups in the PMAGP block had specific interaction with HepG2 cells, and P(MAGP-co-DMAEMA)-b-PPDSMA can act as gene delivery vehicle.	Galactose	4-13	microfibril associated protein 2	Homo sapiens	40-44
23980368-0	2013	[Effects of total paeony glucosides on mRNA expressions of Toll receptors and interleukin-33 in the brain tissue of D-galactose induced aging rats: an experimental research].	Galactose	116-127	interleukin 33	Rattus norvegicus	78-92
23980368-1	2013	OBJECTIVE: To investigate effects of total paeony glucosides (TPGs) on the expressions of Toll receptors (TLR4) and interleukin-33 (IL-33) in the brain tissue of D-galactose-induced aging rats.	Galactose	162-173	toll-like receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	106-110
23980368-1	2013	OBJECTIVE: To investigate effects of total paeony glucosides (TPGs) on the expressions of Toll receptors (TLR4) and interleukin-33 (IL-33) in the brain tissue of D-galactose-induced aging rats.	Galactose	162-173	interleukin 33	Rattus norvegicus	116-130
23980368-1	2013	OBJECTIVE: To investigate effects of total paeony glucosides (TPGs) on the expressions of Toll receptors (TLR4) and interleukin-33 (IL-33) in the brain tissue of D-galactose-induced aging rats.	Galactose	162-173	interleukin 33	Rattus norvegicus	132-137
23980368-12	2013	CONCLUSION: TPGs improved D-galactose induced aging rats" capability for learning and memory through regulating changes of TLR4 and IL-33 expressions.	Galactose	26-37	toll-like receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	123-127
23980368-12	2013	CONCLUSION: TPGs improved D-galactose induced aging rats" capability for learning and memory through regulating changes of TLR4 and IL-33 expressions.	Galactose	26-37	interleukin 33	Rattus norvegicus	132-137
24146495-1	2013	We evaluated the effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides LBP) on D-galactose aging model mouse, and explored its possible mechanism.	Galactose	68-79	lipopolysaccharide binding protein	Mus musculus	60-63
24146495-10	2013	We concluded that LBP has an anti-aging effect on D-galactose induced aging model mouse, and its mechanism may be related with the alleviation of glucose metabolism disorder and the resistance of the generation of lipid peroxide and other substances, which damage cell membrane lipid.	Galactose	50-61	lipopolysaccharide binding protein	Mus musculus	18-21
23691056-2	2013	This X-linked defect results in the accumulation of enzyme substrates with terminally alpha-glycosidically bound galactose, mainly the neutral glycosphingolipid Globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) in various tissues, including the kidneys.	Galactose	113-122	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	184-187
23428743-15	2013	Lenticular GSH and catalase activities were significantly lower and SOD activity was significantly higher in all galactose fed groups.	Galactose	113-122	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	19-27
23430255-4	2013	The At4g21060 gene (named AtGALT2) was found to encode activity for adding galactose (Gal) to hydroxyproline (Hyp) in AGP protein backbones.	Galactose	75-84	Galactosyltransferase family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	26-33
23544444-2	2013	The strategy relies on iterative coupling of a common pentenyl disaccharide glycosyl donor followed by a late-stage oxidation of the C-6 positions of the galactose residues.	Galactose	154-163	complement C6	Homo sapiens	133-136
23371026-0	2013	Identification of potential glycan cancer markers with sialic acid attached to sialic acid and up-regulated fucosylated galactose structures in epidermal growth factor receptor secreted from A431 cell line.	Galactose	120-129	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	144-176
23430255-4	2013	The At4g21060 gene (named AtGALT2) was found to encode activity for adding galactose (Gal) to hydroxyproline (Hyp) in AGP protein backbones.	Galactose	86-89	Galactosyltransferase family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	26-33
22544341-4	2013	L1CAM oligosaccharides are heavily sialylated, mainly digalactosylated, biantennary complex-type structures with galactose beta1-4/3-linked to GlcNAc and with or without fucose alpha1-3/6-linked to GlcNAc.	Galactose	113-122	L1 cell adhesion molecule	Homo sapiens	0-5
22544341-4	2013	L1CAM oligosaccharides are heavily sialylated, mainly digalactosylated, biantennary complex-type structures with galactose beta1-4/3-linked to GlcNAc and with or without fucose alpha1-3/6-linked to GlcNAc.	Galactose	113-122	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	123-130
23406460-3	2013	The binding epitope of 1 demonstrates a high involvement of the arabinityl linker, whereas the galactose residue is only making contact to the protein via its C-2 site, which is very important for the discrimination between galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine, the substrate transferred by GTA.	Galactose	95-104	integrin subunit alpha 2b	Homo sapiens	290-293
22789560-4	2013	The ficolin-A binding was concentration dependent and inhibited by the acetylated sugars N-acetyleglucosamine and N-acetylegalactosamine but less so by galactose, glucose and mannan.	Galactose	152-161	ficolin A	Rattus norvegicus	4-13
23344501-5	2013	Galactose consumption was initiated at higher glucose concentrations in the MIG1 deletion strain AY-51024M than in the corresponding wild-type strain and AY-51024A, wherein galactose was consumed until glucose was completely depleted in the mixture.	Galactose	0-9	transcription factor MIG1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	76-80
23344501-5	2013	Galactose consumption was initiated at higher glucose concentrations in the MIG1 deletion strain AY-51024M than in the corresponding wild-type strain and AY-51024A, wherein galactose was consumed until glucose was completely depleted in the mixture.	Galactose	173-182	transcription factor MIG1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	76-80
23376593-7	2013	Mutations in the RAS2 gene that were identified as beneficial for galactose utilization in evolved mutants exhibited significant correlation with attenuation of glucose utilization.	Galactose	66-75	Ras family GTPase RAS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	17-21
23313706-5	2013	An 8-week co-administration of both D-gal (300 mg/kg s.c.) and huperzine A (0.1 mg/kg s.c.) not only significantly decreased hepatic function impairment, ROS generation, oxidative damage, but also suppressed inflamm-aging by inhibiting hepatic replicative senescence, AChE activity, IkappaBalpha degradation, NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation and inflammatory responses.	Galactose	36-41	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	268-272
23313706-5	2013	An 8-week co-administration of both D-gal (300 mg/kg s.c.) and huperzine A (0.1 mg/kg s.c.) not only significantly decreased hepatic function impairment, ROS generation, oxidative damage, but also suppressed inflamm-aging by inhibiting hepatic replicative senescence, AChE activity, IkappaBalpha degradation, NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation and inflammatory responses.	Galactose	36-41	NFKB inhibitor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	283-295
23313706-5	2013	An 8-week co-administration of both D-gal (300 mg/kg s.c.) and huperzine A (0.1 mg/kg s.c.) not only significantly decreased hepatic function impairment, ROS generation, oxidative damage, but also suppressed inflamm-aging by inhibiting hepatic replicative senescence, AChE activity, IkappaBalpha degradation, NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation and inflammatory responses.	Galactose	36-41	synaptotagmin 1	Rattus norvegicus	319-322
23313706-9	2013	Huperzine A exhibited protective effects against D-gal-induced hepatotoxicity and inflamm-aging by inhibiting AChE activity and via the activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.	Galactose	49-54	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	110-114
23357502-2	2013	Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) colonizes the mucus layer by binding of the parasite"s surface galactose lectin to galactose and N-acetyl-d-galactosamine residues on colonic MUC-2, preventing parasite contact-dependent cytolysis of epithelial cells.	Galactose	90-99	mucin 2	Mus musculus	169-174
23274679-2	2013	LPC-1 had an average molecular weight of 1.15 x 10(6) Da, and it was composed of galactose and glucose with a molar ratio of 1:2.	Galactose	81-90	annexin A1	Homo sapiens	0-5
22794932-4	2013	The sensitivity at 0.700V was (1.94+-0.03) mAM(-1) (r=0.9991), with a linear range between 0.25 and 5.00mM, a detection limit of 2.2muM and a quantification limit of 6.7muM with minimum interference from lactose (1.5%), maltose (5.7%), galactose (1.2%), ascorbic acid (1.0%), and uric acid (3.3%).	Galactose	236-245	mastermind like transcriptional coactivator 1	Mus musculus	43-49
23281927-1	2013	Inhibitors for galectin-1 and -3 were synthesized from thiodigalactoside and lactosamine by derivatization of the galactose C3.	Galactose	114-123	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	15-32
23136055-6	2013	With subsequently introduction of rat beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II (rGnTII) and human beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase I (hGalTI), several glycoengineered strains can produce glycoproteins bearing glycans with terminal N-acetylglucosamine or galactose.	Galactose	255-264	alpha-1,6-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	38-81
23311471-8	2013	Interestingly, the incorporation of galactose groups into the hydrogels was found to improve cell adhesion, likely due to the adsorption of fibronectin (FN) in cell-extracellular matrix (ECM).	Galactose	36-45	fibronectin 1	Mus musculus	140-151
23311471-8	2013	Interestingly, the incorporation of galactose groups into the hydrogels was found to improve cell adhesion, likely due to the adsorption of fibronectin (FN) in cell-extracellular matrix (ECM).	Galactose	36-45	fibronectin 1	Mus musculus	153-155
23223238-4	2013	A cell line lacking functional copies of both NDUFA9 alleles resulted in a loss of NDUFA9 protein expression, impaired assembly of complex I, and cells incapable of growth in galactose medium.	Galactose	175-184	NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A9	Homo sapiens	46-52
22773758-5	2013	Recently, we developed a Drosophila melanogaster model of classic galactosemia and demonstrated that, like patients, GALT-null Drosophila succumb in development if exposed to galactose but live if maintained on a galactose-restricted diet.	Galactose	66-75	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	117-121
23122115-2	2013	In the batch system, the optimal concentration of fructose for lactulose synthesis was 20%, and the effect of galactose, glucose and fructose on beta-galactosidase activity was determined for hydrolysis of whey lactose and the transgalactosylation reaction for lactulose synthesis.	Galactose	110-119	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	145-163
23188830-2	2013	Intriguingly, we show here that Rad14p associates with the promoter of a galactose-inducible GAL1 gene after transcriptional induction in the absence of DNA lesion.	Galactose	73-82	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	93-97
23188830-7	2013	Similar results are also obtained at other galactose-inducible GAL genes such as GAL7 and GAL10.	Galactose	43-52	galectin 7B	Homo sapiens	81-85
23188830-7	2013	Similar results are also obtained at other galactose-inducible GAL genes such as GAL7 and GAL10.	Galactose	43-52	Charcot-Leyden crystal galectin	Homo sapiens	90-95
23046812-7	2013	Moreover, suppression of Sirt3 reduced the F(o)F(1)ATPase activity, consequently decreased the intracellular ATP level, diminished the capacity of mitochondrial respiration, and compromised metabolic adaptability of 143B cells to the use of galactose as the energy source.	Galactose	241-250	sirtuin 3	Homo sapiens	25-30
23924466-9	2013	Fucose, sialic acid and galactose were all detected on the recombinant TPO ectodomain.	Galactose	24-33	thyroid peroxidase	Homo sapiens	71-74
23237800-6	2013	After only 0.5-1h, 50-100 muM GF inhibited RNA synthesis in SW620 cells maintained in a medium in which galactose substituted glucose.	Galactose	104-113	latexin	Homo sapiens	26-29
22773758-5	2013	Recently, we developed a Drosophila melanogaster model of classic galactosemia and demonstrated that, like patients, GALT-null Drosophila succumb in development if exposed to galactose but live if maintained on a galactose-restricted diet.	Galactose	175-184	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	117-121
22773758-11	2013	Finally, we tested the expression levels of two transcripts responsive to oxidative stress, GSTD6 and GSTE7, in mutant and control larvae exposed to galactose and found that both genes were induced, one by more than 40-fold.	Galactose	149-158	Glutathione S transferase D6	Drosophila melanogaster	92-97
22773758-11	2013	Finally, we tested the expression levels of two transcripts responsive to oxidative stress, GSTD6 and GSTE7, in mutant and control larvae exposed to galactose and found that both genes were induced, one by more than 40-fold.	Galactose	149-158	Glutathione S transferase E7	Drosophila melanogaster	102-107
22773758-12	2013	Combined, these results implicate oxidative stress and response as contributing factors in the acute galactose sensitivity of GALT-null Drosophila and, by extension, suggest that reactive oxygen species might also contribute to the acute pathophysiology in classic galactosemia.	Galactose	101-110	Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Drosophila melanogaster	126-130
23430501-1	2013	Epimerase deficiency galactosemia is an autosomal recessive disorder that results from partial impairment of UDP-galactose 4"-epimerase (GALE), the third enzyme in the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism.	Galactose	21-30	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	137-141
23843869-7	2013	The d-galactose-treated rats exhibited increases in AST and gamma -GT plasma levels and beta-galactosidase protein expression compared to the control group.	Galactose	4-15	galactosidase, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	88-106
23378701-3	2013	However, the isoglobotriosylceramide (iGb3) synthase in pigs may produce additional alpha-1,3-terminated galactose residues on glycosphingolipids.	Galactose	105-114	alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase 2 (isoglobotriaosylceramide synthase)	Mus musculus	38-42
24060651-5	2013	This protease gene was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	86-95	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	106-110
23430559-2	2013	Leptin is a circulating hormone which reflects body energy stores and which affects the neuroendocrine reproductive axis and pubertal development.We measured serum leptin in 28 children (10 girls, 18 boys; mean age 7.6 years, range 0.5-17.9 years) and in 22 adults (10 females, 12 males; mean age 23.9 years, range 18-37 years) with Gal on a strict galactose-restricted diet in comparison with control data.Leptin levels (expressed as SDS for gender and pubertal stage) were lower in Gal children than controls (mean leptin-SDS = -0.71 for girls, p &lt; 0.05, -0.97 for boys compared with SDS = 0 for controls, p &lt; 0.05).	Galactose	349-358	leptin	Homo sapiens	0-6
23430501-7	2013	Expression studies of R220W-hGALE in a null-background strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrated a very limited impairment of V               (max) for UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal) and K               (m) for UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GalNAc), but a galactose challenge in vivo failed to uncover any evidence of impaired Leloir function.	Galactose	162-171	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	28-33
23409185-2	2013	Aquaporin-1 cDNA was expressed from a galactose inducible promoter situated on a plasmid with an adjustable copy number.	Galactose	38-47	aquaporin 1 (Colton blood group)	Homo sapiens	0-11
23560061-10	2013	Thus, galactose improved glucose metabolism and metabolic switching of myotubes, representing a cell model that may be valuable for metabolic studies related to insulin resistance and disorders involving mitochondrial impairments.	Galactose	6-15	insulin	Homo sapiens	161-168
23555559-6	2013	In this study, AKT phosphorylation under glucose deprivation was inhibited by galactose and fructose, but induced by 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG).	Galactose	78-87	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	15-18
23098908-1	2012	Aberrant O-glycosylation in the hinge region of serum IgA is suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN), because the hypoglycosylation including N-acetylneuraminic acid or galactose has been reported in the mucin-type O-glycan of the hinge portion (HP) of IgA deposited in the IgAN patients" kidney.	Galactose	200-209	CD79a molecule	Homo sapiens	54-57
23036742-8	2012	These results suggest that phycocyanin might suppress d-galactose-induced hLEC apoptosis through two pathways: mitochondrial pathway, involving p53 and Bcl-2 family protein expression, and unfolded protein response pathway, involving GRP78 and CHOP expression.	Galactose	54-65	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	144-147
23036742-8	2012	These results suggest that phycocyanin might suppress d-galactose-induced hLEC apoptosis through two pathways: mitochondrial pathway, involving p53 and Bcl-2 family protein expression, and unfolded protein response pathway, involving GRP78 and CHOP expression.	Galactose	54-65	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	152-157
23036742-8	2012	These results suggest that phycocyanin might suppress d-galactose-induced hLEC apoptosis through two pathways: mitochondrial pathway, involving p53 and Bcl-2 family protein expression, and unfolded protein response pathway, involving GRP78 and CHOP expression.	Galactose	54-65	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Homo sapiens	234-239
23036742-8	2012	These results suggest that phycocyanin might suppress d-galactose-induced hLEC apoptosis through two pathways: mitochondrial pathway, involving p53 and Bcl-2 family protein expression, and unfolded protein response pathway, involving GRP78 and CHOP expression.	Galactose	54-65	DNA damage inducible transcript 3	Homo sapiens	244-248
23250880-7	2012	Oxidative stress induced under galactose conditions leads to mitochondrial damage in the form of mitochondrial inner membrane potential dissipation, ATP drop and necrotic cell death, together with increased levels of oxidative modifications in cyclophilin D protein.	Galactose	31-40	peptidylprolyl isomerase F	Homo sapiens	244-257
23098908-1	2012	Aberrant O-glycosylation in the hinge region of serum IgA is suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN), because the hypoglycosylation including N-acetylneuraminic acid or galactose has been reported in the mucin-type O-glycan of the hinge portion (HP) of IgA deposited in the IgAN patients" kidney.	Galactose	200-209	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	109-124
23098908-1	2012	Aberrant O-glycosylation in the hinge region of serum IgA is suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN), because the hypoglycosylation including N-acetylneuraminic acid or galactose has been reported in the mucin-type O-glycan of the hinge portion (HP) of IgA deposited in the IgAN patients" kidney.	Galactose	200-209	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	126-130
23098908-1	2012	Aberrant O-glycosylation in the hinge region of serum IgA is suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN), because the hypoglycosylation including N-acetylneuraminic acid or galactose has been reported in the mucin-type O-glycan of the hinge portion (HP) of IgA deposited in the IgAN patients" kidney.	Galactose	200-209	CD79a molecule	Homo sapiens	109-112
22728640-4	2012	IBP consisted of mannose, glucuronic acid, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, arabinose with a molar ratio of 4.1:1:1.4:2.7:14.6:6.3:7.9.	Galactose	81-90	trafficking protein particle complex 9	Mus musculus	0-3
22963887-1	2012	Type I galactosemia is an inborn error resulting from mutations on both alleles of the GALT gene, which leads to the absence or deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltranseferase (GALT), the second of three enzymes catalyzing the conversion of galactose into glucose.	Galactose	7-16	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	87-91
22963887-1	2012	Type I galactosemia is an inborn error resulting from mutations on both alleles of the GALT gene, which leads to the absence or deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltranseferase (GALT), the second of three enzymes catalyzing the conversion of galactose into glucose.	Galactose	7-16	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	184-188
22261557-3	2012	In the distal colon the sulfomucins were clearly prevalent, although there were always sialomucins with sialyl residues linked alpha2,6 to the subterminal galactose.	Galactose	155-164	gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, subunit alpha 6	Mus musculus	127-135
23022527-6	2012	We speculated there would be lower AMH levels in d-gal-treated mice because ovarian aging would be induced by d-gal, as reported for other tissues.	Galactose	49-54	anti-Mullerian hormone	Mus musculus	35-38
23022527-7	2012	However, the results showed that AMH levels in d-gal-treated mice were approximately four-fold higher than control mice.	Galactose	47-52	anti-Mullerian hormone	Mus musculus	33-36
22904057-4	2012	The mutants were also combined with overexpression of PGM2, earlier proved as a beneficial target for galactose utilization.	Galactose	102-111	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	54-58
22904057-6	2012	The RAS2(Lys77) mutation resulted in the highest specific galactose uptake rate among all of the strains with an increased maximum specific growth rate on galactose.	Galactose	58-67	Ras family GTPase RAS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
22904057-6	2012	The RAS2(Lys77) mutation resulted in the highest specific galactose uptake rate among all of the strains with an increased maximum specific growth rate on galactose.	Galactose	155-164	Ras family GTPase RAS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
22904057-7	2012	The RAS2(Tyr112) mutation also improved the specific galactose uptake rate and also resulted in many transcriptional changes, including ergosterol metabolism.	Galactose	53-62	Ras family GTPase RAS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
22904057-9	2012	Combination of the RAS2 mutations with PGM2 overexpression also led to a complete recovery of the adaptive phenotype in galactose utilization.	Galactose	120-129	Ras family GTPase RAS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	19-23
22904057-9	2012	Combination of the RAS2 mutations with PGM2 overexpression also led to a complete recovery of the adaptive phenotype in galactose utilization.	Galactose	120-129	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	39-43
22565375-7	2012	Third, we establish a collection of galactose-inducible hybrid promoters that span a nearly 50-fold dynamic range of galactose-induced expression levels and increase the transcriptional capacity of the Gal1 promoter by 15%.	Galactose	36-45	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	202-206
22565375-7	2012	Third, we establish a collection of galactose-inducible hybrid promoters that span a nearly 50-fold dynamic range of galactose-induced expression levels and increase the transcriptional capacity of the Gal1 promoter by 15%.	Galactose	117-126	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	202-206
23024026-1	2012	B4GALT1 gene encodes type II membrane-bound glycoprotein, named beta-1, 4-galactosyltransferase 1 (beta1, 4-Gal-T1), which can transfer galactose to acceptor sugars.	Galactose	136-145	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	0-7
23024026-1	2012	B4GALT1 gene encodes type II membrane-bound glycoprotein, named beta-1, 4-galactosyltransferase 1 (beta1, 4-Gal-T1), which can transfer galactose to acceptor sugars.	Galactose	136-145	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	64-114
22613355-7	2012	p.D175N-hGALE essentially rescued the galactose-sensitivity of gal10-null yeast, was less stable than the wild-type protein but showed increased stability in the presence of substrates and cofactor.	Galactose	38-47	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	8-13
23034877-10	2012	The cell walls of apy1, apy2 and the RNAi-silenced lines all have an increased composition of galactose, but the transport efficiency of UDP-galactose across microsomal membranes was not altered.	Galactose	94-103	apyrase 2	Arabidopsis thaliana	24-28
22982306-1	2012	Beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 (B4GALT1) synthesizes galactose beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine (Galbeta1-4GlcNAc) groups on N-linked sugar chains of glycoproteins, which play important roles in many biological events, including the proliferation and migration of cancer cells.	Galactose	55-64	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	0-32
22982306-1	2012	Beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 (B4GALT1) synthesizes galactose beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine (Galbeta1-4GlcNAc) groups on N-linked sugar chains of glycoproteins, which play important roles in many biological events, including the proliferation and migration of cancer cells.	Galactose	55-64	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	34-41
22930475-0	2012	Terminal galactose residues on transferrin are increased in midlife adults compared to young adults.	Galactose	9-18	transferrin	Homo sapiens	31-42
22930475-9	2012	However, analysis of transferrin N-glycan structures showed an increase in terminal galactose residues in older men, suggesting that the loss of terminal N-acetyl neuraminic acid residues contributes to the more acid pI of transferrin spots observed with age.	Galactose	84-93	transferrin	Homo sapiens	21-32
23107170-0	2012	Adjuvant and immunostimulatory effects of a D-galactose-binding lectin from Synadenium carinatum latex (ScLL) in the mouse model of vaccination against neosporosis.	Galactose	44-55	zinc finger, MYM-type 2	Mus musculus	104-108
22910905-4	2012	This yeast strain also contains the Ho cut site at the nearly silent or poorly active mating type alpha (MATalpha) locus and expresses Ho endonuclease under the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	161-170	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	181-185
22910905-5	2012	Using this strain, DSBs were generated at the ADH1 and MATalpha loci in galactose-containing growth medium that induced HO expression.	Galactose	72-81	alcohol dehydrogenase ADH1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	46-50
22613355-7	2012	p.D175N-hGALE essentially rescued the galactose-sensitivity of gal10-null yeast, was less stable than the wild-type protein but showed increased stability in the presence of substrates and cofactor.	Galactose	38-47	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	63-68
22841833-3	2012	In control-group fibroblasts, galactose induced a significant increase from the glucose condition in both protein carbonylation and GR.	Galactose	30-39	glutathione-disulfide reductase	Homo sapiens	132-134
22841833-7	2012	Increased protein carbonylation and GR expression, cellular responses to oxidative stress induced by galactose in control fibroblasts, are present in fibroblasts derived from MDD patients and are not explainable by reduced GR or total glutathione in the depressed patients.	Galactose	101-110	glutathione-disulfide reductase	Homo sapiens	36-38
22475410-5	2012	Specificity analyses of the CRDs reveal some differences in their preferences for saccharides: CL-11 binds most avidly to l-fucose and d-mannose, whereas CL-L1 shows preference for d-mannose, d-fucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and surprisingly also d-galactose.	Galactose	245-256	collectin subfamily member 10	Homo sapiens	154-159
22816448-2	2012	We assessed the predictive value of galactose half-life (Gal1/2) for LT or death.	Galactose	36-45	galectin 12	Homo sapiens	57-63
22759515-6	2012	Full-length EARLI1 was expressed in S. cerevisiae from the GAL1 promoter using 2% galactose and yeast cell viability was compared to control cells.	Galactose	82-91	Bifunctional inhibitor/lipid-transfer protein/seed storage 2S albumin superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	12-18
22787234-4	2012	In this study, we found that JEV NS2A could antagonize PKR-mediated growth inhibition in a galactose-inducible PKR-expressing yeast system.	Galactose	91-100	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2	Homo sapiens	55-58
22787234-4	2012	In this study, we found that JEV NS2A could antagonize PKR-mediated growth inhibition in a galactose-inducible PKR-expressing yeast system.	Galactose	91-100	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2	Homo sapiens	111-114
22538800-1	2012	Galactooligosaccharides are sugars composed of 3-10 molecules of galactose and glucose via a transgalactosylation reaction mediated by the enzyme beta-galactosidase.	Galactose	65-74	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	146-164
22683839-3	2012	D-Galactose treatment increased reactive oxygen species and protein carbonyl levels (P&lt;0.05), and reduced activity and protein production of glutathione peroxide, superoxide dismutase and catalase in mice brain (P&lt;0.05).	Galactose	0-11	catalase	Mus musculus	191-199
22683839-7	2012	D-Galactose treatments enhanced brain activity and protein expression of aldose reducatse (AR); and declined glyoxalase I (GLI) activity and expression (P&lt;0.05).	Galactose	0-11	glyoxalase 1	Mus musculus	109-121
22683839-7	2012	D-Galactose treatments enhanced brain activity and protein expression of aldose reducatse (AR); and declined glyoxalase I (GLI) activity and expression (P&lt;0.05).	Galactose	0-11	glyoxalase 1	Mus musculus	123-126
22683839-9	2012	D-Galactose treatment up-regulated the activity, mRNA expression and protein production of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 (P&lt;0.05), as well as suppressed Bcl-2 production (P&lt;0.05).	Galactose	0-11	v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (avian)	Mus musculus	125-128
22683839-9	2012	D-Galactose treatment up-regulated the activity, mRNA expression and protein production of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 (P&lt;0.05), as well as suppressed Bcl-2 production (P&lt;0.05).	Galactose	0-11	BCL2-associated X protein	Mus musculus	130-133
22683839-9	2012	D-Galactose treatment up-regulated the activity, mRNA expression and protein production of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 (P&lt;0.05), as well as suppressed Bcl-2 production (P&lt;0.05).	Galactose	0-11	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	191-196
22759084-2	2012	The method relies on a key double inversion at O-2 and O-3 in an easily prepared D-galactose derivative, which proceeds regio- and stereoselectively through a 2,3-anhydrotalopyranoside; reaction using a selection of alkoxides affords exclusively the 3-O-alkylidopyranoside, which can be used to generate an orthogonally protected monosaccharide.	Galactose	81-92	immunoglobulin kappa variable 1D-39	Homo sapiens	47-58
22613667-1	2012	Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) is an endocytic C-type lectin receptor in hepatocytes that clears plasma glycoconjugates containing a terminal galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine.	Galactose	148-157	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	0-27
22710095-6	2012	Lenses either from diabetic rats or from glucose/galactose culture conditions showed increased expression of basic-FGF, TGF-beta, and increased signaling through P-Akt, P-ERK1/2 and P-SAPK/JNK which were also normalized by ARIs to the expression levels observed in non-diabetic controls.	Galactose	49-58	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	120-128
22847114-1	2012	Beta1, 4-Galactosyltransferase-I (beta1, 4-GalT-I), which transfers galactose from UDP-Gal to N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine-terminated oligosaccharides of N- and O-linked glycans in a beta(1-4) linkage, plays a critical role in cell adhesion, sperm-egg recognition, neurite growth, and tumor cell migration and invasion.	Galactose	68-77	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	0-32
22847114-1	2012	Beta1, 4-Galactosyltransferase-I (beta1, 4-GalT-I), which transfers galactose from UDP-Gal to N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine-terminated oligosaccharides of N- and O-linked glycans in a beta(1-4) linkage, plays a critical role in cell adhesion, sperm-egg recognition, neurite growth, and tumor cell migration and invasion.	Galactose	68-77	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	34-39
22824309-2	2012	Major goat sperm maturation antigen (SMA2) contains one hexosamine along with mannose, galactose and glucose.	Galactose	87-96	survival of motor neuron 1, telomeric	Homo sapiens	37-41
22466447-4	2012	The study on the function of FLO10 (spsc) by its integrative expression in the non-flocculating industrial yeast indicated severe inhibition in the flocculation of the transformant by mannose and maltose, moderate inhibition by sucrose and glucose and no inhibition by xylose and galactose, and thus the NewFlo type was established.	Galactose	280-289	Flo10p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	29-34
22613667-1	2012	Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) is an endocytic C-type lectin receptor in hepatocytes that clears plasma glycoconjugates containing a terminal galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine.	Galactose	148-157	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	29-35
22613667-1	2012	Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) is an endocytic C-type lectin receptor in hepatocytes that clears plasma glycoconjugates containing a terminal galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine.	Galactose	148-157	C-type lectin domain family 4 member D	Homo sapiens	53-75
22573803-7	2012	The ability of Adi3 to phosphorylate the four identified tomato beta-subunits was also examined, and it was found that only the Galactose Metabolism83 (Gal83) beta-subunit was phosphorylated by Adi3.	Galactose	128-137	AvrPto-dependent Pto-interacting protein 3	Solanum lycopersicum	15-19
22639079-0	2012	Molecular simulation and docking studies of Gal1p and Gal3p proteins in the presence and absence of ligands ATP and galactose: implication for transcriptional activation of GAL genes.	Galactose	116-125	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	44-49
22639079-0	2012	Molecular simulation and docking studies of Gal1p and Gal3p proteins in the presence and absence of ligands ATP and galactose: implication for transcriptional activation of GAL genes.	Galactose	116-125	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	54-59
22639079-1	2012	The Gal4p mediated transcriptional activation of GAL genes requires the interaction between Gal3p bound with ATP and galactose and Gal80p.	Galactose	117-126	galectin 4	Homo sapiens	4-9
22639079-1	2012	The Gal4p mediated transcriptional activation of GAL genes requires the interaction between Gal3p bound with ATP and galactose and Gal80p.	Galactose	117-126	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	92-97
22639079-2	2012	Though numerous studies suggest that galactose and ATP activate Gal3p/Gal1p interaction with Gal80p, neither the mechanism of activation nor the interacting surface that binds to Gal80p is well understood.	Galactose	37-46	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	64-69
22639079-2	2012	Though numerous studies suggest that galactose and ATP activate Gal3p/Gal1p interaction with Gal80p, neither the mechanism of activation nor the interacting surface that binds to Gal80p is well understood.	Galactose	37-46	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	70-75
22639079-3	2012	In this study we investigated the dynamics of Gal3p and Gal1p in the presence and absence of ligands ATP and galactose to understand the role played by dynamics in the function of these proteins through molecular dynamics simulation and protein-protein docking studies.	Galactose	109-118	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	46-51
22639079-3	2012	In this study we investigated the dynamics of Gal3p and Gal1p in the presence and absence of ligands ATP and galactose to understand the role played by dynamics in the function of these proteins through molecular dynamics simulation and protein-protein docking studies.	Galactose	109-118	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	56-61
22639079-4	2012	We performed simulations totaling to 510 ns on both Gal1p and Gal3p proteins in the presence and absence of ligands ATP and galactose.	Galactose	124-133	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	62-67
22639079-5	2012	We find that, while binding of ligands ATP and galactose to Gal3p/Gal1p do not affect the global conformation of proteins, some local conformational changes around upper-lip helix including insertion domain are observed.	Galactose	47-56	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	60-65
22639079-5	2012	We find that, while binding of ligands ATP and galactose to Gal3p/Gal1p do not affect the global conformation of proteins, some local conformational changes around upper-lip helix including insertion domain are observed.	Galactose	47-56	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	66-71
22639079-6	2012	We observed that only in the presence of ATP and galactose, Gal3p displays opening and closing motion between the two domains.	Galactose	49-58	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	60-65
22461411-1	2012	Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) catalyzes the conversion of galactose-1-phosphate to UDP-galactose, a key step in the galactose metabolism.	Galactose	77-86	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-41
22461411-1	2012	Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) catalyzes the conversion of galactose-1-phosphate to UDP-galactose, a key step in the galactose metabolism.	Galactose	77-86	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	43-47
22048797-6	2012	With both methods it was found that a general trend of increased sialylation was associated with an increase of the antenna and reduced amount of terminal galactose beta1-, while N-acetylglucosamine beta1- was less affected.	Galactose	155-164	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 1	Homo sapiens	165-170
22573803-7	2012	The ability of Adi3 to phosphorylate the four identified tomato beta-subunits was also examined, and it was found that only the Galactose Metabolism83 (Gal83) beta-subunit was phosphorylated by Adi3.	Galactose	128-137	AvrPto-dependent Pto-interacting protein 3	Solanum lycopersicum	194-198
22540123-2	2012	The process consists of a one-step preparation of a novel triazine type glycosyl donor in water and the subsequent transglycosylation to a galactose derivative catalysed by alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase.	Galactose	139-148	N-acetyl-alpha-glucosaminidase	Homo sapiens	173-202
24750632-2	2012	We report for the first time on the structure of a polymer designated CC1P1 having the repeating structure [2 )[alpha-D-Gal(1 3)]alpha-L-Rha(1 4)alpha-d-GalA(1 ] as determined by NMR and GC/MS.	Galactose	112-123	galactosidase alpha	Homo sapiens	153-157
22588235-5	2012	HEX, GAL, and GLUC activity was assessed on basis of p-nitrophenol release from derivatives of the substrate (HEX: N-acetylglucosamine i N-acetylgalactosamine, GAL from galactose, and GLUC from glucuronide).	Galactose	169-178	glucuronidase beta	Homo sapiens	14-18
22588235-5	2012	HEX, GAL, and GLUC activity was assessed on basis of p-nitrophenol release from derivatives of the substrate (HEX: N-acetylglucosamine i N-acetylgalactosamine, GAL from galactose, and GLUC from glucuronide).	Galactose	169-178	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	160-163
22459924-4	2012	During in vivo antioxidant testing, the administration of FUP-1 could largely attenuate the increase in d-gal-induced malondialdehyde (MDA) and renew the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serums as well as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the livers of d-gal-treated mice.	Galactose	104-109	BTB (POZ) domain containing 7	Mus musculus	58-63
22674776-5	2012	We find that luciferase expression driven by the GAL1 promoter responds dynamically to growing galactose concentrations, with increasing synthesis rates determined by the light increment in the initial linear phase of activation.	Galactose	95-104	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	49-53
22386518-3	2012	We show that the VLP derived from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus can bind the galactose-containing adjuvant alpha-galactosylceramide to form a composite particle for co-delivery of antigen and adjuvant to the same antigen-presenting cell.	Galactose	80-89	VHL like	Homo sapiens	17-20
22234367-5	2012	Mutations in exons 4 and 6 are in the active site and mutation in exon is in the galactose-binding domain of the beta-galactosidase gene.	Galactose	81-90	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	113-131
22646706-10	2012	At the metabolic level, the contents of fructose, galactose and glucose were increased and decreased in the wild-type and TPS1 transgenic leaves, respectively, while the amounts of proline, inositol and raffinose were highly increased in both the wild-type and TPS1 transgenic leaves under drought conditions.	Galactose	50-59	alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) TPS1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	122-126
22459924-4	2012	During in vivo antioxidant testing, the administration of FUP-1 could largely attenuate the increase in d-gal-induced malondialdehyde (MDA) and renew the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serums as well as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the livers of d-gal-treated mice.	Galactose	308-313	BTB (POZ) domain containing 7	Mus musculus	58-63
22434325-2	2012	Galactose-deficient IgA1 is recognized by unique autoantibodies, resulting in the formation of pathogenic immune complexes that ultimately induce glomerular injury.	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	20-24
22437845-0	2012	An Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion mutant for galactokinase (AtGALK, At3g06580) hyperaccumulates free galactose and is insensitive to exogenous galactose.	Galactose	98-107	Mevalonate/galactokinase family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	57-63
22437845-5	2012	We identified an AtGALK T-DNA insertion mutant (atgalk) that (i) is AtGALK transcript deficient; (ii) displays no GALK activity in vegetative tissues; and (iii) accumulates Gal up to 6.8 mg g(-1) FW in vegetative tissues, in contrast to wild-type plants.	Galactose	173-176	Mevalonate/galactokinase family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	17-23
22437845-5	2012	We identified an AtGALK T-DNA insertion mutant (atgalk) that (i) is AtGALK transcript deficient; (ii) displays no GALK activity in vegetative tissues; and (iii) accumulates Gal up to 6.8 mg g(-1) FW in vegetative tissues, in contrast to wild-type plants.	Galactose	173-176	Mevalonate/galactokinase family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	48-54
22437845-5	2012	We identified an AtGALK T-DNA insertion mutant (atgalk) that (i) is AtGALK transcript deficient; (ii) displays no GALK activity in vegetative tissues; and (iii) accumulates Gal up to 6.8 mg g(-1) FW in vegetative tissues, in contrast to wild-type plants.	Galactose	173-176	Mevalonate/galactokinase family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	19-23
22437845-9	2012	Furthermore, atgalk seedlings retained the capacity for uptake of exogenously supplied Gal (100 mM), accumulating up to 57 mg g(-1) FW in leaves.	Galactose	87-90	Mevalonate/galactokinase family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	13-19
22437845-10	2012	Leaves from soil-grown atgalk plants that exhibited no growth or morphological defects were used to demonstrate that the accumulating Gal occurred exclusively in the vacuoles of mesophyll protoplasts.	Galactose	134-137	Mevalonate/galactokinase family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	23-29
22437845-11	2012	Collectively, these findings suggest a novel Gal detoxification pathway that targets free Gal to the vacuole and is active in the atgalk mutant background.	Galactose	45-48	Mevalonate/galactokinase family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	130-136
22434325-3	2012	Thus, formation of the galactose-deficient IgA1-containing immune complexes is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy.	Galactose	23-32	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	43-47
22327911-3	2012	RECENT FINDINGS: Pigs mutated in the alpha 1,3 galactosyltransferase gene (GTKO pigs) are devoid of the galactose alpha1,3 galactose (alphaGal) carbohydrate antigen.	Galactose	104-113	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Sus scrofa	37-68
22474342-6	2012	We find that proteasome subunits Rpt1, Rpt4, Rpn8, Rpn12, Pre6, and Pre10 are recruited to GAL10 rapidly upon galactose induction.	Galactose	110-119	proteasome regulatory particle base subunit RPT1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	33-37
22474342-6	2012	We find that proteasome subunits Rpt1, Rpt4, Rpn8, Rpn12, Pre6, and Pre10 are recruited to GAL10 rapidly upon galactose induction.	Galactose	110-119	proteasome regulatory particle base subunit RPT4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	39-43
22474342-6	2012	We find that proteasome subunits Rpt1, Rpt4, Rpn8, Rpn12, Pre6, and Pre10 are recruited to GAL10 rapidly upon galactose induction.	Galactose	110-119	proteasome regulatory particle lid subunit RPN8	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	45-49
22474342-6	2012	We find that proteasome subunits Rpt1, Rpt4, Rpn8, Rpn12, Pre6, and Pre10 are recruited to GAL10 rapidly upon galactose induction.	Galactose	110-119	proteasome regulatory particle lid subunit RPN12	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	51-56
22474342-6	2012	We find that proteasome subunits Rpt1, Rpt4, Rpn8, Rpn12, Pre6, and Pre10 are recruited to GAL10 rapidly upon galactose induction.	Galactose	110-119	proteasome core particle subunit alpha 4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	58-62
22474342-6	2012	We find that proteasome subunits Rpt1, Rpt4, Rpn8, Rpn12, Pre6, and Pre10 are recruited to GAL10 rapidly upon galactose induction.	Galactose	110-119	proteasome core particle subunit alpha 7	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	68-73
22474342-6	2012	We find that proteasome subunits Rpt1, Rpt4, Rpn8, Rpn12, Pre6, and Pre10 are recruited to GAL10 rapidly upon galactose induction.	Galactose	110-119	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	91-96
22301059-2	2012	SGLT1, a well-characterized member of this family, electrogenically transports glucose and galactose.	Galactose	91-100	solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 1	Mus musculus	0-5
22391090-3	2012	PEP contained Mannose, Glucose, and Galactose in a ratio of 4.8:50.9:44.3.	Galactose	36-45	progestagen associated endometrial protein	Homo sapiens	0-3
22156920-7	2012	This highlights the critical influence of Gal substitution on both CSGalNAcT-1 activity and specifity.	Galactose	42-45	chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	67-78
22156919-3	2012	Here, we used a series of alpha-galactomannans (GMs) that vary in their mannose-to-galactose ratios for insight into an optimal structural signature for GM binding to gal-1.	Galactose	83-92	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	167-172
22519357-3	2012	This work contains a modified dynamic model for GAL system in S. cerevisiae, which includes a novel mechanism for Gal3p activation upon induction with galactose.	Galactose	151-160	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	114-119
22300760-3	2012	The equatorial arrangement of the acetylthio group linked to C-3 of the galactose ring could be obtained by double nucleophilic substitutions; efficient formation of the gulo-triflate derivatives required low-power microwave (MW) activation.	Galactose	72-81	complement C3	Homo sapiens	61-64
22310717-7	2012	In HEK293T cells, Eogt1 expression promoted modification of Notch1 EGF repeats by O-GlcNAc, which was further modified, at least in part, by galactose to generate a novel O-linked-N-acetyllactosamine structure.	Galactose	141-150	EGF domain specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase	Homo sapiens	18-23
22335805-11	2012	In addition, rHV3 treatment significantly increased galactose-induced Bcl-2 downregulation, and decreased Bax upregulation.	Galactose	52-61	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	70-75
22210830-4	2012	In this study, using a novel and powerful method of localizing active transcription factors within the nuclei of cells, we show that a short-lived complex between Gal4p, Gal80p, and Gal3p occurs soon after the addition of galactose to cells to activate GAL gene expression.	Galactose	222-231	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	163-168
22210830-4	2012	In this study, using a novel and powerful method of localizing active transcription factors within the nuclei of cells, we show that a short-lived complex between Gal4p, Gal80p, and Gal3p occurs soon after the addition of galactose to cells to activate GAL gene expression.	Galactose	222-231	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	170-176
22353713-2	2012	In the galactose network, the GAL1/GAL3 paralogues and the GAL2 gene enhance their own expression mediated by the Gal4p transcriptional activator.	Galactose	7-16	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	30-34
22197892-5	2012	Kinetic analyses of recombinant PaxgGolSI and PaxgGolSII resulted in K(m) values for UPD-galactose of 0.80 and 0.65 mM and V(max) values of 657.5 and 1245 nM min(-1), respectively.	Galactose	89-98	uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase	Homo sapiens	85-88
22353713-2	2012	In the galactose network, the GAL1/GAL3 paralogues and the GAL2 gene enhance their own expression mediated by the Gal4p transcriptional activator.	Galactose	7-16	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	35-39
22353713-2	2012	In the galactose network, the GAL1/GAL3 paralogues and the GAL2 gene enhance their own expression mediated by the Gal4p transcriptional activator.	Galactose	7-16	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	59-63
22353713-2	2012	In the galactose network, the GAL1/GAL3 paralogues and the GAL2 gene enhance their own expression mediated by the Gal4p transcriptional activator.	Galactose	7-16	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	114-119
22087537-1	2012	A variety of genetic variations in the galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) gene cause profound activity loss of the enzyme and acute toxic effects mediated by accumulating metabolic intermediates of galactose in newborns induced by dietary galactose.	Galactose	39-48	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	80-84
22087537-1	2012	A variety of genetic variations in the galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) gene cause profound activity loss of the enzyme and acute toxic effects mediated by accumulating metabolic intermediates of galactose in newborns induced by dietary galactose.	Galactose	210-219	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	39-78
22087537-1	2012	A variety of genetic variations in the galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) gene cause profound activity loss of the enzyme and acute toxic effects mediated by accumulating metabolic intermediates of galactose in newborns induced by dietary galactose.	Galactose	210-219	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	80-84
22087537-3	2012	Under galactose stress, the cosubstrate of GALT, galactose-1-phosphate, accumulates and disturbs catabolic and anabolic pathways of the carbohydrate metabolism with potential effects on protein glycosylation and membrane localization of glycoprotein receptors, like the epidermal growth factor receptor.	Galactose	6-15	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	43-47
22087537-3	2012	Under galactose stress, the cosubstrate of GALT, galactose-1-phosphate, accumulates and disturbs catabolic and anabolic pathways of the carbohydrate metabolism with potential effects on protein glycosylation and membrane localization of glycoprotein receptors, like the epidermal growth factor receptor.	Galactose	6-15	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	270-302
22001939-4	2012	This study evaluates whether ulinastatin can prevent and/or attenuate acute liver failure induced by the combination of lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine (LPS/D-gal).	Galactose	143-148	alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor	Rattus norvegicus	29-40
22212718-5	2012	SGLT-5 mediates sodium-dependent [(14)C]-alpha-methyl-D-glucose (AMG) transport that can be inhibited by mannose, fructose, glucose, and galactose.	Galactose	137-146	solute carrier family 5 member 10	Homo sapiens	0-6
22212718-5	2012	SGLT-5 mediates sodium-dependent [(14)C]-alpha-methyl-D-glucose (AMG) transport that can be inhibited by mannose, fructose, glucose, and galactose.	Galactose	137-146	amelogenin X-linked	Homo sapiens	65-68
22081605-0	2012	Galactose differentially modulates lunatic and manic fringe effects on Delta1-induced NOTCH signaling.	Galactose	0-9	beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase manic fringe	Cricetulus griseus	47-59
22302941-2	2012	Galactose induces this transcriptional switch, which is regulated by three proteins: the transcriptional activator Gal4p, bound to DNA; the repressor Gal80p; and the transducer Gal3p.	Galactose	0-9	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	115-120
22302941-2	2012	Galactose induces this transcriptional switch, which is regulated by three proteins: the transcriptional activator Gal4p, bound to DNA; the repressor Gal80p; and the transducer Gal3p.	Galactose	0-9	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	177-182
22302941-4	2012	Sustained activation involves a complex of the transducer Gal3p and Gal80p mediated by galactose and ATP.	Galactose	87-96	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	58-63
22302941-5	2012	We solved the crystal structure of the complex of Gal3p-Gal80p with alpha-D-galactose and ATP to 2.1 A resolution.	Galactose	68-85	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	50-55
22024631-8	2012	Given the current understanding of the GAL circuit induction (Wightman et al., 2008; Jiang et al., 2009), we propose that the most likely in vivo mechanism leading to the transcriptional activation of the GAL genes is the physical interaction between galactose-activated Gal3p and Gal80p, with the complex Gal3p-Gal80p remaining bound at the GAL promoters.	Galactose	251-260	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	271-276
22024631-8	2012	Given the current understanding of the GAL circuit induction (Wightman et al., 2008; Jiang et al., 2009), we propose that the most likely in vivo mechanism leading to the transcriptional activation of the GAL genes is the physical interaction between galactose-activated Gal3p and Gal80p, with the complex Gal3p-Gal80p remaining bound at the GAL promoters.	Galactose	251-260	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	281-287
22024631-8	2012	Given the current understanding of the GAL circuit induction (Wightman et al., 2008; Jiang et al., 2009), we propose that the most likely in vivo mechanism leading to the transcriptional activation of the GAL genes is the physical interaction between galactose-activated Gal3p and Gal80p, with the complex Gal3p-Gal80p remaining bound at the GAL promoters.	Galactose	251-260	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	306-311
22024631-8	2012	Given the current understanding of the GAL circuit induction (Wightman et al., 2008; Jiang et al., 2009), we propose that the most likely in vivo mechanism leading to the transcriptional activation of the GAL genes is the physical interaction between galactose-activated Gal3p and Gal80p, with the complex Gal3p-Gal80p remaining bound at the GAL promoters.	Galactose	251-260	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	312-318
21281561-0	2012	Aquaporin-4 deficiency exacerbates brain oxidative damage and memory deficits induced by long-term ovarian hormone deprivation and D-galactose injection.	Galactose	131-142	aquaporin 4	Mus musculus	0-11
21281561-3	2012	Recently, we reported that AQP4 expression was increased in the hippocampus of an AD mouse model established by long-term ovarian hormone deprivation combined with D-galactose (D-gal) exposure.	Galactose	164-175	aquaporin 4	Mus musculus	27-31
21281561-3	2012	Recently, we reported that AQP4 expression was increased in the hippocampus of an AD mouse model established by long-term ovarian hormone deprivation combined with D-galactose (D-gal) exposure.	Galactose	164-169	aquaporin 4	Mus musculus	27-31
21281561-8	2012	These results suggested that ovariectomy and D-gal injection induced oxidative damage results in compensatory increases of AQP4 expression, and deficiency of AQP4 exacerbates brain oxidative stress and memory deficits.	Galactose	45-50	aquaporin 4	Mus musculus	123-127
22081605-12	2012	Therefore, the presence of Gal on O-fucose glycans differentially affects DLL1-induced NOTCH signaling modulated by LFNG versus MFNG.	Galactose	27-30	beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase manic fringe	Cricetulus griseus	128-132
22081605-13	2012	Gal enhances the effect of LFNG but inhibits the effect of MFNG on DLL1-induced NOTCH signaling, with functional consequences for regulating the strength of NOTCH signaling.	Galactose	0-3	beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase lunatic fringe	Cricetulus griseus	27-31
22081605-13	2012	Gal enhances the effect of LFNG but inhibits the effect of MFNG on DLL1-induced NOTCH signaling, with functional consequences for regulating the strength of NOTCH signaling.	Galactose	0-3	beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase manic fringe	Cricetulus griseus	59-63
22081605-6	2012	Here we show that DLL1-induced NOTCH signaling in CHO cells was enhanced by LFNG, but this did not occur in either Lec8 or Lec20 CHO mutants lacking Gal on O-fucose glycans.	Galactose	149-152	delta-like protein 1	Cricetulus griseus	18-22
22081605-13	2012	Gal enhances the effect of LFNG but inhibits the effect of MFNG on DLL1-induced NOTCH signaling, with functional consequences for regulating the strength of NOTCH signaling.	Galactose	0-3	delta-like protein 1	Cricetulus griseus	67-71
22081605-12	2012	Therefore, the presence of Gal on O-fucose glycans differentially affects DLL1-induced NOTCH signaling modulated by LFNG versus MFNG.	Galactose	27-30	delta-like protein 1	Cricetulus griseus	74-78
22081605-12	2012	Therefore, the presence of Gal on O-fucose glycans differentially affects DLL1-induced NOTCH signaling modulated by LFNG versus MFNG.	Galactose	27-30	beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase lunatic fringe	Cricetulus griseus	116-120
22124465-5	2012	It was observed that Sglt1(-/-) mice developed a glucose-galactose malabsorption syndrome but thrive normally when fed a glucose-galactose-free diet.	Galactose	57-66	solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 1	Mus musculus	21-26
22759965-0	2012	Inhibitory effect of IL-1beta on galactose intestinal absorption in rabbits.	Galactose	33-42	interleukin-1 beta	Oryctolagus cuniculus	21-29
22759965-2	2012	The aim of this work was to further the studies of IL-1beta effect on D-galactose absorption in a septic state induced by intravenous administration of this cytokine.	Galactose	70-81	interleukin-1 beta	Oryctolagus cuniculus	51-59
22759965-6	2012	However, D-galactose absorption across mucosa of jejunum was diminished in IL-1beta treated rabbits.	Galactose	9-20	interleukin-1 beta	Oryctolagus cuniculus	75-83
22759965-9	2012	CONCLUSION: The inhibitory effect of IL-1beta on D-galactose absorption across mucosal side of enterocyte could be mediated by the activation of several kinases and nuclear factor (NF)-kB.	Galactose	49-60	interleukin-1 beta	Oryctolagus cuniculus	37-45
22083213-1	2012	PURPOSES: Human intelectin-1 (ITLN-1) is a novel identified galactose-binding lectin that is expressed in the colonic goblet cells.	Galactose	60-69	intelectin 1	Homo sapiens	16-28
22550396-3	2012	We showed that the binding specificity of DC-SIGN with H. pylori Le(X/Y) positive whole cells and H. pylori LPS of Le(X/Y) type was fucose dependent, whereas in Le(XY) negative H. pylori strains and LPS preparations without Lewis determinants, this binding was galactose dependent.	Galactose	261-270	CD209 molecule	Homo sapiens	42-49
23008759-0	2012	Kinetic Analysis of Guanidine Hydrochloride Inactivation of beta-Galactosidase in the Presence of Galactose.	Galactose	98-107	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	60-78
23008759-1	2012	Inactivation of purified beta-Galactosidase was done with GdnHCl in the absence and presence of varying [galactose] at 50 C and at pH 4.5.	Galactose	105-114	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	25-43
22952557-7	2012	Furthermore, the result showed that the percentages of cleaved caspase-3 and PARP in the D-gal-treated mice were much higher than those in the control.	Galactose	89-94	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	77-81
21375808-4	2012	A synthesis method of conjugating poly(L-lysine) (PLL) derivatives with terminally galactose-graft-PEG was developed using ring-opening polymerization of N(epsilon)-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine-N(alpha)-carboxyan-hydride (Z-Lys-NCA) initiated onto galactose graft amine-terminated PEG (galactose-PEG-NH2) as a macro-initiator.	Galactose	83-92	progestagen associated endometrial protein	Homo sapiens	99-102
21375808-4	2012	A synthesis method of conjugating poly(L-lysine) (PLL) derivatives with terminally galactose-graft-PEG was developed using ring-opening polymerization of N(epsilon)-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine-N(alpha)-carboxyan-hydride (Z-Lys-NCA) initiated onto galactose graft amine-terminated PEG (galactose-PEG-NH2) as a macro-initiator.	Galactose	83-92	CEA cell adhesion molecule 4	Homo sapiens	226-229
21375808-4	2012	A synthesis method of conjugating poly(L-lysine) (PLL) derivatives with terminally galactose-graft-PEG was developed using ring-opening polymerization of N(epsilon)-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine-N(alpha)-carboxyan-hydride (Z-Lys-NCA) initiated onto galactose graft amine-terminated PEG (galactose-PEG-NH2) as a macro-initiator.	Galactose	83-92	progestagen associated endometrial protein	Homo sapiens	279-282
21375808-4	2012	A synthesis method of conjugating poly(L-lysine) (PLL) derivatives with terminally galactose-graft-PEG was developed using ring-opening polymerization of N(epsilon)-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine-N(alpha)-carboxyan-hydride (Z-Lys-NCA) initiated onto galactose graft amine-terminated PEG (galactose-PEG-NH2) as a macro-initiator.	Galactose	83-92	progestagen associated endometrial protein	Homo sapiens	284-301
21375808-4	2012	A synthesis method of conjugating poly(L-lysine) (PLL) derivatives with terminally galactose-graft-PEG was developed using ring-opening polymerization of N(epsilon)-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine-N(alpha)-carboxyan-hydride (Z-Lys-NCA) initiated onto galactose graft amine-terminated PEG (galactose-PEG-NH2) as a macro-initiator.	Galactose	246-255	progestagen associated endometrial protein	Homo sapiens	99-102
21375808-6	2012	The gel-retardation assay of the complexes between galactose-PEG-PLL and plasmid DNA indicated that these polymeric gene carriers demonstrated the potent ability to condense plasmid DNA electrostatically as well as PLL.	Galactose	51-60	progestagen associated endometrial protein	Homo sapiens	61-64
21375808-9	2012	Transfection experiments clearly showed that galactose-PEG-PLL effectively delivered DNA into hepatoma cells in vitro.	Galactose	45-54	progestagen associated endometrial protein	Homo sapiens	55-58
22083213-1	2012	PURPOSES: Human intelectin-1 (ITLN-1) is a novel identified galactose-binding lectin that is expressed in the colonic goblet cells.	Galactose	60-69	intelectin 1	Homo sapiens	30-36
23430852-0	2012	Treatment with lactose (galactose)-restricted and medium-chain triglyceride-supplemented formula for neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency.	Galactose	24-33	solute carrier family 25 member 13	Homo sapiens	145-151
23430910-1	2012	BACKGROUND: Galactokinase catalyses the first committed step in galactose metabolism, the conversion of galactose to galactose-1-phosphate.	Galactose	64-73	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	12-25
23430910-1	2012	BACKGROUND: Galactokinase catalyses the first committed step in galactose metabolism, the conversion of galactose to galactose-1-phosphate.	Galactose	104-113	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	12-25
22018723-1	2012	Classic Galactosemia is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by the deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT), one of the key enzymes in the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism.	Galactose	84-93	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	127-131
22654673-3	2012	Partial loss of GALE in humans results in the spectrum disorder epimerase deficiency galactosemia; partial loss of GALE in Drosophila melanogaster also results in galactose-sensitivity, and complete loss in Drosophila is embryonic lethal.	Galactose	85-94	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	16-20
22479149-1	2012	The proteasome inhibitor MG132 had been shown to prevent galactose induction of the S. cerevisiae GAL1 gene, demonstrating that ubiquitin proteasome-dependent degradation of transcription factors plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression.	Galactose	57-66	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	98-102
22479149-2	2012	The deletion of the gene encoding the F-box protein Mdm30 had been reported to stabilize the transcriptional activator Gal4 under inducing conditions and to lead to defects in galactose utilization, suggesting that recycling of Gal4 is required for its function.	Galactose	176-185	SCF ubiquitin ligase complex subunit MDM30	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	52-57
22479149-5	2012	We have used it for an unbiased suppressor screen and identified the inhibitor Gal80 as a suppressor of the transcriptional defects of the ubiquitin mutant, indicating that the protein degradation of the inhibitor Gal80, and not of the activator Gal4, is required for galactose induction of the GAL genes.	Galactose	268-277	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	79-84
22479149-7	2012	Furthermore, we have found that Mediator controls the galactose-induced protein degradation of Gal80, which places Mediator genetically upstream of the activator Gal4.	Galactose	54-63	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	95-100
22479149-7	2012	Furthermore, we have found that Mediator controls the galactose-induced protein degradation of Gal80, which places Mediator genetically upstream of the activator Gal4.	Galactose	54-63	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	162-166
22577492-3	2012	Besides, pine pollen reversed D-galactose-induced aging effects in neural activity and inflammatory cytokine levels, as indicated by improved memory latency time and reduced error rate in step-down test and decreased concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in model mice.	Galactose	30-41	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	235-239
22577492-3	2012	Besides, pine pollen reversed D-galactose-induced aging effects in neural activity and inflammatory cytokine levels, as indicated by improved memory latency time and reduced error rate in step-down test and decreased concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in model mice.	Galactose	30-41	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	244-253
22654673-6	2012	Our results demonstrate that both UDP-gal and UDP-galNAc activities of dGALE are required for Drosophila survival, although distinct roles for each activity can be seen in specific windows of developmental time or in response to a galactose challenge.	Galactose	231-240	UDP-galactose 4'-epimerase	Drosophila melanogaster	71-76
22719265-8	2012	Using small interfering RNA (siRNA) silencing of expression in human cell lines, we demonstrate that the EF-G2mt gene is required for cell growth on galactose medium, signifying an essential role for this gene in aerobic respiration.	Galactose	149-158	GTP dependent ribosome recycling factor mitochondrial 2	Homo sapiens	105-112
23209752-7	2012	The results showed that the accumulation of the mtDNA 3873-bp deletion, total and mitochondrial protein levels of p66Shc and level of Ser36-P-p66Shc were significantly increased in the cochlear lateral wall of the D-gal-treated group when compared to the control group and that Ser36-P-p66Shc was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of the cells in the stria vascularis.	Galactose	214-219	src homology 2 domain-containing transforming protein C1	Mus musculus	114-120
23209752-7	2012	The results showed that the accumulation of the mtDNA 3873-bp deletion, total and mitochondrial protein levels of p66Shc and level of Ser36-P-p66Shc were significantly increased in the cochlear lateral wall of the D-gal-treated group when compared to the control group and that Ser36-P-p66Shc was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of the cells in the stria vascularis.	Galactose	214-219	src homology 2 domain-containing transforming protein C1	Mus musculus	142-148
23209752-7	2012	The results showed that the accumulation of the mtDNA 3873-bp deletion, total and mitochondrial protein levels of p66Shc and level of Ser36-P-p66Shc were significantly increased in the cochlear lateral wall of the D-gal-treated group when compared to the control group and that Ser36-P-p66Shc was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of the cells in the stria vascularis.	Galactose	214-219	src homology 2 domain-containing transforming protein C1	Mus musculus	142-148
23209752-0	2012	Increased p66Shc in the inner ear of D-galactose-induced aging mice with accumulation of mitochondrial DNA 3873-bp deletion: p66Shc and mtDNA damage in the inner ear during aging.	Galactose	37-48	src homology 2 domain-containing transforming protein C1	Mus musculus	10-16
23209752-0	2012	Increased p66Shc in the inner ear of D-galactose-induced aging mice with accumulation of mitochondrial DNA 3873-bp deletion: p66Shc and mtDNA damage in the inner ear during aging.	Galactose	37-48	src homology 2 domain-containing transforming protein C1	Mus musculus	125-131
22916179-6	2012	Instead, FRB1 affects the abundance of galactose- and arabinose-containing oligosaccharides in the Golgi.	Galactose	39-48	O-fucosyltransferase family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	9-13
23028834-11	2012	Similar adaptation features were found in our previous work when rewiring HIS3 to the GAL system and switching cells from galactose to glucose.	Galactose	122-131	imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase HIS3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	74-78
22844530-4	2012	For example, the extracellular domain of the mucin receptor podoplanin (PDPN) is highly O-glycosylated with alpha2,3-sialic acid linked to galactose.	Galactose	139-148	podoplanin	Homo sapiens	60-70
22844530-4	2012	For example, the extracellular domain of the mucin receptor podoplanin (PDPN) is highly O-glycosylated with alpha2,3-sialic acid linked to galactose.	Galactose	139-148	podoplanin	Homo sapiens	72-76
22013074-2	2011	The putative surface-exposed N-acetylhexosaminidase StrH/Spr0057 from Streptococcus pneumoniae R6 was proved to contribute to the virulence by removal of beta(1,2)-linked NAG on host defense molecules following the cleavage of sialic acid and galactose by neuraminidase and beta-galactosidase, respectively.	Galactose	243-252	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	154-162
22319579-0	2012	Ovotoxic effects of galactose involve attenuation of follicle-stimulating hormone bioactivity and up-regulation of granulosa cell p53 expression.	Galactose	20-29	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	130-133
22319579-9	2012	The rats prenatally exposed to galactose exhibited significantly decreased serum GalTase activity and greater degree of galactose-incorporation capacity of sera proteins.	Galactose	31-40	glycoprotein alpha-galactosyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	81-88
22319579-11	2012	In culture, galactose increased follicular generation of ROS and expression of caspase 3.	Galactose	12-21	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	79-88
22319579-12	2012	In isolated granulosa cells, galactose disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential, stimulated p53 expression, and induced apoptosis in vitro; however co-treatment with either FSH or estradiol significantly prevented galactose-induced granulosa cell p53 expression.	Galactose	29-38	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	94-97
22319579-12	2012	In isolated granulosa cells, galactose disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential, stimulated p53 expression, and induced apoptosis in vitro; however co-treatment with either FSH or estradiol significantly prevented galactose-induced granulosa cell p53 expression.	Galactose	216-225	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	249-252
22319579-13	2012	We conclude that the ovotoxic effects of galactose involves attenuation of FSH bioactivity that renders the ovary resistant to gonadotrophins leading to increased granulosa cell expression of p53 and follicular atresia.	Galactose	41-50	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	192-195
22013074-2	2011	The putative surface-exposed N-acetylhexosaminidase StrH/Spr0057 from Streptococcus pneumoniae R6 was proved to contribute to the virulence by removal of beta(1,2)-linked NAG on host defense molecules following the cleavage of sialic acid and galactose by neuraminidase and beta-galactosidase, respectively.	Galactose	243-252	strH	Streptococcus pneumoniae R6	52-56
22013074-2	2011	The putative surface-exposed N-acetylhexosaminidase StrH/Spr0057 from Streptococcus pneumoniae R6 was proved to contribute to the virulence by removal of beta(1,2)-linked NAG on host defense molecules following the cleavage of sialic acid and galactose by neuraminidase and beta-galactosidase, respectively.	Galactose	243-252	bgaA	Streptococcus pneumoniae R6	274-292
22098069-5	2011	In the FLO8-overexpressing strain, a gene designated gsf2(+) (galactose-specific flocculation) was specifically induced.	Galactose	62-71	FLO8	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	7-11
21826710-6	2011	Further experiments displayed that the toxic effect of D-gal can be alleviated by necroptosis inhibitor Necrostatin (Nec-1) and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) but not by caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk.	Galactose	55-60	proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1	Homo sapiens	117-122
21826710-9	2011	The involvement of aldose reductase (AR)-mediated polyol pathway was proved because the inhibitor of AR can attenuate the toxicity of D-gal and D-gal treatment elevates the expression of AR.	Galactose	134-139	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	19-35
21826710-9	2011	The involvement of aldose reductase (AR)-mediated polyol pathway was proved because the inhibitor of AR can attenuate the toxicity of D-gal and D-gal treatment elevates the expression of AR.	Galactose	134-139	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	37-39
21826710-9	2011	The involvement of aldose reductase (AR)-mediated polyol pathway was proved because the inhibitor of AR can attenuate the toxicity of D-gal and D-gal treatment elevates the expression of AR.	Galactose	134-139	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	101-103
21826710-9	2011	The involvement of aldose reductase (AR)-mediated polyol pathway was proved because the inhibitor of AR can attenuate the toxicity of D-gal and D-gal treatment elevates the expression of AR.	Galactose	134-139	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	101-103
21826710-9	2011	The involvement of aldose reductase (AR)-mediated polyol pathway was proved because the inhibitor of AR can attenuate the toxicity of D-gal and D-gal treatment elevates the expression of AR.	Galactose	144-149	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	19-35
21826710-9	2011	The involvement of aldose reductase (AR)-mediated polyol pathway was proved because the inhibitor of AR can attenuate the toxicity of D-gal and D-gal treatment elevates the expression of AR.	Galactose	144-149	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	37-39
21826710-9	2011	The involvement of aldose reductase (AR)-mediated polyol pathway was proved because the inhibitor of AR can attenuate the toxicity of D-gal and D-gal treatment elevates the expression of AR.	Galactose	144-149	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	101-103
21826710-9	2011	The involvement of aldose reductase (AR)-mediated polyol pathway was proved because the inhibitor of AR can attenuate the toxicity of D-gal and D-gal treatment elevates the expression of AR.	Galactose	144-149	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	101-103
22074782-3	2011	Transcriptional analysis in yeast cells revealed a role for Yta7 and its ATPase function in gene induction, including galactose- and sporulation-induced transcription.	Galactose	118-127	Yta7p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	60-64
21712397-2	2011	Indications for affinity of human galectin-1 to alpha-linked digalactosides pose questions on the interaction profile with such bound ligands and selection of the galactose moiety for CH-pi stacking.	Galactose	163-172	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	34-44
23205153-3	2011	We present a dynamic model for GAL system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which includes a novel mechanism for Gal3p activation upon induction with galactose.	Galactose	145-154	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	108-113
21960482-9	2011	These include the possibility that the main enzymes of galactose metabolism form a supramolecular complex and the need for a high resolution crystal structure of human GALT.	Galactose	55-64	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	168-172
21736558-2	2011	Upon galactose induction, nucleosomes are evicted from the GAL1 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells.	Galactose	5-14	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	59-63
21890741-1	2011	The yeast transcriptional activator Gal4 localizes to UAS(GAL) sites even in the absence of galactose but cannot activate transcription due to an association with the Gal80 protein.	Galactose	92-101	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	36-40
21890741-2	2011	By 4 min after galactose addition, Gal4-activated gene transcription ensues.	Galactose	15-24	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	35-39
21890741-3	2011	It is well established that this rapid induction arises through a galactose-triggered association between the Gal80 and Gal3 proteins that decreases the association of Gal80 and Gal4.	Galactose	66-75	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	110-115
21890741-3	2011	It is well established that this rapid induction arises through a galactose-triggered association between the Gal80 and Gal3 proteins that decreases the association of Gal80 and Gal4.	Galactose	66-75	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	120-124
21890741-3	2011	It is well established that this rapid induction arises through a galactose-triggered association between the Gal80 and Gal3 proteins that decreases the association of Gal80 and Gal4.	Galactose	66-75	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	168-173
21890741-3	2011	It is well established that this rapid induction arises through a galactose-triggered association between the Gal80 and Gal3 proteins that decreases the association of Gal80 and Gal4.	Galactose	66-75	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	178-182
21890741-10	2011	Fluorescence-recovery-after-photobleaching experiments provided data suggesting that the Gal80-Gal4 complex exhibits kinetic stability in the absence of galactose.	Galactose	153-162	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	89-94
21890741-10	2011	Fluorescence-recovery-after-photobleaching experiments provided data suggesting that the Gal80-Gal4 complex exhibits kinetic stability in the absence of galactose.	Galactose	153-162	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	95-99
21858756-7	2011	In addition, EUR (200 or 400 mg/kg) significantly increased the levels of acetylcholine and glutathione and decreased the activity of acetylcholinesterase and the level of malondialdehyde in the brains of D-gal-treated mice.	Galactose	205-210	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	134-154
21828345-1	2011	BACKGROUND: Circulating immune complexes (CIC) containing galactose (Gal)-deficient IgA1 from adults with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) induce proliferation of cultured mesangial cells, but activities of CIC from pediatric patients with the disease have not been studied.	Galactose	58-67	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	84-88
21828345-1	2011	BACKGROUND: Circulating immune complexes (CIC) containing galactose (Gal)-deficient IgA1 from adults with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) induce proliferation of cultured mesangial cells, but activities of CIC from pediatric patients with the disease have not been studied.	Galactose	58-67	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	106-121
21828345-1	2011	BACKGROUND: Circulating immune complexes (CIC) containing galactose (Gal)-deficient IgA1 from adults with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) induce proliferation of cultured mesangial cells, but activities of CIC from pediatric patients with the disease have not been studied.	Galactose	58-67	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	123-127
21290459-9	2011	Signals assigned to fucose bound to galactose are more evident in ammonium chloride-treated cells where structural changes of mucin-related Lewis antigens are expected as a result of the higher Golgi pH.	Galactose	36-45	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	126-131
21828345-1	2011	BACKGROUND: Circulating immune complexes (CIC) containing galactose (Gal)-deficient IgA1 from adults with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) induce proliferation of cultured mesangial cells, but activities of CIC from pediatric patients with the disease have not been studied.	Galactose	69-72	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	84-88
21828345-1	2011	BACKGROUND: Circulating immune complexes (CIC) containing galactose (Gal)-deficient IgA1 from adults with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) induce proliferation of cultured mesangial cells, but activities of CIC from pediatric patients with the disease have not been studied.	Galactose	69-72	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	106-121
21828345-1	2011	BACKGROUND: Circulating immune complexes (CIC) containing galactose (Gal)-deficient IgA1 from adults with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) induce proliferation of cultured mesangial cells, but activities of CIC from pediatric patients with the disease have not been studied.	Galactose	69-72	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	123-127
22154682-1	2011	BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Galactokinase (GALK) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder causing cataract formation that can be prevented or mitigated by early diagnosis and galactose-restricted diet.	Galactose	173-182	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	21-34
21880719-6	2011	We found that CLEC4C recognizes complex type sugars with terminal galactose.	Galactose	66-75	C-type lectin domain family 4 member C	Homo sapiens	14-20
21880719-7	2011	Importantly, soluble CLEC4C bound peripheral blood leukocytes and tumor cells that express glycans with galactose residues at the non-reducing ends.	Galactose	104-113	C-type lectin domain family 4 member C	Homo sapiens	21-27
21880716-1	2011	Galectin-1 is a member of the galectin family and has a high affinity for galactose and N-acetylglucosamine moieties of glycoproteins.	Galactose	74-83	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	0-10
21837347-4	2011	ELLA binding studies confirm that galactose sugar clusters are effective ligands for the PA-IL bacterial lectin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa while poor binding for the lactose-based monovalent probe and no binding could be measured for the multivalent glycoclusters was observed for the human galectin-1.	Galactose	34-43	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	290-300
21843679-5	2011	By monitoring fluorescence intensity at 587 nm of oxidized AU, the minimum detectable concentrations of glucose, galactose, and choline were found to be 3, 2, and 20 muM using glucose oxidase-Fe(3)O(4), galactose oxidase-Fe(3)O(4), and choline oxidase-Fe(3)O(4) composites, respectively.	Galactose	113-122	latexin	Homo sapiens	166-169
22154682-1	2011	BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Galactokinase (GALK) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder causing cataract formation that can be prevented or mitigated by early diagnosis and galactose-restricted diet.	Galactose	173-182	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	36-40
21822965-1	2011	Of the genes involved in galactose metabolism, GAL7, GAL10, and GAL1 are tightly linked in this order on chromosome II in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	25-34	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	47-51
21703329-3	2011	For all of these alleles, except M284K, the ability to alleviate galactose sensitivity was correlated with the UDP-galactose 4"-epimerase activity detected in cell extracts.	Galactose	65-74	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	111-137
21822965-1	2011	Of the genes involved in galactose metabolism, GAL7, GAL10, and GAL1 are tightly linked in this order on chromosome II in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	25-34	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	53-58
21822965-1	2011	Of the genes involved in galactose metabolism, GAL7, GAL10, and GAL1 are tightly linked in this order on chromosome II in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	25-34	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	53-57
21892771-2	2011	It has been confirmed that the keratan sulphate chains attached to fibromodulin isolated from bovine articular cartilage may have the chain terminating N-acetylneuraminic acid residue alpha(2-3)- or alpha(2-6)-linked to the adjacent galactose residue.	Galactose	233-242	fibromodulin	Bos taurus	67-79
21892771-7	2011	The keratan sulphates attached to fibromodulin molecules capped exclusively with alpha(2-3)- linked N-acetylneuraminic acid were found to have a higher level of galactose sulphation than those from fibromodulin with both alpha(2-3)- and alpha(2-6)-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid caps, which bound to the Sambucus nigra lectin.	Galactose	161-170	fibromodulin	Bos taurus	34-46
21795357-2	2011	Galectin-1, which belongs to S-type lectins, contains a conserved carbohydrate recognition domain that recognizes galactose-containing oligosaccharides.	Galactose	114-123	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 1	Mus musculus	0-10
21264483-1	2011	Galactokinase is responsible for the phosphorylation of alpha-D: -galactose, which is an important step in the metabolism of the latter.	Galactose	56-75	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
21838223-2	2011	Robust levels of selectivity for the equatorial OH group of cis-1,2-diol motifs are demonstrated in reactions of seven acceptors derived from galactose, mannose, fucose, and arabinose using a variety of glycosyl halide donors.	Galactose	142-151	suppressor of cytokine signaling 1	Homo sapiens	60-65
21968396-16	2011	The KAN-MX-marked galactose-inducible HO endonuclease expression cassette is inserted at the TRP1 locus on chromosome IV.	Galactose	18-27	tRNA-Pro (anticodon AGG) 2-5	Homo sapiens	93-97
21784081-7	2011	Moreover, d-gal-treated group showed increases in immunostaining levels of glutamate transporter-1 and aquaporin-4 in the hippocampus, which might increase uptake of glutamate from the synaptic cleft into astrocytes.	Galactose	10-15	aquaporin 4	Mus musculus	103-114
21653685-3	2011	Previously, we synthesized isoglobotrihexosylceramide (iGb3) analogues by introducing a hydroxyl group at C4 on the ceramide portion of iGb3 to produce 4-HO-iGb3 or to further deoxylation on the terminal galactose to produce 4"""-dh-iGb3.	Galactose	204-213	alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase 2 (isoglobotriaosylceramide synthase)	Mus musculus	55-59
21514575-1	2011	For the investigation of glycosidases, and for the construction of glycan arrays the p-nitrophenyl- and p-aminophenyl glycosides of mucin O-glycan core structures 1-7 and the 2,6-ST-antigen have been chemically synthesized using d-galactose as a precursor for GalNAc residues.	Galactose	229-240	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	132-137
21748839-1	2011	Galactokinase catalyses the site- and stereospecific phosphorylation of galactose at the expense of ATP.	Galactose	72-81	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
21823166-4	2011	Expression of Flp recombinase, which is under the control of the GAL1 promoter, was induced by galactose, which in turn excised FRT sites flanked genes.	Galactose	95-104	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	65-69
21613410-8	2011	It is noteworthy that hHSS hydrodynamic-based transfer ameliorated indices of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) resulting from the toxic effects of d-gal/LPS on the liver such as mitochondrial swelling, mitochondrial transmembrane potential disruption, and cytochrome c translocation.	Galactose	162-167	pantothenate kinase 2	Homo sapiens	22-26
21705527-1	2011	We demonstrate improved ethanol yield and productivity through cofermentation of cellobiose and galactose by an engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain expressing genes coding for cellodextrin transporter (cdt-1) and intracellular beta-glucosidase (gh1-1) from Neurospora crassa.	Galactose	96-105	Tah11p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	209-214
21801873-3	2011	Wild-type or lipoprotein lipase-deficient mice were injected with low-dose D-galactose or PBS subcutaneously for 8 weeks to induce advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) formation.	Galactose	75-86	lipoprotein lipase	Homo sapiens	13-31
21801873-9	2011	Immunolabeling for carboxymethyllysine, biglycan, and lipoprotein lipase was found in D-galactose-treated mice only.	Galactose	86-97	lipoprotein lipase	Mus musculus	54-72
21801873-10	2011	Mice deficient for lipoprotein lipase treated with D-galactose did not retain lipoproteins to any measureable extent.	Galactose	51-62	lipoprotein lipase	Mus musculus	19-37
21267652-5	2011	In these cells siRNA carrying galactose residues have slight anti-TNF inhibitory properties (25% in the best case) that are eliminated if the receptors are blocked with a competitor.	Galactose	30-39	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	66-69
21653685-3	2011	Previously, we synthesized isoglobotrihexosylceramide (iGb3) analogues by introducing a hydroxyl group at C4 on the ceramide portion of iGb3 to produce 4-HO-iGb3 or to further deoxylation on the terminal galactose to produce 4"""-dh-iGb3.	Galactose	204-213	alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase 2 (isoglobotriaosylceramide synthase)	Mus musculus	136-140
21653685-3	2011	Previously, we synthesized isoglobotrihexosylceramide (iGb3) analogues by introducing a hydroxyl group at C4 on the ceramide portion of iGb3 to produce 4-HO-iGb3 or to further deoxylation on the terminal galactose to produce 4"""-dh-iGb3.	Galactose	204-213	alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase 2 (isoglobotriaosylceramide synthase)	Mus musculus	136-140
21653685-3	2011	Previously, we synthesized isoglobotrihexosylceramide (iGb3) analogues by introducing a hydroxyl group at C4 on the ceramide portion of iGb3 to produce 4-HO-iGb3 or to further deoxylation on the terminal galactose to produce 4"""-dh-iGb3.	Galactose	204-213	alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase 2 (isoglobotriaosylceramide synthase)	Mus musculus	136-140
22097738-7	2011	RESULTS: Compared with control group, learning and memory ability declined in the D-galactose-induced aging mice; meanwhile MDA content and AchE activity increased, SOD activity decreased.	Galactose	82-93	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	140-144
21253888-4	2011	When the LAT1 or LAT2 were expressed in an S. cerevisiae mutant where the main hexose transporters were deleted, the L: -arabinose transporters could not restore growth on D: -glucose, D: -fructose, D: -mannose or D: -galactose.	Galactose	214-227	dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	9-13
21715660-4	2011	The evolved mutants were compared with a reference strain and two engineered strains, SO16 and PGM2, which also showed higher galactose uptake rate in previous studies.	Galactose	126-135	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	95-99
21715660-7	2011	We evaluated one of the identified mutations, RAS2(Tyr112), and this mutation resulted in an increased specific growth rate on galactose.	Galactose	127-136	Ras family GTPase RAS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	46-50
21501149-0	2011	Correlation between insulin requirements and anti-galactose antibodies in patients with type 1 diabetes transplanted with neonatal pig islets.	Galactose	50-59	insulin	Homo sapiens	20-27
21571038-4	2011	The number of DCX-positive cells in the DG area was significantly decreased in both the irradiation and d-galactose/NaNO(2) groups (96% and 50%) compared with the control.	Galactose	104-115	doublecortin	Mus musculus	14-17
21326171-1	2011	Serum galactose-deficient immunoglobulin A1 (Gd-IgA1) is an inherited risk factor for adult IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	6-15	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	48-52
21326171-1	2011	Serum galactose-deficient immunoglobulin A1 (Gd-IgA1) is an inherited risk factor for adult IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	6-15	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	92-107
21326171-1	2011	Serum galactose-deficient immunoglobulin A1 (Gd-IgA1) is an inherited risk factor for adult IgA nephropathy (IgAN).	Galactose	6-15	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	109-113
21326171-7	2011	There was a significant age-, gender-, and household-adjusted heritability of serum galactose-deficient IgA1 estimated at 76% in pediatric IgAN and at 64% in HSPN patients.	Galactose	84-93	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	104-108
21326171-7	2011	There was a significant age-, gender-, and household-adjusted heritability of serum galactose-deficient IgA1 estimated at 76% in pediatric IgAN and at 64% in HSPN patients.	Galactose	84-93	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	139-143
21326171-8	2011	Thus, serum galactose-deficient IgA1 levels are highly inherited in pediatric patients with IgAN and HSPN, providing support for another shared pathogenic link between these disorders.	Galactose	12-21	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	32-36
21326171-8	2011	Thus, serum galactose-deficient IgA1 levels are highly inherited in pediatric patients with IgAN and HSPN, providing support for another shared pathogenic link between these disorders.	Galactose	12-21	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	92-96
21571038-6	2011	Especially, both DCX and Ki-67-positive cells of irradiation group was much more significantly changed than those of the d-galactose/NaNO(2) group.	Galactose	121-132	doublecortin	Mus musculus	17-20
21640083-7	2011	Of particular interest, was the identification of Galectin-3, a galactose binding protein known to interact with integrins.	Galactose	64-73	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3	Mus musculus	50-60
21323640-0	2011	Galactose induction of the GAL1 gene requires conditional degradation of the Mig2 repressor.	Galactose	0-9	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	27-31
21474160-1	2011	Galactokinase catalyses the phosphorylation of galactose at the expense of ATP.	Galactose	47-56	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
21552205-0	2011	Galactose-modified iNKT cell agonists stabilized by an induced fit of CD1d prevent tumour metastasis.	Galactose	0-9	CD1d molecule	Homo sapiens	70-74
21501638-4	2011	We found that the N-glycan pattern of human erythropoietin secreted by engineered S2 cells expressing GalT but not GlcNAcase was complete, even in small portion, except for sialylation; the N-glycan structures had two terminal galactose (Gal) residues.	Galactose	227-236	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	44-58
21501638-4	2011	We found that the N-glycan pattern of human erythropoietin secreted by engineered S2 cells expressing GalT but not GlcNAcase was complete, even in small portion, except for sialylation; the N-glycan structures had two terminal galactose (Gal) residues.	Galactose	227-236	beta-4-galactosyltransferase 7	Drosophila melanogaster	102-106
21501638-4	2011	We found that the N-glycan pattern of human erythropoietin secreted by engineered S2 cells expressing GalT but not GlcNAcase was complete, even in small portion, except for sialylation; the N-glycan structures had two terminal galactose (Gal) residues.	Galactose	102-105	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	44-58
20053427-7	2011	D-galactose-(beta1-4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine was absent in the whole stroma of the keratoconus corneas and in the deep layers of the cross-linked ones.	Galactose	0-11	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	13-20
21323640-2	2011	We generated a skp1dM mutant strain that is defective for galactose induction of the GAL1 gene and we have found that galactose-induced protein degradation of the repressor Mig2 is defective in this strain.	Galactose	118-127	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	85-89
21552205-5	2011	These findings highlight the previously unexploited flexibility of CD1d in accommodating galactose-modified glycolipids and broaden the range of glycolipids that can stimulate iNKT cells.	Galactose	89-98	CD1d molecule	Homo sapiens	67-71
21698134-5	2011	In particular, the West African population is phenotypically unique, with an extreme abundance of low-performance alleles, notably a premature translational termination signal in GAL3 that cause inability to utilize galactose.	Galactose	216-225	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	179-183
22654995-7	2011	The analysis suggests that the whole genome duplication of S. cerevisiae, which resulted in a dedicated inducer protein, Gal3p, may be responsible for the high sensitivity of the system to galactose concentrations.	Galactose	189-198	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	121-126
21656371-6	2011	In addition, AR protein was highly expressed in lens epithelial cells and lens cortical fibers of galactose-fed rats.	Galactose	98-107	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	13-15
21323640-2	2011	We generated a skp1dM mutant strain that is defective for galactose induction of the GAL1 gene and we have found that galactose-induced protein degradation of the repressor Mig2 is defective in this strain.	Galactose	118-127	FERM domain containing kindlin 3	Homo sapiens	173-177
21323640-3	2011	Mig2 degradation was also abolished in cells lacking the protein kinase Snf1 and the F-box protein Das1, suggesting that Snf1 triggers galactose-induced protein degradation of Mig2 by SCFDas1.	Galactose	135-144	FERM domain containing kindlin 3	Homo sapiens	0-4
21323640-0	2011	Galactose induction of the GAL1 gene requires conditional degradation of the Mig2 repressor.	Galactose	0-9	FERM domain containing kindlin 3	Homo sapiens	77-81
21323640-3	2011	Mig2 degradation was also abolished in cells lacking the protein kinase Snf1 and the F-box protein Das1, suggesting that Snf1 triggers galactose-induced protein degradation of Mig2 by SCFDas1.	Galactose	135-144	FERM domain containing kindlin 3	Homo sapiens	176-180
21323640-2	2011	We generated a skp1dM mutant strain that is defective for galactose induction of the GAL1 gene and we have found that galactose-induced protein degradation of the repressor Mig2 is defective in this strain.	Galactose	58-67	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	85-89
21323640-4	2011	Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that Mig2 associates with the GAL1 promoter upon the galactose-induced exit of Mig1 in skp1dM cells, but not in wild-type cells, suggesting that the conditional degradation of Mig2 is required to prevent it from binding to the GAL1 promoter under inducing conditions.	Galactose	90-99	FERM domain containing kindlin 3	Homo sapiens	42-46
21323640-4	2011	Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that Mig2 associates with the GAL1 promoter upon the galactose-induced exit of Mig1 in skp1dM cells, but not in wild-type cells, suggesting that the conditional degradation of Mig2 is required to prevent it from binding to the GAL1 promoter under inducing conditions.	Galactose	90-99	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	67-71
21735606-2	2010	Galactokinase (GALK) is an upstream enzyme in the Leloir pathway that is responsible for conversion of galactose to gal-1-p.	Galactose	103-112	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
21323640-4	2011	Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that Mig2 associates with the GAL1 promoter upon the galactose-induced exit of Mig1 in skp1dM cells, but not in wild-type cells, suggesting that the conditional degradation of Mig2 is required to prevent it from binding to the GAL1 promoter under inducing conditions.	Galactose	90-99	vacuolar protein sorting 4 homolog B	Homo sapiens	116-120
21323640-4	2011	Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that Mig2 associates with the GAL1 promoter upon the galactose-induced exit of Mig1 in skp1dM cells, but not in wild-type cells, suggesting that the conditional degradation of Mig2 is required to prevent it from binding to the GAL1 promoter under inducing conditions.	Galactose	90-99	FERM domain containing kindlin 3	Homo sapiens	213-217
21323640-4	2011	Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that Mig2 associates with the GAL1 promoter upon the galactose-induced exit of Mig1 in skp1dM cells, but not in wild-type cells, suggesting that the conditional degradation of Mig2 is required to prevent it from binding to the GAL1 promoter under inducing conditions.	Galactose	90-99	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	264-268
21323640-5	2011	A galactose-stable deletion derivative of Mig2 caused a strong Mig (multi-copy inhibition of GAL gene expression) phenotype, confirming that galactose induction of the GAL1 gene requires the degradation of the repressor Mig2.	Galactose	2-11	FERM domain containing kindlin 3	Homo sapiens	42-46
21323640-5	2011	A galactose-stable deletion derivative of Mig2 caused a strong Mig (multi-copy inhibition of GAL gene expression) phenotype, confirming that galactose induction of the GAL1 gene requires the degradation of the repressor Mig2.	Galactose	2-11	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9	Homo sapiens	42-45
21323640-5	2011	A galactose-stable deletion derivative of Mig2 caused a strong Mig (multi-copy inhibition of GAL gene expression) phenotype, confirming that galactose induction of the GAL1 gene requires the degradation of the repressor Mig2.	Galactose	2-11	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	168-172
21323640-5	2011	A galactose-stable deletion derivative of Mig2 caused a strong Mig (multi-copy inhibition of GAL gene expression) phenotype, confirming that galactose induction of the GAL1 gene requires the degradation of the repressor Mig2.	Galactose	2-11	FERM domain containing kindlin 3	Homo sapiens	220-224
21323640-5	2011	A galactose-stable deletion derivative of Mig2 caused a strong Mig (multi-copy inhibition of GAL gene expression) phenotype, confirming that galactose induction of the GAL1 gene requires the degradation of the repressor Mig2.	Galactose	141-150	FERM domain containing kindlin 3	Homo sapiens	42-46
21323640-5	2011	A galactose-stable deletion derivative of Mig2 caused a strong Mig (multi-copy inhibition of GAL gene expression) phenotype, confirming that galactose induction of the GAL1 gene requires the degradation of the repressor Mig2.	Galactose	141-150	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9	Homo sapiens	42-45
21323640-5	2011	A galactose-stable deletion derivative of Mig2 caused a strong Mig (multi-copy inhibition of GAL gene expression) phenotype, confirming that galactose induction of the GAL1 gene requires the degradation of the repressor Mig2.	Galactose	141-150	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	168-172
21323640-5	2011	A galactose-stable deletion derivative of Mig2 caused a strong Mig (multi-copy inhibition of GAL gene expression) phenotype, confirming that galactose induction of the GAL1 gene requires the degradation of the repressor Mig2.	Galactose	141-150	FERM domain containing kindlin 3	Homo sapiens	220-224
21107648-2	2011	The gene, which was obtained through mutation of the synthesized single-chain monellin gene, was cloned into an E. coli-yeast shuttle vector pYES2.0 which carries the galactose-inducible promoter GAL1.	Galactose	167-176	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	196-200
21288902-7	2011	Furthermore, in the LNF-III-galectin-8N complex, van der Waals interactions occur between the alpha1-3-branched fucose and galactose and between galactose and Tyr(141), and these interactions increase the affinity toward galectin-8N.	Galactose	123-132	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	94-102
21290184-1	2011	Galactokinase deficiency (GALK-D), an autosomal recessive disorder in the Leloir pathway, results in accumulation of galactose, galactitol, and galactonate and leads to early onset of juvenile bilateral cataract.	Galactose	117-126	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	26-30
21349726-2	2011	Replacing the subterminal galactose residue (2-6Gal-OMP) of 1 with benzyl (5) or biphenylmethyl (6) as aglycone led to even higher potency for mCD22.	Galactose	26-35	CD22 antigen	Mus musculus	143-148
21112966-6	2011	However, dectin-2, DCIR and MINCLE showed ability to bind Gal/GalNAc; (4) DC-SIGN, L-SIGN, mSIGNR1 and Langerin showed enhanced binding of Manalpha2Man over Man, whereas all others showed no enhancement; (5) DC-SIGN bound Le(x) trisaccharide structure, which has terminal Gal and Fuc residues, more avidly than Fuc, whereas L-SIGN, mSIGNR1, DCIR and MINCLE bound Le(x) less avidly than Fuc.	Galactose	58-61	C-type lectin domain containing 6A	Homo sapiens	9-17
21112966-6	2011	However, dectin-2, DCIR and MINCLE showed ability to bind Gal/GalNAc; (4) DC-SIGN, L-SIGN, mSIGNR1 and Langerin showed enhanced binding of Manalpha2Man over Man, whereas all others showed no enhancement; (5) DC-SIGN bound Le(x) trisaccharide structure, which has terminal Gal and Fuc residues, more avidly than Fuc, whereas L-SIGN, mSIGNR1, DCIR and MINCLE bound Le(x) less avidly than Fuc.	Galactose	58-61	C-type lectin domain family 4 member A	Homo sapiens	19-23
21112966-6	2011	However, dectin-2, DCIR and MINCLE showed ability to bind Gal/GalNAc; (4) DC-SIGN, L-SIGN, mSIGNR1 and Langerin showed enhanced binding of Manalpha2Man over Man, whereas all others showed no enhancement; (5) DC-SIGN bound Le(x) trisaccharide structure, which has terminal Gal and Fuc residues, more avidly than Fuc, whereas L-SIGN, mSIGNR1, DCIR and MINCLE bound Le(x) less avidly than Fuc.	Galactose	58-61	C-type lectin domain family 4 member E	Homo sapiens	28-34
21112966-6	2011	However, dectin-2, DCIR and MINCLE showed ability to bind Gal/GalNAc; (4) DC-SIGN, L-SIGN, mSIGNR1 and Langerin showed enhanced binding of Manalpha2Man over Man, whereas all others showed no enhancement; (5) DC-SIGN bound Le(x) trisaccharide structure, which has terminal Gal and Fuc residues, more avidly than Fuc, whereas L-SIGN, mSIGNR1, DCIR and MINCLE bound Le(x) less avidly than Fuc.	Galactose	58-61	CD207 molecule	Homo sapiens	103-111
21112966-6	2011	However, dectin-2, DCIR and MINCLE showed ability to bind Gal/GalNAc; (4) DC-SIGN, L-SIGN, mSIGNR1 and Langerin showed enhanced binding of Manalpha2Man over Man, whereas all others showed no enhancement; (5) DC-SIGN bound Le(x) trisaccharide structure, which has terminal Gal and Fuc residues, more avidly than Fuc, whereas L-SIGN, mSIGNR1, DCIR and MINCLE bound Le(x) less avidly than Fuc.	Galactose	62-65	C-type lectin domain containing 6A	Homo sapiens	9-17
21112966-6	2011	However, dectin-2, DCIR and MINCLE showed ability to bind Gal/GalNAc; (4) DC-SIGN, L-SIGN, mSIGNR1 and Langerin showed enhanced binding of Manalpha2Man over Man, whereas all others showed no enhancement; (5) DC-SIGN bound Le(x) trisaccharide structure, which has terminal Gal and Fuc residues, more avidly than Fuc, whereas L-SIGN, mSIGNR1, DCIR and MINCLE bound Le(x) less avidly than Fuc.	Galactose	62-65	C-type lectin domain family 4 member A	Homo sapiens	19-23
21112966-6	2011	However, dectin-2, DCIR and MINCLE showed ability to bind Gal/GalNAc; (4) DC-SIGN, L-SIGN, mSIGNR1 and Langerin showed enhanced binding of Manalpha2Man over Man, whereas all others showed no enhancement; (5) DC-SIGN bound Le(x) trisaccharide structure, which has terminal Gal and Fuc residues, more avidly than Fuc, whereas L-SIGN, mSIGNR1, DCIR and MINCLE bound Le(x) less avidly than Fuc.	Galactose	62-65	C-type lectin domain family 4 member E	Homo sapiens	28-34
21336256-5	2011	Sir3 also bound to a surprising number of euchromatic sites, largely at genes expressed at high levels, and was dynamically recruited to GAL genes upon galactose induction.	Galactose	152-161	chromatin-silencing protein SIR3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
21735606-2	2010	Galactokinase (GALK) is an upstream enzyme in the Leloir pathway that is responsible for conversion of galactose to gal-1-p.	Galactose	103-112	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	15-19
21735606-2	2010	Galactokinase (GALK) is an upstream enzyme in the Leloir pathway that is responsible for conversion of galactose to gal-1-p.	Galactose	103-112	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	116-121
21226491-6	2011	Magnetic relaxation experiments demonstrated that CTB interacted with the galactose-conjugated nanoparticles.	Galactose	74-83	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1B, choline	Homo sapiens	50-53
21030537-5	2011	On the other hand, the recombinant human EPO secreted from SKOV3 cells contained predominantly core-fucosylated tetraantennary structures, which were partially lacking one or two galactose residues, and partially contained the LacdiNAc motif.	Galactose	179-188	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	41-44
21246509-5	2011	One confirmatory (SEC53 coding for phosphomannomutase) and two novel targets (SNR84 coding for a small nuclear RNA and a truncated form of TUP1 coding for a general repressor of transcription) were identified as overexpression targets that potentially improve galactose fermentation.	Galactose	260-269	SNR84	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	78-83
21246509-5	2011	One confirmatory (SEC53 coding for phosphomannomutase) and two novel targets (SNR84 coding for a small nuclear RNA and a truncated form of TUP1 coding for a general repressor of transcription) were identified as overexpression targets that potentially improve galactose fermentation.	Galactose	260-269	chromatin-silencing transcriptional regulator TUP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	139-143
21246509-7	2011	While the mechanism is largely unknown, overexpression of SNR84, improved both growth and ethanol production from galactose.	Galactose	114-123	SNR84	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	58-63
21246509-8	2011	The most remarkable improvement of galactose fermentation was achieved by overexpression of the truncated TUP1 (tTUP1) gene, resulting in unrivalled galactose fermentation capability, that is 250% higher in both galactose consumption rate and ethanol productivity compared to the control strain.	Galactose	35-44	chromatin-silencing transcriptional regulator TUP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	106-110
21246509-8	2011	The most remarkable improvement of galactose fermentation was achieved by overexpression of the truncated TUP1 (tTUP1) gene, resulting in unrivalled galactose fermentation capability, that is 250% higher in both galactose consumption rate and ethanol productivity compared to the control strain.	Galactose	149-158	chromatin-silencing transcriptional regulator TUP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	106-110
21246509-12	2011	The results presented in this study illustrate that alteration of global regulatory networks through overexpression of the identified targets (SNR84 and tTUP1) is as effective as overexpression of a rate limiting metabolic gene (PGM2) in the galactose assimilation pathway for efficient galactose fermentation in S. cerevisiae.	Galactose	242-251	SNR84	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	143-148
21246509-12	2011	The results presented in this study illustrate that alteration of global regulatory networks through overexpression of the identified targets (SNR84 and tTUP1) is as effective as overexpression of a rate limiting metabolic gene (PGM2) in the galactose assimilation pathway for efficient galactose fermentation in S. cerevisiae.	Galactose	287-296	SNR84	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	143-148
20959392-1	2011	Loss of T-synthase (uridine diphosphate galactose:N-acetylgalactosaminyl-alpha1-Ser/Thr beta3galactosyltransferase), a key enzyme required for the formation of mucin-type core 1 O-glycans, is observed in several human diseases, including cancer, Tn syndrome and IgA nephropathy, but current methods to assay the enzyme use radioactive substrates and complicated isolation of the product.	Galactose	40-49	core 1 synthase, glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	8-18
21173156-4	2011	ST6Gal-I adds an alpha2,6-linked sialic acid to the terminal galactose of N-linked glycans, and this modification blocks galectin binding to beta-galactosides.	Galactose	61-70	ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	0-8
21226491-4	2011	The cellular CTB-receptor, ganglioside GM1, contains a pentasaccharide moiety consisting in part of galactose and glucose units.	Galactose	100-109	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1B, choline	Homo sapiens	13-16
21226491-8	2011	The galactose-conjugated nanoparticles were then used as CTB sensors achieving a detection limit of 40 pM.	Galactose	4-13	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1B, choline	Homo sapiens	57-60
21112624-4	2011	Using a blocking assay with free galactose, electron microscopy and co-cultures of HepG2 and non-ASGPR-1 expressing C17.2 cells, the specificity of the particles for the ASGPR-1 receptor was demonstrated.	Galactose	33-42	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	170-177
21423888-1	2011	The Gal1p (Galactokinase) protein is known for regulation of D-galactose metabolism.	Galactose	61-72	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	4-9
21119562-1	2011	BACKGROUND: alpha1,3-Galactosyltransferase gene knockout (GTKO) pigs reduced the significance of antibody to galactose alpha 1,3-galactose (Gal) antigens but did not eliminate delayed xenograft rejection (DXR).	Galactose	109-118	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Sus scrofa	12-42
21141964-4	2011	Administration of D-galactose markedly lowered not only the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) but also the gene expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD), copper-zinc SOD, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA in mice.	Galactose	18-29	lipoprotein lipase	Mus musculus	253-271
21075050-6	2011	In addition, expression of gal7+, SPBPB2B2.13, gal10+ and gal1+ genes increased in the wild-type strain when carried on a vector, and these transformants grew on galactose medium.	Galactose	162-171	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	27-31
21141964-4	2011	Administration of D-galactose markedly lowered not only the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) but also the gene expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD), copper-zinc SOD, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA in mice.	Galactose	18-29	lipoprotein lipase	Mus musculus	273-276
21910086-2	2011	Glycosphingolipids are known to play an important role in organ function at least in part from inherited lipid storage diseases such as Anderson-Fabry disease (Fabry"s disease; FD) that results from a mutation in alpha-galactosidase a (alpha-GLA or alpha-Gal A), the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the removal of terminal galactose residues from glycosphingolipids.	Galactose	325-334	galactosidase alpha	Homo sapiens	213-234
20980548-7	2011	D-Galactose was transported by both proteins, but with very low affinity by hSGLT2 (&gt;=100 vs. 6 mM).	Galactose	0-11	solute carrier family 5 member 2	Homo sapiens	76-82
21692561-5	2011	The human and avian analogs consisted of a sialyllactose-N-tetraose c (LSTc) [Neu5Ac(alpha2,6)Gal(beta1-3)GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc] and a sialyllactose-N-tetraose a (LSTa) [Neu5Ac(alpha2,3)Gal(beta1-3)GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc], respectively.	Galactose	121-124	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	113-120
21692561-5	2011	The human and avian analogs consisted of a sialyllactose-N-tetraose c (LSTc) [Neu5Ac(alpha2,6)Gal(beta1-3)GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc] and a sialyllactose-N-tetraose a (LSTa) [Neu5Ac(alpha2,3)Gal(beta1-3)GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc], respectively.	Galactose	121-124	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	113-120
21692561-5	2011	The human and avian analogs consisted of a sialyllactose-N-tetraose c (LSTc) [Neu5Ac(alpha2,6)Gal(beta1-3)GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc] and a sialyllactose-N-tetraose a (LSTa) [Neu5Ac(alpha2,3)Gal(beta1-3)GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc], respectively.	Galactose	121-124	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	113-120
21692563-4	2011	In this study, we stably transfected Vero cells with cDNA of human alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase (SIAT1), an enzyme catalyzing alpha-2,6-sialylation of galactose on glycoproteins.	Galactose	150-159	ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	96-101
21963509-12	2011	The DC2.3a/LEC-12a endogenous ligand structures appear to be somewhat different but contain the same galactose-fucose recognition motif.	Galactose	101-110	Galectin;Galectin domain-containing protein	Caenorhabditis elegans	11-17
21865691-3	2011	Clinical and laboratory data support a postulated extrarenal origin of the glomerular IgA1, likely derived from circulating immune complexes containing polymeric IgA1, deficient in galactose in the hinge-region O-glycans, bound by antiglycan antibodies.	Galactose	181-190	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	86-90
21686160-0	2011	D-(+)-galactose-conjugated single-walled carbon nanotubes as new chemical probes for electrochemical biosensors for the cancer marker galectin-3.	Galactose	0-15	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	134-144
21176163-8	2010	Amongst metabolic SNPs detected, there was pathway enrichment in the galactose uptake pathway (GAL1, GAL10) and ergosterol biosynthetic pathway (ERG8, ERG9).	Galactose	69-78	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	95-99
20941593-9	2011	Finally, rhalpha-GalA also inhibited ACE activity and released galactose residues from purified rabbit lung ACE dose-dependently.	Galactose	63-72	galactosidase alpha	Homo sapiens	17-21
20941593-9	2011	Finally, rhalpha-GalA also inhibited ACE activity and released galactose residues from purified rabbit lung ACE dose-dependently.	Galactose	63-72	angiotensin-converting enzyme	Oryctolagus cuniculus	108-111
20941593-10	2011	In summary, our results suggest that rhalpha-GalA interacts with ACE and inhibits its activity, possibly by removing the galactose residues from the enzyme.	Galactose	121-130	galactosidase alpha	Homo sapiens	45-49
20941593-10	2011	In summary, our results suggest that rhalpha-GalA interacts with ACE and inhibits its activity, possibly by removing the galactose residues from the enzyme.	Galactose	121-130	angiotensin I converting enzyme	Homo sapiens	65-68
21997669-6	2011	Galactose (+31.5 mmol/l) significantly counteracted the loss of choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons in low-glucose-treated slices, while fructose, lactose and saccharose only partly protected cholinergic neurons.	Galactose	0-9	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	64-89
21686160-1	2011	D-(+)-Galactose-conjugated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were synthesized for use as biosensors to detect the cancer marker galectin-3.	Galactose	0-15	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	134-144
21686160-2	2011	To investigate the binding of galectin-3 to the d-(+)-galactose-conjugated SWCNTs, an electrochemical biosensor was fabricated by using molybdenum electrodes.	Galactose	48-63	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	30-40
21686160-4	2011	The electrochemical sensitivity measurements of the d-(+)-galactose-conjugated SWCNTs differed significantly between the samples with and without galectin-3.	Galactose	52-67	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	146-156
21686160-5	2011	This indicates that d-(+)-galactose-conjugated SWCNTs are potentially useful electrochemical biosensors for the detection of cancer marker galectin-3.	Galactose	20-35	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	139-149
21176163-8	2010	Amongst metabolic SNPs detected, there was pathway enrichment in the galactose uptake pathway (GAL1, GAL10) and ergosterol biosynthetic pathway (ERG8, ERG9).	Galactose	69-78	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	101-106
21176163-8	2010	Amongst metabolic SNPs detected, there was pathway enrichment in the galactose uptake pathway (GAL1, GAL10) and ergosterol biosynthetic pathway (ERG8, ERG9).	Galactose	69-78	phosphomevalonate kinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	145-149
21176163-8	2010	Amongst metabolic SNPs detected, there was pathway enrichment in the galactose uptake pathway (GAL1, GAL10) and ergosterol biosynthetic pathway (ERG8, ERG9).	Galactose	69-78	bifunctional farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase/squalene synthase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	151-155
20858221-6	2010	Mth1p was expressed in cells grown in a medium containing galactose, but was lost (possibly degraded) when cells were grown in medium containing glucose as the sole carbon source.	Galactose	58-67	Mth1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
20696150-1	2010	Human galactokinase (GALK) is the first enzyme in the Leloir pathway, converting alpha-d-galactose into galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1-P).	Galactose	81-98	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	6-19
20696150-1	2010	Human galactokinase (GALK) is the first enzyme in the Leloir pathway, converting alpha-d-galactose into galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1-P).	Galactose	81-98	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	21-25
20696150-1	2010	Human galactokinase (GALK) is the first enzyme in the Leloir pathway, converting alpha-d-galactose into galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1-P).	Galactose	81-98	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	127-132
20858221-7	2010	Deletion of the MTH1 gene increased cell growth compared with the wild-type when cells were grown in a medium containing galactose and with hygromycin or at an acidic pH.	Galactose	121-130	Mth1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	16-20
20980617-7	2010	We also show that expression of ZDS1 or ZDS2 from a strong galactose-inducible promoter can induce mitosis even when the Swe1p-dependent G2/M checkpoint is activated by mis-organization of the actin cytoskeleton.	Galactose	59-68	Zds1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-36
21248428-4	2010	In this study, thus, glycophorin A which is a highly glycosylated sialoglycoprotein with approximately 12 O-glycans was sequentially treated with sialidase and beta-galactosidase to remove sialic acid and galactose residues.	Galactose	205-214	glycophorin A (MNS blood group)	Homo sapiens	21-34
21248428-4	2010	In this study, thus, glycophorin A which is a highly glycosylated sialoglycoprotein with approximately 12 O-glycans was sequentially treated with sialidase and beta-galactosidase to remove sialic acid and galactose residues.	Galactose	205-214	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	160-178
20490888-8	2010	E-selectin overexpressed and was correlated with galactose-containing glycans in RA synovial tissue.	Galactose	49-58	selectin E	Homo sapiens	0-10
20939100-6	2010	We predict that laminin beta(1) and gamma(1) LN domains share the galactose-binding domain-like fold.	Galactose	66-75	laminin subunit beta 1	Homo sapiens	16-44
20980617-7	2010	We also show that expression of ZDS1 or ZDS2 from a strong galactose-inducible promoter can induce mitosis even when the Swe1p-dependent G2/M checkpoint is activated by mis-organization of the actin cytoskeleton.	Galactose	59-68	Zds2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	40-44
20133359-0	2010	Ursolic acid attenuates D-galactose-induced inflammatory response in mouse prefrontal cortex through inhibiting AGEs/RAGE/NF-kappaB pathway activation.	Galactose	24-35	advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor	Mus musculus	117-121
21364830-1	2010	The Gal10p (UDP-Galactose 4-epimerase) protein is known for regulation of D-galactose metabolism.	Galactose	74-85	Charcot-Leyden crystal galectin	Homo sapiens	4-10
21087515-2	2010	Lc3 synthase utilizes a variety of galactose-terminated glycolipids as acceptors by establishing a glycosidic bond in the beta-1,3-linkage to GlcNaAc to extend the lacto- and neolacto-series gangliosides.	Galactose	35-44	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 5	Mus musculus	0-12
21087515-2	2010	Lc3 synthase utilizes a variety of galactose-terminated glycolipids as acceptors by establishing a glycosidic bond in the beta-1,3-linkage to GlcNaAc to extend the lacto- and neolacto-series gangliosides.	Galactose	35-44	hemoglobin, beta adult major chain	Mus musculus	122-130
20133359-0	2010	Ursolic acid attenuates D-galactose-induced inflammatory response in mouse prefrontal cortex through inhibiting AGEs/RAGE/NF-kappaB pathway activation.	Galactose	24-35	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	122-131
20797446-4	2010	For GLU+GAL, galactose glycogenesis was independently measured with [1-(13)C]galactose.	Galactose	13-22	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	4-11
20634323-0	2010	Galactose-deficient IgA1 in African Americans with IgA nephropathy: serum levels and heritability.	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	20-24
21124058-3	2010	Use of the  gal80 strain allowed the galactose-free induction of inulinase expression using a glucose-only medium.	Galactose	37-46	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	12-17
20797446-5	2010	Glycogenesis was equivalent in both groups but for GLU+GAL, 23 +- 4% of glycogen was derived from galactose.	Galactose	98-107	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	51-58
22069572-2	2010	Ricin, the plant RIP prototype that comprises a catalytic A subunit linked to a galactose-binding lectin B subunit to allow cell surface binding and toxin entry in most mammalian cells, shows a potency in the picomolar range.	Galactose	80-89	receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	17-20
20823119-2	2010	Aberrantly glycosylated IgA1, with galactose (Gal)-deficient hinge region (HR) O-glycans, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of the disease.	Galactose	35-44	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	24-28
20823119-2	2010	Aberrantly glycosylated IgA1, with galactose (Gal)-deficient hinge region (HR) O-glycans, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of the disease.	Galactose	46-49	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	24-28
20716612-3	2010	In experiment 1, both fructose (fourfold increase peaking in 2 h) and galactose (twofold increase; 30 min) elicited markedly different (P&lt;0.001) insulin responses than glucose (sevenfold increase; 20 min) although the total amount released following fructose and glucose challenge was similar.	Galactose	70-79	LOC105613195	Ovis aries	148-155
20633594-4	2010	Troxerutin markedly restored Cu/Zn-SOD, CAT and GPx activities in the kidney of D-gal-treated mouse.	Galactose	80-85	superoxide dismutase 1, soluble	Mus musculus	29-38
20729291-7	2010	When Prm1 was expressed from a galactose-regulated promoter and its synthesis was repressed at the start of mating, vanishingly small amounts of Prm1 protein remained at the time when the plasma membranes came into contact.	Galactose	31-40	pheromone-regulated protein PRM1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	5-9
20506284-4	2010	Galactose (+/-uridine), glucosamine (+/-uridine), and N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) (+/-cytidine) feeding resulted in 12%, 28%, and 32% increase in IFN-gamma sialylation as compared to the untreated control cultures.	Galactose	0-9	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	147-156
20633594-4	2010	Troxerutin markedly restored Cu/Zn-SOD, CAT and GPx activities in the kidney of D-gal-treated mouse.	Galactose	80-85	catalase	Mus musculus	40-43
20633594-4	2010	Troxerutin markedly restored Cu/Zn-SOD, CAT and GPx activities in the kidney of D-gal-treated mouse.	Galactose	80-85	peroxiredoxin 6 pseudogene 2	Mus musculus	48-51
20534593-3	2010	The sialyltransferase ST3Gal-I adds sialic acid to the galactose residue of core 1 (Galbeta1,3GalNAc) O-glycans and this enzyme is over-expressed in breast cancer resulting in the expression of sialylated core 1 glycans.	Galactose	55-64	ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1	Mus musculus	22-30
20633594-6	2010	Internucleosomal DNA ladder fragmentation and the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells in D-gal-treated mice were inhibited by troxerutin, which might be attributed to its antioxidant property by decreasing activities of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase) and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS).	Galactose	190-195	deoxynucleotidyltransferase, terminal	Mus musculus	60-97
20633594-6	2010	Internucleosomal DNA ladder fragmentation and the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells in D-gal-treated mice were inhibited by troxerutin, which might be attributed to its antioxidant property by decreasing activities of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase) and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS).	Galactose	190-195	deoxynucleotidyltransferase, terminal	Mus musculus	99-102
20702421-5	2010	We have demonstrated dominant-negative effects mediated by truncated Gal4p and Arg81p proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, interfering with galactose and arginine metabolic pathways, respectively.	Galactose	141-150	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	69-74
20979343-1	2010	Transcriptional status of the genes needed for galactose utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is controlled by the interplay between the prototypical transcriptional activator Gal4p and the inhibitor protein Gal80p.	Galactose	47-56	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	179-184
20979343-1	2010	Transcriptional status of the genes needed for galactose utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is controlled by the interplay between the prototypical transcriptional activator Gal4p and the inhibitor protein Gal80p.	Galactose	47-56	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	211-217
20702421-5	2010	We have demonstrated dominant-negative effects mediated by truncated Gal4p and Arg81p proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, interfering with galactose and arginine metabolic pathways, respectively.	Galactose	141-150	Arg81p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	79-85
20957102-5	2010	Our findings indicate that the structural difference between glucose and galactose at the 3-O-position of cyanidin was an important factor for modulating the inhibition of intestinal sucrase and pancreatic alpha-amylase.	Galactose	73-82	amylase alpha 2A	Homo sapiens	195-219
20519568-2	2010	GALE therefore plays key roles in the metabolism of dietary galactose, in the production of endogenous galactose, and in maintaining the ratios of key substrates for glycoprotein and glycolipid biosynthesis.	Galactose	60-69	UDP-galactose 4'-epimerase	Drosophila melanogaster	0-4
20809958-1	2010	BACKGROUND: Overexpression of the PGM2 gene encoding phosphoglucomutase (Pgm2p) has been shown to improve galactose utilization both under aerobic and under anaerobic conditions.	Galactose	106-115	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	34-38
20809958-1	2010	BACKGROUND: Overexpression of the PGM2 gene encoding phosphoglucomutase (Pgm2p) has been shown to improve galactose utilization both under aerobic and under anaerobic conditions.	Galactose	106-115	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	73-78
20809958-4	2010	RESULTS: In the absence of PGM2 overexpression, the combined overexpression of XK, the non-ox PPP and deletion of the GRE3 gene significantly delayed aerobic growth on galactose, whereas no difference was observed between the control strain and the xylose-engineered strain when the PGM2 gene was overexpressed.	Galactose	168-177	trifunctional aldehyde reductase/xylose reductase/glucose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	118-122
20809958-7	2010	The additional copy of the PGM2 gene also resulted in a shorter fermentation time during the co-consumption of galactose and xylose.	Galactose	111-120	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	27-31
20809958-9	2010	CONCLUSIONS: PGM2 overexpression was shown to benefit xylose and galactose fermentation, alone and in combination.	Galactose	65-74	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	13-17
20809958-10	2010	In contrast, galactose fermentation was impaired in the engineered xylose-utilizing strain harbouring extra copies of the non-ox PPP genes and a deletion of the GRE3 gene, unless PGM2 was overexpressed.	Galactose	13-22	trifunctional aldehyde reductase/xylose reductase/glucose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	161-165
20809958-10	2010	In contrast, galactose fermentation was impaired in the engineered xylose-utilizing strain harbouring extra copies of the non-ox PPP genes and a deletion of the GRE3 gene, unless PGM2 was overexpressed.	Galactose	13-22	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	179-183
20456366-0	2010	NGF-Dependent activation of TrkA pathway: A mechanism for the neuroprotective effect of troxerutin in D-galactose-treated mice.	Galactose	102-113	nerve growth factor	Mus musculus	0-3
20456366-0	2010	NGF-Dependent activation of TrkA pathway: A mechanism for the neuroprotective effect of troxerutin in D-galactose-treated mice.	Galactose	102-113	neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 1	Mus musculus	28-32
33467830-3	2010	Converting lactose into GOS by GH results in mixtures containing GOS of different degrees of polymerization (DP), unreacted lactose, and monomeric sugars (glucose and galactose).	Galactose	167-176	gamma-glutamyl hydrolase	Homo sapiens	31-33
33467831-5	2010	A GOS can be produced by a series of enzymatic reactions catalyzed by beta-galactosidase, where the glycosyl group of one or more D-galactosyl units is transferred onto the D-galactose moiety of lactose, in a process known as transgalactosylation.	Galactose	173-184	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	70-88
20135317-1	2010	The interplay between the yeast prototypical transcriptional activator Gal4p and the inhibitor protein Gal80p determines the transcriptional status of the genes needed for galactose utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	172-181	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	71-76
20135317-1	2010	The interplay between the yeast prototypical transcriptional activator Gal4p and the inhibitor protein Gal80p determines the transcriptional status of the genes needed for galactose utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	172-181	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	103-109
20135317-2	2010	In this study, we showed that deletion of dsg1 coding for the F box protein Dsg1/Mdm30 delayed but did not eliminate growth of yeast on galactose.	Galactose	136-145	SCF ubiquitin ligase complex subunit MDM30	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	42-46
20519568-2	2010	GALE therefore plays key roles in the metabolism of dietary galactose, in the production of endogenous galactose, and in maintaining the ratios of key substrates for glycoprotein and glycolipid biosynthesis.	Galactose	103-112	UDP-galactose 4'-epimerase	Drosophila melanogaster	0-4
20519568-8	2010	Finally, like patients with generalized epimerase deficiency galactosemia, Drosophila with partial GALE loss survive in the absence of galactose but succumb in development if exposed to dietary galactose.	Galactose	135-144	UDP-galactose 4'-epimerase	Drosophila melanogaster	99-103
20519569-4	2010	Analogous to humans, GALT-deficient D. melanogaster survive under conditions of galactose restriction, but accumulate elevated levels of galactose-1-phosphate and succumb during larval development following galactose exposure.	Galactose	80-89	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	21-25
20519569-4	2010	Analogous to humans, GALT-deficient D. melanogaster survive under conditions of galactose restriction, but accumulate elevated levels of galactose-1-phosphate and succumb during larval development following galactose exposure.	Galactose	137-146	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	21-25
20519569-6	2010	GALT-deficient Drosophila also exhibit locomotor complications despite dietary galactose restriction, and both the acute and long-term complications can be rescued by transgenic expression of human GALT.	Galactose	79-88	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-4
20566405-2	2010	Subcutaneous injection of d-gal (500mg/kg/d) for four months caused memory loss as detected by the Morris water maze, morphologic abnormalities of neurons in hippocampus region and the reduced expression of BDNF and TrkB were observed.	Galactose	26-31	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	207-211
20566405-2	2010	Subcutaneous injection of d-gal (500mg/kg/d) for four months caused memory loss as detected by the Morris water maze, morphologic abnormalities of neurons in hippocampus region and the reduced expression of BDNF and TrkB were observed.	Galactose	26-31	neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Rattus norvegicus	216-220
21351570-1	2010	The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) was used to mediate drug carrier for hepatic targeted drug delivery, this article showed the enzyme-catalyzed esterification of galactose and vinyl stearate and a kind of ASGPR ligand-targeted which was used to insert the surface of liposome has been synthesized.	Galactose	168-177	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	4-31
20627950-4	2010	Heterologous expression in yeast revealed that AtSTP14 does not transport glucose or fructose, but is the first plant transporter specific for galactose.	Galactose	143-152	sugar transporter 14	Arabidopsis thaliana	47-54
20627950-7	2010	A putative role for AtSTP14 in the recycling of cell wall-derived galactose during different developmental processes is discussed.	Galactose	66-75	sugar transporter 14	Arabidopsis thaliana	20-27
21141120-12	2010	The activities of chymosin were not prominent increased when galactose was used as carbon source instead of glucose, which proved that the fermentation of recombinant strain does not need galactose inducing.	Galactose	61-70	chymosin	Bos taurus	18-26
21351570-1	2010	The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) was used to mediate drug carrier for hepatic targeted drug delivery, this article showed the enzyme-catalyzed esterification of galactose and vinyl stearate and a kind of ASGPR ligand-targeted which was used to insert the surface of liposome has been synthesized.	Galactose	168-177	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	33-38
21351570-1	2010	The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) was used to mediate drug carrier for hepatic targeted drug delivery, this article showed the enzyme-catalyzed esterification of galactose and vinyl stearate and a kind of ASGPR ligand-targeted which was used to insert the surface of liposome has been synthesized.	Galactose	168-177	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	211-216
20725869-1	2010	Galactosemia is caused by inherited deficiencies in one of three enzymes involved in the metabolism of galactose: galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), galactokinase (GALK), and uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	103-112	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	114-153
20600541-0	2010	Purple sweet potato color protects mouse liver against d-galactose-induced apoptosis via inhibiting caspase-3 activation and enhancing PI3K/Akt pathway.	Galactose	55-66	caspase 3	Mus musculus	100-109
20600541-0	2010	Purple sweet potato color protects mouse liver against d-galactose-induced apoptosis via inhibiting caspase-3 activation and enhancing PI3K/Akt pathway.	Galactose	55-66	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	140-143
20600541-5	2010	The activation and activity of caspase-3 were markedly inhibited by the treatment of PSPC in the livers of d-gal-treated mice.	Galactose	107-112	caspase 3	Mus musculus	31-40
20725869-1	2010	Galactosemia is caused by inherited deficiencies in one of three enzymes involved in the metabolism of galactose: galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), galactokinase (GALK), and uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	103-112	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	155-159
20725869-1	2010	Galactosemia is caused by inherited deficiencies in one of three enzymes involved in the metabolism of galactose: galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), galactokinase (GALK), and uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	103-112	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	208-229
20725869-1	2010	Galactosemia is caused by inherited deficiencies in one of three enzymes involved in the metabolism of galactose: galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), galactokinase (GALK), and uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	103-112	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	231-235
20067439-2	2010	In agreement with the "clustering effect" known to occur with more complex oligomeric structures, the addition of galactose residues under optimized spatial arrangement condition invariably increased the transfect efficiency into hepatoma cells, which can be owed to the sufficient binding of galactose ligands to the ASGPR on hepatocytes.	Galactose	114-123	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	318-323
20067439-2	2010	In agreement with the "clustering effect" known to occur with more complex oligomeric structures, the addition of galactose residues under optimized spatial arrangement condition invariably increased the transfect efficiency into hepatoma cells, which can be owed to the sufficient binding of galactose ligands to the ASGPR on hepatocytes.	Galactose	293-302	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	318-323
20403430-2	2010	The conjugates selectively enter hepatocytes after interaction of the carrier galactose residues with the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) present only on these cells.	Galactose	78-87	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	106-133
20103567-8	2010	FcgammaRIIIa binding was strongly influenced by both the glycan structure/composition (namely galactose and fucose) and conformational changes that were induced by some of the modifications.	Galactose	94-103	Fc gamma receptor IIIa	Homo sapiens	0-12
20507092-2	2010	IgA1 from IgAN patients is characterized by the presence of galactose (Gal)-deficient O-glycans in the hinge region that can act as epitopes for anti-glycan IgG or IgA1 antibodies.	Galactose	60-69	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
20507092-2	2010	IgA1 from IgAN patients is characterized by the presence of galactose (Gal)-deficient O-glycans in the hinge region that can act as epitopes for anti-glycan IgG or IgA1 antibodies.	Galactose	60-69	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	10-14
20507092-2	2010	IgA1 from IgAN patients is characterized by the presence of galactose (Gal)-deficient O-glycans in the hinge region that can act as epitopes for anti-glycan IgG or IgA1 antibodies.	Galactose	60-69	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	164-168
20507092-2	2010	IgA1 from IgAN patients is characterized by the presence of galactose (Gal)-deficient O-glycans in the hinge region that can act as epitopes for anti-glycan IgG or IgA1 antibodies.	Galactose	71-74	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
20507092-2	2010	IgA1 from IgAN patients is characterized by the presence of galactose (Gal)-deficient O-glycans in the hinge region that can act as epitopes for anti-glycan IgG or IgA1 antibodies.	Galactose	71-74	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	10-14
20507092-2	2010	IgA1 from IgAN patients is characterized by the presence of galactose (Gal)-deficient O-glycans in the hinge region that can act as epitopes for anti-glycan IgG or IgA1 antibodies.	Galactose	71-74	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	164-168
20403430-2	2010	The conjugates selectively enter hepatocytes after interaction of the carrier galactose residues with the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) present only on these cells.	Galactose	78-87	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	135-141
20528923-9	2010	The comparison indicates that the existence of a protein, Gal3p, dedicated to the sensing of galactose in S. cerevisiae as a result of genome duplication has resulted in a system which metabolizes galactose efficiently.	Galactose	93-102	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	58-63
20206917-5	2010	GTB is a retaining glycosyltransferase that in vivo catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDP-Galp donors to OH-3 of Galp on the H-antigen (alpha-l-Fucp-(1--&gt;2)-beta-d-Galp) acceptor forming the blood group B antigen.	Galactose	78-87	galanin like peptide	Homo sapiens	97-101
20206917-5	2010	GTB is a retaining glycosyltransferase that in vivo catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDP-Galp donors to OH-3 of Galp on the H-antigen (alpha-l-Fucp-(1--&gt;2)-beta-d-Galp) acceptor forming the blood group B antigen.	Galactose	78-87	galanin like peptide	Homo sapiens	120-124
20206917-5	2010	GTB is a retaining glycosyltransferase that in vivo catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDP-Galp donors to OH-3 of Galp on the H-antigen (alpha-l-Fucp-(1--&gt;2)-beta-d-Galp) acceptor forming the blood group B antigen.	Galactose	78-87	galanin like peptide	Homo sapiens	120-124
20528923-9	2010	The comparison indicates that the existence of a protein, Gal3p, dedicated to the sensing of galactose in S. cerevisiae as a result of genome duplication has resulted in a system which metabolizes galactose efficiently.	Galactose	197-206	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	58-63
20363856-7	2010	The epitopes recognized by many of the mAbs in the toolkit, particularly those recognizing arabinose- and/or galactose-containing structures, are present on more than one glycan class, consistent with the known structural diversity and complexity of plant cell wall glycans.	Galactose	109-118	DEAD box helicase 41	Mus musculus	39-43
20828009-8	2010	Monosaccharide analysis by GC-MS revealed that TPS1 and TPS2 were composed of arabinose, galactose, glucose, rhamnose, xylose and mannose with molar ratios of 24.2 : 23.6 : 5.9 : 3.2 : 1.8 : 1.1 and 19.3 : 26.9 : 3.2 : 2.7 : 1.3 : 5.5, respectively.	Galactose	89-98	alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) TPS1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	47-51
20828009-8	2010	Monosaccharide analysis by GC-MS revealed that TPS1 and TPS2 were composed of arabinose, galactose, glucose, rhamnose, xylose and mannose with molar ratios of 24.2 : 23.6 : 5.9 : 3.2 : 1.8 : 1.1 and 19.3 : 26.9 : 3.2 : 2.7 : 1.3 : 5.5, respectively.	Galactose	89-98	trehalose-phosphatase TPS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	56-60
20050818-4	2010	The results showed that galactose-treated mice develop histologic changes in their thymic cortical and medullary regions; immunohistochemical analysis revealed unorganized distributions of keratin-5 and keratin-8 proteins in the thymus of these hosts.	Galactose	24-33	keratin 8	Mus musculus	203-212
20450150-1	2010	The unbinding process of three monosaccharides--galactose, glucose, and mannose--from human surfactant protein D (hSP-D) was investigated by the molecular docking and molecular dynamics methods to explore the cause of different dynamic interaction between these monosaccharides and the protein.	Galactose	48-57	surfactant protein D	Homo sapiens	92-112
20450150-1	2010	The unbinding process of three monosaccharides--galactose, glucose, and mannose--from human surfactant protein D (hSP-D) was investigated by the molecular docking and molecular dynamics methods to explore the cause of different dynamic interaction between these monosaccharides and the protein.	Galactose	48-57	surfactant protein D	Homo sapiens	114-119
20450150-2	2010	The results show that the low affinity of galactose for hSP-D is attributed to the different binding conformation from the other two monosaccharides.	Galactose	42-51	surfactant protein D	Homo sapiens	56-61
20304034-7	2010	RESULTS: The adhesin was found to induce activation of Raf-1, MEK-1, ERK1/2, p38-MAPK and STAT-3, which was reduced in the presence of IgG(AD)/d-galactose.	Galactose	145-154	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Homo sapiens	90-96
20304034-11	2010	CONCLUSIONS: We propose that STAT-3 activation is quintessential for the galactose specific adhesin induced IL-8 secretion by INT-407 cells and must occur in concert with the activation of ERK1/2.	Galactose	73-82	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Homo sapiens	29-35
20304034-11	2010	CONCLUSIONS: We propose that STAT-3 activation is quintessential for the galactose specific adhesin induced IL-8 secretion by INT-407 cells and must occur in concert with the activation of ERK1/2.	Galactose	73-82	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	108-112
20811567-3	2010	The essential HIS3 gene from the histidine biosynthesis pathway was placed under the exclusive regulation of the galactose utilization system.	Galactose	113-122	imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase HIS3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	14-18
20304916-2	2010	A unique calcium-type (C-type) lectin, the macrophage galactose (Gal)-type C-type lectin (MGL/CD301) expressed on DCs, is thought to participate in the recognition of molecules from both altered self and pathogens due to its monosaccharide specificity for Gal and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc).	Galactose	54-63	C-type lectin domain family 10, member A	Mus musculus	90-93
20304916-2	2010	A unique calcium-type (C-type) lectin, the macrophage galactose (Gal)-type C-type lectin (MGL/CD301) expressed on DCs, is thought to participate in the recognition of molecules from both altered self and pathogens due to its monosaccharide specificity for Gal and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc).	Galactose	65-68	C-type lectin domain family 10, member A	Mus musculus	90-93
20304916-2	2010	A unique calcium-type (C-type) lectin, the macrophage galactose (Gal)-type C-type lectin (MGL/CD301) expressed on DCs, is thought to participate in the recognition of molecules from both altered self and pathogens due to its monosaccharide specificity for Gal and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc).	Galactose	256-259	C-type lectin domain family 10, member A	Mus musculus	90-93
20480507-2	2010	A series of galactose-containing polymers has been produced to demonstrate the ease of modification of this polynucleotide delivery vehicle motif via the click reaction and to study how various structural modifications affect recognition by ASGPr on hepatocytes.	Galactose	12-21	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	241-246
20512434-3	2010	The amount of surface-attached beta-galactosidase was measured through its enzymatic reaction product D-galactose using a standardized method.	Galactose	102-113	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	31-49
20304034-0	2010	Galactose specific adhesin of enteroaggregative E. coli induces IL-8 secretion via activation of MAPK and STAT-3 in INT-407 cells.	Galactose	0-9	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	64-68
20304034-0	2010	Galactose specific adhesin of enteroaggregative E. coli induces IL-8 secretion via activation of MAPK and STAT-3 in INT-407 cells.	Galactose	0-9	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Homo sapiens	106-112
20304034-7	2010	RESULTS: The adhesin was found to induce activation of Raf-1, MEK-1, ERK1/2, p38-MAPK and STAT-3, which was reduced in the presence of IgG(AD)/d-galactose.	Galactose	145-154	Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase	Homo sapiens	55-60
20304034-7	2010	RESULTS: The adhesin was found to induce activation of Raf-1, MEK-1, ERK1/2, p38-MAPK and STAT-3, which was reduced in the presence of IgG(AD)/d-galactose.	Galactose	145-154	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1	Homo sapiens	62-67
20304034-7	2010	RESULTS: The adhesin was found to induce activation of Raf-1, MEK-1, ERK1/2, p38-MAPK and STAT-3, which was reduced in the presence of IgG(AD)/d-galactose.	Galactose	145-154	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Homo sapiens	69-75
20304034-7	2010	RESULTS: The adhesin was found to induce activation of Raf-1, MEK-1, ERK1/2, p38-MAPK and STAT-3, which was reduced in the presence of IgG(AD)/d-galactose.	Galactose	145-154	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens	77-80
20641996-23	2004	Because ASGP-R recognizes galactose, (99m)Tc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-galactosyl-human serum albumin ((99m)Tc-GSA) (3, 4) and (99m)Tc-galactosyl-neoglycoalbumin ((99m)Tc-NGA) (5) are ASGP-R probes that accumulate specifically in the liver and are used for liver scintigraphy to determine liver mass and function.	Galactose	26-35	mucin 4, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	8-12
20332504-6	2010	The role of human ABCG2 as a novel GSH transporter was verified in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae galactose-inducible gene expression system.	Galactose	94-103	ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (Junior blood group)	Homo sapiens	18-23
20507616-0	2010	PGM2 overexpression improves anaerobic galactose fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	39-48	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
20507616-4	2010	Overexpression of PGM2 has previously been shown to enhance aerobic growth of S. cerevisiae in galactose medium.	Galactose	95-104	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	18-22
20507616-9	2010	CONCLUSION: PGM2 overexpression in S. cerevisiae from an integrative plasmid is sufficient to reduce the lag phase and to enhance the growth rate in anaerobic galactose fermentation, which results in an overall decrease in fermentation duration.	Galactose	159-168	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	12-16
20641996-23	2004	Because ASGP-R recognizes galactose, (99m)Tc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-galactosyl-human serum albumin ((99m)Tc-GSA) (3, 4) and (99m)Tc-galactosyl-neoglycoalbumin ((99m)Tc-NGA) (5) are ASGP-R probes that accumulate specifically in the liver and are used for liver scintigraphy to determine liver mass and function.	Galactose	26-35	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	8-14
19941861-3	2010	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of OLs in culture.	Galactose	12-21	galactosylceramidase	Homo sapiens	61-65
19941861-3	2010	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of OLs in culture.	Galactose	12-21	sarcoglycan beta	Homo sapiens	66-69
19941861-3	2010	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of OLs in culture.	Galactose	12-21	galactosylceramidase	Homo sapiens	178-182
19941861-3	2010	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of OLs in culture.	Galactose	12-21	sarcoglycan beta	Homo sapiens	187-190
19941861-3	2010	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of OLs in culture.	Galactose	35-44	galactosylceramidase	Homo sapiens	61-65
19941861-3	2010	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of OLs in culture.	Galactose	35-44	sarcoglycan beta	Homo sapiens	66-69
19941861-3	2010	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of OLs in culture.	Galactose	35-44	galactosylceramidase	Homo sapiens	178-182
19941861-3	2010	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of OLs in culture.	Galactose	35-44	sarcoglycan beta	Homo sapiens	187-190
19941861-3	2010	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of OLs in culture.	Galactose	35-44	galactosylceramidase	Homo sapiens	61-65
19941861-3	2010	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of OLs in culture.	Galactose	35-44	sarcoglycan beta	Homo sapiens	66-69
19941861-3	2010	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of OLs in culture.	Galactose	35-44	galactosylceramidase	Homo sapiens	178-182
19941861-3	2010	Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of OLs in culture.	Galactose	35-44	sarcoglycan beta	Homo sapiens	187-190
20109557-8	2010	Haemagglutination of SAP and CRP is inhibited by galactose (MIC = 1 mM) and by phosphorylcholine (MIC = 1-2 mM), respectively.	Galactose	49-58	C-reactive protein	Oryctolagus cuniculus	29-32
20407015-7	2010	At high levels of galactose-induced p53 expression, 12 of 21 mutants that retain transactivation seemed similar to wild-type.	Galactose	18-27	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	36-39
20514993-6	2010	It also reversed D-galactose induced aging effects in neural and immune system, as evidenced by improving motor activity, increasing memory latency time, and enhancing lymphocyte mitogenesis and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production.	Galactose	17-28	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	195-208
20226765-6	2010	The enzyme beta4Gal-T7 transfers galactose to xylose during the synthesis of the tetrasaccharide linker sequence attached to a Ser residue of proteoglycans.	Galactose	33-42	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7	Homo sapiens	11-22
20514993-6	2010	It also reversed D-galactose induced aging effects in neural and immune system, as evidenced by improving motor activity, increasing memory latency time, and enhancing lymphocyte mitogenesis and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production.	Galactose	17-28	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	210-214
20159024-8	2010	The reduction of galactose on the S-I complex by beta-galactosidase in vitro reduced sucrase activity.	Galactose	17-26	galactosidase, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	49-67
19653112-5	2010	Lectin blot analyses revealed that significant amounts of the oligosaccharide chains of hEpo/Fc produced in the serum and eggs of GM chickens terminated with galactose, and that the oligosaccharide chains of the serum- and yolk-derived hEpo/Fc incorporated sialic acid residues.	Galactose	158-167	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	88-92
20067560-4	2010	Total sialic acid and galactose expression are reduced twofold on platelet VWF, and ABO blood group carbohydrate determinants are not present on the N-linked glycans of platelet VWF.	Galactose	22-31	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	75-78
20092352-5	2010	Stx1 preferred the Pk trisaccharide of its native receptor, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), while the more potent and clinically relevant variant, Stx2, preferred the Pk trisaccharide with the terminal galactose replaced with N-acetylgalactosamine (NHAc-Pk).	Galactose	199-208	syntaxin 2	Homo sapiens	144-148
20074794-4	2010	Using galactose-containing micelles as an example, we demonstrate their strong targeting ability towards ASGP-R positive HepG2 liver cancer cells in comparison with ASGP-R negative HEK293 cells although the galactose is attached to the carbonate monomer at 6-position.	Galactose	6-15	mucin 4, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	105-109
20074794-4	2010	Using galactose-containing micelles as an example, we demonstrate their strong targeting ability towards ASGP-R positive HepG2 liver cancer cells in comparison with ASGP-R negative HEK293 cells although the galactose is attached to the carbonate monomer at 6-position.	Galactose	207-216	mucin 4, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	105-109
20074794-4	2010	Using galactose-containing micelles as an example, we demonstrate their strong targeting ability towards ASGP-R positive HepG2 liver cancer cells in comparison with ASGP-R negative HEK293 cells although the galactose is attached to the carbonate monomer at 6-position.	Galactose	207-216	mucin 4, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	165-169
20102220-2	2010	Evaluation of RG-(gal)(28)GSA, RG-(gal)(20)GSA, glucose-analogue RG-(glu)(28)GSA, and control RG-HSA demonstrates specificity for the galactose, binding to several human adenocarcinoma cell lines, and cellular internalization.	Galactose	134-143	GNAS complex locus	Homo sapiens	26-29
20032467-3	2010	L-ficolin preferentially recognized disulfated N-acetyllactosamine and tri- and tetrasaccharides containing terminal galactose or N-acetylglucosamine.	Galactose	117-126	ficolin 2	Homo sapiens	0-9
20102220-2	2010	Evaluation of RG-(gal)(28)GSA, RG-(gal)(20)GSA, glucose-analogue RG-(glu)(28)GSA, and control RG-HSA demonstrates specificity for the galactose, binding to several human adenocarcinoma cell lines, and cellular internalization.	Galactose	134-143	GNAS complex locus	Homo sapiens	43-46
20102220-2	2010	Evaluation of RG-(gal)(28)GSA, RG-(gal)(20)GSA, glucose-analogue RG-(glu)(28)GSA, and control RG-HSA demonstrates specificity for the galactose, binding to several human adenocarcinoma cell lines, and cellular internalization.	Galactose	134-143	GNAS complex locus	Homo sapiens	43-46
19616076-2	2010	Within the 15-member galectin family of proteins, Gal3 (M(r) approximately 30,000) is the sole representative of the chimera subclass in which a proline- and glycine-rich NH(2)-terminal domain is fused onto a COOH-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain responsible for binding galactose-containing glycoconjugates.	Galactose	279-288	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	50-54
20095617-7	2010	It was galactose-specific and manifested hemagglutinating activity toward erythrocytes of rabbit, rat, mouse, and human ABO blood types.	Galactose	7-16	ABO, alpha 1-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase and alpha 1-3-galactosyltransferase	Homo sapiens	120-123
19959475-0	2010	Molecular cloning of pigeon UDP-galactose:beta-D-galactoside alpha1,4-galactosyltransferase and UDP-galactose:beta-D-galactoside beta1,4-galactosyltransferase, two novel enzymes catalyzing the formation of Gal alpha1-4Gal beta1-4Gal beta1-4GlcNAc sequence.	Galactose	32-41	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	61-91
19727704-7	2010	Molecular dynamics simulation studies of the enzyme with the natural substrate, L-arabinose, and an analogue, D-galactose, shed light on the unique substrate specificity displayed by B. subtilis L-AI only towards L-arabinose.	Galactose	110-121	L-arabinose isomerase	Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168	195-199
19840115-7	2010	The activation of PGU1 transcription by galactose was found to be strain specific, independent of the strain being an industrial or a domesticated one.	Galactose	40-49	endo-polygalacturonase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	18-22
20151390-4	2010	Incubation of the cells in the presence of the primer resulted in sialylation of the galactose residue to afford a GM4 analogue that was released from the cells to the culture medium.	Galactose	85-94	T cell receptor alpha variable 6-3	Mus musculus	115-118
20337060-5	2010	It was demonstrated that the galactose-deficient of IgA1 O-glycan chains led IgA1 to self-aggregation and eventual deposition in mesangium.	Galactose	29-38	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	52-56
20337060-5	2010	It was demonstrated that the galactose-deficient of IgA1 O-glycan chains led IgA1 to self-aggregation and eventual deposition in mesangium.	Galactose	29-38	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	77-81
20491645-3	2010	The sulfated monosaccharide units with the highest potential for anticoagulant activity should have two sulfate groups and a glycosidic linkage on the pyranose ring with C-2, C-3 and C-4 in 2S, 3R, 4R or 2R, 3S, 4S configurations for galactose, fucose and arabinose and 2S, 3S, 4R, for rhamnose.	Galactose	234-243	complement C4A (Rodgers blood group)	Homo sapiens	183-186
19903899-7	2010	Galectin-5 bound onto the vesicle surface may function in sorting galactose-bearing glycoconjugates.	Galactose	66-75	galectin 5	Rattus norvegicus	0-10
19889824-1	2010	BACKGROUND: Lactose malabsorption (LM), the inability to break down lactose into glucose and galactose, is due to a deficiency in the small intestinal lactase phlorizin hydrolase enzyme.	Galactose	93-102	lactase	Homo sapiens	151-158
19936918-9	2010	N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine significantly inhibited binding of E. coli whilst galactose, one of the most abundant Muc1 monosaccharides, showed the strongest inhibition against S. Typhimurium.	Galactose	96-105	mucin 1, cell surface associated	Bos taurus	132-136
19858221-3	2009	When cells at 100% density were treated with jack bean beta-galactosidase, the incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine into the cells was stimulated in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting the involvement of the galactose residues in growth regulation of cells.	Galactose	208-217	galactosidase, beta 1	Mus musculus	55-73
19820061-1	2010	In mammals, the absorption of monosaccharides from small intestinal lumen involves at least 3 sugar transporters (SugT): sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1; gene SLC5A1) transports glucose and galactose, whereas glucose transporter (GLUT) 5 (GLUT5; gene SLC2A5) transports fructose, across the apical membrane of enterocytes.	Galactose	204-213	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Bos taurus	121-159
19820061-1	2010	In mammals, the absorption of monosaccharides from small intestinal lumen involves at least 3 sugar transporters (SugT): sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1; gene SLC5A1) transports glucose and galactose, whereas glucose transporter (GLUT) 5 (GLUT5; gene SLC2A5) transports fructose, across the apical membrane of enterocytes.	Galactose	204-213	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Bos taurus	161-166
19820061-1	2010	In mammals, the absorption of monosaccharides from small intestinal lumen involves at least 3 sugar transporters (SugT): sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1; gene SLC5A1) transports glucose and galactose, whereas glucose transporter (GLUT) 5 (GLUT5; gene SLC2A5) transports fructose, across the apical membrane of enterocytes.	Galactose	204-213	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Bos taurus	173-179
19995956-2	2009	Distinct subtypes of ATMs have been identified that differentially express macrophage galactose-type C-type lectin 1 (MGL1/CD301), a marker of alternatively activated macrophages.	Galactose	86-95	C-type lectin domain family 10, member A	Mus musculus	118-122
20816225-9	2010	l-Fucose was then linked to the d-galactose residue of LNT via an alpha-1,2-linkage using recombinant human fucosyltransferase I (FUT1) expressed in a baculovirus system (71% yield).	Galactose	32-43	fucosyltransferase 1 (H blood group)	Homo sapiens	130-134
19858221-4	2009	A galactose-binding protein was isolated from the plasma membranes of cells at 100% density by affinity chromatography using an asialo-transferrin-Sepharose column and found to be galectin-3 as revealed by mass spectrometric analysis.	Galactose	2-11	transferrin	Mus musculus	135-146
19858221-4	2009	A galactose-binding protein was isolated from the plasma membranes of cells at 100% density by affinity chromatography using an asialo-transferrin-Sepharose column and found to be galectin-3 as revealed by mass spectrometric analysis.	Galactose	2-11	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3	Mus musculus	180-190
19468866-0	2009	Alteration of Abeta metabolism-related molecules in predementia induced by AlCl3 and D-galactose.	Galactose	85-96	amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein	Mus musculus	14-19
20641386-6	2004	Because ASGP-R recognizes galactose, (99m)Tc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-galactosyl-human serum albumin ((99m)Tc-GSA) (2, 3) and (99m)Tc-galactosyl-neoglycoalbumin ((99m)Tc-NGA) (4) are ASGP-R probes that accumulate specifically in the liver and are used for liver scintigraphy to determine liver mass and function.	Galactose	26-35	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	8-14
20006954-4	2009	In this work, we used a combination of two-dimensional NMR titration experiments and molecular-dynamics simulations with explicit solvent to study the mode of interaction between human galectin-1 and five galactose-containing ligands.	Galactose	205-214	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	185-195
19948113-1	2009	The crystal structure of Na(+)-coupled galactose symporter (vSGLT) reports the transporter in its substrate-bound state, with a Na(+) ion modeled in a binding site corresponding to that of a homologous protein, leucine transporter (LeuT).	Galactose	39-48	Leucine transport, high	Homo sapiens	211-230
19948113-1	2009	The crystal structure of Na(+)-coupled galactose symporter (vSGLT) reports the transporter in its substrate-bound state, with a Na(+) ion modeled in a binding site corresponding to that of a homologous protein, leucine transporter (LeuT).	Galactose	39-48	Leucine transport, high	Homo sapiens	232-236
20641386-9	2004	(5) conjugated hydrazinonicotinamide (HYNIC) and galactose (via lactobionic acid) to deacetylate chitosan for radiolabeling with (99m)Tc to form (99m)Tc-HYNIC-galactosyl-chitosan ((99m)Tc-HGC) for imaging ASGP-R expression in the liver.	Galactose	49-58	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	205-211
19750564-9	2009	In an additional experiment, the galactose-inducible MPR1 and ppr1(+), the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe homologue of MPR1, were used for gene disruption by homologous recombination, and here AZC-resistant colonies were also successfully selected.	Galactose	33-42	proteasome regulatory particle lid subunit RPN11	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	53-57
20641848-6	2004	Because ASGP-R recognizes galactose, (99m)Tc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-galactosyl-human serum albumin ((99m)Tc-GSA) (2, 3) and (99m)Tc-galactosyl-neoglycoalbumin ((99m)Tc-NGA) (4) are ASGP-R probes that accumulate specifically in the liver and are used for liver scintigraphy to determine liver mass and function.	Galactose	26-35	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	8-14
20641848-9	2004	(5) conjugated galactose (via lactobionic acid) to methylated chitosan for radiolabeling with (99m)Tc to form (99m)Tc-galactosyl-methylated chitosan ((99m)Tc-GMC) for imaging ASGP-R expression in the liver.	Galactose	15-24	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	175-181
19855421-2	2009	Absence of galactose residues in this region renders the IgA1 molecule immunogenic.	Galactose	11-20	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	57-61
19735715-0	2009	Effect of LTA isolated from bifidobacteria on D-galactose-induced aging.	Galactose	46-57	lymphotoxin A	Mus musculus	10-13
19735715-11	2009	Moreover, LTA could decrease p16 expression while increase c-fos expression in the d-galactose treated mice.	Galactose	83-94	lymphotoxin A	Mus musculus	10-13
19735715-11	2009	Moreover, LTA could decrease p16 expression while increase c-fos expression in the d-galactose treated mice.	Galactose	83-94	FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene	Mus musculus	59-64
19956534-8	2009	PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: First, in vitro luminal leptin activating its receptors coupled to PKCbetaII and AMPKalpha, increased insertion of GLUT2/5 into the brush-border membrane leading to enhanced galactose and fructose transport.	Galactose	194-203	solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	135-140
19750564-9	2009	In an additional experiment, the galactose-inducible MPR1 and ppr1(+), the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe homologue of MPR1, were used for gene disruption by homologous recombination, and here AZC-resistant colonies were also successfully selected.	Galactose	33-42	proteasome regulatory particle lid subunit RPN11	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	128-132
19531670-2	2009	The present study was conducted to detect the galactose- (Gal) deficient IgA1 level in Chinese IgAN patients and their family members.	Galactose	46-55	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	73-77
20009137-9	2009	Pretreatment with PTX prevented D-Gal-induced reduction of antioxidant enzyme activities, SOD and CAT, and attenuated the elevated malonaldahyde (MDA) level in hepatic tissue as marker of lipid peroxidation.	Galactose	32-37	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	98-101
19531670-2	2009	The present study was conducted to detect the galactose- (Gal) deficient IgA1 level in Chinese IgAN patients and their family members.	Galactose	46-55	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	95-99
19531670-2	2009	The present study was conducted to detect the galactose- (Gal) deficient IgA1 level in Chinese IgAN patients and their family members.	Galactose	58-61	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	73-77
19531670-2	2009	The present study was conducted to detect the galactose- (Gal) deficient IgA1 level in Chinese IgAN patients and their family members.	Galactose	58-61	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	95-99
19747681-1	2009	This article describes a comprehensive characterization of bovine beta-lactoglobulin peptides glycated with an aldohexose (galactose) or a ketohexose (tagatose), derived from in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, by liquid chromatography coupled to positive electrospray ion trap tandem mass spectrometry.	Galactose	123-132	beta-lactoglobulin	Bos taurus	66-84
19651897-9	2009	Taken together, these and other results provide strong support for a GAL gene switch model wherein Gal80 rapidly dissociates from Gal4 through a mechanism that involves sequestration of Gal80 by galactose-activated Gal3.	Galactose	195-204	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	215-219
19576873-3	2009	METHODS: Rabbit ASGPR was purified by affinity chromatography on galactose-Sepharose and used for standardised detection of anti-ASGPR by ELISA.	Galactose	65-74	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	16-21
19920337-1	2009	The transcriptional activation of enzymes involved in galactose utilization (GAL genes) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by a complex interplay between three regulatory proteins encoded by GAL4 (transcriptional activator), GAL3 (signal transducer) and GAL80 (repressor).	Galactose	54-63	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	197-201
19920337-1	2009	The transcriptional activation of enzymes involved in galactose utilization (GAL genes) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by a complex interplay between three regulatory proteins encoded by GAL4 (transcriptional activator), GAL3 (signal transducer) and GAL80 (repressor).	Galactose	54-63	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	231-235
19920337-1	2009	The transcriptional activation of enzymes involved in galactose utilization (GAL genes) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by a complex interplay between three regulatory proteins encoded by GAL4 (transcriptional activator), GAL3 (signal transducer) and GAL80 (repressor).	Galactose	54-63	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	260-265
19723544-5	2009	In this system, MIP"s expression level could be regulated using glucose incubation or galactose-induced incubation.	Galactose	86-95	major intrinsic protein of lens fiber	Homo sapiens	16-19
19651897-1	2009	Gal4 is a prototypical eukaryotic transcriptional activator whose recruitment function is inhibited in the absence of galactose by the Gal80 protein through masking of its transcriptional activation domain (AD).	Galactose	118-127	galectin 4	Homo sapiens	0-4
19683346-0	2009	Glycodelin A triggers T cell apoptosis through a novel calcium-independent galactose-binding lectin activity.	Galactose	75-84	progestagen associated endometrial protein	Homo sapiens	0-12
19651897-2	2009	A long-standing nondissociation model posits that galactose-activated Gal3 interacts with Gal4-bound Gal80 at the promoter, yielding a tripartite Gal3-Gal80-Gal4 complex with altered Gal80-Gal4 conformation to enable Gal4 AD activity.	Galactose	50-59	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	70-74
19651897-2	2009	A long-standing nondissociation model posits that galactose-activated Gal3 interacts with Gal4-bound Gal80 at the promoter, yielding a tripartite Gal3-Gal80-Gal4 complex with altered Gal80-Gal4 conformation to enable Gal4 AD activity.	Galactose	50-59	galectin 4	Homo sapiens	90-94
19651897-2	2009	A long-standing nondissociation model posits that galactose-activated Gal3 interacts with Gal4-bound Gal80 at the promoter, yielding a tripartite Gal3-Gal80-Gal4 complex with altered Gal80-Gal4 conformation to enable Gal4 AD activity.	Galactose	50-59	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	146-150
19651897-2	2009	A long-standing nondissociation model posits that galactose-activated Gal3 interacts with Gal4-bound Gal80 at the promoter, yielding a tripartite Gal3-Gal80-Gal4 complex with altered Gal80-Gal4 conformation to enable Gal4 AD activity.	Galactose	50-59	galectin 4	Homo sapiens	157-161
19651897-2	2009	A long-standing nondissociation model posits that galactose-activated Gal3 interacts with Gal4-bound Gal80 at the promoter, yielding a tripartite Gal3-Gal80-Gal4 complex with altered Gal80-Gal4 conformation to enable Gal4 AD activity.	Galactose	50-59	galectin 4	Homo sapiens	157-161
19651897-2	2009	A long-standing nondissociation model posits that galactose-activated Gal3 interacts with Gal4-bound Gal80 at the promoter, yielding a tripartite Gal3-Gal80-Gal4 complex with altered Gal80-Gal4 conformation to enable Gal4 AD activity.	Galactose	50-59	galectin 4	Homo sapiens	157-161
19683346-6	2009	Our results reveal a novel calcium-independent galactose-binding lectin activity of GdA, which is responsible for its apoptogenic function.	Galactose	47-56	progestagen associated endometrial protein	Homo sapiens	84-87
19651897-5	2009	We find that Gal80 rapidly dissociates from Gal4 in response to galactose.	Galactose	64-73	galectin 4	Homo sapiens	44-48
19384925-2	2009	In this study, a series of sugars, including sucrose, lactose, trehalose, maltose, fructose, galactose, fucose, mannose, and glucose were studied by modulated DSC and freeze-dry microscopy in order to better understand whether sucrose is unique in any way with respect to this behavior, as well as to explore the physical basis, and the pharmaceutical significance of these multiple transitions.	Galactose	93-102	desmocollin 3	Homo sapiens	159-162
19651897-7	2009	When galactose-triggered dissociation is followed by galactose depletion, preexisting Gal80 reassociates with Gal4, indicating that sequestration of Gal80 by Gal3 contributes to the observed Gal80-Gal4 dissociation.	Galactose	5-14	galectin 4	Homo sapiens	110-114
19651897-7	2009	When galactose-triggered dissociation is followed by galactose depletion, preexisting Gal80 reassociates with Gal4, indicating that sequestration of Gal80 by Gal3 contributes to the observed Gal80-Gal4 dissociation.	Galactose	5-14	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	158-162
19651897-7	2009	When galactose-triggered dissociation is followed by galactose depletion, preexisting Gal80 reassociates with Gal4, indicating that sequestration of Gal80 by Gal3 contributes to the observed Gal80-Gal4 dissociation.	Galactose	5-14	galectin 4	Homo sapiens	197-201
19651897-7	2009	When galactose-triggered dissociation is followed by galactose depletion, preexisting Gal80 reassociates with Gal4, indicating that sequestration of Gal80 by Gal3 contributes to the observed Gal80-Gal4 dissociation.	Galactose	53-62	galectin 4	Homo sapiens	110-114
19722705-5	2009	Furthermore, troxerutin inhibited the upregulation of the expression of NF-kappaB p65, iNOS, and COX-2 induced by D-gal.	Galactose	114-119	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	72-81
19722705-5	2009	Furthermore, troxerutin inhibited the upregulation of the expression of NF-kappaB p65, iNOS, and COX-2 induced by D-gal.	Galactose	114-119	v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (avian)	Mus musculus	82-85
19722705-5	2009	Furthermore, troxerutin inhibited the upregulation of the expression of NF-kappaB p65, iNOS, and COX-2 induced by D-gal.	Galactose	114-119	nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible	Mus musculus	87-91
19722705-5	2009	Furthermore, troxerutin inhibited the upregulation of the expression of NF-kappaB p65, iNOS, and COX-2 induced by D-gal.	Galactose	114-119	cytochrome c oxidase II, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	97-102
19470522-1	2009	Human C21orf63 is a type-1 transmembrane protein of hitherto unknown function, with two repeats of putative "galactose-binding lectin domains".	Galactose	109-118	eva-1 homolog C	Homo sapiens	6-14
19470522-3	2009	The C-terminal galactose-binding lectin domain of C21orf63 is necessary for heparin binding.	Galactose	15-24	eva-1 homolog C	Homo sapiens	50-58
19644515-4	2009	The human beta-galactosidase consists of three domains, such as, a TIM barrel fold domain, which functions as a catalytic domain, and two galactose-binding domain-like fold domains.	Galactose	138-147	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	10-28
19556244-4	2009	Using the surface of the eye as a model system, we found that galectin-3 colocalized with two distinct membrane-associated mucins, MUC1 and MUC16, on the apical surface of epithelial cells and that both mucins bound to galectin-3 affinity columns in a galactose-dependent manner.	Galactose	252-261	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	62-72
19627105-1	2009	The enzyme beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase-1 (beta4Gal-T1) catalyzes the transfer of a galactose residue from UDP-Gal to the C4-hydroxyl group of N-acetylglucosamine.	Galactose	86-95	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	11-43
19520807-2	2009	We show that thrombocytopenia in mice deficient in the St3gal4 sialyltransferase gene (St3Gal-IV(-/-) mice) is caused by the recognition of terminal galactose residues exposed on the platelet surface in the absence of sialylation.	Galactose	149-158	ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 4	Mus musculus	87-96
19627105-1	2009	The enzyme beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase-1 (beta4Gal-T1) catalyzes the transfer of a galactose residue from UDP-Gal to the C4-hydroxyl group of N-acetylglucosamine.	Galactose	86-95	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	45-56
19507852-2	2009	The C-terminal extended fusion polypeptides of these recombinant scFv fusion proteins are used as the acceptor substrate for human polypeptide-alpha-Nu-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase II (h-ppGalNAc-T2) that transfers either GalNAc or 2-keto-Gal, a modified galactose with a chemical handle, from their respective UDP-sugars to the side-chain hydroxyl group of the Thr residue(s).	Galactose	258-267	immunglobulin heavy chain variable region	Homo sapiens	65-69
19507852-5	2009	These fusion scFv proteins with the modified galactose are then conjugated with a fluorescence probe, Alexa488, that carries an orthogonal reactive group.	Galactose	45-54	immunglobulin heavy chain variable region	Homo sapiens	13-17
18975072-3	2009	The haemagglutinating activity of a pure and homogenous preparation of PPO measured using human erythrocytes was 1261 HAU mg(-1) protein and was inhibited by D: -galactose.	Galactose	158-171	protoporphyrinogen oxidase	Homo sapiens	71-74
18975072-4	2009	Purification by galactose-sepharose chromatography also indicated that the PPO and haemagglutinating activities were associated with a single protein.	Galactose	16-25	protoporphyrinogen oxidase	Homo sapiens	75-78
19374450-8	2009	We show that the conformations of the active site loops in GCase are sensitive to ligand binding but not pH, whereas analogous galactose- or DGJ-dependent conformational changes in alpha-Gal A are not seen.	Galactose	127-136	glucosylceramidase beta	Homo sapiens	59-64
19432560-3	2009	In the present study we used NMR spectroscopy to investigate the interaction of human gal-1 with a large (120 kDa) complex glycan, GRG (galactorhamnogalacturonate glycan), that contains non-randomly distributed mostly terminal beta(1--&gt;4)-linked galactose side chains.	Galactose	249-258	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	86-91
19476346-10	2009	HCR/F bound specifically to gangliosides that contain alpha2,3-linked sialic acid on the terminal galactose of a neutral saccharide core (binding order GT1b = GD1a &gt;&gt; GM3; no binding to GD1b and GM1a).	Galactose	98-107	coiled-coil alpha-helical rod protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
19374450-8	2009	We show that the conformations of the active site loops in GCase are sensitive to ligand binding but not pH, whereas analogous galactose- or DGJ-dependent conformational changes in alpha-Gal A are not seen.	Galactose	127-136	galactosidase alpha	Homo sapiens	181-192
19433218-1	2009	Galactokinase is an ATP-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of galactose to form galactose-1-phosphate.	Galactose	79-88	galactokinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-13
19456874-7	2009	To investigate this, we created a strain with a galactose-inducible GAL1-PIS1 gene.	Galactose	48-57	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	68-72
19456874-7	2009	To investigate this, we created a strain with a galactose-inducible GAL1-PIS1 gene.	Galactose	48-57	CDP-diacylglycerol--inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	73-77
19332564-4	2009	The ess1(A144T) and ess1(H164R) mutants, initially described by Hanes and coworkers (Yeast 5:55-72, 1989), accumulate the pSer5 phosphorylated form of Pol II; confer phosphate, galactose, and inositol auxotrophies; and fail to activate PHO5, GAL10, and INO1 reporter genes.	Galactose	177-186	peptidylprolyl isomerase ESS1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
19332564-4	2009	The ess1(A144T) and ess1(H164R) mutants, initially described by Hanes and coworkers (Yeast 5:55-72, 1989), accumulate the pSer5 phosphorylated form of Pol II; confer phosphate, galactose, and inositol auxotrophies; and fail to activate PHO5, GAL10, and INO1 reporter genes.	Galactose	177-186	peptidylprolyl isomerase ESS1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	20-24
19346339-4	2009	Subsequent mutation of the welE gene, encoding the priming glycosyltransferase within this cluster, and comparative phenotypic analyses of wild-type versus mutant strains confirmed the specific function of this gene cluster in the biosynthesis of high-molecular-weight, galactose-rich heteropolymeric EPS molecules.	Galactose	270-279	glycosyltransferase family 4 protein	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	59-78
19346454-6	2009	Loss of Sec39p attenuated formation of Pex3p-derived peroxisomal structures following galactose induction of Pex3p-GFP expression from the GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	86-95	Sec39p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	8-14
19346454-6	2009	Loss of Sec39p attenuated formation of Pex3p-derived peroxisomal structures following galactose induction of Pex3p-GFP expression from the GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	86-95	Pex3p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	109-114
19346454-6	2009	Loss of Sec39p attenuated formation of Pex3p-derived peroxisomal structures following galactose induction of Pex3p-GFP expression from the GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	86-95	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	139-143
19261593-3	2009	The polymerization of the alternating N-acetylglucosamine and galactose residues is catalyzed by the successive action of UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (B3GNT1) and UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1 (B4GALT1), respectively.	Galactose	62-71	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	122-183
19261593-3	2009	The polymerization of the alternating N-acetylglucosamine and galactose residues is catalyzed by the successive action of UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (B3GNT1) and UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1 (B4GALT1), respectively.	Galactose	62-71	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	185-191
19261593-3	2009	The polymerization of the alternating N-acetylglucosamine and galactose residues is catalyzed by the successive action of UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (B3GNT1) and UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1 (B4GALT1), respectively.	Galactose	62-71	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	197-261
19261593-3	2009	The polymerization of the alternating N-acetylglucosamine and galactose residues is catalyzed by the successive action of UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (B3GNT1) and UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1 (B4GALT1), respectively.	Galactose	62-71	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	263-270
19433220-2	2009	The S domain of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (sHBsAg) was expressed under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	98-107	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	118-122
19433220-7	2009	Fed-batch fermentation of recombinant S. cerevisiae 2805 coexpressing the sHBsAg and pdi1 genes was carried out by feeding 600gl(-1) glucose continuously and controlling galactose concentration at around 20gl(-1).	Galactose	170-179	protein disulfide isomerase PDI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	85-89
19342648-2	2009	ST6Gal I, a glycosyltransferase expressed by B cells, catalyzes the addition of alpha-2,6 sialic acid to galactose, a modification found on N-linked glycoproteins such as CD22, a negative regulator of B cell activation.	Galactose	105-114	beta galactoside alpha 2,6 sialyltransferase 1	Mus musculus	0-8
19264954-3	2009	Although it is well known that hepatocellular apoptosis in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-Gal/LPS)-associated liver failure is mediated by TNF-alpha-dependent Fas/FasL cytotoxicity, there is no information on the role of perforin-mediated mechanisms in vivo.	Galactose	95-100	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	146-155
19264954-3	2009	Although it is well known that hepatocellular apoptosis in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-Gal/LPS)-associated liver failure is mediated by TNF-alpha-dependent Fas/FasL cytotoxicity, there is no information on the role of perforin-mediated mechanisms in vivo.	Galactose	95-100	Fas ligand (TNF superfamily, member 6)	Mus musculus	170-174
19420760-4	2009	In addition, pyruvic acid was suggested to be present as (1"-carboxy)-ethylidene cyclic ketal at O-3 and O-4 of non-reducing terminal galactose residues, whereas sulfate was substituted at O-4 of other galactose residues.	Galactose	134-143	immunoglobulin kappa variable 1D-37 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	81-108
19388674-10	2009	By contrast, an N-terminally positioned galactose residue in DOTA-Gal-NAPamide improved the tumor-to-kidney ratio (4-48 h AUC of 1.34) by a factor of about 1.2 as compared to the parent DOTA-NAPamide (4-48 h AUC of 1.11), thus serving as new lead compound for MC1R-targeting molecules.	Galactose	40-49	melanocortin 1 receptor	Mus musculus	260-264
19268437-5	2009	METHODS: Gb3 excretion was determined by the incubation of urine sediment glycolipids from Fabry patients with agalsidase alpha and subsequent determination of galactose produced.	Galactose	160-169	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	9-12
19342648-2	2009	ST6Gal I, a glycosyltransferase expressed by B cells, catalyzes the addition of alpha-2,6 sialic acid to galactose, a modification found on N-linked glycoproteins such as CD22, a negative regulator of B cell activation.	Galactose	105-114	CD22 antigen	Mus musculus	171-175
19218405-2	2009	The structural genes of the two leaderless peptides of enterocin L50 (EntL50A and EntL50B) from Enterococcus faecium L50 were cloned, separately (entL50A or entL50B) and together (entL50AB), into pYABD01 under the control of the galactose-inducible promoter P(GAL1).	Galactose	229-238	enterocin I	Enterococcus faecium	70-77
19218405-2	2009	The structural genes of the two leaderless peptides of enterocin L50 (EntL50A and EntL50B) from Enterococcus faecium L50 were cloned, separately (entL50A or entL50B) and together (entL50AB), into pYABD01 under the control of the galactose-inducible promoter P(GAL1).	Galactose	229-238	enterocin J	Enterococcus faecium	82-89
19133250-3	2009	DESIGN AND METHODS: We developed a sensitive and specific method to assay beta4Gal-T7 which is based on the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to the synthetic peptide Bio-BIK-F-Xyl.	Galactose	120-129	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7	Homo sapiens	74-85
19133250-3	2009	DESIGN AND METHODS: We developed a sensitive and specific method to assay beta4Gal-T7 which is based on the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to the synthetic peptide Bio-BIK-F-Xyl.	Galactose	120-129	BCL2 interacting killer	Homo sapiens	178-181
19250319-1	2009	Galactosemia is caused by defects in the galactose metabolic pathway, which consists of three enzymes, including UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	41-50	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	113-138
19250319-1	2009	Galactosemia is caused by defects in the galactose metabolic pathway, which consists of three enzymes, including UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	41-50	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	140-144
19177159-9	2009	Treatment with neuraminidase exposed subterminal galactose in both sites and sparse N-acetyl galactosamine residues in drusen alone.	Galactose	49-58	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	15-28
19714813-4	2009	Mucin glycosylation was significantly affected in specific cell lines, particularly in structures involving terminal galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine.	Galactose	117-126	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	0-5
19262928-1	2009	A series of D-glucose derivatives that have been modified at C-4 were synthesised from D-galactose as potential chain terminators of cellulose biosynthesis.	Galactose	87-98	complement C4A (Rodgers blood group)	Homo sapiens	61-64
19150622-0	2009	Altered expression of Abeta metabolism-associated molecules from D-galactose/AlCl(3) induced mouse brain.	Galactose	65-76	amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein	Mus musculus	22-27
19150622-2	2009	Either aluminium trichloride (Al) or D-galactose (D-gal) induces Abeta overproduction in rat or mouse brain and has been used to produce models of aging and AD.	Galactose	37-48	amyloid beta precursor protein	Rattus norvegicus	65-70
19150622-2	2009	Either aluminium trichloride (Al) or D-galactose (D-gal) induces Abeta overproduction in rat or mouse brain and has been used to produce models of aging and AD.	Galactose	37-42	amyloid beta precursor protein	Rattus norvegicus	65-70
19150622-3	2009	Here it is shown that mice treated with Al plus D-gal represent a good model of AD with altered expression of Abeta metabolism-associated molecules.	Galactose	48-53	amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein	Mus musculus	110-115
19249212-5	2009	The ensuing flood of glucose into the cell activates Mig1, a transcriptional repressor that mediates "glucose repression" of many genes, including the GAL genes; hence, glucose sensing hinders galactose utilization.	Galactose	193-202	transcription factor MIG1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	53-57
18673333-1	2009	Beta1,4-galactosyltransferase-I (B4GALT1), one of seven beta1,4-galactosyltransferases, is an enzyme commonly found in the trans-Golgi complex that adds galactose to oligosaccharides.	Galactose	153-162	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	33-40
19249212-6	2009	Galactose is sensed in the cytoplasm via Gal3.	Galactose	0-9	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	41-45
19249212-7	2009	Upon binding galactose (and ATP), Gal3 sequesters the Gal80 protein, thereby emancipating the Gal4 transcriptional activator of the GAL genes.	Galactose	13-22	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	34-38
19249212-7	2009	Upon binding galactose (and ATP), Gal3 sequesters the Gal80 protein, thereby emancipating the Gal4 transcriptional activator of the GAL genes.	Galactose	13-22	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	94-98
19162326-5	2009	Murine MGL1 was found to be highly specific for Lewis X and Lewis A structures, whereas mMGL2, more similar to the human MGL, recognized N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and galactose, including the O-linked Tn-antigen, TF-antigen and core 2.	Galactose	172-181	macrophage galactose N-acetyl-galactosamine specific lectin 2	Mus musculus	88-93
18571950-0	2009	The potential action of galactose as a "chemical chaperone": increase of beta galactosidase activity in fibroblasts from an adult GM1-gangliosidosis patient.	Galactose	24-33	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	73-91
18571950-7	2009	A significant increase (2,5 fold) in beta galactosidase activity occurred when galactose was added to the cultured fibroblasts of an adult patient.	Galactose	79-88	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	37-55
18571950-10	2009	The p.R442Q mutation was therefore selected as a potential target for the galactose chaperone; after the addition of galactose, COS-1 cells transfected with this mutation showed an increase in beta galactosidase activity from 6.9% to 12% of control values.	Galactose	74-83	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	193-211
18571950-10	2009	The p.R442Q mutation was therefore selected as a potential target for the galactose chaperone; after the addition of galactose, COS-1 cells transfected with this mutation showed an increase in beta galactosidase activity from 6.9% to 12% of control values.	Galactose	117-126	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	193-211
19043084-2	2009	A common theme of these novel high abundant oligosaccharides on MUC7 showed that the C-3 branch of the oligosaccharides consisted of branched I-antigen type structural epitopes (GlcNAc beta 1-3(GlcNAc beta 1-6)Gal beta 1-), where the branch point was initiated on core 1 and core 2 galactose residues, and the branches were terminated by sialyl type 2 and sialyl Lewis x epitopes.	Galactose	282-291	mucin 7, secreted	Homo sapiens	64-68
19054802-5	2009	Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analyses, we found that the N-glycosylation patterns of human erythropoietin (hEPO) secreted by stably transfected S2 cells were more complex following GlcNAcase suppression, which generated N-glycan structures with a terminal GlcNAc and/or galactose.	Galactose	389-398	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	210-224
19075007-7	2009	Amino acid analysis of the products of GLT25D1 and GLT25D2 reactions confirmed the transfer of galactose to hydroxylysine residues.	Galactose	95-104	collagen beta(1-O)galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	39-46
19191477-9	2009	This is in contrast to CBM 32 family members that target the terminal nonreducing galactose residue of mucin glycans.	Galactose	82-91	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	103-108
19334611-7	2009	The replacement of glucose by galactose, or histidine starvation, partially restore the viability of sup35-AGG1 mutants, but not that of double mutants sup35-deltaAbf1,AGG1.	Galactose	30-39	translation termination factor GTPase eRF3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	101-106
19075007-7	2009	Amino acid analysis of the products of GLT25D1 and GLT25D2 reactions confirmed the transfer of galactose to hydroxylysine residues.	Galactose	95-104	collagen beta(1-O)galactosyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	51-58
19056285-6	2009	The overexpression of AtRHM1 gene in Arabidopsis resulted in an increase of rhamnose content as much as 40% in the leaf cell wall compared to the wild type as well as an alteration in the contents of galactose and glucose.	Galactose	200-209	rhamnose biosynthesis 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	22-28
18957435-6	2009	This nucleotide stabilization effect is also observed for the related proteins S. cerevisiae Gal3p and Kluyveromyces lactis Gal1p and suggests that nucleotide binding results in the formation of, or the unmasking of, the galactose-binding site.	Galactose	221-230	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	93-98
19059403-3	2009	In galactose medium, HeLa cells with mitochondria-targeted AOX proteins were found to have significantly less reactive oxygen species production in response to antimycin-A exposure, a specific inhibitor of respiratory complex III.	Galactose	3-12	acyl-CoA oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	59-62
18957435-6	2009	This nucleotide stabilization effect is also observed for the related proteins S. cerevisiae Gal3p and Kluyveromyces lactis Gal1p and suggests that nucleotide binding results in the formation of, or the unmasking of, the galactose-binding site.	Galactose	221-230	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	124-129
19095961-3	2009	The present study aimed to reveal whether the recognition of bacterial surface carbohydrates by the macrophage galactose-type C-type lectin-1, MGL1/CD301a, induces both the production and secretion of interleukin (IL)-10.	Galactose	111-120	C-type lectin domain family 10, member A	Mus musculus	143-147
19095961-3	2009	The present study aimed to reveal whether the recognition of bacterial surface carbohydrates by the macrophage galactose-type C-type lectin-1, MGL1/CD301a, induces both the production and secretion of interleukin (IL)-10.	Galactose	111-120	C-type lectin domain family 10, member A	Mus musculus	148-154
19095961-3	2009	The present study aimed to reveal whether the recognition of bacterial surface carbohydrates by the macrophage galactose-type C-type lectin-1, MGL1/CD301a, induces both the production and secretion of interleukin (IL)-10.	Galactose	111-120	interleukin 10	Mus musculus	201-220
19960866-2	2009	All mammals, apart from white Northern Europeans and few tribes in Africa and Asia, lose most of their lactase, the enzyme that cleaves lactose into galactose and glucose, after weaning.	Galactose	149-158	lactase	Homo sapiens	103-110
19007420-3	2009	(2003) 185 5611-5626] made the unexpected observation that the presence of a mutation, in the gene for the N-acetylglucosamine repressor, nagC, increased the growth rate of Escherichia coli MG1655 on galactose, an unrelated sugar.	Galactose	200-209	DNA-binding transcriptional dual regulator NagC	Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655	138-142
19007420-10	2009	Although quantitative effects were strain specific, nagC mutations increased the growth rate on galactose of all E. coli strains tested.	Galactose	96-105	DNA-binding transcriptional dual regulator NagC	Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655	52-56
19287503-4	2009	METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We describe a jacalin-like lectin VER2 in wheat that shows N-acetylglucosamine and galactose specificity.	Galactose	115-124	ver2	Triticum aestivum	66-70
18677561-10	2009	E-selectin, which ligand was modified by beta1,4-GalT-I, was correlated with galactose-containing glycans following injecting LPS into spinal cord.	Galactose	77-86	selectin, endothelial cell	Mus musculus	0-10
18677561-10	2009	E-selectin, which ligand was modified by beta1,4-GalT-I, was correlated with galactose-containing glycans following injecting LPS into spinal cord.	Galactose	77-86	UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	41-53
18677561-10	2009	E-selectin, which ligand was modified by beta1,4-GalT-I, was correlated with galactose-containing glycans following injecting LPS into spinal cord.	Galactose	77-86	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	126-129
19421409-5	2009	RESULTS: High mannose, bi and tri-antennary nonbisected and bisected complex N-glycan, N-acetyl glucosamine and galactose were expressed by drusen, retinal pigment epithelium, Bruch"s membrane, and photoreceptors while N-acetyl galactosamine and fucose were absent; treatment with neuraminidase exposed subterminal galactose in both sites and sparse N-acetyl galactosamine residues in drusen alone.	Galactose	112-121	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	281-294
18952899-5	2008	Using a novel application of photobleaching, we demonstrate, for the first time, that the Gal3p ligand sensor enters the nucleus of yeast cells in the presence of galactose.	Galactose	163-172	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	90-95
19108605-7	2008	We show that upon being freed of its inhibitor Gal80 by the action of galactose, Gal4 quickly recruits SWI/SNF to the genes, and that nucleosome "remodeler" rapidly removes promoter nucleosomes.	Galactose	70-79	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	47-52
19108605-7	2008	We show that upon being freed of its inhibitor Gal80 by the action of galactose, Gal4 quickly recruits SWI/SNF to the genes, and that nucleosome "remodeler" rapidly removes promoter nucleosomes.	Galactose	70-79	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	81-85
19108605-10	2008	But if galactose remains present, Gal4 continues to work, recruiting SWI/SNF and maintaining the promoter nucleosome-free despite it being repressed.	Galactose	7-16	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	34-38
19108605-11	2008	This requirement for galactose is obviated in a mutant in which Gal4 works constitutively.	Galactose	21-30	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	64-68
18848522-6	2008	CLEC-79 exhibited affinity to sugars containing galactose at the non-reducing terminal, especially to the Galbeta1-3GalNAc structure, in the presence of Ca(2+).	Galactose	48-57	C-type lectin domain-containing protein	Caenorhabditis elegans	0-7
19076454-12	2008	Finally, shRNA-mediated knock down of PRC expression results in a complex phenotype that includes the inhibition of respiratory growth on galactose and the loss of respiratory complexes.	Galactose	138-147	PPARG related coactivator 1	Homo sapiens	38-41
19014972-4	2008	Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled MCL binds to B cells, which was inhibited by specific sugars, including galactose.	Galactose	157-166	C-type lectin domain family 4, member d	Mus musculus	85-88
18851946-3	2008	Both the Gal4 regulatory region and the Mac1 binding domain were found on the upstream region of REE1, and the expression of REE1 was up-regulated by galactose but not by glucose.	Galactose	150-159	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	9-13
18851946-3	2008	Both the Gal4 regulatory region and the Mac1 binding domain were found on the upstream region of REE1, and the expression of REE1 was up-regulated by galactose but not by glucose.	Galactose	150-159	Ree1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	97-101
18851946-3	2008	Both the Gal4 regulatory region and the Mac1 binding domain were found on the upstream region of REE1, and the expression of REE1 was up-regulated by galactose but not by glucose.	Galactose	150-159	Ree1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	125-129
18851946-4	2008	The up-regulation of REE1 by galactose was not observed in the Deltagal4 strain.	Galactose	29-38	Ree1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	21-25
18851946-8	2008	Taken together, these results suggest that Ree1p functions in the galactose metabolic pathway via the Gal83 protein and that it may control the level of Eno1p, which is also affected by the Snf1 complex, in S. cerevisiae.	Galactose	66-75	Ree1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	43-48
18811659-2	2008	Induced galactose toxicity is prevented by deletion of GAL4, which inhibits the transcriptional activation of genes involved in galactose metabolism and by deletion of the galactokinase (GAL1), indicating that galactose-1-phosphate, a phosphorylated intermediate of the Leloir pathway, is the toxic compound.	Galactose	8-17	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	55-59
18811659-2	2008	Induced galactose toxicity is prevented by deletion of GAL4, which inhibits the transcriptional activation of genes involved in galactose metabolism and by deletion of the galactokinase (GAL1), indicating that galactose-1-phosphate, a phosphorylated intermediate of the Leloir pathway, is the toxic compound.	Galactose	8-17	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	172-185
18811659-2	2008	Induced galactose toxicity is prevented by deletion of GAL4, which inhibits the transcriptional activation of genes involved in galactose metabolism and by deletion of the galactokinase (GAL1), indicating that galactose-1-phosphate, a phosphorylated intermediate of the Leloir pathway, is the toxic compound.	Galactose	8-17	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	187-191
18811659-4	2008	We show that cells overexpressing the aldose reductase GRE3, which converts galactose to galactitol, are more tolerant to lithium than wild-type cells when grown in galactose medium and they accumulate more galactitol and less galactose-1-phosphate.	Galactose	76-85	trifunctional aldehyde reductase/xylose reductase/glucose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	55-59
18811659-4	2008	We show that cells overexpressing the aldose reductase GRE3, which converts galactose to galactitol, are more tolerant to lithium than wild-type cells when grown in galactose medium and they accumulate more galactitol and less galactose-1-phosphate.	Galactose	165-174	trifunctional aldehyde reductase/xylose reductase/glucose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	55-59
18952899-7	2008	Taken together, these data challenge existing models for the cellular localization of the regulatory proteins during the induction of GAL gene expression by galactose and suggest a mechanism for the induction of the GAL genes in which galactose-bound Gal3p moves from the cytoplasm to the nucleus to interact with the transcriptional inhibitor Gal80p.	Galactose	157-166	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	251-256
18952899-7	2008	Taken together, these data challenge existing models for the cellular localization of the regulatory proteins during the induction of GAL gene expression by galactose and suggest a mechanism for the induction of the GAL genes in which galactose-bound Gal3p moves from the cytoplasm to the nucleus to interact with the transcriptional inhibitor Gal80p.	Galactose	235-244	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	251-256
18952899-7	2008	Taken together, these data challenge existing models for the cellular localization of the regulatory proteins during the induction of GAL gene expression by galactose and suggest a mechanism for the induction of the GAL genes in which galactose-bound Gal3p moves from the cytoplasm to the nucleus to interact with the transcriptional inhibitor Gal80p.	Galactose	235-244	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	344-350
18798644-1	2008	Chemical synthesis of a bacterial glycolipid BbGL1 is reported in two steps starting from per-O-TMS D-galactose.	Galactose	100-111	PYD and CARD domain containing	Homo sapiens	96-99
18790731-1	2008	Macrophage galactose-type C-type lectins 1 and 2 (MGL1/2) are expressed on the surfaces of macrophages and immature dendritic cells.	Galactose	11-20	LLGL scribble cell polarity complex component 1	Homo sapiens	50-56
18790731-7	2008	Based on these results, we present a LewisX binding mode on MGL1 where the galactose moiety is bound to the primary sugar binding site, including Asp-94, Trp-96, and Asp-118, and the fucose moiety interacts with the secondary sugar binding site, including Ala-89 and Thr-111.	Galactose	75-84	LLGL scribble cell polarity complex component 1	Homo sapiens	60-64
18421797-5	2008	Aerobic batch cultivations on galactose of strains with different combinations of overexpression of the genes GAL1, GAL2, GAL7, and GAL10, which encode proteins that together convert extracellular galactose into glucose-1-phosphate, revealed a decrease in the maximum specific growth rate when compared to the reference strain.	Galactose	197-206	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	110-114
18701455-2	2008	The GAL genes, which encode the enzymes required for normal galactose metabolism in yeast, are transcriptionally regulated by three proteins: Gal4p, an activator; Gal80p, an inhibitor; and Gal3p, a galactose sensor.	Galactose	60-69	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	142-147
18701455-2	2008	The GAL genes, which encode the enzymes required for normal galactose metabolism in yeast, are transcriptionally regulated by three proteins: Gal4p, an activator; Gal80p, an inhibitor; and Gal3p, a galactose sensor.	Galactose	60-69	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	163-169
18701455-2	2008	The GAL genes, which encode the enzymes required for normal galactose metabolism in yeast, are transcriptionally regulated by three proteins: Gal4p, an activator; Gal80p, an inhibitor; and Gal3p, a galactose sensor.	Galactose	60-69	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	189-194
18701455-2	2008	The GAL genes, which encode the enzymes required for normal galactose metabolism in yeast, are transcriptionally regulated by three proteins: Gal4p, an activator; Gal80p, an inhibitor; and Gal3p, a galactose sensor.	Galactose	198-207	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	142-147
18701455-2	2008	The GAL genes, which encode the enzymes required for normal galactose metabolism in yeast, are transcriptionally regulated by three proteins: Gal4p, an activator; Gal80p, an inhibitor; and Gal3p, a galactose sensor.	Galactose	198-207	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	163-169
18701455-2	2008	The GAL genes, which encode the enzymes required for normal galactose metabolism in yeast, are transcriptionally regulated by three proteins: Gal4p, an activator; Gal80p, an inhibitor; and Gal3p, a galactose sensor.	Galactose	198-207	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	189-194
18697746-7	2008	Identification of the reaction products obtained with the linkage tetra-, penta-, and hexasaccharide-serines revealed that the C6ST-1 catalyzed the sulfation of C6 on both galactose residues in the linkage region.	Galactose	172-181	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3	Homo sapiens	127-133
18697746-8	2008	Notably, the linkage tetrasaccharide-peptide GlcUAbeta1-3Galbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Xylbeta1-O-(Gly)Ser-(Gly-Glu) was a good acceptor substrate for the C6ST-1, suggesting that the sulfation of the galactose residues can occur before the transfer of the first N-acetylhexosamine residue to the linkage tetrasaccharide.	Galactose	190-199	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3	Homo sapiens	145-151
18697746-10	2008	These findings clearly demonstrated that the recombinant C6ST-1 catalyzes the sulfation of C6 on both galactose residues in the linkage region in vitro.	Galactose	102-111	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3	Homo sapiens	57-63
18538869-1	2008	The interaction between HIV gp120 and galactose-containing cell surface glycolipids such as GalCer or Gb3 is known to facilitate HIV binding to both CD4+ as well as CD4- cells.	Galactose	38-47	inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4	Homo sapiens	28-33
18538869-1	2008	The interaction between HIV gp120 and galactose-containing cell surface glycolipids such as GalCer or Gb3 is known to facilitate HIV binding to both CD4+ as well as CD4- cells.	Galactose	38-47	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	102-105
18538869-1	2008	The interaction between HIV gp120 and galactose-containing cell surface glycolipids such as GalCer or Gb3 is known to facilitate HIV binding to both CD4+ as well as CD4- cells.	Galactose	38-47	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	149-152
18538869-1	2008	The interaction between HIV gp120 and galactose-containing cell surface glycolipids such as GalCer or Gb3 is known to facilitate HIV binding to both CD4+ as well as CD4- cells.	Galactose	38-47	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	165-168
18697746-0	2008	Sulfation of the galactose residues in the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region by recombinant human chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferase-1.	Galactose	17-26	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3	Homo sapiens	105-139
18697746-4	2008	In this study, we investigated whether a recombinant human chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase-1 (C6ST-1) catalyzes the sulfation of C6 on both galactose residues in the linkage region using structurally defined acceptor substrates.	Galactose	139-148	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3	Homo sapiens	59-91
18697746-4	2008	In this study, we investigated whether a recombinant human chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase-1 (C6ST-1) catalyzes the sulfation of C6 on both galactose residues in the linkage region using structurally defined acceptor substrates.	Galactose	139-148	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3	Homo sapiens	93-99
18421797-5	2008	Aerobic batch cultivations on galactose of strains with different combinations of overexpression of the genes GAL1, GAL2, GAL7, and GAL10, which encode proteins that together convert extracellular galactose into glucose-1-phosphate, revealed a decrease in the maximum specific growth rate when compared to the reference strain.	Galactose	197-206	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	116-120
18421797-5	2008	Aerobic batch cultivations on galactose of strains with different combinations of overexpression of the genes GAL1, GAL2, GAL7, and GAL10, which encode proteins that together convert extracellular galactose into glucose-1-phosphate, revealed a decrease in the maximum specific growth rate when compared to the reference strain.	Galactose	197-206	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	122-126
18421797-5	2008	Aerobic batch cultivations on galactose of strains with different combinations of overexpression of the genes GAL1, GAL2, GAL7, and GAL10, which encode proteins that together convert extracellular galactose into glucose-1-phosphate, revealed a decrease in the maximum specific growth rate when compared to the reference strain.	Galactose	197-206	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	132-137
18855599-1	2008	The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), an endocytotic cell surface receptor expressed by hepatocytes, is triggered by triantennary binding to galactose residues of macromolecules such as asialoorosomucoid (ASOR).	Galactose	144-153	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	4-31
18855599-1	2008	The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), an endocytotic cell surface receptor expressed by hepatocytes, is triggered by triantennary binding to galactose residues of macromolecules such as asialoorosomucoid (ASOR).	Galactose	144-153	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	33-38
18855599-9	2008	(125)I-ASOR binding to ASGPR on HepG2 cells was confirmed through galactose- and EDTA- challenge studies.	Galactose	66-75	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	23-28
18687061-5	2008	Gal4p, the archetypical member of this family, is responsible for the expression of the GAL genes when galactose is utilized as a carbon source.	Galactose	103-112	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
18539029-1	2008	A series of O2 and O3-derivatized methyl beta-d-talopyranosides were synthesized and evaluated in vitro as inhibitors of the galactose-binding galectin-1, -2, -3, -4 (N- and C-terminal domains), 8 (N-terminal domain), and 9 (N-terminal domain).	Galactose	125-134	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	143-165
18602997-7	2008	In the immunity, complement component 1 q subcomponent gamma polypeptide and expressed sequence tag similar to lectin galactose binding soluble 3 were downregulated by DHT, whereas serine (or cystein) proteinase inhibitor clade A member 1a was upregulated.	Galactose	118-127	complement C1q C chain	Homo sapiens	17-72
18704232-8	2008	The gal7 gene encodes for the second enzyme of the galactose assimilation, Leloir, pathway, and its deficiency in humans causes a potentially lethal disease, named "classic galactosemia".	Galactose	51-60	galectin 7B	Homo sapiens	4-8
18539808-7	2008	Genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism formed the dominant group specifically upregulated in breast milk and included putative genes for N-acetylglucosamine degradation and for metabolism of mucin and human milk oligosaccharides via the galactose/lacto-N-biose gene cluster.	Galactose	240-249	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	194-199
18606225-5	2008	By contrast, terminal galactose residues affect antibody binding to C1q and thereby modulate CDC activity.	Galactose	22-31	complement C1q A chain	Homo sapiens	68-71
18539417-9	2008	The association of Gal-ASPIO-278 to HepG2 cells was reduced by free galactose, supporting the model of ASGPR-mediated binding.	Galactose	68-77	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	103-108
18351623-6	2008	PARP-1 knockout mice and their respective wild type controls were fed a 30% galactose diet for 2 months.	Galactose	76-85	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	0-6
18408064-3	2008	The episomal vector systems pESC (with the galactose-inducible promoter GAL1) and pYEX-BX (with the copper ion-inducible promoter CUP1) were chosen to express the cyanophycin synthetase gene from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp.	Galactose	43-52	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	72-76
18555826-2	2008	Rats were either treated with streptozotocin to induce insulin-deficient diabetes or fed with a diet containing 40% d-galactose to promote hexose metabolism by aldose reductase.	Galactose	116-127	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	160-176
18554173-2	2008	The galactose-inducible system of yeast, mediated by the transcriptional activator Gal4 and its consensus UAS binding site, has proven to be a highly successful and versatile system for controlling transcriptional activation in Drosophila.	Galactose	4-13	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	83-87
18516100-12	2008	In contrast, inhibition of PARP, either through a chemical means in the diabetic rats or by genetic manipulation in the galactose-fed animals, prevented both oxidative stress and hyperhexosemia-induced upregulation of these genes.	Galactose	120-129	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Rattus norvegicus	27-31
17973185-0	2008	The evolution of galactose alpha2,3-sialyltransferase: Ciona intestinalis ST3GAL I/II and Takifugu rubripes ST3GAL II sialylate Galbeta1,3GalNAc structures on glycoproteins but not glycolipids.	Galactose	17-26	ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 3	Homo sapiens	108-117
18421424-1	2008	Lysosomal beta-galactosidase is required for the degradation of GM1 ganglioside and other glycolipids and glycoproteins with a terminal galactose moiety.	Galactose	136-145	beta-galactosidase	Cricetulus griseus	10-28
18080343-2	2008	In this study films of poly(D,L)lactide (P(D,L)LA), have been functionalized with various concentrations of galactose (GAL, 1-5-10%, w/v) conjugated with poly-L-lysine (PLL) using 1-etil-3-(3-diaminopropil) carbodiimide (EDC) as a coupling agent.	Galactose	108-117	PDON2	Homo sapiens	41-49
18080343-2	2008	In this study films of poly(D,L)lactide (P(D,L)LA), have been functionalized with various concentrations of galactose (GAL, 1-5-10%, w/v) conjugated with poly-L-lysine (PLL) using 1-etil-3-(3-diaminopropil) carbodiimide (EDC) as a coupling agent.	Galactose	119-122	PDON2	Homo sapiens	41-49
18395283-5	2008	Through recognition between galactose ligands with ASGP-R of HepG2 cells, cell surface binding and internalization of galactosamine-conjugated micelles were significantly promoted, which were demonstrated by flow cytometric analyses using rhodamine 123 fluorescent dye.	Galactose	28-37	mucin 4, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	51-55
18318467-0	2008	Arginine binding motifs: design and synthesis of galactose-derived arginine tweezers as galectin-3 inhibitors.	Galactose	49-58	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	88-98
18285495-10	2008	Gas chromatography revealed that recombinant MSP2(P44)-18 is modified by glucose, galactose, xylose, mannose, and trace amounts of other glycosyl residues.	Galactose	82-91	interferon induced protein 44	Homo sapiens	50-53
18215411-3	2008	With galactose dehydrogenase and glucose dehydrogenase serving as the model enzymes, graphs of absorbance versus varying D-glucose or D-galactose concentrations yielded a linear plot from 2.5 to 250 nmol of sugar.	Galactose	134-145	hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase/glucose 1-dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	33-54
18289535-5	2008	Ovariectomized rats injected with D-galactose for 2 weeks showed extensive localization of glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactive astrocytes and slightly elevated glutathione levels in the hippocampus without significant impairments in the water maze test and deficits of the cholinergic analyses, compared to the saline-injected rats.	Galactose	34-45	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Rattus norvegicus	91-122
18321194-6	2008	Of 27 effectors tested, HopAD1, HopAO1, HopD1, HopN1, and HopU1 were found to inhibit growth when expressed from a galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter, and HopAA1-1 and HopAM1 were found to cause cell death.	Galactose	115-124	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	135-139
18211920-1	2008	beta1,4-galactosyltransferase II (beta1,4GalT II) is one of the enzymes transferring galactose to the terminal N-acetylglucosamine of complex-type N-glycans.	Galactose	85-94	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 5	Homo sapiens	0-32
18211920-1	2008	beta1,4-galactosyltransferase II (beta1,4GalT II) is one of the enzymes transferring galactose to the terminal N-acetylglucosamine of complex-type N-glycans.	Galactose	85-94	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 5	Homo sapiens	34-48
18327885-5	2008	In addition, we demonstrate the biosynthesis of bisected hybrid-type glycans with the galactose modification, with and without core fucose, on the stem cell marker glycoprotein, 19A, expressed in a partially ricin-resistant human embryonic kidney cell line.	Galactose	86-95	SLAM family member 7	Homo sapiens	178-181
18292341-1	2008	Transcriptional regulation of the galactose-metabolizing genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae depends on three core proteins: Gal4p, the transcriptional activator that binds to upstream activating DNA sequences (UAS(GAL)); Gal80p, a repressor that binds to the carboxyl terminus of Gal4p and inhibits transcription; and Gal3p, a cytoplasmic transducer that, upon binding galactose and adenosine 5"-triphosphate, relieves Gal80p repression.	Galactose	34-43	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	123-128
17972259-4	2008	The galactose moieties in the copolymer could be recognized by the ASGP-R of the hepatocytes through a receptor-mediated mechanism.	Galactose	4-13	mucin 4, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	67-71
18287040-1	2008	Induction of transcription of the GAL genes of yeast by galactose is a multistep process: Galactose frees the activator Gal4 of its inhibitor, Gal80, allowing Gal4 to recruit proteins required to transcribe the GAL genes.	Galactose	56-65	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	120-124
18287040-1	2008	Induction of transcription of the GAL genes of yeast by galactose is a multistep process: Galactose frees the activator Gal4 of its inhibitor, Gal80, allowing Gal4 to recruit proteins required to transcribe the GAL genes.	Galactose	56-65	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	143-148
18287040-1	2008	Induction of transcription of the GAL genes of yeast by galactose is a multistep process: Galactose frees the activator Gal4 of its inhibitor, Gal80, allowing Gal4 to recruit proteins required to transcribe the GAL genes.	Galactose	56-65	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	159-163
18287040-1	2008	Induction of transcription of the GAL genes of yeast by galactose is a multistep process: Galactose frees the activator Gal4 of its inhibitor, Gal80, allowing Gal4 to recruit proteins required to transcribe the GAL genes.	Galactose	90-99	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	120-124
18287040-1	2008	Induction of transcription of the GAL genes of yeast by galactose is a multistep process: Galactose frees the activator Gal4 of its inhibitor, Gal80, allowing Gal4 to recruit proteins required to transcribe the GAL genes.	Galactose	90-99	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	143-148
18287040-1	2008	Induction of transcription of the GAL genes of yeast by galactose is a multistep process: Galactose frees the activator Gal4 of its inhibitor, Gal80, allowing Gal4 to recruit proteins required to transcribe the GAL genes.	Galactose	90-99	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	159-163
18292341-1	2008	Transcriptional regulation of the galactose-metabolizing genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae depends on three core proteins: Gal4p, the transcriptional activator that binds to upstream activating DNA sequences (UAS(GAL)); Gal80p, a repressor that binds to the carboxyl terminus of Gal4p and inhibits transcription; and Gal3p, a cytoplasmic transducer that, upon binding galactose and adenosine 5"-triphosphate, relieves Gal80p repression.	Galactose	34-43	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	220-226
18292341-1	2008	Transcriptional regulation of the galactose-metabolizing genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae depends on three core proteins: Gal4p, the transcriptional activator that binds to upstream activating DNA sequences (UAS(GAL)); Gal80p, a repressor that binds to the carboxyl terminus of Gal4p and inhibits transcription; and Gal3p, a cytoplasmic transducer that, upon binding galactose and adenosine 5"-triphosphate, relieves Gal80p repression.	Galactose	34-43	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	279-284
18292341-1	2008	Transcriptional regulation of the galactose-metabolizing genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae depends on three core proteins: Gal4p, the transcriptional activator that binds to upstream activating DNA sequences (UAS(GAL)); Gal80p, a repressor that binds to the carboxyl terminus of Gal4p and inhibits transcription; and Gal3p, a cytoplasmic transducer that, upon binding galactose and adenosine 5"-triphosphate, relieves Gal80p repression.	Galactose	34-43	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	317-322
18292341-1	2008	Transcriptional regulation of the galactose-metabolizing genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae depends on three core proteins: Gal4p, the transcriptional activator that binds to upstream activating DNA sequences (UAS(GAL)); Gal80p, a repressor that binds to the carboxyl terminus of Gal4p and inhibits transcription; and Gal3p, a cytoplasmic transducer that, upon binding galactose and adenosine 5"-triphosphate, relieves Gal80p repression.	Galactose	34-43	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	418-424
18292341-1	2008	Transcriptional regulation of the galactose-metabolizing genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae depends on three core proteins: Gal4p, the transcriptional activator that binds to upstream activating DNA sequences (UAS(GAL)); Gal80p, a repressor that binds to the carboxyl terminus of Gal4p and inhibits transcription; and Gal3p, a cytoplasmic transducer that, upon binding galactose and adenosine 5"-triphosphate, relieves Gal80p repression.	Galactose	368-377	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	123-128
18245852-1	2008	Galactose-activated transcription of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL genes occurs when Gal3 binds the Gal4 inhibitor, Gal80.	Galactose	0-9	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	88-92
18065618-4	2008	We showed that a tps1 mutant defective in the TPS catalytic subunit cultivated on trehalose, or on a dual source of carbon made of galactose and trehalose, accumulated high levels of intracellular trehalose by its Agt1p-mediated transport.	Galactose	131-140	alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) TPS1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	17-21
18053814-1	2008	Binding specificities of mouse macrophage galactose-type C-type lectin 1 (MGL1/CD301a) and 2 (MGL2/CD301b) toward various oligosaccharides were compared by frontal affinity chromatography.	Galactose	42-51	C-type lectin domain family 10, member A	Mus musculus	74-78
18031531-1	2008	The GAL1 and GAL10 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are transcribed divergently and transcription of both genes can be induced by galactose and repressed by glucose.	Galactose	131-140	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
18031531-1	2008	The GAL1 and GAL10 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are transcribed divergently and transcription of both genes can be induced by galactose and repressed by glucose.	Galactose	131-140	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	13-18
18245852-1	2008	Galactose-activated transcription of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL genes occurs when Gal3 binds the Gal4 inhibitor, Gal80.	Galactose	0-9	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	103-107
18245852-1	2008	Galactose-activated transcription of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL genes occurs when Gal3 binds the Gal4 inhibitor, Gal80.	Galactose	0-9	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	119-124
17981065-0	2008	Distinct roles of galactose-1P in galactose-mediated growth arrest of yeast deficient in galactose-1P uridylyltransferase (GALT) and UDP-galactose 4"-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	18-27	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	123-127
18341246-0	2008	Kinetic analysis of urea-inactivation of beta-galactosidase in the presence of galactose.	Galactose	79-88	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	41-59
18341246-1	2008	The effect of galactose on the inactivation of purified beta-galactosidase from the black bean, Kestingiella geocarpa, in 5 M urea at 50 degrees C and at pH 4.5, was determined.	Galactose	14-23	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	56-74
17981065-1	2008	Galactose is metabolized in humans and other species by the three-enzyme Leloir pathway comprised of galactokinase (GALK), galactose 1-P uridylyltransferase (GALT), and UDP-galactose 4"-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	0-9	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	123-156
17981065-1	2008	Galactose is metabolized in humans and other species by the three-enzyme Leloir pathway comprised of galactokinase (GALK), galactose 1-P uridylyltransferase (GALT), and UDP-galactose 4"-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	0-9	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	158-162
17981065-1	2008	Galactose is metabolized in humans and other species by the three-enzyme Leloir pathway comprised of galactokinase (GALK), galactose 1-P uridylyltransferase (GALT), and UDP-galactose 4"-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	0-9	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	101-114
17981065-1	2008	Galactose is metabolized in humans and other species by the three-enzyme Leloir pathway comprised of galactokinase (GALK), galactose 1-P uridylyltransferase (GALT), and UDP-galactose 4"-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	0-9	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	169-195
17981065-1	2008	Galactose is metabolized in humans and other species by the three-enzyme Leloir pathway comprised of galactokinase (GALK), galactose 1-P uridylyltransferase (GALT), and UDP-galactose 4"-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	0-9	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	197-201
17981065-1	2008	Galactose is metabolized in humans and other species by the three-enzyme Leloir pathway comprised of galactokinase (GALK), galactose 1-P uridylyltransferase (GALT), and UDP-galactose 4"-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	0-9	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	116-120
17981065-2	2008	Impairment of GALT or GALE in humans results in the potentially lethal disorder galactosemia, and loss of either enzyme in yeast results in galactose-dependent growth arrest of cultures despite the availability of an alternate carbon source.	Galactose	80-89	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	14-18
18421551-4	2008	The S. cerevisiae cdc28-1N strain transformed with these constructs exhibited growth at 36 degrees C in inducing (galactose) medium, but not in repressing (glucose) medium.	Galactose	114-123	cyclin-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase CDC28	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	18-23
17981065-2	2008	Impairment of GALT or GALE in humans results in the potentially lethal disorder galactosemia, and loss of either enzyme in yeast results in galactose-dependent growth arrest of cultures despite the availability of an alternate carbon source.	Galactose	80-89	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	22-26
17981065-4	2008	Further, the growth of both GALT-null and GALE-null yeast challenged with galactose is rescued by loss of GALK, thereby implicating the GALK reaction product, gal-1P, for a role in the galactose-sensitivity of both strains.	Galactose	74-83	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	28-32
17981065-4	2008	Further, the growth of both GALT-null and GALE-null yeast challenged with galactose is rescued by loss of GALK, thereby implicating the GALK reaction product, gal-1P, for a role in the galactose-sensitivity of both strains.	Galactose	74-83	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	42-46
17981065-4	2008	Further, the growth of both GALT-null and GALE-null yeast challenged with galactose is rescued by loss of GALK, thereby implicating the GALK reaction product, gal-1P, for a role in the galactose-sensitivity of both strains.	Galactose	74-83	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	106-110
17981065-4	2008	Further, the growth of both GALT-null and GALE-null yeast challenged with galactose is rescued by loss of GALK, thereby implicating the GALK reaction product, gal-1P, for a role in the galactose-sensitivity of both strains.	Galactose	74-83	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	136-140
17981065-4	2008	Further, the growth of both GALT-null and GALE-null yeast challenged with galactose is rescued by loss of GALK, thereby implicating the GALK reaction product, gal-1P, for a role in the galactose-sensitivity of both strains.	Galactose	185-194	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	28-32
17981065-4	2008	Further, the growth of both GALT-null and GALE-null yeast challenged with galactose is rescued by loss of GALK, thereby implicating the GALK reaction product, gal-1P, for a role in the galactose-sensitivity of both strains.	Galactose	185-194	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	42-46
17981065-4	2008	Further, the growth of both GALT-null and GALE-null yeast challenged with galactose is rescued by loss of GALK, thereby implicating the GALK reaction product, gal-1P, for a role in the galactose-sensitivity of both strains.	Galactose	185-194	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	106-110
17981065-4	2008	Further, the growth of both GALT-null and GALE-null yeast challenged with galactose is rescued by loss of GALK, thereby implicating the GALK reaction product, gal-1P, for a role in the galactose-sensitivity of both strains.	Galactose	185-194	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	136-140
17981065-6	2008	Here we have developed and applied a doxycycline-repressible allele of galactokinase to define the quantitative relationship between galactokinase activity, gal-1P accumulation, and growth arrest of galactose-challenged GALT or GALE-deficient yeast.	Galactose	199-208	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	71-84
17981065-6	2008	Here we have developed and applied a doxycycline-repressible allele of galactokinase to define the quantitative relationship between galactokinase activity, gal-1P accumulation, and growth arrest of galactose-challenged GALT or GALE-deficient yeast.	Galactose	199-208	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	133-146
17981065-6	2008	Here we have developed and applied a doxycycline-repressible allele of galactokinase to define the quantitative relationship between galactokinase activity, gal-1P accumulation, and growth arrest of galactose-challenged GALT or GALE-deficient yeast.	Galactose	199-208	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	220-224
17981065-7	2008	Our results demonstrate a clear threshold relationship between gal-1P accumulation and galactose-mediated growth arrest in both GALT-null and GALE-null yeast, however, the threshold for the two strains is distinct.	Galactose	87-96	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	128-132
17981065-7	2008	Our results demonstrate a clear threshold relationship between gal-1P accumulation and galactose-mediated growth arrest in both GALT-null and GALE-null yeast, however, the threshold for the two strains is distinct.	Galactose	87-96	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	142-146
17981065-8	2008	Further, we tested the galactose-sensitivity of yeast double-null for GALT and GALE, and found that although loss of GALT barely changed accumulation of gal-1P, it significantly lowered the accumulation of UDP-gal, and also dramatically rescued growth of the GALE-null cells.	Galactose	23-32	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	70-74
17981065-8	2008	Further, we tested the galactose-sensitivity of yeast double-null for GALT and GALE, and found that although loss of GALT barely changed accumulation of gal-1P, it significantly lowered the accumulation of UDP-gal, and also dramatically rescued growth of the GALE-null cells.	Galactose	23-32	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	79-83
17981065-8	2008	Further, we tested the galactose-sensitivity of yeast double-null for GALT and GALE, and found that although loss of GALT barely changed accumulation of gal-1P, it significantly lowered the accumulation of UDP-gal, and also dramatically rescued growth of the GALE-null cells.	Galactose	23-32	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	117-121
17981065-8	2008	Further, we tested the galactose-sensitivity of yeast double-null for GALT and GALE, and found that although loss of GALT barely changed accumulation of gal-1P, it significantly lowered the accumulation of UDP-gal, and also dramatically rescued growth of the GALE-null cells.	Galactose	23-32	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	259-263
17981065-9	2008	Together, these data suggest that while gal-1P alone may account for the galactose-sensitivity of GALT-null cells, other factors, likely to include UDP-gal accumulation, must contribute to the galactose-sensitivity of GALE-null cells.	Galactose	73-82	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	98-102
17981065-9	2008	Together, these data suggest that while gal-1P alone may account for the galactose-sensitivity of GALT-null cells, other factors, likely to include UDP-gal accumulation, must contribute to the galactose-sensitivity of GALE-null cells.	Galactose	193-202	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	218-222
17949842-2	2008	The main result of this study showed that delayed induction of galactose catabolism was SNF1 or SNF4 gene deletion specific.	Galactose	63-72	AMP-activated serine/threonine-protein kinase regulatory subunit SNF4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	96-100
18779058-6	2008	In the presence of galactose, but in the absence of glucose, the concerted actions of three other proteins Gal4p, Gal80p, and Gal3p, and two small molecules (galactose and ATP) enable the rapid and high-level activation of the GAL genes.	Galactose	19-28	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	107-112
18779058-6	2008	In the presence of galactose, but in the absence of glucose, the concerted actions of three other proteins Gal4p, Gal80p, and Gal3p, and two small molecules (galactose and ATP) enable the rapid and high-level activation of the GAL genes.	Galactose	19-28	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	114-120
18779058-6	2008	In the presence of galactose, but in the absence of glucose, the concerted actions of three other proteins Gal4p, Gal80p, and Gal3p, and two small molecules (galactose and ATP) enable the rapid and high-level activation of the GAL genes.	Galactose	19-28	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	126-131
18779058-6	2008	In the presence of galactose, but in the absence of glucose, the concerted actions of three other proteins Gal4p, Gal80p, and Gal3p, and two small molecules (galactose and ATP) enable the rapid and high-level activation of the GAL genes.	Galactose	158-167	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	107-112
18779058-6	2008	In the presence of galactose, but in the absence of glucose, the concerted actions of three other proteins Gal4p, Gal80p, and Gal3p, and two small molecules (galactose and ATP) enable the rapid and high-level activation of the GAL genes.	Galactose	158-167	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	114-120
18779058-6	2008	In the presence of galactose, but in the absence of glucose, the concerted actions of three other proteins Gal4p, Gal80p, and Gal3p, and two small molecules (galactose and ATP) enable the rapid and high-level activation of the GAL genes.	Galactose	158-167	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	126-131
18182777-2	2008	IC contain predominantly polymeric IgA1 molecules which are deficient in galactose (Gal) residues on O-linked glycan chains in the hinge region (HR) of their heavy (H) chains.	Galactose	73-82	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	35-39
18182777-2	2008	IC contain predominantly polymeric IgA1 molecules which are deficient in galactose (Gal) residues on O-linked glycan chains in the hinge region (HR) of their heavy (H) chains.	Galactose	84-87	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	35-39
18052213-0	2007	Galactomutarotase and other galactose-related genes are rapidly induced by retinoic acid in human myeloid cells.	Galactose	28-37	galactose mutarotase	Homo sapiens	0-17
18338574-2	2008	Commercial GOS containing galactose as subunit, are synthesized from lactose using the galactosyl-transferase activity of beta-galactosidase.	Galactose	26-35	AL522_RS06750	Pantoea agglomerans	122-140
17919760-6	2007	Deletion of malic enzyme gene, MAE1, did not show any significant phenotype when grown on glucose but a drastically increased branching from glucose 6-phosphate into the pentose phosphate pathway when grown on galactose.	Galactose	210-219	malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating)	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	31-35
17919760-7	2007	This allows the conclusion that MAE1 is important for the supply of NADPH during aerobic growth on galactose.	Galactose	99-108	malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating)	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-36
18089596-1	2007	Female patients with classical galactosemia (galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase [GALT] deficiency) frequently suffer from premature ovarian failure, despite treatment with a galactose-restricted diet.	Galactose	31-40	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	45-84
18089596-1	2007	Female patients with classical galactosemia (galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase [GALT] deficiency) frequently suffer from premature ovarian failure, despite treatment with a galactose-restricted diet.	Galactose	31-40	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	86-90
18046671-11	2007	With regards to the individual residues, we found that IgAN sera contained less sugar and galactose and sialic acid moieties than sera from control subjects, was reduced in IgAN sera, while terminal N-acetylgalactosamine levels were higher when compared with normal serum.	Galactose	90-99	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	55-59
17905738-0	2007	Cryptosporidium p30, a galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-specific lectin, mediates infection in vitro.	Galactose	23-32	centromere protein V	Homo sapiens	16-19
17956309-1	2007	SGLT1 (Na(+)/glucose co-transporter 1) transports the dietary sugars, D-glucose and D-galactose, from the lumen of the intestine into enterocytes.	Galactose	84-95	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
17956309-1	2007	SGLT1 (Na(+)/glucose co-transporter 1) transports the dietary sugars, D-glucose and D-galactose, from the lumen of the intestine into enterocytes.	Galactose	84-95	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	7-37
17915943-1	2007	In order to investigate the dynamic strength of the interaction between lung surfactant protein D (SP-D) and different sugars, maltose, mannose, glucose, and galactose, we have used an atomic force microscope to monitor the interaction on a single molecule scale.	Galactose	158-167	surfactant protein D	Homo sapiens	72-97
17885091-8	2007	Monosaccharide analysis of purified AGP31 indicated it is a galactose-rich AGP.	Galactose	60-69	arabinogalactan protein 31	Arabidopsis thaliana	36-41
17915943-1	2007	In order to investigate the dynamic strength of the interaction between lung surfactant protein D (SP-D) and different sugars, maltose, mannose, glucose, and galactose, we have used an atomic force microscope to monitor the interaction on a single molecule scale.	Galactose	158-167	surfactant protein D	Homo sapiens	99-103
17915943-3	2007	Under these dynamic conditions, SP-D binds strongest to d-mannose and weakest to maltose and d-galactose.	Galactose	93-104	surfactant protein D	Homo sapiens	32-36
17928853-2	2007	The genetic switch controlling the yeast galactose use pathway includes two paralogous genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that encode a co-inducer (GAL3) and a galactokinase (GAL1).	Galactose	41-50	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	147-151
17928853-2	2007	The genetic switch controlling the yeast galactose use pathway includes two paralogous genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that encode a co-inducer (GAL3) and a galactokinase (GAL1).	Galactose	41-50	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	174-178
17666488-11	2007	Galactose feeding caused ECM protein deposition in the glomeruli and in the myocardium, which was prevented in the Akt knockout mice.	Galactose	0-9	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	115-118
17666488-12	2007	NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation was pronounced in galactose-fed wild-type mice and prevented in the galactose-fed Akt1/PKBalpha-deficient group.	Galactose	48-57	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	117-125
17666488-8	2007	Galactose feeding caused significant upregulation of FN, EDB(+)FN, and TGF-beta in all tissues.	Galactose	0-9	fibronectin 1	Mus musculus	53-55
17666488-12	2007	NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation was pronounced in galactose-fed wild-type mice and prevented in the galactose-fed Akt1/PKBalpha-deficient group.	Galactose	98-107	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	112-116
17666488-12	2007	NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation was pronounced in galactose-fed wild-type mice and prevented in the galactose-fed Akt1/PKBalpha-deficient group.	Galactose	98-107	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	117-125
17666488-8	2007	Galactose feeding caused significant upregulation of FN, EDB(+)FN, and TGF-beta in all tissues.	Galactose	0-9	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Mus musculus	71-79
17666488-10	2007	Such upregulation were prevented in Akt1-deficient galactose-fed mice.	Galactose	51-60	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	36-40
17692828-8	2007	Furthermore, we found that UA significantly increased the level of growth-associated protein GAP43 in the brain of D-gal-treated mice.	Galactose	115-120	growth associated protein 43	Mus musculus	93-98
17621593-7	2007	In competitive binding studies, hITLN-1 was eluted from galactose-Sepharose by 100 mM 2-deoxygalactose, a galactofuranosyl disaccharide, d-xylose, and both d- and l-ribose.	Galactose	56-65	intelectin 1	Homo sapiens	32-39
17851894-9	2007	Likewise, neuraminidase digestion of peripheral sialic acid revealed similar concentration of the penultimate galactose residue.	Galactose	110-119	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	10-23
17621593-9	2007	When the N- and C-terminal regions of hITLN-1 were replaced, respectively, with those of mITLN-1, galactose-Sepharose binding was associated with the C-terminal regions.	Galactose	98-107	intelectin 1	Homo sapiens	38-45
17621593-9	2007	When the N- and C-terminal regions of hITLN-1 were replaced, respectively, with those of mITLN-1, galactose-Sepharose binding was associated with the C-terminal regions.	Galactose	98-107	intelectin 1 (galactofuranose binding)	Mus musculus	89-96
17621593-10	2007	Finally, hITLN-1 binding to galactose-Sepharose was not affected by the substitution of the Cys residues in the N-terminal region that are necessary for oligomer formation, nor was it affected by the removal of the N-linked oligosaccharide at Asn-163.	Galactose	28-37	intelectin 1	Homo sapiens	9-16
17557191-4	2007	Besides, our results suggested that beta1,4GT1 and cell surface galactose residues synthesized by elevated beta1,4GT1 played an important role in SMMC-7721 cells apoptosis treated with CHX and PI3K inhibitor together.	Galactose	64-73	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	107-117
17901337-3	2007	EVA-1 has two predicted galactose-binding ectodomains, acts cell-autonomously for SLT-1/Slit-dependent axon migration functions of SAX-3/Robo, binds to SLT-1 and SAX-3, colocalizes with SAX-3 on cells, and provides cell specificity to the activation of SAX-3 signaling by SLT-1.	Galactose	24-33	Protein eva-1;SUEL-type lectin domain-containing protein	Caenorhabditis elegans	0-5
17901337-3	2007	EVA-1 has two predicted galactose-binding ectodomains, acts cell-autonomously for SLT-1/Slit-dependent axon migration functions of SAX-3/Robo, binds to SLT-1 and SAX-3, colocalizes with SAX-3 on cells, and provides cell specificity to the activation of SAX-3 signaling by SLT-1.	Galactose	24-33	Slit homolog 1 protein	Caenorhabditis elegans	82-87
17407769-0	2007	Synthesis of galactose-mimicking 1H-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-mannosides as selective galectin-3 and 9N inhibitors.	Galactose	13-22	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	81-91
17643331-6	2007	Gene expression profiling showed that GALT-deficient cells, but not normal cells, responded to galactose challenge by activating a set of genes characteristic of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.	Galactose	95-104	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	38-42
17803939-7	2007	Further, mtRF1a depletion in HeLa cells led to compromised growth in galactose and increased production of reactive oxygen species.	Galactose	69-78	mitochondrial translation release factor 1 like	Homo sapiens	9-15
17689156-4	2007	Yeast Srb10p specific motifs CM-I and CM-II, outside the kinase domain, are also necessary to complement two mutant phenotypes in S. cerevisiae Deltasrb10 strains, the failure to growth in galactose at 37 degrees C and flocculation.	Galactose	189-198	cyclin-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase SSN3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	6-12
17407769-2	2007	Easier synthetic access to C1 in mannose, as compared to C3 in galactose, for attachment of affinity-enhancing triazoles rendered a synthetic advantage.	Galactose	63-72	serpin family G member 1	Homo sapiens	27-32
17699021-1	2007	The capsule-producing, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus MR-1C strain was first transformed with a low-copy plasmid containing a functional galK gene from Streptococcus salivarius to generate a recombinant galactose-fermenting Strep.	Galactose	23-32	galactokinase	Shewanella oneidensis MR-1	152-156
17699021-1	2007	The capsule-producing, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus MR-1C strain was first transformed with a low-copy plasmid containing a functional galK gene from Streptococcus salivarius to generate a recombinant galactose-fermenting Strep.	Galactose	218-227	galactokinase	Shewanella oneidensis MR-1	152-156
17643331-7	2007	Western blot analysis showed that the master regulator of ER stress, BiP, was up-regulated at least threefold in these cells upon galactose challenge.	Galactose	130-139	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Homo sapiens	69-72
17884794-1	2007	OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of the costimulatory molecules CD137 and CD28 on Bcl-2 expression in T cells of mice with D-galactose-induced aging and natural aging.	Galactose	123-134	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 9	Mus musculus	64-69
17884794-1	2007	OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of the costimulatory molecules CD137 and CD28 on Bcl-2 expression in T cells of mice with D-galactose-induced aging and natural aging.	Galactose	123-134	CD28 antigen	Mus musculus	74-78
17884794-1	2007	OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of the costimulatory molecules CD137 and CD28 on Bcl-2 expression in T cells of mice with D-galactose-induced aging and natural aging.	Galactose	123-134	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	82-87
17723085-4	2007	When some blood glucose monitoring systems are used--specifically, those that use test strips containing the enzymes glucose dehydrogenase-pyrroloquinolinequinone or glucose dye oxidoreductase--in patients receiving maltose, icodextrin, galactose, or xylose, interference of blood glucose levels can occur.	Galactose	237-246	hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase/glucose 1-dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	117-138
17658888-1	2007	Cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST) catalyzes the 3"-sulfation of galactose residues in several glycolipids.	Galactose	65-74	galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	0-28
17900957-5	2007	A combination of d-galactose plus anti-CD18 mAb had a larger inhibitory effect than d-galactose alone on Entamoeba-induced apoptosis and ROS generation.	Galactose	84-95	integrin subunit beta 2	Homo sapiens	39-43
17658888-1	2007	Cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST) catalyzes the 3"-sulfation of galactose residues in several glycolipids.	Galactose	65-74	galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase 1	Homo sapiens	30-33
17488247-1	2007	AIM: We have previously demonstrated that leptin inhibits galactose absorption in rat intestinal everted rings and that leptin receptors are present in the apical membrane of the enterocytes.	Galactose	58-67	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	42-48
17686179-5	2007	Using galactose inducible Spt7 expression, we show that the three forms of Spt7 appear and disappear at approximately the same rate with full-length Spt7 not being chased into Spt7SLIK or Spt7Form3.	Galactose	6-15	SAGA histone acetyltransferase complex subunit SPT7	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	26-30
17686179-5	2007	Using galactose inducible Spt7 expression, we show that the three forms of Spt7 appear and disappear at approximately the same rate with full-length Spt7 not being chased into Spt7SLIK or Spt7Form3.	Galactose	6-15	SAGA histone acetyltransferase complex subunit SPT7	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	75-79
17686179-5	2007	Using galactose inducible Spt7 expression, we show that the three forms of Spt7 appear and disappear at approximately the same rate with full-length Spt7 not being chased into Spt7SLIK or Spt7Form3.	Galactose	6-15	SAGA histone acetyltransferase complex subunit SPT7	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	75-79
17488247-7	2007	RESULTS: Luminal leptin inhibited intestinal sugar absorption at low galactose concentrations, which indicates that leptin regulates SGLT1 activity in vivo.	Galactose	69-78	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	17-23
17488247-7	2007	RESULTS: Luminal leptin inhibited intestinal sugar absorption at low galactose concentrations, which indicates that leptin regulates SGLT1 activity in vivo.	Galactose	69-78	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	116-122
17437137-7	2007	A three dimensional model of the C-type lectin domain (CLD) of Pc-1 (sequence region 405-534) complexed with galactose (Gal) and a calcium ion (Ca(+2)) has been developed (the coordinates are available on request, e-mail: pletnev@hwi.buffalo.edu).	Galactose	109-118	polycystin 1, transient receptor potential channel interacting	Homo sapiens	63-67
17574762-1	2007	Bovine alpha1,3galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GalT) transfers galactose from UDP-alpha-galactose to terminal beta-linked galactosyl residues with retention of configuration of the incoming galactose residue.	Galactose	62-71	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Bos taurus	7-36
17574762-1	2007	Bovine alpha1,3galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GalT) transfers galactose from UDP-alpha-galactose to terminal beta-linked galactosyl residues with retention of configuration of the incoming galactose residue.	Galactose	62-71	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Bos taurus	38-50
17574762-1	2007	Bovine alpha1,3galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GalT) transfers galactose from UDP-alpha-galactose to terminal beta-linked galactosyl residues with retention of configuration of the incoming galactose residue.	Galactose	87-96	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Bos taurus	7-36
17574762-1	2007	Bovine alpha1,3galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GalT) transfers galactose from UDP-alpha-galactose to terminal beta-linked galactosyl residues with retention of configuration of the incoming galactose residue.	Galactose	87-96	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Bos taurus	38-50
17526742-1	2007	We designed an amebiasis subunit vaccine that is constructed by using four peptide epitopes of the galactose-inhibitable lectin heavy subunit that were recognized by intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies from immune human subjects.	Galactose	99-108	immunoglobulin heavy variable 4-38-2-like	Homo sapiens	205-208
17437137-7	2007	A three dimensional model of the C-type lectin domain (CLD) of Pc-1 (sequence region 405-534) complexed with galactose (Gal) and a calcium ion (Ca(+2)) has been developed (the coordinates are available on request, e-mail: pletnev@hwi.buffalo.edu).	Galactose	120-123	polycystin 1, transient receptor potential channel interacting	Homo sapiens	63-67
17495124-5	2007	The inhibitory potency remained unchanged when the attached glucose was replaced by galactose, suggesting that these residues may bind to SGLT1.	Galactose	84-93	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	138-143
17258350-4	2007	Similarly, the activities of the key enzymes in the galactose salvage pathway galactokinase, UDP-galactose pyrophosphorylase and UDP-galactose 4"-epimerase, were also significantly lower in seeds treated with the inhibitor.	Galactose	52-61	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	78-91
17258350-4	2007	Similarly, the activities of the key enzymes in the galactose salvage pathway galactokinase, UDP-galactose pyrophosphorylase and UDP-galactose 4"-epimerase, were also significantly lower in seeds treated with the inhibitor.	Galactose	52-61	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	129-155
18074842-7	2007	Gel filtration chromatography showed that SHP composed of furanopolysaccharides, xylose, galactose, arabinose, glucose, rhamnose and fructose.	Galactose	89-98	nuclear receptor subfamily 0 group B member 2	Homo sapiens	42-45
17909501-2	2007	For this purpose we have examined the expression of bcl-2 mRNA, bax mRNA and caspase-3 in the hippocampus and cortex of D-galactose-treated mice after fed with 10 or 5 mg/kg of daidzein.	Galactose	120-131	caspase 3	Mus musculus	77-86
17909501-3	2007	The results of in situ hybridization experiments indicate that daidzein could help increase the transcriptions of bcl-2 and decrease the transcriptions of bax in those brain regions of D-galactose-treated mice.	Galactose	185-196	BCL2-associated X protein	Mus musculus	155-158
17517531-1	2007	Galactokinase (GALK) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by elevation of blood galactose concentration and diminished galactose-1-phosphate, leading to the production of galactitol.	Galactose	103-112	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
17582096-5	2007	Compositional and structural studies of the carbohydrates of bovine milk MUC15 showed that the glycans are composed of fucose, galactose, mannose, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglycosamine, and sialic acid.	Galactose	127-136	mucin 15, cell surface associated	Bos taurus	73-78
17517531-1	2007	Galactokinase (GALK) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by elevation of blood galactose concentration and diminished galactose-1-phosphate, leading to the production of galactitol.	Galactose	103-112	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	15-19
17178245-1	2007	The enzyme UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GAL10) catalyzes a key step in galactose metabolism converting UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose which then can get metabolized through glycolysis and TCA cycle thus allowing the cell to use galactose as a carbon and energy source.	Galactose	15-24	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	38-43
17452322-1	2007	The Saccharomyces cerevisiae galactokinase ScGal1, a key enzyme for D-galactose metabolism, catalyzes the conversion of D-galactose to D-galactose 1-phosphate, whereas its catalytically inactive paralogue, ScGal3, activates the transcription of the GAL pathway genes.	Galactose	68-79	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	29-42
17452322-1	2007	The Saccharomyces cerevisiae galactokinase ScGal1, a key enzyme for D-galactose metabolism, catalyzes the conversion of D-galactose to D-galactose 1-phosphate, whereas its catalytically inactive paralogue, ScGal3, activates the transcription of the GAL pathway genes.	Galactose	120-131	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	29-42
17452322-5	2007	The data document a fundamental difference in the mechanisms by which yeasts and multicellular fungi respond to the presence of D-galactose, showing that the Gal1/Gal3-Gal4-Gal80-dependent regulatory circuit does not operate in multicellular fungi.	Galactose	128-139	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	158-162
17452322-5	2007	The data document a fundamental difference in the mechanisms by which yeasts and multicellular fungi respond to the presence of D-galactose, showing that the Gal1/Gal3-Gal4-Gal80-dependent regulatory circuit does not operate in multicellular fungi.	Galactose	128-139	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	163-167
17452322-5	2007	The data document a fundamental difference in the mechanisms by which yeasts and multicellular fungi respond to the presence of D-galactose, showing that the Gal1/Gal3-Gal4-Gal80-dependent regulatory circuit does not operate in multicellular fungi.	Galactose	128-139	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	168-172
17540568-4	2007	However, in C. albicans, the Gal4p and UAS(G) combination is found to regulate genes unrelated to galactose metabolism.	Galactose	98-107	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	29-34
17420244-4	2007	The interaction between mouse SRCL and Lewis(x) is analogous to the way that selectins and DC-SIGN bind to related fucosylated glycans, but the mechanism of the interaction is novel, because it is based on a primary galactose-binding site similar to the binding site in the asialoglycoprotein receptor.	Galactose	216-225	collectin sub-family member 12	Mus musculus	30-34
17587672-2	2007	CPE, crude polysaccharide extract isolated from the rhizome of C. xanthorrhiza using 0.1 N NaOH, consisted of arabinose (18.69%), galactose (14.0%), glucose (50.67%), mannose (12.97%), rhamnose (2.73%), and xylose (0.94%), with an average molecular weight of 33,000 Da.	Galactose	130-139	carboxypeptidase E	Mus musculus	0-3
17178245-1	2007	The enzyme UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GAL10) catalyzes a key step in galactose metabolism converting UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose which then can get metabolized through glycolysis and TCA cycle thus allowing the cell to use galactose as a carbon and energy source.	Galactose	69-78	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	38-43
17178245-9	2007	While the S. cerevisiae GAL10 (ScGAL10), essential for survival in the presence of galactose, has not been reported to have defects in the absence of galactose, the C. albicans homolog shows these phenotypes during growth in the absence of galactose.	Galactose	83-92	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	24-29
17178245-9	2007	While the S. cerevisiae GAL10 (ScGAL10), essential for survival in the presence of galactose, has not been reported to have defects in the absence of galactose, the C. albicans homolog shows these phenotypes during growth in the absence of galactose.	Galactose	150-159	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	24-29
17178245-9	2007	While the S. cerevisiae GAL10 (ScGAL10), essential for survival in the presence of galactose, has not been reported to have defects in the absence of galactose, the C. albicans homolog shows these phenotypes during growth in the absence of galactose.	Galactose	150-159	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	24-29
17342176-4	2007	In the absence of galactose, the terminal saccharide of O-linked chains in the hinge region of IgA1 is terminal or sialylated N-acetylgalactosamine.	Galactose	18-27	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	95-99
17475260-4	2007	Moreover, the deletion of the chromosomal CDC25 gene provokes impaired growth on galactose based media in yeast strain lacking both RAS genes and adenylate cyclase (whose viability is assured by the presence of the Bcy1-11 allele).	Galactose	81-90	Ras family guanine nucleotide exchange factor CDC25	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	42-47
17433749-1	2007	Mice with deletion of the galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) gene were examined for their ability to form (13)C labeled hepatic UDP glucose from administered 1-(13)C galactose.	Galactose	26-35	galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase	Mus musculus	67-71
17431926-8	2007	Finally, we determined that the S. cerevisiae GAL1 promoter can be used for the activation of transcription in S. castellii, thus enabling the controlled overexpression of genes when galactose is present in the medium.	Galactose	183-192	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	46-50
17518546-7	2007	Indeed, the abilities to grow in galactose and to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in vitro were both completely restored in fibroblasts allotopically expressing either ATP6 or ND4.	Galactose	33-42	mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase 6	Homo sapiens	173-177
17518546-7	2007	Indeed, the abilities to grow in galactose and to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in vitro were both completely restored in fibroblasts allotopically expressing either ATP6 or ND4.	Galactose	33-42	mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 4	Homo sapiens	181-184
17177295-0	2007	Inhibitory effect of TNF-alpha on the intestinal absorption of galactose.	Galactose	63-72	tumor necrosis factor	Oryctolagus cuniculus	21-30
17490484-1	2007	BACKGROUND: Human influenza viruses are known to bind to sialic acid linked alpha2-6 to galactose, but the binding specificity beyond that linkage has not been systematically examined.	Galactose	88-97	immunoglobulin binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	76-84
17368482-2	2007	To address this, we measure changes in fast protein dynamics that accompany the interaction of the arabinose-binding protein (ABP) with its ligand, d-galactose, using NMR relaxation and molecular dynamics simulation.	Galactose	148-159	sex hormone binding globulin	Homo sapiens	126-129
17370997-1	2007	The mutant beta1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4Gal-T1), beta4Gal-T1-Y289L, in contrast to wild-type beta4Gal-T1, can transfer GalNAc from the sugar donor UDP-GalNAc to the acceptor, GlcNAc, with efficiency as good as that of galactose from UDP-Gal.	Galactose	225-234	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	42-53
17370997-1	2007	The mutant beta1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4Gal-T1), beta4Gal-T1-Y289L, in contrast to wild-type beta4Gal-T1, can transfer GalNAc from the sugar donor UDP-GalNAc to the acceptor, GlcNAc, with efficiency as good as that of galactose from UDP-Gal.	Galactose	225-234	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	56-67
17370997-1	2007	The mutant beta1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4Gal-T1), beta4Gal-T1-Y289L, in contrast to wild-type beta4Gal-T1, can transfer GalNAc from the sugar donor UDP-GalNAc to the acceptor, GlcNAc, with efficiency as good as that of galactose from UDP-Gal.	Galactose	225-234	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	56-67
17253981-1	2007	Saccharomyces cerevisiae and some related yeasts are unusual in that two of the enzyme activities (galactose mutarotase and UDP-galactose 4-epimerase) required for the Leloir pathway of d-galactose catabolism are contained within a single protein-Gal10p.	Galactose	186-197	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	247-253
17177295-3	2007	To extend this work, the present study was designed to evaluate the possible effect of TNF-alpha on D-galactose intestinal absorption, identify the intracellular mechanisms involved and establish whether this cytokine mediates possible LPS effects.	Galactose	100-111	tumor necrosis factor	Oryctolagus cuniculus	87-96
17177295-4	2007	Our findings indicate that TNF-alpha decreases D-galactose absorption both in rabbit intestinal tissue preparations and brush-border membrane vesicles.	Galactose	47-58	tumor necrosis factor	Oryctolagus cuniculus	27-36
17177295-9	2007	In conclusion, TNF-alpha inhibits D-galactose intestinal absorption by decreasing the number of SGLT1 molecules at the enterocyte plasma membrane through a mechanism in which several protein-like kinases are involved.	Galactose	34-45	tumor necrosis factor	Oryctolagus cuniculus	15-24
17496119-6	2007	UGE2 and UGE4 synergistically influenced cell wall galactose content, which was correlated with shoot growth.	Galactose	51-60	UDP-D-glucose/UDP-D-galactose 4-epimerase 2	Arabidopsis thaliana	0-4
17496119-6	2007	UGE2 and UGE4 synergistically influenced cell wall galactose content, which was correlated with shoot growth.	Galactose	51-60	NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	9-13
17496119-7	2007	UGE2 strongly and UGE1 and UGE5 lightly supported UGE4 in influencing root growth and cell wall galactose content by affecting galactan content.	Galactose	96-105	NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	50-54
17496119-10	2007	As opposed to cell wall galactose content, tolerance to external galactose strictly paralleled total UGE activity.	Galactose	65-74	UDP-glucose 4-epimerase	Arabidopsis thaliana	101-104
17374637-2	2007	Galactose (Gal) or N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues on the glycans of ZP protein 3 (ZP3) have been implicated as mouse sperm receptors.	Galactose	0-9	zona pellucida glycoprotein 3	Mus musculus	75-87
17374637-2	2007	Galactose (Gal) or N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues on the glycans of ZP protein 3 (ZP3) have been implicated as mouse sperm receptors.	Galactose	0-9	zona pellucida glycoprotein 3	Mus musculus	89-92
17374637-2	2007	Galactose (Gal) or N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues on the glycans of ZP protein 3 (ZP3) have been implicated as mouse sperm receptors.	Galactose	0-3	zona pellucida glycoprotein 3	Mus musculus	75-87
17374637-2	2007	Galactose (Gal) or N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues on the glycans of ZP protein 3 (ZP3) have been implicated as mouse sperm receptors.	Galactose	0-3	zona pellucida glycoprotein 3	Mus musculus	89-92
17374637-3	2007	However, Mgat1(-/-) eggs with modified N-glycans lacking terminal Gal and GlcNAc residues are fertilized.	Galactose	66-69	mannoside acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1	Mus musculus	9-14
17262177-0	2007	Galactose-specific fimbrial adhesin of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli: a possible aggregative factor.	Galactose	0-9	adhesin	Escherichia coli	28-35
17303571-7	2007	Analysis of Pmel17 processing in glycosylation-deficient mutant cells reveals that Pmel17 lacking the correct addition of sialic acid and galactose loses the ability to form fibrils.	Galactose	138-147	premelanosome protein	Homo sapiens	83-89
17343373-5	2007	The most potent inhibitor against hCA IX was the galactose derivative 8 (Ki = 9.7 nM); this is so far the most potent glycoconjugate inhibitor reported for the tumor-associated hCA IX.	Galactose	49-58	carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens	34-40
17343373-5	2007	The most potent inhibitor against hCA IX was the galactose derivative 8 (Ki = 9.7 nM); this is so far the most potent glycoconjugate inhibitor reported for the tumor-associated hCA IX.	Galactose	49-58	carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens	177-183
17444801-0	2007	Evaluation of the vascular targeting agent combretastatin a-4 prodrug on retinal neovascularization in the galactose-fed dog.	Galactose	107-116	carbonic anhydrase 4	Canis lupus familiaris	43-61
17444801-2	2007	In this pilot study, the ability of CA-4 to modify retinal neovascularization, which results in altered retinal vessel blood flow and retinal permeability, was evaluated in aphakic long-term galactose-fed beagles, an animal model that develops diabetes-like retinal neovascularization.	Galactose	191-200	carbonic anhydrase 4	Canis lupus familiaris	36-40
17288452-5	2007	In the absence of sodium, various sugars significantly decreased the intrinsic Trp fluorescence of hSGLT1 in proteoliposomes exhibiting the following sequence of affinities: alpha-MDG &gt; d-glucose approximately d-galactose &gt; 6-deoxy-d-glucose &gt; 2-deoxy-d-glucose &gt; d-allose.	Galactose	213-224	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	99-105
17341835-4	2007	Recombinant AtUSP expressed in Escherichia coli exhibited broad specificity toward monosaccharide 1-phosphates, resulting in the formation of various UDP-sugars such as UDP-glucose, -galactose, -glucuronic acid, -xylose and -L-arabinose.	Galactose	183-192	UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase	Arabidopsis thaliana	12-17
17275907-6	2007	Only HAA and HPA bound exclusively to IgA1, with its O-linked glycans composed of GalNAc, galactose, and sialic acid.	Galactose	90-99	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	38-42
17262177-1	2007	A galactose-specific adhesin was isolated from the fimbriae of an enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) strain.	Galactose	2-11	adhesin	Escherichia coli	21-28
17262177-8	2007	A glycoprotein (34 kDa) present in the membrane fraction of HEp-2 cells interacted with the purified adhesin in a galactose-specific manner.	Galactose	114-123	adhesin	Escherichia coli	101-108
17255313-3	2007	Here we report that mice lacking beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT)-I, which transfers galactose to the terminal N-acetylglucosamine of N- and O-linked glycans in a beta-1,4 linkage, spontaneously developed human immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN)-like glomerular lesions with IgA deposition and expanded mesangial matrix.	Galactose	95-104	UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	33-63
17112490-1	2007	Novel aryl beta-d-galactopyranosides were synthesized employing phase-transfer catalysis, and assayed as potential galactose donors in the presence of beta-galactosidase from bovine testes using pNP-Gal as a reference.	Galactose	115-124	galactosidase beta 1	Bos taurus	151-169
17206613-2	2007	The enzymes alpha(1,3)galactosyltransferase (1,3GT) and isoglobotriaosylceramide synthase (iGb3S) synthesize the galactose-alpha(1,3)-galactose group, which is the most common carbohydrate containing terminal alpha-galactose.	Galactose	113-122	alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase 2	Rattus norvegicus	56-89
17206613-2	2007	The enzymes alpha(1,3)galactosyltransferase (1,3GT) and isoglobotriaosylceramide synthase (iGb3S) synthesize the galactose-alpha(1,3)-galactose group, which is the most common carbohydrate containing terminal alpha-galactose.	Galactose	113-122	alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase 2	Rattus norvegicus	91-96
17319824-2	2007	Blocking beta-N-acetylglucosamine (beta-GlcNAc) residues of glycoprotein Ibalpha (GPIbalpha) with galactose prevents binding of refrigerated human and mouse PLTs to macrophages and prolongs the circulation times of refrigerated mouse PLTs.	Galactose	98-107	glycoprotein Ib platelet subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	60-80
17319824-2	2007	Blocking beta-N-acetylglucosamine (beta-GlcNAc) residues of glycoprotein Ibalpha (GPIbalpha) with galactose prevents binding of refrigerated human and mouse PLTs to macrophages and prolongs the circulation times of refrigerated mouse PLTs.	Galactose	98-107	glycoprotein Ib platelet subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	82-91
17255313-3	2007	Here we report that mice lacking beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT)-I, which transfers galactose to the terminal N-acetylglucosamine of N- and O-linked glycans in a beta-1,4 linkage, spontaneously developed human immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN)-like glomerular lesions with IgA deposition and expanded mesangial matrix.	Galactose	95-104	UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	65-74
17255313-3	2007	Here we report that mice lacking beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT)-I, which transfers galactose to the terminal N-acetylglucosamine of N- and O-linked glycans in a beta-1,4 linkage, spontaneously developed human immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN)-like glomerular lesions with IgA deposition and expanded mesangial matrix.	Galactose	95-104	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	221-249
17255313-3	2007	Here we report that mice lacking beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT)-I, which transfers galactose to the terminal N-acetylglucosamine of N- and O-linked glycans in a beta-1,4 linkage, spontaneously developed human immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN)-like glomerular lesions with IgA deposition and expanded mesangial matrix.	Galactose	95-104	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	251-255
17255313-3	2007	Here we report that mice lacking beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT)-I, which transfers galactose to the terminal N-acetylglucosamine of N- and O-linked glycans in a beta-1,4 linkage, spontaneously developed human immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN)-like glomerular lesions with IgA deposition and expanded mesangial matrix.	Galactose	95-104	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha	Mus musculus	251-254
17110502-5	2007	However, specificity of hSGLT3 binding is greater (D-galactose and 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-D-galactose are not hSGLT3 substrates, but have hSGLT1 K0.5 values of 0.6 and 1.3 mM).	Galactose	51-62	solute carrier family 5 member 4	Homo sapiens	24-30
17296905-7	2007	RESULTS: Comparisons of AAV-SOD2-infected LHON cells relative to control cells infected with AAV-green fluorescent protein showed increased expression of mitochondrial SOD that attenuated superoxide-induced fluorescence by 26% (P = .003) and suppressed TUNEL-induced fluorescence by 21% (P = .048) after 2 days of growth in galactose medium, when cell survival increased by 25% (P=.05).	Galactose	324-333	superoxide dismutase 2	Homo sapiens	28-31
17296905-8	2007	After 3 days in galactose medium, SOD2 increased LHON survival by 89% (P = .006) relative to controls.	Galactose	16-25	superoxide dismutase 2	Homo sapiens	34-38
17268079-7	2007	The reaction to SSA but not to MAM suggested the presence of sialic acid linked alpha2,6 to galactose in both cellular and serum TNX.	Galactose	92-101	gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, subunit alpha 6	Mus musculus	80-88
17268079-7	2007	The reaction to SSA but not to MAM suggested the presence of sialic acid linked alpha2,6 to galactose in both cellular and serum TNX.	Galactose	92-101	tenascin XB	Mus musculus	129-132
17141219-3	2007	We investigated the lenticular expression levels of P-gp in galactose-fed rats, an experimental model of sugar cataract.	Galactose	60-69	ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B (MDR/TAP), member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	52-56
17141219-4	2007	P-gp was overexpressed in lenses from galactose-fed rats with cortical sugar cataract, and in rat lens epithelial cells cultured in high-glucose medium.	Galactose	38-47	ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B (MDR/TAP), member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
17141219-5	2007	However, application of aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor was able to reverse the changes in P-gp levels in the lenses of galactose-fed rats, confirming the role of AR and involvement of the polyol pathway in cataract formation.	Galactose	120-129	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	24-40
17141219-5	2007	However, application of aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor was able to reverse the changes in P-gp levels in the lenses of galactose-fed rats, confirming the role of AR and involvement of the polyol pathway in cataract formation.	Galactose	120-129	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	42-44
17141219-5	2007	However, application of aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor was able to reverse the changes in P-gp levels in the lenses of galactose-fed rats, confirming the role of AR and involvement of the polyol pathway in cataract formation.	Galactose	120-129	ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B (MDR/TAP), member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	91-95
17110502-5	2007	However, specificity of hSGLT3 binding is greater (D-galactose and 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-D-galactose are not hSGLT3 substrates, but have hSGLT1 K0.5 values of 0.6 and 1.3 mM).	Galactose	51-62	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	132-138
17041184-9	2007	An unusual phenotype of the pex1 and pex6 mutants was that they grew poorly with glucose as the carbon source, but nearly wild type with galactose, which suggested impaired hexokinase function and that C. neoformans peroxisomes might function analogously to the glycosomes of the trypanosomid parasites.	Galactose	137-146	peroxisomal biogenesis factor 1	Mus musculus	28-32
17121853-5	2007	Gal80p, the focus of this investigation, plays a pivotal role both in terms of repressing the activity of Gal4p and allowing the GAL switch to respond to galactose.	Galactose	154-163	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-6
17373452-4	2007	The principle of the method is the hydrolysis of lactose to D-glucose and D-galactose by beta-galactosidase, followed by the oxidation of beta-D-galactose by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in the presence of beta-galactose dehydrogenase.	Galactose	74-85	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	89-107
17495438-2	2007	IC contain IgA1 deficient in hinge region-associated galactose (Gal) and antibodies specific for antigenic determinants present on the hinge region.	Galactose	53-62	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	11-15
17495438-2	2007	IC contain IgA1 deficient in hinge region-associated galactose (Gal) and antibodies specific for antigenic determinants present on the hinge region.	Galactose	64-67	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	11-15
17495449-3	2007	Here we report that mice lacking beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase-I (beta4GalT-I), which transfers galactose from UDP-Gal to terminal GlcNAc of N- and O-glycans in a beta-1,4- linkage, developed IgA nephropathy (IgAN)-like disease.	Galactose	97-106	UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	33-63
17495449-3	2007	Here we report that mice lacking beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase-I (beta4GalT-I), which transfers galactose from UDP-Gal to terminal GlcNAc of N- and O-glycans in a beta-1,4- linkage, developed IgA nephropathy (IgAN)-like disease.	Galactose	97-106	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha	Mus musculus	193-196
17495449-3	2007	Here we report that mice lacking beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase-I (beta4GalT-I), which transfers galactose from UDP-Gal to terminal GlcNAc of N- and O-glycans in a beta-1,4- linkage, developed IgA nephropathy (IgAN)-like disease.	Galactose	97-106	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	210-214
16935536-1	2007	The pattern of distribution of galactose and its metabolites was determined in tissues of mice deficient in galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (G/G) 4 h after the administration of 1mg/g of [13C]galactose.	Galactose	31-40	galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase	Mus musculus	108-148
17453047-4	2007	We rewired the genome by recruiting an essential gene, HIS3, from the histidine biosynthesis pathway to a foreign regulatory system, the GAL network responsible for galactose utilization.	Galactose	165-174	imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase HIS3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	55-59
17111088-7	2006	PPL showed sequence homology to L-rhamnose-binding lectins from fish eggs and a D-galactose-binding lectin from sea urchin eggs, with sequence identities in the range 37-48%.	Galactose	80-91	periplakin	Oryctolagus cuniculus	0-3
17069762-2	2006	These ATFs transformed the yeast galactose-dependent GAL1 promoter system into a galactose-independent one.	Galactose	33-42	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	53-57
17069762-2	2006	These ATFs transformed the yeast galactose-dependent GAL1 promoter system into a galactose-independent one.	Galactose	81-90	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	53-57
17957128-5	2007	The glycosylation profile in the carbohydrate moieties of these differently charged IgA1 was analyzed by galactose (Gal)-, galactose-acetylgalactosamine (Gal-GalNAc)-, or sialic acid-specific enzyme-linked lectin binding assays (ELLA).	Galactose	105-114	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	84-88
17957128-5	2007	The glycosylation profile in the carbohydrate moieties of these differently charged IgA1 was analyzed by galactose (Gal)-, galactose-acetylgalactosamine (Gal-GalNAc)-, or sialic acid-specific enzyme-linked lectin binding assays (ELLA).	Galactose	116-119	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	84-88
17957128-7	2007	RESULTS: Anionic pIgA from IgAN patients showed less reactivity in (Gal)- and (Gal-GalNAc)-specific ELLA (p &lt; 0.01).	Galactose	68-71	phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class A	Homo sapiens	17-21
17957128-7	2007	RESULTS: Anionic pIgA from IgAN patients showed less reactivity in (Gal)- and (Gal-GalNAc)-specific ELLA (p &lt; 0.01).	Galactose	68-71	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	27-31
16988899-3	2006	Potential causes of galactosaemia include: (1) activities of three enzymes of galactose metabolism: galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), and uridine diphosphate galactose 4"-epimerase (GALE), (2) portosystemic shunting, (3) Fanconi-Bickel syndrome, (4) tyrosinaemia.	Galactose	78-87	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	100-113
16988899-3	2006	Potential causes of galactosaemia include: (1) activities of three enzymes of galactose metabolism: galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), and uridine diphosphate galactose 4"-epimerase (GALE), (2) portosystemic shunting, (3) Fanconi-Bickel syndrome, (4) tyrosinaemia.	Galactose	78-87	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	115-119
16988899-3	2006	Potential causes of galactosaemia include: (1) activities of three enzymes of galactose metabolism: galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), and uridine diphosphate galactose 4"-epimerase (GALE), (2) portosystemic shunting, (3) Fanconi-Bickel syndrome, (4) tyrosinaemia.	Galactose	78-87	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	122-161
16988899-3	2006	Potential causes of galactosaemia include: (1) activities of three enzymes of galactose metabolism: galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), and uridine diphosphate galactose 4"-epimerase (GALE), (2) portosystemic shunting, (3) Fanconi-Bickel syndrome, (4) tyrosinaemia.	Galactose	78-87	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	194-216
16988899-3	2006	Potential causes of galactosaemia include: (1) activities of three enzymes of galactose metabolism: galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), and uridine diphosphate galactose 4"-epimerase (GALE), (2) portosystemic shunting, (3) Fanconi-Bickel syndrome, (4) tyrosinaemia.	Galactose	78-87	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	218-222
17111088-9	2006	The minimum concentration of PPL needed to agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes was 0.5 micro g/ml, and the most effective saccharides to inhibit the hemagglutination were D-galactose, methyl-D-galactopyranoside and N-acetyl-D-lactosamine.	Galactose	167-178	periplakin	Oryctolagus cuniculus	29-32
16923820-10	2006	Furthermore, we observed that beta-D-galactose and alpha-D-galactose bind weakly to GTB.	Galactose	51-68	ABO, alpha 1-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase and alpha 1-3-galactosyltransferase	Homo sapiens	84-87
17014334-0	2006	Effects of topical administration of an aldose reductase inhibitor on cataract formation in dogs fed a diet high in galactose.	Galactose	116-125	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	40-56
17015733-2	2006	MBL homologs with galactose selectivity and an MASP3-like sequence also occur in bony fish, linking the evolution of the lectin complement pathway from invertebrates to higher vertebrates.	Galactose	18-27	mannose binding lectin 2	Danio rerio	0-3
17015733-5	2006	One, designated GalBL, corresponds to the MBL-like molecule with the galactose specificity.	Galactose	69-78	mannose binding lectin 2	Danio rerio	16-21
17015733-5	2006	One, designated GalBL, corresponds to the MBL-like molecule with the galactose specificity.	Galactose	69-78	mannose binding lectin 2	Danio rerio	42-45
16849611-2	2006	In particular, these cells express the mouse macrophage galactose-/N-acetylgalactosamine-specific-lectin (mMGL)/CD301, identified by the monoclonal antibody ER-MP23, as well as other macrophage markers.	Galactose	56-65	C-type lectin domain family 10, member A	Mus musculus	106-110
16973123-4	2006	Endo HS also transferred the oligosaccharide of human transferrin to PNP-alpha-d-Glc, PNP-alpha-d-Gal, PNP-beta-d-Gal, PNP-beta-d-Man, PNP-beta-d-Xyl, PNP-beta-d-GlcNAc, and PNP-glycerol at a different rate.	Galactose	90-101	transferrin	Homo sapiens	54-65
16643954-1	2006	In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the interplay between galactose, Gal3p, Gal80p and Gal4p determines the transcriptional status of the genes required for galactose utilization.	Galactose	160-169	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	72-77
16867978-0	2006	The galactose switch in Kluyveromyces lactis depends on nuclear competition between Gal4 and Gal1 for Gal80 binding.	Galactose	4-13	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	84-88
16867978-0	2006	The galactose switch in Kluyveromyces lactis depends on nuclear competition between Gal4 and Gal1 for Gal80 binding.	Galactose	4-13	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	93-97
16867978-0	2006	The galactose switch in Kluyveromyces lactis depends on nuclear competition between Gal4 and Gal1 for Gal80 binding.	Galactose	4-13	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	102-107
16867978-2	2006	Gal80 inhibition is relieved via galactose-mediated Gal80-Gal1-Gal3 interaction.	Galactose	33-42	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
16867978-2	2006	Gal80 inhibition is relieved via galactose-mediated Gal80-Gal1-Gal3 interaction.	Galactose	33-42	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	52-57
16867978-2	2006	Gal80 inhibition is relieved via galactose-mediated Gal80-Gal1-Gal3 interaction.	Galactose	33-42	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	58-62
16908542-8	2006	Moreover, a CREB/NRF-1 interaction domain on PRC is required for its trans activation of the cytochrome c promoter and a PRC subfragment containing this domain inhibits respiratory growth on galactose when expressed in trans from a lentivirus vector.	Galactose	191-200	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	12-16
16908542-8	2006	Moreover, a CREB/NRF-1 interaction domain on PRC is required for its trans activation of the cytochrome c promoter and a PRC subfragment containing this domain inhibits respiratory growth on galactose when expressed in trans from a lentivirus vector.	Galactose	191-200	nuclear respiratory factor 1	Homo sapiens	17-22
16908542-8	2006	Moreover, a CREB/NRF-1 interaction domain on PRC is required for its trans activation of the cytochrome c promoter and a PRC subfragment containing this domain inhibits respiratory growth on galactose when expressed in trans from a lentivirus vector.	Galactose	191-200	PPARG related coactivator 1	Homo sapiens	45-48
16908542-8	2006	Moreover, a CREB/NRF-1 interaction domain on PRC is required for its trans activation of the cytochrome c promoter and a PRC subfragment containing this domain inhibits respiratory growth on galactose when expressed in trans from a lentivirus vector.	Galactose	191-200	PPARG related coactivator 1	Homo sapiens	121-124
16643954-1	2006	In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the interplay between galactose, Gal3p, Gal80p and Gal4p determines the transcriptional status of the genes required for galactose utilization.	Galactose	160-169	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	79-85
16643954-1	2006	In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the interplay between galactose, Gal3p, Gal80p and Gal4p determines the transcriptional status of the genes required for galactose utilization.	Galactose	160-169	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	90-95
16643954-2	2006	After an increase in galactose concentration, galactose molecules bind onto Gal3p.	Galactose	21-30	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	76-81
16643954-2	2006	After an increase in galactose concentration, galactose molecules bind onto Gal3p.	Galactose	46-55	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	76-81
16643954-4	2006	Here we propose a qualitative dynamical model, whereby these molecular interaction events represent the first two stages of a functional feedback loop that closes with the capture of activated Gal4p by newly synthesized Gal3p and Gal80p, decreasing transcriptional activation and creating again the protein complex that can bind incoming galactose molecules.	Galactose	338-347	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	193-198
16643954-4	2006	Here we propose a qualitative dynamical model, whereby these molecular interaction events represent the first two stages of a functional feedback loop that closes with the capture of activated Gal4p by newly synthesized Gal3p and Gal80p, decreasing transcriptional activation and creating again the protein complex that can bind incoming galactose molecules.	Galactose	338-347	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	220-225
16643954-4	2006	Here we propose a qualitative dynamical model, whereby these molecular interaction events represent the first two stages of a functional feedback loop that closes with the capture of activated Gal4p by newly synthesized Gal3p and Gal80p, decreasing transcriptional activation and creating again the protein complex that can bind incoming galactose molecules.	Galactose	338-347	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	230-236
16643954-5	2006	Based on the differential time-scales of faster protein interactions versus slower biosynthetic steps, this feedback loop functions as a derivative filter where galactose is the input step signal, and released Gal4p is the output derivative signal.	Galactose	161-170	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	210-215
16707274-2	2006	The GAL1 gene encodes galactokinase (Gal1p), an enzyme that phosphorylates galactose.	Galactose	75-84	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
16707274-2	2006	The GAL1 gene encodes galactokinase (Gal1p), an enzyme that phosphorylates galactose.	Galactose	75-84	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	22-35
16707274-2	2006	The GAL1 gene encodes galactokinase (Gal1p), an enzyme that phosphorylates galactose.	Galactose	75-84	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	37-42
16707274-3	2006	Gal4p activates genes necessary for galactose metabolism and is among the best characterized transcription activators.	Galactose	36-45	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
16903671-3	2006	The glycosyl donor derived from galactose and the glycosyl acceptor derived from lactose were condensed in the presence of silver triflate as the best promoter to provide corresponding trisaccharide with newly formed alpha-1-4 linkages in 90% yield.	Galactose	32-41	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	217-226
16936734-3	2006	The yeast genetic network regulating galactose metabolism involves two proteins, Gal3p and Gal80p, that feed back positively and negatively, respectively, on GAL gene expression.	Galactose	37-46	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	81-86
16936734-3	2006	The yeast genetic network regulating galactose metabolism involves two proteins, Gal3p and Gal80p, that feed back positively and negatively, respectively, on GAL gene expression.	Galactose	37-46	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	91-97
16764994-5	2006	Respiro-fermentative and respiratory substrates such as galactose, glycerol and ethanol were directed toward glycogen synthesis, which indicates that sit4 mutant deviates metabolism to glycogenesis by activating a glycogen futile cycle and depleting cells of Krebs cycle intermediates.	Galactose	56-65	type 2A-related serine/threonine-protein phosphatase SIT4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	150-154
16936110-9	2006	Protein blot analysis of the LECs from these galactose-fed rats showed higher levels of the UPR-specific proteins Bip/GRP78, ATF4, and CHOP.	Galactose	45-54	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Rattus norvegicus	114-117
16936110-9	2006	Protein blot analysis of the LECs from these galactose-fed rats showed higher levels of the UPR-specific proteins Bip/GRP78, ATF4, and CHOP.	Galactose	45-54	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Rattus norvegicus	118-123
16936110-9	2006	Protein blot analysis of the LECs from these galactose-fed rats showed higher levels of the UPR-specific proteins Bip/GRP78, ATF4, and CHOP.	Galactose	45-54	activating transcription factor 4	Rattus norvegicus	125-129
16936110-9	2006	Protein blot analysis of the LECs from these galactose-fed rats showed higher levels of the UPR-specific proteins Bip/GRP78, ATF4, and CHOP.	Galactose	45-54	DNA-damage inducible transcript 3	Rattus norvegicus	135-139
16959962-7	2006	The first- and best-studied zinc cluster protein is Gal4p, a transcriptional activator of genes involved in the catabolism of galactose in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	126-135	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	52-57
16710848-4	2006	Chronic systemic exposure of D-galactose (100 mg/kg, s.c., 7 weeks) to mice induced a spatial memory deficit, an increase in cell karyopyknosis, apoptosis and caspase-3 protein levels in hippocampal neurons, a decrease in the number of new neurons in the subgranular zone in the dentate gyrus, a reduction of migration of neural progenitor cells, and an increase in death of newly formed neurons in granular cell layer.	Galactose	29-40	caspase 3	Mus musculus	159-168
16838159-0	2006	Measurement of hydrolysis kinetics of galactose-substituted fluorescein by beta-galactosidase at the toluene-water interface by spinning microtube fluorometry.	Galactose	38-47	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	75-93
16831428-10	2006	Thus, AtNST-KT1 is most probably involved in the synthesis of galactose-containing glyco-conjugates in plants.	Galactose	62-71	nucleotide sugar transporter-KT 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	6-15
16883045-4	2006	The importance of metabolic pathway is further supported by the protective effect of aldose reductase inhibitor against the development of galactose-induced bone diseases in vivo and of functional impairments of human osteoblasts-like MG-63 cells.	Galactose	139-148	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	85-101
16707226-0	2006	Effects of D-galactose on the expression of hippocampal peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor and spatial memory performances in rats.	Galactose	11-22	translocator protein	Rattus norvegicus	56-95
16707226-1	2006	The changes in spatial memory performances and the binding of hippocampal peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) induced by D-galactose (D-gal) were investigated in rats.	Galactose	131-142	translocator protein	Rattus norvegicus	74-113
16707226-1	2006	The changes in spatial memory performances and the binding of hippocampal peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) induced by D-galactose (D-gal) were investigated in rats.	Galactose	131-142	translocator protein	Rattus norvegicus	115-118
16707226-1	2006	The changes in spatial memory performances and the binding of hippocampal peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) induced by D-galactose (D-gal) were investigated in rats.	Galactose	131-136	translocator protein	Rattus norvegicus	74-113
16707226-1	2006	The changes in spatial memory performances and the binding of hippocampal peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) induced by D-galactose (D-gal) were investigated in rats.	Galactose	131-136	translocator protein	Rattus norvegicus	115-118
16530738-3	2006	The NBS-mediated cleavage of 4,6-O-benzylidene acetals in the galactopyranoside series is therefore shown to conform to the regiochemistry observed in the corresponding gluco- and mannopyranoside series with preferential cleavage of the C6-O6 bond by an ionic mechanism.	Galactose	62-79	nibrin	Homo sapiens	4-7
16675445-5	2006	However, recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the coding sequence of a galactose-inducible gene, GAL1, is significantly reduced in the absence of H2B-Lys-123 ubiquitination but not H3-Lys-4 methylation.	Galactose	70-79	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	96-100
16540122-7	2006	This staining profile of neuronal cytoplasm with non-fibrillary structure (tau+/Gal+/CS-) is characteristic for tau-positive cortical neurons in CBD, distinct from typical neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer type, positive for both Gal and CS.	Galactose	80-83	microtubule associated protein tau	Homo sapiens	112-115
16513199-2	2006	The N protein gene and the hexahistidine tagged N (h-N) protein gene were expressed intracellular from a 2-microm plasmid vectors under the control of a fused galactose inducible GAL10-PYK promoter.	Galactose	159-168	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	179-184
16897175-0	2006	Carbohydrate ligands of human C-reactive protein: binding of neoglycoproteins containing galactose-6-phosphate and galactose-terminated disaccharide.	Galactose	89-98	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	30-48
16897185-5	2006	In support of this observation, the cDNA microarray assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed that the gene expression of the alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal I), which transfers sialic acid to galactose residues of N-glycans, decreases in the aged cells.	Galactose	240-249	ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	198-206
16815917-1	2006	The beta1,3-glucuronosyltransferases are responsible for the completion of the protein-glycosaminoglycan linkage region of proteoglycans and of the HNK1 epitope of glycoproteins and glycolipids by transferring glucuronic acid from UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) onto a terminal galactose residue.	Galactose	286-295	beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	148-152
16856782-7	2006	All four strains had acquired one or more missense mutations in GAL80, the repressor of the galactose utilization pathway.	Galactose	92-101	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	64-69
16856782-8	2006	When transferred into the ancestral strain, the gal80 mutations conferred the fitness advantage that the evolved strains show in the transition from glucose to galactose.	Galactose	160-169	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	48-53
16647038-3	2006	These include sulphation at position 3 of the terminal galactose of Le(x), position 6 of the galactose of Le(x) and sialyl-Le(x), position 6 of N-acetylglucosamine of Le(x) and sialyl-Le(x), or both positions of sialyl-Le(x).	Galactose	93-102	fucosyltransferase 4	Homo sapiens	106-111
16603548-6	2006	Equivalent mutations in Gal3p also abolished its ability to respond to galactose and uncovered its ability to respond to d-glucose.	Galactose	71-80	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	24-29
16647038-3	2006	These include sulphation at position 3 of the terminal galactose of Le(x), position 6 of the galactose of Le(x) and sialyl-Le(x), position 6 of N-acetylglucosamine of Le(x) and sialyl-Le(x), or both positions of sialyl-Le(x).	Galactose	93-102	fucosyltransferase 4	Homo sapiens	106-111
16647038-3	2006	These include sulphation at position 3 of the terminal galactose of Le(x), position 6 of the galactose of Le(x) and sialyl-Le(x), position 6 of N-acetylglucosamine of Le(x) and sialyl-Le(x), or both positions of sialyl-Le(x).	Galactose	93-102	fucosyltransferase 4	Homo sapiens	106-111
16647038-3	2006	These include sulphation at position 3 of the terminal galactose of Le(x), position 6 of the galactose of Le(x) and sialyl-Le(x), position 6 of N-acetylglucosamine of Le(x) and sialyl-Le(x), or both positions of sialyl-Le(x).	Galactose	93-102	fucosyltransferase 4	Homo sapiens	106-111
16647038-3	2006	These include sulphation at position 3 of the terminal galactose of Le(x), position 6 of the galactose of Le(x) and sialyl-Le(x), position 6 of N-acetylglucosamine of Le(x) and sialyl-Le(x), or both positions of sialyl-Le(x).	Galactose	93-102	fucosyltransferase 4	Homo sapiens	106-111
16842699-12	2006	CONCLUSION: The decreased expression of PBR in hippocampus synaptosomes is possibly associated with the spatial learning-memory impairments induced by D-galactose.	Galactose	151-162	translocator protein	Rattus norvegicus	40-43
16739953-4	2006	In galactose-grown cells, the core genes of the GAL operon GAL2, GAL1, GAL7, and GAL10 were upregulated at least 100-fold relative to glucose-grown cells.	Galactose	3-12	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	59-63
16524886-5	2006	These two activities have competing effects on the response of the network to galactose such that the transport effects of Gal1p are dominant at low galactose concentrations, whereas its catabolic effects are dominant at high galactose concentrations.	Galactose	78-87	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	123-128
16524886-5	2006	These two activities have competing effects on the response of the network to galactose such that the transport effects of Gal1p are dominant at low galactose concentrations, whereas its catabolic effects are dominant at high galactose concentrations.	Galactose	149-158	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	123-128
16524886-5	2006	These two activities have competing effects on the response of the network to galactose such that the transport effects of Gal1p are dominant at low galactose concentrations, whereas its catabolic effects are dominant at high galactose concentrations.	Galactose	149-158	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	123-128
16555301-4	2006	Chronic systemic exposure of mice to D-galactose (100 mg/kg, s.c., 7 weeks) induced a spatial memory deficit, an increase in cell karyopyknosis, apoptosis, and caspase-3 protein levels in hippocampal neurons, a decrease in the number of new neurons in the subgranular zone in the dentate gyrus, a reduction of migration of neural progenitor cells, and an increase in death of newly formed neurons in the granular cell layer.	Galactose	37-48	caspase 3	Mus musculus	160-169
16716913-6	2006	The isolated polysaccharide, named CSP-1, which has strong anti-oxidation activity, contains glucose, mannose and galactose in the ratio of 1:0.6:0.75.	Galactose	114-123	common salivary protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	35-40
16543244-5	2006	The interaction is mediated by glycans present on hSC and involves galactose and sialic acid residues.	Galactose	67-76	fucosyltransferase 1 (H blood group)	Homo sapiens	50-53
16739953-4	2006	In galactose-grown cells, the core genes of the GAL operon GAL2, GAL1, GAL7, and GAL10 were upregulated at least 100-fold relative to glucose-grown cells.	Galactose	3-12	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	65-69
16739953-4	2006	In galactose-grown cells, the core genes of the GAL operon GAL2, GAL1, GAL7, and GAL10 were upregulated at least 100-fold relative to glucose-grown cells.	Galactose	3-12	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	71-75
16739953-4	2006	In galactose-grown cells, the core genes of the GAL operon GAL2, GAL1, GAL7, and GAL10 were upregulated at least 100-fold relative to glucose-grown cells.	Galactose	3-12	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	81-86
16635267-8	2006	Furthermore, we report that the mRNA export factor Sac3 is involved in this galactose-induced enrichment of GAL loci at the nuclear periphery.	Galactose	76-85	Sac3p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	51-55
16300963-1	2006	The galactose-beta1,3-glucuronosyltransferase I (GlcAT-I) catalyzes the transfer of glucuronic acid from UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid onto the terminal galactose of the trisaccharide glycosaminoglycan-protein linker region of proteoglycans.	Galactose	4-13	beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 3	Homo sapiens	49-56
16510783-4	2006	The gene HIS3 from the histidine synthesis pathway was recruited to the GAL system, responsible for galactose utilization in the yeast S. cerevisiae.	Galactose	100-109	imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase HIS3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	9-13
16510783-5	2006	Following a switch from galactose to glucose--from induced to repressed conditions of the GAL system--in histidine-lacking chemostats (where the recruited HIS3 is essential), the regulatory system reprogrammed to adaptively tune HIS3 expression, allowing the cells to grow competitively in pure glucose.	Galactose	24-33	imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase HIS3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	155-159
16510783-5	2006	Following a switch from galactose to glucose--from induced to repressed conditions of the GAL system--in histidine-lacking chemostats (where the recruited HIS3 is essential), the regulatory system reprogrammed to adaptively tune HIS3 expression, allowing the cells to grow competitively in pure glucose.	Galactose	24-33	imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase HIS3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	229-233
16204409-1	2006	SGLT1 (SLC5A1) mediates a part of glucose and galactose reabsorption in the mammalian proximal tubule (PT), but the detailed localization of the transporter along the tubule is still disputable.	Galactose	46-55	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
16488046-5	2006	In the presence of an excess of galactose, the uptake of Gal-PEG-PD-liposomes with hMMP2 was significantly inhibited, suggesting asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated uptake of Gal-PEG-PD-liposomes following the PEG-PD cleavage.	Galactose	32-41	matrix metallopeptidase 2	Homo sapiens	83-88
16204409-1	2006	SGLT1 (SLC5A1) mediates a part of glucose and galactose reabsorption in the mammalian proximal tubule (PT), but the detailed localization of the transporter along the tubule is still disputable.	Galactose	46-55	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	7-13
16595957-6	2006	The 1B-His binding to Gb3 was inhibited by the addition of galactose, but not mannose.	Galactose	59-68	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	22-25
16539386-4	2006	We have previously demonstrated the ability to detect beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) activity on the basis of 19F NMR chemical shift associated with release of fluorophenyl aglycons from galactopyranoside conjugates.	Galactose	186-203	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	54-72
16500990-3	2006	The REB1/RHD1 gene belongs to a family of UDP-D-Glucose 4-epimerases involved in the synthesis of D-Galactose (Gal).	Galactose	98-109	NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	4-8
16500990-3	2006	The REB1/RHD1 gene belongs to a family of UDP-D-Glucose 4-epimerases involved in the synthesis of D-Galactose (Gal).	Galactose	98-109	NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	9-13
16500990-3	2006	The REB1/RHD1 gene belongs to a family of UDP-D-Glucose 4-epimerases involved in the synthesis of D-Galactose (Gal).	Galactose	100-103	NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	4-8
16500990-3	2006	The REB1/RHD1 gene belongs to a family of UDP-D-Glucose 4-epimerases involved in the synthesis of D-Galactose (Gal).	Galactose	100-103	NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	9-13
16500990-12	2006	These findings demonstrate that the reb1-1 mutation affects XyG structure, but not that of pectic polysaccharides, thus lending support to the hypothesis that biosynthesis of Gal as well as galactosylation of complex polysaccharides is regulated at the polymer level.	Galactose	175-178	NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	36-42
16452467-1	2006	UDP-galactose 4"-epimerase (GALE) catalyzes the final step of the highly conserved Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism.	Galactose	4-13	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	28-32
16452467-3	2006	Loss of GALE in yeast results in galactose-dependent growth arrest.	Galactose	33-42	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	8-12
16452467-4	2006	Although the role of GALE in galactose metabolism has been recognized for decades, the precise relationship between GALE activity and galactose sensitivity has remained unclear.	Galactose	134-143	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	116-120
16452467-6	2006	1) Is GALE rate-limiting for galactose metabolism in yeast?	Galactose	29-38	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	6-10
16452467-7	2006	2) What is the relationship between GALE activity and galactose-dependent growth arrest in yeast?	Galactose	54-63	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	36-40
16452467-8	2006	3) What is the relationship between GALE activity and the abnormal accumulation of galactose metabolites in yeast?	Galactose	83-92	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	36-40
16452467-10	2006	Our results demonstrated a smooth linear relationship between galactose metabolism and GALE activity over a range from 0 to approximately 5% but a steep threshold relationship between growth rate in galactose and GALE activity over the same range.	Galactose	62-71	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	87-91
16452467-10	2006	Our results demonstrated a smooth linear relationship between galactose metabolism and GALE activity over a range from 0 to approximately 5% but a steep threshold relationship between growth rate in galactose and GALE activity over the same range.	Galactose	199-208	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	213-217
16452467-11	2006	The relationship between abnormal accumulation of metabolites and GALE activity was also linear over the range from 0 to approximately 5%, suggesting that if the abnormal accumulation of metabolites underlies galactose-dependent growth-arrest in GALE-impaired yeast, either the impact of individual metabolites must be synergistic and/or the threshold of sensitivity must be very steep.	Galactose	209-218	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	66-70
16452467-11	2006	The relationship between abnormal accumulation of metabolites and GALE activity was also linear over the range from 0 to approximately 5%, suggesting that if the abnormal accumulation of metabolites underlies galactose-dependent growth-arrest in GALE-impaired yeast, either the impact of individual metabolites must be synergistic and/or the threshold of sensitivity must be very steep.	Galactose	209-218	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	246-250
16397765-4	2006	Using HXT promoter-lacZ fusions, we have identified novel conditions under which the HXT17 gene is expressed; HXT17 promoter activity is up-regulated in media containing raffinose and galactose at pH 7.7 versus pH 4.7.	Galactose	184-193	hexose transporter HXT17	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	85-90
16397765-4	2006	Using HXT promoter-lacZ fusions, we have identified novel conditions under which the HXT17 gene is expressed; HXT17 promoter activity is up-regulated in media containing raffinose and galactose at pH 7.7 versus pH 4.7.	Galactose	184-193	hexose transporter HXT17	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	110-115
16537909-7	2006	In addition, the overexpression of Gip3 and Gip4 from the galactose promoter restored Dam1 phosphorylation in ipl1-321 mutant cells and caused wild-type cells to arrest in metaphase with unsegregated chromosomes, suggesting that Gip3 and Gip4 overexpression impairs Glc7"s mitotic functions.	Galactose	58-67	protein phosphatase regulator GIP3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	35-39
16537909-7	2006	In addition, the overexpression of Gip3 and Gip4 from the galactose promoter restored Dam1 phosphorylation in ipl1-321 mutant cells and caused wild-type cells to arrest in metaphase with unsegregated chromosomes, suggesting that Gip3 and Gip4 overexpression impairs Glc7"s mitotic functions.	Galactose	58-67	protein phosphatase regulator GIP4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	44-48
16537909-7	2006	In addition, the overexpression of Gip3 and Gip4 from the galactose promoter restored Dam1 phosphorylation in ipl1-321 mutant cells and caused wild-type cells to arrest in metaphase with unsegregated chromosomes, suggesting that Gip3 and Gip4 overexpression impairs Glc7"s mitotic functions.	Galactose	58-67	Dam1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	86-90
16537909-7	2006	In addition, the overexpression of Gip3 and Gip4 from the galactose promoter restored Dam1 phosphorylation in ipl1-321 mutant cells and caused wild-type cells to arrest in metaphase with unsegregated chromosomes, suggesting that Gip3 and Gip4 overexpression impairs Glc7"s mitotic functions.	Galactose	58-67	aurora kinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	110-114
16480686-4	2006	Lectin blot and lectin ELISA analyses showed that sialic acid and galactose residues of serum glycoproteins including transferrin were decreased in acute hepatitis.	Galactose	66-75	transferrin	Rattus norvegicus	118-129
16539386-4	2006	We have previously demonstrated the ability to detect beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) activity on the basis of 19F NMR chemical shift associated with release of fluorophenyl aglycons from galactopyranoside conjugates.	Galactose	186-203	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	54-62
16407266-6	2006	Direct immunofluorescence showed large increases in the expression of Gnp1 and Bap2 proteins when grown in galactose compared with glucose medium.	Galactose	107-116	glutamine permease GNP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	70-74
16514440-1	2006	Examples of C-4 symmetric, medium MW conjugates incorporating 12 glucose or galactose groups linked via four dendritic wedges to a central Gd complex have been characterised; their enhanced relaxivity is interpreted in terms of effective motional coupling and large contributions from second sphere water molecules.	Galactose	76-85	complement C4A (Rodgers blood group)	Homo sapiens	12-15
16407318-5	2006	To circumvent this limitation we introduced galactose-inducible deletion derivatives of previously defined functional regions of TAF1 into a temperature-sensitive taf1ts2 yeast strain.	Galactose	44-53	histone acetyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	129-133
16407318-5	2006	To circumvent this limitation we introduced galactose-inducible deletion derivatives of previously defined functional regions of TAF1 into a temperature-sensitive taf1ts2 yeast strain.	Galactose	44-53	histone acetyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	163-170
16407266-6	2006	Direct immunofluorescence showed large increases in the expression of Gnp1 and Bap2 proteins when grown in galactose compared with glucose medium.	Galactose	107-116	branched-chain amino acid permease BAP2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	79-83
16428082-3	2006	This effect is inhibited by D-galactose and PI3K inhibitors, and is accompanied by an increase in IL-2 receptor expression and by a PI3K-dependent IL-2 gene expression and IL-2 protein synthesis.	Galactose	28-39	interleukin 2	Homo sapiens	147-151
16174528-0	2006	Galactose-PEG dual conjugation of beta-(1--&gt;3)-D-glucan schizophyllan for antisense oligonucleotides delivery to enhance the cellular uptake.	Galactose	0-9	progestagen associated endometrial protein	Homo sapiens	10-13
16174528-6	2006	Since PEG was known to induce endocytosis escape, we combined PEG and galactose aiming to provide both cellular up-take and subsequent endocytosis escape.	Galactose	70-79	progestagen associated endometrial protein	Homo sapiens	6-9
16174528-7	2006	We designed lactose or galactose moieties to attach to the end of the PEG chain that connects to the SPG side chain.	Galactose	23-32	progestagen associated endometrial protein	Homo sapiens	70-73
16455493-4	2006	Strong Nup-PI, cleavage by Nup2-MN, is observed at the promoters of the GAL genes and at HXK1 upon activation of these genes with galactose.	Galactose	130-139	nucleoporin NUP2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	27-31
16428459-3	2006	We now report here that a galactose-resistant clone, 4AR, was isolated from the cells carrying the ND6 mutation.	Galactose	26-35	NADH dehydrogenase 6, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	99-102
16449021-1	2006	BACKGROUND: Classical galactosaemia is caused by a deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase, resulting in high galactose (Gal), galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1-P) and galactitol blood levels.	Galactose	65-74	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	165-170
16260165-6	2006	All of the galactosemic patients formed 13C enriched acetaminophen glucuronide indicating that they had converted the labeled galactose to [13C]UDPglu and that residual GALT or another pathway that forms UDPglu is present in hepatic tissue.	Galactose	11-20	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	169-173
16166344-5	2006	Both ENT and GLP-2 pigs had larger intestine weights, longer villi, and higher lactose digestive capacity and in vivo net glucose and galactose absorption compared with TPN alone.	Galactose	134-143	glucagon	Homo sapiens	13-18
16439595-4	2006	More detailed analysis of Tf by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) showed a plethora of abnormal glycosylations that included loss of 1-2 sialic acids and 1-2 galactose units, typical of Group II defects.	Galactose	175-184	transferrin	Homo sapiens	26-28
16297867-0	2006	Functional expression of the maize mitochondrial URF13 down-regulates galactose-induced GAL1 gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	70-79	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	88-92
16297867-5	2006	Activation of URF13 in galactose-induced cells results in the inhibition of GAL1 expression in the absence of repressing concentrations of glucose.	Galactose	23-32	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	76-80
16292676-2	2006	Here, we show that a RAS2(val19) mutant that exhibits elevated levels of Ras/PKA signaling activity is unable to grow on media with galactose as the sole source of carbon.	Galactose	132-141	Ras family GTPase RAS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	21-25
16385452-9	2006	Second, lymphoblasts demonstrating the most severe reduction in GALE activity also demonstrated abnormal metabolite levels in the presence of external galactose and, in some cases, also in the absence of galactose.	Galactose	151-160	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	64-68
16385452-9	2006	Second, lymphoblasts demonstrating the most severe reduction in GALE activity also demonstrated abnormal metabolite levels in the presence of external galactose and, in some cases, also in the absence of galactose.	Galactose	204-213	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	64-68
16292676-3	2006	This growth defect was due, at least in part, to a defect in the expression of genes, like GAL1, that encode enzymes needed for the metabolism of galactose.	Galactose	146-155	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	91-95
16105726-0	2006	Dietary galactose inhibits GDF-9 mediated follicular development in the rat ovary.	Galactose	8-17	growth differentiation factor 9	Rattus norvegicus	27-32
16219783-2	2006	While it is known that galactose and ATP activates Gal3 interaction with Gal80, neither the mechanism of activation nor the surface that binds to Gal80 is known.	Galactose	23-32	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	51-55
16219783-2	2006	While it is known that galactose and ATP activates Gal3 interaction with Gal80, neither the mechanism of activation nor the surface that binds to Gal80 is known.	Galactose	23-32	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	73-78
16219783-8	2006	These results provide evidence for allosterism in the galactose- and ATP-activation of Gal3 binding to Gal80.	Galactose	54-63	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	87-91
16219783-8	2006	These results provide evidence for allosterism in the galactose- and ATP-activation of Gal3 binding to Gal80.	Galactose	54-63	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	103-108
16105726-9	2006	The results of immunoblot assay showed that both bands corresponding to propeptide and mature forms of GDF-9 decreased with the galactose diet about 90 and 70%, respectively.	Galactose	128-137	growth differentiation factor 9	Rattus norvegicus	103-108
16105726-10	2006	The results of immunohistochemical staining showed that the GDF-9 positive follicle number and the ratio of GDF-9 positive to GDF negative (primordial/non-growing) follicles significantly decreased with this high galactose diet.	Galactose	213-222	growth differentiation factor 9	Rattus norvegicus	60-65
16105726-10	2006	The results of immunohistochemical staining showed that the GDF-9 positive follicle number and the ratio of GDF-9 positive to GDF negative (primordial/non-growing) follicles significantly decreased with this high galactose diet.	Galactose	213-222	growth differentiation factor 9	Rattus norvegicus	108-113
16105726-11	2006	The present study suggests that a high galactose diet inhibits follicular development, possibly through down-regulation of GDF-9 in the rat ovary, implying that GDF-9 may be involved in galactose-related ovarian toxicity.	Galactose	39-48	growth differentiation factor 9	Rattus norvegicus	123-128
16105726-11	2006	The present study suggests that a high galactose diet inhibits follicular development, possibly through down-regulation of GDF-9 in the rat ovary, implying that GDF-9 may be involved in galactose-related ovarian toxicity.	Galactose	39-48	growth differentiation factor 9	Rattus norvegicus	161-166
16105726-11	2006	The present study suggests that a high galactose diet inhibits follicular development, possibly through down-regulation of GDF-9 in the rat ovary, implying that GDF-9 may be involved in galactose-related ovarian toxicity.	Galactose	186-195	growth differentiation factor 9	Rattus norvegicus	161-166
16239078-7	2005	Given that fermentation is the only means to obtain energy in respiratory deficient cells, it is possible that higher Gal4 activity in cells with dysfunctional mitochondria works to promote more efficient fermentation of galactose.	Galactose	221-230	galectin 4	Homo sapiens	118-122
16289630-3	2005	Fusions containing the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter joined to PvuII, a bacterial DNA endonuclease gene, are toxic to yeast cells even under non-inducing conditions, i.e., in glucose media.	Galactose	23-32	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	43-47
16683522-10	2006	The transfection of SG-liposomes were reduced significantly by the 20/30 mmol galactose as a competitor of ASGP-R.	Galactose	78-87	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	107-113
16343610-2	2005	Chemical and spectroscopic analyses indicated that ACDP-2 is a highly branched arabinogalactan polymer that composes of linked d-galactopyranose and d-glucopyranose, which contains predominantly a branching point at the 6-carbon.	Galactose	127-144	cyclin M2	Mus musculus	51-57
16356104-6	2005	Nitrotyrosine levels were low at baseline in the wild-type (WT) mice, eNOS(/) and iNOS(/) mice, and the galactose-fed iNOS mice and increased following galactose feeding in eNOS(/) and WT.	Galactose	104-113	nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible	Mus musculus	118-122
16314439-5	2005	The 3"-sulfated galactose headgroup is highly exposed for presentation to the T cell receptor and projects up and away from the binding pocket due to its beta linkage, compared with the more intimate binding of the alpha-glactosyl ceramide headgroup to CD1d.	Galactose	16-25	CD1d1 antigen	Mus musculus	253-257
16299325-6	2005	In contrast, galactose-containing O1 serotypes (K2/n and K21a/n), which interact poorly with SP-D, exhibited significantly lower cytokine production and less efficient pulmonary clearance and were ineffectively internalized by alveolar macrophages.	Galactose	13-22	surfactant associated protein D	Mus musculus	93-97
16669350-2	2005	Due to its low affinity and high capacity, GLUT2 transports dietary sugars, glucose, fructose and galactose in a large range of physiological concentrations, displaying large bidirectional fluxes in and out the cells.	Galactose	98-107	solute carrier family 2 member 2	Homo sapiens	43-48
16115868-5	2005	Here we report the x-ray structure of Gal1p in complex with alpha-d-galactose and Mg-adenosine 5"-(beta,gamma-imido)triphosphate (AMPPNP) determined to 2.4 Angstrom resolution.	Galactose	60-77	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	38-43
16269670-4	2005	We did, however, find that PGM2, encoding the major isoenzyme of phosphoglucomutase, was slightly up-regulated in the two recombinant strains with higher galactose uptake rates.	Galactose	154-163	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	27-31
16269670-5	2005	This indicated that PGM2 is a target for overexpression in terms of increasing the flux through the Leloir pathway, and through overexpression of PGM2 the galactose uptake rate could be increased by 70% compared to that of the reference strain.	Galactose	155-164	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	20-24
16269670-5	2005	This indicated that PGM2 is a target for overexpression in terms of increasing the flux through the Leloir pathway, and through overexpression of PGM2 the galactose uptake rate could be increased by 70% compared to that of the reference strain.	Galactose	155-164	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	146-150
16096344-1	2005	MGL1/CD301a is a C-type lectin that recognizes galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine as monosaccharides and is expressed on limited populations of macrophages and dendritic cells at least in adult mice.	Galactose	47-56	C-type lectin domain family 10, member A	Mus musculus	0-4
16096344-1	2005	MGL1/CD301a is a C-type lectin that recognizes galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine as monosaccharides and is expressed on limited populations of macrophages and dendritic cells at least in adult mice.	Galactose	47-56	C-type lectin domain family 10, member A	Mus musculus	5-11
16261231-1	2005	A SOD-like activity evaluated by a modified McCord-Fridovich test was evidenced for two Co(II) complexes built from "glycoligands" using a sugar platform derived from d-galactose and D-galactal and functionalized by three 2-picolyl groups.	Galactose	167-178	mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II	Homo sapiens	88-94
16858969-1	2005	Galactosemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of galactose metabolism, which occurs as a consequence of a deficiency of one of these three enzymes: galactokinase, galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, and uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase, leading to elevated level of galactose and its metabolites in blood.	Galactose	55-64	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	154-167
16208626-10	2005	Induction of GST-P positive foci in the group given DMH at 84 hours after a single administration of d-gal was significantly greater than in the control group, correlating with the kinetics of cell proliferation.	Galactose	101-106	glutathione S-transferase pi 1	Rattus norvegicus	13-18
16858969-1	2005	Galactosemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of galactose metabolism, which occurs as a consequence of a deficiency of one of these three enzymes: galactokinase, galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, and uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase, leading to elevated level of galactose and its metabolites in blood.	Galactose	55-64	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	169-208
16157350-1	2005	beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase-I (beta4Gal-T1) transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues of the branched N-linked oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins.	Galactose	57-66	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	34-45
16335985-3	2005	As a test system, lactose derivatized ELP was used to selectively purify a galactose-specific binding lectin through simple temperature-triggered precipitation in a high level of efficiency.	Galactose	75-84	nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 1	Homo sapiens	38-41
16169270-9	2005	Remarkably, genes involved in inositol biosynthesis and turnover were exclusively induced at high level in the galactose-intoxicated GALT-deficient cells.	Galactose	111-120	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	133-137
16160853-1	2005	The ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to utilize galactose is regulated by the nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of a transcriptional repressor, the Gal80 protein.	Galactose	51-60	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	146-151
16160853-3	2005	In response to galactose, the relative amounts of Gal80 in the cytoplasm and the nucleus are modulated by the action of a signal transducer, Gal3.	Galactose	15-24	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	50-55
16160853-3	2005	In response to galactose, the relative amounts of Gal80 in the cytoplasm and the nucleus are modulated by the action of a signal transducer, Gal3.	Galactose	15-24	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	141-145
16160853-4	2005	Although it has been speculated that Gal3 binds galactose, this has not been experimentally demonstrated.	Galactose	48-57	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	37-41
16160853-5	2005	In this study, we show that replacement of a conserved tyrosine in Gal3 by tryptophan leads to a reduction of its constitutive activity in the absence of galactose.	Galactose	154-163	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	67-71
16169270-3	2005	Here we report the use of high-throughput DNA microarray to examine how galactose affects gene expression in isogenic yeast models that are deficient in either galactokinase (GALK) or GALT, two enzymes which are essential for normal galactose metabolism.	Galactose	72-81	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	175-179
16169270-3	2005	Here we report the use of high-throughput DNA microarray to examine how galactose affects gene expression in isogenic yeast models that are deficient in either galactokinase (GALK) or GALT, two enzymes which are essential for normal galactose metabolism.	Galactose	72-81	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	184-188
16169270-3	2005	Here we report the use of high-throughput DNA microarray to examine how galactose affects gene expression in isogenic yeast models that are deficient in either galactokinase (GALK) or GALT, two enzymes which are essential for normal galactose metabolism.	Galactose	233-242	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	184-188
16169270-4	2005	We confirmed that the growth of our GALT-deficient, but not GALK-deficient yeast strain ceased 4 h after challenge with 0.2% galactose.	Galactose	125-134	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	36-40
16169270-7	2005	We revealed that in the absence of galactose challenge, a subset of genes involved in RNA metabolism was expressed at a level 3-fold lower in the GALT-deficient cells.	Galactose	35-44	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	146-150
16169270-8	2005	Upon galactose challenge, significantly more genes involved in various aspects of RNA metabolism and almost all ribosomal protein genes were downregulated in the GALT-deficient, but not GALK-deficient cells.	Galactose	5-14	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	162-166
15880573-3	2005	Galactose, the hydrolyzing product of the milk sugar lactose, has been hypothesized to be toxic to ovarian epithelial cells and consumption of dairy products and lactase persistence has been suggested to be a risk factor for ovarian carcinoma.	Galactose	0-9	lactase	Homo sapiens	162-169
16084108-6	2005	Incorporation of an incubation step with a solid-phase galactose-binding lectin (Erythrina crista-galli), effectively mimicking passage through the liver in vivo, renders the in vitro bioassay sensitive to desialylation, such that Epo desialylated almost to completion had &lt;10% of the activity of untreated Epo.	Galactose	55-64	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	231-234
16151635-5	2005	In conclusion, the caspase-independent death of LHON cybrids incubated in galactose medium is triggered by rapid ATP depletion and mediated by AIF and EndoG.	Galactose	74-83	apoptosis inducing factor mitochondria associated 1	Homo sapiens	143-146
16151635-5	2005	In conclusion, the caspase-independent death of LHON cybrids incubated in galactose medium is triggered by rapid ATP depletion and mediated by AIF and EndoG.	Galactose	74-83	endonuclease G	Homo sapiens	151-156
16153775-2	2005	Binding to the d-galactose specific lectin IB4 was found in 73% of P2X(3)-positive neurons while only 16% of IB4 neurons expressed P2X(3).	Galactose	15-26	purinergic receptor P2X 3	Homo sapiens	67-73
16006554-1	2005	Galactokinase plays a key role in normal galactose metabolism by catalyzing the conversion of alpha-d-galactose to galactose 1-phosphate.	Galactose	41-50	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
16006554-1	2005	Galactokinase plays a key role in normal galactose metabolism by catalyzing the conversion of alpha-d-galactose to galactose 1-phosphate.	Galactose	94-111	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
16006554-5	2005	Recent reports have shown that this second gene (GALK2) encodes an enzyme with greater activity against GalNAc than galactose.	Galactose	116-125	galactokinase 2	Homo sapiens	49-54
15888732-6	2005	AQN1 showed a broad carbohydrate-binding pattern as it recognizes both alpha- and beta-linked galactose as well as Manalpha1-3(Manalpha1-6)Man structures, whereas AWN bound only the galactose species.	Galactose	94-103	carbohydrate-binding protein AQN-1	Sus scrofa	0-4
15998719-1	2005	The inhibitor of galactose catabolic (GAL) gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Gal80p, interacts with the activator Gal4p and the signal transducer Gal3p and self-associates.	Galactose	17-26	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	88-94
15998719-1	2005	The inhibitor of galactose catabolic (GAL) gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Gal80p, interacts with the activator Gal4p and the signal transducer Gal3p and self-associates.	Galactose	17-26	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	125-130
15998719-1	2005	The inhibitor of galactose catabolic (GAL) gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Gal80p, interacts with the activator Gal4p and the signal transducer Gal3p and self-associates.	Galactose	17-26	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	157-162
15891899-7	2005	Therefore, AtUTr2 is a nucleotide sugar transporter capable of transporting UDP-galactose that may play an important role in the synthesis of galactose-containing glycoconjugates in Arabidopsis.	Galactose	80-89	UDP-galactose transporter 2	Arabidopsis thaliana	11-17
16129482-5	2005	The neutral polysaccharide (ASP1) was rich in glucose, galactose, and arabinose suggesting a mixture of glucan and arabinogalactan.	Galactose	55-64	audiogenic seizure prone 1	Mus musculus	28-32
16129482-6	2005	The acidic polysaccharide (ASP2, ASP3) consisted mainly of galacturonic acid along with rhamnose, arabinose, and galactose indicating a pectic polysaccharide.	Galactose	113-122	audiogenic seizure prone 2	Mus musculus	27-31
16129482-6	2005	The acidic polysaccharide (ASP2, ASP3) consisted mainly of galacturonic acid along with rhamnose, arabinose, and galactose indicating a pectic polysaccharide.	Galactose	113-122	audiogenic seizure prone 3	Mus musculus	33-37
16159142-1	2005	A novel N-linked oligosaccharide (N-glycan) with "beta1-4 bisecting branch (galactose beta1-4 bisecting N-acetylglucosamine)" was found in human serum IgG.	Galactose	76-85	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	50-57
16159142-1	2005	A novel N-linked oligosaccharide (N-glycan) with "beta1-4 bisecting branch (galactose beta1-4 bisecting N-acetylglucosamine)" was found in human serum IgG.	Galactose	76-85	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	86-93
16084108-6	2005	Incorporation of an incubation step with a solid-phase galactose-binding lectin (Erythrina crista-galli), effectively mimicking passage through the liver in vivo, renders the in vitro bioassay sensitive to desialylation, such that Epo desialylated almost to completion had &lt;10% of the activity of untreated Epo.	Galactose	55-64	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	310-313
16056128-0	2005	GM1 ganglioside prevented the decline of hippocampal neurogenesis associated with D-galactose.	Galactose	82-93	coenzyme Q10A	Mus musculus	0-3
16078069-4	2005	The complete polypeptide of the recombinant hCMP was produced and secreted in a culture medium by both the strains, but the highest production was observed in S. cerevisiae with a galactose-inducible promoter.	Galactose	180-189	matrilin 1	Homo sapiens	44-48
16167200-9	2005	Frontal cortex and hippocampus AChE was significantly inhibited by Gal derivatives, whereas hypothalamus AChE activity remained unaltered possibly due to the histologically different innervation of this area.	Galactose	67-70	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	31-35
16158256-0	2005	Role of E-cadherin molecules in spheroid formation of hepatocytes adhered on galactose-carrying polymer as an artificial asialoglycoprotein model.	Galactose	77-86	cadherin 1	Homo sapiens	8-18
16056128-5	2005	GM1 significantly increased the proliferation, long-term survival and neuronal differentiation of hippocampal progenitors that had been injured with D-galactose.	Galactose	149-160	coenzyme Q10A	Mus musculus	0-3
16100442-0	2005	Epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses galactose-alpha1,4-galactose-1beta,4-glucose ceramide expression in TNF-alpha stimulated human intestinal epithelial cells through inhibition of MAPKs and NF-kappaB.	Galactose	38-47	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	106-115
15922307-5	2005	Weak acid treatment or digestion with Clostridium perfringens sialidase reduced Raft.2 binding to LBP on nitrocellulose sheets and [(14)C]galactose was incorporated into LBP, indicating LBP to have a sialylated carbohydrate moiety.	Galactose	138-147	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	170-173
15922307-5	2005	Weak acid treatment or digestion with Clostridium perfringens sialidase reduced Raft.2 binding to LBP on nitrocellulose sheets and [(14)C]galactose was incorporated into LBP, indicating LBP to have a sialylated carbohydrate moiety.	Galactose	138-147	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	170-173
15818560-0	2005	Gene-expression profiles for five key glycosylation genes for galactose-fed CHO cells expressing recombinant IL-4/13 cytokine trap.	Galactose	62-71	interleukin-4	Cricetulus griseus	109-113
15784728-0	2005	Lack of antigen-specific tissue remodeling in mice deficient in the macrophage galactose-type calcium-type lectin 1/CD301a.	Galactose	79-88	C-type lectin domain family 10, member A	Mus musculus	116-122
16154905-6	2005	When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, all three GLUT11 isoforms transport glucose and fructose but not galactose.	Galactose	100-109	solute carrier family 2 member 11 gene 2 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	45-51
15938646-0	2005	Insights into the role of the aromatic residue in galactose-binding sites: MP2/6-311G++** study on galactose- and glucose-aromatic residue analogue complexes.	Galactose	50-59	tryptase pseudogene 1	Homo sapiens	75-78
15938646-0	2005	Insights into the role of the aromatic residue in galactose-binding sites: MP2/6-311G++** study on galactose- and glucose-aromatic residue analogue complexes.	Galactose	99-108	tryptase pseudogene 1	Homo sapiens	75-78
15938646-5	2005	In view of this, MP2/6-311G++** calculations were performed on galactose- and glucose-aromatic residue analogue complexes in eight position-orientations.	Galactose	63-72	tryptase pseudogene 1	Homo sapiens	17-20
15896708-3	2005	We show that Anc1 is required for growth on galactose as the sole carbon source, and that it is recruited to the UAS of the GAL1 gene after induction.	Galactose	44-53	TATA-binding protein-associated factor TAF14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	13-17
15954905-12	2005	More important, the exposures of 2,6 sialic acid and Gal were significantly decreased, especially in patients with focal proliferative and sclerosing IgAN compared with that in patients with mild mesangial proliferative IgAN (0.91 +/- 0.34 vs. 1.05 +/- 0.25) (P= 0.014) (0.108 +/- 0.137 vs. 0.221 +/- 0.219) (P= 0.018).	Galactose	53-56	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	150-154
15954905-12	2005	More important, the exposures of 2,6 sialic acid and Gal were significantly decreased, especially in patients with focal proliferative and sclerosing IgAN compared with that in patients with mild mesangial proliferative IgAN (0.91 +/- 0.34 vs. 1.05 +/- 0.25) (P= 0.014) (0.108 +/- 0.137 vs. 0.221 +/- 0.219) (P= 0.018).	Galactose	53-56	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	220-224
15902270-4	2005	A partial deletion of the GAL10 downstream region leads to transcription through the downstream GAL7 promoter, resulting in the inability of cells to grow on galactose.	Galactose	158-167	Charcot-Leyden crystal galectin	Homo sapiens	26-31
15902270-4	2005	A partial deletion of the GAL10 downstream region leads to transcription through the downstream GAL7 promoter, resulting in the inability of cells to grow on galactose.	Galactose	158-167	galectin 7B	Homo sapiens	96-100
15818560-3	2005	In this study, the effects of galactose feeding on the gene-expression profiles for five key glycosylation-related genes were determined for Chinese hamster ovary cells producing a recombinant IL-4/13 cytokine trap fusion.	Galactose	30-39	interleukin-4	Cricetulus griseus	193-197
15818560-12	2005	Thus, galactose feeding is an unnecessary expense for the production of the IL-4/13 cytokine trap fusion protein in a batch process.	Galactose	6-15	interleukin-4	Cricetulus griseus	76-80
15889097-5	2005	Of the two positive feedback loops, only the loop mediated by the cytoplasmic signal transducer Gal3p is able to generate two stable expression states with a persistent memory of previous galactose consumption states.	Galactose	188-197	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	96-101
15946216-8	2005	The FVIII heavy chain-ASGPR interaction required calcium ions and was inhibited by soluble D-galactose.	Galactose	91-102	coagulation factor VIII	Mus musculus	4-9
15840645-7	2005	Glycosyl composition and linkage analyses of purified GFP-AtAGP17 showed that carbohydrate accounted for approximately 86% of the molecule, with arabinose and galactose as major, and rhamnose and glucuronic acid as minor glycosyl residues and with 1,3,6-galactose, 1,4-glucuronic acid, 1,3-galactose and terminal arabinose as major linkages.	Galactose	159-168	arabinogalactan protein 17	Arabidopsis thaliana	58-65
15885467-5	2005	By galactose-specific aggregation test of particles using beta-galactose specific lectin, and flow cytometry measurement, specific interaction between asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPR) of HepG2, human hepatoma cell line, and galactose moieties of the GEG nanoparticles was confirmed.	Galactose	3-12	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	151-179
15885467-6	2005	From cell cytotoxicity test, HepG2 cells with ASGPR are more sensitive to paclitaxel (TX)-loaded nanoparticles than free TX whereas, P388 cells, murine leukemia cell line, and SK-Hep 01, human hepatoma cell line, without ASGPR is less sensitive to TX-loaded nanoparticles than free TX, suggesting that specific interaction between HepG2 cells and galactose moiety of the nanoparticles occurred.	Galactose	347-356	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	46-51
15759128-6	2005	This selective affinity of PBs to CS is in sharp contrast with tau-positive structures of corticobasal degeneration/progressive supranuclear palsy, which are positive for GAL but not for CS, as we reported previously.	Galactose	171-174	microtubule associated protein tau	Homo sapiens	63-66
15759128-7	2005	This contrast is explainable if the argyrophilia with CS is related to deposits containing 3R tau, while that with GAL is linked to those containing four-repeat (4R) tau.	Galactose	115-118	microtubule associated protein tau	Homo sapiens	166-169
15759128-8	2005	Indeed, NFTs, containing both 3R and 4R tau, are positive for both CS and GAL, as expected.	Galactose	74-77	microtubule associated protein tau	Homo sapiens	40-43
15728577-12	2005	The alpha1-3 and alpha1-6 arms are always galactose beta1-4 N-acetylglucosamine beta1-2 mannose, and either or both arms can be unsialidated or monosialidated.	Galactose	42-51	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	4-25
15870279-0	2005	Dynamical remodeling of the transcriptome during short-term anaerobiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: differential response and role of Msn2 and/or Msn4 and other factors in galactose and glucose media.	Galactose	174-183	stress-responsive transcriptional activator MSN4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	148-152
15870279-2	2005	Upon shifting cells to anaerobic conditions in galactose medium, there was an acute ( approximately 10 min) yet transient (&lt;45 min) induction of Msn2- and/or Msn4-regulated genes associated with the remodeling of reserve energy and catabolic pathways during the switch from mixed respiro-fermentative to strictly fermentative growth.	Galactose	47-56	stress-responsive transcriptional activator MSN2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	148-152
15870279-2	2005	Upon shifting cells to anaerobic conditions in galactose medium, there was an acute ( approximately 10 min) yet transient (&lt;45 min) induction of Msn2- and/or Msn4-regulated genes associated with the remodeling of reserve energy and catabolic pathways during the switch from mixed respiro-fermentative to strictly fermentative growth.	Galactose	47-56	stress-responsive transcriptional activator MSN4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	161-165
15976715-2	2005	Galactosemia is an inherited metabolic disorder due to a defect in one of the three enzymes required to fully metabolize the galactose in glucose: the galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase.	Galactose	125-134	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	151-190
15753097-6	2005	We found that this PrP potently suppressed the death of yeast cells expressing mammalian Bax under control of a galactose-inducible promoter.	Galactose	112-121	prion protein	Homo sapiens	19-22
15849781-6	2005	The widely used S. cerevisiae GAL1 and CUP1 promoters both require the addition of an inducer [galactose and copper(II) ion, respectively] before regulated genes will be expressed.	Galactose	95-104	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	30-34
15753097-6	2005	We found that this PrP potently suppressed the death of yeast cells expressing mammalian Bax under control of a galactose-inducible promoter.	Galactose	112-121	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	89-92
15844985-2	2005	Glucose, galactose, and N-acetylneuraminic acid were covalently coupled to 3-morphorlinosydnonimine (SIN-1), a mesoionic heterocyclic NO donor, via a carbamate linkage at the anomeric position.	Galactose	9-18	MAPK associated protein 1	Homo sapiens	101-106
15849781-6	2005	The widely used S. cerevisiae GAL1 and CUP1 promoters both require the addition of an inducer [galactose and copper(II) ion, respectively] before regulated genes will be expressed.	Galactose	95-104	metallothionein CUP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	39-43
15634687-5	2005	Using hsp70, anti-SGC, and anti-pY antibodies, ligand binding is retained following phosphate/sulfate and tyrosine/galactose substitution in SGC and sulfate/phosphate exchange in pY.	Galactose	115-124	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 4	Homo sapiens	6-11
15591410-7	2005	Binding, aggregation, and enhancement of phagocytosis by recombinant rat SP-D was completely blocked by EDTA and inhibited by d-maltose and to a lesser extent by d-galactose, indicating the involvement of the carbohydrate recognition domain of SP-D in these functions.	Galactose	162-173	surfactant protein D	Rattus norvegicus	73-77
15695361-3	2005	Galactose triggers an association between Gal3 and Gal80, relieving Gal80 inhibition of Gal4.	Galactose	0-9	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	42-46
15695361-3	2005	Galactose triggers an association between Gal3 and Gal80, relieving Gal80 inhibition of Gal4.	Galactose	0-9	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	51-56
15695361-3	2005	Galactose triggers an association between Gal3 and Gal80, relieving Gal80 inhibition of Gal4.	Galactose	0-9	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	68-73
15701638-0	2005	Mediators of galactose sensitivity in UDP-galactose 4"-epimerase-impaired mammalian cells.	Galactose	13-22	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	38-64
15701638-1	2005	UDP-galactose 4"-epimerase (GALE) catalyzes the final step in the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism, interconverting UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose.	Galactose	4-13	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	28-32
15701638-7	2005	We found that GALE-null cells accumulated abnormally high levels of Gal-1-P and UDP-Gal and abnormally low levels of UDP-Glc and UDP-GlcNAc in the presence of galactose and that human GALE expression corrected each of these defects.	Galactose	159-168	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	14-18
15695361-3	2005	Galactose triggers an association between Gal3 and Gal80, relieving Gal80 inhibition of Gal4.	Galactose	0-9	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	88-92
15696522-3	2005	As expected, the gal1 Delta strain did not use galactose, and showed high levels of HSA expression, even at extremely low galactose concentrations (0.05-0.1 g/L).	Galactose	47-56	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	17-21
15696522-3	2005	As expected, the gal1 Delta strain did not use galactose, and showed high levels of HSA expression, even at extremely low galactose concentrations (0.05-0.1 g/L).	Galactose	122-131	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	17-21
15537792-2	2005	We isolated the XEEL protein from the extract of tailbud embryos by affinity chromatography on a galactose-Sepharose column.	Galactose	97-106	intelectin 1 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	16-20
15727828-7	2005	Growth of gal7, gal10 and gal3 also exhibited reduced fitness in galactose medium.	Galactose	65-74	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	10-14
15727828-7	2005	Growth of gal7, gal10 and gal3 also exhibited reduced fitness in galactose medium.	Galactose	65-74	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	16-21
15727828-7	2005	Growth of gal7, gal10 and gal3 also exhibited reduced fitness in galactose medium.	Galactose	65-74	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	26-30
15590630-1	2005	Galactokinase functions in the Leloir pathway for galactose metabolism by catalyzing the MgATP-dependent phosphorylation of the C-1 hydroxyl group of alpha-D-galactose.	Galactose	50-59	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
15590630-1	2005	Galactokinase functions in the Leloir pathway for galactose metabolism by catalyzing the MgATP-dependent phosphorylation of the C-1 hydroxyl group of alpha-D-galactose.	Galactose	150-167	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
15590630-4	2005	Here we report the three-dimensional architecture of human galactokinase with bound alpha-D-galactose and Mg-AMPPNP.	Galactose	84-101	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	59-72
15619127-5	2005	NFTs of DS/AD, containing three- and four-repeat tau, were positive for TR, GAL and CS.	Galactose	76-79	microtubule associated protein tau	Homo sapiens	49-52
15619127-7	2005	This discrepancy is explainable if the argyrophilia with GAL is related to deposits containing four-repeat tau, while that with CS is linked to those containing three-repeat tau.	Galactose	57-60	microtubule associated protein tau	Homo sapiens	107-110
15591125-3	2005	We now document that expression of the two members of the mouse macrophage galactose-type C-type lectin gene family (mMGL1 and mMGL2) is induced in diverse populations of aaMF, including peritoneal macrophages elicited during infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei brucei or the Helminth Taenia crassiceps and alveolar macrophages elicited in a mouse model of allergic asthma.	Galactose	75-84	C-type lectin domain family 10, member A	Mus musculus	117-122
15591125-3	2005	We now document that expression of the two members of the mouse macrophage galactose-type C-type lectin gene family (mMGL1 and mMGL2) is induced in diverse populations of aaMF, including peritoneal macrophages elicited during infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei brucei or the Helminth Taenia crassiceps and alveolar macrophages elicited in a mouse model of allergic asthma.	Galactose	75-84	macrophage galactose N-acetyl-galactosamine specific lectin 2	Mus musculus	127-132
15681113-1	2005	OBJECTIVE: Classical galactosaemia is characterized by high levels of galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1-P), galactose and galactitol.	Galactose	70-79	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	93-98
15654820-9	2005	The interaction between the TSHR and CRD-Fc was calcium-dependent; it was inhibited by mannose (not galactose), and required a glycosylated TSHR A-subunit.	Galactose	100-109	thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Homo sapiens	28-32
15778929-8	2005	In conclusion, galactose with guar gum increased and extended the GLP-1 release due to breakfast in women, but not in men.	Galactose	15-24	glucagon like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens	66-71
15704215-6	2005	In consonance with this, expression of LGT1 in S. cerevisiae was high in media containing 4% of glucose and almost undetectable in galactose as sole carbon source.	Galactose	131-140	hexose transporter HXT4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	39-43
15702085-3	2005	LIF-/- mice have heightened sensitivity to LPS in a LPS/D-galactosamine (D-Gal) sensitization model compared to wild-type mice (LIF+/+), enhanced thrombocytopenia and leukopenia, with increased hepatic necrosis, neutrophil sequestration in the lung and accelerated mortality.	Galactose	73-78	leukemia inhibitory factor	Mus musculus	0-3
15651048-0	2005	Oligosaccharide mimics containing galactose and fucose specifically label tumour cell surfaces and inhibit cell adhesion to fibronectin.	Galactose	34-43	fibronectin 1	Mus musculus	124-135
15658879-10	2005	However, when galactose- and lactose-GA were incubated with beta-galactosidase in the cells, their anticancer activity was enhanced by 3- to 40-fold.	Galactose	14-23	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	60-78
15670814-5	2005	We hypothesize that GAL1 induction in gal3 cells exposed to galactose is due to a stochastic decrease in the repressor, Gal80p concentration, leading to heterogeneity in the population.	Galactose	60-69	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	20-24
15670814-5	2005	We hypothesize that GAL1 induction in gal3 cells exposed to galactose is due to a stochastic decrease in the repressor, Gal80p concentration, leading to heterogeneity in the population.	Galactose	60-69	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	38-42
15670814-5	2005	We hypothesize that GAL1 induction in gal3 cells exposed to galactose is due to a stochastic decrease in the repressor, Gal80p concentration, leading to heterogeneity in the population.	Galactose	60-69	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	120-126
15658879-12	2005	Therefore, galactose-GA can be exploited in antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) with beta-galactosidase for enzyme-specific activation in tumors to increase tumor selectivity.	Galactose	11-20	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	98-116
15452127-4	2004	Following analyses of N- and O-linked glycoconjugates of srf-3 and wild type nematodes using a combination of enzymatic degradation, permethylation, and mass spectrometry, we found in srf-3 a 65% reduction of acidic O-linked glycoconjugates containing glucuronic acid and galactose as well as a reduction of N-linked glycoconjugates containing galactose and fucose.	Galactose	272-281	UDP-galactose/UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter srf-3	Caenorhabditis elegans	184-189
15877205-5	2005	Once she was begun on an elemental formula (galactose-free), gal-1-P levels decreased rapidly to within the treatment range.	Galactose	44-53	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	61-66
15836737-2	2005	METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, we designed a series of constructs for the expression of the chicken lactate dehydrogenase (cldh) gene under the control of galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter and the high glucose-inducible HXT1 promoter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	160-169	avian beta-defensin 1	Gallus gallus	180-184
15836737-5	2005	In the presence of galactose, when the GAL1 promoter was linked with the intronic HXT1 promoter, the cldh gene showed 1.5-fold activity compared with single GAL1 promoter, while in the presence of glucose, the construct showed over twofold activity compared with that without splicing sequences.	Galactose	19-28	avian beta-defensin 1	Gallus gallus	39-43
15836737-5	2005	In the presence of galactose, when the GAL1 promoter was linked with the intronic HXT1 promoter, the cldh gene showed 1.5-fold activity compared with single GAL1 promoter, while in the presence of glucose, the construct showed over twofold activity compared with that without splicing sequences.	Galactose	19-28	avian beta-defensin 1	Gallus gallus	157-161
16805112-2	2005	All mammals, apart from white Northern Europeans and few tribes in Africa and Asia, lose most of their lactase, the enzyme that cleaves lactose into galactose and glucose, after weaning.	Galactose	149-158	lactase	Homo sapiens	103-110
15452127-4	2004	Following analyses of N- and O-linked glycoconjugates of srf-3 and wild type nematodes using a combination of enzymatic degradation, permethylation, and mass spectrometry, we found in srf-3 a 65% reduction of acidic O-linked glycoconjugates containing glucuronic acid and galactose as well as a reduction of N-linked glycoconjugates containing galactose and fucose.	Galactose	344-353	UDP-galactose/UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter srf-3	Caenorhabditis elegans	184-189
15522429-6	2004	Expression of zebrafish CYP1A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformants was induced by galactose to a maximum level of 493 pmol CYP1A per mg microsomal protein or about 8 nmol/l of culture.	Galactose	87-96	cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A	Danio rerio	24-29
15648108-3	2004	Through the confocal laser scanning microscopy, it is shown that the endocytosis by interaction between galactose ligands of GCPVP and ASGPR of the hepatocytes was the major route of transfection of GCPVP/F-plasmid complexes.	Galactose	104-113	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	135-140
15545387-1	2004	Lactase is a disaccharidase that is present in the brush-border membrane of the small intestine, hydrolyzes lactose to glucose and galactose, and is therefore important in milk-fed animals.	Galactose	131-140	lactase	Bos taurus	0-7
15364954-0	2004	Identification of sialoadhesin as a dominant lymph node counter-receptor for mouse macrophage galactose-type C-type lectin 1.	Galactose	94-103	sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 1, sialoadhesin	Mus musculus	18-30
15522429-6	2004	Expression of zebrafish CYP1A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformants was induced by galactose to a maximum level of 493 pmol CYP1A per mg microsomal protein or about 8 nmol/l of culture.	Galactose	87-96	cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A	Danio rerio	128-133
15579677-4	2004	Corresponding knockout mutants were tested for the ability to mobilize a galactose-inducible Ty3, marked with the HIS3 gene.	Galactose	73-82	imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase HIS3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	114-118
15491613-4	2004	beta-galactosidase and its complex with galactose solved by the SIRAS quick cryo-soaking technique at 1.90 A and 2.10 A resolution, respectively.	Galactose	40-49	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	0-18
15466549-2	2004	The galK knockout strain displayed only marginal growth on galactose, but growth on glucose or lactose was not affected.	Galactose	59-68	galactokinase	Streptococcus mutans UA159	4-8
15449940-1	2004	Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4Gal-T1) in the presence of manganese ion transfers galactose from UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal) to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) that is either free or linked to an oligosaccharide.	Galactose	88-97	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Bos taurus	32-43
15526155-2	2004	Galactokinase catalyzes the second step in this pathway, namely the conversion of alpha- D-galactose to galactose 1-phosphate.	Galactose	82-100	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
15498585-1	2004	UDP-Gal:GA2/GM2/GD2/GT2 galactosyltransferase (Gal-T2) transfers galactose to the terminal N-acetylgalactosamine of either the neutral glycolipid GA2 or of the gangliosides GM2, GD2 and GT2.	Galactose	65-74	UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 4	Mus musculus	0-45
15498585-1	2004	UDP-Gal:GA2/GM2/GD2/GT2 galactosyltransferase (Gal-T2) transfers galactose to the terminal N-acetylgalactosamine of either the neutral glycolipid GA2 or of the gangliosides GM2, GD2 and GT2.	Galactose	65-74	UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 4	Mus musculus	47-53
15498585-1	2004	UDP-Gal:GA2/GM2/GD2/GT2 galactosyltransferase (Gal-T2) transfers galactose to the terminal N-acetylgalactosamine of either the neutral glycolipid GA2 or of the gangliosides GM2, GD2 and GT2.	Galactose	65-74	guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha transducing 2	Mus musculus	20-23
15385957-4	2004	Here we show that recruitment of Swi/Snf to the galactose-inducible gene GAL1 cannot be fully achieved without the integrity of the Mediator complex, TAF IIs, and RNA polymerase II.	Galactose	48-57	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	73-77
15382922-1	2004	We report the thermodynamics of binding of d-galactose and deoxy derivatives thereof to the arabinose binding protein (ABP).	Galactose	43-54	sex hormone binding globulin	Homo sapiens	92-117
15468113-7	2004	For galactose-containing feruloylated compounds, losses of 60, 90 and 120 Da observed in MS3 experiment correspond to the production of 0,2A1, 0,3A1 and (0,2A1-60 Da) cross-ring cleavage ions, respectively, fixing the location of feruloyl group at the O-6 of the galactose residue.	Galactose	4-13	immunoglobulin kappa variable 1D-35 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	252-255
15358377-6	2004	A galactose-containing buffer (25 mM citrate-phosphate buffer, pH 5.5, with 0.1 M galactose, and 0.1 M NaCl) was used to elute alpha-Gal A.	Galactose	2-11	galactosidase alpha	Homo sapiens	127-138
15382922-1	2004	We report the thermodynamics of binding of d-galactose and deoxy derivatives thereof to the arabinose binding protein (ABP).	Galactose	43-54	sex hormone binding globulin	Homo sapiens	119-122
15356173-4	2004	After injection of LPS/2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose (D-gal), CD137-/- mice had reduced serum cytokine levels and substantially impaired liver IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha mRNA levels.	Galactose	39-44	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 9	Mus musculus	60-65
15347746-0	2004	New roles for CDC25 in growth control, galactose regulation and cellular differentiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	39-48	Ras family guanine nucleotide exchange factor CDC25	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	14-19
15190003-7	2004	Furthermore, through expression of a Golgi-localized fusion protein comprising UDP-glucose 4-epimerase and beta-1,4-galactosyl transferase activities we demonstrate that this structure is a substrate for highly efficient in vivo galactose addition.	Galactose	229-238	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	79-102
15506643-10	2004	TMP could markedly (1) attenuate cognitive dysfunction, (2) lower MDA content and elevate SOD activity, (3) increase the activity of ChAT and AChE, and M-cholinergic receptor binding sites in the cortex in the mice treated with D-gal.	Galactose	228-233	choline acetyltransferase	Mus musculus	133-137
15347746-7	2004	However, CDC25 is essential for growth in galactose, in non-fermentable carbon sources and under continuous incubation at 38 degrees C. In conclusion, the function of the catalytic, C-terminal domain of Cdc25p is not only important for fermentative growth, but also for growth in non-fermentable carbon sources and to trigger galactose derepression.	Galactose	42-51	Ras family guanine nucleotide exchange factor CDC25	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	9-14
15347746-7	2004	However, CDC25 is essential for growth in galactose, in non-fermentable carbon sources and under continuous incubation at 38 degrees C. In conclusion, the function of the catalytic, C-terminal domain of Cdc25p is not only important for fermentative growth, but also for growth in non-fermentable carbon sources and to trigger galactose derepression.	Galactose	42-51	Ras family guanine nucleotide exchange factor CDC25	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	203-209
15044396-5	2004	However, we found the sialic acid alpha2-3 galactose linkage as an additional terminal carbohydrate structure on seminal fluid PSA.	Galactose	43-52	kallikrein related peptidase 3	Homo sapiens	127-130
15213142-1	2004	Immunity to Entamoeba species intestinal infection is associated with the presence of intestinal IgA antibodies against the parasite"s galactose-inhibitable adherence lectin.	Galactose	135-144	CD79A antigen (immunoglobulin-associated alpha)	Mus musculus	97-100
15506292-1	2004	OBJECTIVE: To investigate anti-aging effect and mechanism of Cordyceps extract(CSE) on aged mice induced by D-galactose.	Galactose	108-119	cystathionase (cystathionine gamma-lyase)	Mus musculus	79-82
15487706-1	2004	Alpha(1,2)-fucosyltransferase catalyzes the transfer of fucose to the C-2 position of galactose on type II precursor substrate Gal beta1-4GlcNAc beta1-R.	Galactose	86-95	fucosyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	0-29
15264873-3	2004	Therefore, we developed an improved agent 99mTc-neolactosyl human serum albumin (LSA) which contains a terminal galactose.	Galactose	112-121	albumin	Rattus norvegicus	66-79
15220205-3	2004	CNTF treatment from the onset of 8 weeks of galactose feeding prevented nerve conduction slowing in a dose-dependent manner.	Galactose	44-53	ciliary neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
15213142-3	2004	These findings were correlated with the effects of epitope-specific murine antilectin immunoglobulin A (IgA) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) on amebic in vitro galactose-specific adherence.	Galactose	157-166	CD79A antigen (immunoglobulin-associated alpha)	Mus musculus	104-107
15136555-7	2004	The dominant specificity for langerin is unique so far: a Lewisx-related sequence with sulfate at position 6 of the terminal galactose.	Galactose	125-134	CD207 antigen	Mus musculus	29-37
15238070-5	2004	Most self-components are protected with sialic acid or galactose that disrupt the pattern of the sugars that MBL can bind, but MBL may be significantly involved in the elimination of self-components that have lost these protective terminal residues.	Galactose	55-64	mannose binding lectin 2	Homo sapiens	109-112
15196126-2	2004	Humans lack the galactose-alpha1,3-galactose (alphaGal) epitope on endothelial cell surfaces and therefore have preformed anti-alphaGal antibodies.	Galactose	16-25	glycoprotein galactosyltransferase alpha 1, 3	Mus musculus	46-54
14740195-3	2004	The expression cassette for the fusion protein in S. cerevisiae was constructed using the alpha-amylase signal peptide and the galactose-inducible GAL10 promoter.	Galactose	127-136	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	147-152
15172000-5	2004	As much as 58% of the administered galactose was oxidized to 13CO2 in 24 h. The pathways involved remain to be determined but a significant amount may be metabolized by non-GALT pathways since a patient homozygous for gene deletion had an oxidative capability.	Galactose	35-44	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	173-177
15081399-0	2004	Involvement of PKC and PKA in the inhibitory effect of leptin on intestinal galactose absorption.	Galactose	76-85	protein kinase C, gamma	Rattus norvegicus	15-18
15026423-1	2004	Galactose mutarotase catalyzes the conversion of beta-d-galactose to alpha-d-galactose during normal galactose metabolism.	Galactose	69-86	galactose mutarotase	Homo sapiens	0-20
15026423-1	2004	Galactose mutarotase catalyzes the conversion of beta-d-galactose to alpha-d-galactose during normal galactose metabolism.	Galactose	56-65	galactose mutarotase	Homo sapiens	0-20
15081399-0	2004	Involvement of PKC and PKA in the inhibitory effect of leptin on intestinal galactose absorption.	Galactose	76-85	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	55-61
15081399-1	2004	Studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that leptin inhibits galactose absorption in vitro by acting on the Na(+)/glucose cotransporter SGLT1.	Galactose	67-76	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	51-57
15081399-1	2004	Studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that leptin inhibits galactose absorption in vitro by acting on the Na(+)/glucose cotransporter SGLT1.	Galactose	67-76	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	142-147
15081399-3	2004	Inhibition of 1 mM galactose uptake by 0.2 nM leptin is blocked by 2 microM chelerythrine, a PKC inhibitor, which by itself does not affect galactose uptake.	Galactose	19-28	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	46-52
15081399-3	2004	Inhibition of 1 mM galactose uptake by 0.2 nM leptin is blocked by 2 microM chelerythrine, a PKC inhibitor, which by itself does not affect galactose uptake.	Galactose	19-28	protein kinase C, gamma	Rattus norvegicus	93-96
15081399-6	2004	These findings indicate that the activation of PKC is more relevant than PKA activation in the inhibition of galactose absorption by leptin.	Galactose	109-118	protein kinase C, gamma	Rattus norvegicus	47-50
15081399-6	2004	These findings indicate that the activation of PKC is more relevant than PKA activation in the inhibition of galactose absorption by leptin.	Galactose	109-118	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	133-139
14748740-4	2004	In the present study, we show that the 145 kDa form of GC-C contains sialic acid and galactose residues and is present on the PM (plasma membrane) of cells, whereas the 130 kDa form is a high mannose form that is resident in the endoplasmic reticulum and serves as the precursor for the PM-associated form.	Galactose	85-94	natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens	55-59
15129282-4	2004	Here we show that LTA protein binds to galectin-2, a member of the galactose-binding lectin family.	Galactose	67-76	lymphotoxin alpha	Homo sapiens	18-21
15129282-4	2004	Here we show that LTA protein binds to galectin-2, a member of the galactose-binding lectin family.	Galactose	67-76	galectin 2	Homo sapiens	39-49
15111496-7	2004	Expression of GLUT4 was more abundant in IBAT and retroperitoneal fat from glucose- and fructose-fed animals than from diet- or galactose-fed rats.	Galactose	128-137	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	14-19
15183847-6	2004	This PSK-induced apoptosis was neutralized by the addition of galactose to the culture medium, whereas apoptosis was augmented by treatment with beta-galactosidase, indicating the inhibitory involvement of galactose in the mechanism of action.	Galactose	62-71	TAO kinase 2	Homo sapiens	5-8
15183847-6	2004	This PSK-induced apoptosis was neutralized by the addition of galactose to the culture medium, whereas apoptosis was augmented by treatment with beta-galactosidase, indicating the inhibitory involvement of galactose in the mechanism of action.	Galactose	206-215	TAO kinase 2	Homo sapiens	5-8
15183847-6	2004	This PSK-induced apoptosis was neutralized by the addition of galactose to the culture medium, whereas apoptosis was augmented by treatment with beta-galactosidase, indicating the inhibitory involvement of galactose in the mechanism of action.	Galactose	206-215	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	145-163
15033442-4	2004	Uptake of the primer by B16 cells resulted in the sialylation of the terminal galactose residue to afford an oligosaccharide with the same glycan structure as ganglioside GM3.	Galactose	78-87	granulocyte macrophage antigen 3	Mus musculus	171-174
15086888-1	2004	Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) patients exhibit circulating IgA1 with reduced galactose (Gal) and/or sialic acid (Neu5Ac) and increased exposure of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc).	Galactose	83-92	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	30-34
15086888-1	2004	Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) patients exhibit circulating IgA1 with reduced galactose (Gal) and/or sialic acid (Neu5Ac) and increased exposure of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc).	Galactose	83-92	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	65-69
15086888-1	2004	Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) patients exhibit circulating IgA1 with reduced galactose (Gal) and/or sialic acid (Neu5Ac) and increased exposure of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc).	Galactose	94-97	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	30-34
15086888-1	2004	Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) patients exhibit circulating IgA1 with reduced galactose (Gal) and/or sialic acid (Neu5Ac) and increased exposure of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc).	Galactose	94-97	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	65-69
15091323-11	2004	Polyol concentrations in the lenses were reduced by 50% in dogs fed the 40% galactose diet with the aldose reductase inhibitor, HAR-1.	Galactose	76-85	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	100-116
15093777-6	2004	S. cerevisiae cdc28-4 and cdc28-1N strains transformed with the pYES2- CnCdk1 construct exhibited growth at 36.5 degrees C in galactose-raffinose medium, but not in glucose medium.	Galactose	126-135	cyclin-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase CDC28	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	26-31
15481156-6	2004	Peritubular myoid cells in the undescended testis only reacted with PNA, after neuraminidase digestion, thus revealing the presence of D-galactose (beta1--&gt;3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and sialic acid.	Galactose	135-146	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 1	Homo sapiens	148-153
15003454-1	2004	Galactokinase (GalK) catalyses the first step of the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism, the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of galactose to galactose-1-phosphate.	Galactose	71-80	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
15003454-1	2004	Galactokinase (GalK) catalyses the first step of the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism, the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of galactose to galactose-1-phosphate.	Galactose	71-80	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	15-19
15003454-3	2004	The crystal structure of GalK from Pyrococcus furiosus in complex with MgADP and galactose has been determined to 2.9 A resolution to provide insights into the substrate specificity and catalytic mechanism of the enzyme.	Galactose	81-90	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	25-29
15003454-5	2004	Inspection of the substrate binding pocket identifies the amino acid residues involved in galactose and nucleotide binding and points to both structural and mechanistic similarities with other enzymes of the GHMP kinase superfamily to which GalK belongs.	Galactose	90-99	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	241-245
15003454-6	2004	Comparison of the sequence of the Gal3p inducer protein, which is related to GalK and which forms part of the transcriptional activation of the GAL gene cluster in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has led to an understanding of the molecular basis of galactose and nucleotide recognition.	Galactose	254-263	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	77-81
15202611-4	2004	RECENT FINDINGS: Galactose-deficient IgA1 forms macromolecular complexes that bind to mesangial cells and stimulate them to proliferate, synthesize various cytokines and chemokines, and secrete extracellular matrix proteins.	Galactose	17-26	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	37-41
15025531-2	2004	To study the interaction of HIV-1 gp120 with its reported alternate glycolipid receptors, galactosyl ceramide (GalCer) and sulfatide, galactose- and sulfated galactose-derivatized dendrimers were synthesized, analyzed as ligands for rgp120 by surface plasmon resonance, and tested for their ability to inhibit HIV-1 infection of CXCR4- and CCR5-expressing indicator cells.	Galactose	134-143	Envelope surface glycoprotein gp160, precursor	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	34-39
15025531-2	2004	To study the interaction of HIV-1 gp120 with its reported alternate glycolipid receptors, galactosyl ceramide (GalCer) and sulfatide, galactose- and sulfated galactose-derivatized dendrimers were synthesized, analyzed as ligands for rgp120 by surface plasmon resonance, and tested for their ability to inhibit HIV-1 infection of CXCR4- and CCR5-expressing indicator cells.	Galactose	158-167	Envelope surface glycoprotein gp160, precursor	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	34-39
14767511-0	2004	In vitro targeted killing of human endothelial cells by co-incubation of human serum and NGR peptide conjugated human albumin protein bearing alpha (1-3) galactose epitopes.	Galactose	154-163	reticulon 4 receptor	Homo sapiens	89-92
14988256-3	2004	PARP-deficient (PARP(-/-)) mice were protected from both diabetic and galactose-induced motor and sensory nerve conduction slowing and nerve energy failure that were clearly manifest in the wild-type (PARP(+/+)) diabetic or galactose-fed mice.	Galactose	70-79	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	0-4
15004055-1	2004	We have recently identified a 150-kDa surface antigen of Entamoeba histolytica as an intermediate subunit (Igl) of galactose- and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-inhibitable lectin, which is a cysteine-rich protein consisting of 1,101 amino acids (aa) and containing multiple CXXC motifs in amino acid sequences.	Galactose	115-124	immunoglobulin lambda locus	Homo sapiens	107-110
14988256-3	2004	PARP-deficient (PARP(-/-)) mice were protected from both diabetic and galactose-induced motor and sensory nerve conduction slowing and nerve energy failure that were clearly manifest in the wild-type (PARP(+/+)) diabetic or galactose-fed mice.	Galactose	70-79	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	16-20
14988256-3	2004	PARP-deficient (PARP(-/-)) mice were protected from both diabetic and galactose-induced motor and sensory nerve conduction slowing and nerve energy failure that were clearly manifest in the wild-type (PARP(+/+)) diabetic or galactose-fed mice.	Galactose	70-79	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	16-20
14988256-3	2004	PARP-deficient (PARP(-/-)) mice were protected from both diabetic and galactose-induced motor and sensory nerve conduction slowing and nerve energy failure that were clearly manifest in the wild-type (PARP(+/+)) diabetic or galactose-fed mice.	Galactose	224-233	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	0-4
14973160-8	2004	Ethylene restores the biosynthesis of galactose-containing xyloglucan and arabinosylated galactan cell wall polymers in rhd1 back to wild-type levels.	Galactose	38-47	NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	120-124
14741191-1	2004	Under conditions of dietary galactose loading, mice deficient in galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) accumulate large amounts of galactitol and galactonate in heart and skeletal muscle.	Galactose	28-37	galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase	Mus musculus	65-104
14990712-0	2004	Human macrophage C-type lectin specific for galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine promotes filovirus entry.	Galactose	44-53	C-type lectin domain family 4 member D	Homo sapiens	6-30
14990712-4	2004	Here, we demonstrate that a recently identified human macrophage galactose- and N-acetylgalactosamine-specific C-type lectin (hMGL), whose ligand specificity differs from DC-SIGN and L-SIGN, also enhances the infectivity of filoviruses.	Galactose	65-74	C-type lectin domain containing 10A	Homo sapiens	126-130
14990712-4	2004	Here, we demonstrate that a recently identified human macrophage galactose- and N-acetylgalactosamine-specific C-type lectin (hMGL), whose ligand specificity differs from DC-SIGN and L-SIGN, also enhances the infectivity of filoviruses.	Galactose	65-74	C-type lectin domain family 4 member M	Homo sapiens	183-189
15128041-5	2004	CR3-to-GPI-80 proximity was blocked by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NADG), but not by other monosaccharides such as D-mannose, fructose, fucose, glucose, sorbitol, or galactose; molecular proximity was also disrupted by the glycolipid raft depleting agents 2-OH-propyl-betaCD and MbetaCD.	Galactose	162-171	vanin 2	Homo sapiens	7-13
14741191-1	2004	Under conditions of dietary galactose loading, mice deficient in galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) accumulate large amounts of galactitol and galactonate in heart and skeletal muscle.	Galactose	28-37	galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase	Mus musculus	106-110
14741191-5	2004	The data suggest that heart and skeletal muscle play a role in disposition of galactose when GALT activity is impaired, contributing a large share to urinary galactitol and galactonate excretion.	Galactose	78-87	galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase	Mus musculus	93-97
14671021-4	2004	To define the functional domain of AtBI-1 as a cell death suppressor, a truncated series of the AtBI-1 protein was analyzed in yeast possessing a galactose-inducible mammalian Bax.	Galactose	146-155	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	176-179
14730029-6	2004	Here we present a functional analysis of Snu13p in vivo, using a galactose inducible SNU13 strain to investigate the basis of three lethal mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	65-74	RNA binding protein SNU13	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	41-47
14730029-6	2004	Here we present a functional analysis of Snu13p in vivo, using a galactose inducible SNU13 strain to investigate the basis of three lethal mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	65-74	RNA binding protein SNU13	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	85-90
14698884-7	2004	The data reveal that sialoadhesin mainly recognizes the N-acetyl neuraminic acid and a small part of the galactose moiety of 1.	Galactose	105-114	sialic acid binding Ig like lectin 1	Homo sapiens	21-33
14752010-4	2004	H2B was shown to be ubiquitylated and then deubiquitylated at the GAL1 core promoter following galactose induction.	Galactose	95-104	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	66-70
14752010-8	2004	The data suggest that Rad6 and SAGA function independently during galactose induction, and that the staged recruitment of these two factors to the GAL1 promoter regulates the ubiquitylation and deubiquitylation of H2B.	Galactose	66-75	E2 ubiquitin-conjugating protein RAD6	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	22-26
14752010-8	2004	The data suggest that Rad6 and SAGA function independently during galactose induction, and that the staged recruitment of these two factors to the GAL1 promoter regulates the ubiquitylation and deubiquitylation of H2B.	Galactose	66-75	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	147-151
15244247-1	2004	OGT 719 (Oxford GlycoSciences, Abingdon, UK) is a novel nucleoside analogue with a galactose molecule attached to a fluorinated pyrimidine.	Galactose	83-92	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	0-3
14512430-0	2003	Quantitative analysis of GAL genetic switch of Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals that nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Gal80p results in a highly sensitive response to galactose.	Galactose	165-174	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	116-122
14685143-1	2003	PURPOSE: We have previously demonstrated that in RPE-deprived retinas, lactose, galactose, and structurally related glycans support the proper assembly of nascent photoreceptor outer segment membranes.	Galactose	80-89	ribulose-5-phosphate-3-epimerase S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	49-52
14642859-5	2003	Mutations in SGLT1 cause a major defect in glucose and galactose absorption (glucose-galactose Malabsorption), but mutations in GLUT2 do not appear to disrupt glucose and galactose absorption.	Galactose	55-64	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	13-18
15033723-3	2003	We have investigated whether the release of cytochrome c during incubation of LHON cybrids in galactose medium leads to activation of the executive caspase-3 and to alteration of the energetic status of cells.	Galactose	94-103	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	44-56
15033723-3	2003	We have investigated whether the release of cytochrome c during incubation of LHON cybrids in galactose medium leads to activation of the executive caspase-3 and to alteration of the energetic status of cells.	Galactose	94-103	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	148-157
14642859-6	2003	Studies on GLUT1 null mice and Fanconi-Bickel patients suggest that there is another exit pathway for glucose and galactose that may involve exocytosis.	Galactose	114-123	solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	11-16
14688233-2	2003	This epitope, whose structure is Siaalpha2,3[GalNAcbeta1,4]Gal beta1,4GlcNAc, is synthesized by a beta1,4 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (beta4GalNAc-T) that transfers a beta1,4-linked GalNAc to the galactose residue of an alpha2,3-sialylated chain.	Galactose	202-211	chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	141-154
14667186-3	2003	The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of low doses of IGF-I on the nutritional status and in vivo jejunal transport of D-galactose in anatomically, pathologically and biochemically confirmed moderate, non-ascitic, cirrhotic rats.	Galactose	140-151	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	75-80
12851287-4	2003	A novel anticellulose antibody was detected that binds specifically to beta4-linked saccharides with a preference for glucopyranose over galactopyranose residues.	Galactose	137-152	tubulin beta 3 class III	Homo sapiens	71-76
14558142-1	2003	Imp2p (Yil154c) is a transcriptional activator involved in glucose derepression of the maltose, galactose and raffinose utilization pathways and in resistance to thermal, oxidative or osmotic stress.	Galactose	96-105	endopeptidase catalytic subunit	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
14521930-6	2003	In the presence of antibodies directed to hSR-BI cholesterol absorption was reduced by 40% and glucose or galactose no longer enhanced it.	Galactose	106-115	scavenger receptor class B member 1	Homo sapiens	42-48
14521930-7	2003	We suggest that glucose or galactose, through an interaction with SGLT1, activates a protein kinase C pathway that regulates the activity of one of the intestinal cholesterol transporters, namely hSR-BI.	Galactose	27-36	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	66-71
14521930-7	2003	We suggest that glucose or galactose, through an interaction with SGLT1, activates a protein kinase C pathway that regulates the activity of one of the intestinal cholesterol transporters, namely hSR-BI.	Galactose	27-36	scavenger receptor class B member 1	Homo sapiens	196-202
14572722-0	2003	Synthesis of amino-substituted hexo- and heptopyranoses from D-galactose.	Galactose	61-72	exoribonuclease 1	Homo sapiens	31-35
14558142-4	2003	The effect of Imp2 on galactose metabolism was shown to be partially dependent on Mig1p.	Galactose	22-31	endopeptidase catalytic subunit	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	14-18
14558142-4	2003	The effect of Imp2 on galactose metabolism was shown to be partially dependent on Mig1p.	Galactose	22-31	transcription factor MIG1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	82-87
14519787-2	2003	The bacterial enzyme beta-galactosidase can convert lactose into glucose and galactose.	Galactose	77-86	galactosidase beta 1	Gallus gallus	21-39
14507429-8	2003	Moreover, deletion of TPS1 in this strain expressing only the Tre6P-insensitive S. pombe hexokinase still resulted in a severe drop in growth capacity on glucose as well as sensitivity to millimolar glucose levels in the presence of excess galactose.	Galactose	240-249	alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) TPS1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	22-26
14598706-1	2003	PURPOSE: To evaluate the inhibitory effect of aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) for the accumulation of sugar alcohol and the enhanced proliferation of lens epithelial cells of rats fed a galactose diet.	Galactose	187-196	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	46-62
12714507-4	2003	More than 80% of the core 2 O-glycans on the leukocyte membrane glycoproteins of beta4GalT-I-deficient mice lacked galactose residues in beta-1,4 linkage, and soluble P-selectin binding to neutrophils and monocytes of these mice was significantly reduced, indicating an impairment of selectin-ligand biosynthesis.	Galactose	115-124	UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	81-90
12855686-1	2003	In previous work we reported that long term treatment of polarized HT-29 cells by 1-benzyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-d-galactopyranoside (GalNAcalpha-O-bn) induced undersialylation and intracellular distribution of apical glycoproteins such as dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), and we suggested therefore that sialylation could act as an apical targeting signal.	Galactose	119-136	dipeptidyl peptidase 4	Homo sapiens	244-267
12855686-1	2003	In previous work we reported that long term treatment of polarized HT-29 cells by 1-benzyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-d-galactopyranoside (GalNAcalpha-O-bn) induced undersialylation and intracellular distribution of apical glycoproteins such as dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), and we suggested therefore that sialylation could act as an apical targeting signal.	Galactose	119-136	dipeptidyl peptidase 4	Homo sapiens	269-275
12928114-6	2003	However, the biodistribution differed significantly; the number of exposed galactose residues was the major determinant of the specific distribution to the liver and blood clearance rate of hIFN-gamma.	Galactose	75-84	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	190-200
12796487-1	2003	Galactokinase plays a key role in normal galactose metabolism by catalyzing the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of alpha-D-galactose to galactose 1-phosphate.	Galactose	41-50	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
12796487-1	2003	Galactokinase plays a key role in normal galactose metabolism by catalyzing the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of alpha-D-galactose to galactose 1-phosphate.	Galactose	113-130	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
13678836-5	2003	The screening is based on the ability to abrogate the growth defect of cells suffering from the galactose induced Pdr3p driven over-expression of a dominant-lethal allele of the PMA1 gene placed under the control of the PDR5 promoter.	Galactose	96-105	drug-responsive transcription factor PDR3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	114-119
13678836-5	2003	The screening is based on the ability to abrogate the growth defect of cells suffering from the galactose induced Pdr3p driven over-expression of a dominant-lethal allele of the PMA1 gene placed under the control of the PDR5 promoter.	Galactose	96-105	H(+)-exporting P2-type ATPase PMA1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	178-182
13678836-5	2003	The screening is based on the ability to abrogate the growth defect of cells suffering from the galactose induced Pdr3p driven over-expression of a dominant-lethal allele of the PMA1 gene placed under the control of the PDR5 promoter.	Galactose	96-105	ATP-binding cassette multidrug transporter PDR5	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	220-224
12898651-3	2003	Unexpectedly, CID of the [M + H - glycerol](+) ion produced an outstanding ion, [(M + H - glycerol) - Hex](+), which required the loss of the galactose from inside the molecule.	Galactose	142-151	hematopoietically expressed homeobox	Homo sapiens	102-105
12854954-1	2003	beta 1,4-Galactosyltransferase (beta 4Gal-T1) transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in the presence of Mn(2+) ion.	Galactose	56-65	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	32-44
12869412-2	2003	Galactose levels are determined, in part, by the galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase gene (GALT).	Galactose	0-9	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	49-89
12869412-2	2003	Galactose levels are determined, in part, by the galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase gene (GALT).	Galactose	0-9	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	96-100
12874307-2	2003	One of the Fab clones, CP33, recognized the 260-kDa galactose- and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (Gal/GalNAc)-specific lectin of E. histolytica.	Galactose	52-61	cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A member 4	Homo sapiens	23-27
12925751-7	2003	Moreover, both telomere length rebalancing and checkpoint inactivation under galactose-induced conditions are accelerated by high levels of either the Sae2 protein, involved in double-strand breaks processing, or the negative telomere length regulator Rif2.	Galactose	77-86	ssDNA endodeoxyribonuclease SAE2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	151-155
12925751-7	2003	Moreover, both telomere length rebalancing and checkpoint inactivation under galactose-induced conditions are accelerated by high levels of either the Sae2 protein, involved in double-strand breaks processing, or the negative telomere length regulator Rif2.	Galactose	77-86	Rif2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	252-256
12795591-9	2003	Galactose prevented ACE dimerization in reverse micelles and also affected antibody-induced ACE shedding in an epitope-dependent manner.	Galactose	0-9	angiotensin I converting enzyme	Homo sapiens	20-23
12823987-12	2003	Based on Western blot and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results, the amount of p53-expression increased at both the protein and mRNA levels after galactose exposure, and the increase in p53-expression was inhibited by SNK-860.	Galactose	174-183	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	107-110
12823987-12	2003	Based on Western blot and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results, the amount of p53-expression increased at both the protein and mRNA levels after galactose exposure, and the increase in p53-expression was inhibited by SNK-860.	Galactose	174-183	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	214-217
12823987-12	2003	Based on Western blot and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results, the amount of p53-expression increased at both the protein and mRNA levels after galactose exposure, and the increase in p53-expression was inhibited by SNK-860.	Galactose	174-183	polo-like kinase 2	Rattus norvegicus	246-249
12943812-4	2003	A subset (n = 130) of these were screened for those that suppressed the G1 arrest and lethality observed following galactose-induced expression from a GAL::BRCA1 plasmid in wild type yeast.	Galactose	115-124	BRCA1 DNA repair associated	Homo sapiens	156-161
12795591-9	2003	Galactose prevented ACE dimerization in reverse micelles and also affected antibody-induced ACE shedding in an epitope-dependent manner.	Galactose	0-9	angiotensin I converting enzyme	Homo sapiens	92-95
12626392-4	2003	The protons H4 and H6 of the galactose residue are in especially close contact to the amino acids of the E-selectin binding pocket.	Galactose	29-38	selectin E	Homo sapiens	105-115
12805631-7	2003	From comparison of the mechanical responses of mur2 and mur3, we deduce that galactose-containing side chains of xyloglucan make a major contribution to overall wall strength, whereas xyloglucan fucosylation plays a comparatively minor role.	Galactose	77-86	fucosyltransferase 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	47-51
12805606-2	2003	XyG fucosyltransferase (FUTase), encoded by the Arabidopsis gene AtFUT1, directs addition of fucose (Fuc) residues to terminal galactose residues on XyG side chains.	Galactose	127-136	fucosyltransferase 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	65-71
12805631-7	2003	From comparison of the mechanical responses of mur2 and mur3, we deduce that galactose-containing side chains of xyloglucan make a major contribution to overall wall strength, whereas xyloglucan fucosylation plays a comparatively minor role.	Galactose	77-86	Exostosin family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	56-60
12805606-11	2003	O-Acetylation of galactose residues was considerably reduced in Fuc-deficient mutants (atfut1, mur1, and mur2) that synthesize XyG containing little or no Fuc.	Galactose	17-26	fucosyltransferase 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	87-93
12694189-1	2003	Galactokinase (EC 2.7.1.6) catalyzes the first committed step in the catabolism of galactose.	Galactose	83-92	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
12637583-4	2003	The O-glycan regions on the heavy (H) chains and the SC N-glycans have adhesin-binding glycan epitopes including galactose-linked beta1-4 and beta1-3 to GlcNAc, fucose-linked alpha1-3 and alpha1-4 to GlcNAc and alpha1-2 to galactose, and alpha2-3 and alpha2-6-linked sialic acids.	Galactose	113-122	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	211-219
12637583-4	2003	The O-glycan regions on the heavy (H) chains and the SC N-glycans have adhesin-binding glycan epitopes including galactose-linked beta1-4 and beta1-3 to GlcNAc, fucose-linked alpha1-3 and alpha1-4 to GlcNAc and alpha1-2 to galactose, and alpha2-3 and alpha2-6-linked sialic acids.	Galactose	113-122	immunoglobulin binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	251-259
12753898-4	2003	Enzyme assays show that the protein has aldose 1-epimerase activity and exhibits a preference for galactose over glucose.	Galactose	98-107	galactose mutarotase	Homo sapiens	40-58
12711166-2	2003	The complexes were transfected into hepatocyte through specific interaction of galactose moiety of the GCP and asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPR) of the hepatocytes.	Galactose	79-88	golgin B1	Homo sapiens	103-106
12711166-2	2003	The complexes were transfected into hepatocyte through specific interaction of galactose moiety of the GCP and asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPR) of the hepatocytes.	Galactose	79-88	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	141-146
12716757-0	2003	Downregulation of fibronectin overexpression reduces basement membrane thickening and vascular lesions in retinas of galactose-fed rats.	Galactose	117-126	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	18-29
12716757-2	2003	To determine whether BM thickening of retinal capillaries could be prevented by down regulating synthesis of fibronectin, an ECM component, we used antisense oligos targeted against translation initiation site of the fibronectin transcript in galactose-fed rat, an animal model of diabetic retinopathy.	Galactose	243-252	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	109-120
12716757-2	2003	To determine whether BM thickening of retinal capillaries could be prevented by down regulating synthesis of fibronectin, an ECM component, we used antisense oligos targeted against translation initiation site of the fibronectin transcript in galactose-fed rat, an animal model of diabetic retinopathy.	Galactose	243-252	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	217-228
12716757-4	2003	The antisense strategy significantly reduced fibronectin mRNA and protein level in the retinas of treated eyes compared with untreated eyes of galactose-fed rats (130 +/- 16 vs. 179 +/- 18% of control, P &lt; 0.01, and 144 +/- 28 vs. 204 +/- 22% of control, respectively, r = 0.9) and resulted in partial reduction of retinal capillary BM width (123 +/- 16 vs. 201 +/- 12 nm, P &lt; 0.03).	Galactose	143-152	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	45-56
12667057-1	2003	Beta1,4-galactosyltransferase-I (beta4Gal-T1) catalyzes the transfer of a galactose from UDP-galactose to N-acetylglucosamine.	Galactose	74-83	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	33-44
12667058-1	2003	The conformation of the carbohydrate recognition domain of Galectin-3, a lectin known to bind galactose containing oligosaccharides in mammalian systems, has been investigated in the absence of ligand and in the presence of N-acetylactosamine.	Galactose	94-103	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	59-69
12626383-3	2003	We found that SV40-transformed fibroblasts derived from a galactosemic patient accumulated Gal-1-P from 1.2+/-0.4 to 5.2+/-0.5 mM and stopped growing when transferred from 0.1% glucose to 0.1% galactose.	Galactose	58-67	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	91-96
12626383-9	2003	Though the GALT-transfected cells grew in 0.1% galactose with little accumulation of Gal-1-P (0.2+/-0.02 mM), the hUGP2-transfected cells grew but accumulated some Gal-1-P (3.1+/-0.4 mM).	Galactose	47-56	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	11-15
12536147-1	2003	The promoter of the galactose-inducible yeast GCY1 gene allows high rates of basal transcription and is kept free of nucleosomes regardless of growth conditions.	Galactose	20-29	glycerol 2-dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) GCY1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	46-50
12693620-5	2003	RESULTS: The percentage of CD62P-expressing platelets increased according to the concentrations of Levovist and galactose, which showed almost equal effects.	Galactose	112-121	selectin P	Homo sapiens	27-32
12536147-3	2003	Gal4p, which induces transcription of GCY1 about 25-fold in the presence of galactose, is not required for the alteration in chromatin configuration in the promoter upstream region since the hypersensitive site is unchanged when Gal4p is inactive or absent.	Galactose	76-85	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
12536147-3	2003	Gal4p, which induces transcription of GCY1 about 25-fold in the presence of galactose, is not required for the alteration in chromatin configuration in the promoter upstream region since the hypersensitive site is unchanged when Gal4p is inactive or absent.	Galactose	76-85	glycerol 2-dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) GCY1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	38-42
12536147-5	2003	In the mutant of the Reb1p-binding site, induction by galactose/Gal4p restores a nucleosome-free state to an extent resembling the GCY1 wild-type promoter, showing that, in principle, activated Gal4p can exclude nucleosomes on its own.	Galactose	54-63	DNA-binding protein REB1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	21-26
12536147-5	2003	In the mutant of the Reb1p-binding site, induction by galactose/Gal4p restores a nucleosome-free state to an extent resembling the GCY1 wild-type promoter, showing that, in principle, activated Gal4p can exclude nucleosomes on its own.	Galactose	54-63	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	64-69
12536147-5	2003	In the mutant of the Reb1p-binding site, induction by galactose/Gal4p restores a nucleosome-free state to an extent resembling the GCY1 wild-type promoter, showing that, in principle, activated Gal4p can exclude nucleosomes on its own.	Galactose	54-63	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	194-199
12429747-6	2003	We found that genes involved in galactose metabolism were dependent on the presence of Rpb4 irrespective of the environmental condition.	Galactose	32-41	DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	87-91
12668106-2	2003	The suitably protected lactotriose (Lc3) derivatives were successively glycosylated with sialic acid, sialyl-alpha-(2--&gt;3)-D-galactose and/or L-fucose donors in a regio- and stereo-selective manner, to give the protected type I hexa- and hepta-saccharides, respectively, which were then converted to the target gangliosides by the introduction of ceramide and subsequent complete deprotection.	Galactose	126-137	microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha	Homo sapiens	36-39
12612978-7	2003	RESULTS: The following galactosylation abnormalities were confirmed in the common subgroup with N-GBM: a trend to an alpha2,6 oversialylation (SNA binding) of native IgA1 associated with a defect in its terminal galactose (HAA binding); these two findings were predominant in male patients (P &lt; 0.05 and 0.01 for SNA and HAA, respectively).	Galactose	212-221	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	166-170
12637246-2	2003	The metabolic pathway(s) of OGT 719, a novel nucleoside analogue in which galactose is covalently attached to the N1 of 5-fluorouracil (FU), have been investigated with (19)F-NMR spectroscopy in (1) the isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) model, (2) normal rats, (3) rats bearing the HSN LV10 sarcoma, (4) nude mice xenografted with the human hepatoma HepG2 and (5) urine from patients.	Galactose	74-83	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Rattus norvegicus	28-31
12552079-3	2003	Screening for galactosemia is achieved through analysis of total galactose (galactose and galactose-1-phosphate) and/or determining the activity of the GALT enzyme.	Galactose	14-23	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	152-156
12929630-4	2003	Removal of much of the galactose from the thiolactosyl lipid in situ with beta-galactosidase showed that the lectin binding was highly specific.	Galactose	23-32	LOC8259076	Ricinus communis	74-92
12604208-7	2003	The ADHVI expression was strongly induced when galactose was the sole carbon source in the culture medium.	Galactose	47-56	NADP-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-9
12704219-1	2003	In humans, the absence of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) leads to significant neonatal morbidity and mortality which are dependent on galactose ingestion, as well as long-term complications of primary ovarian failure and cognitive dysfunction, which are diet independent.	Galactose	26-35	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	67-71
12527113-4	2003	The affinity of Tau proteins for WGA lectin, together with evidence from [3H]-galactose transfer and analysis of beta-eliminated products, demonstrated the presence of O-GlcNAc residues on both cytosolic and nuclear Tau proteins.	Galactose	78-87	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	168-176
12523861-6	2003	The amount of the galactose ligands immobilized on the PET surface increased with the AAc polymer graft concentration.	Galactose	18-27	glycine-N-acyltransferase	Homo sapiens	86-89
12499401-1	2002	Alpha(1,3)Galactosyltransferase (GT) is a Golgi-localized enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a terminal galactose to N-acetyllactosamine to create Galalpha(1,3)Gal.	Galactose	107-116	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Sus scrofa	0-31
12508063-6	2003	AtSTP1 transports glucose, galactose, xylose, and mannose, but not fructose.	Galactose	27-36	sugar transporter 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	0-6
12444972-10	2002	Western blot analysis indicated that MRG19 is a glucose repressible gene and is expressed in galactose and glycerol plus lactate.	Galactose	93-102	Csr2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	37-42
12444972-12	2002	Based on the above results, we propose that Mrg19p is a regulator of galactose and nonfermentable carbon utilization.	Galactose	69-78	Csr2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	44-50
12527978-10	2003	Pre-exercise ingestion of trehalose and galactose resulted in lower plasma glucose and insulin responses prior to exercise and reduced the prevalence of rebound hypoglycaemia.	Galactose	40-49	insulin	Homo sapiens	87-94
12529445-2	2003	A gsk-3 null mutant in which these four genes are disrupted showed growth defects on galactose medium.	Galactose	85-94	serine/threonine protein kinase RIM11	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	2-7
12379325-2	2002	Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated peptides corresponding to a portion of the MUC1 tandem repeat were enzymatically glycosylated with N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, and then sialic acid.	Galactose	167-176	mucin 1, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	88-92
12451180-5	2002	Here, we describe the generation of a conditional S. cerevisiae mutant (named YPC-1) whose functional IPP1 gene is under the control of a galactose-dependent promoter.	Galactose	138-147	inorganic diphosphatase IPP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	102-106
12444972-3	2002	In this report we show that disruption of MRG19 leads to a decrease in GAL induction when S. cerevisiae is induced with 0.02% but not with 2.0% galactose.	Galactose	144-153	Csr2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	42-47
12370157-1	2002	Deficiency in the galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) enzyme results in accumulation of galactose and its metabolites in the ovary (Am J Epidemiol 1989;130:904-10).	Galactose	18-27	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	59-63
12215432-1	2002	In mammals, the xylosylprotein beta4-galactosyltransferase termed beta4GalT7 (XgalT-1, EC ) participates in proteoglycan biosynthesis through the transfer of galactose to the xylose that initiates each glycosaminoglycan chain.	Galactose	158-167	beta-4-galactosyltransferase 7	Drosophila melanogaster	66-76
12171922-3	2002	Cell growth is inhibited when PAP cDNA is expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	115-124	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	135-139
12444677-3	2002	The sugar chain consists of up to three units: D-glucuronic acid (GlcUA) linked to C-3 of the aglycone and substituted by D-galactose (Gal) (at GlcUA C-2) and/or L-rhamnose (Rha) (at GlcUA C-4).	Galactose	135-138	HCL2	Homo sapiens	162-178
12444677-3	2002	The sugar chain consists of up to three units: D-glucuronic acid (GlcUA) linked to C-3 of the aglycone and substituted by D-galactose (Gal) (at GlcUA C-2) and/or L-rhamnose (Rha) (at GlcUA C-4).	Galactose	135-138	complement C4A (Rodgers blood group)	Homo sapiens	189-192
12164785-4	2002	In Delta erg6 strains, daunorubicin inhibited the galactose-induced transcription by Gal4p in a specific manner, since the transcription of identical reporters driven by other activators (either constitutive or inducible) was not inhibited.	Galactose	50-59	sterol 24-C-methyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	9-13
12164785-4	2002	In Delta erg6 strains, daunorubicin inhibited the galactose-induced transcription by Gal4p in a specific manner, since the transcription of identical reporters driven by other activators (either constitutive or inducible) was not inhibited.	Galactose	50-59	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	85-90
12164785-6	2002	Furthermore, daunorubicin inhibited the growth in galactose and the transcriptional induction of resident Gal4p-driven genes upon galactose addition, two processes absolutely dependent on Gal4p function.	Galactose	130-139	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	106-111
12164785-6	2002	Furthermore, daunorubicin inhibited the growth in galactose and the transcriptional induction of resident Gal4p-driven genes upon galactose addition, two processes absolutely dependent on Gal4p function.	Galactose	130-139	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	188-193
12393190-1	2002	GM3 synthase, which transfers CMP-NeuAc with an alpha2,3-linkage to a galactose residue of lactosylceramide, plays a key role in the biosynthesis of all complex gangliosides.	Galactose	70-79	ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 5	Homo sapiens	0-12
12244071-8	2002	These results showed that Drosophila encodes an ortholog of human beta4-galactosyltransferase-VII, also known as galactosyltransferase I, which participates in proteoglycan biosynthesis by transferring the first galactose to xylose in the linkage tetrasaccharide of glycosaminoglycan side chains.	Galactose	212-221	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7	Homo sapiens	113-136
12601973-13	2002	CONCLUSIONS: In our experience urethrocystosonography with galactose-based US medium agents is a more sensitive method than standard Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) for detecting VUR in pediatric patients.	Galactose	59-68	VUR	Homo sapiens	181-184
12237630-6	2002	N-acetylglucosamine:beta1,4-galactosyltransferase activity was determined by measuring the transfer of galactose from uridine diphosphate- carbon 14-labeled galactose to the terminal N-acetylglucosamine residue of a very well-defined synthetic acceptor, N-acetylglucosamine:beta1,6GalNAc(alpha)-o-benzyl, which is a portion of the core structure of mucin glycoproteins.	Galactose	103-112	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	349-354
12042319-11	2002	Thus AtUTr1 may play an important role in the synthesis of glycoconjugates in Arabidopsis that contain galactose and glucose.	Galactose	103-112	UDP-galactose transporter 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	5-11
12473263-5	2002	Addition of glucose (100mM) or mannose (100mM), and to some extent galactose (100mM), but not fructose (100mM) to the co-cultures, partly inhibited the monocyte IL-6 co-culture response, but such addition did not inhibit the in vitro monocyte lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated IL-6 secretion.	Galactose	67-76	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	161-165
12237630-6	2002	N-acetylglucosamine:beta1,4-galactosyltransferase activity was determined by measuring the transfer of galactose from uridine diphosphate- carbon 14-labeled galactose to the terminal N-acetylglucosamine residue of a very well-defined synthetic acceptor, N-acetylglucosamine:beta1,6GalNAc(alpha)-o-benzyl, which is a portion of the core structure of mucin glycoproteins.	Galactose	157-166	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	349-354
12165564-5	2002	We have constructed a yeast strain (Gal-YFH1) that carries the YFH1 gene under the control of a galactose-regulated promoter.	Galactose	96-105	ferroxidase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	40-44
12200082-5	2002	This apoptosis was prevented by the addition of the aldose reductase inhibitor AL 1576 to the culture medium containing galactose.	Galactose	120-129	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	52-68
12200082-7	2002	These data support the premise that the selective degeneration of retinal capillary pericytes observed in galactose-fed dogs is linked to increased aldose reductase activity in these cells.	Galactose	106-115	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	148-164
12151204-5	2002	The IC(50) value was 15-fold poorer than the standard alpha-Gal epitopes alpha-D-Gal-(1--&gt;3)-beta-D-Gal-(1--&gt;4)-beta-D-Glc-NHAc (39) and alpha-D-Gal-(1--&gt;3)-beta-D-Gal-(1--&gt;4)-beta-D-Glc-OBn (40).	Galactose	73-84	glycoprotein galactosyltransferase alpha 1, 3	Mus musculus	54-63
12165564-5	2002	We have constructed a yeast strain (Gal-YFH1) that carries the YFH1 gene under the control of a galactose-regulated promoter.	Galactose	96-105	ferroxidase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	63-67
12153579-7	2002	PtdEtn-PLD activity was stimulated, along with Spo14p/Pld1p activity, upon dilution of stationary phase cultures in glucose, acetate and galactose media, but PtdEtn-PLD activation was less pronounced.	Galactose	137-146	phospholipase D	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	7-10
12121919-13	2002	The SBE2 cDNA plasmid conferred again galactose-dependent caspofungin resistance when transformed back into the wild-type S. cerevisiae.	Galactose	38-47	Sbe2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
12137763-8	2002	MEK inhibitor restrained the activations of ERK, SAPK/JNK (under bFGF-stimulated condition) and p38 (under galactose-stimulated condition) while p38 inhibitor suppressed ERK but stimulated SAPK/JNK.	Galactose	107-116	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7	Homo sapiens	0-3
12128171-2	2002	The esters synthesized (1 and 2) link AZT, by a succinyl linker, to the C-3 position of glucose and to C-6 of galactose.	Galactose	110-119	complement C6	Homo sapiens	103-106
12124754-3	2002	The predicted CLRP amino acid sequence shares homology in the amino acid composition with the Galactose, N-Acetylglucosamine, and Sialic acid transporters, and shows 91% identity with the sequence of one human chromosome 5 BAC clone.	Galactose	94-103	nyctalopin	Homo sapiens	14-18
12208133-1	2002	Human galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (hGALT) is a central enzyme in the conserved pathway by which galactose is converted to energy, UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose.	Galactose	6-15	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	47-52
12110007-2	2002	The circulating immune complexes (CIC) are composed of galactose- (Gal) deficient IgA1 and IgG or IgA1 antibodies specific for the Gal-deficient IgA1; interactions of these CIC with mesangial cells (MC) were studied.	Galactose	55-64	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	82-86
12126626-0	2002	The structures of crystalline complexes of human serum amyloid P component with its carbohydrate ligand, the cyclic pyruvate acetal of galactose.	Galactose	135-144	amyloid P component, serum	Homo sapiens	49-74
12077775-2	2002	This study was designed to determine if colonic mucosa could be induced to absorb galactose by tranfection of the sodium glucose cotransporter, SGLT-1 into a colonic segment.	Galactose	82-91	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	144-150
12222957-6	2002	These enzymes catalyze the transfer of galactose via beta1-4, beta1-3, alpha1-3 and alpha1-4 linkages.	Galactose	39-48	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	53-60
12222957-6	2002	These enzymes catalyze the transfer of galactose via beta1-4, beta1-3, alpha1-3 and alpha1-4 linkages.	Galactose	39-48	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	62-69
12222957-6	2002	These enzymes catalyze the transfer of galactose via beta1-4, beta1-3, alpha1-3 and alpha1-4 linkages.	Galactose	39-48	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	71-92
12122026-1	2002	Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) were examined for the expression of the murine macrophage C-type lectin specific for galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine (mMGL).	Galactose	127-136	C-type lectin domain family 4, member d	Mus musculus	89-113
12382235-1	2002	Preference for the beta-anomer of galactose attributed to the bovine heart 14 kDa galectin-1 (BHL-14) was re-examined using natural glycoproteins and artificially glycosylated proteins as ligands.	Galactose	34-43	galectin 1	Bos taurus	82-92
12097641-3	2002	Although both ST3Gal-IV and ST6Gal-I sialyltransferases mask galactose linkages implicated as asialoglycoprotein receptor ligands, only ST3Gal-IV deficiency promotes asialoglycoprotein clearance mechanisms with a reduction in plasma levels of VWF and platelets.	Galactose	61-70	ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 4	Homo sapiens	14-23
12097641-3	2002	Although both ST3Gal-IV and ST6Gal-I sialyltransferases mask galactose linkages implicated as asialoglycoprotein receptor ligands, only ST3Gal-IV deficiency promotes asialoglycoprotein clearance mechanisms with a reduction in plasma levels of VWF and platelets.	Galactose	61-70	ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	28-36
12097641-4	2002	Exposed galactose on VWF was also found in a subpopulation of humans with abnormally low VWF levels.	Galactose	8-17	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	21-24
12097641-4	2002	Exposed galactose on VWF was also found in a subpopulation of humans with abnormally low VWF levels.	Galactose	8-17	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	89-92
12153318-3	2002	The expression is under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	43-52	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	63-67
12077775-8	2002	RESULTS: Rats transfected with the SGLT-1 plasmid showed a significant increase (194%) in galactose absorption compared with controls.	Galactose	90-99	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	35-41
12222658-5	2002	Significant TNF-stimulating activity was found in the extractable polysaccharide fraction, which was hydrolyzed and found to contain glucose, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, and mannose.	Galactose	142-151	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	12-15
12072529-8	2002	Consistent with this finding, the binding of 2G12 to gp120 could be inhibited by monomeric mannose but not by galactose, glucose, or N-acetylglucosamine.	Galactose	110-119	inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4	Homo sapiens	53-58
12084916-1	2002	Galactose-inducible genes (GAL genes) in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are efficiently transcribed only when the sequence-specific transcription activator Gal4p is activated.	Galactose	0-9	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	156-161
12077725-4	2002	At 33 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) of galactose alone (1) plasma galactose increased to 2.3 +/- 0.3 mmol/L and galactose rates of appearance (Ra) to 18.3 +/- 1.6 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1); (2) plasma glucose and glucose Ra were unaffected; (3) splanchnic extraction of galactose plateaued at approximately 15 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1); and (4) galactose became the primary source of glucose Ra (75% +/- 9%).	Galactose	37-46	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	26-32
12077725-4	2002	At 33 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) of galactose alone (1) plasma galactose increased to 2.3 +/- 0.3 mmol/L and galactose rates of appearance (Ra) to 18.3 +/- 1.6 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1); (2) plasma glucose and glucose Ra were unaffected; (3) splanchnic extraction of galactose plateaued at approximately 15 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1); and (4) galactose became the primary source of glucose Ra (75% +/- 9%).	Galactose	37-46	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	181-187
12077725-4	2002	At 33 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) of galactose alone (1) plasma galactose increased to 2.3 +/- 0.3 mmol/L and galactose rates of appearance (Ra) to 18.3 +/- 1.6 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1); (2) plasma glucose and glucose Ra were unaffected; (3) splanchnic extraction of galactose plateaued at approximately 15 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1); and (4) galactose became the primary source of glucose Ra (75% +/- 9%).	Galactose	37-46	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	181-187
12077725-5	2002	Coingestion of glucose and galactose at 33 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) each resulted in (1) decreased plasma galactose (0.3 +/- 0.1 mmol/L) and galactose Ra (6.4 +/- 1.8 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)); (2) increased plasma glucose and insulin; (3) doubling of splanchnic extraction of galactose; and (4) decreased contribution of galactose to glucose Ra (11% +/- 4%).	Galactose	27-36	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	63-69
12077725-5	2002	Coingestion of glucose and galactose at 33 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) each resulted in (1) decreased plasma galactose (0.3 +/- 0.1 mmol/L) and galactose Ra (6.4 +/- 1.8 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)); (2) increased plasma glucose and insulin; (3) doubling of splanchnic extraction of galactose; and (4) decreased contribution of galactose to glucose Ra (11% +/- 4%).	Galactose	27-36	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	190-196
12077725-5	2002	Coingestion of glucose and galactose at 33 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) each resulted in (1) decreased plasma galactose (0.3 +/- 0.1 mmol/L) and galactose Ra (6.4 +/- 1.8 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)); (2) increased plasma glucose and insulin; (3) doubling of splanchnic extraction of galactose; and (4) decreased contribution of galactose to glucose Ra (11% +/- 4%).	Galactose	27-36	insulin	Homo sapiens	233-240
12077725-5	2002	Coingestion of glucose and galactose at 33 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) each resulted in (1) decreased plasma galactose (0.3 +/- 0.1 mmol/L) and galactose Ra (6.4 +/- 1.8 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)); (2) increased plasma glucose and insulin; (3) doubling of splanchnic extraction of galactose; and (4) decreased contribution of galactose to glucose Ra (11% +/- 4%).	Galactose	109-118	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	63-69
12077725-5	2002	Coingestion of glucose and galactose at 33 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) each resulted in (1) decreased plasma galactose (0.3 +/- 0.1 mmol/L) and galactose Ra (6.4 +/- 1.8 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)); (2) increased plasma glucose and insulin; (3) doubling of splanchnic extraction of galactose; and (4) decreased contribution of galactose to glucose Ra (11% +/- 4%).	Galactose	109-118	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	63-69
12084916-6	2002	These results indicate that galactose-triggered Gal3p-Gal80p association in the cytoplasm activates Gal4p in the nucleus.	Galactose	28-37	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	48-53
12084916-6	2002	These results indicate that galactose-triggered Gal3p-Gal80p association in the cytoplasm activates Gal4p in the nucleus.	Galactose	28-37	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	54-60
12084916-6	2002	These results indicate that galactose-triggered Gal3p-Gal80p association in the cytoplasm activates Gal4p in the nucleus.	Galactose	28-37	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	100-105
12163000-4	2002	Ligand blotting of the conditioned galactose medium demonstrated low IGFBP-4 levels until the cells approached confluence, when the levels increased significantly.	Galactose	35-44	insulin like growth factor binding protein 4	Homo sapiens	69-76
11940596-1	2002	A gene, TIF2, was identified as corresponding to the translation initiation factor eIF4A and when overexpressed it confers lithium tolerance in galactose medium to Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	144-153	translation initiation factor eIF4A	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	8-12
12163000-6	2002	Radioimmunoassay showed little change in IGF-II concentrations, although HT-29 cells grown with galactose had lower IGF-II concentrations.	Galactose	96-105	insulin like growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	116-122
12024048-6	2002	The galactose-inducible transcription of the GAL2, GAL7, and GAL10 genes is reduced in MMS-treated rad26 Delta cells and also in mag1 Delta rad14 Delta cells, whereas a very severe reduction in transcription occurs in MMS-treated mag1 Delta rad14 Delta rad26 Delta cells.	Galactose	4-13	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	45-49
12106898-5	2002	It agglutinates native and trypsinized, papainized and neuraminidase-treated human A, B, O, AB and sheep erythrocytes, and the hemagglutinating activity is independent of Ca(2+), Mn(2+) and Mg(2+) ions; D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine are found to be moderate inhibitors of the activity.	Galactose	203-214	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	55-68
12024048-6	2002	The galactose-inducible transcription of the GAL2, GAL7, and GAL10 genes is reduced in MMS-treated rad26 Delta cells and also in mag1 Delta rad14 Delta cells, whereas a very severe reduction in transcription occurs in MMS-treated mag1 Delta rad14 Delta rad26 Delta cells.	Galactose	4-13	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	51-55
12024048-6	2002	The galactose-inducible transcription of the GAL2, GAL7, and GAL10 genes is reduced in MMS-treated rad26 Delta cells and also in mag1 Delta rad14 Delta cells, whereas a very severe reduction in transcription occurs in MMS-treated mag1 Delta rad14 Delta rad26 Delta cells.	Galactose	4-13	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	61-66
12024048-6	2002	The galactose-inducible transcription of the GAL2, GAL7, and GAL10 genes is reduced in MMS-treated rad26 Delta cells and also in mag1 Delta rad14 Delta cells, whereas a very severe reduction in transcription occurs in MMS-treated mag1 Delta rad14 Delta rad26 Delta cells.	Galactose	4-13	DNA-dependent ATPase RAD26	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	99-104
12024048-6	2002	The galactose-inducible transcription of the GAL2, GAL7, and GAL10 genes is reduced in MMS-treated rad26 Delta cells and also in mag1 Delta rad14 Delta cells, whereas a very severe reduction in transcription occurs in MMS-treated mag1 Delta rad14 Delta rad26 Delta cells.	Galactose	4-13	DNA-3-methyladenine glycosylase II	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	129-133
12024048-6	2002	The galactose-inducible transcription of the GAL2, GAL7, and GAL10 genes is reduced in MMS-treated rad26 Delta cells and also in mag1 Delta rad14 Delta cells, whereas a very severe reduction in transcription occurs in MMS-treated mag1 Delta rad14 Delta rad26 Delta cells.	Galactose	4-13	DNA repair protein RAD14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	140-145
12024048-6	2002	The galactose-inducible transcription of the GAL2, GAL7, and GAL10 genes is reduced in MMS-treated rad26 Delta cells and also in mag1 Delta rad14 Delta cells, whereas a very severe reduction in transcription occurs in MMS-treated mag1 Delta rad14 Delta rad26 Delta cells.	Galactose	4-13	DNA-3-methyladenine glycosylase II	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	230-234
12024048-6	2002	The galactose-inducible transcription of the GAL2, GAL7, and GAL10 genes is reduced in MMS-treated rad26 Delta cells and also in mag1 Delta rad14 Delta cells, whereas a very severe reduction in transcription occurs in MMS-treated mag1 Delta rad14 Delta rad26 Delta cells.	Galactose	4-13	DNA repair protein RAD14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	241-246
12024048-6	2002	The galactose-inducible transcription of the GAL2, GAL7, and GAL10 genes is reduced in MMS-treated rad26 Delta cells and also in mag1 Delta rad14 Delta cells, whereas a very severe reduction in transcription occurs in MMS-treated mag1 Delta rad14 Delta rad26 Delta cells.	Galactose	4-13	DNA-dependent ATPase RAD26	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	253-258
11964151-1	2002	The genes encoding the enzymes required for galactose metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are controlled at the level of transcription by a genetic switch consisting of three proteins: a transcriptional activator, Gal4p; a transcriptional repressor, Gal80p; and a ligand sensor, Gal3p.	Galactose	44-53	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	217-222
11964151-1	2002	The genes encoding the enzymes required for galactose metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are controlled at the level of transcription by a genetic switch consisting of three proteins: a transcriptional activator, Gal4p; a transcriptional repressor, Gal80p; and a ligand sensor, Gal3p.	Galactose	44-53	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	253-259
11964151-1	2002	The genes encoding the enzymes required for galactose metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are controlled at the level of transcription by a genetic switch consisting of three proteins: a transcriptional activator, Gal4p; a transcriptional repressor, Gal80p; and a ligand sensor, Gal3p.	Galactose	44-53	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	282-287
12106903-3	2002	In the presence of galactose and ATP (the substrates of the reaction catalysed by Gal1p) Gal1p or Gal3p can bind to Gal80p, a transcriptional repressor.	Galactose	19-28	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	98-103
12106903-1	2002	Galactokinase (EC 2.7.1.6) catalyses the first step in the catabolism of galactose.	Galactose	73-82	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-13
12083287-4	2002	When lactase was given simultaneously with the milk, gastric juice lactase activity and galactose concentration were significantly higher than the control levels.	Galactose	88-97	lactase	Homo sapiens	5-12
11964484-3	2002	We show by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays that proteins comprising the 19S complex are recruited to the GAL1-10 promoter by the Gal4 transactivator upon induction with galactose.	Galactose	174-183	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	110-117
11964484-3	2002	We show by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays that proteins comprising the 19S complex are recruited to the GAL1-10 promoter by the Gal4 transactivator upon induction with galactose.	Galactose	174-183	galectin 4	Homo sapiens	134-138
11996660-1	2002	The cDNA encoding cytochrome P-45017alpha from bovine adrenal cortex was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL10 promoter.	Galactose	136-145	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	156-161
12106903-3	2002	In the presence of galactose and ATP (the substrates of the reaction catalysed by Gal1p) Gal1p or Gal3p can bind to Gal80p, a transcriptional repressor.	Galactose	19-28	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	82-87
12106903-3	2002	In the presence of galactose and ATP (the substrates of the reaction catalysed by Gal1p) Gal1p or Gal3p can bind to Gal80p, a transcriptional repressor.	Galactose	19-28	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	89-94
12106903-3	2002	In the presence of galactose and ATP (the substrates of the reaction catalysed by Gal1p) Gal1p or Gal3p can bind to Gal80p, a transcriptional repressor.	Galactose	19-28	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	116-122
11805111-4	2002	Yeast strains constructed with specific loss of the Hnt1 active site fail to grow on galactose at elevated temperatures.	Galactose	85-94	adenosine 5'-monophosphoramidase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	52-56
11921088-4	2002	This counter-selection marker, named GAL10p-GIN11, has several advantages over previous counter-selection markers, i.e. use of an inexpensive galactose medium for counter-selection, combined use with any transformation markers for gene introduction, and no requirement of specific mutations in the host strains.	Galactose	142-151	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	37-43
11919338-4	2002	Our aim was to determine the frequency and allelic distribution of all sequence changes in the GALT gene in 110 newborns with a positive total galactose screening test among 43,688 Austrian newborns screened consecutively.	Galactose	143-152	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	95-99
11870859-9	2002	Certain ire1 strains produced significant numbers of transformants that were unable to utilize galactose as sole carbon source.	Galactose	95-104	bifunctional endoribonuclease/protein kinase IRE1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	8-12
11870859-10	2002	These results suggest that the karmellae-dependent death of certain ire1 strains may simply reflect their inability to grow on galactose.	Galactose	127-136	bifunctional endoribonuclease/protein kinase IRE1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	68-72
11936817-14	2002	There is some evidence that galactose intake may play a role in the development of borderline ovarian cancer among women who carry the uncommon GALT N314D polymorphism.	Galactose	28-37	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	144-148
11861067-8	2002	Furthermore, antigen binding by our selected scFv was limited by competition with increasing concentrations of certain soluble carbohydrates, most dramatically by galactose and N-acetyl glucosamine.	Galactose	163-172	immunglobulin heavy chain variable region	Homo sapiens	45-49
11921396-5	2002	These three best inhibitors all carried an aromatic amide at the C-3" position of the galactose moiety, which indicates that favorable interactions were formed between the aromatic group and galectin-3.	Galactose	86-95	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	191-201
11814461-5	2002	In the galactosylsphingosine (psychosine) beta-galactosidase (GALC-PS) assay, a thin layer chromatographic technique was used to separate enzymatically released radioactive galactose.	Galactose	173-182	galactosylceramidase	Homo sapiens	62-66
11855872-1	2002	OBJECTIVES: The general objective of the present study is to quantify antigalactosyl (alpha1 --&gt; 3) galactose (anti-Gal) antibody levels in the cervical mucus of patients with/without human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and, as specific objectives, to compare these levels in the different HPV subgroups and with the presence of intraepithelial lesions.	Galactose	103-112	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	86-92
11919723-0	2002	Lactose metabolism and cellulase production in Hypocrea jecorina: the gal7 gene, encoding galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, is essential for growth on galactose but not for cellulase induction.	Galactose	90-99	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	70-74
11884135-4	2002	The Doc1 homology domain forms a beta-sandwich structure that is related in architecture to the galactose-binding domain of galactose oxidase, the coagulation factor C2 domain and a domain of XRCC1.	Galactose	96-105	anaphase promoting complex subunit DOC1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
11877666-8	2002	Rats treated with systemic IL-11 showed improved absorption of galactose of 2.39 micromoles/cm(2) (P &lt;.05), and glycine at 2.21 micromoles/cm(2) (P &lt;.05).	Galactose	63-72	interleukin 11	Rattus norvegicus	27-32
11919723-7	2002	A gal7 deletion mutant, constructed by replacing the gal7 reading frame by the H. jecorina pyr4 gene, was unable to grow on D-galactose between pH 4.5 and 7.5, thus proving that in H. jecorina gal7 is essential for metabolism of D-galactose, whereas the growth rate of the mutant on lactose was only reduced by about 50%.	Galactose	124-135	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	2-6
11919723-7	2002	A gal7 deletion mutant, constructed by replacing the gal7 reading frame by the H. jecorina pyr4 gene, was unable to grow on D-galactose between pH 4.5 and 7.5, thus proving that in H. jecorina gal7 is essential for metabolism of D-galactose, whereas the growth rate of the mutant on lactose was only reduced by about 50%.	Galactose	229-240	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	2-6
11950235-5	2002	Western blot analyses showed that p21(WAF-1/CIP-1) expression increased throughout the period of galactose exposure, up to 21 days.	Galactose	97-106	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A	Rattus norvegicus	34-49
11934491-7	2002	Binding of Lf was not inhibited by transferrin (Tf) and Lf moiety molecules (mannose, galactose, and lactose) but by Lf.	Galactose	86-95	lactotransferrin	Bos taurus	11-13
11934234-9	2002	The implant reduced galactitol accumulation, glutathione depletion, cataract scores, and VEGF expression in galactose-fed rats.	Galactose	108-117	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	89-93
11950235-6	2002	Also, a gradual increase in the number of p21(WAF-1/CIP-1) positive cells was observed immunohistochemically in the course of the galactose exposure.	Galactose	130-139	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A	Rattus norvegicus	42-57
11818387-7	2002	The coadministration of the aldose reductase inhibitor, sorbinil, with 40 mM galactose completely prevented the inhibitory effect of galactose on [3H]-taurine uptake.	Galactose	77-86	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	28-44
11818387-7	2002	The coadministration of the aldose reductase inhibitor, sorbinil, with 40 mM galactose completely prevented the inhibitory effect of galactose on [3H]-taurine uptake.	Galactose	133-142	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	28-44
11812231-1	2002	Chitin deacetylase (Cda2p) (EC 3.5.1.41) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been purified from vegetative cells grown in galactose and further characterized.	Galactose	120-129	chitin deacetylase CDA2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	20-25
11788828-2	2002	LPH hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and galactose.	Galactose	40-49	lactase	Homo sapiens	0-3
11696551-4	2002	UDP-galactose, but not MGDG, serves as the galactose donor for DGDG synthesis catalyzed by DGD2, providing clear evidence for the existence of a UDP-galactose-dependent DGDG synthase in higher plants.	Galactose	4-13	digalactosyl diacylglycerol deficient 2	Arabidopsis thaliana	91-95
11707454-3	2002	Incubation of HepG2 human hepatoma cells in glucose-free medium resulted in an increased HO-1 mRNA content, reaching a maximum of approximately 25-fold over control cells after 12 h. The glucose-dependent induction of HO-1 mRNA was concentration-dependent (k(12) approximately 0.5 mm) and was attenuated by fructose, galactose, mannose, and 2-deoxyglucose, but not by the non-metabolizable glucose analog, 3-O-methylglucose.	Galactose	317-326	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	218-222
11744810-9	2002	In contrast, although increased ET(A) and ET(B) mRNAs were present following galactose feeding both at 1 and 6 months, ET-1, ET-3, fibronectin and collagen alpha2(IV)mRNAs were increased after 6 months.	Galactose	77-86	endothelin receptor type A	Homo sapiens	32-37
11677243-8	2002	Expression of both the full-length and epitope-tagged soluble forms of the putative enzyme in human 293T cells generated core 1 beta3-Gal-T activity that transferred galactose from UDP-Gal to GalNAcalpha1-O-phenyl, and a synthetic glycopeptide with Thr-linked GalNAc and the product was shown to have the core 1 structure.	Galactose	166-175	core 1 synthase, glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase, 1	Rattus norvegicus	121-139
11754731-7	2002	Carbohydrate analyses of the purified mucin showed the presence of galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, and sialic acid, but no mannose, glucose, or uronic acid.	Galactose	67-76	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	38-43
11835525-13	2002	This unusual glycosylation and sialylation pattern of the lambda-IgA1 may have important implications for the pathogenesis of IgAN, as both the masking effect of sialic acid on galactose and the reduced galactosylation will hinder the clearance of macromolecular lambda-IgA1 by asialoglycoprotein receptor of hepatocytes.	Galactose	177-186	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	65-69
11835525-13	2002	This unusual glycosylation and sialylation pattern of the lambda-IgA1 may have important implications for the pathogenesis of IgAN, as both the masking effect of sialic acid on galactose and the reduced galactosylation will hinder the clearance of macromolecular lambda-IgA1 by asialoglycoprotein receptor of hepatocytes.	Galactose	177-186	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	126-130
11744810-9	2002	In contrast, although increased ET(A) and ET(B) mRNAs were present following galactose feeding both at 1 and 6 months, ET-1, ET-3, fibronectin and collagen alpha2(IV)mRNAs were increased after 6 months.	Galactose	77-86	endothelin receptor type B	Homo sapiens	42-47
11732993-6	2001	The lectins MSL-1, MSL-2 and MSL-3 contained 5.7, 5.4 and 4.5% neutral sugars, respectively, and the sugar composition of the lectins was glucose and mannose for MSL-1 and galactose for both MSL-2 and MSL-3.	Galactose	172-181	MSL complex subunit 1	Rattus norvegicus	12-17
11738807-6	2001	Of the classes of molecules associated with cell surface interactions, glycoconjugates with terminal galactose, are temporally and spatially expressed on olfactory fibers that guide GnRH neurons and may play role(s) in migration.	Galactose	101-110	gonadotropin releasing hormone 1	Homo sapiens	182-186
11738807-8	2001	Furthermore, galactose-containing glycoconjugates and GABA are associated with GnRH neurons in species ranging from humans to lamprey.	Galactose	13-22	gonadotropin releasing hormone 1	Homo sapiens	79-83
11737213-4	2001	Evidence could be provided that polysialylated murine N-CAM glycans comprise diantennary, triantennary and tetraantennary core structures carrying, in part, type-1 N-acetyllactosamine antennae, sulfate groups linked to terminal galactose or subterminal N-acetylglucosamine residues and, as a characteristic feature, a sulfated glucuronic acid unit which was bound exclusively to C3 of terminal galactose in Manalpha3-linked type-2 antennae.	Galactose	228-237	neural cell adhesion molecule 1	Mus musculus	54-59
11737213-4	2001	Evidence could be provided that polysialylated murine N-CAM glycans comprise diantennary, triantennary and tetraantennary core structures carrying, in part, type-1 N-acetyllactosamine antennae, sulfate groups linked to terminal galactose or subterminal N-acetylglucosamine residues and, as a characteristic feature, a sulfated glucuronic acid unit which was bound exclusively to C3 of terminal galactose in Manalpha3-linked type-2 antennae.	Galactose	394-403	neural cell adhesion molecule 1	Mus musculus	54-59
11809453-3	2002	The data obtained indicated that PL-1 had a backbone consisting of 1,4-linked alpha-D-glucopyranosyl residues and 1,6-linked beta-D-galactopyranosyl residues with branches at O-6 of glucose residues and O-2 of galactose residues, composed of terminal glucose, 1,6-linked glucosyl residues and terminal rhamnose.	Galactose	210-219	prolactin family 3, subfamily d, member 1	Mus musculus	33-37
11602601-1	2001	The Na(+)/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) is highly selective for its natural substrates, d-glucose and d-galactose.	Galactose	102-113	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	33-38
11844062-5	2001	In contrast, the incidence of IgG lacking galactose markedly increased in MRL/lpr mice at 6 months of age (the age at which arthritis occurred), compared with that from age-matched MRL/+ mice without arthritis.	Galactose	42-51	Fas (TNF receptor superfamily member 6)	Mus musculus	78-81
11739794-6	2001	When the mutant alpha-tubulins were expressed from the galactose-inducible promoter of GAL1, cells rapidly acquired aberrant microtubule structures.	Galactose	55-64	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	87-91
12005038-0	2001	Leptin effect on galactose absorption in mice jejunum.	Galactose	17-26	leptin	Mus musculus	0-6
11504737-6	2001	Induction of HAA1 using a GAL1/HAA1 fusion gene resulted in rapid galactose-induced expression of both HAA1 and target genes.	Galactose	66-75	Haa1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	13-17
11479321-7	2001	Finally, whereas the original mutant cell line C4T fails to grow in medium containing galactose instead of glucose, the high NDI1-expressing transformant has a fully restored capacity to grow in galactose medium.	Galactose	195-204	NADH-ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating) NDI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	125-129
11743104-8	2001	Stems of plants overexpressing AtFUT4 or AtFUT5 contained more xylose, less arabinose, and less galactose than wild-type plants.	Galactose	96-105	fucosyltransferase 4	Arabidopsis thaliana	31-37
11743104-8	2001	Stems of plants overexpressing AtFUT4 or AtFUT5 contained more xylose, less arabinose, and less galactose than wild-type plants.	Galactose	96-105	fucosyltransferase 5	Arabidopsis thaliana	41-47
11908825-3	2001	Although both VT1 and VT2 reacted with Gb3 in a concentration dependent manner, terminal galactose requirement for Gb3 binding was also different from each other.	Galactose	89-98	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	115-118
11504737-6	2001	Induction of HAA1 using a GAL1/HAA1 fusion gene resulted in rapid galactose-induced expression of both HAA1 and target genes.	Galactose	66-75	Haa1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	31-35
11504737-6	2001	Induction of HAA1 using a GAL1/HAA1 fusion gene resulted in rapid galactose-induced expression of both HAA1 and target genes.	Galactose	66-75	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	26-30
11504737-6	2001	Induction of HAA1 using a GAL1/HAA1 fusion gene resulted in rapid galactose-induced expression of both HAA1 and target genes.	Galactose	66-75	Haa1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	31-35
11485999-2	2001	beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase 1 (Gal-T1) transfers galactose (Gal) from UDP-Gal to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), which constitutes its normal galactosyltransferase (Gal-T) activity.	Galactose	52-61	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	34-40
11485999-2	2001	beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase 1 (Gal-T1) transfers galactose (Gal) from UDP-Gal to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), which constitutes its normal galactosyltransferase (Gal-T) activity.	Galactose	9-12	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	34-40
11485999-2	2001	beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase 1 (Gal-T1) transfers galactose (Gal) from UDP-Gal to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), which constitutes its normal galactosyltransferase (Gal-T) activity.	Galactose	52-61	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	0-32
11485999-3	2001	In the presence of alpha-lactalbumin (LA), it transfers Gal to Glc, which is its lactose synthase (LS) activity.	Galactose	56-59	lactalbumin alpha	Homo sapiens	19-36
11485999-3	2001	In the presence of alpha-lactalbumin (LA), it transfers Gal to Glc, which is its lactose synthase (LS) activity.	Galactose	56-59	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	81-97
11535138-5	2001	Ricin lipolytic activity is pH and galactose dependent, with a maximum at pH 7.0 in the presence of 0.2 M galactose.	Galactose	35-44	ricin	Ricinus communis	0-5
11606209-2	2001	Dietary sugars D-glucose and D-galactose are transported across the intestinal brush-border membrane by the Na+/glucose cotransporter, SGLT1.	Galactose	29-40	sodium/glucose cotransporter 1	Ovis aries	135-140
11710439-3	2001	The epidermis of mouse embryo included a high level of AKI activities, which transferred galactose (Gal) to endogenous glycoprotein (molecular weight 130 kDa) (GP130).	Galactose	89-98	interleukin 6 signal transducer	Mus musculus	160-165
11710439-3	2001	The epidermis of mouse embryo included a high level of AKI activities, which transferred galactose (Gal) to endogenous glycoprotein (molecular weight 130 kDa) (GP130).	Galactose	100-103	interleukin 6 signal transducer	Mus musculus	160-165
11530187-1	2001	Serum amyloid P component (SAP) binds in vitro Ca(2+)-dependently to several ligands including oligosaccharides with terminal mannose and galactose.	Galactose	138-147	amyloid P component, serum	Homo sapiens	0-25
11530187-1	2001	Serum amyloid P component (SAP) binds in vitro Ca(2+)-dependently to several ligands including oligosaccharides with terminal mannose and galactose.	Galactose	138-147	amyloid P component, serum	Homo sapiens	27-30
11530187-6	2001	Binding studies indicated that galactose, mannose and fucose moieties contributed to the SAP reacting site(s).	Galactose	31-40	amyloid P component, serum	Homo sapiens	89-92
11535138-5	2001	Ricin lipolytic activity is pH and galactose dependent, with a maximum at pH 7.0 in the presence of 0.2 M galactose.	Galactose	106-115	ricin	Ricinus communis	0-5
11535138-10	2001	These data support the idea that the lipolytic activity associated with ricin is relevant to a lipase whose activity is pH and galactose dependent, sensitive to diethyl p-nitrophenylphosphate, and that a lipolytic step may be involved in the process of cell poisoning by ricin.	Galactose	127-136	ricin	Ricinus communis	72-77
11532958-5	2001	Chromatin remodeling is equally delayed in a galactose-inducible PHO5 promoter variant in which the Pho4 binding sites have been replaced by Gal4 binding sites.	Galactose	45-54	acid phosphatase PHO5	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	65-69
11532958-6	2001	By contrast, activation of the GAL1 gene by galactose addition occurs with normal kinetics.	Galactose	44-53	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	31-35
11596650-0	2001	Oxidation of galactose by galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase-deficient lymphoblasts.	Galactose	13-22	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	26-65
11463354-3	2001	A striking contrast was that galactose residues were largely beta 1,4-linked to GlcNAc residues in the beta 4Gal-T1(+/+) mouse glycans but beta 1,3-linked in the knockout mouse glycans, thus resulting in the shift of the backbone structure from type 2 chain (Gal beta 1--&gt;4GlcNAc) to type 1 chain (Gal beta 1--&gt;3GlcNAc).	Galactose	29-38	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 9	Mus musculus	61-69
11485988-4	2001	Gal4p binds to the upstream activating sequence (UAS) of GAL1 and several other GAL genes and stimulates transcription in the presence of galactose.	Galactose	138-147	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
11720004-2	2001	It appears that immunoglobulin A1-secreting cells of IgA nephropathy patients produce increased amounts of aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 in which the O-linked glycans in the hinge region are deficient in the content of galactose.	Galactose	218-227	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	131-135
11595162-1	2001	GM3 synthase, which transfers CMP-NeuAc with an alpha2,3-linkage to a galactose residue of lactosylceramide, plays a key role in the biosynthesis of all complex gangliosides.	Galactose	70-79	ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 5	Homo sapiens	0-12
11463354-3	2001	A striking contrast was that galactose residues were largely beta 1,4-linked to GlcNAc residues in the beta 4Gal-T1(+/+) mouse glycans but beta 1,3-linked in the knockout mouse glycans, thus resulting in the shift of the backbone structure from type 2 chain (Gal beta 1--&gt;4GlcNAc) to type 1 chain (Gal beta 1--&gt;3GlcNAc).	Galactose	29-38	UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	103-115
11463354-3	2001	A striking contrast was that galactose residues were largely beta 1,4-linked to GlcNAc residues in the beta 4Gal-T1(+/+) mouse glycans but beta 1,3-linked in the knockout mouse glycans, thus resulting in the shift of the backbone structure from type 2 chain (Gal beta 1--&gt;4GlcNAc) to type 1 chain (Gal beta 1--&gt;3GlcNAc).	Galactose	29-38	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 9	Mus musculus	61-67
11504597-1	2001	Ten low molecular compounds analogous to galactose were screened for inhibition of human beta-galactosidase activity.	Galactose	41-50	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	89-107
11488931-1	2001	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 (beta4gal-T1, EC 2.4.1.38) transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to free N-acetyl-D-glucosamine or bound N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-R.	Galactose	70-79	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	0-32
11488931-1	2001	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 (beta4gal-T1, EC 2.4.1.38) transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to free N-acetyl-D-glucosamine or bound N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-R.	Galactose	70-79	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	34-45
11596650-5	2001	A cell line with a homozygous deletion of the GALT gene oxidized galactose at 7% of the normal rate, suggesting that pathways(s) other than GALT exist in these cells as well as Q188R homozygous cells for oxidation of galactose to CO2.	Galactose	65-74	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	46-50
11596650-5	2001	A cell line with a homozygous deletion of the GALT gene oxidized galactose at 7% of the normal rate, suggesting that pathways(s) other than GALT exist in these cells as well as Q188R homozygous cells for oxidation of galactose to CO2.	Galactose	217-226	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	46-50
11468550-1	2001	BACKGROUND: Natural antibodies that react with galactose-alpha(1,3)galactose [galalpha(1,3)gal] carbohydrate epitopes exist in humans and Old World primates because of the inactivation of the alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GT) gene in these species and the subsequent production of antibodies to environmental microbes that express the galalpha(1,3)gal antigen.	Galactose	47-56	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	224-234
11481673-2	2001	This paper reports on physiological studies on the hxk2 deletion strain on mixtures of glucose/sucrose, glucose/galactose, glucose/maltose and glucose/ethanol in aerobic batch cultures.	Galactose	112-121	hexokinase 2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	51-55
11481673-3	2001	The hxk2 deletion strain co-consumed galactose and sucrose, together with glucose.	Galactose	37-46	hexokinase 2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
11454337-4	2001	13C NMR studies using D-(1-(13)C)glucose and D-(1-(13)C)galactose with the CaCl(2) system in CD(3)OD revealed that the C-2 epimerization proceeds via stereospecific rearrangement of the carbon skeleton, or 1,2-carbon shift, and ketose formation proceeds partially through an intramolecular hydrogen migration or 1,2-hydride shift and, in part, via an enediol intermediate.	Galactose	56-65	complement C2	Homo sapiens	119-122
11468550-1	2001	BACKGROUND: Natural antibodies that react with galactose-alpha(1,3)galactose [galalpha(1,3)gal] carbohydrate epitopes exist in humans and Old World primates because of the inactivation of the alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GT) gene in these species and the subsequent production of antibodies to environmental microbes that express the galalpha(1,3)gal antigen.	Galactose	47-56	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	67-70
11447138-1	2001	Increased mucosal expression of TF, the Thomsen-Friedenreich oncofetal blood group antigen (galactose beta1-3 N-acetylgalactosamine alpha-) occurs in colon cancer and colitis.	Galactose	92-101	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	102-109
11440778-9	2001	On the other hand, guava lectins also agglutinated E. coli O157:H7, perhaps due to the same galactose-specific lectin or to another type of lectin.	Galactose	92-101	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	25-31
11440778-9	2001	On the other hand, guava lectins also agglutinated E. coli O157:H7, perhaps due to the same galactose-specific lectin or to another type of lectin.	Galactose	92-101	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	111-117
11440778-10	2001	CONCLUSIONS: In summary, guava has a galactose-specific lectin that prevents adhesion of E. coli O157:H7 to red cells; this lectin is mediated by galactose.	Galactose	37-46	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	56-62
11440778-10	2001	CONCLUSIONS: In summary, guava has a galactose-specific lectin that prevents adhesion of E. coli O157:H7 to red cells; this lectin is mediated by galactose.	Galactose	37-46	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	124-130
14961347-5	2001	By expressing the ascidian cDNA for subunit C under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter, the pH-sensitive phenotype of the corresponding vma5 mutant of a budding yeast was rescued.	Galactose	69-78	H(+)-transporting V1 sector ATPase subunit C	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	147-151
11442726-8	2001	The activities of uridine-diphosphate (UDP)-glucose-pyrophosphorylase, thymidine-diphosphate (dTDP)-glucose-pyrophosphorylase and the dTDP-rhamnose-synthetic enzyme system were higher in galactose-grown than in glucose-grown cells.	Galactose	187-196	TAR DNA-binding protein-43 homolog	Drosophila melanogaster	134-138
11442726-13	2001	The greater polymer synthesis by galactose-grown cells is correlated with the higher UDP-glucose-pyrophosphorylase, dTDP-glucose-pyrophosphorylase and dTDP-rhamnose-synthetic enzyme system activities.	Galactose	33-42	TAR DNA-binding protein-43 homolog	Drosophila melanogaster	116-120
11442726-13	2001	The greater polymer synthesis by galactose-grown cells is correlated with the higher UDP-glucose-pyrophosphorylase, dTDP-glucose-pyrophosphorylase and dTDP-rhamnose-synthetic enzyme system activities.	Galactose	33-42	TAR DNA-binding protein-43 homolog	Drosophila melanogaster	151-155
11396656-4	2001	Previous association studies implicated GALT (a gene involved in galactose metabolism), and GSTM1 and NAT2 (genes encoding for the detoxification enzymes) as possible disease susceptibility genes.	Galactose	65-74	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	40-44
11480552-2	2001	To overcome this major barrier to the xenotransplantation, LJP 920, a galactosyl alpha1-3 galactose (Gal (alpha1-3) Gal) coupled to a non-immunogenic platform at a valency of eight Gal (alpha1-3) Gal molecules/platform, was synthesized to clear circulating antibodies and to inhibit their production by B cells that produce these antibodies.	Galactose	90-99	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 3	Mus musculus	81-89
11434930-0	2001	Thermodynamic analysis of the binding of galactose and poly-N-acetyllactosamine derivatives to human galectin-3.	Galactose	41-50	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	101-111
11434930-7	2001	Binding thermodynamics of galectin-3 with the galactose derivatives are essentially enthalpically driven and exhibit compensatory changes in DeltaH degrees and TDeltaS owing to solvent reorganization.	Galactose	46-55	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	26-36
11408160-4	2001	On the other hand, the 4- and 6-hydroxy groups on the galactose ring are arranged to chelate the calcium ion in the P-selectin active site.	Galactose	54-63	selectin P	Homo sapiens	116-126
11506180-1	2001	Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 (beta1,4-GT 1) is the key enzyme transferring galactose to the terminal N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) forming Galbeta3--&gt;4GlcNAc structure in the Golgi apparatus.	Galactose	79-88	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	0-32
11415981-3	2001	DNA microarray analyses showed that all the target genes upregulated by the well-studied native gain-of-function Pdr1-3 mutant were similarly activated by the chimerical factor Pdr1*GAD upon galactose induction.	Galactose	191-200	drug-responsive transcription factor PDR1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	113-117
11415981-3	2001	DNA microarray analyses showed that all the target genes upregulated by the well-studied native gain-of-function Pdr1-3 mutant were similarly activated by the chimerical factor Pdr1*GAD upon galactose induction.	Galactose	191-200	drug-responsive transcription factor PDR1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	177-181
11401712-1	2001	In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the interplay between Gal3p, Gal80p and Gal4p determines the transcriptional status of the genes needed for galactose utilization.	Galactose	147-156	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	61-66
11401712-1	2001	In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the interplay between Gal3p, Gal80p and Gal4p determines the transcriptional status of the genes needed for galactose utilization.	Galactose	147-156	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	68-74
11401712-1	2001	In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the interplay between Gal3p, Gal80p and Gal4p determines the transcriptional status of the genes needed for galactose utilization.	Galactose	147-156	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	79-84
11401712-2	2001	The interaction between Gal80p and Gal4p has been studied in great detail; however, our understanding of the mechanism of Gal3p in transducing the signal from galactose to Gal4p has only begun to emerge recently.	Galactose	159-168	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	24-30
11401712-2	2001	The interaction between Gal80p and Gal4p has been studied in great detail; however, our understanding of the mechanism of Gal3p in transducing the signal from galactose to Gal4p has only begun to emerge recently.	Galactose	159-168	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	122-127
11401712-2	2001	The interaction between Gal80p and Gal4p has been studied in great detail; however, our understanding of the mechanism of Gal3p in transducing the signal from galactose to Gal4p has only begun to emerge recently.	Galactose	159-168	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	172-177
11401712-3	2001	Historically, Gal3p was believed to be an enzyme (catalytic model) that converts galactose to an inducer or co-inducer, which was thought to interact with GAL80p, the repressor of the system.	Galactose	81-90	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	14-19
11401712-3	2001	Historically, Gal3p was believed to be an enzyme (catalytic model) that converts galactose to an inducer or co-inducer, which was thought to interact with GAL80p, the repressor of the system.	Galactose	81-90	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	155-161
11401712-5	2001	According to this model, Gal3p is activated by galactose, which leads to its interaction with Gal80p.	Galactose	47-56	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	25-30
11401712-5	2001	According to this model, Gal3p is activated by galactose, which leads to its interaction with Gal80p.	Galactose	47-56	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	94-100
11257601-4	2001	Although both CHO and NS0-derived oligosaccharides were predominantly of the standard complex type with variable sialylation, 30% of N-glycan antennae associated with NS0-derived TIMP-1 terminated in alpha1,3-linked galactose residues.	Galactose	216-225	tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1	Mus musculus	179-185
11325936-1	2001	In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the addition of glucose to cells growing on galactose induces internalization of the galactose transporter Gal2p and its subsequent proteolysis in the vacuole.	Galactose	73-82	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	136-141
11506180-1	2001	Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 (beta1,4-GT 1) is the key enzyme transferring galactose to the terminal N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) forming Galbeta3--&gt;4GlcNAc structure in the Golgi apparatus.	Galactose	79-88	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	34-46
11506180-9	2001	These results suggest that the p58GTA stable transfection into human hepatocarcinoma cells could enhance the two beta1,4-GT1 subcellular pool activities independently and change its cell-cycle without modifying the beta-1,4-linked galactose residues on most membrane proteins.	Galactose	231-240	cyclin dependent kinase 11A	Homo sapiens	31-37
11328878-5	2001	We have introduced the bovine DNase I gene into yeast under control of a galactose-responsive promoter.	Galactose	73-82	deoxyribonuclease 1	Bos taurus	30-37
11152465-0	2001	Relationship between genotype, activity, and galactose sensitivity in yeast expressing patient alleles of human galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase.	Galactose	45-54	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	112-153
11118434-2	2001	We have analyzed whether competition by the glycosyltransferase, ST3Gal-I, which transfers sialic acid to galactose in the core 1 substrate, is key to this switch in MUC1 glycosylation that results in the expression of the cancer-associated SM3 epitope.	Galactose	106-115	ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	65-73
11118434-2	2001	We have analyzed whether competition by the glycosyltransferase, ST3Gal-I, which transfers sialic acid to galactose in the core 1 substrate, is key to this switch in MUC1 glycosylation that results in the expression of the cancer-associated SM3 epitope.	Galactose	106-115	mucin 1, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	166-170
11152465-4	2001	Next, we utilized strains expressing these alleles to demonstrate a clear inverse relationship between GALT activity and galactose sensitivity.	Galactose	121-130	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	103-107
11152465-6	2001	As reported for humans, yeast deficient in GALT, but not their wild type counterparts, demonstrated elevated levels of galactose 1-phosphate and diminished UDP-gal upon exposure to galactose.	Galactose	119-128	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	43-47
11152465-7	2001	These results present the first clear evidence in a genetically and biochemically amenable model system of a relationship between GALT genotype, enzyme activity, sensitivity to galactose, and aberrant metabolite accumulation.	Galactose	177-186	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	130-134
12702462-1	2001	The role of the proteins encoded by the GAL80 gene, the MIG1 gene and the GAL6 gene in glucose control of galactose consumption by Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied by physiological characterisation of various GAL mutant strains.	Galactose	106-115	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	40-45
12702462-1	2001	The role of the proteins encoded by the GAL80 gene, the MIG1 gene and the GAL6 gene in glucose control of galactose consumption by Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied by physiological characterisation of various GAL mutant strains.	Galactose	106-115	bleomycin hydrolase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	74-78
12702462-8	2001	Deletion of GAL6 was shown to have a major impact on biomass and ethanol formation when cells were grown on galactose, and from the data obtained we speculate that Gal6 may be involved in mRNA degradation of the GAL gene transcripts.	Galactose	108-117	bleomycin hydrolase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	12-16
11286503-1	2001	Human galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (hGALT) is an evolutionarily conserved enzyme central to D-galactose metabolism.	Galactose	103-114	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	6-45
11259595-6	2001	We also find that the expression of the ACC1 is reduced fourfold in galactose medium and that this reduction is dependent on the Gal4 binding sites, suggesting that Gal4 bound to the ORF sites affects transcription of ACC1.	Galactose	68-77	acetyl-CoA carboxylase ACC1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	40-44
11259595-6	2001	We also find that the expression of the ACC1 is reduced fourfold in galactose medium and that this reduction is dependent on the Gal4 binding sites, suggesting that Gal4 bound to the ORF sites affects transcription of ACC1.	Galactose	68-77	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	129-133
11259595-6	2001	We also find that the expression of the ACC1 is reduced fourfold in galactose medium and that this reduction is dependent on the Gal4 binding sites, suggesting that Gal4 bound to the ORF sites affects transcription of ACC1.	Galactose	68-77	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	165-169
11259595-6	2001	We also find that the expression of the ACC1 is reduced fourfold in galactose medium and that this reduction is dependent on the Gal4 binding sites, suggesting that Gal4 bound to the ORF sites affects transcription of ACC1.	Galactose	68-77	acetyl-CoA carboxylase ACC1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	218-222
11286503-1	2001	Human galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (hGALT) is an evolutionarily conserved enzyme central to D-galactose metabolism.	Galactose	103-114	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	47-52
11286504-1	2001	Mice deficient in galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) demonstrate abnormal galactose metabolism but no obvious clinical phenotype.	Galactose	18-27	galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase	Mus musculus	59-63
11286505-0	2001	Evidence for alternate galactose oxidation in a patient with deletion of the galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase gene.	Galactose	23-32	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	77-116
11286505-2	2001	Relatively constant steady-state levels of galactose metabolites in patients also suggest that non-GALT metabolic pathways must function to dispose of the galactose synthesized each day.	Galactose	155-164	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	99-103
11286505-3	2001	The discovery of a patient with a rare deletion of the GALT gene provided a unique opportunity to examine the availability of any alternate galactose oxidative capacity both in vivo and in vitro.	Galactose	140-149	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	55-59
11152478-2	2001	Expression of genes required for growth on galactose is regulated by the transcriptional activator Gal4.	Galactose	43-52	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	99-103
11171069-1	2001	The galactose-H(+) membrane-transport protein, GalP, of Escherichia coli is similar in substrate specificity and susceptibility to cytochalasin B and forskolin, to the human GLUT1 sugar-transport protein; furthermore, they are about 30% identical in amino acid sequence.	Galactose	4-13	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Homo sapiens	174-179
11357226-2	2001	In the present study the effects of biomedically relevant hexose sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose) and sucrose disaccharide on the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 genes were evaluated in granulation tissue fibroblasts, hypertrophic scar fibroblasts and keloid fibroblasts.	Galactose	92-101	mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I	Homo sapiens	158-163
11357226-2	2001	In the present study the effects of biomedically relevant hexose sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose) and sucrose disaccharide on the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 genes were evaluated in granulation tissue fibroblasts, hypertrophic scar fibroblasts and keloid fibroblasts.	Galactose	92-101	mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II	Homo sapiens	168-173
11357226-7	2001	On the other hand, COX-2 mRNA expression in granulation tissue fibroblasts was decreased dramatically in the presence of fructose, mannose and sucrose and moderately in the presence of galactose.	Galactose	185-194	mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II	Homo sapiens	19-24
11175728-4	2001	Doxorubicin, a powerful antimitogenic anthracycline, was enzymatically assembled on the galactose residues of a DEF chimera.	Galactose	88-97	UTP25 small subunit processome component	Mus musculus	112-115
11419909-5	2001	Our data are in support of the view that the O-linked oligosaccharide moieties of the patients IgA1 were generally lacking in galactose and sialic acid residues.	Galactose	126-135	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	95-99
11266443-3	2001	In addition, galactose-induced GFP-Num1p is seen at the bud neck and in lateral regions of the mother cortex.	Galactose	13-22	Num1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	35-40
11255236-14	2001	The normal conversion of DBP to DBP-maf requires the selective removal of galactose and sialic acid from the third domain of the protein.	Galactose	74-83	D-box binding PAR bZIP transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	25-28
11777374-4	2001	Both the galactose- and lactose-installed micelles specifically interacted with RCA-1; on the other hand the mannose-installed micelle interacted specifically with Con A.	Galactose	9-18	von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor	Homo sapiens	80-85
11255236-14	2001	The normal conversion of DBP to DBP-maf requires the selective removal of galactose and sialic acid from the third domain of the protein.	Galactose	74-83	D-box binding PAR bZIP transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	32-35
11276504-2	2001	Galactosemia is an autosomal recessive disease related to deficiency of one of three different enzymes involved in the metabolism of galactose: galactokinase (GALK), galactoso-J-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) or UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	133-142	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	144-157
11276504-2	2001	Galactosemia is an autosomal recessive disease related to deficiency of one of three different enzymes involved in the metabolism of galactose: galactokinase (GALK), galactoso-J-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) or UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	133-142	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	159-163
11172481-8	2001	Following galactose ingestion, there was a modest transient increase in peripheral glucose and insulin concentrations.	Galactose	10-19	insulin	Homo sapiens	95-102
11276504-2	2001	Galactosemia is an autosomal recessive disease related to deficiency of one of three different enzymes involved in the metabolism of galactose: galactokinase (GALK), galactoso-J-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) or UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	133-142	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	166-205
11276504-2	2001	Galactosemia is an autosomal recessive disease related to deficiency of one of three different enzymes involved in the metabolism of galactose: galactokinase (GALK), galactoso-J-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) or UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	133-142	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	207-211
11276504-2	2001	Galactosemia is an autosomal recessive disease related to deficiency of one of three different enzymes involved in the metabolism of galactose: galactokinase (GALK), galactoso-J-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) or UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	133-142	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	216-241
11276504-2	2001	Galactosemia is an autosomal recessive disease related to deficiency of one of three different enzymes involved in the metabolism of galactose: galactokinase (GALK), galactoso-J-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) or UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	133-142	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	243-247
11511812-5	2000	The GlcAT-P transferred glucuronic acid to the galactose residues in the N-acetyllactosamine branches of bi-, tri-, and tetra-antennary oligosaccharide chains, with different efficiencies and most preferentially to those in the Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4Manalpha1-3 branch.	Galactose	47-56	beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	4-11
11162423-1	2000	Laminin (LN)- or fibronectin (FN)-dependent adhesion in Krieger"s ldlD 14 (D14) cells is enhanced significantly in the presence vs absence, of galactose (Gal), whereas LN- or FN-induced haptotactic cell motility is barely affected unless cells express CD82 by its gene transfection (cells termed D14/CD82).	Galactose	143-152	CD82 antigen	Mus musculus	252-256
11162423-1	2000	Laminin (LN)- or fibronectin (FN)-dependent adhesion in Krieger"s ldlD 14 (D14) cells is enhanced significantly in the presence vs absence, of galactose (Gal), whereas LN- or FN-induced haptotactic cell motility is barely affected unless cells express CD82 by its gene transfection (cells termed D14/CD82).	Galactose	143-152	CD82 antigen	Mus musculus	300-304
11097887-6	2000	Furthermore, we assessed the contribution of neutral trehalase during pressure and recovery conditions by varying the expression of NTH1 or neutral trehalase activity with a galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter with either glucose or galactose.	Galactose	174-183	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	194-198
11097887-7	2000	The low barotolerance observed with glucose repression of neutral trehalase from the GAL1 promoter was restored during recovery with galactose induction.	Galactose	133-142	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	85-89
11106409-1	2000	Milk lactose is hydrolysed to galactose and glucose in the small intestine of mammals by the lactase/phlorizin hydrolase complex (LPH; EC 3.2.1.108/62).	Galactose	30-39	lactase	Homo sapiens	93-100
11113841-6	2000	Also, all patients studied with less than 5% total body oxidation of galactose to (13)CO(2) had POF, whereas those with more than 5% did not have POF (P =.008, Fisher exact test).	Galactose	69-78	POF1B actin binding protein	Homo sapiens	96-99
11149519-1	2000	The human hepatic Asialoglycoprotein Receptor (ASGP-R) consists of two different types of liver specific membrane glycoproteins that bind to terminal galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine residues of serum glycoproteins.	Galactose	150-159	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	47-53
11087716-3	2000	Hydrazine/nitrous acid/NaBH(4) treatment of the HA from the subcellular fractions indicated that C-3 of the galactose as well as C-6 of the N-acetylglucosamine residues of the N-acetyllactosamine chains became sulfated in these post ER fractions, as did the C-6 of the outer N-acetylglucosamine of the di-N-acetylchitobiose core.	Galactose	108-117	complement C3	Canis lupus familiaris	97-100
11101808-3	2000	By manipulating the GAL gene regulatory network of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is a tightly regulated system, we produced prototroph mutant strains, which increased the flux through the galactose utilization pathway by eliminating three known negative regulators of the GAL system: Gal6, Gal80, and Mig1.	Galactose	190-199	bleomycin hydrolase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	286-290
11101808-3	2000	By manipulating the GAL gene regulatory network of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is a tightly regulated system, we produced prototroph mutant strains, which increased the flux through the galactose utilization pathway by eliminating three known negative regulators of the GAL system: Gal6, Gal80, and Mig1.	Galactose	190-199	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	292-297
11101808-3	2000	By manipulating the GAL gene regulatory network of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is a tightly regulated system, we produced prototroph mutant strains, which increased the flux through the galactose utilization pathway by eliminating three known negative regulators of the GAL system: Gal6, Gal80, and Mig1.	Galactose	190-199	transcription factor MIG1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	303-307
11135118-5	2000	Transport of D-galactose and D-mannose is also up to 60% less in Atstp1 seedlings compared to wild type, but transport of D-fructose, L-arabinose and sucrose is not reduced.	Galactose	13-24	sugar transporter 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	65-71
11135118-7	2000	Atstp1 seedlings grow effectively on concentrations of D-galactose that inhibit wild-type growth, even at up to 100 mM D-galactose, indicating that active transport by AtSTP1 plays a major role at very high concentrations of exogenous sugar.	Galactose	55-66	sugar transporter 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	0-6
11135118-7	2000	Atstp1 seedlings grow effectively on concentrations of D-galactose that inhibit wild-type growth, even at up to 100 mM D-galactose, indicating that active transport by AtSTP1 plays a major role at very high concentrations of exogenous sugar.	Galactose	55-66	sugar transporter 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	168-174
11135118-7	2000	Atstp1 seedlings grow effectively on concentrations of D-galactose that inhibit wild-type growth, even at up to 100 mM D-galactose, indicating that active transport by AtSTP1 plays a major role at very high concentrations of exogenous sugar.	Galactose	119-130	sugar transporter 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	0-6
11135118-7	2000	Atstp1 seedlings grow effectively on concentrations of D-galactose that inhibit wild-type growth, even at up to 100 mM D-galactose, indicating that active transport by AtSTP1 plays a major role at very high concentrations of exogenous sugar.	Galactose	119-130	sugar transporter 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	168-174
11128596-1	2000	The reaction of alpha- and beta-1-S-phosphorothioates of per-O-acetylated monosaccharides (galactose, xylose, glucose) with trimethylsilyl cyanide in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate has been investigated.	Galactose	91-100	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 1	Homo sapiens	16-33
11071859-4	2000	Addition of galactose to terminal N-acetyglucosamine residues suppressed the acrosome reaction-inducing capacity of the oligosaccharide preparation; however, this capacity could be restored by co-incubation with beta-galactosidase.	Galactose	12-21	galactosidase beta 1	Gallus gallus	212-230
11056384-6	2000	These results, together with the finding that the N-glycans of CHO-EPO make little contact with the aromatic amino acid residues exposed on the protein surface, indicate that the inner regions including the galactose residues of the intramolecular N-glycans stabilize the protein conformation by clinging to the hydrophobic protein surface areas mainly made up of nonaromatic hydrocarbon groups.	Galactose	207-216	erythropoietin	Cricetulus griseus	67-70
11117433-7	2000	Finally, we have explored the impact of the V94M substitution on susceptibility of yeast expressing human GALE to galactose toxicity, including changes in the levels of galactose 1-phosphate (gal-1-P) accumulated in these cells at different times following exposure to galactose.	Galactose	114-123	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	106-110
11092512-3	2000	The mean plasma galactose in 15 patients who were homozygous for the most common Q188R mutation of the GALT gene was 2.72 +/- 0.70 micromol/L (mean +/- SE) with a range of 0.58 to 3.98 in specimens obtained at regular clinic visits.	Galactose	16-25	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	103-107
10997927-9	2000	Glucose uptake was inhibited by the treatment with SGLT-1 antisense and D-galactose.	Galactose	72-83	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	51-57
11027267-7	2000	We constructed a galactose-dependent kri1 strain by placing KRI1 under control of the GAL1 promoter, so that expression of KRI1 was shut off when transferring the culture to glucose medium.	Galactose	17-26	Kri1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	37-41
11027267-7	2000	We constructed a galactose-dependent kri1 strain by placing KRI1 under control of the GAL1 promoter, so that expression of KRI1 was shut off when transferring the culture to glucose medium.	Galactose	17-26	Kri1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	60-64
11027267-7	2000	We constructed a galactose-dependent kri1 strain by placing KRI1 under control of the GAL1 promoter, so that expression of KRI1 was shut off when transferring the culture to glucose medium.	Galactose	17-26	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	86-90
11027267-7	2000	We constructed a galactose-dependent kri1 strain by placing KRI1 under control of the GAL1 promoter, so that expression of KRI1 was shut off when transferring the culture to glucose medium.	Galactose	17-26	Kri1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	123-127
10972930-1	2000	Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used to study the regulation of the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains.	Galactose	72-81	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	92-96
10921924-1	2000	A gene, SIT4, was identified as corresponding to a serine/threonine protein phosphatase and when overexpressed confers lithium tolerance in galactose medium to the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	140-149	type 2A-related serine/threonine-protein phosphatase SIT4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	8-12
11129588-2	2000	We observed that yeast strains carrying RNase T1 cDNA under control of the GAL1 promoter with a single-copy vector were able to grow on galactose medium while those with a multi-copy vector were not.	Galactose	136-145	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	75-79
10884393-1	2000	Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) acts by a double displacement mechanism, catalyzing the second step in the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism.	Galactose	142-151	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-41
11425186-4	2000	The addition of sialic acid in alpha2,6-linkage to the galactose residue of lactosamine (type 2 chains) is catalyzed by beta-galactoside alpha2,6-sialyltransferase (ST6Gal.I).	Galactose	55-64	ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	165-173
11069666-1	2000	Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains lacking a functional Pho85 cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) exhibit a complex phenotype, including deregulation of phosphatase genes controlled by the transcription factor Pho4, slow growth on rich media, failure to grow using galactose, lactate or glycerol as a carbon source and hyperaccumulation of glycogen.	Galactose	257-266	cyclin-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase PHO85	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	54-59
10884393-1	2000	Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) acts by a double displacement mechanism, catalyzing the second step in the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism.	Galactose	142-151	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	43-47
10977128-8	2000	Lenses of galactose-fed rats had increased Vit.	Galactose	10-19	vitrin	Rattus norvegicus	43-46
11001796-1	2000	Molecular cloning and characterization of all three human galactose-metabolic genes have led to the identification of a number of mutations which result in three forms of galactosemia which are caused by kinase (GALK), transferase (GALT), or epimerase (GALE) deficiency.	Galactose	58-67	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	232-236
11001796-1	2000	Molecular cloning and characterization of all three human galactose-metabolic genes have led to the identification of a number of mutations which result in three forms of galactosemia which are caused by kinase (GALK), transferase (GALT), or epimerase (GALE) deficiency.	Galactose	58-67	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	253-257
10960497-0	2000	Galactose breath testing distinguishes variant and severe galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase genotypes.	Galactose	0-9	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	58-97
11098845-1	2000	To evaluate whether in classical galactosemia galactose (Gal), galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1-P) and galactitol (Galtol) affect brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, various concentrations (1-16 mM) of these compounds were preincubated with brain homogenates of suckling rats as well as with pure eel Electroforus electricus AChE at 37 degrees C for 1 h. Initially, Galtol (up to 2.0 mM) increased (25%) AChE activity which decreased.	Galactose	57-60	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	132-152
10990025-5	2000	Degradation of the backbone of the pectin hairy regions resulted in a twofold increase in the release of galactose by beta-galactosidase and endo-galactanase but did not significantly influence the arabinose release by arabinofuranosidase and endo-arabinase.	Galactose	105-114	uncharacterized protein LOC104887530	Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris	118-136
10929010-6	2000	However, when transferrin was coexpressed with beta(1,4)-galactosyltransferase three additional galactose-containing hybrid oligosaccharides were obtained.	Galactose	96-105	transferrin	Homo sapiens	14-25
11247342-6	2000	It was shown possibility to induce alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase synthesis by a number of carbohydrates (galactose, glucose, galactosamine, and glucosamine), complex-forming substances (guanidine HCl), nitroaminoguanidin and guanidine carbonate and bovine blood.	Galactose	107-116	alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase	Bos taurus	35-66
10977128-10	2000	Sera of galactose-fed rats had increased Vit.	Galactose	8-17	vitrin	Rattus norvegicus	41-44
10908805-6	2000	Monosaccharide components of these glycans are N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), mannose (Man), fucose (Fuc), xylose (Xyl) and galactose (Gal), the same sugars as found in native cationic peanut peroxidase.	Galactose	134-137	peroxidase N1-like	Nicotiana tabacum	191-201
10926297-1	2000	The ability of mice deficient in galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) to metabolize galactose was determined in animals weaned to a mouse chow diet for a 4-wk period.	Galactose	33-42	galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase	Mus musculus	74-78
10926297-4	2000	When given 10 micromol of [1-13C]galactose, normal animals excrete small amounts of labeled galactose and galactonate but no galactitol in urine whereas GALT-deficient mice excrete significant amounts of all of these as labeled compounds in urine.	Galactose	33-42	galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase	Mus musculus	153-157
10926297-7	2000	Galactose-1-phosphate accumulates in red blood cells to levels found in humans exposed to large amounts of galactose, and galactose-1-phosphate is found in increased amounts in liver, kidney, and brain of GALT-deficient animals.	Galactose	107-116	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	205-209
10913821-3	2000	We report the occurrence of sialic acid in alpha 2,3- and alpha 2,6-linkage to galactose in bovine UPIII glycans as evidenced by the sensitivity of UPIII to both Vibrio cholera and Newcastle disease virus neuraminidase and by the colocalization of UPIII antigen and material detected by lectins of Sambucus nigra and Maackia amurensis on the luminal face of the bladder.	Galactose	79-88	uroplakin 3A	Bos taurus	99-104
10913821-3	2000	We report the occurrence of sialic acid in alpha 2,3- and alpha 2,6-linkage to galactose in bovine UPIII glycans as evidenced by the sensitivity of UPIII to both Vibrio cholera and Newcastle disease virus neuraminidase and by the colocalization of UPIII antigen and material detected by lectins of Sambucus nigra and Maackia amurensis on the luminal face of the bladder.	Galactose	79-88	uroplakin 3A	Bos taurus	148-153
10913821-3	2000	We report the occurrence of sialic acid in alpha 2,3- and alpha 2,6-linkage to galactose in bovine UPIII glycans as evidenced by the sensitivity of UPIII to both Vibrio cholera and Newcastle disease virus neuraminidase and by the colocalization of UPIII antigen and material detected by lectins of Sambucus nigra and Maackia amurensis on the luminal face of the bladder.	Galactose	79-88	uroplakin 3A	Bos taurus	148-153
10915771-1	2000	Galactokinase (GK; EC 2.7.1.6) is the first enzyme in the metabolism of galactose.	Galactose	72-81	galactokinase 1	Mus musculus	0-13
10915771-1	2000	Galactokinase (GK; EC 2.7.1.6) is the first enzyme in the metabolism of galactose.	Galactose	72-81	galactokinase 1	Mus musculus	15-17
10915771-4	2000	As expected, galactose was very poorly metabolized in GK-deficient mice.	Galactose	13-22	galactokinase 1	Mus musculus	54-56
10915771-5	2000	In addition, both galactose and galactitol accumulated in tissues of GK-deficient mice.	Galactose	18-27	galactokinase 1	Mus musculus	69-71
10915771-6	2000	Surprisingly, the GK-deficient animals did not form cataracts even when fed a high galactose diet.	Galactose	83-92	galactokinase 1	Mus musculus	18-20
10956411-1	2000	Galectin-3, a member of the beta-galactoside-binding lectin family, is involved in a variety of biological events including interactions with galactose-containing glycoconjugates, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.	Galactose	142-151	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	0-10
10891331-1	2000	Gal3p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a 520-amino-acid residue protein, which activates the GAL genes in the presence of galactose by relieving the repression of Gal80p.	Galactose	120-129	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
10891331-1	2000	Gal3p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a 520-amino-acid residue protein, which activates the GAL genes in the presence of galactose by relieving the repression of Gal80p.	Galactose	120-129	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	161-167
10891333-1	2000	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 (beta1,4-GT 1) is localized both in the Golgi complex where it catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to terminal N-acetylglucosamine forming Galbeta1 --&gt; 4GlcNAc structure, and on the cell surface where it serves as an adhesion molecule.	Galactose	122-131	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	0-32
10891333-1	2000	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 (beta1,4-GT 1) is localized both in the Golgi complex where it catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to terminal N-acetylglucosamine forming Galbeta1 --&gt; 4GlcNAc structure, and on the cell surface where it serves as an adhesion molecule.	Galactose	122-131	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	34-46
10801862-5	2000	Binding assays showed that, similar to Siglec-7, Siglec-9 recognized sialic acid in either the alpha2,3- or alpha2, 6-glycosidic linkage to galactose.	Galactose	140-149	sialic acid binding Ig like lectin 9	Homo sapiens	49-57
10890898-5	2000	Interestingly, overexpression of Gal4p restores promoter occupancy, activates GAL7 expression, and rescues growth on the otherwise toxic galactose substrate.	Galactose	137-146	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	33-38
10745193-7	2000	The M24 strain, constructed by classical breeding, and the mig1/gal80 disrupted and melibiase-producing strain TH1, were superior in their ability to hydrolyze melibiose into glucose and galactose showing specific melibiose hydrolysis rates of 0.17 C-mol/g/h and 0.24 C-mol/g/h, respectively.	Galactose	187-196	transcription factor MIG1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	59-63
10850990-3	2000	Gal4p activates the genes of the galactose utilization pathway permitting the use of galactose as the sole source of carbon and energy.	Galactose	33-42	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
10850990-3	2000	Gal4p activates the genes of the galactose utilization pathway permitting the use of galactose as the sole source of carbon and energy.	Galactose	85-94	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
10850990-6	2000	We also show that the activation of PUT2 by Gal4p depends on the presence of the inducer galactose and the Put3p binding site and that activation increases with increased dosage of Gal4p.	Galactose	89-98	1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	36-40
10850990-6	2000	We also show that the activation of PUT2 by Gal4p depends on the presence of the inducer galactose and the Put3p binding site and that activation increases with increased dosage of Gal4p.	Galactose	89-98	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	44-49
10914488-7	2000	There was significant attenuation of adhesion after incubation of HLMC with pronase, beta-galactosidase, and endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, indicating that HLMC adhere to bronchial epithelial cells via galactose-bearing carbohydrates expressed on a cell-surface peptide(s).	Galactose	209-218	alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase	Homo sapiens	114-145
10859341-4	2000	Liver-mediated uptake is through the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR), since clearance can be blocked by injection of excess galactose-Ficoll ligand and suppressed in ASGR-deficient mice.	Galactose	127-136	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Mus musculus	37-64
10859341-4	2000	Liver-mediated uptake is through the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR), since clearance can be blocked by injection of excess galactose-Ficoll ligand and suppressed in ASGR-deficient mice.	Galactose	127-136	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Mus musculus	66-70
10805731-1	2000	Gal4p activates transcription of the Saccharomyces GAL genes in response to galactose and is phosphorylated during interaction with the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) holoenzyme.	Galactose	76-85	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
10805731-3	2000	Gal4p S699 phosphorylation is necessary for sensitive response to inducer, and its requirement for GAL induction can be abrogated by high concentrations of galactose in strains expressing wild-type GAL2 and GAL3.	Galactose	156-165	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
10805731-3	2000	Gal4p S699 phosphorylation is necessary for sensitive response to inducer, and its requirement for GAL induction can be abrogated by high concentrations of galactose in strains expressing wild-type GAL2 and GAL3.	Galactose	156-165	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	198-202
10805731-3	2000	Gal4p S699 phosphorylation is necessary for sensitive response to inducer, and its requirement for GAL induction can be abrogated by high concentrations of galactose in strains expressing wild-type GAL2 and GAL3.	Galactose	156-165	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	207-211
10799308-1	2000	To better understand the pathophysiology of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency in humans, we studied the mechanisms by which a GALT-deficient yeast survived on galactose medium.	Galactose	44-53	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	85-89
10799308-2	2000	Under normal conditions, GALT-deficient yeast cannot grow in medium that contains 0.2% galactose as the sole carbohydrate, a phenotype of Gal(-).	Galactose	87-96	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	25-29
10799308-3	2000	We isolated revertants from a GALT-deficient yeast by direct selection for growth in galactose, a phenotype of Gal(+).	Galactose	85-94	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	30-34
10799308-4	2000	Comparison of gene expression profiles among wild-type and revertant strains on galactose medium revealed that the revertant down-regulated genes encoding enzymes including galactokinase, galactose permease, and UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (the GAL regulon).	Galactose	80-89	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	173-186
10799308-6	2000	There was reduced accumulation of galactose-1-phosphate in the galactose-grown revertant cells when compared to the GALT-deficient parent cells.	Galactose	34-43	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	116-120
10799308-9	2000	The Gal(-) yeast transformed with either UGP1 or hUGP2 regained their ability to grow on galactose.	Galactose	89-98	UTP glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	41-45
10799308-9	2000	The Gal(-) yeast transformed with either UGP1 or hUGP2 regained their ability to grow on galactose.	Galactose	89-98	UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2	Homo sapiens	49-54
10799308-10	2000	We conclude that revertant can grow on galactose medium by reducing the accumulation of toxic precursors through down-regulation of the GAL regulon and up-regulation of the UGP1 gene.	Galactose	39-48	UTP glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	173-177
10866670-1	2000	Genetics and in vitro studies have shown that the direct interaction between Gal3p and Gal80p plays a central role in galactose-dependent Gal4p-mediated GAL gene expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	118-127	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	77-82
10866670-1	2000	Genetics and in vitro studies have shown that the direct interaction between Gal3p and Gal80p plays a central role in galactose-dependent Gal4p-mediated GAL gene expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	118-127	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	87-93
10866670-1	2000	Genetics and in vitro studies have shown that the direct interaction between Gal3p and Gal80p plays a central role in galactose-dependent Gal4p-mediated GAL gene expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	118-127	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	138-143
10866670-3	2000	It has been assumed that Gal3p interacts with Gal80p in the nucleus upon galactose addition to release Gal80p inhibition of Gal4p.	Galactose	73-82	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	25-30
10866670-3	2000	It has been assumed that Gal3p interacts with Gal80p in the nucleus upon galactose addition to release Gal80p inhibition of Gal4p.	Galactose	73-82	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	46-52
10866670-3	2000	It has been assumed that Gal3p interacts with Gal80p in the nucleus upon galactose addition to release Gal80p inhibition of Gal4p.	Galactose	73-82	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	124-129
10866670-9	2000	We document a very rapid association between NLS-Gal3p and Gal80p in vivo in response to galactose, illustrating that the nuclear import of Gal80p is very rapid and efficient.	Galactose	89-98	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	49-54
10866670-9	2000	We document a very rapid association between NLS-Gal3p and Gal80p in vivo in response to galactose, illustrating that the nuclear import of Gal80p is very rapid and efficient.	Galactose	89-98	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	59-65
10866670-9	2000	We document a very rapid association between NLS-Gal3p and Gal80p in vivo in response to galactose, illustrating that the nuclear import of Gal80p is very rapid and efficient.	Galactose	89-98	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	140-146
10862881-0	2000	Mutations in GAL2 or GAL4 alleviate catabolite repression produced by galactose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	70-79	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	13-17
10862881-0	2000	Mutations in GAL2 or GAL4 alleviate catabolite repression produced by galactose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	70-79	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	21-25
10844691-6	2000	Binding of wild-type gonococcal LOS to sperm was higher than that of mutant LOS lacking the galactose ligand for ASGP-R.	Galactose	92-101	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	113-119
10794721-1	2000	Lactoferrin binds to rat hepatic lectin 1 (RHL1), the major subunit of the asialoglycoprotein (ASGP) receptor, with high affinity, by a galactose-independent mechanism.	Galactose	136-145	lactotransferrin	Rattus norvegicus	0-11
10794721-1	2000	Lactoferrin binds to rat hepatic lectin 1 (RHL1), the major subunit of the asialoglycoprotein (ASGP) receptor, with high affinity, by a galactose-independent mechanism.	Galactose	136-145	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	25-41
10794721-1	2000	Lactoferrin binds to rat hepatic lectin 1 (RHL1), the major subunit of the asialoglycoprotein (ASGP) receptor, with high affinity, by a galactose-independent mechanism.	Galactose	136-145	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	43-47
10794721-9	2000	We conclude from these data that galactose-independent lactoferrin binding to the ASGP receptor requires the receptor"s carbohydrate-recognition domain to be in an active configuration.	Galactose	33-42	lactotransferrin	Rattus norvegicus	55-66
10855718-1	2000	In order to direct the persistent expression of recombinant human serum albumin (HSA) from the GAL10 promoter in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we carried out periodic feeding of galactose during shake-flask cultures.	Galactose	184-193	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	95-100
10802144-2	2000	This study was conducted to determine the role that endothelins play in the development of retinal microangiopathy under hyperhexosemic conditions induced by galactose feeding.	Galactose	158-167	endothelin 1	Rattus norvegicus	52-63
10802144-8	2000	Compared to the controls, after 1 month levels of mRNA for ET-1, ET-3, and ET(A) were increased in galactose-fed rats, whereas ET(B) mRNA production remained similar to controls.	Galactose	99-108	endothelin 1	Rattus norvegicus	59-63
10802144-8	2000	Compared to the controls, after 1 month levels of mRNA for ET-1, ET-3, and ET(A) were increased in galactose-fed rats, whereas ET(B) mRNA production remained similar to controls.	Galactose	99-108	endothelin 3	Rattus norvegicus	65-69
10802144-0	2000	Endothelins, their receptors, and retinal vascular dysfunction in galactose-fed rats.	Galactose	66-75	endothelin 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-11
10740228-2	2000	Galactosylceramidase removes galactose from galactosylceramide and psychosine, which are derived from sphingosine.	Galactose	29-38	galactosylceramidase	Mus musculus	0-20
10791714-4	2000	Deletion of this gene in a MAL+ tps1 mutant abolished trehalose accumulation on a maltose or galactose mineral medium.	Galactose	93-102	alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) TPS1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-36
10790206-1	2000	Galactokinase is an essential enzyme in the metabolism of galactose.	Galactose	58-67	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
10762614-1	2000	The Na(+)-glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) is expressed primarily by small intestinal epithelial cells and transports the monosaccharides glucose and galactose across the apical membrane.	Galactose	147-156	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	33-38
10782861-1	2000	We used histological observations and experiments with fluorescent cell tracers to investigate the roles of tissue macrophages in recognition through a galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-specific C-type lectin (mMGL) in lymph node metastasis formation by mouse ovarian tumor OV2944-HM-1 (HM-1) cells.	Galactose	152-161	C-type lectin domain family 10, member A	Mus musculus	208-212
10737789-1	2000	The transcriptional induction of the GAL genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurs when galactose and ATP interact with Gal3p.	Galactose	87-96	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	119-124
10737789-7	2000	Kinetic analysis of Gal3p+SA reveals that the K(m) for galactose is similar to that of Gal1p, but the K(m) for ATP is increased.	Galactose	55-64	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	20-25
10699320-3	2000	The rLTB purified directly from the culture supernatant by using D-galactose immobilized agarose was identical to the native LTB with respect to the molecular weight determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the amino terminal amino acid sequence.	Galactose	65-76	lymphotoxin beta	Rattus norvegicus	4-8
10699320-3	2000	The rLTB purified directly from the culture supernatant by using D-galactose immobilized agarose was identical to the native LTB with respect to the molecular weight determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the amino terminal amino acid sequence.	Galactose	65-76	lymphotoxin beta	Rattus norvegicus	5-8
10704521-4	2000	The heterogeneity was due to both the degree of sialylation and the presence of galactose residues in either beta(1-3) or beta(1-4) linkages.	Galactose	80-89	hemoglobin, beta adult major chain	Mus musculus	122-130
10787056-14	2000	The larger fragments were likely the [14C]galactose or [14C]galactobiose still attached to the rhamnogalacturonan backbone since treatment with beta-galactosidase together with endo-1,4-beta-galactanase digested all radioactivity to the fraction eluting as [14C]galactose.	Galactose	42-51	beta-galactosidase	Solanum tuberosum	144-162
10787056-14	2000	The larger fragments were likely the [14C]galactose or [14C]galactobiose still attached to the rhamnogalacturonan backbone since treatment with beta-galactosidase together with endo-1,4-beta-galactanase digested all radioactivity to the fraction eluting as [14C]galactose.	Galactose	262-271	beta-galactosidase	Solanum tuberosum	144-162
10660614-0	2000	Three aromatic amino acid residues critical for galactose transport in yeast Gal2 transporter.	Galactose	48-57	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	77-81
10660614-1	2000	Tyr(446) in putative transmembrane segment 10 (TM10) of the yeast galactose transporter Gal2 has previously been identified as essential for galactose recognition.	Galactose	66-75	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	88-92
10865114-1	2000	Mouse macrophage galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-specific calcium-type lectin (mMGL) has a calcium-dependent conformational epitope which is a ligand-induced binding site.	Galactose	17-26	C-type lectin domain family 10, member A	Mus musculus	79-83
10606764-2	2000	Using a rib5 disrupted strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which is auxotrophic for riboflavin, MAO A and MAO B were expressed separately under control of a galactose inducible GAL10/CYC1 promoter in the presence of N(10)-omega-hydroxypentyl-isoalloxazine as the only available riboflavin analogue.	Galactose	156-165	monoamine oxidase A	Homo sapiens	95-100
10606764-2	2000	Using a rib5 disrupted strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which is auxotrophic for riboflavin, MAO A and MAO B were expressed separately under control of a galactose inducible GAL10/CYC1 promoter in the presence of N(10)-omega-hydroxypentyl-isoalloxazine as the only available riboflavin analogue.	Galactose	156-165	monoamine oxidase B	Homo sapiens	105-110
10606764-2	2000	Using a rib5 disrupted strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which is auxotrophic for riboflavin, MAO A and MAO B were expressed separately under control of a galactose inducible GAL10/CYC1 promoter in the presence of N(10)-omega-hydroxypentyl-isoalloxazine as the only available riboflavin analogue.	Galactose	156-165	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	176-181
10606764-2	2000	Using a rib5 disrupted strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which is auxotrophic for riboflavin, MAO A and MAO B were expressed separately under control of a galactose inducible GAL10/CYC1 promoter in the presence of N(10)-omega-hydroxypentyl-isoalloxazine as the only available riboflavin analogue.	Galactose	156-165	cytochrome c isoform 1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	182-186
11310976-3	2000	The results showed a large deficit of N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, and sialic acid residues in glycophorin A from patients with CDA type I and type II amounting to about 45% and 55%, respectively.	Galactose	61-70	glycophorin A (MNS blood group)	Homo sapiens	100-113
10791783-5	2000	The glycan linked to Asn-281 of bovine lactoferrin-a was found to consist of fucose, galactose, and N-acetylgalactosamine in addition to mannose and N-acetylglucosamine.	Galactose	85-94	lactotransferrin	Bos taurus	39-50
10749934-6	2000	Several dominant negative alleles were identified on the basis of galactose-inducible growth arrest, of which one, sec18-109, was characterized in detail.	Galactose	66-75	AAA family ATPase SEC18	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	115-120
10712595-8	2000	Salmon antithrombin appears to have three complex oligosaccharide side chains containing sialic acid terminally linked alpha(2-3) to galactose, while trace amounts of Galbeta(1-4)GlcNAc suggest microheterogeneity due to partial loss of sialic acid.	Galactose	133-142	serpin family C member 1	Homo sapiens	7-19
10704521-4	2000	The heterogeneity was due to both the degree of sialylation and the presence of galactose residues in either beta(1-3) or beta(1-4) linkages.	Galactose	80-89	hemoglobin, beta adult major chain	Mus musculus	109-117
10686151-0	2000	Vectors allowing amplified expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gal3p-Gal80p-Gal4p transcription switch: applications to galactose-regulated high-level production of proteins.	Galactose	127-136	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	70-75
10686151-0	2000	Vectors allowing amplified expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gal3p-Gal80p-Gal4p transcription switch: applications to galactose-regulated high-level production of proteins.	Galactose	127-136	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	76-82
10686151-0	2000	Vectors allowing amplified expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gal3p-Gal80p-Gal4p transcription switch: applications to galactose-regulated high-level production of proteins.	Galactose	127-136	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	83-88
10686151-1	2000	The Gal4, Gal80, and Gal3 proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae constitute a galactose-responsive regulatory switch for GAL gene promoters.	Galactose	76-85	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
10686151-1	2000	The Gal4, Gal80, and Gal3 proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae constitute a galactose-responsive regulatory switch for GAL gene promoters.	Galactose	76-85	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	10-15
10686151-1	2000	The Gal4, Gal80, and Gal3 proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae constitute a galactose-responsive regulatory switch for GAL gene promoters.	Galactose	76-85	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	21-25
10686151-9	2000	The performance of the MEGA plasmids in providing amplified production of the Gal3, Gal80, and Gal4 proteins should prove useful in investigations of the mechanistic aspects of these transcription switch proteins and in work aimed at achieving high-level, galactose-regulatable production of proteins in yeast.	Galactose	256-265	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	78-82
10686151-9	2000	The performance of the MEGA plasmids in providing amplified production of the Gal3, Gal80, and Gal4 proteins should prove useful in investigations of the mechanistic aspects of these transcription switch proteins and in work aimed at achieving high-level, galactose-regulatable production of proteins in yeast.	Galactose	256-265	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	84-89
10686151-9	2000	The performance of the MEGA plasmids in providing amplified production of the Gal3, Gal80, and Gal4 proteins should prove useful in investigations of the mechanistic aspects of these transcription switch proteins and in work aimed at achieving high-level, galactose-regulatable production of proteins in yeast.	Galactose	256-265	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	95-99
10693699-12	2000	The dose of IL-11 producing the overall optimal response based on the parameters measured (galactose absorption, 72% increase over control; glycine absorption, 112% increase over control; and DNA content, 98% increase over control) was 750 microg/kg/d.	Galactose	91-100	interleukin 11	Rattus norvegicus	12-17
16232772-2	2000	In the cultivation of the gal80 mutant KS58-2D/pCY303 carrying a multicopy plasmid, which contains the PRC1 gene fused to the GAL10 promoter, CPY production continued after the consumption of galactose.	Galactose	192-201	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	26-31
16232772-2	2000	In the cultivation of the gal80 mutant KS58-2D/pCY303 carrying a multicopy plasmid, which contains the PRC1 gene fused to the GAL10 promoter, CPY production continued after the consumption of galactose.	Galactose	192-201	carboxypeptidase C PRC1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	103-107
10600816-3	1999	We previously reported that cellular Fn (cFn) and enzymatically desialylated plasma Fn (aFn), both of which have a high density of exposed terminal galactose residues, rapidly interact with hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGP-R) in association with their plasma clearance after intravenous infusion.	Galactose	148-157	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	37-39
10660061-7	2000	Expression of pgmB driven by the GAL1 promoter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae complemented the growth phenotype of a pgm2delta mutant strain and suppressed the sensitivity of a gcn4delta mutant strain to amino acid starvation in the presence of galactose.	Galactose	242-251	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	33-37
10611487-1	1999	The galactose-mediated clearance of serum glycoproteins from the circulation was evaluated using beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta-1,4-GalT) I-knockout mice.	Galactose	4-13	UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	97-127
10611487-1	1999	The galactose-mediated clearance of serum glycoproteins from the circulation was evaluated using beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta-1,4-GalT) I-knockout mice.	Galactose	4-13	UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	129-142
10611487-2	1999	Partial structural study of the oligosaccharides released from mouse serum glycoproteins revealed that 77.4% of the oligosaccharides from beta-1,4-GalT I(+/+) mouse contain galactose, while 7.7% of those from beta-1,4-GalT I(-/-) mouse were galactosylated.	Galactose	173-182	UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	138-151
10603381-11	2000	The human epitopes appeared to be located on O-polysaccharide chains containing endo-beta-galactosidase-sensitive galactose residues as the backbone.	Galactose	114-123	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	85-103
10570092-3	1999	The aberrant glycosylation of the IgA1 subclass with the absence of terminally located galactose and presence of only alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine in O-linked oligosaccharides in the hinge region of IgA1 represents a prominent difference from the normal IgA1.	Galactose	87-96	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	34-38
10572126-5	1999	GAL1-regulated expression plasmids carrying the mutant sec4 allele (pS28N) had minimal effects in glucose-incubated C. albicans transformants, but six of nine transformants tested grew very slowly in galactose.	Galactose	200-209	Rab family GTPase SEC4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	55-59
10611604-1	1999	beta-Galactosidase was incubated for 60 min with the fluorogenic substrate resorufin-beta-D-galactopyranoside, which is converted by the action of the enzyme into resorufin and galactose.	Galactose	177-186	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	0-18
10607305-1	1999	Immunoglobulin A (IgA), which is heavily glycosylated, interacts with a variety of receptors, e.g. the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R), which binds terminal galactose residues, and the Fcalpha receptor (FcalphaRI).	Galactose	162-171	CD79a molecule	Homo sapiens	18-21
10600460-7	1999	Immunoblot analysis showed that the highest level of expression of MYR1 was obtained 24 h after induction with galactose.	Galactose	111-120	Syh1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	67-71
10607305-1	1999	Immunoglobulin A (IgA), which is heavily glycosylated, interacts with a variety of receptors, e.g. the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R), which binds terminal galactose residues, and the Fcalpha receptor (FcalphaRI).	Galactose	162-171	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	103-130
10607305-1	1999	Immunoglobulin A (IgA), which is heavily glycosylated, interacts with a variety of receptors, e.g. the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R), which binds terminal galactose residues, and the Fcalpha receptor (FcalphaRI).	Galactose	162-171	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	132-138
10607305-1	1999	Immunoglobulin A (IgA), which is heavily glycosylated, interacts with a variety of receptors, e.g. the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R), which binds terminal galactose residues, and the Fcalpha receptor (FcalphaRI).	Galactose	162-171	Fc alpha receptor	Homo sapiens	190-218
10596356-1	1999	The purpose of this study was to investigate stable complexation of drug in blood by sugar-branched-beta-cyclodextrins (beta-CDs) such as glucose (glu)- or galactose (gal)-branched-beta-CDs and the pharmacokinetic disposition of drug in sugar-branched-beta-CD complex.	Galactose	156-165	beta-carotene oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	120-127
10551871-8	1999	This hypothesis was confirmed by experiments in which expression of wild-type Nfs1p from a regulated galactose-induced promoter was turned off, leading to recapitulation of the iron regulatory phenotypes characteristic of the MA14 mutant.	Galactose	101-110	cysteine desulfurase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	78-83
10596356-1	1999	The purpose of this study was to investigate stable complexation of drug in blood by sugar-branched-beta-cyclodextrins (beta-CDs) such as glucose (glu)- or galactose (gal)-branched-beta-CDs and the pharmacokinetic disposition of drug in sugar-branched-beta-CD complex.	Galactose	156-159	beta-carotene oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	120-127
10583610-3	1999	This was associated with decreased levels of galactose on the IgG oligosaccharides.	Galactose	45-54	immunoglobulin heavy variable V1-62	Mus musculus	62-65
10583610-5	1999	MRL-lpr/lpr mice normally have elevated levels of circulating IgG, again accompanied by decreased levels of IgG galactose.	Galactose	112-121	Fas (TNF receptor superfamily member 6)	Mus musculus	4-7
10583610-5	1999	MRL-lpr/lpr mice normally have elevated levels of circulating IgG, again accompanied by decreased levels of IgG galactose.	Galactose	112-121	Fas (TNF receptor superfamily member 6)	Mus musculus	8-11
10583610-5	1999	MRL-lpr/lpr mice normally have elevated levels of circulating IgG, again accompanied by decreased levels of IgG galactose.	Galactose	112-121	immunoglobulin heavy variable V1-62	Mus musculus	108-111
10583610-6	1999	Disruption of the CD4 gene in MRL-lpr/lpr mice led to a substantial decrease in the concentration of circulating IgG, but IgG galactose levels remained low.	Galactose	126-135	CD4 antigen	Mus musculus	18-21
10523671-1	1999	The Gal3, Gal80, and Gal4 proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae comprise a signal transducer that governs the galactose-inducible Gal4p-mediated transcription activation of GAL regulon genes.	Galactose	109-118	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
10523671-0	1999	The Gal3p-Gal80p-Gal4p transcription switch of yeast: Gal3p destabilizes the Gal80p-Gal4p complex in response to galactose and ATP.	Galactose	113-122	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-9
10523671-1	1999	The Gal3, Gal80, and Gal4 proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae comprise a signal transducer that governs the galactose-inducible Gal4p-mediated transcription activation of GAL regulon genes.	Galactose	109-118	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	10-15
10523671-1	1999	The Gal3, Gal80, and Gal4 proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae comprise a signal transducer that governs the galactose-inducible Gal4p-mediated transcription activation of GAL regulon genes.	Galactose	109-118	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	21-25
10523671-0	1999	The Gal3p-Gal80p-Gal4p transcription switch of yeast: Gal3p destabilizes the Gal80p-Gal4p complex in response to galactose and ATP.	Galactose	113-122	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	10-16
10523671-1	1999	The Gal3, Gal80, and Gal4 proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae comprise a signal transducer that governs the galactose-inducible Gal4p-mediated transcription activation of GAL regulon genes.	Galactose	109-118	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	129-134
10523671-0	1999	The Gal3p-Gal80p-Gal4p transcription switch of yeast: Gal3p destabilizes the Gal80p-Gal4p complex in response to galactose and ATP.	Galactose	113-122	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	17-22
10523671-0	1999	The Gal3p-Gal80p-Gal4p transcription switch of yeast: Gal3p destabilizes the Gal80p-Gal4p complex in response to galactose and ATP.	Galactose	113-122	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	54-59
10523671-0	1999	The Gal3p-Gal80p-Gal4p transcription switch of yeast: Gal3p destabilizes the Gal80p-Gal4p complex in response to galactose and ATP.	Galactose	113-122	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	77-83
10523671-0	1999	The Gal3p-Gal80p-Gal4p transcription switch of yeast: Gal3p destabilizes the Gal80p-Gal4p complex in response to galactose and ATP.	Galactose	113-122	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	84-89
10531265-8	1999	Moreover, transcriptional fusion of ALA1 with the galactose-inducible promoters GALS, GALL, and GAL1, allowing for low, moderate, and high levels of inducible transcription, respectively, causes attachment and aggregation that correlates with the strength of the GAL promoter.	Galactose	50-59	alanine--tRNA ligase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	36-40
10523671-2	1999	In the absence of galactose, Gal80p binds to Gal4p and prohibits Gal4p from activating transcription, whereas in the presence of galactose, Gal3p binds to Gal80p and relieves its inhibition of Gal4p.	Galactose	129-138	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	140-145
10523671-2	1999	In the absence of galactose, Gal80p binds to Gal4p and prohibits Gal4p from activating transcription, whereas in the presence of galactose, Gal3p binds to Gal80p and relieves its inhibition of Gal4p.	Galactose	129-138	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	155-161
10523671-3	1999	We have found that immunoprecipitation of full-length Gal4p from yeast extracts coprecipitates less Gal80p in the presence than in the absence of Gal3p, galactose, and ATP.	Galactose	153-162	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	54-59
10523671-3	1999	We have found that immunoprecipitation of full-length Gal4p from yeast extracts coprecipitates less Gal80p in the presence than in the absence of Gal3p, galactose, and ATP.	Galactose	153-162	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	100-106
10523671-4	1999	We have also found that retention of Gal80p by GSTG4AD (amino acids [aa] 768 to 881) is markedly reduced in the presence compared to the absence of Gal3p, galactose, and ATP.	Galactose	155-164	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	37-43
10523671-5	1999	Consistent with these in vitro results, an in vivo two-hybrid genetic interaction between Gal80p and Gal4p (aa 768 to 881) was shown to be weaker in the presence than in the absence of Gal3p and galactose.	Galactose	195-204	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	90-96
10523671-5	1999	Consistent with these in vitro results, an in vivo two-hybrid genetic interaction between Gal80p and Gal4p (aa 768 to 881) was shown to be weaker in the presence than in the absence of Gal3p and galactose.	Galactose	195-204	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	101-106
10589384-6	1999	Intestinal mucosa contains leptin receptors, and leptin inhibits galactose absorption, suggesting a new site for leptin"s modulation of body mass.	Galactose	65-74	leptin	Homo sapiens	49-55
10473568-6	1999	Thus, beta4Gal-T7 represents galactosyltransferase I enzyme (xylosylprotein beta1, 4-galactosyltransferase; EC 2.4.1.133), which attaches the first galactose in the proteoglycan linkage region GlcAbeta1-3Galbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Xylbeta1-O-Ser.	Galactose	148-157	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7	Homo sapiens	6-17
10635119-1	1999	A novel cDNA encoding a major 30-kDa protein in xylem sap of cucumber Cucumis sativus (XSP30) was homologous to the B chains of galactose-binding lectins such as ricin and abrin.	Galactose	128-137	uncharacterized protein LOC101221335	Cucumis sativus	87-92
10598748-11	1999	Co-administration of asialo NIF with asialo fetuin (a protein cleared by hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor (possibly galactose)-mediated uptake reduced the hepatic extraction of asialo NIF.	Galactose	119-128	zinc finger protein 335	Rattus norvegicus	28-31
10598748-11	1999	Co-administration of asialo NIF with asialo fetuin (a protein cleared by hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor (possibly galactose)-mediated uptake reduced the hepatic extraction of asialo NIF.	Galactose	119-128	zinc finger protein 335	Rattus norvegicus	187-190
10598748-13	1999	These data suggest that NIF molecules that have free sugar moieties (possibly galactose) interact with an asialoglycoprotein receptor (possibly galactose-mediated) in the liver (parenchymal cells/hepatocytes).	Galactose	78-87	zinc finger protein 335	Rattus norvegicus	24-27
10598748-13	1999	These data suggest that NIF molecules that have free sugar moieties (possibly galactose) interact with an asialoglycoprotein receptor (possibly galactose-mediated) in the liver (parenchymal cells/hepatocytes).	Galactose	144-153	zinc finger protein 335	Rattus norvegicus	24-27
10523605-5	1999	These studies provide the first quantitative analysis of monomeric lipid antigen-CD1 interactions, and they demonstrate that the orientation of the galactose, or even the nature of the polar head group, are likely to be more important for T cell receptor contact than CD1d binding.	Galactose	148-157	CD1 antigen complex	Mus musculus	81-84
10487929-1	1999	While using YIp356 and YEp356R lacZ reporter plasmids, we found lacZ expression driven by the ARG2 promoter to be much higher in cells grown on a non-glucose carbon source than in glucose-grown cells (5-10-fold higher on galactose and up to 40-fold higher on ethanol).	Galactose	221-230	acetyl-CoA:L-glutamate N-acetyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	94-98
10589384-6	1999	Intestinal mucosa contains leptin receptors, and leptin inhibits galactose absorption, suggesting a new site for leptin"s modulation of body mass.	Galactose	65-74	leptin	Homo sapiens	49-55
10447652-0	1999	Inhibitory effect of orally administered aldose reductase inhibitor SNK-860 on corneal polyol accumulation in galactose-fed rats.	Galactose	110-119	polo-like kinase 2	Rattus norvegicus	68-71
10393701-3	1999	Their specificity for GalNAc was determined by reactivity with IgA1 myeloma proteins with enzymatically removed N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc) and galactose (Gal); removal of the O-linked glycans of IgA1 resulted in significantly decreased reactivity.	Galactose	149-158	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	63-67
10452956-4	1999	A gal7 yeast strain harboring a plasmid containing cloned hIMPase grows on galactose as a sole carbon source.	Galactose	75-84	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	2-6
10452956-5	1999	hIMPase mediated galactose metabolism is dependent on the functionality of GAL1 as well as GAL10 encoded galactokinase and epimerase respectively.	Galactose	17-26	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	75-79
10452956-5	1999	hIMPase mediated galactose metabolism is dependent on the functionality of GAL1 as well as GAL10 encoded galactokinase and epimerase respectively.	Galactose	17-26	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	91-96
10452956-5	1999	hIMPase mediated galactose metabolism is dependent on the functionality of GAL1 as well as GAL10 encoded galactokinase and epimerase respectively.	Galactose	17-26	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	105-118
10452956-8	1999	Moreover, expression of UGP1 allows a gal7 strain to grow on galactose as a sole carbon source.	Galactose	61-70	UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2	Homo sapiens	24-28
10452956-8	1999	Moreover, expression of UGP1 allows a gal7 strain to grow on galactose as a sole carbon source.	Galactose	61-70	galectin 7B	Homo sapiens	38-42
10444252-5	1999	Lectin mapping of the carbohydrates present on pigeon intestinal mucin demonstrated high levels of exposed N-acetyl neuraminic acid, N-acetyl galactosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine, with lower levels of fucose and some galactose.	Galactose	219-228	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	65-70
10430580-3	1999	Galactose-induced expression of EcoRI endonuclease in rad50, mre11, or xrs2 mutants, which are deficient in plasmid DSB end-joining and some forms of recombination, resulted in G2 arrest and rapid cell killing.	Galactose	0-9	MRX complex DNA-binding subunit	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	54-59
10430580-3	1999	Galactose-induced expression of EcoRI endonuclease in rad50, mre11, or xrs2 mutants, which are deficient in plasmid DSB end-joining and some forms of recombination, resulted in G2 arrest and rapid cell killing.	Galactose	0-9	MRX complex nuclease subunit	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	61-66
10430580-3	1999	Galactose-induced expression of EcoRI endonuclease in rad50, mre11, or xrs2 mutants, which are deficient in plasmid DSB end-joining and some forms of recombination, resulted in G2 arrest and rapid cell killing.	Galactose	0-9	Xrs2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	71-75
10455233-11	1999	Cells expressing SFI1 under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter arrest after addition of glucose as doublets of undivided mother and daughter cells.	Galactose	45-54	Sfi1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	17-21
10443287-3	1999	VAA as well as galectin-1, an endogenous lectin, possess galactose-specific surface-binding sites.	Galactose	57-66	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	15-25
10619708-0	1999	Isolation and characterization from porcine serum of a soluble sulfotransferase responsible for 6-O-sulfation of the galactose residue in 2"-fucosyllactose: implications in the synthesis of the ligand for L-selectin.	Galactose	117-126	selectin L	Homo sapiens	205-215
10446254-1	1999	Repair of UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) was measured in a yeast minichromosome, having a galactose-inducible GAL1:URA3 fusion gene, a constitutively expressed HIS3 gene and varied regions of chromatin structure.	Galactose	107-116	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	127-131
10446254-1	1999	Repair of UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) was measured in a yeast minichromosome, having a galactose-inducible GAL1:URA3 fusion gene, a constitutively expressed HIS3 gene and varied regions of chromatin structure.	Galactose	107-116	orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	132-136
10446254-2	1999	Transcription of GAL1:URA3 increased &gt;150-fold, while HIS3 expression decreased &lt;2-fold when cells were switched from glucose to galactose medium.	Galactose	135-144	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	17-21
10446254-2	1999	Transcription of GAL1:URA3 increased &gt;150-fold, while HIS3 expression decreased &lt;2-fold when cells were switched from glucose to galactose medium.	Galactose	135-144	imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase HIS3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	57-61
10446254-3	1999	Following galactose induction, four nucleosomes were displaced or rearranged in the GAL3-GAL10 region.	Galactose	10-19	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	84-88
10446254-3	1999	Following galactose induction, four nucleosomes were displaced or rearranged in the GAL3-GAL10 region.	Galactose	10-19	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	89-94
10446254-5	1999	Repair at 269 cis-syn CPD sites revealed moderate preferential repair of the transcribed strand of GAL1:URA3 in galactose, consistent with transcription-coupled repair in a fraction of these genes.	Galactose	112-121	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	99-103
10446254-5	1999	Repair at 269 cis-syn CPD sites revealed moderate preferential repair of the transcribed strand of GAL1:URA3 in galactose, consistent with transcription-coupled repair in a fraction of these genes.	Galactose	112-121	orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	104-108
10446254-8	1999	Finally, a mild correlation of repair heterogeneity with nucleosome positions was observed in the transcribed strand of the inactive GAL1:URA3 gene and this correlation was abolished upon galactose induction.	Galactose	188-197	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	133-137
10446254-8	1999	Finally, a mild correlation of repair heterogeneity with nucleosome positions was observed in the transcribed strand of the inactive GAL1:URA3 gene and this correlation was abolished upon galactose induction.	Galactose	188-197	orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	138-142
10417146-6	1999	Binding of PDI-refolded full-length (P &lt; 0.001) and cysteine-rich (P = 0.005) Hgl2 to CHO cells was galactose dependent and competitively inhibited by native hololectin (50% inhibitory concentration of 39.6 ng/ml).	Galactose	103-112	protein disulfide isomerase family A member 2	Homo sapiens	11-14
10393171-1	1999	beta1,4-galactosyltransferase T1 (beta4Gal-T1, EC 2.4.1.90/38), a Golgi resident membrane-bound enzyme, transfers galactose from uridine diphosphogalactose to the terminal beta-N-acetylglucosamine residues forming the poly-N-acetyllactosamine core structures present in glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids.	Galactose	114-123	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Bos taurus	0-32
10393171-1	1999	beta1,4-galactosyltransferase T1 (beta4Gal-T1, EC 2.4.1.90/38), a Golgi resident membrane-bound enzyme, transfers galactose from uridine diphosphogalactose to the terminal beta-N-acetylglucosamine residues forming the poly-N-acetyllactosamine core structures present in glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids.	Galactose	114-123	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Bos taurus	34-45
10393171-9	1999	They suggest a mechanism possibly involved in galactose transfer and enable identification of the critical amino acids involved in alpha-lactalbumin interactions.	Galactose	46-55	lactalbumin alpha	Bos taurus	131-148
10393701-3	1999	Their specificity for GalNAc was determined by reactivity with IgA1 myeloma proteins with enzymatically removed N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc) and galactose (Gal); removal of the O-linked glycans of IgA1 resulted in significantly decreased reactivity.	Galactose	22-25	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	63-67
10393701-3	1999	Their specificity for GalNAc was determined by reactivity with IgA1 myeloma proteins with enzymatically removed N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc) and galactose (Gal); removal of the O-linked glycans of IgA1 resulted in significantly decreased reactivity.	Galactose	22-25	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	201-205
10393701-5	1999	The re-formation of isolated and acid-dissociated CICs was inhibited more effectively by IgA1 lacking NeuNAc and Gal than by intact IgA1.	Galactose	113-116	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	89-93
10421234-0	1999	Protective effect of an aldose reductase inhibitor against bone loss in galactose-fed rats: possible involvement of the polyol pathway in bone metabolism.	Galactose	72-81	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	24-40
10373422-2	1999	The binding to 3"-sialyl-Lex is strongly affected by the presence of 6-O-sulfate as found on oligosaccharides of the counter receptor, GlyCAM-1; 6-O-sulfate on the N-acetylglucosamine (6-sulfation) enhances, whereas 6-O-sulfate on the galactose (6"-sulfation) virtually abolishes binding.	Galactose	235-244	fucosyltransferase 4	Homo sapiens	25-28
10373422-2	1999	The binding to 3"-sialyl-Lex is strongly affected by the presence of 6-O-sulfate as found on oligosaccharides of the counter receptor, GlyCAM-1; 6-O-sulfate on the N-acetylglucosamine (6-sulfation) enhances, whereas 6-O-sulfate on the galactose (6"-sulfation) virtually abolishes binding.	Galactose	235-244	glycosylation dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	135-143
10373422-6	1999	Where the 6-sulfo,3"-sialyl-Lex is on an extended di-N-acetyllactosamine backbone, additional 6-O-sulfates on the inner galactose and inner N-acetylglucosamine do not influence the binding.	Galactose	120-129	fucosyltransferase 4	Homo sapiens	28-31
10334913-6	1999	Upon galactose treatment, resistant clones were less differentiated since they showed a heterogeneous monolayer organization accompanied by heterogeneous staining of cell-surface CEA and a high decrease (60-90%) of CEA release.	Galactose	5-14	CEA cell adhesion molecule 3	Homo sapiens	179-182
10358066-7	1999	Enzymatic hydrolysis and Smith degradation of the reaction product indicated that GlcAT-D transfers a GlcA through a beta1,3-linkage to a terminal galactose.	Galactose	147-156	beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 2	Rattus norvegicus	82-89
12680392-5	1999	In an industrial distillers" yeast, two genes interacting synergistically in glucose repression of galactose utilization, MIG1 and GAL80, have been disrupted with MEL1, encoding melibiase.	Galactose	99-108	transcription factor MIG1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	122-126
12680392-5	1999	In an industrial distillers" yeast, two genes interacting synergistically in glucose repression of galactose utilization, MIG1 and GAL80, have been disrupted with MEL1, encoding melibiase.	Galactose	99-108	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	131-136
10403405-3	1999	It was suggested that in cells grown on glucose or galactose medium, the UPR and the IR are linked and controlled by the ER stress sensor Ire1p.	Galactose	51-60	bifunctional endoribonuclease/protein kinase IRE1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	138-143
10406589-2	1999	The present study evaluated the effect of a galactose based UCA on the efficacy of ultrasonic enhancement of tPA thrombolysis and observed the serial changes in the acoustic property and histopathology.	Galactose	44-53	chromosome 20 open reading frame 181	Homo sapiens	109-112
10336421-4	1999	Transcription of GAL2, encoding the galactose transporter, was only detected in galactose-limited cultures.	Galactose	36-45	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	17-21
10334913-6	1999	Upon galactose treatment, resistant clones were less differentiated since they showed a heterogeneous monolayer organization accompanied by heterogeneous staining of cell-surface CEA and a high decrease (60-90%) of CEA release.	Galactose	5-14	CEA cell adhesion molecule 3	Homo sapiens	215-218
10360183-1	1999	Phosphorylation of the yeast transcription factor GAL4 at S699 is required for efficient galactose-inducible transcription.	Galactose	89-98	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	50-54
10509875-6	1999	With all three stimulants TNF-alpha, cycloheximide and PMA, the rate of apoptosis was significantly lower for neutrophils isolated from galactose-fed dogs compared to control dogs fed a normal diet.	Galactose	136-145	tumor necrosis factor	Canis lupus familiaris	26-35
10224056-7	1999	Expression of either UGT51 or UGT51B1 in this null mutant under the control of a galactose-induced promoter restored sterol glucoside synthesis in vitro.	Galactose	81-90	sterol 3-beta-glucosyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	21-26
10346886-5	1999	mAb 1E8 and AGP3 were modified with 36 and 208 galactose residues (1E8-36G and AGP3-208G) with retention of 72 and 48% antigen-binding activity, respectively, to target immune complexes to the asialoglycoprotein receptor on liver cells.	Galactose	47-56	anti gp70 immune complex 3	Mus musculus	12-16
10212183-2	1999	Base excision repair of dimethyl sulfate induced N-methylpurines (NMPs) was measured in a yeast minichromosome that has a galactose-inducible GAL1:URA3 fusion gene, a constitutively expressed HIS3 gene, and varied regions of chromatin structure.	Galactose	122-131	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	142-146
10212183-2	1999	Base excision repair of dimethyl sulfate induced N-methylpurines (NMPs) was measured in a yeast minichromosome that has a galactose-inducible GAL1:URA3 fusion gene, a constitutively expressed HIS3 gene, and varied regions of chromatin structure.	Galactose	122-131	orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	147-151
10092618-4	1999	Combining the notions that cells with respiratory chain defects grow poorly in medium containing galactose as the major carbon source, and that resistance to oligomycin, a mitochondrial inhibitor, is associated with mutations in the ATPase 6 gene in the same transmembrane domain where the T8993G amino acid substitution is located, we created selective culture conditions using galactose and oligomycin that elicited a pathological phenotype in T8993G cells and that allowed for the rapid selection of wild-type over T8993G mutant cells.	Galactose	379-388	mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase 6	Homo sapiens	233-241
10370218-2	1999	Aqueous solutions of xyloglucan that had been partially degraded by beta-galactosidase to eliminate 44% of galactose residues formed rigid gels at concentrations of 1.0 and 1.5% w/w at 37 degrees C. The in vitro release of indomethacin and diltiazem from the enzyme-degraded xyloglucan gels followed root-time kinetics over a period of 5 h at 37 degrees C at pH 6.8.	Galactose	107-116	galactosidase, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	68-86
17023930-6	1999	Intestinal mucosa contains leptin receptors, and leptin inhibits galactose absorption, suggesting a new site for leptin"s modulation of body mass.	Galactose	65-74	leptin	Homo sapiens	49-55
10085022-4	1999	In contrast, yeast cells containing the inducible GAL7::GFP or MFalpha1::GFP reporter genes expressed significant GFP activity only during growth on galactose medium or V-8 agar, respectively.	Galactose	149-158	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	50-54
10085022-4	1999	In contrast, yeast cells containing the inducible GAL7::GFP or MFalpha1::GFP reporter genes expressed significant GFP activity only during growth on galactose medium or V-8 agar, respectively.	Galactose	149-158	Mf(Alpha)1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	63-71
10213157-0	1999	Decreased accumulation of endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor against constricting sciatic nerve ligatures in streptozotocin-diabetic and galactose-fed rats.	Galactose	147-156	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	37-70
10213157-2	1999	Compared to controls, accumulation of endogenous BDNF proximal and distal to the ligatures as well as basal levels in non-ligated nerve segments were decreased in streptozotocin-diabetic and galactose-fed rats.	Galactose	191-200	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	49-53
10085239-5	1999	Fructose, galactose, mannose, 2-deoxyglucose and xylitol were found to maintain the mRNA content of both AS and the glucose-regulated protein GRP78 in a state of repression, whereas 3-O-methylglucose did not.	Galactose	10-19	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Homo sapiens	142-147
10355628-2	1999	Gal80p interaction with Gal1p or Gal3p is required to relieve Gal4p inhibition in response to galactose.	Galactose	94-103	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-6
10355628-2	1999	Gal80p interaction with Gal1p or Gal3p is required to relieve Gal4p inhibition in response to galactose.	Galactose	94-103	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	62-67
10192803-5	1999	*OH production was completely inhibited by ARI SNK-860 in both galactose groups.	Galactose	63-72	polo-like kinase 2	Rattus norvegicus	47-50
10075955-8	1999	CONCLUSION: PGE2 acutely increased glucose and galactose absorption by the small intestine via the SGLT1, with cAMP serving as the second messenger.	Galactose	47-56	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	99-104
10082565-5	1999	Similar results were obtained whether Gal4p synthesis was induced from the endogenous promoter by growth in galactose medium or by an artificial, hormone-inducible system.	Galactose	108-117	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	38-43
10323230-0	1999	Galactose induction in yeast involves association of Gal80p with Gal1p or Gal3p.	Galactose	0-9	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	53-59
10323230-0	1999	Galactose induction in yeast involves association of Gal80p with Gal1p or Gal3p.	Galactose	0-9	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	65-70
10323230-0	1999	Galactose induction in yeast involves association of Gal80p with Gal1p or Gal3p.	Galactose	0-9	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	74-79
10323230-1	1999	Gal1p carries out two functions in the galactose pathway of yeast.	Galactose	39-48	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
10323230-5	1999	Interaction between Gal1p and Gal80p depends on the presence of galactose, but not on the catalytic activity of Gal1p.	Galactose	64-73	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	20-25
10323230-5	1999	Interaction between Gal1p and Gal80p depends on the presence of galactose, but not on the catalytic activity of Gal1p.	Galactose	64-73	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	30-36
10605894-2	1999	It is based on the hydrolysis of lactulose to galactose and fructose by the enzyme beta-galactosidase immobilised in a reactor.	Galactose	46-55	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	83-101
17023930-6	1999	Intestinal mucosa contains leptin receptors, and leptin inhibits galactose absorption, suggesting a new site for leptin"s modulation of body mass.	Galactose	65-74	leptin	Homo sapiens	49-55
10378660-6	1999	There is reduced terminal galactose on the hinge region O-glycans of circulating IgA1 in IgAN, perhaps due to a defect in B cell beta1,3 galactosyltransferase.	Galactose	26-35	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	81-85
10067973-8	1999	Culture in medium containing either 10 mM D-galactose or 30 mM D-glucose resulted in the accumulation of sugar alcohol in pericytes that was markedly reduced by aldose reductase inhibitors.	Galactose	42-53	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	161-177
10378660-6	1999	There is reduced terminal galactose on the hinge region O-glycans of circulating IgA1 in IgAN, perhaps due to a defect in B cell beta1,3 galactosyltransferase.	Galactose	26-35	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	89-93
10102376-2	1999	We report here that temperature-sensitive (ts) dhf2-2 mutant cells can be rescued by overexpression of CDC14, which encodes a dual-specificity protein phosphatase, when grown on glucose-containing medium, as reported previously, but not on galactose.	Galactose	240-249	phosphoprotein phosphatase CDC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	103-108
10102376-3	1999	Screening of two S. cerevisiae cDNA libraries led to the identification of CBT1 as a gene which, if overexpressed simultaneously with CDC14, results in the rescue of the dbJ2-2 mutation at restrictive temperature on galactose-based medium, as well as on media containing non-fermentable carbon sources such as glycerol, lactate and acetate.	Galactose	216-225	Cbt1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	75-79
10102376-3	1999	Screening of two S. cerevisiae cDNA libraries led to the identification of CBT1 as a gene which, if overexpressed simultaneously with CDC14, results in the rescue of the dbJ2-2 mutation at restrictive temperature on galactose-based medium, as well as on media containing non-fermentable carbon sources such as glycerol, lactate and acetate.	Galactose	216-225	phosphoprotein phosphatase CDC14	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	134-139
9856891-6	1998	HGF increased galactose absorption (106% increase over control, P&lt;.01), glycine absorption (95% increase over control, P&lt;.05), protein content (44% increase over control, P&lt;.01), and DNA content (32% increase over control, P&lt;.01).	Galactose	14-23	hepatocyte growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
10049685-4	1999	However, we have selectively enriched several phage clones that expressed capsid proteins fused with galectin-3, a galactose/lactose-specific animal lectin of the galectin family.	Galactose	115-124	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	101-111
9949191-3	1999	Detection by fluorescence labeled alpha-galactose specific lectin revealed that 50% of the cells incorporated galactose to cell surface mannoproteins only when the gma12(+) and hUGT2 genes were coexpressed in galactose media.	Galactose	110-119	UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	177-182
10048586-3	1999	With this objective in mind, we transfected S. cerevisiae cells with a plasmid (pYECepsilon) coding for the expression of murine protein kinase C epsilon (PKCepsilon) under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter.	Galactose	190-199	protein kinase C, epsilon	Mus musculus	129-153
10048586-3	1999	With this objective in mind, we transfected S. cerevisiae cells with a plasmid (pYECepsilon) coding for the expression of murine protein kinase C epsilon (PKCepsilon) under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter.	Galactose	190-199	protein kinase C, epsilon	Mus musculus	155-165
10048586-4	1999	Unlike mock-transfected cells, yeast cells transformed with pYECepsilon expressed, in a galactose-dependent manner, an 89 kDa protein that was recognized by a human PKCepsilon antibody.	Galactose	88-97	protein kinase C, epsilon	Mus musculus	165-175
10048586-7	1999	Induction of PKCepsilon expression by galactose in cells transformed with pYECepsilon increased Ca++ uptake by the cells approximately 5-fold and resulted in a dramatic inhibition of cell growth in glycerol.	Galactose	38-47	protein kinase C, epsilon	Mus musculus	13-23
9989767-9	1999	Instead, increased sialylation of IgA1 (alpha2-3 linked to galactose) was demonstrated in polymeric IgA1.	Galactose	59-68	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	34-38
9989767-9	1999	Instead, increased sialylation of IgA1 (alpha2-3 linked to galactose) was demonstrated in polymeric IgA1.	Galactose	59-68	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	100-104
10529734-5	1999	Galactose-insensitive host cells, due to galE back mutations or galK or galT forward mutations, grow through the positive selection system and cause a small subset of the background.	Galactose	0-9	galactokinase 1	Mus musculus	64-68
10529734-5	1999	Galactose-insensitive host cells, due to galE back mutations or galK or galT forward mutations, grow through the positive selection system and cause a small subset of the background.	Galactose	0-9	galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase	Mus musculus	72-76
10231390-5	1999	RESULTS: When COF1 was over-expressed in yeast cells under the GAL1 promoter in a medium containing galactose as a sole carbon source, the cells did not survive.	Galactose	100-109	cofilin	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	14-18
16232423-3	1999	A N- and C-terminally truncated portion of the mutant FAS2 gene was subcloned to an integrating plasmid containing an aureobasidin A-resistant transformation marker and a galactose-inducible growth inhibitory sequence (GAL10p::GIN11).	Galactose	171-180	trifunctional fatty acid synthase subunit FAS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	54-58
16232423-7	1999	This growth inhibition allowed efficient counter-selection for cells that had undergone homologous recombination between the FAS2 repeats by their growth on galactose medium.	Galactose	157-166	trifunctional fatty acid synthase subunit FAS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	125-129
9895415-1	1999	Galactose-targeted delivery of macromolecules and drug conjugates to asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) positive cells has been widely documented in animals, although targeting in humans has never been demonstrated.	Galactose	0-9	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	69-96
9895415-1	1999	Galactose-targeted delivery of macromolecules and drug conjugates to asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) positive cells has been widely documented in animals, although targeting in humans has never been demonstrated.	Galactose	0-9	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	98-103
9927678-2	1999	The predicted SQV-8 protein is similar in sequence to two mammalian beta(1,3)-glucuronyltransferases, one of which adds glucuronic acid to protein-linked galactose-beta(1, 4)-N-acetylglucosamine.	Galactose	154-163	Galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase sqv-8	Caenorhabditis elegans	14-19
9927678-3	1999	SQV-3 is similar to a family of glycosyltransferases that includes vertebrate beta(1, 4)-galactosyltransferases, which create galactose-beta(1, 4)-N-acetylglucosamine linkages.	Galactose	126-135	Xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase	Caenorhabditis elegans	0-5
10068486-5	1999	Computerized analyses of lumen areas of iris vessels indicated an 18-fold decrease in the vascular area near the pupillary boarder in untreated galactose-fed rats compared with age-matched controls and galactose-fed rats treated with aldose reductase inhibitors.	Galactose	144-153	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	234-250
10068486-5	1999	Computerized analyses of lumen areas of iris vessels indicated an 18-fold decrease in the vascular area near the pupillary boarder in untreated galactose-fed rats compared with age-matched controls and galactose-fed rats treated with aldose reductase inhibitors.	Galactose	202-211	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	234-250
10029992-1	1999	A Candida albicans mitochondrial ribosomal protein S9 (MRPS9) cDNA was identified in a screen for sequences whose expression induce galactose lethality in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	132-141	mitochondrial 37S ribosomal protein MRPS9	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	55-60
10029992-3	1999	Expression of a GAL1-CaMRPS9 fusion in S. cerevisiae caused the slow development of a galactose-negative phenotype upon repeated subculturing, and this correlated with an increased frequency of petite mutant formation.	Galactose	86-95	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	16-20
9886976-0	1999	Effect of insulin-like growth factor I on in vivo intestinal absorption of D-galactose in cirrhotic rats.	Galactose	75-86	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	10-38
10190023-8	1999	As a glycoprotein, thyroglobulin contains 8-10% total carbohydrate with galactose, mannose, fucose, N-acetyl glucosamine and sialic acid residues.	Galactose	72-81	thyroglobulin	Homo sapiens	19-32
9874234-3	1998	Using oligosaccharides with modifications in the sialic acid, galactose or N-acetylglucosamine moieties, we could demonstrate that both MAG and Sn bind with high preference to alpha2,3-linked sialic acid and interact at least with the three terminal monosaccharide units.	Galactose	62-71	myelin associated glycoprotein	Homo sapiens	136-139
9858643-3	1998	The recent demonstration of several expressed beta4Gal-T genes in man raises the possibility that the enzyme responsible for the decreased IgG galactose is not the "classical" beta4Gal-T (beta4Gal-T1).	Galactose	143-152	beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	46-56
9832639-10	1998	Since oligosaccharide chain alterations such as reduced sialic acid and galactose of IgA1 molecule have been reported in IgA nephropathy patients, MBP might bind to the IgA1 molecule via interaction between MBP and sugar chain.	Galactose	72-81	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	85-89
9832639-10	1998	Since oligosaccharide chain alterations such as reduced sialic acid and galactose of IgA1 molecule have been reported in IgA nephropathy patients, MBP might bind to the IgA1 molecule via interaction between MBP and sugar chain.	Galactose	72-81	myelin basic protein	Homo sapiens	147-150
9832639-10	1998	Since oligosaccharide chain alterations such as reduced sialic acid and galactose of IgA1 molecule have been reported in IgA nephropathy patients, MBP might bind to the IgA1 molecule via interaction between MBP and sugar chain.	Galactose	72-81	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	169-173
9838208-2	1998	Terminal sialylation of native human proteins is characteristically in both alpha-2,3 and alpha-2,6 linkage to galactose at the termini of N-linked oligosaccharides but only in alpha-2,3 linkage in recombinant proteins expressed in hamster cells which do not express alpha-2, 6-sialyltransferase (ST6GalI) (EC 2.4.99.1).	Galactose	111-120	ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	297-304
9815014-2	1998	Normally, lactose in milk is broken down into glucose and galactose by lactase, an ectoenzyme on the brush border, and the hexoses are transported into the cell by the Na+-glucose cotransporter SGLT1.	Galactose	58-67	lactase	Homo sapiens	71-78
9751795-4	1998	Examination by high-field 1H NMR of whole glycans and a disaccharide fragment released from them on partial acid hydrolysis showed that the pyruvylated galactose species was in fact beta1,3-linked to a second galactose, and this occurred an average of five to six times on nominal Gal57Man64GlcNAc N-glycans.	Galactose	152-161	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	182-189
9765298-7	1998	Accordingly, we call the recombinant beta1,6-GlcNAc transferase cIGnT6 to emphasize its action at central rather than peridistal galactose residues of linear polylactosamines in the biosynthesis of blood group I antigens.	Galactose	129-138	glucosaminyl (N-acetyl) transferase 3, mucin type	Homo sapiens	37-63
9786918-1	1998	The comprehensive study of chimeras between the Gal2 galactose transporter and the Hxt2 glucose transporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has shown that Tyr446 is essential and Trp455 is important for galactose recognition by Gal2.	Galactose	53-62	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	48-52
9786918-1	1998	The comprehensive study of chimeras between the Gal2 galactose transporter and the Hxt2 glucose transporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has shown that Tyr446 is essential and Trp455 is important for galactose recognition by Gal2.	Galactose	53-62	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	224-228
9786918-2	1998	Consistent with this finding, replacement of the corresponding Phe431 and Tyr440 residues of Hxt2 with Tyr and Trp, respectively, allowed Hxt2 to transport galactose, suggesting that the two amino acid residues in putative transmembrane segment 10 play a definite role in galactose recognition (Kasahara, M., Shimoda, E., and Maeda, M. (1997) J. Biol.	Galactose	156-165	hexose transporter HXT2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	93-97
9786918-2	1998	Consistent with this finding, replacement of the corresponding Phe431 and Tyr440 residues of Hxt2 with Tyr and Trp, respectively, allowed Hxt2 to transport galactose, suggesting that the two amino acid residues in putative transmembrane segment 10 play a definite role in galactose recognition (Kasahara, M., Shimoda, E., and Maeda, M. (1997) J. Biol.	Galactose	156-165	hexose transporter HXT2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	138-142
9786918-2	1998	Consistent with this finding, replacement of the corresponding Phe431 and Tyr440 residues of Hxt2 with Tyr and Trp, respectively, allowed Hxt2 to transport galactose, suggesting that the two amino acid residues in putative transmembrane segment 10 play a definite role in galactose recognition (Kasahara, M., Shimoda, E., and Maeda, M. (1997) J. Biol.	Galactose	272-281	hexose transporter HXT2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	93-97
9786918-2	1998	Consistent with this finding, replacement of the corresponding Phe431 and Tyr440 residues of Hxt2 with Tyr and Trp, respectively, allowed Hxt2 to transport galactose, suggesting that the two amino acid residues in putative transmembrane segment 10 play a definite role in galactose recognition (Kasahara, M., Shimoda, E., and Maeda, M. (1997) J. Biol.	Galactose	272-281	hexose transporter HXT2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	138-142
9786918-5	1998	Replacement of Trp455 of Gal2 with any of the other 19 amino acids was shown to reduce galactose transport activity to between 0 and &lt;20% of that of wild-type Gal2.	Galactose	87-96	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	25-29
9786919-2	1998	Two amino acid residues, Tyr446 and Trp455 in transmembrane segment 10 (TM10), have been shown to be important for galactose recognition by the yeast Gal2 transporter; Tyr446 was found to be essential in that its replacement by any of the other 19 amino acids abolished transport activity (Kasahara, M., Shimoda, E., and Maeda, M. (1997) J. Biol.	Galactose	115-124	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	150-154
9760227-2	1998	Here we report the crystal structure of human galectin-7 (hGal-7), in free form and in the presence of galactose, galactosamine, lactose, and N-acetyl-lactosamine at high resolution.	Galactose	103-112	galectin 7	Homo sapiens	46-56
9839388-5	1998	Lactulose was hydrolyzed to D-fructose and D-galactose by beta-gal.	Galactose	43-54	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	58-66
9760227-2	1998	Here we report the crystal structure of human galectin-7 (hGal-7), in free form and in the presence of galactose, galactosamine, lactose, and N-acetyl-lactosamine at high resolution.	Galactose	103-112	galectin 7	Homo sapiens	58-64
10100886-12	1998	In conclusion, the present results corroborate that GnRH stimulates the addition of galactose residues into LH molecule.	Galactose	84-93	gonadotropin releasing hormone 1	Homo sapiens	52-56
9778527-6	1998	Using cells that expressed Scc1p exclusively from a galactose-inducible promoter, we showed that if Scc1p was synthesised only after completion of S phase, it still bound to chromosomes but failed to promote sister chromatid cohesion.	Galactose	52-61	kleisin alpha	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	27-32
9778527-6	1998	Using cells that expressed Scc1p exclusively from a galactose-inducible promoter, we showed that if Scc1p was synthesised only after completion of S phase, it still bound to chromosomes but failed to promote sister chromatid cohesion.	Galactose	52-61	kleisin alpha	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	100-105
9740323-12	1998	Moreover, Western blots of prosaposin isolated from seminiferous tubular fluids followed by glycan analysis with Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) and Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA), revealed that this protein has sialic acid residues that are terminally linked to galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine (alpha-NeuNAc-[2-&gt;6]-Gal and alpha-NeuNAc-[2-&gt;6]-GalNAc).	Galactose	267-276	prosaposin	Rattus norvegicus	27-37
9840450-5	1998	Raf-1 levels were measured by densitometric scanning of Western blots from cells grown with or without 40 mmol/l galactose or 40 mmol/l galactose plus 1.0 micromol/l myo-inositol for 1, 3, 5 or 7 days.	Galactose	113-122	RAF1	Bos taurus	0-5
9840450-5	1998	Raf-1 levels were measured by densitometric scanning of Western blots from cells grown with or without 40 mmol/l galactose or 40 mmol/l galactose plus 1.0 micromol/l myo-inositol for 1, 3, 5 or 7 days.	Galactose	136-145	RAF1	Bos taurus	0-5
9840450-8	1998	Raf-1 levels were decreased in bovine lens epithelial cells after 3, 5 or 7 days (33% of control) of growth in 40 mmol/l galactose.	Galactose	121-130	RAF1	Bos taurus	0-5
9771885-3	1998	Oligosaccharide chains, containing N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, galactose and sialic acid were found on recombinant gp51-p30.	Galactose	65-74	centromere protein V	Homo sapiens	122-125
9788350-4	1998	Galactose-response data yielded the known binding site of Gal4, and six of nine genes known to be induced by galactose.	Galactose	0-9	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	58-62
9783354-2	1998	In the gastrointestinal tract, lactose is hydrolysed by the enzyme beta-galactosidase (lactase) into glucose and galactose.	Galactose	113-122	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	67-85
9783354-2	1998	In the gastrointestinal tract, lactose is hydrolysed by the enzyme beta-galactosidase (lactase) into glucose and galactose.	Galactose	113-122	lactase	Homo sapiens	87-94
9813328-1	1998	Beta1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalTase, EC 2.4.1.38) transfers galactose to the terminal N-acetylglucosamine of complex-type N-glycans, which have great importance for cell-cell interactions during fertilization and early embryogenesis.	Galactose	63-72	UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	0-29
9733747-9	1998	In shake flasks, an nde1Delta nde2Delta mutant exhibited reduced specific growth rates on ethanol and galactose but not on glucose.	Galactose	102-111	NADH-ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating) NDE1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	20-24
9813328-1	1998	Beta1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalTase, EC 2.4.1.38) transfers galactose to the terminal N-acetylglucosamine of complex-type N-glycans, which have great importance for cell-cell interactions during fertilization and early embryogenesis.	Galactose	63-72	UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	31-38
9784852-1	1998	Recombinant alpha-D-galactosidase (rGal) from soybean (Glycine max) hydrolyzed the immunodominant alpha-D-galactose residue from the B epitope of red blood cells.	Galactose	98-115	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	35-39
9726966-5	1998	Deletion of either the ARP9 or ARP7 gene causes typical swi/snf phenotypes, including growth defects on media containing galactose, glycerol, or sucrose as sole carbon sources.	Galactose	121-130	Arp9p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	23-27
9726966-5	1998	Deletion of either the ARP9 or ARP7 gene causes typical swi/snf phenotypes, including growth defects on media containing galactose, glycerol, or sucrose as sole carbon sources.	Galactose	121-130	Arp7p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	31-35
9731194-1	1998	Upon removal of its sialic acid or galactose residue, vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) becomes a potent macrophage-activating factor, DBP-MAF.	Galactose	35-44	GC vitamin D binding protein	Homo sapiens	54-79
9737543-0	1998	NT-3 attenuates functional and structural disorders in sensory nerves of galactose-fed rats.	Galactose	73-82	neurotrophin 3	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
9737543-1	1998	The present study investigated the effect of NT-3, a neurotrophin expressed in nerve and skeletal muscle, on myelinated fiber disorders of galactose-fed rats.	Galactose	139-148	neurotrophin 3	Rattus norvegicus	45-49
9737543-7	1998	Treatment with 5 and 20 mg/kg NT-3 ameliorated deficits in sciatic and saphenous SNCV in galactose-fed rats but had no effect on the MNCV deficit.	Galactose	89-98	neurotrophin 3	Rattus norvegicus	30-34
9731194-1	1998	Upon removal of its sialic acid or galactose residue, vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) becomes a potent macrophage-activating factor, DBP-MAF.	Galactose	35-44	D-box binding PAR bZIP transcription factor	Homo sapiens	81-84
9729444-1	1998	The intestinal transport of glucose- and galactose-conjugated acetaminophen (APAP glycoside) by Na+/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) was studied.	Galactose	41-50	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	123-128
9696014-1	1998	It has been postulated that the in vivo removal of many plasma glycoproteins after desialylation is mediated by their interaction with a specific endocytic receptor on hepatocytes called the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R), which is known to have a high affinity for specific carbohydrate residues, such as galactose.	Galactose	312-321	mucin 4, cell surface associated	Rattus norvegicus	220-224
9707444-7	1998	Furthermore, the ND6(-) cells, in contrast to the parental cells, completely fail to grow in a medium containing galactose instead of glucose, indicating a serious impairment in oxidative phosphorylation function.	Galactose	113-122	NADH dehydrogenase 6, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	17-20
9683648-2	1998	The galactose-inducible S. cerevisiae GAL1-GAL10 promoter was inserted upstream of the C. albicans HEX1 gene, which encodes N-acetylglucosaminidase.	Galactose	4-13	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	38-42
9696014-4	1998	We also tested the hypothesis that the normal presence of a large amount of terminal galactose residues in cellular Fn (cFn) may allow cFn to serve as a natural ligand readily able to interact with the ASGP-R.	Galactose	85-94	mucin 4, cell surface associated	Rattus norvegicus	202-206
9683648-2	1998	The galactose-inducible S. cerevisiae GAL1-GAL10 promoter was inserted upstream of the C. albicans HEX1 gene, which encodes N-acetylglucosaminidase.	Galactose	4-13	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	43-48
9683648-2	1998	The galactose-inducible S. cerevisiae GAL1-GAL10 promoter was inserted upstream of the C. albicans HEX1 gene, which encodes N-acetylglucosaminidase.	Galactose	4-13	hexokinase 2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	99-103
9683648-4	1998	Expression of HEX1 in transformed cells was induced significantly by galactose and was repressed by glucose.	Galactose	69-78	hexokinase 2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	14-18
9757556-3	1998	The plasma AST and ALT activities in experiment 1 for the Gal + neomycin (NEO) group were significantly lower than those for the control (C), NEO, raffinose (RAF) + NEO and galacto-oligosaccharide (GA-LO) + NEO groups.	Galactose	58-61	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	11-14
9696014-3	1998	We investigated the influence of the terminal galactose residues on plasma fibronectin (pFn) on its liver deposition and turnover in adult rats, using neuraminidase to remove sialic acid residues to expose galactose residues.	Galactose	46-55	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	75-86
9747705-3	1998	DNase I analysis of the GAL1 upstream activating sequence (UAS(GAL1/10)) showed expected Gal4 activator protein binding during growth in galactose, and also revealed binding of the Reb1 protein (Reb1p) during growth in glucose.	Galactose	137-146	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	24-28
9747705-3	1998	DNase I analysis of the GAL1 upstream activating sequence (UAS(GAL1/10)) showed expected Gal4 activator protein binding during growth in galactose, and also revealed binding of the Reb1 protein (Reb1p) during growth in glucose.	Galactose	137-146	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	63-72
9720220-1	1998	Staurosporine is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C. To identify the genes that functionally interact with the Pkc1 pathway of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we screened for the genes that cause induced staurosporine sensitivity when overexpressed from a galactose-inducible promoter.	Galactose	264-273	protein kinase C	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	115-119
9677406-2	1998	Each of these genes was cloned under control of the galactose-inducible GAL1-10 promoter and overexpressed in various combinations.	Galactose	52-61	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	72-76
9684549-2	1998	Dissociation ions specific to stereochemical differences at C2 and C4 in hexose complexes are observed in the MS2 and MS3 spectra, thus allowing unambiguous differentiation of glucose, galactose, mannose, and talose.	Galactose	185-194	MS2	Homo sapiens	110-113
9684549-2	1998	Dissociation ions specific to stereochemical differences at C2 and C4 in hexose complexes are observed in the MS2 and MS3 spectra, thus allowing unambiguous differentiation of glucose, galactose, mannose, and talose.	Galactose	185-194	MS3	Homo sapiens	118-121
9670023-0	1998	The yeast galactose genetic switch is mediated by the formation of a Gal4p-Gal80p-Gal3p complex.	Galactose	10-19	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	69-74
9670023-0	1998	The yeast galactose genetic switch is mediated by the formation of a Gal4p-Gal80p-Gal3p complex.	Galactose	10-19	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	75-81
9670023-0	1998	The yeast galactose genetic switch is mediated by the formation of a Gal4p-Gal80p-Gal3p complex.	Galactose	10-19	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	82-87
9670023-2	1998	Here, we show in vitro that the switch from repressed to activated gene expression involves the interplay of three proteins [an activator (Gal4p), a repressor (Gal80p) and an inducer (Gal3p)] and two small molecules (galactose and ATP).	Galactose	217-226	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	139-144
9670023-2	1998	Here, we show in vitro that the switch from repressed to activated gene expression involves the interplay of three proteins [an activator (Gal4p), a repressor (Gal80p) and an inducer (Gal3p)] and two small molecules (galactose and ATP).	Galactose	217-226	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	160-166
9670023-2	1998	Here, we show in vitro that the switch from repressed to activated gene expression involves the interplay of three proteins [an activator (Gal4p), a repressor (Gal80p) and an inducer (Gal3p)] and two small molecules (galactose and ATP).	Galactose	217-226	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	184-189
9670023-3	1998	We also show that the galactose- and ATP-dependent interaction between Gal3p and Gal80p occurs without disruption of the Gal80p-Gal4p interaction.	Galactose	22-31	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	71-76
9670023-3	1998	We also show that the galactose- and ATP-dependent interaction between Gal3p and Gal80p occurs without disruption of the Gal80p-Gal4p interaction.	Galactose	22-31	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	81-87
9668345-4	1998	Cells engineered to express MAG on their surface adhered specifically to gangliosides bearing an alpha 2,3-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid on a terminal galactose, with the following relative potency: GQ1b alpha &gt;&gt; GD1a, GT1b &gt;&gt; GM3, GM4 (GM1, GD1b, GD3, and GQ1b did not support adhesion).	Galactose	152-161	myelin associated glycoprotein	Homo sapiens	28-31
9702179-6	1998	Monkey lenses exposed to 30 mM glucose, galactose or xylose accumulated measurable sorbitol, dulcitol or xylitol, respectively, but the amounts were much lower than in rat lenses, perhaps reflecting the lower aldose reductase and higher sorbitol dehydrogenase activities in monkey lenses.	Galactose	40-49	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	209-225
9681694-3	1998	The subcellular distribution of control cells was cytoplasmic and perinuclear for PKCalpha, while, in 40 mM galactose-treated cells, PKCalpha was also localized to nuclei.	Galactose	108-117	protein kinase C alpha	Bos taurus	133-141
9681694-4	1998	In contrast, upon exposure to 40 mM galactose the PKCgamma of the lens epithelial cells was observed in nucleoli.	Galactose	36-45	protein kinase C gamma	Bos taurus	50-58
9644203-3	1998	When hxk2 mutants are grown on glucose the nuclear extracts are able to complex UAS1 but not UAS2, while for wild-type cells grown on galactose only the complex with UAS2 is formed.	Galactose	134-143	hexokinase 2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	5-9
9655244-4	1998	The prolyihydroxylase subunit genes were cloned on either side of a bidirectional galactose-inducible promoter in a low-copy minichromosome yeast expression vector, pYEUra3, which is URA3 selectable.	Galactose	82-91	orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	183-187
9597546-2	1998	We report here that endothelial cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or inflammatory cytokines modulate their expression of UPD-Gal: beta-D-Gal alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha 1,3GT), the Golgi enzyme that attaches a galactose in alpha 1,3 configuration to an N-acetyllactosamine acceptor.	Galactose	228-237	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	148-155
9603985-1	1998	Galactosyltransferases are enzymes which transfer galactose from UDP-Gal to various acceptors with either retention of the anomeric configuration to form alpha1,2-, alpha1,3-, alpha1,4-, and alpha1, 6-linkages, or inversion of the anomeric configuration to form beta1, 3-, beta1,4-, and beta1-ceramide linkages.	Galactose	50-59	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	262-270
9597546-2	1998	We report here that endothelial cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or inflammatory cytokines modulate their expression of UPD-Gal: beta-D-Gal alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha 1,3GT), the Golgi enzyme that attaches a galactose in alpha 1,3 configuration to an N-acetyllactosamine acceptor.	Galactose	228-237	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	181-192
9597546-2	1998	We report here that endothelial cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or inflammatory cytokines modulate their expression of UPD-Gal: beta-D-Gal alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha 1,3GT), the Golgi enzyme that attaches a galactose in alpha 1,3 configuration to an N-acetyllactosamine acceptor.	Galactose	228-237	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	181-188
9881749-2	1998	The monosaccharide composition of MGp showed only mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and a small amount of galactose.	Galactose	101-110	matrix Gla protein	Homo sapiens	34-37
9545279-1	1998	Intestinal expression of the high affinity Na+/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1), which absorbs dietary glucose and galactose, exhibits both circadian periodicity in its activity and induction by dietary carbohydrate.	Galactose	114-123	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	43-70
9626887-9	1998	Competition experiments of ASF-MION-rh with galactose showed a dose-dependent decrease of calibrated fluorescence light emission.	Galactose	44-53	arylsulfatase F	Homo sapiens	27-30
9566913-6	1998	The reversible phosphorylation of Hxk2p is carbon source dependent, being more extensive on poor carbon sources such as galactose, raffinose, and ethanol.	Galactose	120-129	hexokinase 2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	34-39
9545279-1	1998	Intestinal expression of the high affinity Na+/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1), which absorbs dietary glucose and galactose, exhibits both circadian periodicity in its activity and induction by dietary carbohydrate.	Galactose	114-123	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	72-77
9581629-6	1998	Overproduction of Abf2p by &gt; or = 10-fold from an ABF2 gene placed under control of the GAL1 promoter, however, leads to a rapid loss of rho+ mtDNA and a quantitative conversion of rho+ cells to petites within two to four generations after a shift of the culture from glucose to galactose medium.	Galactose	282-291	DNA-binding protein ABF2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	18-23
9565103-4	1998	These antibodies are primarily directed against galactose alpha(1-3)-galactose (alpha-gal), the major xenoantigen in the pig to primate xenotransplant model.	Galactose	48-57	GLA	Sus scrofa	58-78
9565103-4	1998	These antibodies are primarily directed against galactose alpha(1-3)-galactose (alpha-gal), the major xenoantigen in the pig to primate xenotransplant model.	Galactose	48-57	GLA	Sus scrofa	80-89
9628342-1	1998	Gal4, a yeast protein, activates transcription of genes required for metabolism of galactose and melibiose.	Galactose	83-92	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
9512483-5	1998	Among carbohydrates examined, fructose, sucrose, galactose and glycerol elicited an increase in LPH mRNA accumulation along with a rise in lactase activity in the jejunum.	Galactose	49-58	lactase	Rattus norvegicus	96-99
9512483-5	1998	Among carbohydrates examined, fructose, sucrose, galactose and glycerol elicited an increase in LPH mRNA accumulation along with a rise in lactase activity in the jejunum.	Galactose	49-58	lactase	Rattus norvegicus	139-146
9555658-9	1998	As for the interaction with ASOR, catabolism of IgA1 by rat and human MC was Ca(2+)-dependent and was reduced with galactose.	Galactose	115-124	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	48-52
9572543-0	1998	Diabetic-like corneal sensitivity loss in galactose-fed rats ameliorated with aldose reductase inhibitors.	Galactose	42-51	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	78-94
9572543-12	1998	This is the first study to demonstrate decreased corneal sensitivity in the galactose-fed rat model and its amelioration with AR inhibitors.	Galactose	76-85	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	126-128
9555658-11	1998	It is concluded that MC possess ASGP-R specific for galactose residues of several glycoproteins, including IgA1.	Galactose	52-61	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	32-38
9545481-4	1998	MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study a galactose suspension was instilled into the bladder in 58 neonates, infants and children along with normal saline to detect the presence and the severity of VUR through the enhanced US signal.	Galactose	39-48	VUR	Homo sapiens	196-199
9555658-11	1998	It is concluded that MC possess ASGP-R specific for galactose residues of several glycoproteins, including IgA1.	Galactose	52-61	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	107-111
9540406-1	1998	Cloning and characterization of all three human galactose-metabolic genes (GALK, GALT and GALE) has led to the identification of a number of mutations which are generally of the missense type in patients with galactosemia, an inborn error of metabolism.	Galactose	48-57	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	75-79
9561779-6	1998	All mucin preparations contained high amounts of N-acetyl-glucosamine, galactose, N-acetyl-galactosamine, fucose and sialic acid, saccharides typical of the O-linked carbohydrate side chains.	Galactose	71-80	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	4-9
9741105-14	1998	The T. maritima alpha-galactosidase thus was highly specific for the galactose moiety and the alpha-anomeric configuration of the glycosidic linkage.	Galactose	69-78	alpha-galactosidase	Thermotoga maritima MSB8	16-35
9540406-1	1998	Cloning and characterization of all three human galactose-metabolic genes (GALK, GALT and GALE) has led to the identification of a number of mutations which are generally of the missense type in patients with galactosemia, an inborn error of metabolism.	Galactose	48-57	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	81-85
9540406-1	1998	Cloning and characterization of all three human galactose-metabolic genes (GALK, GALT and GALE) has led to the identification of a number of mutations which are generally of the missense type in patients with galactosemia, an inborn error of metabolism.	Galactose	48-57	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	90-94
9533847-0	1998	Dose-dependent prevention of sugar cataracts in galactose-fed dogs by the aldose reductase inhibitor M79175.	Galactose	48-57	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	74-90
9533847-3	1998	To demonstrate that the formation and progression of sugar cataracts in galactose-fed dogs can be dose-dependently inhibited by the administration of aldose reductase inhibitors, 9-month old male beagles were placed on diet containing 30% galactose with/without 10 or 16 mg kg-1 day-1 of M79175 for up to 39 months.	Galactose	72-81	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	150-166
9515728-3	1998	Leptin inhibited D-galactose uptake by rat small intestinal rings 33% after 5 min of incubation.	Galactose	17-28	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	0-6
9515728-5	1998	However, neither at 5 min nor at 30 min did leptin prevent intracellular galactose accumulation.	Galactose	73-82	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	44-50
9533847-3	1998	To demonstrate that the formation and progression of sugar cataracts in galactose-fed dogs can be dose-dependently inhibited by the administration of aldose reductase inhibitors, 9-month old male beagles were placed on diet containing 30% galactose with/without 10 or 16 mg kg-1 day-1 of M79175 for up to 39 months.	Galactose	239-248	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	150-166
9446560-2	1998	Recently in vivo galactose incorporation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been demonstrated through the expression of human beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase in an alg1 mutant, suggesting the presence of a UDP-galactose transporter in S. cerevisiae (Schwientek, T., Narimatsu, H., and Ernst, J. F. (1996) J. Biol.	Galactose	17-26	ALG1 chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol beta-mannosyltransferase	Homo sapiens	160-164
9533847-7	1998	These observations confirm that aldose reductase plays a key role in initiating cataract formation in galactose-fed dogs and that cataract formation can be prevented by adequate inhibition of aldose reductase.	Galactose	102-111	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	32-48
9533847-7	1998	These observations confirm that aldose reductase plays a key role in initiating cataract formation in galactose-fed dogs and that cataract formation can be prevented by adequate inhibition of aldose reductase.	Galactose	102-111	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	192-208
9498393-9	1998	RESULTS: Systemic infusion of HGF increased galactose absorption 68% (P&lt;.05), glycine absorption 57% (P&lt;.05), DNA content 17% (P&lt;.01), and protein content 57% (P&lt;.01), when compared with the appropriate control.	Galactose	44-53	hepatocyte growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	30-33
9498393-10	1998	Luminal perfusion of HGF also increased galactose absorption 114% (P&lt;.01), glycine absorption 126% (P&lt;.01), DNA content 32% (P&lt;.01), and protein content 45% (P&lt;.01), when compared with the appropriate control.	Galactose	40-49	hepatocyte growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	21-24
9446560-7	1998	The mnn1 mutant of S. cerevisiae provides endogenous acceptors for galactose transfer by the expressed alpha-1,2-galactosyltransferase.	Galactose	67-76	alpha-1,3-mannosyltransferase MNN1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
9446560-9	1998	(i) About 15-20% of the total transformed mnn1 cells grown in a galactose medium were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated alpha-galactose-specific lectin, indicating the presence of alpha-galactose residues on the cell surface.	Galactose	64-73	alpha-1,3-mannosyltransferase MNN1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	42-46
9446560-10	1998	(ii) Galactomannan proteins can be precipitated with agarose-immobilized alpha-galactose-specific lectin from a whole cell lysate prepared from transformed mnn1 cells grown in a galactose medium.	Galactose	79-88	alpha-1,3-mannosyltransferase MNN1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	156-160
10099200-1	1998	A gene coding for human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) was synthesized and cloned into a yeast expression and secretion vector containing the mating factor alpha pre-pro leader sequence and the galactose-inducible promoter, GAL10.	Galactose	190-199	parathyroid hormone	Homo sapiens	24-43
10099200-1	1998	A gene coding for human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) was synthesized and cloned into a yeast expression and secretion vector containing the mating factor alpha pre-pro leader sequence and the galactose-inducible promoter, GAL10.	Galactose	190-199	parathyroid hormone	Homo sapiens	45-49
10099200-1	1998	A gene coding for human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) was synthesized and cloned into a yeast expression and secretion vector containing the mating factor alpha pre-pro leader sequence and the galactose-inducible promoter, GAL10.	Galactose	190-199	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	220-225
9462830-2	1998	A cls1 deletion strain is viable on glucose, galactose, ethanol, glycerol and lactate containing media, although the growth rate on non-fermentable carbon sources is decreased.	Galactose	45-54	cardiolipin synthase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	2-6
9781350-1	1998	Lactoferrin binds to the asialoglycoprotein receptor in a galactose-independent manner.	Galactose	58-67	lactotransferrin	Rattus norvegicus	0-11
9452821-9	1998	The concordance of fine-structural observations in nerves from galactose-fed rats and these adult-onset diabetic patients emphasizes the role of flux through aldose reductase in the complex pathology of diabetic neuropathy and points to the utility of galactose intoxication in helping to understand this metabolic disorder.	Galactose	63-72	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	158-174
9754811-0	1998	Changes in the galactose content of IgG during humoral immune responses.	Galactose	15-24	immunoglobulin heavy chain (S107 family)	Mus musculus	36-39
9754811-2	1998	The serum level of one variant which lacks terminal galactose and sialic acid (agalactosyl IgG) is raised in a number of autoimmune diseases and animal models thereof.	Galactose	52-61	immunoglobulin heavy chain (S107 family)	Mus musculus	91-94
9538513-1	1998	The galactosemias are a series of three inborn errors of metabolism caused by deficiency of any one of the three human galactose-metabolic enzymes: galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT), and UDP-galactose 4" epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	4-13	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	148-161
18470493-2	1998	BothD: -xylose andD: -mannose reduce the cell water content andD: -galactose does occasionally the same but onlyD: -xylose reduces significantly the intracellular sodium concentration, presumably by forming steric hindrances at the outlets of the sodium pumps at the outer surface of the cell membrane.	Galactose	67-76	secretion associated Ras related GTPase 1B	Homo sapiens	60-64
9568181-0	1998	Correlation of immune cell activities and beta-endorphin release in breast carcinoma patients treated with galactose-specific lectin standardized mistletoe extract.	Galactose	107-116	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	42-56
9530958-1	1998	In the previous study, galactose with C9 spacer was chemically coupled to human recombinant (rh) IL-1alpha in order to study the effect of glycosylation on its activities, and to develop IL-1 with less deleterious effects.	Galactose	23-32	interleukin 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	97-106
9530958-1	1998	In the previous study, galactose with C9 spacer was chemically coupled to human recombinant (rh) IL-1alpha in order to study the effect of glycosylation on its activities, and to develop IL-1 with less deleterious effects.	Galactose	23-32	interleukin 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	97-101
9530958-2	1998	In this study we examined a variety of IL-1 activities in vitro, including proliferative effect on T cells, antiproliferative effect on myeloid leukemic cells and melanoma cells, stimulatory effects on IL-6 synthesis by melanoma cells and PGE2 synthesis by fibroblast cells Galactose-introduced IL-1alpha (Gal-IL-1alpha) exhibited reduced activities from 10 to 10000 times compared with unmodified IL-1alpha in all the activities performed in vitro.	Galactose	274-283	interleukin 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	39-43
9443938-3	1998	The molar ratio of sialic acid to galactose residues on tetrameric human serum butyrylcholinesterase, recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase, and recombinant mouse acetylcholinesterase was found to be approximately 1.0.	Galactose	34-43	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	165-185
9538513-1	1998	The galactosemias are a series of three inborn errors of metabolism caused by deficiency of any one of the three human galactose-metabolic enzymes: galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT), and UDP-galactose 4" epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	4-13	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	163-167
9538513-1	1998	The galactosemias are a series of three inborn errors of metabolism caused by deficiency of any one of the three human galactose-metabolic enzymes: galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT), and UDP-galactose 4" epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	4-13	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	170-210
9538513-1	1998	The galactosemias are a series of three inborn errors of metabolism caused by deficiency of any one of the three human galactose-metabolic enzymes: galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT), and UDP-galactose 4" epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	4-13	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	212-216
9538513-1	1998	The galactosemias are a series of three inborn errors of metabolism caused by deficiency of any one of the three human galactose-metabolic enzymes: galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT), and UDP-galactose 4" epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	4-13	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	223-249
9538513-1	1998	The galactosemias are a series of three inborn errors of metabolism caused by deficiency of any one of the three human galactose-metabolic enzymes: galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT), and UDP-galactose 4" epimerase (GALE).	Galactose	4-13	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	251-255
9501410-3	1998	The antigens of the Sia-l1, -b1, -lb1 complex are gangliosides that may carry alpha 2,3NeuNAc (to galactose) and/or alpha 2,8NeuNAc (to NeuNAc).	Galactose	98-107	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	20-37
9505319-0	1998	Hepatic immunopotentiation by galactose-entrapped liposomal IL-2 compound in the treatment of liver metastases.	Galactose	30-39	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	60-64
9505319-1	1998	To activate hepatic sinusoidal lymphocytes (HSL) and increase the local antitumor activity in the liver, we developed a liver-targeted interleukin-2 (IL-2) compound using a galactose residue-entrapped liposome.	Galactose	173-182	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	135-148
9505319-1	1998	To activate hepatic sinusoidal lymphocytes (HSL) and increase the local antitumor activity in the liver, we developed a liver-targeted interleukin-2 (IL-2) compound using a galactose residue-entrapped liposome.	Galactose	173-182	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	150-154
9505319-2	1998	We prepared various kinds of IL-2-containing liposomes made by the hydration of powdered dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine with aqueous recombinant IL-2 followed by the combination with galactose residues to facilitate the selective uptake by liver parenchymal cells bearing galactose receptors.	Galactose	184-193	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	29-33
9505319-4	1998	When galactose-entrapped IL-2 liposomes (Gallip-IL-2) were administered, a significantly greater hepatic accumulation of IL-2 was seen for up to 2 weeks compared to IL-2 liposomes or free IL-2.	Galactose	5-14	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	25-29
9505319-4	1998	When galactose-entrapped IL-2 liposomes (Gallip-IL-2) were administered, a significantly greater hepatic accumulation of IL-2 was seen for up to 2 weeks compared to IL-2 liposomes or free IL-2.	Galactose	5-14	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	48-52
9505319-4	1998	When galactose-entrapped IL-2 liposomes (Gallip-IL-2) were administered, a significantly greater hepatic accumulation of IL-2 was seen for up to 2 weeks compared to IL-2 liposomes or free IL-2.	Galactose	5-14	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	48-52
9505319-4	1998	When galactose-entrapped IL-2 liposomes (Gallip-IL-2) were administered, a significantly greater hepatic accumulation of IL-2 was seen for up to 2 weeks compared to IL-2 liposomes or free IL-2.	Galactose	5-14	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	48-52
9505319-4	1998	When galactose-entrapped IL-2 liposomes (Gallip-IL-2) were administered, a significantly greater hepatic accumulation of IL-2 was seen for up to 2 weeks compared to IL-2 liposomes or free IL-2.	Galactose	5-14	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	48-52
9421364-2	1997	Since enzymatically detectable galactose-beta1-3-N-acetyl-galactosamine residues are found in rectal mucus obtained from patients with carcinoma of the large bowel, it was investigated here whether PNA-reactive carbohydrate structures in rectal mucus can be exploited in the detection of colorectal neoplasia.	Galactose	31-40	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	41-48
9395503-2	1997	GCY1 is inducible by galactose about 25-fold due to Gal4p-binding to a single UASGAL, whereas RIO1 is constitutively expressed.	Galactose	21-30	glycerol 2-dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) GCY1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
9395503-2	1997	GCY1 is inducible by galactose about 25-fold due to Gal4p-binding to a single UASGAL, whereas RIO1 is constitutively expressed.	Galactose	21-30	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	52-57
9442926-7	1997	Also, the concentration of galactose in alpha 2-macroglobulin from SLE patients was significantly higher than normal donors (45.7 +/- 173 micrograms/mg protein versus 0.13 +/- 0.03 microgram/mg protein).	Galactose	27-36	alpha-2-macroglobulin	Homo sapiens	40-61
9434120-8	1997	As alpha-crystallin consists of a mixture of unmodified and phosphorylated subunits, a detailed investigation was undertaken of the reaction of galactose with peptides comprising the C-terminal extensions of alphaA- and alphaB-crystallin.	Galactose	144-153	crystallin alpha B	Bos taurus	220-237
9455910-1	1997	Galectin-3 is a galactose-binding lectin that has been found in several mammalian tissues.	Galactose	16-25	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	0-10
9447247-9	1997	Reaction of r-vWF with carbohydrate-specific lectins demonstrated that r-vWF contained a high proportion of N-glycans composed of mannose, galactose, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and terminal sialic acid.	Galactose	139-148	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	73-76
9375892-10	1997	Since peanut lectin binding is inhibited by the presence of sialylated galactose, these results suggest diminished sialic content of the O-linked oligosaccharides of IgA1 in HSP compared to controls.	Galactose	71-80	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	166-170
9524927-14	1997	They have an outer branch belonging to the high mannose carbohydrate chains which explain the ability to bind to the column and an other main branch bearing the sequence galactose beta-(1-4)-N-acetylglucosamine beta-(1-2) mannose.	Galactose	170-179	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	180-189
9436155-0	1997	Dose-dependent reduction of retinal vessel changes associated with diabetic retinopathy in galactose-fed dogs by the aldose reductase inhibitor M79175.	Galactose	91-100	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	117-133
9436155-1	1997	The onset and progression of retinal vascular changes associated with early diabetic retinopathy has been delayed in beagles fed 30% galactose diet for 38 months by treatment with the aldose reductase inhibitor M79175 (2-methyl-6-fluoro-spirochroman-4-5"- imidazolidine-2",4"-dione).	Galactose	133-142	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	184-200
9436157-8	1997	Lenses of 18-day galactose-fed rats showed decreases in Vit.	Galactose	17-26	vitrin	Rattus norvegicus	56-59
9436157-10	1997	Lenses of 45-day galactose fed rats showed decreases in GSH content and Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity and increases in Vit.	Galactose	17-26	vitrin	Rattus norvegicus	114-117
9396569-6	1997	Our data provide evidence that the first reaction in the oxidative pathway of galactose metabolism described in rat liver in 1966 is activated in patients with a variety of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase gene mutations even while on a lactose-restricted diet.	Galactose	78-87	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	173-214
9437906-14	1997	Only the liposomes containing the Gal-PEG10-DAG aggregated with the lectin, indicating that only with this derivative the galactose group was adequately exposed.	Galactose	122-131	paternally expressed 10	Rattus norvegicus	38-43
9374524-0	1997	The cysteine-peptidase bleomycin hydrolase is a member of the galactose regulon in yeast.	Galactose	62-71	bleomycin hydrolase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	23-42
9400621-0	1997	Sialyl-Lewis(x) sequence 6-O-sulfated at N-acetylglucosamine rather than at galactose is the preferred ligand for L-selectin and de-N-acetylation of the sialic acid enhances the binding strength.	Galactose	76-85	selectin L	Homo sapiens	114-124
9413278-0	1997	BDNF attenuates functional and structural disorders in nerves of galactose-fed rats.	Galactose	65-74	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
9413278-1	1997	Galactose intoxication of rats was used to disrupt metabolism of Schwann cells and skeletal muscle, two sites that contain the polyol-forming enzyme aldose reductase (AR).	Galactose	0-9	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	149-165
9413278-1	1997	Galactose intoxication of rats was used to disrupt metabolism of Schwann cells and skeletal muscle, two sites that contain the polyol-forming enzyme aldose reductase (AR).	Galactose	0-9	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	167-169
9413278-3	1997	To investigate the possibility that galactose metabolism by AR influences axonal function and structure by altering production of neurotrophic factors, the impact of galactose intoxication on nerve and muscle BDNF levels and the effects of exogenous BDNF treatment on galactose neuropathy were examined using biochemical, electrophysiologic and morphometric techniques.	Galactose	36-45	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	60-62
9413278-4	1997	Galactose feeding increased BDNF protein in peripheral nerve and muscle.	Galactose	0-9	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	28-32
9413278-5	1997	Exogenous BDNF treatment attenuated motor nerve conduction velocity deficits in the sciatic nerve of galactose-fed animals and myelin splitting of motor axons in the ventral root.	Galactose	101-110	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	10-14
9467238-2	1997	In the gastrointestinal tract, lactose is hydrolysed by the enzyme beta-galactosidase (lactase) into glucose and galactose.	Galactose	113-122	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	67-85
9467238-2	1997	In the gastrointestinal tract, lactose is hydrolysed by the enzyme beta-galactosidase (lactase) into glucose and galactose.	Galactose	113-122	lactase	Homo sapiens	87-94
9396534-6	1997	RESULTS: The galactose absorption, glycine absorption, DNA content, and protein content were significantly increased by EGF (69%, 28%, 64%, and 55%, respectively) and gastrin (72%, 60%, 93%, and 48%, respectively) when compared with control.	Galactose	13-22	epidermal growth factor like 1	Rattus norvegicus	120-123
9396534-6	1997	RESULTS: The galactose absorption, glycine absorption, DNA content, and protein content were significantly increased by EGF (69%, 28%, 64%, and 55%, respectively) and gastrin (72%, 60%, 93%, and 48%, respectively) when compared with control.	Galactose	13-22	gastrin	Rattus norvegicus	167-174
9435793-1	1997	Expression of the gene GCY1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is induced by about 25-fold in the presence of galactose as a result of activation by Gal4p.	Galactose	103-112	glycerol 2-dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) GCY1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	23-27
9435793-1	1997	Expression of the gene GCY1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is induced by about 25-fold in the presence of galactose as a result of activation by Gal4p.	Galactose	103-112	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	142-147
9335055-2	1997	We show that a subpopulation of human bone marrow hematopoietic cells bearing the pan-hematopoietic antigen CD34 also binds galactose-conjugated proteins.	Galactose	124-133	CD34 molecule	Homo sapiens	108-112
9322513-2	1997	The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of IGF-I on intestinal D-galactose absorption in cirrhotic rats.	Galactose	71-82	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	51-56
9322513-5	1997	RESULTS: Compared with that in controls, galactose transport in everted jejunal rings was significantly reduced in cirrhotic rats but showed normal values after IGF-I treatment.	Galactose	41-50	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	161-166
9363434-6	1997	FucT VI had an absolute requirement for a hydroxyl at C-6 of galactose in addition to the accepting hydroxyl at C-3.	Galactose	61-70	fucosyltransferase 6	Homo sapiens	0-7
9394310-10	1997	D-galactose and N-acetyl-glucosamine decreased the binding of serum IgA to MPO more in HSP than in controls (P &lt; 0.05).	Galactose	0-11	myeloperoxidase	Homo sapiens	75-78
9311863-6	1997	Similarly, a plasmid encoding B3URA3, an RNA3 derivative with the yeast URA3 gene replacing the coat gene, conferred uracil-independent growth to ura3- yeast only after 1a and 2a expression and galactose induction.	Galactose	194-203	orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-36
9315638-8	1997	A strain was constructed where Mpp10p is expressed from a galactose-inducible, glucose- repressible promoter.	Galactose	58-67	rRNA-processing protein MPP10	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	31-37
11038571-4	1997	At low concentrations of galactose, the activity of the "wheat gene" driven by the GAL10 promoter is low and ACCase becomes limiting for growth, a condition expected to enhance transgenic yeast sensitivity to wheat ACCase-specific inhibitors.	Galactose	25-34	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	83-88
9278487-9	1997	Overall, our data show that, while the Snf1 and Mig1 proteins play similar roles in regulating the galactose regulon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and K.lactis , the way in which these proteins are integrated into the regulatory circuits are unique to each regulon, as is the degree to which each regulon is controlled by the two proteins.	Galactose	99-108	transcription factor MIG1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	48-52
9264010-0	1997	Galactose-deficient IgA1 in sera of IgA nephropathy patients is present in complexes with IgG.	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	20-24
9299469-3	1997	Plate inhibition assays with isolated, structurally defined N-glycans as inhibitors of binding of NKR-P1A to GlcNAc16-BSA revealed that the removal of both the external sialic acids and the penultimate galactose residues resulted in attaining of significant inhibitory activities.	Galactose	202-211	killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily B, member 1A	Rattus norvegicus	98-105
9264362-0	1997	Expression of the endogenous galactose-binding protein galectin-3 correlates with the malignant potential of tumors in the central nervous system.	Galactose	29-38	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	55-65
9264010-0	1997	Galactose-deficient IgA1 in sera of IgA nephropathy patients is present in complexes with IgG.	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy variable 4-38-2-like	Homo sapiens	20-23
9258459-10	1997	At least 14 galactose residues on WI2 were required to reduce blood levels to 5.9 +/- 0.7% ID/g in 1 h.	Galactose	12-21	inversion, Chr X, Harwell 1	Mus musculus	96-102
9204884-0	1997	Isolated rat hepatocytes bind lactoferrins by the RHL-1 subunit of the asialoglycoprotein receptor in a galactose-independent manner.	Galactose	104-113	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	50-55
9204884-9	1997	We conclude that RHL-1 is the Ca2+-dependent Lf receptor on hepatocytes and that it binds Lf at its carbohydrate-recognition domain yet in a galactose-independent manner.	Galactose	141-150	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	17-22
9271277-9	1997	HGF significantly increased galactose absorption at doses of 75 (P &lt; 0.01) and 150 (P &lt; 0.05) microg/kg/day and glycine absorption at doses of 30 (P &lt; 0.05) and 75 (P &lt; 0.01) microg/kg/day.	Galactose	28-37	hepatocyte growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
9201972-6	1997	Replacement of 2 amino acids of Hxt2 with the corresponding Tyr446 and Trp455 of Gal2 allowed the modified Hxt2 to transport galactose.	Galactose	125-134	hexose transporter HXT2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-36
9201972-6	1997	Replacement of 2 amino acids of Hxt2 with the corresponding Tyr446 and Trp455 of Gal2 allowed the modified Hxt2 to transport galactose.	Galactose	125-134	hexose transporter HXT2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	107-111
9252494-6	1997	Normalization of the blood flow response to trauma in galactose-fed rats by an aldose reductase inhibitor suggests that the impairment is linked to increased polyol pathway metabolism.	Galactose	54-63	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	79-95
9225165-4	1997	Different carbohydrates on ZP3, such as Galactose in alpha-linkage, N-acetylglucosamine in beta-linkage, were suggested as the complementary sperm receptors, mediating the primary binding between the spermatozoon and the ZP.	Galactose	40-49	zona pellucida glycoprotein 3	Homo sapiens	27-30
9258459-11	1997	Faster blood clearance (0.7 +/- 0.2% ID/g) was observed in 1 h using 44 galactose units per WI2.	Galactose	72-81	inversion, Chr X, Harwell 1	Mus musculus	56-62
9247219-9	1997	HGF also significantly increased galactose absorption (P &lt; .01) with all three doses.	Galactose	33-42	hepatocyte growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
9250706-2	1997	Galectin- 1 and galectin-3 belong to a newly defined family of galactose-binding lectins that can bind several glycoconjugates such as the basement membrane glycoprotein laminin, and are involved in many biological events including cell adhesion.	Galactose	63-72	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	0-11
9250706-2	1997	Galectin- 1 and galectin-3 belong to a newly defined family of galactose-binding lectins that can bind several glycoconjugates such as the basement membrane glycoprotein laminin, and are involved in many biological events including cell adhesion.	Galactose	63-72	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	16-26
9189858-6	1997	Furthermore, to reveal the detailed binding sites in the interaction, the same inhibition assays were performed using the following substances composing the IgA1 hinge glycopeptide: galactose (Gal), N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), Gal beta 1-3GalNAc, sialic acid, tetrapeptide PTPS, and synthesized hinge proline-rich peptide PVPSTPPTPSPSTPPTPSPS (sHP).	Galactose	182-191	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	157-161
12572434-3	1997	By gas chromatography analysis, LOK composes of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose.	Galactose	98-107	serine/threonine kinase 10	Homo sapiens	32-35
9218563-1	1997	We describe the synthesis of biodegradable poly(ethyleneglycol)-coupled galactolipids in which the galactose moiety is separated from a diacylglyceride lipid anchor by poly(ethylene glycol) chains of 10, 20 or 40 oxyethylene residues (PEG10/20/40).	Galactose	99-108	paternally expressed 10	Rattus norvegicus	235-240
9194901-1	1997	In galactose neuropathy, aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI)-preventable Schwann cell injury has been reported in studies in which galactose feeding continued over a period of months.	Galactose	3-12	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	25-41
9189858-6	1997	Furthermore, to reveal the detailed binding sites in the interaction, the same inhibition assays were performed using the following substances composing the IgA1 hinge glycopeptide: galactose (Gal), N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), Gal beta 1-3GalNAc, sialic acid, tetrapeptide PTPS, and synthesized hinge proline-rich peptide PVPSTPPTPSPSTPPTPSPS (sHP).	Galactose	193-196	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	157-161
9201300-6	1997	IL-8 mRNA expressed by HT-29 cells in response to E. histolytica trophozoites was downregulated in the presence of galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine or N-acetyl-lactosamine (0.1-100 mM), and this was paralleled by decreased IL-8 protein secretion.	Galactose	115-124	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	0-4
9174356-1	1997	The brain-type glucose transporter (GLUT3) is a high-affinity transporter for D-glucose and D-galactose and is a member of a family of mammalian sugar transporters, each of which are proposed to adopt a secondary structure containing 12 transmembrane helices.	Galactose	92-103	solute carrier family 2 member 3	Homo sapiens	36-41
9155011-2	1997	UDP-Gal:N-acetylglucosamine beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalT) (EC 2.4.1.38) is the enzyme which transfers galactose (Gal) to the terminal N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) of complex-type N-glycans in the Golgi apparatus.	Galactose	110-119	UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	28-58
9101419-11	1997	Since Con A affinity chromatography allows fractionation of molecules differing in the extent of carbohydrate branching irrespective of the sialyl residues, we can conclude that mannose residues are masked with other sugars such as galactose-beta (1-4)N-acetylglucosamine, galactose-beta (1-3)N-acetyl-galactosamine and sialic acid linked alpha (2-6) to galactose or to N-acetylgalactosamine, or capped with sulfated residues.	Galactose	232-241	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	242-251
9150260-1	1997	To isolate genes that negatively regulate cell growth, we constructed a galactose-inducible expression library with partially digested Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomic DNA fragments inserted downstream of the GAL10 promoter.	Galactose	72-81	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	209-214
9143099-7	1997	Heterologous expression of the ord1 open reading frame under the transcriptional control of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae galactose-inducible gal1 promoter results in the ability to convert O-methylsterigmatocystin to aflatoxin B1.	Galactose	121-130	DNA-binding transcription repressor IXR1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	31-35
9143099-7	1997	Heterologous expression of the ord1 open reading frame under the transcriptional control of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae galactose-inducible gal1 promoter results in the ability to convert O-methylsterigmatocystin to aflatoxin B1.	Galactose	121-130	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	141-145
9152226-8	1997	CONCLUSIONS: Amelioration of galactose-induced retinal microangiopathies with AL-3152 in the prevention group suggests an efficacious application of aldose reductase inhibitors in treating diabetic retinopathy, provided treatment can begin soon after the onset of diabetes.	Galactose	29-38	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	149-165
9111323-7	1997	Characterization of the most active miniGal4 proteins demonstrated that they possess all of the known functions of full-length Gal4p, including glucose repression, galactose induction, response to deletions of gal11 or gal6, and interactions with other proteins such as Ga180p, Sug1p, and TATA binding protein.	Galactose	164-173	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	127-132
9111326-1	1997	Gal4p-mediated activation of galactose gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae normally requires both galactose and the activity of Gal3p.	Galactose	29-38	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
9111326-1	1997	Gal4p-mediated activation of galactose gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae normally requires both galactose and the activity of Gal3p.	Galactose	29-38	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	136-141
9111326-2	1997	Recent evidence suggests that in cells exposed to galactose, Gal3p binds to and inhibits Ga180p, an inhibitor of the transcriptional activator Gal4p.	Galactose	50-59	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	61-66
9111326-2	1997	Recent evidence suggests that in cells exposed to galactose, Gal3p binds to and inhibits Ga180p, an inhibitor of the transcriptional activator Gal4p.	Galactose	50-59	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	143-148
9111326-3	1997	Here, we report on the isolation and characterization of novel mutant forms of Gal3p that can induce Gal4p activity independently of galactose.	Galactose	133-142	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	79-84
9111326-6	1997	The level of constitutive GAL gene expression in cells bearing different GAL3(c) alleles varies over more than a fourfold range and increases in response to galactose.	Galactose	157-166	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	73-77
9111326-8	1997	The Gal3p mutant proteins differ in their requirements for galactose and ATP for their Gal80p-binding ability.	Galactose	59-68	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-9
9111326-8	1997	The Gal3p mutant proteins differ in their requirements for galactose and ATP for their Gal80p-binding ability.	Galactose	59-68	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	87-93
9111326-9	1997	The behavior of the novel Gal3p proteins provides strong support for a model wherein galactose causes an alteration in Gal3p that increases either its ability to bind to Gal80p or its access to Gal80p.	Galactose	85-94	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	26-31
9111326-9	1997	The behavior of the novel Gal3p proteins provides strong support for a model wherein galactose causes an alteration in Gal3p that increases either its ability to bind to Gal80p or its access to Gal80p.	Galactose	85-94	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	119-124
9111326-9	1997	The behavior of the novel Gal3p proteins provides strong support for a model wherein galactose causes an alteration in Gal3p that increases either its ability to bind to Gal80p or its access to Gal80p.	Galactose	85-94	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	170-176
9111326-9	1997	The behavior of the novel Gal3p proteins provides strong support for a model wherein galactose causes an alteration in Gal3p that increases either its ability to bind to Gal80p or its access to Gal80p.	Galactose	85-94	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	194-200
9111074-2	1997	Hexose oxidase from Chondrus crispus catalyzes the oxidation of a variety of mono- and disaccharides including D-glucose, D-galactose, maltose, and lactose.	Galactose	122-133	CHC_T00009130001	Chondrus crispus	0-14
9155011-2	1997	UDP-Gal:N-acetylglucosamine beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalT) (EC 2.4.1.38) is the enzyme which transfers galactose (Gal) to the terminal N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) of complex-type N-glycans in the Golgi apparatus.	Galactose	110-119	UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	60-64
9155011-2	1997	UDP-Gal:N-acetylglucosamine beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalT) (EC 2.4.1.38) is the enzyme which transfers galactose (Gal) to the terminal N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) of complex-type N-glycans in the Golgi apparatus.	Galactose	4-7	UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	28-58
9155011-2	1997	UDP-Gal:N-acetylglucosamine beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalT) (EC 2.4.1.38) is the enzyme which transfers galactose (Gal) to the terminal N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) of complex-type N-glycans in the Golgi apparatus.	Galactose	4-7	UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	60-64
9141689-5	1997	A cDNA clone under the yeast ADH1 promoter was able to substitute for the yeast TBP gene in vivo; however, the transformants obtained grew poorly at 35 degrees C and on galactose and glycerol at 30 degrees C, though they could grow in the presence of copper ions or aminotriazole at this temperature.	Galactose	169-178	alcohol dehydrogenase ADH1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	29-33
9075806-0	1997	Aldose reductase inhibition increases CNTF-like bioactivity and protein in sciatic nerves from galactose-fed and normal rats.	Galactose	95-104	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
9075806-0	1997	Aldose reductase inhibition increases CNTF-like bioactivity and protein in sciatic nerves from galactose-fed and normal rats.	Galactose	95-104	ciliary neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	38-42
9075806-2	1997	Polyol content was elevated (P &lt; 0.001) and motor nerve conduction velocity reduced (P &lt; 0.05) in galactose-fed rats compared with control animals or control and galactose-fed rats treated with the aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) Ponalrestat.	Galactose	104-113	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	204-220
9075806-2	1997	Polyol content was elevated (P &lt; 0.001) and motor nerve conduction velocity reduced (P &lt; 0.05) in galactose-fed rats compared with control animals or control and galactose-fed rats treated with the aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) Ponalrestat.	Galactose	168-177	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	204-220
9075806-3	1997	CNTF-like bioactivity in the galactose-fed group was reduced to 30% of that assayed in the control group (P &lt; 0.001).	Galactose	29-38	ciliary neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
9075806-6	1997	In addition to the deficit in CNTF bioactivity in untreated galactose rats, the expression of protein, but not of mRNA, was reduced (P &lt; 0.05).	Galactose	60-69	ciliary neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	30-34
9075806-7	1997	In ARI-treated control and galactose-fed rats, the expression of CNTF peptide was significantly enhanced above control levels (both P &lt; 0.05).	Galactose	27-36	ciliary neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	65-69
9363641-3	1997	To examine the mechanism by which Src blocks yeast cell proliferation, and to determine the role of the Src SH2 domain in the growth arrest, src variants were expressed in yeast under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	203-212	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	223-227
9155091-2	1997	Our results show that apolipoprotein H is rich in sialic acid linked alpha(2-6) to galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine.	Galactose	83-92	apolipoprotein H	Homo sapiens	22-38
9155091-4	1997	Galactose is beta(1-4)-linked to N-acetylglucosamine and beta(1-3)-linked to N-acetylgalactosamine.	Galactose	0-9	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	13-21
9155091-9	1997	Galactose is also organized in O-linked chains and it is beta(1-4)-linked to N-acetylglucosamine and beta(1-3)-linked to acetylgalactosamine.	Galactose	0-9	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	57-65
9155091-9	1997	Galactose is also organized in O-linked chains and it is beta(1-4)-linked to N-acetylglucosamine and beta(1-3)-linked to acetylgalactosamine.	Galactose	0-9	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	101-109
9060845-17	1997	In another series of experiments, TGF-beta 1 synthesis in response to the addition of basolateral PDGF was also induced after basolateral pretreatment with D-galactose but not 2-deoxy-D-glucose.	Galactose	156-167	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	34-44
9140997-3	1997	METHODS: A galactose-acceptor substrate was prepared from degalactosylated hinge region fragments of normal IgA1, and incubated with the T cell, B cell, and monocyte lysates from patients with IgAN and controls for acceptor regalactosylation.	Galactose	11-20	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	108-112
9140997-3	1997	METHODS: A galactose-acceptor substrate was prepared from degalactosylated hinge region fragments of normal IgA1, and incubated with the T cell, B cell, and monocyte lysates from patients with IgAN and controls for acceptor regalactosylation.	Galactose	11-20	IGAN1	Homo sapiens	193-197
9134052-2	1997	GLP-1 concentrations in the mesenteric venous effluent increased significantly after luminal perfusion with substrates of a sodium/glucose co-transporter (D-glucose, D-galactose, methyl-alpha D-glucoside, and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose).	Galactose	166-177	glucagon	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
9099986-2	1997	In the course of studying the mechanisms underlying this variability, we have isolated from pig cDNA four sequences corresponding to four isoforms of alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GT), the Golgi enzyme that links galactose in alpha1,3 on the galactose residue of N-acetyllactosamine.	Galactose	223-232	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Sus scrofa	150-180
9099986-2	1997	In the course of studying the mechanisms underlying this variability, we have isolated from pig cDNA four sequences corresponding to four isoforms of alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GT), the Golgi enzyme that links galactose in alpha1,3 on the galactose residue of N-acetyllactosamine.	Galactose	223-232	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Sus scrofa	182-192
9099986-2	1997	In the course of studying the mechanisms underlying this variability, we have isolated from pig cDNA four sequences corresponding to four isoforms of alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GT), the Golgi enzyme that links galactose in alpha1,3 on the galactose residue of N-acetyllactosamine.	Galactose	252-261	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Sus scrofa	150-180
9099986-2	1997	In the course of studying the mechanisms underlying this variability, we have isolated from pig cDNA four sequences corresponding to four isoforms of alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GT), the Golgi enzyme that links galactose in alpha1,3 on the galactose residue of N-acetyllactosamine.	Galactose	252-261	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Sus scrofa	182-192
9050845-0	1997	Galactose-dependent reversible interaction of Gal3p with Gal80p in the induction pathway of Gal4p-activated genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	0-9	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	46-51
9050845-0	1997	Galactose-dependent reversible interaction of Gal3p with Gal80p in the induction pathway of Gal4p-activated genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	0-9	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	57-63
9050845-0	1997	Galactose-dependent reversible interaction of Gal3p with Gal80p in the induction pathway of Gal4p-activated genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	0-9	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	92-97
9050845-4	1997	Here we demonstrate that complex of Gal3p and Gal80p, otherwise unstable, is stabilized in the presence of 0.1 mM galactose and 0.5 mM ATP.	Galactose	114-123	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	36-41
9050845-4	1997	Here we demonstrate that complex of Gal3p and Gal80p, otherwise unstable, is stabilized in the presence of 0.1 mM galactose and 0.5 mM ATP.	Galactose	114-123	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	46-52
9050845-5	1997	The requirement for galactose and ATP for stable complex formation is also observed by using highly purified Gal3p and Gal80p from yeast.	Galactose	20-29	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	109-114
9050845-5	1997	The requirement for galactose and ATP for stable complex formation is also observed by using highly purified Gal3p and Gal80p from yeast.	Galactose	20-29	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	119-125
9050845-6	1997	We further show that thus formed Gal3p/Gal80p complex can easily be dissociated when it is washed with buffer lacking galactose.	Galactose	118-127	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	33-38
9050845-6	1997	We further show that thus formed Gal3p/Gal80p complex can easily be dissociated when it is washed with buffer lacking galactose.	Galactose	118-127	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	39-45
9050845-8	1997	These results strongly suggest that Gal3p functions as the sensor and transducer of galactose signal in the induction pathway of Gal4p-activated genes.	Galactose	84-93	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	36-41
9050845-8	1997	These results strongly suggest that Gal3p functions as the sensor and transducer of galactose signal in the induction pathway of Gal4p-activated genes.	Galactose	84-93	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	129-134
9060845-18	1997	This priming effect demonstrates the dependence of this response on glucose metabolism by the cells, not simply the activity of the GLUT-1 transporter, as both 2-deoxy-D-glucose and D-galactose are transported by GLUT-1, although only the latter is metabolized.	Galactose	182-193	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Homo sapiens	213-219
9032299-0	1997	Constitutive expression in gal7 mutants of Kluyveromyces lactis is due to internal production of galactose as an inducer of the Gal/Lac regulon.	Galactose	97-106	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	27-31
9115637-4	1997	Expression of this human cDNA under the control of a GAL1 promoter in a null cds1 mutant yeast strain complements its growth defect and produces CDS activity when induced with galactose.	Galactose	176-185	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	53-57
9115637-4	1997	Expression of this human cDNA under the control of a GAL1 promoter in a null cds1 mutant yeast strain complements its growth defect and produces CDS activity when induced with galactose.	Galactose	176-185	CDP-diacylglycerol synthase 1	Homo sapiens	77-81
9115637-4	1997	Expression of this human cDNA under the control of a GAL1 promoter in a null cds1 mutant yeast strain complements its growth defect and produces CDS activity when induced with galactose.	Galactose	176-185	TAM41 mitochondrial translocator assembly and maintenance homolog	Homo sapiens	145-148
9165091-3	1997	In addition to the binding activity, TSP also displays a low endoglycolytic activity, cleaving the alpha(1,3)-O-glycosidic bond between rhamnose and galactose of the O-antigenic repeats.	Galactose	149-158	tailspike protein	Salmonella phage P22	37-40
9196395-1	1997	Aldose reductase initiated sugar cataract formation in 9-month old galactose-fed dogs has been documented to progress from an accentuation of lens sutures (1 month after initial feeding) to the appearance of cortical vacuoles (3 months), cortical opacities (4-6 months) and eventually the progressive formation of a clear zone at the cortical equatorial regions of the cataractous lenses (&gt; 12 months).	Galactose	67-76	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	0-16
9032299-7	1997	A mutation in the transporter gene LAC12 decreases the level of induction in gal7 cells, indicating that galactose is partly released into the medium and then retransported into the cells.	Galactose	105-114	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	77-81
9032299-8	1997	Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of crude extracts from delta gal7 cells revealed the presence of 50 microM galactose.	Galactose	111-120	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	65-69
9113667-2	1997	LS 21 produced the highest concentration of alpha- and beta-galactosidase with 0.28 mumol/l and 0.28 mumol/l respectively on lactose and galactose.	Galactose	137-146	alpha galactosidase	Glycine max	44-73
9013626-7	1997	Yeast strains transformed with these plasmids produced oleosin when grown in a medium containing galactose but not glucose.	Galactose	97-106	oleosin 16 kDa	Zea mays	55-62
9045811-1	1997	When Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells growing on galactose are transferred onto glucose medium containing cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, a rapid reduction of Gal2p-mediated galactose uptake is observed.	Galactose	47-56	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	175-180
9045811-1	1997	When Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells growing on galactose are transferred onto glucose medium containing cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, a rapid reduction of Gal2p-mediated galactose uptake is observed.	Galactose	190-199	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	175-180
9159886-5	1997	Northern hybridization analysis demonstrated that BiP mRNA was present constitutively in the Xenopus A6 kidney epithelial cell line and that BiP mRNA levels could be enhanced by treatment of the cells with galactose-free media, 2-deoxyglucose, 2-deoxygalactose, glucosamine, tunicamycin, heat shock, dithiothreitol, and the calcium ionophore, A23187.	Galactose	206-215	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	50-53
9159886-5	1997	Northern hybridization analysis demonstrated that BiP mRNA was present constitutively in the Xenopus A6 kidney epithelial cell line and that BiP mRNA levels could be enhanced by treatment of the cells with galactose-free media, 2-deoxyglucose, 2-deoxygalactose, glucosamine, tunicamycin, heat shock, dithiothreitol, and the calcium ionophore, A23187.	Galactose	206-215	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	141-144
9046094-2	1997	We have discovered that low levels of glucose are required for maximal transcription of SUC2: SUC2 expression is induced about five- to ten-fold in cells growing on low levels of glucose (0.1%) compared to cells growing on galactose or glycerol.	Galactose	223-232	beta-fructofuranosidase SUC2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	88-92
9088040-11	1997	Galactose served as substrate for aldose reductase, and lens polyol (galactitol) content increased markedly.	Galactose	0-9	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	34-50
9088040-15	1997	Furthermore, in the presence of Sorbinil, lens galactose increased rapidly and equilibrated with galactose in the medium further indicating that Sorbinil inhibited aldose reductase.	Galactose	47-56	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	164-180
9088040-15	1997	Furthermore, in the presence of Sorbinil, lens galactose increased rapidly and equilibrated with galactose in the medium further indicating that Sorbinil inhibited aldose reductase.	Galactose	97-106	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	164-180
9204333-7	1997	Competition experiments of ASF-MION with galactose showed a dose-dependent decrease in calibrated fluorescent-light emission.	Galactose	41-50	arylsulfatase F	Homo sapiens	27-30
8995429-1	1997	RF-C activity in yeast extracts was overproduced about 80-fold after induction of a strain containing all five genes on a single plasmid, with expression of each gene placed under control of the galactose-inducible GAL1-10 promoter.	Galactose	195-204	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	215-219
9324166-4	1997	In the whole series, the 95% confidence interval of GEC predicted by 45-min galactose was as large as +/- 1.55mg x kg(-1) x min(-1) as absolute value, corresponding to a range from -41 to +47% of measured GEC.	Galactose	76-85	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	124-130
9360714-3	1997	The levels of the NAM9 transcript and protein are both reduced in cells growing on glucose as compared to cells growing on galactose as a carbon source.	Galactose	123-132	mitochondrial 37S ribosomal protein NAM9	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	18-22
9360717-9	1997	This result suggests that some single galactose units, O-glycosidically linked to the peptide are present in human glycophorin A.	Galactose	38-47	glycophorin A (MNS blood group)	Homo sapiens	115-128
8940154-9	1996	These results show that cultured bovine keratocytes maintain the ability to express all three of the known KSPG proteins, modified with keratan sulfate chains and sulfated on both N-acetylglucosamine and galactose moieties.	Galactose	204-213	lumican	Bos taurus	107-111
9076518-3	1997	A similar analysis of MUC1 expression in transfected normal and O-glycosylation defective CHO cells reveals that the addition of galactose to the core oligosaccharide structure is apparently responsible for the anomalous difference in M(r), between the mature and propeptide forms of the MUC1.	Galactose	129-138	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mucin-1	Cricetulus griseus	22-26
9076518-3	1997	A similar analysis of MUC1 expression in transfected normal and O-glycosylation defective CHO cells reveals that the addition of galactose to the core oligosaccharide structure is apparently responsible for the anomalous difference in M(r), between the mature and propeptide forms of the MUC1.	Galactose	129-138	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mucin-1	Cricetulus griseus	288-292
9001414-1	1997	Interleukin-2 (IL2) fused to ricin B chain (RTB) with modifications of amino acid residues in each of three galactose-binding subdomains (1alpha, 1beta and 2gamma) was expressed in insect cells, purified by immunoaffinity chromatography and reassociated with ricin A chain (RTA).	Galactose	108-117	interleukin 2	Homo sapiens	0-13
9046083-0	1997	Galactose-inducible expression systems in Candida maltosa using promoters of newly-isolated GAL1 and GAL10 genes.	Galactose	0-9	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	92-96
9046083-0	1997	Galactose-inducible expression systems in Candida maltosa using promoters of newly-isolated GAL1 and GAL10 genes.	Galactose	0-9	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	101-106
9046083-1	1997	The GAL1 and GAL10 gene cluster encoding the enzymes of galactose utilization was isolated from an asporogenic yeast, Candida maltosa.	Galactose	56-65	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
9046083-1	1997	The GAL1 and GAL10 gene cluster encoding the enzymes of galactose utilization was isolated from an asporogenic yeast, Candida maltosa.	Galactose	56-65	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	13-18
9002191-3	1996	Sulfate esters were found to reside on C-3 or C-6 of terminal D-galactose and on C-6 of internal D-galactose or 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose residues.	Galactose	62-73	complement C6	Homo sapiens	46-49
9002191-3	1996	Sulfate esters were found to reside on C-3 or C-6 of terminal D-galactose and on C-6 of internal D-galactose or 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose residues.	Galactose	97-108	complement C6	Homo sapiens	81-84
8961929-3	1996	These binding sites are glycosphingolipids that share a common structural determinant, i.e., a terminal galactose residue with a free hydroxyl group in position 4: GalCer/sulfatide on CD4-/GalCer+ colon cells; LacCer and its sialosyl derivatives GM3 and GD3 on CD4+ human lymphocytes.	Galactose	104-113	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	184-187
8961929-3	1996	These binding sites are glycosphingolipids that share a common structural determinant, i.e., a terminal galactose residue with a free hydroxyl group in position 4: GalCer/sulfatide on CD4-/GalCer+ colon cells; LacCer and its sialosyl derivatives GM3 and GD3 on CD4+ human lymphocytes.	Galactose	104-113	GRDX	Homo sapiens	254-257
8961929-3	1996	These binding sites are glycosphingolipids that share a common structural determinant, i.e., a terminal galactose residue with a free hydroxyl group in position 4: GalCer/sulfatide on CD4-/GalCer+ colon cells; LacCer and its sialosyl derivatives GM3 and GD3 on CD4+ human lymphocytes.	Galactose	104-113	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	261-264
8955098-8	1996	The differences between SGLT1 and SGLT2 were that (i) the apparent affinity constant (K0.5) for alphaMG (approximately 3 mM) was an order of magnitude higher for SGLT2; (ii) SGLT2 excluded galactose, suggesting discrete sugar binding; (iii) K0.5 for Na+ was lower in SGLT2; and (iv) the Hill coefficient for Na+ was 1 for SGLT2 but 2 for SGLT1.	Galactose	189-198	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Sus scrofa	24-29
8918571-11	1996	Our study shows that the state of glycosylation of IgG affects the t1/2 in vivo, and that by removing the terminal sugars (sialic acid and galactose), the antibody (IgG2a) will remain in circulation significantly longer.	Galactose	139-148	immunoglobulin heavy variable V1-9	Mus musculus	165-170
8953702-2	1996	S. cerevisiae harboring the FAD2 gene was capable of forming hexadecadienoyl (16:2) and linoleoyl (18:2) residues in the membrane lipid when cultured in medium containing galactose.	Galactose	171-180	fatty acid desaturase 2	Arabidopsis thaliana	28-32
8885835-5	1996	The reduced number of possible hydrogen bonds as well as the less favorable stacking between the side chain of Tyr63 in human lysozyme and the galactose residue in the HL/GAL-NAG-EPO complex reasonably explained the less efficient ability of the 2",3"-epoxypropyl beta-glycoside of N-acetyllactosamine as compared to that of N,N"-diacetylchitobiose as an affinity labeling reagent toward human lysozyme.	Galactose	143-152	lysozyme	Homo sapiens	394-402
8929389-2	1996	Consistent with this, we find that recombination of a chromosomal ade1 allele with a plasmid-borne ADE1 ORF under the control of the GAL1 promoter increased from 6.1x10(-6) to 1.7x10(-4) when transcription of the plasmid locus was induced by growing the cells in the presence of galactose.	Galactose	279-288	phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	66-70
8929389-2	1996	Consistent with this, we find that recombination of a chromosomal ade1 allele with a plasmid-borne ADE1 ORF under the control of the GAL1 promoter increased from 6.1x10(-6) to 1.7x10(-4) when transcription of the plasmid locus was induced by growing the cells in the presence of galactose.	Galactose	279-288	phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	99-103
8929389-2	1996	Consistent with this, we find that recombination of a chromosomal ade1 allele with a plasmid-borne ADE1 ORF under the control of the GAL1 promoter increased from 6.1x10(-6) to 1.7x10(-4) when transcription of the plasmid locus was induced by growing the cells in the presence of galactose.	Galactose	279-288	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	133-137
8887678-1	1996	Expression of the proapoptotic protein Bax under the control of a GAL10 promoter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in galactose-inducible cell death.	Galactose	121-130	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	39-42
8887678-1	1996	Expression of the proapoptotic protein Bax under the control of a GAL10 promoter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in galactose-inducible cell death.	Galactose	121-130	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	66-71
8885835-5	1996	The reduced number of possible hydrogen bonds as well as the less favorable stacking between the side chain of Tyr63 in human lysozyme and the galactose residue in the HL/GAL-NAG-EPO complex reasonably explained the less efficient ability of the 2",3"-epoxypropyl beta-glycoside of N-acetyllactosamine as compared to that of N,N"-diacetylchitobiose as an affinity labeling reagent toward human lysozyme.	Galactose	143-152	lysozyme	Homo sapiens	126-134
8885835-5	1996	The reduced number of possible hydrogen bonds as well as the less favorable stacking between the side chain of Tyr63 in human lysozyme and the galactose residue in the HL/GAL-NAG-EPO complex reasonably explained the less efficient ability of the 2",3"-epoxypropyl beta-glycoside of N-acetyllactosamine as compared to that of N,N"-diacetylchitobiose as an affinity labeling reagent toward human lysozyme.	Galactose	143-152	NBAS subunit of NRZ tethering complex	Homo sapiens	175-178
8894307-9	1996	In both advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and AFP producing extrahepatic malignancies, AFP carbohydrate structures were characterized as the further addition of beta 1--&gt;4 N-acetylglucosamine and heterogeneity in the galactose and N-acetylglucosamine residues.	Galactose	220-229	alpha fetoprotein	Homo sapiens	87-90
8900132-7	1996	We found that expression of the PIS1 gene was reduced when cells were grown in a medium containing glycerol and increased when grown in a medium containing galactose relative to cells grown in a glucose medium.	Galactose	156-165	CDP-diacylglycerol--inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-36
8900132-8	1996	The glycerol-mediated repression of PIS1 gene expression required both the MCM1 gene and the MCEs, whereas the SLN1 gene was required for full galactose-mediated induction of a PIS1-lacZ reporter gene.	Galactose	143-152	histidine kinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	111-115
8900132-8	1996	The glycerol-mediated repression of PIS1 gene expression required both the MCM1 gene and the MCEs, whereas the SLN1 gene was required for full galactose-mediated induction of a PIS1-lacZ reporter gene.	Galactose	143-152	CDP-diacylglycerol--inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	177-181
8756647-1	1996	Gal4p regulates expression of genes necessary for galactose catabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	50-59	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
8873770-2	1996	Galectin-1, a bivalent galactose-binding vertebrate lectin, is expressed in the developing rodent olfactory system.	Galactose	23-32	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 1	Mus musculus	0-10
8805371-7	1996	Our results also show that PST-1 can act on core structures with the terminal sialic acid connected to galactose via an alpha2,3 or alpha2,6 linkage.	Galactose	103-112	ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 4	Homo sapiens	27-32
8804409-5	1996	The growth defect of pwp2 delta 1::HIS3 cells was rescued by expression of PWP2 or epitope-tagged HA-PWP2 using the galactose-inducible GALI promoter.	Galactose	116-125	snoRNA-binding rRNA-processing protein PWP2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	101-105
8702748-3	1996	The hapten sugar of this lectin was galactose.	Galactose	36-45	Galactose-specific C-type lectin	Drosophila melanogaster	25-31
8898855-4	1996	Treatment of HT29-18 cells with galactose led to a drop in the calretinin mRNA level and in protein expression as evidenced by immunocytochemical staining and Western blot analysis of cytosolic cell extracts.	Galactose	32-41	calbindin 2	Homo sapiens	63-73
8958548-6	1996	Interestingly, following neuraminidase treatment, galactose was identified in all adenocarcinomas studied, but the expression of galactosamine and fucose was unaffected.	Galactose	50-59	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	25-38
8798585-7	1996	Extracts of gal 1(-) yeast clone, transfected with presumptive human galactokinase cDNA, had very low galactokinase activity even when yeast were grown on galactose, but good activity with GalNAc.	Galactose	155-164	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	69-82
8798585-9	1996	These data indicate that the sequence reported for galactokinase on chromosome 15 is that of GalNAc kinase, which can phosphorylate galactose when this sugar is present at millimolar concentrations.	Galactose	132-141	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	51-64
8804409-5	1996	The growth defect of pwp2 delta 1::HIS3 cells was rescued by expression of PWP2 or epitope-tagged HA-PWP2 using the galactose-inducible GALI promoter.	Galactose	116-125	snoRNA-binding rRNA-processing protein PWP2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	21-25
8702831-2	1996	The kinase is quite specific for GalNAc as the phosphate acceptor and is inactive with GlcNAc, ManNAc, glucose, galactose, mannose, GalN, and GlcN.	Galactose	112-121	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	33-37
8759764-5	1996	These observations led us to conclude that bovine DBP carries a trisaccharide composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, and sialic acid, whereas mouse DBP carries a disaccharide composed of N-acetylgalactosamine and galactose.	Galactose	113-122	D-box binding PAR bZIP transcription factor	Bos taurus	50-53
8756647-7	1996	Mutation of S-699 to alanine significantly impairs GAL induction by galactose in GAL80+ cells but does not affect transcriptional activation by Gal4p in gal80- cells.	Galactose	68-77	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	81-86
8756647-8	1996	In gal80- cells, Gal4p phosphorylation, including that of serine 699, is stimulated by the presence of both galactose and glucose, indicating that phosphorylation at this site is not specifically activated by galactose.	Galactose	108-117	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	17-22
8858212-1	1996	By permitting the separation of increased aldose reductase activity from hyperglycaemia and insulin deficiency, galactose-fed rats have constituted a useful model for investigating diabetic complications.	Galactose	112-121	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	42-58
8702616-1	1996	A hammerhead ribozyme designed to cleave the yeast ADE1 mRNA has been expressed in yeast under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter.	Galactose	112-121	phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	51-55
8702616-2	1996	RNA prepared from the galactose-induced yeast cultures possesses an activity that cleaves ADE1 mRNA in vitro.	Galactose	22-31	phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	90-94
8858212-11	1996	We conclude that increased aldose reductase activity contributes to impaired renal auto-regulation in galactose-fed rats, a model of diabetic nephropathy, but is not involved in the loss of afferent arteriolar responsiveness to angiotensin II.	Galactose	102-111	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	27-43
8757818-5	1996	Chemical analysis of the LPS revealed that the core oligosaccharide has a terminal trisaccharide epitope consisting of two molecules of sialic acid linked to galactose, a structure reflecting the terminal region of human ganglioside GD3.	Galactose	158-167	GRDX	Homo sapiens	233-236
8872105-5	1996	A reduction of galactose in pathological IgA as detected by RCA-I became significant after treatment of the molecule with neuraminidase (p &lt; 0.01).	Galactose	15-24	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	122-135
8757403-2	1996	Growth on galactose results in reduced plasmid stability, as well as in reduced replication efficiency, when the entire 1.5-kb TRP1-ARS1 fragment is present on a plasmid.	Galactose	10-19	phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase TRP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	127-131
8889826-6	1996	However, elimination of peripheral sialic acid and galactose residues by sequential treatment with neuraminidase and beta-galactosidase gave clear mass spectra with several sharp peaks.	Galactose	51-60	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	99-112
8889826-6	1996	However, elimination of peripheral sialic acid and galactose residues by sequential treatment with neuraminidase and beta-galactosidase gave clear mass spectra with several sharp peaks.	Galactose	51-60	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	117-135
8754842-3	1996	An Alu-URA3-YZ sequence was targeted to several Alu sites within the YAC in strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae; the strains contained a galactose-inducible HO endonuclease that cut the YAC at the YZ site.	Galactose	147-156	orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	7-11
8812841-1	1996	Ricin, the highly toxic glycoprotein expressed in the endosperm of castor seeds, is composed of a galactose-binding lectin B chain (RTB) disulfide linked to a RNA N-glycosidase A chain (RTA).	Galactose	98-107	ricin	Ricinus communis	0-5
8757403-3	1996	The galactose sensitivity is mediated by a 0.13-kb fragment harbouring part of the GAL3 promoter.	Galactose	4-13	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	83-87
8836578-1	1996	Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of galactose.	Galactose	84-93	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-39
8706738-2	1996	beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase (Gal-T, EC 2.4.1.38) transfers galactose (Gal) from UDP-Gal to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine or a derivative GlcNAc-R.	Galactose	62-71	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	32-37
8706738-2	1996	beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase (Gal-T, EC 2.4.1.38) transfers galactose (Gal) from UDP-Gal to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine or a derivative GlcNAc-R.	Galactose	62-71	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	9-12
8706738-2	1996	beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase (Gal-T, EC 2.4.1.38) transfers galactose (Gal) from UDP-Gal to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine or a derivative GlcNAc-R.	Galactose	62-71	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	32-35
8756496-4	1996	Yeast transformants expressing the radish AACT gene placed under the control of the GAL1 promoter exhibited a 10-fold higher enzyme activity than a wild-type yeast strain after induction by galactose.	Galactose	190-199	acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, cytosolic 1	Raphanus sativus	42-46
8836578-1	1996	Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of galactose.	Galactose	84-93	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	41-45
8836578-2	1996	GALT activates the galactose-glucose interconversion and enables the synthesis of glucose-1-phosphate and UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal).	Galactose	19-28	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
8842702-9	1996	In contrast to wild-type LPG, the number of arabinose-capped side chains was significantly reduced, and a new population of galactose-capped (Gal(beta 1-3)]5-8) side branches was present.	Galactose	124-133	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	146-152
8877372-0	1996	Hapten inhibitors of the endogenous galactose binding lectins and anti-lectin antibodies inhibit primitive streak formation in the early chick embryo.	Galactose	36-45	galectin 3	Gallus gallus	54-60
8655985-1	1996	Humoral and mucosal IgA responses to a recombinant cysteine-rich portion (designated LC3) of the Entamoeba histolytica galactose-inhibitable lectin"s 170-kDa subunit were determined in patients with amebic colitis.	Galactose	119-128	microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha	Homo sapiens	85-88
8710492-1	1996	Hydroxyl radical footprinting has been used to study different open complexes between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and the galactose operon regulatory region, which contains two overlapping promoters, P1 and P2.	Galactose	126-135	replication initiation protein	Escherichia coli	204-213
8672536-1	1996	Human soluble galactose-binding lectin (galectin-1) has been expressed as an Escherichia coli fusion protein, following the amplification by polymerase chain reaction of cDNA prepared from a human osteosarcoma cell line.	Galactose	14-23	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	40-50
8707282-0	1996	Albumin but not fibrinogen synthesis correlates with galactose elimination capacity in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.	Galactose	53-62	albumin	Homo sapiens	0-7
8707282-8	1996	Albumin synthesis rates significantly correlated with the Child scores, the galactose elimination capacity, and the aminopyrin breath test, whereas fibrinogen synthesis rates showed no such correlations.	Galactose	76-85	albumin	Homo sapiens	0-7
8658143-0	1996	Activation of Gal4p by galactose-dependent interaction of galactokinase and Gal80p.	Galactose	23-32	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	14-19
8658143-5	1996	These data indicate that Gal1p-Gal80p complex formation results in the inactivation of Gal80p, thereby transmitting the galactose signal to Gal4p.	Galactose	120-129	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	25-30
8658143-5	1996	These data indicate that Gal1p-Gal80p complex formation results in the inactivation of Gal80p, thereby transmitting the galactose signal to Gal4p.	Galactose	120-129	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	140-145
8643554-3	1996	Using a galactose shut-off procedure, we determined that the half-life of his3 mRNA is approximately 11 min under these conditions.	Galactose	8-17	imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase HIS3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	74-78
8645185-5	1996	The K(m) and Ki values for 2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-glucose, D-mannose and D-galactose were 3.7 mM, 2.6 mM, 11 mM and 30 mM respectively, similar to the values for GLUT 1 expressed in mammalian cells.	Galactose	71-82	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Homo sapiens	160-166
8647179-8	1996	Furthermore, the sialic acid modifications of the F4/80 molecule are primarily through alpha 2-6 linkages to galactose.	Galactose	109-118	adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E1	Mus musculus	50-55
8662201-1	1996	The gene encoding phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) from the Archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus, an organism growing optimally at 87 degrees C, was inserted into a yeast expression vector under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL1 yeast promoter.	Galactose	207-216	hypothetical protein	Saccharolobus solfataricus	18-41
8662201-1	1996	The gene encoding phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) from the Archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus, an organism growing optimally at 87 degrees C, was inserted into a yeast expression vector under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL1 yeast promoter.	Galactose	207-216	hypothetical protein	Saccharolobus solfataricus	43-46
8662201-2	1996	This vector was then transformed into a pgk::TRP1 yeast mutant, a strain inhibited for growth on galactose or glucose due to its lack of PGK enzyme.	Galactose	97-106	hypothetical protein	Saccharolobus solfataricus	40-43
8662201-2	1996	This vector was then transformed into a pgk::TRP1 yeast mutant, a strain inhibited for growth on galactose or glucose due to its lack of PGK enzyme.	Galactose	97-106	phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase TRP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	45-49
8929220-1	1996	Two galactose-binding lectins, SL1 and SL2, were isolated from human serum by two-step affinity chromatography on sorbents with immobilized disaccharides Gal beta 1-3GlcNAc beta (Lec) and Fuc alpha 1-2Gal beta (Hdi).	Galactose	4-13	TATA-box binding protein associated factor, RNA polymerase I subunit A	Homo sapiens	31-34
8929220-1	1996	Two galactose-binding lectins, SL1 and SL2, were isolated from human serum by two-step affinity chromatography on sorbents with immobilized disaccharides Gal beta 1-3GlcNAc beta (Lec) and Fuc alpha 1-2Gal beta (Hdi).	Galactose	4-13	matrix metallopeptidase 10	Homo sapiens	39-42
8647179-8	1996	Furthermore, the sialic acid modifications of the F4/80 molecule are primarily through alpha 2-6 linkages to galactose.	Galactose	109-118	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 3	Mus musculus	87-96
8860696-0	1996	The tumor association of a trisaccharide epitope: specificity of antiserum developed to galactose beta1-&gt;3 N-acetyl glucosamine beta1--&gt;3 galactose.	Galactose	88-97	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 1	Homo sapiens	98-103
8722766-6	1996	Overexpression of Ste5p under galactose control activated the pheromone response pathway.	Galactose	30-39	Ste5p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	18-23
8860696-0	1996	The tumor association of a trisaccharide epitope: specificity of antiserum developed to galactose beta1-&gt;3 N-acetyl glucosamine beta1--&gt;3 galactose.	Galactose	88-97	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 1	Homo sapiens	131-136
8860696-0	1996	The tumor association of a trisaccharide epitope: specificity of antiserum developed to galactose beta1-&gt;3 N-acetyl glucosamine beta1--&gt;3 galactose.	Galactose	144-153	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 1	Homo sapiens	98-103
8860696-0	1996	The tumor association of a trisaccharide epitope: specificity of antiserum developed to galactose beta1-&gt;3 N-acetyl glucosamine beta1--&gt;3 galactose.	Galactose	144-153	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 1	Homo sapiens	131-136
8628318-0	1996	Analysis of the galactose signal transduction pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: interaction between Gal3p and Gal80p.	Galactose	16-25	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	103-108
8628318-0	1996	Analysis of the galactose signal transduction pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: interaction between Gal3p and Gal80p.	Galactose	16-25	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	113-119
8628318-1	1996	The GAL3 gene plays a critical role in galactose induction of the GAL genes that encode galactose- metabolizing enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	39-48	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
8628318-1	1996	The GAL3 gene plays a critical role in galactose induction of the GAL genes that encode galactose- metabolizing enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	88-97	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
8628318-5	1996	The amount of coprecipitated Gal80p increased when GAL80 yeast cells were grown in the presence of galactose.	Galactose	99-108	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	29-35
8628318-5	1996	The amount of coprecipitated Gal80p increased when GAL80 yeast cells were grown in the presence of galactose.	Galactose	99-108	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	51-56
8611500-8	1996	Characterization of the catalytic reaction products of SAT-3 and SAT-4 with thin-layer chromatography, sialidase treatment, and binding to specific antibodies indicates that both SAT-3 and SAT-4 catalyze the formation of alpha 2-3 linkage between sialic acid and terminal galactose of glycolipid substrates.	Galactose	272-281	ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 4	Homo sapiens	55-60
8611500-8	1996	Characterization of the catalytic reaction products of SAT-3 and SAT-4 with thin-layer chromatography, sialidase treatment, and binding to specific antibodies indicates that both SAT-3 and SAT-4 catalyze the formation of alpha 2-3 linkage between sialic acid and terminal galactose of glycolipid substrates.	Galactose	272-281	ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 4	Homo sapiens	179-184
8606122-0	1996	Oral immunization with a recombinant cysteine-rich section of the Entamoeba histolytica galactose-inhibitable lectin elicits an intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A response that has in vitro adherence inhibition activity.	Galactose	88-97	CD79A antigen (immunoglobulin-associated alpha)	Mus musculus	149-165
8752868-1	1996	To isolate mutations related to the ubiquitin system, I constructed a plasmid carrying the YUH1 and UBP1 genes (genes of ubiquitin-specific processing proteases) whose expressions were under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL1-GAL10 promoter.	Galactose	210-219	ubiquitin-specific protease YUH1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	91-95
8752868-1	1996	To isolate mutations related to the ubiquitin system, I constructed a plasmid carrying the YUH1 and UBP1 genes (genes of ubiquitin-specific processing proteases) whose expressions were under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL1-GAL10 promoter.	Galactose	210-219	ubiquitin-specific protease UBP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	100-104
8626557-6	1996	The K0.5 for alpha-methyl-d-glucopyranoside (0.2 mM) was similar to that for SGLT1, and like SGLT1 the chimera transported D-galactose and 3-O-methylglucose.	Galactose	123-134	solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 1, gene 2 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	93-98
8670104-1	1996	We expressed the rat GLUT1 facilitative glucose transporter in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the use of a galactose-inducible expression system.	Galactose	116-125	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	21-26
8606122-1	1996	The LC3-encoded 52-kDa recombinant protein includes amino acids 758 to 1134 of the 170-kDa subunit of the galactose-inhibitable lectin.	Galactose	106-115	microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha	Mus musculus	4-7
8752868-1	1996	To isolate mutations related to the ubiquitin system, I constructed a plasmid carrying the YUH1 and UBP1 genes (genes of ubiquitin-specific processing proteases) whose expressions were under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL1-GAL10 promoter.	Galactose	210-219	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	230-234
8752868-1	1996	To isolate mutations related to the ubiquitin system, I constructed a plasmid carrying the YUH1 and UBP1 genes (genes of ubiquitin-specific processing proteases) whose expressions were under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL1-GAL10 promoter.	Galactose	210-219	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	235-240
8752868-4	1996	The mutation responsible for galactose-dependent growth at 37 degrees C was a single nuclear recessive mutation designated as uby1-1.	Galactose	29-38	NEDD4 family E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	126-132
8550203-0	1996	Bacterial enzymes can add galactose alpha 1,3 to human erythrocytes and creates a senescence-associated epitope.	Galactose	26-35	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	36-45
8606156-4	1996	Expression of GDH1 is also regulated by the carbon source, i.e., expression is higher on lactate than on ethanol, glycerol, or galactose, with the lowest expression being found on glucose.	Galactose	127-136	glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) GDH1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	14-18
8631818-0	1996	A disulfide-bonded dimer of the Golgi beta-galactoside alpha2,6-sialyltransferase is catalytically inactive yet still retains the ability to bind galactose.	Galactose	146-155	ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 2	Bos taurus	55-81
8631818-6	1996	In contrast, both the alpha2,6-sialyltransferase monomer and the disulfide-bonded dimer bind strongly to galactose and galactose-terminated substrates.	Galactose	105-114	ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 2	Bos taurus	22-48
8631818-6	1996	In contrast, both the alpha2,6-sialyltransferase monomer and the disulfide-bonded dimer bind strongly to galactose and galactose-terminated substrates.	Galactose	119-128	ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 2	Bos taurus	22-48
8631818-7	1996	These results suggest that the alpha2,6-sialyltransferase disulfide-bonded dimer lacks catalytic activity due to a weak affinity for its sugar nucleotide donor, CMP-NeuAc, and that this catalytically inactive form of the enzyme may act as a galactose-specific lectin in the Golgi.	Galactose	241-250	ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 2	Bos taurus	31-57
8595962-11	1996	Inhibition of aldose reductase activity substantially diminished myo-inositol efflux from cell to galactose-containing, isotonic medium.	Galactose	98-107	aldose reductase	Bos taurus	14-30
8833093-0	1996	The myelin-associated glycoprotein of the peripheral nervous system in trembler mutants contains increased alpha 2-3 sialic acid and galactose.	Galactose	133-142	myelin-associated glycoprotein	Mus musculus	4-34
8833093-7	1996	Lectin binding and glycosidase treatments demonstrated that the higher molecular weight of MAG in trembler nerves was due to an increased content of alpha 2-3 linked sialic acid and galactose.	Galactose	182-191	myelin-associated glycoprotein	Mus musculus	91-94
9238673-6	1996	We conclude that fetal or maternal GALT mutations that decrease GALT activity may be associated with vaginal agenesis and have, as their possible biological basis, increased intrauterine exposure to galactose which has been demonstrated in rodents to cause decreased oocyte survival and delayed vaginal opening in offspring.	Galactose	199-208	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	35-39
9238673-6	1996	We conclude that fetal or maternal GALT mutations that decrease GALT activity may be associated with vaginal agenesis and have, as their possible biological basis, increased intrauterine exposure to galactose which has been demonstrated in rodents to cause decreased oocyte survival and delayed vaginal opening in offspring.	Galactose	199-208	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	64-68
8576215-3	1996	The alpha 1- and beta 1-subunit cDNAs were inserted into a single 2-microns-based plasmid with a high and regulatable copy number and strong galactose-inducible promoters allowing for stoichiometric alterations of gene dosage.	Galactose	141-150	transcriptional co-activator mating type protein alpha	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-23
8601605-3	1996	We have recently documented that the scavenger macrophage and Schwann cells express the galactose-specific lectin MAC-2 which is significant to myelin phagocytosis.	Galactose	88-97	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3	Mus musculus	114-119
8722088-3	1996	Of the three fractions, the amount of TPS-1 accounted for over 60% of total yield of ECP, which was a predominant polysaccharide consisting of arabinose (Ara), mannose (Man) and galactose (Gal) as major neutral monosaccharides.	Galactose	178-187	tryptase alpha/beta 1	Homo sapiens	38-43
8722088-3	1996	Of the three fractions, the amount of TPS-1 accounted for over 60% of total yield of ECP, which was a predominant polysaccharide consisting of arabinose (Ara), mannose (Man) and galactose (Gal) as major neutral monosaccharides.	Galactose	189-192	tryptase alpha/beta 1	Homo sapiens	38-43
8920636-1	1996	The increased incidence of thyroiditis reported to occur in diabetes has also been observed in long-term galactose-fed dogs where it is reduced by the administration of aldose reductase inhibitors.	Galactose	105-114	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	169-185
8868469-4	1996	The function of the gene product was analyzed by depleting the protein from the cell using a mutant haploid strain containing the disrupted ORC1 gene on the chromosome and a galactose-inducible gene coding for HA-tagged ORC1 protein on a single copy plasmid.	Galactose	174-183	origin recognition complex subunit 1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	220-224
8868469-8	1996	Two-dimensional gel analysis of the replication intermediates after the galactose removal revealed that the depletion of ORC1 protein caused a decrease in the frequency of initiation of chromosomal replication, eventually resulting in the inhibition of replication as a whole.	Galactose	72-81	origin recognition complex subunit 1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	121-125
8670719-7	1996	The expression of MIF mRNA in LE of normal rats and of rats treated by feeding a diet of 50% (w/w) galactose was studied by quantitative RT-PCR.	Galactose	99-108	macrophage migration inhibitory factor	Rattus norvegicus	18-21
12226203-3	1996	The enzyme was endo-[beta]-mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78), since it hydrolyzed galactomannan into oligosaccharides with no release of galactose and mannose.	Galactose	127-136	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase 3	Solanum lycopersicum	15-36
8552095-10	1996	In particular, disruption of PAF1 decreases the induction of the galactose-regulated genes three- to fivefold.	Galactose	65-74	Paf1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	29-33
8552095-13	1996	Like Paf1p, the GAL11 gene product is found associated with RNA polymerase II and is required for regulated expression of many yeast genes including those controlled by galactose.	Galactose	169-178	Paf1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	5-10
8552095-13	1996	Like Paf1p, the GAL11 gene product is found associated with RNA polymerase II and is required for regulated expression of many yeast genes including those controlled by galactose.	Galactose	169-178	Gal11p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	16-21
8552638-6	1996	Expression of alpha INT1 under control of a galactose-inducible promoter led to the production of germ tubes in haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in the corresponding ste12 mutant.	Galactose	44-53	Uso1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	20-24
8631363-3	1996	Sugar composition analyses revealed that the tumor necrosis factor-alpha contained galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylneuraminic acid as sugar components.	Galactose	83-92	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	45-72
8557671-8	1996	A complex formed between free galactose and MBP-C reveals a similar mode of binding, with the anomeric hydroxyl group serving as one of the Ca2+ ligands.	Galactose	30-39	mannose binding lectin 2	Rattus norvegicus	44-49
8769826-3	1996	Following culture with 100 mM NaCl, there was a decline in cell number accompanied by an increase in AR activity, both of which were attenuated by the addition of 25 mM glucose or galactose.	Galactose	180-189	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	101-103
8769826-5	1996	However, both polyols were dramatically increased in JS1 cells cultured in hyperosmotic medium supplemented with 25 mM glucose or galactose.	Galactose	130-139	carboxymethylenebutenolidase homolog	Homo sapiens	53-56
8595596-9	1996	The changes induced by growing the yeast in galactose that render the cells sensitive to glucosamine are under the control of the gal80 and gal4 genes.	Galactose	44-53	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	130-135
8595596-9	1996	The changes induced by growing the yeast in galactose that render the cells sensitive to glucosamine are under the control of the gal80 and gal4 genes.	Galactose	44-53	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	140-144
8852492-6	1996	Based on the positive reactivity of deposited IgA1 to jacalin, the binding ability of serum IgA1 to jacalin was evaluated by inhibition assay using D-galactose in patients with IgAN (n = 58), other primary glomerulonephritides (PGN) (n = 41), and healthy controls (n = 52).	Galactose	148-159	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	92-96
8777139-5	1996	The galactose residues of asialo-hCG were reacted with NeuAc-hydrazone or a hydrazone of the oligosaccharide from the ganglioside GM1 (Gal(beta 1-3)GalNAc(beta 1-4) [NeuAc(alpha 2-3)]Gal(beta 1-4)Glc).	Galactose	4-13	chorionic gonadotropin subunit beta 5	Homo sapiens	33-36
8991509-0	1996	Enzymatic sulfation of galactose residue of keratan sulfate by chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase.	Galactose	23-32	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3	Gallus gallus	63-93
8991509-5	1996	Analysis of the degradation products with paper chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography provided evidence that C6ST transferred sulfate to position 6 of galactose residue which was glycosidically linked to N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfate residue or to N-acetylglucosamine residue.	Galactose	171-180	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3	Gallus gallus	129-133
8834812-7	1996	Glycopeptides obtained from [3H]galactose-labelled cells bind to VIP36 and can be eluted with N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.	Galactose	32-41	lectin, mannose binding 2	Canis lupus familiaris	65-70
8543783-6	1996	In addition, gp300 showed complex changes during postnatal development in reactivity with the galactose binding lectin peanut agglutinin (PNA) and the sialic acid binding lectin Maackia amuresis (MAA).	Galactose	94-103	deleted in malignant brain tumors 1	Mus musculus	13-18
8723646-5	1996	Cells carrying the duk1 delta 1::HIS disruption in addition to a chimeric gene comprising DUK1 behind the GAL1 promoter showed outward currents when grown in galactose, but not when grown in glucose.	Galactose	158-167	Tok1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	19-23
8723646-5	1996	Cells carrying the duk1 delta 1::HIS disruption in addition to a chimeric gene comprising DUK1 behind the GAL1 promoter showed outward currents when grown in galactose, but not when grown in glucose.	Galactose	158-167	Tok1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	90-94
8723646-5	1996	Cells carrying the duk1 delta 1::HIS disruption in addition to a chimeric gene comprising DUK1 behind the GAL1 promoter showed outward currents when grown in galactose, but not when grown in glucose.	Galactose	158-167	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	106-110
8825075-1	1995	Transferase-deficiency galactosemia is an inborn error of metabolism resulting from impairment of the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT), which normally catalyzes the second step of the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism.	Galactose	23-32	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	152-156
8549775-7	1995	We conclude that reduced heat shock-acquired thermotolerance in cif1-deletion mutants growing exponentially on galactose is more likely to result from a general reduction in expression of stress response and heat shock genes, than simply or solely through deficiency of trehalose accumulation.	Galactose	111-120	alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) TPS1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	64-68
8526867-3	1995	Although AFAR can also reduce aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes such as succinic semialdehyde, it is inactive with glucose, galactose and xylose.	Galactose	123-132	aldo-keto reductase family 7 member A3	Rattus norvegicus	9-13
7499214-0	1995	Characterization of a sulfotransferase from human airways responsible for the 3-O-sulfation of terminal galactose in N-acetyllactosamine-containing mucin carbohydrate chains.	Galactose	104-113	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	148-153
7592476-6	1995	The ROX3 mutant has only a modest defect in glucose repression of GAL1 but is substantially compromised in galactose induction of GAL1 expression.	Galactose	107-116	Rox3p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
7592476-6	1995	The ROX3 mutant has only a modest defect in glucose repression of GAL1 but is substantially compromised in galactose induction of GAL1 expression.	Galactose	107-116	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	130-134
21552971-9	1995	PC3 bone cells, which metastasized selectively to bone, demonstrated the presence of galactose residues whereas PC3 cells did not, suggesting that preference for target organ endothelium may be influenced by the expression of carbohydrate residues.	Galactose	85-94	proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
7499233-1	1995	Metabolic reactivation (incubating spheroplasts with galactose and casamino acids) causes disruption of nucleosomes from the upstream regions of the yeast GAL1, GAL10, and GAL80 genes.	Galactose	53-62	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	155-159
7499233-1	1995	Metabolic reactivation (incubating spheroplasts with galactose and casamino acids) causes disruption of nucleosomes from the upstream regions of the yeast GAL1, GAL10, and GAL80 genes.	Galactose	53-62	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	161-166
7499233-1	1995	Metabolic reactivation (incubating spheroplasts with galactose and casamino acids) causes disruption of nucleosomes from the upstream regions of the yeast GAL1, GAL10, and GAL80 genes.	Galactose	53-62	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	172-177
7499233-3	1995	It depends on the transcription activator Gal4; it only occurs in galactose-reactivated chromatin from galactose-grown cells; it only affects upstream region, gene-proximal nucleosomes.	Galactose	103-112	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	42-46
7499233-4	1995	Due to this specificity and because some of the same regions have shown induction-dependent changes by in vivo analyses, we suggest that the nucleosome-disrupted structure produced by reactivation is the authentic chromatin structure for these regions under conditions of galactose-induced GAL1-10 and GAL80 expression.	Galactose	272-281	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	290-297
7499233-4	1995	Due to this specificity and because some of the same regions have shown induction-dependent changes by in vivo analyses, we suggest that the nucleosome-disrupted structure produced by reactivation is the authentic chromatin structure for these regions under conditions of galactose-induced GAL1-10 and GAL80 expression.	Galactose	272-281	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	302-307
8522175-5	1995	Mutations in the EGD1 gene encoding the 21-kDa protein (Egd1p) have been shown to affect the kinetics and extent of the Gal4p-mediated, galactose-induced activation of the GAL genes.	Galactose	136-145	Egd1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	17-21
8522175-5	1995	Mutations in the EGD1 gene encoding the 21-kDa protein (Egd1p) have been shown to affect the kinetics and extent of the Gal4p-mediated, galactose-induced activation of the GAL genes.	Galactose	136-145	Egd1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	56-61
8522175-5	1995	Mutations in the EGD1 gene encoding the 21-kDa protein (Egd1p) have been shown to affect the kinetics and extent of the Gal4p-mediated, galactose-induced activation of the GAL genes.	Galactose	136-145	galectin 4	Homo sapiens	120-125
8847092-1	1995	Specific cytotoxicity of human CD56+NK and LAK cells was quantitatively inhibited by acetylated mannose, galactose and glucose (Scand.	Galactose	105-114	neural cell adhesion molecule 1	Homo sapiens	31-38
8817483-5	1995	Multimerization of a REB1 binding site created a UAS that in galactose is more active, but in glucose less active, than a UAS having a single REB1 site with one AT-rich tract.	Galactose	61-70	DNA-binding protein REB1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	21-25
7501387-11	1995	The addition of an aldose reductase inhibitor provided inconclusive results in both hair cell determination and neuroganglion cell density; however, generally the inhibitor partially prevented the damage produced by galactose.	Galactose	216-225	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	19-35
7595516-2	1995	The enzyme UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase (CGalT) catalyzes the final step of the synthesis of GalC: the transfer of galactose to ceramide.	Galactose	15-24	UDP glycosyltransferase 8	Homo sapiens	57-62
7595516-2	1995	The enzyme UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase (CGalT) catalyzes the final step of the synthesis of GalC: the transfer of galactose to ceramide.	Galactose	15-24	galactosylceramidase	Homo sapiens	109-113
8847092-1	1995	Specific cytotoxicity of human CD56+NK and LAK cells was quantitatively inhibited by acetylated mannose, galactose and glucose (Scand.	Galactose	105-114	alpha kinase 1	Homo sapiens	43-46
8593531-1	1995	Galactose metabolism in all organisms is catalyzed by three enzymatic steps: the galactokinase, galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, and UDP galactose 4"-epimerase reactions.	Galactose	0-9	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	81-94
7588797-11	1995	In contrast, on galactose, the 40-fold increase in UGPase activity was accompanied by several effects, including a threefold reduction of the growth rate, a 3-5-fold increase in the concentrations of UDP-Glc, UDP-Gal and galactose 1-phosphate, a higher sensitivity to calcofluor white and an increase in the degree of protein glycosylation.	Galactose	16-25	UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Solanum tuberosum	51-57
7588797-12	1995	Depletion of UGPase activity was performed by transferring the mutant strains from galactose to glucose medium.	Galactose	83-92	UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Solanum tuberosum	13-19
7592632-2	1995	Gene inactivation leads to a lethal phenotype that is rescued by a plasmid containing the 35S ribosomal RNA gene fused to the GAL7 promoter, which allows the synthesis of 35S rRNA by RNA polymerase II in the presence of galactose.	Galactose	220-229	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	126-130
7568205-6	1995	In this strain, transcription of the INO2 gene was regulated in response to galactose but was insensitive to inositol.	Galactose	76-85	Ino2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	37-41
8593531-1	1995	Galactose metabolism in all organisms is catalyzed by three enzymatic steps: the galactokinase, galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, and UDP galactose 4"-epimerase reactions.	Galactose	0-9	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	96-135
8593531-1	1995	Galactose metabolism in all organisms is catalyzed by three enzymatic steps: the galactokinase, galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, and UDP galactose 4"-epimerase reactions.	Galactose	0-9	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	141-167
8595256-6	1995	This study has identified a novel structure in fibromodulin, namely a cap containing a sulphated galactose adjacent to a non-reducing terminal N-acetyl-neuraminic acid.	Galactose	97-106	fibromodulin	Bos taurus	47-59
7496532-7	1995	Moreover, evidence is provided that the IMP2 gene product regulates galactose- and maltose-inducible genes at the transcriptional level and is a positive regulator of maltase, maltose permease and galactose permease gene expression.	Galactose	68-77	endopeptidase catalytic subunit	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	40-44
8590278-8	1995	Examination of the BAB revealed an increase in the permeability of iris vessels but not the ciliary body in galactose-fed rats which was reduced by treatment with the aldose reductase inhibitor AI1576.	Galactose	108-117	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	167-183
7673174-3	1995	ASGP-Rs mediate the endocytosis and degradation of circulating glycoconjugates containing terminal N-acetylgalactosamine or galactose, including desialylated plasma glycoproteins.	Galactose	124-133	mucin 4, cell surface associated	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
7657801-8	1995	A second mechanism for trophozoite-induced IL-8 production involves trophozoite-target cell contact via a galactose-inhibitable amebic adherence protein, and appears to be mediated through increased intracellular calcium levels.	Galactose	106-115	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	43-47
7474508-8	1995	The binding of IgA1 to THP-1 was partially, but definitely inhibited by adding 100 mM melibiose (19.6 +/- 7.7%) and galactose (13.1 +/- 2.9%), but not glucose (2.9 +/- 2.2%), lactose (4.7 +/- 4.7%) and mannose (3.3 +/- 3.3%).	Galactose	116-125	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	15-19
7474508-8	1995	The binding of IgA1 to THP-1 was partially, but definitely inhibited by adding 100 mM melibiose (19.6 +/- 7.7%) and galactose (13.1 +/- 2.9%), but not glucose (2.9 +/- 2.2%), lactose (4.7 +/- 4.7%) and mannose (3.3 +/- 3.3%).	Galactose	116-125	GLI family zinc finger 2	Homo sapiens	23-28
7568042-2	1995	The gene VI coding sequence was placed under the control of the galactose-inducible promoter GAL1, which is presented in the yeast shuttle vector pYES2, to create plasmid JS169.	Galactose	64-73	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	93-97
7667309-5	1995	The PAP cDNA was placed under control of the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter and transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	45-54	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	65-69
7548836-3	1995	When the pea ADC cDNA was put under the control of the galactose inducible yeast promoter CYC1-GAL10 and introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it conferred galactose-regulated expression of the ADC activity.	Galactose	55-64	cytochrome c isoform 1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	90-94
7548836-3	1995	When the pea ADC cDNA was put under the control of the galactose inducible yeast promoter CYC1-GAL10 and introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it conferred galactose-regulated expression of the ADC activity.	Galactose	55-64	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	95-100
7548836-3	1995	When the pea ADC cDNA was put under the control of the galactose inducible yeast promoter CYC1-GAL10 and introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it conferred galactose-regulated expression of the ADC activity.	Galactose	160-169	cytochrome c isoform 1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	90-94
7548836-3	1995	When the pea ADC cDNA was put under the control of the galactose inducible yeast promoter CYC1-GAL10 and introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it conferred galactose-regulated expression of the ADC activity.	Galactose	160-169	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	95-100
7654758-1	1995	Rabbit liver cytochrome P-450 2B5 (P-450 2B5) was expressed in Escherichia coli using the D(+)-galactose-inducible expression vector pJL-2, containing the full-length cDNA encoding P-450 2B5.	Galactose	95-104	cytochrome P450 2B4	Oryctolagus cuniculus	24-33
7654758-1	1995	Rabbit liver cytochrome P-450 2B5 (P-450 2B5) was expressed in Escherichia coli using the D(+)-galactose-inducible expression vector pJL-2, containing the full-length cDNA encoding P-450 2B5.	Galactose	95-104	cytochrome P450 2B4	Oryctolagus cuniculus	35-44
7654758-1	1995	Rabbit liver cytochrome P-450 2B5 (P-450 2B5) was expressed in Escherichia coli using the D(+)-galactose-inducible expression vector pJL-2, containing the full-length cDNA encoding P-450 2B5.	Galactose	95-104	cytochrome P450 2B4	Oryctolagus cuniculus	35-44
7654758-2	1995	Stimulation by galactose of protein synthesis in the presence of the heme precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid peaked 72 h after addition to the inducer to yield 108 nmol membrane-bound P-450 2B5 per liter of culture medium.	Galactose	15-24	cytochrome P450 2B4	Oryctolagus cuniculus	181-190
8717055-1	1995	Elevated galactose levels can be caused by several enzyme defects, one of which is galactokinase.	Galactose	9-18	galactokinase 1	Mus musculus	83-96
7642555-9	1995	c-Myc purified from sf9 insect cells was trypsinized, and its GlcNAc moieties were enzymically labeled with [3H]galactose.	Galactose	112-121	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	0-5
7642141-6	1995	The carbon source-dependent expression was further investigated by the use of an ACS1::lacZ fusion gene, showing complete repression on easily fermentable sugars such as glucose, maltose, sucrose or galactose.	Galactose	199-208	acetate--CoA ligase 1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	81-85
7542884-5	1995	This result would suggest that GALK1 is the major enzyme for galactose metabolism while the role of GK2 remains uncertain.	Galactose	61-70	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	31-36
7600101-5	1995	CBP35 could also be detected using a novel photoreactive alpha-D-galactose probe designed for the specific detection of CBP.	Galactose	57-74	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	0-5
7600101-5	1995	CBP35 could also be detected using a novel photoreactive alpha-D-galactose probe designed for the specific detection of CBP.	Galactose	57-74	CREB binding protein	Homo sapiens	0-3
7559922-1	1995	The etiology of diabetic cataract is usually explained by the following process; the conversion of glucose and galactose to polyol by aldose reductase, then the accumulation of polyol in lens, and the opacity of lens.	Galactose	111-120	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	134-150
7608102-3	1995	We used Gln3p tagged with six histidine codons at the 5" terminus and equipped with a galactose-inducible promoter to overproduce histidine-tagged Gln3p.	Galactose	86-95	nitrogen-responsive transcriptional regulator GLN3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	147-152
7648581-1	1995	Milk lactose is hydrolysed to D-galactose and D-glucose in the small intestine of mammals by the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase complex (LPH, EC 3.2.1.23-62).	Galactose	30-41	lactase	Homo sapiens	97-104
7626221-2	1995	For this purpose, a multicopy plasmid was constructed that contained two independent expression units controlled by the galactose-inducible GAL10 promoter.	Galactose	120-129	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	140-145
7797575-2	1995	Here we report for the first time the successful overexpression of human topoisomerase II beta in yeast by cloning a topoisomerase II beta cDNA in a yeast shuttle vector under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter.	Galactose	193-202	DNA topoisomerase II beta	Homo sapiens	73-94
7670469-1	1995	Galactokinase is an essential enzyme for the metabolism of galactose and its deficiency causes congenital cataracts during infancy and presenile cataracts in the adult population.	Galactose	59-68	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
7776444-3	1995	The results indicate that normal germ cells express gp200 as a membrane-bound 230 kD glycoform that expresses terminal galactose residues.	Galactose	119-128	podocalyxin like	Homo sapiens	52-57
7776444-5	1995	In contrast, nonseminomatous germ cell tumors express a heavily sialylated glycoform of gp200 that does express terminal galactose residues.	Galactose	121-130	podocalyxin like	Homo sapiens	88-93
7797575-2	1995	Here we report for the first time the successful overexpression of human topoisomerase II beta in yeast by cloning a topoisomerase II beta cDNA in a yeast shuttle vector under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter.	Galactose	193-202	DNA topoisomerase II beta	Homo sapiens	117-138
7782337-9	1995	Carbohydrates competed for SP-D binding to PI such that maltose &gt; galactose for rSP-D, and the order was reversed for SP-DE321Q,N323D.	Galactose	69-78	surfactant protein D	Rattus norvegicus	27-31
7782337-9	1995	Carbohydrates competed for SP-D binding to PI such that maltose &gt; galactose for rSP-D, and the order was reversed for SP-DE321Q,N323D.	Galactose	69-78	surfactant protein D	Rattus norvegicus	83-88
7782337-5	1995	The indicated mutations have previously been shown to change the carbohydrate binding specificity of surfactant protein A and mannose-binding protein from mannose &gt; galactose to the converse.	Galactose	168-177	surfactant protein A1	Homo sapiens	101-121
7782337-12	1995	1) The carbohydrate binding specificity of SP-DE321Q,N323D was changed from a mannose-glucose type to a galactose type; 2) the GlcCer binding property of SP-D is closely related to its sugar binding activity; and 3) the PI binding activity is not completely dependent on its carbohydrate binding specificity.	Galactose	104-113	surfactant protein D	Rattus norvegicus	43-47
7539797-9	1995	The results presented here show that an E-selectin mutant protein possessing this change displays preferential binding to mannose containing oligosaccharides and that further mutagenesis of this mannose-binding selectin confers galactose recognition in a predictable manner.	Galactose	228-237	selectin E	Homo sapiens	40-50
7774058-4	1995	Lectin binding assays were designed to examine the expression of terminal galactose on the N-linked carbohydrate chains of purified serum IgG and IgA1, and the O-linked sugars of IgA1 and C1 inhibitor (one of the very few other serum proteins with O-linked glycosylation).	Galactose	74-83	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	146-150
7777566-1	1995	Previous work has shown that N-terminal deletions of yeast histone H3 cause a 2- to 4-fold increase in the induction of GAL1 and a number of other genes involved in galactose metabolism.	Galactose	165-174	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	120-124
7551832-6	1995	The modulation of UDPglucose and UDPgalactose concentrations, occurring after the presentation of galactose to cells, as a result of the combined actions of GALT and UDPgalactose-4-epimerase, may be important in determining rates of synthesis of complex glycoconjugates.	Galactose	36-45	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	157-161
7551832-6	1995	The modulation of UDPglucose and UDPgalactose concentrations, occurring after the presentation of galactose to cells, as a result of the combined actions of GALT and UDPgalactose-4-epimerase, may be important in determining rates of synthesis of complex glycoconjugates.	Galactose	36-45	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	166-190
7787299-6	1995	Approximately 7.2% of carbohydrate from PAS-4 was composed of mannose, galactose (Gal), N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), and sialic acid, most of the Gal and GalNAc in PAS-4 being released after mild alkaline hydrolysis.	Galactose	71-80	PAS-4	Bos taurus	40-45
7579792-6	1995	Substitution on C-2 or C-3 of the terminal galactose abolished binding, as did galactose-alpha terminated oligosaccharides.	Galactose	43-52	complement C2	Homo sapiens	16-19
7579799-0	1995	CD23 molecule acts as a galactose-binding lectin in the cell aggregation of EBV-transformed human B-cell lines.	Galactose	24-33	Fc epsilon receptor II	Homo sapiens	0-4
7579799-2	1995	The CD23 molecule has high amino acid sequence homology with C-type lectin and recently we have shown that the solubilized CD23 molecule can really interact with galactose residues on glycoproteins.	Galactose	162-171	Fc epsilon receptor II	Homo sapiens	4-8
7579799-2	1995	The CD23 molecule has high amino acid sequence homology with C-type lectin and recently we have shown that the solubilized CD23 molecule can really interact with galactose residues on glycoproteins.	Galactose	162-171	Fc epsilon receptor II	Homo sapiens	123-127
7579799-3	1995	In this study, therefore, we tested whether CD23 antigen on the cell surface really acts as a galactose-binding lectin in the aggregation of these cells.	Galactose	94-103	Fc epsilon receptor II	Homo sapiens	44-48
7768805-2	1995	In this paper, we show that the synthesis of the major isoform of yeast phosphoglucomutase, encoded by the GAL5 (PGM2) gene, is regulated in a manner that is distinct from that previously described for other enzymes involved in galactose metabolism in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	228-237	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	107-111
7768805-2	1995	In this paper, we show that the synthesis of the major isoform of yeast phosphoglucomutase, encoded by the GAL5 (PGM2) gene, is regulated in a manner that is distinct from that previously described for other enzymes involved in galactose metabolism in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	228-237	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	113-117
7539053-3	1995	Binding of galectin-3 to the different glycoproteins tested was carbohydrate dependent and could be specifically inhibited by the addition of lactose and, to a lesser extent, galactose.	Galactose	175-184	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	11-21
7496141-3	1995	Clustering of multiple Gal (or GalNAc) residues increased the binding affinity to M-ASGP-BP as well as to HHL.	Galactose	23-26	C-type lectin domain containing 10A	Rattus norvegicus	82-91
7496141-4	1995	In contrast to HHL and other mammalian hepatic lectins, rM-ASGP-BP bound Gal residues tighter than GalNAc residues.	Galactose	73-76	C-type lectin domain containing 10A	Rattus norvegicus	56-66
7496141-5	1995	A galactose-terminated triantennary N-glycoside, having one N-acetyl-lactosamine unit on the 6 branch and two N-acetyl-lactosamine units on the 3 branch of the trimannosyl core structure, showed affinity enhancement of approximately 10(5) over a monovalent ligand for HHL, while the same glycopeptide showed enhancement of about 2000-fold for rM-ASGP-BP.	Galactose	2-11	C-type lectin domain containing 10A	Rattus norvegicus	343-353
7766684-6	1995	The molecular interaction of alpha 2HSG with jacalin was characterized by competitive ELISA: human serum IgA, human colostrum secretory IgA (sIgA), and monosaccharides including D-galactose and melibiose exhibited strong inhibitory effect on its binding to jacalin.	Galactose	178-189	alpha 2-HS glycoprotein	Homo sapiens	29-39
7755570-1	1995	The thermodynamics of the binding of derivatives of galactose and lactose to a 14 kDa beta-galactoside-binding lectin (L-14) from sheep spleen has been studied in 10 nM phosphate/150 mM NaCl/10 mM beta-mercaptoethanol buffer, pH 7.4, and in the temperature range 285-300 K using titration calorimetry.	Galactose	52-61	immunoglobulin kappa variable 1D-17	Homo sapiens	119-123
7787299-6	1995	Approximately 7.2% of carbohydrate from PAS-4 was composed of mannose, galactose (Gal), N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), and sialic acid, most of the Gal and GalNAc in PAS-4 being released after mild alkaline hydrolysis.	Galactose	82-85	PAS-4	Bos taurus	40-45
7543777-3	1995	The fusion protein, with a Factor Xa proteolytic cleavage site between ovine IL-2 and the P1 fusion partner, was expressed from galactose-induced transformed yeast.	Galactose	128-137	interleukin-2	Ovis aries	77-81
7648800-5	1995	Galactose (40 mmol l-1) also reduced CL, which was improved by the addition of SNK (p &lt; 0.01).	Galactose	0-9	polo like kinase 2	Homo sapiens	79-82
7537381-1	1995	The B-cell receptor CD22 binds sialic acid linked alpha-2-6 to terminal galactose residues on N-linked oligosaccharides associated with several cell-surface glycoproteins.	Galactose	72-81	CD22 molecule	Homo sapiens	4-24
7537381-1	1995	The B-cell receptor CD22 binds sialic acid linked alpha-2-6 to terminal galactose residues on N-linked oligosaccharides associated with several cell-surface glycoproteins.	Galactose	72-81	immunoglobulin binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	50-59
7545761-4	1995	Experiments involving lectin binding and glycosidase treatment demonstrated that the higher molecular weight of MAG in the quaking mutant was due to a higher content of N-acetylneuraminic acid residues linked alpha 2-3 to galactose as well as to more branching of oligosaccharide moieties indicated by a higher content of subterminal galactose residues.	Galactose	222-231	myelin-associated glycoprotein	Mus musculus	112-115
7545761-4	1995	Experiments involving lectin binding and glycosidase treatment demonstrated that the higher molecular weight of MAG in the quaking mutant was due to a higher content of N-acetylneuraminic acid residues linked alpha 2-3 to galactose as well as to more branching of oligosaccharide moieties indicated by a higher content of subterminal galactose residues.	Galactose	222-231	quaking, KH domain containing RNA binding	Mus musculus	123-130
7545761-4	1995	Experiments involving lectin binding and glycosidase treatment demonstrated that the higher molecular weight of MAG in the quaking mutant was due to a higher content of N-acetylneuraminic acid residues linked alpha 2-3 to galactose as well as to more branching of oligosaccharide moieties indicated by a higher content of subterminal galactose residues.	Galactose	334-343	myelin-associated glycoprotein	Mus musculus	112-115
7545761-4	1995	Experiments involving lectin binding and glycosidase treatment demonstrated that the higher molecular weight of MAG in the quaking mutant was due to a higher content of N-acetylneuraminic acid residues linked alpha 2-3 to galactose as well as to more branching of oligosaccharide moieties indicated by a higher content of subterminal galactose residues.	Galactose	334-343	quaking, KH domain containing RNA binding	Mus musculus	123-130
7663020-3	1995	Mutants singly defective in four glycoprotein synthesis genes (gps1-4) were isolated, all of which bind less galactose-specific lectin.	Galactose	109-118	G protein pathway suppressor 1	Homo sapiens	63-67
7663020-7	1995	Modified core glycans from gps1 cells have normal amounts of galactose (Gal) residues, but reduced amounts of Man, consistent with a defect in a Golgi mannosyltransferase in this mutant.	Galactose	61-70	G protein pathway suppressor 1	Homo sapiens	27-31
7663020-7	1995	Modified core glycans from gps1 cells have normal amounts of galactose (Gal) residues, but reduced amounts of Man, consistent with a defect in a Golgi mannosyltransferase in this mutant.	Galactose	72-75	G protein pathway suppressor 1	Homo sapiens	27-31
7663020-8	1995	In contrast, N-linked oligosaccharides from gps2 mutants have much less Gal than wild type, because of reduced levels of the Gal donor, UDP-Gal.	Galactose	72-75	G protein pathway suppressor 2	Homo sapiens	44-48
7606918-2	1995	Similar morphometric changes of the corneal endothelium have also been experimentally observed in diabetic rats as well as in diabetic and galactose-fed dogs and concomitant administration of aldose reductase inhibitors reduced these morphological changes.	Galactose	139-148	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	192-208
7620328-3	1995	Concomitant with mCRP expression, cells exhibit galactose-dependent uptake of particles coated with lactosylated bovine serum albumin.	Galactose	48-57	C-reactive protein, pentraxin-related	Mus musculus	17-21
7656472-1	1995	Since there is no information regarding the glycosylation status of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in patients with primary Sjogren"s syndrome (pSS), the sialic acid and galactose contents of IgA1 and IgA2 were evaluated in 17 pSS patients and in 14 normal controls (NC), using new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.	Galactose	162-171	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	184-188
9049331-5	1995	For O-linked glycosylation, addition of N-acetylgalactosamine and galactose to E2 protein was found to take place in the medial to the trans Golgi.	Galactose	66-75	ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 B	Homo sapiens	79-89
7536423-5	1995	However, the rate of BiP synthesis measured in pulse--chase radiolabeling experiments is not reduced by GCSF overexpression, and galactose-directed transcription of the BiP gene does not restore normal BiP protein levels once they have been depleted.	Galactose	129-138	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Homo sapiens	169-172
7536423-5	1995	However, the rate of BiP synthesis measured in pulse--chase radiolabeling experiments is not reduced by GCSF overexpression, and galactose-directed transcription of the BiP gene does not restore normal BiP protein levels once they have been depleted.	Galactose	129-138	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Homo sapiens	169-172
7744031-5	1995	When grown on galactose, H336 cells contain 2-3-fold more PP2A activity than control cells.	Galactose	14-23	protein phosphatase 2 phosphatase activator	Homo sapiens	58-62
7891699-6	1995	The lower level of PP1 activity in shp1 cells permitted substitution of a galactose-induced GAL10-GLC7 fusion for GLC7; depletion of Glc7p from these cells by growth in glucose medium resulted in G2/M arrest as previously observed for a glc7cs allele but with depletion arrest occurring most frequently at a later stage of mitosis.	Galactose	74-83	Charcot-Leyden crystal galectin	Homo sapiens	92-97
7891699-6	1995	The lower level of PP1 activity in shp1 cells permitted substitution of a galactose-induced GAL10-GLC7 fusion for GLC7; depletion of Glc7p from these cells by growth in glucose medium resulted in G2/M arrest as previously observed for a glc7cs allele but with depletion arrest occurring most frequently at a later stage of mitosis.	Galactose	74-83	type 1 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase catalytic subunit GLC7	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	98-102
7613477-6	1995	Two unanticipated O-linked glycosylation sites were identified at Thr407 and Ser409 of the LCAT O-linked glycopeptide, each of which contain sialylated galactose beta 1--&gt;3N-acetylgalactosamine structures.	Galactose	152-161	lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase	Homo sapiens	91-95
7766198-2	1995	When the mature region of the hApoE gene was fused to the HSA-encoding sequence without its pro-region and expressed in galactose-containing medium, the HSA-hApoE fusion protein was efficiently secreted into the medium at a maximum yield of 6.3 mg per liter.	Galactose	120-129	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	30-35
7766198-2	1995	When the mature region of the hApoE gene was fused to the HSA-encoding sequence without its pro-region and expressed in galactose-containing medium, the HSA-hApoE fusion protein was efficiently secreted into the medium at a maximum yield of 6.3 mg per liter.	Galactose	120-129	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	157-162
7885384-5	1995	Upon galactose induction, the PGAL1-MGMT transformant had about 40-fold MTase activity compared to the wild-type strain.	Galactose	5-14	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	36-40
7758869-5	1995	Seven-week-old hAR-Tg mice fed a 20% galactose diet for 7 days developed cataracts and occlusion of the retinochoroidal vessels, in addition to pathological changes in the kidney.	Galactose	37-46	lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1	Homo sapiens	15-18
7541505-7	1995	In the capillaries, lectin binding to endothelial galactose, fucose, and sialic acid increased significantly from Day 5.5 to Day 6.0.	Galactose	50-59	galectin 3	Gallus gallus	20-26
7867957-6	1995	1.5% of the total protein content in S. cerevisiae using the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter and to 3% (tac/lac tandem promoters) or 6.5% (T7 promoter) in E. coli as judged by immunological and biochemical criteria.	Galactose	61-70	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	81-85
7852299-1	1995	The Gal2 galactose transporter takes up galactose in yeast.	Galactose	9-18	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
7862663-1	1995	Galectin-3 (M(r) approximately 35,000) is a galactose/lactose-specific lectin found in association with ribonucleoprotein complexes in many animal cells.	Galactose	44-53	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	0-10
7852299-3	1995	Comparison of the galactose transport activities of three series of chimeras enabled us to positively identify a crucial substrate recognition region of 101 amino acids that lies close to the carboxyl terminus of the Gal2 transporter.	Galactose	18-27	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	217-221
7744229-4	1995	In this study, we evaluated the regulation of aldose reductase gene expression in the renal cortex and medulla in response to galactose feeding.	Galactose	126-135	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	46-62
7816822-4	1995	Cells producing Gsp1-G21V have defects in localization of nuclear proteins; nuclear proteins accumulate in the cytoplasm following galactose induction of Gsp1-G21V.	Galactose	131-140	Ran GTPase GSP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	16-20
7816822-4	1995	Cells producing Gsp1-G21V have defects in localization of nuclear proteins; nuclear proteins accumulate in the cytoplasm following galactose induction of Gsp1-G21V.	Galactose	131-140	Ran GTPase GSP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	154-158
7788713-8	1995	Ggs1/tps1 delta mutants were very sensitive to glucose and fructose, even in the presence of a 100-fold higher galactose concentration.	Galactose	111-120	alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) TPS1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
7788713-8	1995	Ggs1/tps1 delta mutants were very sensitive to glucose and fructose, even in the presence of a 100-fold higher galactose concentration.	Galactose	111-120	alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) TPS1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	5-9
7843917-6	1995	Administration of the aldose reductase inhibitor, Sorbinil, to rats fed 50% galactose resulted in a significant inhibition of cataract and of galactitol accumulation in nerve and blood (by more that 90%) and retina (by 62%), but did not inhibit development of the retinal microvascular lesions.	Galactose	76-85	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	22-38
7738808-1	1995	Galactose, the C-4 epimer of glucose, is an agent of choice for the quantitation of liver function.	Galactose	0-9	complement C4A (Rodgers blood group)	Homo sapiens	15-18
7784335-3	1995	The numbers of galactose residues were 38, 20, 11, 6, and 5 for Gal-IgG, Gal-BSA, Gal-SOD, Gal-STI, and Gal-LZM, respectively.	Galactose	15-24	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	86-89
7750665-8	1995	Oral galactose (100 g) and amino acids (25 g) also induced a rapid plasma GLP-1 response.	Galactose	5-14	glucagon	Rattus norvegicus	74-79
7744229-6	1995	In the renal medulla, galactose treatment produced a significant (p &lt; 0.01) decrease in aldose reductase mRNA, to approximately 10% of control levels.	Galactose	22-31	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	91-107
7744229-7	1995	Coadministration of sorbinil partially prevented the effect of galactose feeding on medullary aldose reductase mRNA (to 43% of control).	Galactose	63-72	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	94-110
7744229-9	1995	Galactose feeding significantly reduced cortical aldose reductase mRNA by 29% relative to control (p &lt; 0.01), and this was completely reversed by addition of sorbinil.	Galactose	0-9	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	49-65
7744229-11	1995	These results demonstrate that galactose feeding results in dynamic, polyol-dependent regulation of aldose reductase gene expression in the renal cortex as well as the medulla.	Galactose	31-40	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	100-116
7822948-7	1995	Specificity of the interaction of the ligands with Fc alpha R was shown; galactose inhibited effects mediated via the Fc alpha R but not via the Fc gamma R. Corticosteroids inhibited Fc alpha R monocyte-induced PCA.	Galactose	73-82	Fc alpha receptor	Homo sapiens	51-61
8924425-2	1995	Human adenocarcinoma Hela cells, B16 mouse melanoma cells, and HuH-7 human hepatoma cells selectively adhered and spread on galactose-bearing lipid in serum-containing medium, but not in serum-free medium.	Galactose	124-133	MIR7-3 host gene	Homo sapiens	63-68
7671964-3	1995	The ester is an indicator of the biogenesis of galactose from glucose and has been considered a pathogenic agent by inhibiting enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, and glycogen phosphorylase, but the evidence remains presumptive.	Galactose	47-56	glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Homo sapiens	143-164
7822948-7	1995	Specificity of the interaction of the ligands with Fc alpha R was shown; galactose inhibited effects mediated via the Fc alpha R but not via the Fc gamma R. Corticosteroids inhibited Fc alpha R monocyte-induced PCA.	Galactose	73-82	Fc alpha receptor	Homo sapiens	118-128
7671964-3	1995	The ester is an indicator of the biogenesis of galactose from glucose and has been considered a pathogenic agent by inhibiting enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, and glycogen phosphorylase, but the evidence remains presumptive.	Galactose	47-56	glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	166-199
7822948-7	1995	Specificity of the interaction of the ligands with Fc alpha R was shown; galactose inhibited effects mediated via the Fc alpha R but not via the Fc gamma R. Corticosteroids inhibited Fc alpha R monocyte-induced PCA.	Galactose	73-82	Fc alpha receptor	Homo sapiens	118-128
7671966-2	1995	Experimental animals rendered hypergalactosemic by galactose feeding accumulate tissue galactitol, as well as millimolar quantities of galactose, and manifest biochemical, physiological and pathological abnormalities which are generally eliminated or curtailed by the concomitant administration of an aldose reductase inhibitor.	Galactose	35-44	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	301-317
7734842-7	1994	The TSH receptor (TSH-R) ganglioside belongs to the gangliotetraose family, having sialic acid attached to both galactose molecules.	Galactose	112-121	thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	4-16
7671974-5	1995	Galactose, in various glycosidic linkages, such as alpha-1,6, beta-1,3 and beta-1,4, and as a component of lipids, is ubiquitous in animals and plants.	Galactose	0-9	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	51-60
7671974-5	1995	Galactose, in various glycosidic linkages, such as alpha-1,6, beta-1,3 and beta-1,4, and as a component of lipids, is ubiquitous in animals and plants.	Galactose	0-9	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	62-70
7671974-5	1995	Galactose, in various glycosidic linkages, such as alpha-1,6, beta-1,3 and beta-1,4, and as a component of lipids, is ubiquitous in animals and plants.	Galactose	0-9	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	75-83
7671974-7	1995	However, alpha-galactosidases found in plant and animal tissues may release galactose in alpha-1,6 linkage, and from diagalactosyldiacylglycerol.	Galactose	76-85	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	89-98
7671974-8	1995	Galactose in beta-1,4 linkage and as monogalactosyldiacylglycerol may be released by beta-galactosidases in animal and plant tissues.	Galactose	0-9	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	13-21
8571774-7	1995	These results indicate that salvianolic acid A can prevent galactose-induced cataract by antioxidation and inhibition of aldose reductase.	Galactose	59-68	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	121-137
7537337-9	1995	For oocytes expressing SGLT1, the sugar selectivity was: D-glucose, alpha-methyl-D-glucopyranoside, D-galactose, D-fucose, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose &gt; D-xylose, L-xylose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose &gt; myo-inositol, L-glucose, L-fucose.	Galactose	100-111	solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 1, gene 2 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	23-28
8552198-3	1995	Galectin-3 belongs to a family of galactose-binding lectins and binds laminin through its numerous poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains.	Galactose	34-43	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	0-10
7708381-7	1995	Special attention is paid to actin and myosin, as well as a small transient fraction of galactose-containing rhodopsin.	Galactose	88-97	rhodopsin	Homo sapiens	109-118
7762298-5	1995	Galactose-induced overexpression of MCM1 leads to rapid growth arrest at the G1 or S cell cycle stages, with many morphologically-abnormal cells.	Galactose	0-9	transcription factor MCM1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	36-40
7762304-3	1995	Two genes for galactose metabolism, GAL7 and part of the GAL10 coding region, are localized on the fragment.	Galactose	14-23	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	36-40
7762304-3	1995	Two genes for galactose metabolism, GAL7 and part of the GAL10 coding region, are localized on the fragment.	Galactose	14-23	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	57-62
7734847-9	1994	Preliminary kinetic analyses suggest that the addition of multiple (beta 1-3)-linked galactose residues may be catalysed by more than one (beta 1-3) galactosyltransferase.	Galactose	85-94	eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 beta 2 pseudogene 2	Homo sapiens	68-76
7734847-9	1994	Preliminary kinetic analyses suggest that the addition of multiple (beta 1-3)-linked galactose residues may be catalysed by more than one (beta 1-3) galactosyltransferase.	Galactose	85-94	eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 beta 2 pseudogene 2	Homo sapiens	139-147
7734842-7	1994	The TSH receptor (TSH-R) ganglioside belongs to the gangliotetraose family, having sialic acid attached to both galactose molecules.	Galactose	112-121	thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	18-23
7957929-0	1994	Regulatory effects of galactose on galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase activity on human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells.	Galactose	22-31	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	35-74
7534460-10	1994	This putative hGal receptor is glycosylated since its molecular size was reduced after treatment with endoglycosidase F. Receptors bound to 125I-labelled hGal could be specifically adsorbed to wheat germ agglutinin and ricinus communis agglutinin, suggesting that receptor glycosylation involves N-acetyl glucosamine and galactose respectively.	Galactose	321-330	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	14-18
7534460-10	1994	This putative hGal receptor is glycosylated since its molecular size was reduced after treatment with endoglycosidase F. Receptors bound to 125I-labelled hGal could be specifically adsorbed to wheat germ agglutinin and ricinus communis agglutinin, suggesting that receptor glycosylation involves N-acetyl glucosamine and galactose respectively.	Galactose	321-330	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	154-158
7969112-4	1994	By transferring cells carrying CHS2 under the control of a GAL1 promoter from galactose-containing medium to glucose-containing medium, transcription of CHS2 was shut off.	Galactose	78-87	chitin synthase CHS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	31-35
7969112-4	1994	By transferring cells carrying CHS2 under the control of a GAL1 promoter from galactose-containing medium to glucose-containing medium, transcription of CHS2 was shut off.	Galactose	78-87	chitin synthase CHS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	153-157
7961972-5	1994	Similar mutations introduced into mannose-binding protein A have been shown to switch the carbohydrate binding specificity from mannose &gt; galactose to the converse.	Galactose	141-150	mannose binding lectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	34-59
7996238-9	1994	Diet GAL led to galactosuria (140 mmol galactose/l).	Galactose	39-48	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Felis catus	5-8
7957929-4	1994	Also in galactose medium, an increased GALT specific activity was detected suggesting the production of more enzyme proteins.	Galactose	8-17	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	39-43
7957929-5	1994	Yet, slot dot quantification of GALT mRNA revealed a decreased amount of these transcripts in cells cultured with galactose or inosine while Northern blot analysis revealed the normal 1.4 kb transcript in all culture media used.	Galactose	114-123	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	32-36
7957929-6	1994	Finally, IEF gel analysis displayed different isozymic patterns for the GALT enzyme in cells grown in glucose, galactose or inosine media.	Galactose	111-120	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	72-76
7703912-0	1994	Specific interaction of the Escherichia coli chaperone GroEL (60-KDA heat shock protein) with the liganded form of the galactose binding protein.	Galactose	119-128	GroEL	Escherichia coli	55-60
7703912-1	1994	The Escherichia coli chaperone GroEL interacts more strongly with the liganded form of the galactose binding protein (the galactose binding protein-galactose complex), than with its unliganded form.	Galactose	91-100	GroEL	Escherichia coli	31-36
7703912-2	1994	This specific interaction is reflected by the stimulation of the ATPase activity of GroEL by the liganded galactose binding protein.	Galactose	106-115	GroEL	Escherichia coli	84-89
7538868-1	1994	Tri- and pentasaccharides of Lewis(a)-type, sulfated at position 3 of the outer galactose, have been prepared using the new 4-methoxybenzyl glycoside of N-acetylglucosamine 5 as starting material.	Galactose	80-89	tRNA-Ile (anticodon AAT) 9-1	Homo sapiens	0-3
7980458-11	1994	D-Fructose transport by GLUT5 was significantly inhibited by D-glucose and D-galactose.	Galactose	75-86	solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 5	Oryctolagus cuniculus	24-29
7980654-1	1994	Skeletal muscle contains high levels of aldose reductase that catalyzes the reduction of galactose to the polyol galactitol.	Galactose	89-98	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	40-56
7810865-3	1994	The TF and Tn receptors present in glycophorin A in cryptic form were exposed by desialylation under mild acidic conditions (TF) and by removing galactose residues from asialoglycophorin by Smith degradation (Tn).	Galactose	145-154	glycophorin A (MNS blood group)	Homo sapiens	35-48
7816040-1	1994	GAL11 was first identified as a gene required for full expression of some galactose-inducible genes that are activated by GAL4, and it was subsequently shown to be necessary for full expression of another set of genes activated by RAP1/GRF1/TUF.	Galactose	74-83	Gal11p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
7816040-1	1994	GAL11 was first identified as a gene required for full expression of some galactose-inducible genes that are activated by GAL4, and it was subsequently shown to be necessary for full expression of another set of genes activated by RAP1/GRF1/TUF.	Galactose	74-83	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	122-126
7816040-1	1994	GAL11 was first identified as a gene required for full expression of some galactose-inducible genes that are activated by GAL4, and it was subsequently shown to be necessary for full expression of another set of genes activated by RAP1/GRF1/TUF.	Galactose	74-83	DNA-binding transcription factor RAP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	231-235
7816040-1	1994	GAL11 was first identified as a gene required for full expression of some galactose-inducible genes that are activated by GAL4, and it was subsequently shown to be necessary for full expression of another set of genes activated by RAP1/GRF1/TUF.	Galactose	74-83	DNA-binding transcription factor RAP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	236-240
7929167-2	1994	Here we show that forskolin is a remarkably specific inhibitor of energized D-galactose transport by the GalP sugar-H+ symport protein of Escherichia coli.	Galactose	76-87	galanin like peptide	Homo sapiens	105-109
7935399-1	1994	The yeast GAL80 gene, encoding a negative regulatory protein of galactose-inducible genes, shows both constitutive and galactose-inducible expression.	Galactose	64-73	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	10-15
7935399-1	1994	The yeast GAL80 gene, encoding a negative regulatory protein of galactose-inducible genes, shows both constitutive and galactose-inducible expression.	Galactose	119-128	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	10-15
7964611-8	1994	HBV binding to purified ASGPR was saturable and inhibitable by an excess of D-galactose-bearing ligands, by EDTA and anti-receptor immunoglobulin.	Galactose	76-87	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	24-29
7937988-6	1994	Cells carrying the wild-type PMA1 gene on the chromosome and a dominant lethal mutation under the control of a GAL1 promoter on a centromere-containing plasmid exhibit a galactose-dependent lethality.	Galactose	170-179	H(+)-exporting P2-type ATPase PMA1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	29-33
7937988-6	1994	Cells carrying the wild-type PMA1 gene on the chromosome and a dominant lethal mutation under the control of a GAL1 promoter on a centromere-containing plasmid exhibit a galactose-dependent lethality.	Galactose	170-179	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	111-115
7866306-4	1994	Introduction of a vector bearing an ATP5 gene cassette under GAL1 transcriptional control into null mutant cells gave rise to a stable yeast strain from which OSCP could be depleted in a controlled manner by manipulation of the level of galactose in the growth medium.	Galactose	237-246	F1F0 ATP synthase subunit 5	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	36-40
7944413-0	1994	[Selective effectiveness of galactose-containing liposome IL-2 on liver lymphocytes].	Galactose	28-37	interleukin 2	Homo sapiens	58-62
8052150-2	1994	In the presence of galactose, HepG2 cell growth was slow and the pattern of gene expression remained characteristic of liver cells (secretion of alpha-fetoprotein [AFP] albumin, and transferrin).	Galactose	19-28	alpha fetoprotein	Homo sapiens	164-167
7765022-3	1994	Conversely ubiquitin overexpression, by galactose induction of an integrated UBI4 gene under GAL1 promoter control, enhanced elafin secretion 7-fold compared to cells wild-type for ubiquitin genes.	Galactose	40-49	ubiquitin	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	11-20
7765022-3	1994	Conversely ubiquitin overexpression, by galactose induction of an integrated UBI4 gene under GAL1 promoter control, enhanced elafin secretion 7-fold compared to cells wild-type for ubiquitin genes.	Galactose	40-49	ubiquitin	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	77-81
7765022-3	1994	Conversely ubiquitin overexpression, by galactose induction of an integrated UBI4 gene under GAL1 promoter control, enhanced elafin secretion 7-fold compared to cells wild-type for ubiquitin genes.	Galactose	40-49	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	93-97
7765022-3	1994	Conversely ubiquitin overexpression, by galactose induction of an integrated UBI4 gene under GAL1 promoter control, enhanced elafin secretion 7-fold compared to cells wild-type for ubiquitin genes.	Galactose	40-49	peptidase inhibitor 3	Homo sapiens	125-131
8051137-10	1994	The sugar specificity of STP1 was D-mannose &gt; or = 2-deoxyglucose &gt; D-galactose &gt; or = 3OMG &gt; D-xylose &gt; D-glucose &gt; D-fucose &gt; D-fructose &gt; L-glucose &gt; L-arabinose &gt; D-arabinose, demonstrating that STP1 has a low substrate specificity.	Galactose	74-85	sugar transporter 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	25-29
8046321-9	1994	RESULTS: Galactose elimination capacity decreased from 2.45 (+/- 0.48) mM min-1 to 2.04 (+/- 0.60) mM min-1 after the five planned courses of chemotherapy (P = 0.013, Wilcoxon signed-rank test), without any change in routine liver function tests.	Galactose	9-18	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	74-87
8046321-9	1994	RESULTS: Galactose elimination capacity decreased from 2.45 (+/- 0.48) mM min-1 to 2.04 (+/- 0.60) mM min-1 after the five planned courses of chemotherapy (P = 0.013, Wilcoxon signed-rank test), without any change in routine liver function tests.	Galactose	9-18	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	74-79
8052150-2	1994	In the presence of galactose, HepG2 cell growth was slow and the pattern of gene expression remained characteristic of liver cells (secretion of alpha-fetoprotein [AFP] albumin, and transferrin).	Galactose	19-28	alpha fetoprotein	Homo sapiens	145-162
8052150-2	1994	In the presence of galactose, HepG2 cell growth was slow and the pattern of gene expression remained characteristic of liver cells (secretion of alpha-fetoprotein [AFP] albumin, and transferrin).	Galactose	19-28	transferrin	Homo sapiens	182-193
7979173-3	1994	PS1 contains at least 50% carbohydrate, consisting mainly of glucose, galactose and mannose, and about 10% lipid that may correspond to phosphatidylinositol.	Galactose	70-79	presenilin 1	Mus musculus	0-3
8034632-7	1994	Sialylation may occur on the C-6 of the N-acetylgalactosamine involved in the carbohydrate-peptide linkage or on a terminal galactose residue, either on C-3 or on C-6.	Galactose	124-133	complement C3	Homo sapiens	153-156
8034632-7	1994	Sialylation may occur on the C-6 of the N-acetylgalactosamine involved in the carbohydrate-peptide linkage or on a terminal galactose residue, either on C-3 or on C-6.	Galactose	124-133	complement C6	Homo sapiens	163-166
7517550-1	1994	We describe here the 1.7-A resolution structure of a single-chain antibody variable domain (scFv) molecule, based on the carbohydrate-binding antibody Se155-4, complexed with the trisaccharide ligand alpha-D-Gal(1--&gt;2)[alpha-D-Abe(1--&gt;3)]alpha-D-Manp1--&gt;OMe, where Abe is abequose.	Galactose	200-211	immunglobulin heavy chain variable region	Homo sapiens	92-96
7516406-1	1994	The glycosphingolipid globotriaosyl ceramide (CD77) and other globo-series glycolipids containing terminal galactose (Gal)alpha 1-4Gal residues function as receptors for the verotoxin (Shiga-like toxin) family of Escherichia coli-elaborated toxins.	Galactose	107-116	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	46-50
7523030-7	1994	IGF ligand blots and IGFBP-2 and -4 western blots using vitreous from galactose-fed dogs with diabetic-like retinopathy exhibit a 6-fold increase in vitreal IGFBPs.	Galactose	70-79	insulin like growth factor binding protein 2	Canis lupus familiaris	21-35
7523030-7	1994	IGF ligand blots and IGFBP-2 and -4 western blots using vitreous from galactose-fed dogs with diabetic-like retinopathy exhibit a 6-fold increase in vitreal IGFBPs.	Galactose	70-79	insulin like growth factor binding protein 2	Homo sapiens	157-163
8039505-6	1994	When cells are shifted from galactose-containing medium to glucose-containing medium, NOP4 transcription is terminated, Nop4 protein is depleted and cell growth is impaired.	Galactose	28-37	mRNA-binding ribosome biosynthesis protein NOP4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	86-90
8039505-6	1994	When cells are shifted from galactose-containing medium to glucose-containing medium, NOP4 transcription is terminated, Nop4 protein is depleted and cell growth is impaired.	Galactose	28-37	mRNA-binding ribosome biosynthesis protein NOP4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	120-124
8195156-1	1994	Intestinal uptake of dietary glucose and galactose is mediated by the SGLT1 Na+/glucose cotransporter of the brush border.	Galactose	41-50	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	70-75
7517907-3	1994	Protein synthesis is under the control of the GAL1 promoter, which drives transcription when cells are grown on galactose-containing medium, but not when they are grown on glucose-containing medium.	Galactose	112-121	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	46-50
8202534-4	1994	Asialo-SAP was rapidly cleared from the circulation in mice by a mechanism dependent on terminal galactose residues and was catabolized in hepatocytes.	Galactose	97-106	amyloid P component, serum	Mus musculus	7-10
8079662-9	1994	Since Mac-2 is a galactose-specific lectin, a potential role of the lectin in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion during osteoclast differentiation is suggested.	Galactose	17-26	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3	Mus musculus	6-11
8196626-1	1994	Expression of the GAL genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is induced during growth on galactose by a well-characterized regulatory mechanism that relieves Gal80p inhibition of the Gal4p transcriptional activator.	Galactose	84-93	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	178-183
8012932-0	1994	Expression of the galactose binding protein Mac-2 by human melanoma cell-lines.	Galactose	18-27	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	44-49
8012932-1	1994	The Mac-2 protein is a lectin specific for galactose-containing glycoconjugates.	Galactose	43-52	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	4-9
8206851-4	1994	Hxt2p was not expressed by wild-type S. cerevisiae in media containing only ethanol or galactose as carbon and energy source but was expressed if glucose was added.	Galactose	87-96	hexose transporter HXT2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
7514036-2	1994	The present study demonstrates that the dimeric 14-kDa calf spleen lectin forms homogeneous aggregated cross-linked complexes with asialofetuin, a glycoprotein with multiple carbohydrate chains possessing terminal galactose residues, in the presence of other lectins with similar specificities and cross-linking activities.	Galactose	214-223	alpha 2-HS glycoprotein	Bos taurus	131-143
8174553-1	1994	A previously cloned gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which complements the growth defect of a phosphoglucomutase (pgm1 delta/pgm2 delta) double deletion mutant on a pure galactose medium [Boles, E., Liebetrau, W., Hofmann, M. &amp; Zimmermann, F. K. (1994) Eur.	Galactose	171-180	phosphoglucomutase PGM1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	115-119
8172892-7	1994	Fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometric analysis of AP alpha-D4 suggested the existence of Gal-GalNAc-Thr, NeuNAc-(Gal-)GalNAc-Thr, and NeuNAc-Gal-GalNAc-Thr structures.	Galactose	99-102	glutamyl aminopeptidase	Homo sapiens	60-68
8182468-0	1994	Peripheral nerve injury induces Schwann cells to express two macrophage phenotypes: phagocytosis and the galactose-specific lectin MAC-2.	Galactose	105-114	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3	Mus musculus	131-136
8182468-11	1994	Morphometry unveiled that galactose and lactose specifically inhibited myelin phagocytosis, as predicted if MAC-2 was mediating myelin phagocytosis by lectinophagocytosis (lectin-mediated phagocytosis).	Galactose	26-35	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3	Mus musculus	108-113
8174553-1	1994	A previously cloned gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which complements the growth defect of a phosphoglucomutase (pgm1 delta/pgm2 delta) double deletion mutant on a pure galactose medium [Boles, E., Liebetrau, W., Hofmann, M. &amp; Zimmermann, F. K. (1994) Eur.	Galactose	171-180	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	126-130
8132328-9	1994	After removal of terminal and backbone sugar residues by treatment of mucin with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, binding of plasmid-bearing bacteria increased significantly when N-acetylgalactosamine, either alone or with galactose attached, was revealed, indicating that core regions of the sugar side chains are involved in bacterial binding.	Galactose	221-230	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	70-75
8168538-1	1994	The kinetics of the binding of cytochalasin B to the proton-linked L-arabinose (AraE) and D-galactose (GalP) symporters from Escherichia coli and to the human erythrocyte glucose transporter (GLUT1) have been investigated by exploiting the changes in protein fluorescence that occur upon binding the ligand.	Galactose	92-101	galanin like peptide	Homo sapiens	103-107
7523289-0	1994	Demonstration of the interaction between the CD23 molecule and the galactose residue of glycoproteins.	Galactose	67-76	Fc epsilon receptor II	Homo sapiens	45-49
7523289-7	1994	These results showed that the CD23 molecule can, indeed, interact with the galactose residue, especially with the Gal-GalNAc rather than the Gal-GlcNAc structure of the terminal sugar chain of glycoproteins.	Galactose	75-84	Fc epsilon receptor II	Homo sapiens	30-34
8054845-5	1994	The bound FVIII was specifically dissociated from LCA-Sepharose by methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside, and to a lesser extent by other monosaccharides such as D-glucose, methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, D-mannose, and D-galactose.	Galactose	213-224	coagulation factor VIII	Homo sapiens	10-15
8139579-6	1994	After an initial induction, RNA levels for GAL1 and H1 were drastically reduced, suggesting that H1 acts by the repression of galactose-induced genes.	Galactose	126-135	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	43-47
8135773-5	1994	MUC2 mRNA levels were decreased in cells grown in galactose medium compared to glucose medium whereas MUC3 mRNA levels were increased when cells were grown in galactose medium compared to those grown in galactose-free, glucose medium.	Galactose	50-59	mucin 2, oligomeric mucus/gel-forming	Homo sapiens	0-4
8135773-5	1994	MUC2 mRNA levels were decreased in cells grown in galactose medium compared to glucose medium whereas MUC3 mRNA levels were increased when cells were grown in galactose medium compared to those grown in galactose-free, glucose medium.	Galactose	159-168	MUC3	Homo sapiens	102-106
8135773-5	1994	MUC2 mRNA levels were decreased in cells grown in galactose medium compared to glucose medium whereas MUC3 mRNA levels were increased when cells were grown in galactose medium compared to those grown in galactose-free, glucose medium.	Galactose	159-168	MUC3	Homo sapiens	102-106
8056619-9	1994	Terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid(alpha 2-3)galactose(beta 1-3)N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylneuraminic acid(alpha 2-3)galactose(beta 1-4)N-acetylglucosamine and galactose(beta 1-4)N-acetylglucosamine sequences are contained in the oligosaccharide chains of gallbladder mucus glycoproteins.	Galactose	43-52	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	53-61
7509639-2	1994	A previous study showed that several multivalent galactose-specific lectins including the 14-kDa lectin from calf spleen and the lectins from Erythrina indica, Erythrina cristagalli, and soybean agglutinin formed specific cross-linked complexes with the glycoprotein asialofetuin (ASF) [Mandal, D. K., &amp; Brewer, C. F. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 8465-8472].	Galactose	49-58	galectin 1	Bos taurus	90-103
8003303-3	1994	When lipid was present in adequate amount, the increase in enterocyte lactase activity occurred when carbohydrate was present as either lactose or galactose.	Galactose	147-156	lactase	Homo sapiens	70-77
8047063-5	1994	In this study we extended our previous work, and examined the distribution of AR mRNA by in situ hybridization in lens of rats maintained on a 50% galactose diet for up to 20 days, then reversed to a normal diet for an additional 20 days.	Galactose	147-156	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	78-80
8049521-2	1994	To determine the basis of this growth arrest, yeast strains were constructed that expressed either wild-type v-src or various mutant v-src genes under the control of the galactose-inducible, glucose repressible GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	170-179	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	211-215
8180989-1	1994	Viscumin (the major lectin of mistletoe extract), also known as ML-1, and ricin (RCA II) belong to a group of heterodimeric toxic lectins composed of an A chain, which inhibits protein synthesis, and a B chain, which mediates entry into the cell in a galactose-specific manner.	Galactose	251-260	interleukin 17F	Homo sapiens	64-68
8308013-1	1994	Mac-2, a 30-35-kDa galactose-binding protein, is synthesized at similar levels in murine peritoneal exudate macrophages whether recruited in response to an intraperitoneal pathogen Mycobacterium microti, to sterile inflammatory stimuli such as thioglycollate broth, or to concanavalin A.	Galactose	19-28	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3	Mus musculus	0-5
8177372-5	1994	Chronic exposure of neuroblastoma cells to media containing 30 mM glucose, galactose, or mannose caused a significant decrease in Na+/K+ ATPase transport activity, resting membrane potential, and bradykinin-stimulated 32P incorporation into phosphatidylinositol compared to cells cultured in medium containing 30 mM fructose.	Galactose	75-84	kininogen 1	Homo sapiens	196-206
8119301-8	1994	Two further genes could be isolated and characterized which when over-expressed on a multi-copy plasmid could restore growth on galactose of the pgm1/2 double deletion mutant.	Galactose	128-137	phosphoglucomutase PGM1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	145-151
8047063-6	1994	It was found that within 8 days on galactose the posterior AR mRNA dissipated, with no clear increase in this transcript in the lens epithelial cells.	Galactose	35-44	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	59-61
8047063-9	1994	Upon reversal of the cataracts, the posterior AR mRNA re-accumulates, and the fiber cells at the equator appear to have lost the AR mRNA that accumulated during the period of exposure to galactose.	Galactose	187-196	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	129-131
8047063-10	1994	The data demonstrate that during formation of galactose-cataract, surviving cortical fiber cells express significant levels of AR mRNA, while following withdrawal from galactose these fiber cells lose that activity.	Galactose	46-55	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	127-129
7954662-12	1994	The effect of acetylcholinesterase depended on the presence of divalent cations and was inhibited by mannan and D-mannose, but not D-galactose.	Galactose	131-142	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	14-34
8116603-1	1994	Beta-galactosidase (lactase) allows the digestion of lactose as its component sugars, galactose and glucose.	Galactose	86-95	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	0-18
8116603-1	1994	Beta-galactosidase (lactase) allows the digestion of lactose as its component sugars, galactose and glucose.	Galactose	86-95	lactase	Homo sapiens	20-27
8112740-1	1994	Galactosemia is an inborn error of galactose metabolism secondary to deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT).	Galactose	35-44	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	83-123
8112740-1	1994	Galactosemia is an inborn error of galactose metabolism secondary to deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT).	Galactose	35-44	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	125-129
8261462-5	1994	Several percentages of the Lewis X antigenic determinant and fucosylated mannose core were linked to them, and their sialic acid residues were linked to nonreducing terminal galactose residues at the C-3 and C-6 positions.	Galactose	174-183	complement C3	Homo sapiens	200-203
8186549-1	1994	Sulphated blood group Lewis(a)/Lewis(x) (Le(a)/Le(x)) type sequences, with sulphate at the 3-position of galactose, have emerged as potent ligands for the endothelial adhesion molecule E-selectin and the leukocyte adhesion molecule L-selectin.	Galactose	105-114	fucosyltransferase 4	Homo sapiens	47-52
8186550-0	1994	Mac-2: a versatile galactose-binding protein of mammalian tissues.	Galactose	19-28	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	0-5
8175891-9	1994	These results provide evidence that the expression of terminal galactose (beta 1-3)N-acetyl galactosamine structure, positioned on MAGP1 and MAGP2 glycoproteins, is associated with the metastatic potential of human melanoma cells.	Galactose	63-72	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	74-82
8175891-9	1994	These results provide evidence that the expression of terminal galactose (beta 1-3)N-acetyl galactosamine structure, positioned on MAGP1 and MAGP2 glycoproteins, is associated with the metastatic potential of human melanoma cells.	Galactose	63-72	microfibril associated protein 2	Homo sapiens	131-136
8175891-9	1994	These results provide evidence that the expression of terminal galactose (beta 1-3)N-acetyl galactosamine structure, positioned on MAGP1 and MAGP2 glycoproteins, is associated with the metastatic potential of human melanoma cells.	Galactose	63-72	microfibril associated protein 5	Homo sapiens	141-146
8180600-4	1994	The lectin affinity of the carbohydrate moiety of lymphoblast CD9 antigen would indicate the presence of N-linked oligosaccharide chains having groups of N-acetyl glucosamine residues, a mannose core and a terminal D-galactose.	Galactose	215-226	CD9 molecule	Homo sapiens	62-65
8300631-10	1994	Wild type C. neoformans, C. albicans, and H. sapiens NMTs can fully complement the lethal phenotype of a S. cerevisiae nmt1 null allele at 24 and 37 degrees C when the GAL1-10 promoter controlling their expression is induced by galactose.	Galactose	228-237	glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase NMT1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	119-123
8300631-10	1994	Wild type C. neoformans, C. albicans, and H. sapiens NMTs can fully complement the lethal phenotype of a S. cerevisiae nmt1 null allele at 24 and 37 degrees C when the GAL1-10 promoter controlling their expression is induced by galactose.	Galactose	228-237	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	168-172
8107780-7	1994	The synthesis of heat-shock-inducible HSP26 mRNA and galactose-inducible GAL7 and GAL10 mRNAs is also drastically inhibited in the rad3-ts mutant at the restrictive temperature.	Galactose	53-62	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	73-77
8107780-7	1994	The synthesis of heat-shock-inducible HSP26 mRNA and galactose-inducible GAL7 and GAL10 mRNAs is also drastically inhibited in the rad3-ts mutant at the restrictive temperature.	Galactose	53-62	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	82-87
8107780-7	1994	The synthesis of heat-shock-inducible HSP26 mRNA and galactose-inducible GAL7 and GAL10 mRNAs is also drastically inhibited in the rad3-ts mutant at the restrictive temperature.	Galactose	53-62	TFIIH/NER complex ATP-dependent 5'-3' DNA helicase subunit RAD3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	131-135
8113404-7	1994	Binding of 125I-t-PA to HepG2 cells was inhibited by monosaccharides fucose and galactose and by the neoglycoprotein fucosyl-albumin.	Galactose	80-89	plasminogen activator, tissue type	Homo sapiens	16-20
7508462-4	1994	Quantitative monosaccharide analysis showed that Fel d I was a glycoprotein, containing high levels of fucose, as well as glucosamine, galactose, and mannose.	Galactose	135-144	major allergen I polypeptide chain 2	Felis catus	49-56
8138051-2	1994	Galactose oxidase is known to catalyze the oxidation of the C-6 hydroxymethyl group of galactose to an aldehyde group.	Galactose	87-96	complement C6	Homo sapiens	60-63
8005623-7	1993	A direct comparison of the fusion activity of F,HN-virosomes and F-virosomes was made by using desialylated HepG2 cells as target containing the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) that binds to a terminal beta-galactose moiety of F protein.	Galactose	212-221	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	145-172
7932108-7	1994	Arabinose, xylose and galactose induced the A. caviae beta-galactosidase activity by several folds and lactose moderately enhanced its activity.	Galactose	22-31	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	54-72
7764377-5	1994	IA-1 consisted mainly of arabinose (Ara), galactose (Gal) and glucose (Glc) in molar ratios of 1.8:1.0:0.9, whereas IB-1 and IC-1 were composed mainly of Ara, mannose (Man), Gal and Glc in molar ratios of 3.5:0.8:1.0:0.8 and 2.3:3.5:1.0:3.2, respectively.	Galactose	42-51	INSM transcriptional repressor 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
7764377-5	1994	IA-1 consisted mainly of arabinose (Ara), galactose (Gal) and glucose (Glc) in molar ratios of 1.8:1.0:0.9, whereas IB-1 and IC-1 were composed mainly of Ara, mannose (Man), Gal and Glc in molar ratios of 3.5:0.8:1.0:0.8 and 2.3:3.5:1.0:3.2, respectively.	Galactose	53-56	INSM transcriptional repressor 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
7764377-6	1994	Methylation analysis, 13C NMR and enzymic digestion suggested that IA-1 mainly contained alpha-L-(1--&gt;3,5)-arabinan, beta-D-(1--&gt;6)-linked Gal and beta-D-(1--&gt;3)-linked Glc.	Galactose	145-148	INSM transcriptional repressor 1	Homo sapiens	67-71
8262068-1	1993	The GAL1-10 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are regulated by the interaction of cis- and trans-acting factors which facilitate activated transcription in galactose but not in glucose medium.	Galactose	156-165	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-11
8248805-3	1993	A positioned nucleosome that is present in cells grown in glucose and contains a single GAL4 binding site is disrupted by GAL4 binding in galactose.	Galactose	138-147	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	88-92
8248805-3	1993	A positioned nucleosome that is present in cells grown in glucose and contains a single GAL4 binding site is disrupted by GAL4 binding in galactose.	Galactose	138-147	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	122-126
7935045-6	1994	LT also bound to a melibiose (Gal alpha 1-6Glc)-alpha-lactalbumin amino carbonyl product (Mel-LA), but the binding ability of Mel-LA was weaker than that of Lac-LA, suggesting that the beta 1-4 linked terminal galactose is dispensable but preferable for the binding.	Galactose	210-219	macrolide efflux protein	Escherichia coli	90-93
7935045-6	1994	LT also bound to a melibiose (Gal alpha 1-6Glc)-alpha-lactalbumin amino carbonyl product (Mel-LA), but the binding ability of Mel-LA was weaker than that of Lac-LA, suggesting that the beta 1-4 linked terminal galactose is dispensable but preferable for the binding.	Galactose	210-219	macrolide efflux protein	Escherichia coli	126-129
8258717-7	1993	Incubation with several carbohydrates decreased the IgA and desIgA binding to MC, obtaining maximal inhibition with simultaneous addition of galactose and N-acetyl-galactosamine.	Galactose	141-150	CD79a molecule	Homo sapiens	52-55
7511099-3	1993	Desialylated AFP with the terminal galactose of the Man alpha 1--&gt;6 antenna with or without the galactose of the other arm also had a migration of AFP-P4, and other hydrolytic intermediates without the terminal galactose of the Man alpha 1--&gt;6 arm with and without the galactose of the other antenna had mobilities of AFP-P3s and AFP-P3, respectively.	Galactose	35-44	alpha fetoprotein	Homo sapiens	13-16
7511099-3	1993	Desialylated AFP with the terminal galactose of the Man alpha 1--&gt;6 antenna with or without the galactose of the other arm also had a migration of AFP-P4, and other hydrolytic intermediates without the terminal galactose of the Man alpha 1--&gt;6 arm with and without the galactose of the other antenna had mobilities of AFP-P3s and AFP-P3, respectively.	Galactose	99-108	alpha fetoprotein	Homo sapiens	13-16
7511099-3	1993	Desialylated AFP with the terminal galactose of the Man alpha 1--&gt;6 antenna with or without the galactose of the other arm also had a migration of AFP-P4, and other hydrolytic intermediates without the terminal galactose of the Man alpha 1--&gt;6 arm with and without the galactose of the other antenna had mobilities of AFP-P3s and AFP-P3, respectively.	Galactose	99-108	alpha fetoprotein	Homo sapiens	13-16
7511099-3	1993	Desialylated AFP with the terminal galactose of the Man alpha 1--&gt;6 antenna with or without the galactose of the other arm also had a migration of AFP-P4, and other hydrolytic intermediates without the terminal galactose of the Man alpha 1--&gt;6 arm with and without the galactose of the other antenna had mobilities of AFP-P3s and AFP-P3, respectively.	Galactose	99-108	alpha fetoprotein	Homo sapiens	13-16
8258338-2	1993	Macrophage cell-surface protein 2 (Mac-2), a galactose specific S-type lectin identified in inflammatory macrophages, presents a high degree of homology with the rat IgE-binding protein (epsilon BP).	Galactose	45-54	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	35-40
8258338-2	1993	Macrophage cell-surface protein 2 (Mac-2), a galactose specific S-type lectin identified in inflammatory macrophages, presents a high degree of homology with the rat IgE-binding protein (epsilon BP).	Galactose	45-54	galectin 3	Rattus norvegicus	166-185
8258338-2	1993	Macrophage cell-surface protein 2 (Mac-2), a galactose specific S-type lectin identified in inflammatory macrophages, presents a high degree of homology with the rat IgE-binding protein (epsilon BP).	Galactose	45-54	galectin 3	Rattus norvegicus	187-197
8005623-7	1993	A direct comparison of the fusion activity of F,HN-virosomes and F-virosomes was made by using desialylated HepG2 cells as target containing the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) that binds to a terminal beta-galactose moiety of F protein.	Galactose	212-221	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	174-180
8227030-3	1993	GAL4 activates the transcription of genes involved in galactose and melibiose metabolism by binding to sites that contain one or more copies of a sequence 5"-CGGN5TN5CCG-3".	Galactose	54-63	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
8246973-0	1993	Gal80 proteins of Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are highly conserved but contribute differently to glucose repression of the galactose regulon.	Galactose	145-154	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
8246973-3	1993	K. lactis gal80 disruption mutants show constitutive expression of the lactose/galactose metabolic genes, confirming that K. lactis Gal80 functions in essentially in the same way as does S. cerevisiae Gal80, blocking activation by the transcriptional activator Lac9 (K. lactis Gal4) in the absence of an inducing sugar.	Galactose	79-88	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	132-137
8246973-3	1993	K. lactis gal80 disruption mutants show constitutive expression of the lactose/galactose metabolic genes, confirming that K. lactis Gal80 functions in essentially in the same way as does S. cerevisiae Gal80, blocking activation by the transcriptional activator Lac9 (K. lactis Gal4) in the absence of an inducing sugar.	Galactose	79-88	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	201-206
8246973-3	1993	K. lactis gal80 disruption mutants show constitutive expression of the lactose/galactose metabolic genes, confirming that K. lactis Gal80 functions in essentially in the same way as does S. cerevisiae Gal80, blocking activation by the transcriptional activator Lac9 (K. lactis Gal4) in the absence of an inducing sugar.	Galactose	79-88	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	277-281
8246973-7	1993	Two high-affinity binding sites in the GAL80 promoter mediate a 70-fold induction by galactose and hence negative autoregulation by Gal80.	Galactose	85-94	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	39-44
8246973-7	1993	Two high-affinity binding sites in the GAL80 promoter mediate a 70-fold induction by galactose and hence negative autoregulation by Gal80.	Galactose	85-94	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	132-137
8246973-10	1993	By mutating the Lac9 binding sites of the GAL80 promoter, we could show that induction of GAL80 is required to prevent activation of the lactose/galactose regulon in glycerol or glucose plus galactose, whereas the noninduced level of Gal80 is sufficient to completely block Lac9 function in glucose.	Galactose	145-154	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	42-47
8246973-10	1993	By mutating the Lac9 binding sites of the GAL80 promoter, we could show that induction of GAL80 is required to prevent activation of the lactose/galactose regulon in glycerol or glucose plus galactose, whereas the noninduced level of Gal80 is sufficient to completely block Lac9 function in glucose.	Galactose	145-154	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	90-95
8246973-10	1993	By mutating the Lac9 binding sites of the GAL80 promoter, we could show that induction of GAL80 is required to prevent activation of the lactose/galactose regulon in glycerol or glucose plus galactose, whereas the noninduced level of Gal80 is sufficient to completely block Lac9 function in glucose.	Galactose	145-154	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	234-239
7504304-7	1993	A cDNA clone encoding the murine alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (which transfers a terminal galactose residue with an (alpha 1-3) linkage to a subterminal galactose) was isolated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloned, and transfected into COS cells, which are of Old World monkey origin and, like humans, do not express Gal(alpha 1-3)Gal.	Galactose	93-102	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Sus scrofa	33-64
7504304-7	1993	A cDNA clone encoding the murine alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (which transfers a terminal galactose residue with an (alpha 1-3) linkage to a subterminal galactose) was isolated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloned, and transfected into COS cells, which are of Old World monkey origin and, like humans, do not express Gal(alpha 1-3)Gal.	Galactose	156-165	N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase	Sus scrofa	33-64
8246770-2	1993	The contribution of galactose to the increase in glucose and insulin levels following ingestion of equimolar amounts of galactose and glucose, or lactose, has not been reported in people with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).	Galactose	20-29	insulin	Homo sapiens	61-68
8246770-2	1993	The contribution of galactose to the increase in glucose and insulin levels following ingestion of equimolar amounts of galactose and glucose, or lactose, has not been reported in people with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).	Galactose	120-129	insulin	Homo sapiens	61-68
8248154-4	1993	The nucleosome upstream of the hypersensitive region undergoes significant change when cells are grown in galactose, where GAL80 gene expression is induced to maximal levels.	Galactose	106-115	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	123-128
8248154-6	1993	GAL4 protein binds strongly to the GAL80 UAS in galactose-grown cells, less strongly in glycerol-grown cells, and not at all in glucose-grown cells.	Galactose	48-57	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
8248154-6	1993	GAL4 protein binds strongly to the GAL80 UAS in galactose-grown cells, less strongly in glycerol-grown cells, and not at all in glucose-grown cells.	Galactose	48-57	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	35-40
7508773-1	1993	In this randomized, controlled multicenter trial we evaluated the effects of recombinant interferon-alpha 2b on galactose elimination capacity and histological activity index in 88 patients with chronic active hepatitis non-A/non-B.	Galactose	112-121	interferon alpha 2	Homo sapiens	89-108
8106819-2	1993	Yeast cells were transformed with plasmids containing the SSA1 or SSA4 gene which was placed under the control of a galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	116-125	Hsp70 family ATPase SSA1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	58-62
8222314-1	1993	The IgG of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and mice with pristane induced arthritis (PIA) tends to lack the terminal galactose normally on the conserved N-acetylglucosamine linked beta 1-2 to mannose in IgG.	Galactose	120-129	hemoglobin, beta adult major chain	Mus musculus	183-191
8288440-5	1993	This review emphasizes the following characteristics of epsilon BP: (i) epsilon BP is secreted by cells such as macrophages; (ii) like many other lectins, epsilon BP functions at least bivalently; (iii) epsilon BP has specificity for distinct oligosaccharide structures that have a terminal galactose not masked by sialic acids; and (iv) in addition to binding IgE, epsilon BP binds to surfaces of various cell types via lectin-carbohydrate interaction.	Galactose	291-300	galectin 3	Rattus norvegicus	56-66
8288440-5	1993	This review emphasizes the following characteristics of epsilon BP: (i) epsilon BP is secreted by cells such as macrophages; (ii) like many other lectins, epsilon BP functions at least bivalently; (iii) epsilon BP has specificity for distinct oligosaccharide structures that have a terminal galactose not masked by sialic acids; and (iv) in addition to binding IgE, epsilon BP binds to surfaces of various cell types via lectin-carbohydrate interaction.	Galactose	291-300	galectin 3	Rattus norvegicus	72-82
8288440-5	1993	This review emphasizes the following characteristics of epsilon BP: (i) epsilon BP is secreted by cells such as macrophages; (ii) like many other lectins, epsilon BP functions at least bivalently; (iii) epsilon BP has specificity for distinct oligosaccharide structures that have a terminal galactose not masked by sialic acids; and (iv) in addition to binding IgE, epsilon BP binds to surfaces of various cell types via lectin-carbohydrate interaction.	Galactose	291-300	galectin 3	Rattus norvegicus	72-82
8288440-5	1993	This review emphasizes the following characteristics of epsilon BP: (i) epsilon BP is secreted by cells such as macrophages; (ii) like many other lectins, epsilon BP functions at least bivalently; (iii) epsilon BP has specificity for distinct oligosaccharide structures that have a terminal galactose not masked by sialic acids; and (iv) in addition to binding IgE, epsilon BP binds to surfaces of various cell types via lectin-carbohydrate interaction.	Galactose	291-300	galectin 3	Rattus norvegicus	72-82
8288440-5	1993	This review emphasizes the following characteristics of epsilon BP: (i) epsilon BP is secreted by cells such as macrophages; (ii) like many other lectins, epsilon BP functions at least bivalently; (iii) epsilon BP has specificity for distinct oligosaccharide structures that have a terminal galactose not masked by sialic acids; and (iv) in addition to binding IgE, epsilon BP binds to surfaces of various cell types via lectin-carbohydrate interaction.	Galactose	291-300	galectin 3	Rattus norvegicus	72-82
8300896-2	1993	The AR inhibition was assessed by the percent reduction from the predrug dulcitol values in red blood cells converted from exogenous galactose by AR.	Galactose	133-142	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	4-6
7693549-5	1993	Transcription of a large number of yeast genes, including HIS3, TRP3, STE2, MET19, RAD23, CDC9, and ACT1 is inhibited at the restrictive temperature in the rad25 ts mutant, and the galactose-inducible synthesis of GAL7 and GAL10 mRNAs is also severely affected by the loss of RAD25 activity.	Galactose	181-190	imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase HIS3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	58-62
7693549-5	1993	Transcription of a large number of yeast genes, including HIS3, TRP3, STE2, MET19, RAD23, CDC9, and ACT1 is inhibited at the restrictive temperature in the rad25 ts mutant, and the galactose-inducible synthesis of GAL7 and GAL10 mRNAs is also severely affected by the loss of RAD25 activity.	Galactose	181-190	bifunctional anthranilate synthase/indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	64-68
7693549-5	1993	Transcription of a large number of yeast genes, including HIS3, TRP3, STE2, MET19, RAD23, CDC9, and ACT1 is inhibited at the restrictive temperature in the rad25 ts mutant, and the galactose-inducible synthesis of GAL7 and GAL10 mRNAs is also severely affected by the loss of RAD25 activity.	Galactose	181-190	alpha-factor pheromone receptor STE2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	70-74
7693549-5	1993	Transcription of a large number of yeast genes, including HIS3, TRP3, STE2, MET19, RAD23, CDC9, and ACT1 is inhibited at the restrictive temperature in the rad25 ts mutant, and the galactose-inducible synthesis of GAL7 and GAL10 mRNAs is also severely affected by the loss of RAD25 activity.	Galactose	181-190	glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	76-81
7693549-5	1993	Transcription of a large number of yeast genes, including HIS3, TRP3, STE2, MET19, RAD23, CDC9, and ACT1 is inhibited at the restrictive temperature in the rad25 ts mutant, and the galactose-inducible synthesis of GAL7 and GAL10 mRNAs is also severely affected by the loss of RAD25 activity.	Galactose	181-190	Rad23p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	83-88
7693549-5	1993	Transcription of a large number of yeast genes, including HIS3, TRP3, STE2, MET19, RAD23, CDC9, and ACT1 is inhibited at the restrictive temperature in the rad25 ts mutant, and the galactose-inducible synthesis of GAL7 and GAL10 mRNAs is also severely affected by the loss of RAD25 activity.	Galactose	181-190	DNA ligase (ATP) CDC9	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	90-94
7693549-5	1993	Transcription of a large number of yeast genes, including HIS3, TRP3, STE2, MET19, RAD23, CDC9, and ACT1 is inhibited at the restrictive temperature in the rad25 ts mutant, and the galactose-inducible synthesis of GAL7 and GAL10 mRNAs is also severely affected by the loss of RAD25 activity.	Galactose	181-190	actin	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	100-104
7693549-5	1993	Transcription of a large number of yeast genes, including HIS3, TRP3, STE2, MET19, RAD23, CDC9, and ACT1 is inhibited at the restrictive temperature in the rad25 ts mutant, and the galactose-inducible synthesis of GAL7 and GAL10 mRNAs is also severely affected by the loss of RAD25 activity.	Galactose	181-190	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	214-218
7693549-5	1993	Transcription of a large number of yeast genes, including HIS3, TRP3, STE2, MET19, RAD23, CDC9, and ACT1 is inhibited at the restrictive temperature in the rad25 ts mutant, and the galactose-inducible synthesis of GAL7 and GAL10 mRNAs is also severely affected by the loss of RAD25 activity.	Galactose	181-190	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	223-228
7693549-5	1993	Transcription of a large number of yeast genes, including HIS3, TRP3, STE2, MET19, RAD23, CDC9, and ACT1 is inhibited at the restrictive temperature in the rad25 ts mutant, and the galactose-inducible synthesis of GAL7 and GAL10 mRNAs is also severely affected by the loss of RAD25 activity.	Galactose	181-190	TFIIH/NER complex ATPase/helicase subunit SSL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	276-281
8300896-2	1993	The AR inhibition was assessed by the percent reduction from the predrug dulcitol values in red blood cells converted from exogenous galactose by AR.	Galactose	133-142	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	146-148
8106819-2	1993	Yeast cells were transformed with plasmids containing the SSA1 or SSA4 gene which was placed under the control of a galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	116-125	Hsp70 family chaperone SSA4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	66-70
8106819-2	1993	Yeast cells were transformed with plasmids containing the SSA1 or SSA4 gene which was placed under the control of a galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	116-125	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	136-140
8400241-12	1993	In contrast, when cultured in the presence of galactose alone, or in the absence of both galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine, Mi.I mutant glycophorin A lacking both N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides was not expressed at the cell surface.	Galactose	46-55	glycophorin A (MNS blood group)	Homo sapiens	138-151
8216218-9	1993	3-O-Methylglucose, D-galactose, D-fructose, D-mannose and D-xylose can mimic the regulatory effect of glucose on the SGLT1 mRNA level in rat jejunum.	Galactose	19-30	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	117-122
8216218-10	1993	However, only D-galactose and D-fructose increased the levels of GLUT2 mRNA.	Galactose	14-25	solute carrier family 2 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	65-70
7507882-4	1993	Treatment of the ELISA well with galactose oxidase also reduced the reaction with this MAb, thus suggesting the peripheral galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine residues of the carbohydrate moiety of mucin are involved in the epitope structure.	Galactose	33-42	solute carrier family 13 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	201-206
8142006-2	1993	In the presence of alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-LA), galactosyltransferase catalyzes the transfer of galactose to glucose to yield lactose.	Galactose	97-106	lactalbumin alpha	Homo sapiens	19-36
8142006-2	1993	In the presence of alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-LA), galactosyltransferase catalyzes the transfer of galactose to glucose to yield lactose.	Galactose	97-106	lactalbumin alpha	Homo sapiens	38-46
7504344-6	1993	Immunoconjugates incorporating blocked ricin (a ricin holotoxin that has its intrinsic galactose-binding sites blocked by chemically linked affinity ligands) preferentially killed CD4+CD29bright cells in vitro by a factor of 25 in comparison with killing of total CD4+ cells in functional assays.	Galactose	87-96	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	180-183
8250238-1	1993	Galactosyltransferase is required for the addition of galactose to lactosylceramide (galactose beta 1-4 glucose beta 1-1 ceramide), resulting in the synthesis of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3).	Galactose	54-63	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	185-188
8252064-5	1993	Heterologous expression of the MST1 cDNA clone in Saccharomyces cerevisiae allowed its characterization as a putative H+/monosaccharide co-transporter, catalyzing the uptake of hexoses (e.g. D-glucose and D-galactose) or pentoses (e.g. D-xylose) and the energy dependent and uncoupler sensitive accumulation of non-metabolizable substrates (e.g. D-xylose or 3-O-methyl-glucose).	Galactose	205-216	threonine--tRNA ligase MST1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	31-35
8406040-6	1993	The heterologous lacZ reporter gene coding for beta-galactosidase (beta Gal) is driven by the hybrid, galactose-inducible promoter GAL10::pMF alpha 1.	Galactose	102-111	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	131-136
8244393-1	1993	The Na+/glucose cotransporter gene SGLT1 encodes the primary carrier protein responsible for the uptake of the dietary sugars glucose and galactose from the intestinal lumen.	Galactose	138-147	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Homo sapiens	35-40
8370533-0	1993	Fusion of GAL4-VP16 to a steroid-binding domain provides a tool for gratuitous induction of galactose-responsive genes in yeast.	Galactose	92-101	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	10-14
8221926-6	1993	Furthermore TYE2 function seems to be important for the expression of a variety of Ty-unrelated functions such as ADH1 expression, sporulation, growth on maltose, galactose, raffinose, and on non-fermentable carbon sources.	Galactose	163-172	Swi3p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	12-16
8370046-1	1993	A stereocontrolled, facile total synthesis of ganglioside GD3 is described as an example of a proposed systematic approach to the preparation of gangliosides containing an alpha-sialyl-(2--&gt;8)-sialic acid unit alpha-glycosidically linked to O-3 of a D-galactose residue in their oligosaccharide chains.	Galactose	255-264	GRDX	Homo sapiens	58-61
8395015-6	1993	Cells carrying either of two different deletion-insertion mutations (plc1 delta 1::HIS3 and plc1 delta 2::LEU2) were viable but displayed several distinctive phenotypes, including temperature-sensitive growth (inviable above 35 degrees C), osmotic sensitivity, and defects in the utilization of galactose, raffinose, and glycerol at permissive temperatures (23 to 30 degrees C).	Galactose	295-304	phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	69-73
8393377-1	1993	A plasmid was constructed for the expression of human DNA topoisomerase II alpha in yeast from a galactose-inducible promoter of the yeast GAL1 gene.	Galactose	97-106	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	139-143
8368273-8	1993	The RCA effect, but not that of albumin, was prevented by the addition of D-galactose (0.1 M) (the cognate hapten monosaccharide of RCA).	Galactose	74-85	agglutinin	Ricinus communis	4-7
8368273-8	1993	The RCA effect, but not that of albumin, was prevented by the addition of D-galactose (0.1 M) (the cognate hapten monosaccharide of RCA).	Galactose	74-85	agglutinin	Ricinus communis	132-135
7691595-4	1993	The affinity of AFP-P4 for E-PHA was reduced by galactosidase digestion, indicating the presence of galactose residues, one sialylated and the other exposed.	Galactose	100-109	alpha fetoprotein	Homo sapiens	16-19
7687746-7	1993	The activity of Cdc28 kinase, which controls the G1/S and G2/M transitions in S. cerevisiae, increases during galactose induction in a Src+ strain but not in an isogenic Src- strain.	Galactose	110-119	cyclin-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase CDC28	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	16-21
8400551-0	1993	Identification and oligosaccharide structure analysis of rhodopsin glycoforms containing galactose and sialic acid.	Galactose	89-98	rhodopsin	Homo sapiens	57-66
8349103-1	1993	Recessive mutations of GAL11 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cause pleiotropic defects that include weak fermentation of galactose, alpha-specific sterility and slow growth on nonfermentable carbon sources.	Galactose	117-126	Gal11p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	23-28
8346025-7	1993	Expression of MGM101 is low on glucose medium but on galactose there is a two-fold increase in the level of the transcript.	Galactose	53-62	Mgm101p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	14-20
8336207-2	1993	Galactose absorbed after hydrolysis of lactose from milk in individuals with normal lactase activity is considered responsible.	Galactose	0-9	lactase	Homo sapiens	84-91
8349103-3	1993	In the present experiments we isolated a gene, SGE1, that suppresses gal11 for growth on ethidium bromide/galactose agar when the gene was present in two or more copies.	Galactose	106-115	Sge1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	47-51
8349103-3	1993	In the present experiments we isolated a gene, SGE1, that suppresses gal11 for growth on ethidium bromide/galactose agar when the gene was present in two or more copies.	Galactose	106-115	Gal11p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	69-74
8349103-5	1993	Multiple copies of SGE1 increased expression of galactose-inducible genes in gal11 yeast, presumably at the level of transcription.	Galactose	48-57	Sge1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	19-23
8349103-5	1993	Multiple copies of SGE1 increased expression of galactose-inducible genes in gal11 yeast, presumably at the level of transcription.	Galactose	48-57	Gal11p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	77-82
8349103-6	1993	When SGE1 was disrupted in wild-type yeast, the expression of galactose-inducible genes decreased to 50-60% of the wild-type level, presumably due to effect on transcription.	Galactose	62-71	Sge1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	5-9
8349104-1	1993	The Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL1 and GAL10 genes are controlled in response to the availability of galactose and glucose by multiple activating and repressing proteins bound at adjacent or overlapping sites in UASG.	Galactose	100-109	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	29-33
8349104-1	1993	The Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL1 and GAL10 genes are controlled in response to the availability of galactose and glucose by multiple activating and repressing proteins bound at adjacent or overlapping sites in UASG.	Galactose	100-109	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	38-43
8349104-2	1993	Negative control elements in UASG, designated GAL operators GALO1 to GALO6, are required to silence basal level transcription of GAL1 and GAL10 when galactose is absent.	Galactose	149-158	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	129-133
8349104-2	1993	Negative control elements in UASG, designated GAL operators GALO1 to GALO6, are required to silence basal level transcription of GAL1 and GAL10 when galactose is absent.	Galactose	149-158	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	138-143
8325980-0	1993	Effects of galactose feeding on aldose reductase gene expression.	Galactose	11-20	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	32-48
8325980-5	1993	Galactose feeding in the rat is associated with a complex and, on occasions, multiphasic pattern of changes in AR mRNA levels in kidney, testis, skeletal muscle, and brain.	Galactose	0-9	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	111-113
8325980-7	1993	Moreover, galactose feeding results in changes in tissue AR activities that are not related, temporally or quantitatively, to the alterations in tissue AR mRNA or galactitol levels.	Galactose	10-19	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	57-59
8499491-1	1993	Neuroblastoma cells were used to examine the effect of chronic exposure to increased concentrations of glucose, galactose, or L-fucose on bradykinin-stimulated intracellular calcium release using the calcium indicator fluo-3.	Galactose	112-121	kininogen 1	Homo sapiens	138-148
8343612-8	1993	Purified aldose reductase utilizes aldose sugars such as D-xylose, D-glucose, and D-galactose as substrates while aldehyde reductase preferentially reduces D-glucuronate and oxidizes L-gulonate to D-glucuronate.	Galactose	82-93	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	9-25
8343612-9	1993	Despite the lower apparent affinity of aldehyde reductase for aldose sugars (approximately 20- to 100-fold less) both enzymes reduced D-xylose, D-glucose, and D-galactose to their respective sugar alcohols in in vitro incubation studies where the generated sugar alcohols were identified by gas chromatography.	Galactose	159-170	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1	Homo sapiens	39-57
8508783-5	1993	Transcriptional induction of the PDC1 gene (encoding pyruvate decarboxylase) was observed after glucose or galactose pulses were applied to the pgi1 strain, demonstrating that metabolism of these sugars beyond glucose 6-phosphate is dispensable for PDC1 induction.	Galactose	107-116	indolepyruvate decarboxylase 1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	33-37
8347381-9	1993	A protein meal strongly stimulated insulin production (+55 mIU/liter), whereas a galactose meal revealed only a minor increase in insulin response (+12 mIU/liter) in contrast to a tolerance test with the same amount of glucose (+67 mIU/liter).	Galactose	81-90	insulin	Homo sapiens	130-137
8508783-1	1993	Wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a strain carrying a deletion in the glucose-6-phosphate-isomerase gene (pgi1) were grown in carbon-limited continuous cultures on a mixture of fructose and galactose.	Galactose	195-204	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	111-115
8486682-12	1993	An inhibition assay with biotinylated CL-43, using solid-phase mannan as ligand, revealed the following carbohydrate inhibition pattern: mannose and ManNAc &gt; fucose &gt; GlcNAc &gt; glucose and maltose &gt; galactose &gt; lactose &gt;&gt; GalNAc.	Galactose	210-219	collectin-43	Bos taurus	38-43
8508783-5	1993	Transcriptional induction of the PDC1 gene (encoding pyruvate decarboxylase) was observed after glucose or galactose pulses were applied to the pgi1 strain, demonstrating that metabolism of these sugars beyond glucose 6-phosphate is dispensable for PDC1 induction.	Galactose	107-116	glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	144-148
8474461-9	1993	Although the mode of control is different, the pattern of LAC9 gene regulation resembles that of the S. cerevisiae GAL4 gene, being lower in glucose and glucose-galactose than in galactose.	Galactose	161-170	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	115-119
7685769-2	1993	The carbohydrate compositional analysis indicated that G-CSF molecule contains sialic acid, galactose and galactosamine.	Galactose	92-101	colony stimulating factor 3	Homo sapiens	55-60
8486650-1	1993	Transcription of the genes required for utilization of galactose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is controlled primarily by the transcriptional activator protein GAL4.	Galactose	55-64	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	158-162
8486650-2	1993	The upstream activating sequences for galactose (UASG) of most GAL genes have multiple sites to which GAL4 can bind.	Galactose	38-47	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	102-106
8385117-3	1993	Multicopy plasmids containing galactose-inducible rodent PDI and ERp72 genes support germination and growth of haploid trg1 null mutants in galactose-containing media, whereas the ERp61 gene is inactive.	Galactose	30-39	prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit beta	Homo sapiens	57-60
8385117-3	1993	Multicopy plasmids containing galactose-inducible rodent PDI and ERp72 genes support germination and growth of haploid trg1 null mutants in galactose-containing media, whereas the ERp61 gene is inactive.	Galactose	30-39	protein disulfide isomerase family A member 4	Homo sapiens	65-70
8385117-3	1993	Multicopy plasmids containing galactose-inducible rodent PDI and ERp72 genes support germination and growth of haploid trg1 null mutants in galactose-containing media, whereas the ERp61 gene is inactive.	Galactose	30-39	tRNA-Gly (anticodon CCC) 1-1	Homo sapiens	119-123
8385117-3	1993	Multicopy plasmids containing galactose-inducible rodent PDI and ERp72 genes support germination and growth of haploid trg1 null mutants in galactose-containing media, whereas the ERp61 gene is inactive.	Galactose	30-39	protein disulfide isomerase family A member 3	Homo sapiens	180-185
8385117-3	1993	Multicopy plasmids containing galactose-inducible rodent PDI and ERp72 genes support germination and growth of haploid trg1 null mutants in galactose-containing media, whereas the ERp61 gene is inactive.	Galactose	140-149	prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit beta	Homo sapiens	57-60
8481895-1	1993	The galactose-specific animal lectin, Mac-2, has been identified in macrophage (M phi) membrane, cytoplasmic, and nuclear fractions.	Galactose	4-13	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	38-43
8467796-2	1993	Galactose induces activity by inhibiting the negative regulator GAL80, while glucose, the preferred carbon source, antagonizes GAL4 function by several mechanisms.	Galactose	0-9	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	64-69
8467796-7	1993	Direct inhibition of GAL4 activity can be detected within 30 min following glucose addition and may represent an early mechanism promoting a switch from galactose to glucose utilization.	Galactose	153-162	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	21-25
7682704-1	1993	The Mac-2 lectin (carbohydrate binding protein 35) is a soluble, 32- to 35-kDa phosphoprotein that binds galactose-containing glycoconjugates.	Galactose	105-114	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	4-9
7682704-1	1993	The Mac-2 lectin (carbohydrate binding protein 35) is a soluble, 32- to 35-kDa phosphoprotein that binds galactose-containing glycoconjugates.	Galactose	105-114	galectin 3	Homo sapiens	18-49
8319496-3	1993	When the lens epithelial cells were cultured in media supplemented with 40 mM galactose, to model the conditions of sugar cataracts, a decrease in PKC-gamma, but not in PKC-alpha was observed.	Galactose	78-87	protein kinase C gamma	Bos taurus	147-156
8318258-10	1993	Galactose transport has only one natural substrate, D-galactose, and is encoded by the gene GAL2.	Galactose	0-9	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	92-96
8318258-10	1993	Galactose transport has only one natural substrate, D-galactose, and is encoded by the gene GAL2.	Galactose	52-63	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	92-96
8467796-2	1993	Galactose induces activity by inhibiting the negative regulator GAL80, while glucose, the preferred carbon source, antagonizes GAL4 function by several mechanisms.	Galactose	0-9	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	127-131
8483461-5	1993	The complete open reading frame of the cyr1-2 gene expressed under the control of the GAL1 promoter complemented cyr1-d1 in a galactose-dependent manner.	Galactose	126-135	adenylate cyclase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	39-45
8490242-6	1993	Furthermore, SDS-PAGE analysis of immunoprecipitated [3H]galactose-labelled lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) glycoprotein showed no difference in amounts or mobility.	Galactose	57-66	lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1	Mus musculus	76-115
8490242-6	1993	Furthermore, SDS-PAGE analysis of immunoprecipitated [3H]galactose-labelled lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) glycoprotein showed no difference in amounts or mobility.	Galactose	57-66	lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1	Mus musculus	117-123
8457197-2	1993	As reported previously [Gould, Thomas, Jess and Bell (1991) Biochemistry 30, 5139-5145], GLUT2 mediates the transport of fructose and galactose, and GLUT3 mediates the transport of galactose.	Galactose	134-143	solute carrier family 2 member 2 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	89-94
8457197-2	1993	As reported previously [Gould, Thomas, Jess and Bell (1991) Biochemistry 30, 5139-5145], GLUT2 mediates the transport of fructose and galactose, and GLUT3 mediates the transport of galactose.	Galactose	181-190	solute carrier family 2 member 2 S homeolog	Xenopus laevis	89-94
8457197-2	1993	As reported previously [Gould, Thomas, Jess and Bell (1991) Biochemistry 30, 5139-5145], GLUT2 mediates the transport of fructose and galactose, and GLUT3 mediates the transport of galactose.	Galactose	181-190	solute carrier family 2 member 3 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	149-154
8457197-4	1993	Moreover, D-glucose and maltose competitively inhibit fructose transport by GLUT2 and galactose transport by GLUT3, indicating that the transport of the alternative substrates for these transporters is likely to be mediated by the same outward-facing sugar-binding site used by glucose.	Galactose	86-95	solute carrier family 2 member 3 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	109-114
8483461-5	1993	The complete open reading frame of the cyr1-2 gene expressed under the control of the GAL1 promoter complemented cyr1-d1 in a galactose-dependent manner.	Galactose	126-135	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	86-90
8483461-5	1993	The complete open reading frame of the cyr1-2 gene expressed under the control of the GAL1 promoter complemented cyr1-d1 in a galactose-dependent manner.	Galactose	126-135	adenylate cyclase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	39-43
7680039-6	1993	Labeling of K8/18 immunoprecipitates, isolated from G2/M-arrested cells, with [3H]galactose followed by beta-elimination showed that K8/18 glycosylation consisted of single N-acetylglucosamine residues.	Galactose	82-91	keratin 8	Homo sapiens	12-17
7680039-6	1993	Labeling of K8/18 immunoprecipitates, isolated from G2/M-arrested cells, with [3H]galactose followed by beta-elimination showed that K8/18 glycosylation consisted of single N-acetylglucosamine residues.	Galactose	82-91	keratin 8	Homo sapiens	133-138
8458006-0	1993	Syntheses and insulin-like activity of phosphorylated galactose derivatives.	Galactose	54-63	insulin	Homo sapiens	14-21
8449675-8	1993	However, slot blots of that portion of the IPM extracted from the neural retinas showed less reactivity per microgram of protein for IRBP in the galactose-fed animals of both strains than for the rats fed a basal diet.	Galactose	145-154	retinol binding protein 3	Rattus norvegicus	133-137
8449675-11	1993	Whether the quantitative alteration in IRBP that appears to be produced by galactose feeding has functional significance, with particular relevance to retarding the development of the photoreceptor cell dystrophy of the SHR rat, is unclear at this time.	Galactose	75-84	retinol binding protein 3	Rattus norvegicus	39-43
8428928-2	1993	Sustained overproduction of Leu3 following induction by galactose required elevated intracellular levels of alpha-isopropylmalate, a leucine pathway intermediate known to act as transcriptional co-activator.	Galactose	56-65	leucine-responsive transcriptional regulator LEU3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	28-32
8381403-3	1993	Using serial lectin affinity chromatography, as well as specific glycosidases, we demonstrate that VIP receptor-linked carbohydrates are predominantly tri- or tetraantennary sialylated N-linked oligosaccharides, 27% of which are fucosylated, and some may have terminal galactose residues.	Galactose	269-278	vasoactive intestinal peptide	Homo sapiens	99-102
8428928-3	1993	Starting with galactose-induced cells, the Leu3 protein was purified about 3,500-fold (i.e. 245,000-fold over wild type level) by a procedure that included treatment of the cell-free extract with polyethylenimine, fractionation with ammonium sulfate, heat treatment, and DNA affinity chromatography.	Galactose	14-23	leucine-responsive transcriptional regulator LEU3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	43-47
7678253-11	1993	Interestingly, p37 was seen in the presence of galactose, but not fructose, despite elevated transport activity with either sugar.	Galactose	47-56	nucleoporin 37	Homo sapiens	15-18
8462282-8	1993	Higher molecular size carbohydrate chains, rich in fucose and galactose, are abundant in the surface mucus and mucus gel-derived mucin.	Galactose	62-71	solute carrier family 13 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	129-134
8428499-9	1993	CONCLUSIONS: While angiotensin II has been viewed primarily as the mediator responsible for the increased total vascular resistance seen during (and after) cardiopulmonary bypass, it may also cause the disproportionate decrease in mesenteric perfusion, as measured in human subjects by intraluminal gastric tonometry and galactose clearance by the liver, as well as the consequent development of the multiple organ failure syndrome seen in 1% to 5% of patients after cardiac surgery.	Galactose	321-330	angiotensinogen	Homo sapiens	19-33
8433706-12	1993	Incubation of the IgA1 myeloma protein with crude human colostral galactosyltransferase in the presence of UDP[3H]-galactose and Mn2+ resulted in galactosylation of both N- and O-linked carbohydrate side chains.	Galactose	115-124	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	18-22
8424801-6	1993	Conversely, with a mixture of yeast hexokinase and galactokinase it indicated phosphorylation of glucose and galactose at different sites.	Galactose	109-118	hexokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	36-46
8424801-6	1993	Conversely, with a mixture of yeast hexokinase and galactokinase it indicated phosphorylation of glucose and galactose at different sites.	Galactose	109-118	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	51-64
8419365-5	1993	We have purified Sar1p to apparent homogeneity from cells harboring a galactose-regulated recombinant SAR1.	Galactose	70-79	Arf family GTPase SAR1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	17-22
8419365-5	1993	We have purified Sar1p to apparent homogeneity from cells harboring a galactose-regulated recombinant SAR1.	Galactose	70-79	Arf family GTPase SAR1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	102-106
8421669-1	1993	Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) (UTP: alpha-D-hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.10) is an essential enzyme of the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism.	Galactose	164-173	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-41
8421669-1	1993	Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) (UTP: alpha-D-hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.10) is an essential enzyme of the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism.	Galactose	164-173	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	43-47
8260558-0	1993	The neonatal guinea pig as a model for human galactose metabolism: galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase activity.	Galactose	45-54	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	67-106
8441621-1	1993	In the budding yeast Kluyveromyces lactis glucose repression of genes involved in lactose and galactose metabolism is primarily mediated by LAC9 (or K1GAL4) the homologue of the well-known Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcriptional activator GAL4.	Galactose	94-103	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	151-155
8421063-9	1993	Using an in vitro binding assay, purified CBP bound mannose, galactose, and glucosamine-specific lectins.	Galactose	61-70	CREB binding protein	Homo sapiens	42-45
8312971-1	1993	The GAL4 protein of yeast activates the transcription of several genes involved in galactose metabolism.	Galactose	83-92	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
1337862-2	1992	Lactotransferrin isolated from a pool of mature bovine milk has been shown to contain N-glycosidically-linked glycans possessing N-acetylneuraminic acid, galactose, mannose, fucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and N-acetylgalactosamine.	Galactose	154-163	lactotransferrin	Bos taurus	0-16
8106840-1	1993	We reported that in utero galactose-induced cataracts could be inhibited if aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) were included in the galactose diet of pregnant rats.	Galactose	26-35	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	76-92
8106840-1	1993	We reported that in utero galactose-induced cataracts could be inhibited if aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) were included in the galactose diet of pregnant rats.	Galactose	132-141	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	76-92
8265806-8	1993	It appears that the earlier reports of alpha-lac-like activity in epididymal fluids and extracts may have been due to the presence of enzymes liberating free galactose from UDP-galactose and/or a stimulatory non-specific effect of the protein in the solutions on the lactose synthesis activity of the GalTase.	Galactose	158-167	lactalbumin, alpha	Rattus norvegicus	39-48
8235310-7	1993	CA 125 was demonstrated to incorporate [3H]-galactose but the level of radioactive incorporation was greatly reduced when WISH cells were incubated in the presence of phenyl N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminide (an inhibitor of O-linked glycosylation) or monensin (an inhibitor of intracellular protein transport within the Golgi complex).	Galactose	44-53	mucin 16, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	0-6
8230845-0	1993	Inhibition of in utero galactose-induced cataract development by an aldose reductase inhibitor in rat--electron microscopic study.	Galactose	23-32	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	68-84
8230845-1	1993	The effect of an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) on the development of in utero galactose-induced cataract was evaluated by following the morphological changes as seen by light and transmission electron microscope.	Galactose	81-90	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	17-33
1488058-12	1992	Comparison of the relative concentrations of each oligosaccharide chain suggest that these oligosaccharides represent variations of a common branched core structure which may be terminated by the addition of alpha 2-linked fucose to the beta 3/4 linked galactose residue at each branch point.	Galactose	253-262	eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 beta 2 pseudogene 2	Homo sapiens	237-245
1493793-2	1992	GAL::NSP1 cells grow normally in galactose medium, but arrest in growth upon glucose-induced repression of the GAL::nsp1 gene.	Galactose	33-42	FG-nucleoporin NSP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	5-9
1471707-0	1992	Aldose reductase inhibition prevents galactose-induced ovarian dysfunction in the Sprague-Dawley rat.	Galactose	37-46	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
1471707-7	1992	When galactose-fed animals received the aldose reductase inhibitor, ovarian accumulation of galactitol was significantly reduced and the observed detrimental effects on the oocyte were prevented.	Galactose	5-14	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	40-56
1468625-1	1992	We have constructed a galactose-inducible expression library by cloning yeast cDNAs unidirectionally under control of the GAL1 promoter in a centromeric shuttle vector.	Galactose	22-31	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	122-126
1448098-10	1992	Although an egd1 null mutant was viable and Gal+, induction of the galactose-regulated genes in the egd1 mutant strain was significantly reduced when cells were shifted from glucose to galactose.	Galactose	185-194	Egd1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	12-16
1448098-10	1992	Although an egd1 null mutant was viable and Gal+, induction of the galactose-regulated genes in the egd1 mutant strain was significantly reduced when cells were shifted from glucose to galactose.	Galactose	185-194	Egd1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	100-104
1416983-6	1992	The carbohydrate groups of gp200 are N-linked and partially sialylated and contain terminal galactose residues.	Galactose	92-101	podocalyxin like	Homo sapiens	27-32
1487495-6	1992	Human synexin, human lipocortin (annexin I), and murine p68 (annexin VI) reduced the lag time associated with adaptation of sec2 mutants to galactose-containing medium.	Galactose	140-149	annexin A7	Homo sapiens	6-13
1487495-6	1992	Human synexin, human lipocortin (annexin I), and murine p68 (annexin VI) reduced the lag time associated with adaptation of sec2 mutants to galactose-containing medium.	Galactose	140-149	annexin A6	Mus musculus	56-59
1487495-6	1992	Human synexin, human lipocortin (annexin I), and murine p68 (annexin VI) reduced the lag time associated with adaptation of sec2 mutants to galactose-containing medium.	Galactose	140-149	fucosyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	124-128
1448098-10	1992	Although an egd1 null mutant was viable and Gal+, induction of the galactose-regulated genes in the egd1 mutant strain was significantly reduced when cells were shifted from glucose to galactose.	Galactose	67-76	Egd1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	12-16
1448098-10	1992	Although an egd1 null mutant was viable and Gal+, induction of the galactose-regulated genes in the egd1 mutant strain was significantly reduced when cells were shifted from glucose to galactose.	Galactose	67-76	Egd1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	100-104
1443598-7	1992	Approximately 3% of the terminal galactose residues of the oligosaccharides released from EPO were not sialylated whereas 97% contained an alpha(2--&gt;3)-linked sialic acid.	Galactose	33-42	erythropoietin	Cricetulus griseus	90-93
1396591-5	1992	The growth of the cells carrying a nps1 delta :: URA3 deletion allele and galactose-inducible NPS1 on a plasmid was arrested under NPS1-repressed conditions with a cell cycle arrest phenotype, being arrested at the large-bud stage with a single nucleus that had a DNA content of G2/M phase.	Galactose	74-83	RSC chromatin remodeling complex ATPase subunit STH1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	94-98
1396591-5	1992	The growth of the cells carrying a nps1 delta :: URA3 deletion allele and galactose-inducible NPS1 on a plasmid was arrested under NPS1-repressed conditions with a cell cycle arrest phenotype, being arrested at the large-bud stage with a single nucleus that had a DNA content of G2/M phase.	Galactose	74-83	RSC chromatin remodeling complex ATPase subunit STH1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	131-135
1468625-3	1992	From this library, LEU2 and HIS3 cDNAs were recovered at a frequency of about 1 in 10(4) and in 12 out of 13 cases these were expressed in a galactose-dependent manner.	Galactose	141-150	3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	19-23
1490726-9	1992	Treatment of U937 cells with interferon-gamma up-regulated their APG binding capacity along with the expression of the integrin CD 11 b and the CD 14 molecule, whereas monocytes exposed to interferon-gamma showed an increased binding of APG associated with an elevated expression of the galactose specific lectin Mac-2.	Galactose	287-296	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	29-45
1490726-9	1992	Treatment of U937 cells with interferon-gamma up-regulated their APG binding capacity along with the expression of the integrin CD 11 b and the CD 14 molecule, whereas monocytes exposed to interferon-gamma showed an increased binding of APG associated with an elevated expression of the galactose specific lectin Mac-2.	Galactose	287-296	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	189-205
1468625-3	1992	From this library, LEU2 and HIS3 cDNAs were recovered at a frequency of about 1 in 10(4) and in 12 out of 13 cases these were expressed in a galactose-dependent manner.	Galactose	141-150	imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase HIS3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	28-32
1468625-6	1992	Among 15 clones that showed galactose inducible lethality were cDNAs encoding structural proteins, including ACT1 (actin), TUB2 (beta-tubulin) and ABP1 (actin-binding protein 1), and genes in signal transduction pathways, including TPK1 (a cAMP-dependent protein kinase) and GLC7 (type 1 protein phosphatase).	Galactose	28-37	actin	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	109-113
1468625-6	1992	Among 15 clones that showed galactose inducible lethality were cDNAs encoding structural proteins, including ACT1 (actin), TUB2 (beta-tubulin) and ABP1 (actin-binding protein 1), and genes in signal transduction pathways, including TPK1 (a cAMP-dependent protein kinase) and GLC7 (type 1 protein phosphatase).	Galactose	28-37	beta-tubulin	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	123-127
1468625-6	1992	Among 15 clones that showed galactose inducible lethality were cDNAs encoding structural proteins, including ACT1 (actin), TUB2 (beta-tubulin) and ABP1 (actin-binding protein 1), and genes in signal transduction pathways, including TPK1 (a cAMP-dependent protein kinase) and GLC7 (type 1 protein phosphatase).	Galactose	28-37	Abp1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	147-151
1468625-6	1992	Among 15 clones that showed galactose inducible lethality were cDNAs encoding structural proteins, including ACT1 (actin), TUB2 (beta-tubulin) and ABP1 (actin-binding protein 1), and genes in signal transduction pathways, including TPK1 (a cAMP-dependent protein kinase) and GLC7 (type 1 protein phosphatase).	Galactose	28-37	Abp1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	153-176
1331174-10	1992	These findings indicate an important opsonizing activity for fibronectin and dual recognition via the lectin-like galactose-specific binding activity of membrane-associated C-reactive protein and by integrin receptor(s).	Galactose	114-123	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	61-72
1468625-6	1992	Among 15 clones that showed galactose inducible lethality were cDNAs encoding structural proteins, including ACT1 (actin), TUB2 (beta-tubulin) and ABP1 (actin-binding protein 1), and genes in signal transduction pathways, including TPK1 (a cAMP-dependent protein kinase) and GLC7 (type 1 protein phosphatase).	Galactose	28-37	cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit TPK1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	232-236
1468625-6	1992	Among 15 clones that showed galactose inducible lethality were cDNAs encoding structural proteins, including ACT1 (actin), TUB2 (beta-tubulin) and ABP1 (actin-binding protein 1), and genes in signal transduction pathways, including TPK1 (a cAMP-dependent protein kinase) and GLC7 (type 1 protein phosphatase).	Galactose	28-37	type 1 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase catalytic subunit GLC7	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	275-307
1396715-7	1992	With respect to the galactose moiety, it is shown here that HO-3" and HO-2" are necessary for hydrolysis of the substrates by lactase.	Galactose	20-29	histidyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens	60-64
1406674-1	1992	The GAL4 activator and GAL80 repressor proteins regulate the expression of yeast genes in response to galactose.	Galactose	102-111	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
1406674-1	1992	The GAL4 activator and GAL80 repressor proteins regulate the expression of yeast genes in response to galactose.	Galactose	102-111	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	23-28
1406674-3	1992	The complex purified from galactose-grown cells contains a mixture of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of GAL4.	Galactose	26-35	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	115-119
1406674-4	1992	The galactose-induced form of GAL4 activates in vitro transcription to levels similar to those seen with GAL4-VP16.	Galactose	4-13	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	30-34
1406674-6	1992	These results confirm in vivo analyses that correlate GAL4 phosphorylation with galactose induction and support a model of transcriptional activation that does not require GAL80 dissociation.	Galactose	80-89	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	54-58
1279994-0	1992	Characterization of a natural human antibody with anti-galactosyl(alpha 1-2)galactose specificity that is present at high titers in chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection.	Galactose	76-85	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	66-73
1279994-1	1992	An antibody reactive with the galactosyl(alpha 1-2)galactose [gal(alpha 1-2)gal] epitope was characterized in human sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, red blood cell (RBC) and laminin absorption, and oligosaccharide inhibition.	Galactose	50-60	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	66-75
1396715-7	1992	With respect to the galactose moiety, it is shown here that HO-3" and HO-2" are necessary for hydrolysis of the substrates by lactase.	Galactose	20-29	heme oxygenase 2	Homo sapiens	70-74
1396715-7	1992	With respect to the galactose moiety, it is shown here that HO-3" and HO-2" are necessary for hydrolysis of the substrates by lactase.	Galactose	20-29	lactase	Homo sapiens	126-133
1396715-8	1992	Using these chemically modified substrates, it has been confirmed that lactase does not behave as a typical beta-galactosidase, since it does not show an absolute selectivity with respect to substitution and stereochemistry at C4" in the galactose moiety of the substrate.	Galactose	238-247	lactase	Homo sapiens	71-78
1406662-0	1992	GAL11 protein, an auxiliary transcription activator for genes encoding galactose-metabolizing enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	71-80	Gal11p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
1483505-1	1992	At best, only trace amounts of galactose have been detected as constituents of rhodopsin as analysed by several laboratories.	Galactose	31-40	rhodopsin	Bos taurus	79-88
1483505-13	1992	After bleaching by visible light, opsin was preferred over rhodopsin as an acceptor of galactose by the galactosyltransferases of bovine and embryonic chick retinas and by rat liver.	Galactose	87-96	rhodopsin	Bos taurus	59-68
1483505-17	1992	The linkage of galactose in enzymatically galactosylated rhodopsin and opsin was beta(1-4).	Galactose	15-24	rhodopsin	Bos taurus	57-66
1334673-2	1992	The binding of Escherichia coli Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein (CRP) to several DNA fragments of about 45 base pairs, bearing the natural lactose or galactose sites, as well as several synthetic related sites, was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy and gel retardation experiments.	Galactose	146-155	catabolite gene activator protein	Escherichia coli	32-59
1334673-2	1992	The binding of Escherichia coli Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein (CRP) to several DNA fragments of about 45 base pairs, bearing the natural lactose or galactose sites, as well as several synthetic related sites, was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy and gel retardation experiments.	Galactose	146-155	catabolite gene activator protein	Escherichia coli	61-64
1459340-2	1992	Synthesis of GM3 was stimulated concentration-dependently by FSH, and the stimulation was enhanced synergistically by insulin, as revealed by metabolic labeling of glycosphingolipids with [3H]galactose.	Galactose	192-201	insulin	Homo sapiens	118-125
1406619-5	1992	We therefore turned to the coregulated set of genes in the galactose cluster (GAL1, GAL7, and GAL10) to assay their corresponding pre-mRNAs in vitro, in hopes of finding a common theme.	Galactose	59-68	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	78-82
1406619-5	1992	We therefore turned to the coregulated set of genes in the galactose cluster (GAL1, GAL7, and GAL10) to assay their corresponding pre-mRNAs in vitro, in hopes of finding a common theme.	Galactose	59-68	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	84-88
1406619-5	1992	We therefore turned to the coregulated set of genes in the galactose cluster (GAL1, GAL7, and GAL10) to assay their corresponding pre-mRNAs in vitro, in hopes of finding a common theme.	Galactose	59-68	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	94-99
1435762-1	1992	Aldose reductase (AR), a major enzyme in the polyol pathway, is thought to be responsible for accumulation of polyols in lenses exposed to high doses of galactose or glucose, and it may be linked to some of the complications found in diabetes.	Galactose	153-162	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
1435762-1	1992	Aldose reductase (AR), a major enzyme in the polyol pathway, is thought to be responsible for accumulation of polyols in lenses exposed to high doses of galactose or glucose, and it may be linked to some of the complications found in diabetes.	Galactose	153-162	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	18-20
1435762-5	1992	We found AR mRNA to elevate to about 5-fold the control levels by 12-24 hr on galactose, then decrease to the control levels by day 4.	Galactose	78-87	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	9-11
1435762-7	1992	The high abundance in AR mRNA by 24 hr on galactose was confirmed by in situ hybridization.	Galactose	42-51	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	22-24
1435762-8	1992	At later periods, from 8 to 20 days on galactose, a slow increase in AR mRNA took effect, as we have previously reported.	Galactose	39-48	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	69-71
1470607-1	1992	The galactose alpha 1-3 galactose (Gal alpha 1-3 Gal) residue is a carbohydrate widely distributed in many non-human mammals.	Galactose	4-13	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	14-23
1516707-1	1992	Homogeneous preparations of bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (EC 6.1.1.2) contain monosaccharides (mannose, fucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine) as revealed by liquid chromatography.	Galactose	119-128	tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase 1	Bos taurus	35-63
1470607-1	1992	The galactose alpha 1-3 galactose (Gal alpha 1-3 Gal) residue is a carbohydrate widely distributed in many non-human mammals.	Galactose	4-13	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	39-48
1470607-1	1992	The galactose alpha 1-3 galactose (Gal alpha 1-3 Gal) residue is a carbohydrate widely distributed in many non-human mammals.	Galactose	24-33	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	14-23
1470607-1	1992	The galactose alpha 1-3 galactose (Gal alpha 1-3 Gal) residue is a carbohydrate widely distributed in many non-human mammals.	Galactose	24-33	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	39-48
11540167-1	1992	Soybeans contain the enzyme alpha-galactosidase, which hydrolyzes alpha-1, 6 linkages in stachyose and raffinose to give sucrose and galactose.	Galactose	133-142	alpha galactosidase	Glycine max	28-47
1386213-6	1992	HLBP14 was eluted from a murine laminin column by lactose, N-acetyllactosamine, and galactose but not by other control saccharides, including glucose, fucose, mannose, and melibiose.	Galactose	84-93	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	0-6
11540167-2	1992	We have found that galactose, a competitive product inhibitor of alpha-galactosidase, strongly promotes the heat stability of the tetrameric form of the enzyme at pH 4.0 and at temperatures of up to 70 degrees C for 60 min.	Galactose	19-28	alpha galactosidase	Glycine max	65-84
1377689-5	1992	E-selectin binding is unaffected in the presence of the blood group H fucose (alpha 1-2 linked to galactose to form the Le(b) antigen).	Galactose	98-107	selectin E	Homo sapiens	0-10
1353482-5	1992	S3-dependent adherence was reduced 63% +/- 8% by sialic acid, while S2-dependent adherence was reduced 53% +/- 11% by galactose.	Galactose	118-127	proteasome 26S subunit ubiquitin receptor, non-ATPase 2	Homo sapiens	68-70
1377689-5	1992	E-selectin binding is unaffected in the presence of the blood group H fucose (alpha 1-2 linked to galactose to form the Le(b) antigen).	Galactose	98-107	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	78-87
1612338-7	1992	Significant inverse correlations were found between the P300 latencies and measures of quantitative liver function such as galactose-elimination capacity and aminopyrine breath test.	Galactose	123-132	E1A binding protein p300	Homo sapiens	56-60
1377597-6	1992	Elevation of cellular NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 RNA in HT-29 cultures grown in medium containing different components (sodium butyrate, galactose, no-sugar, glucose, cellobiose) generally correlated with depressed growth levels and specifically with increased numbers of mucin-producing cells present.	Galactose	139-148	mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 4	Homo sapiens	22-50
1523885-4	1992	With a view towards further improving expression of the 14DM gene, the spacing between the TDH3 promoter and the AUG was adjusted precisely and to rule out possible toxic effects exerted by the 14DM protein, the TDH3 promoter was placed under galactose regulation by introducing an UASG segment.	Galactose	243-252	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating) TDH3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	212-216
1318035-12	1992	We conclude from these data that clearance of t-PA by the liver is regulated by at least two pathways, one on parenchymal cells (not galactose/mannose-mediated) and another on liver endothelial cells (mediated by a mannose receptor).	Galactose	133-142	plasminogen activator, tissue type	Rattus norvegicus	46-50
1607245-5	1992	These morphologic and biochemical changes observed in HRPE cells cultured in high galactose medium were inhibited or prevented by the inclusion of an aldose reductase inhibitor in the medium, further supporting the view that vacuole formation is due to the osmotic effect of polyol formation mediated by aldose reductase.	Galactose	82-91	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	150-166
1317007-0	1992	Overproduction of the GAL1 or GAL3 protein causes galactose-independent activation of the GAL4 protein: evidence for a new model of induction for the yeast GAL/MEL regulon.	Galactose	50-59	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	22-26
1500417-3	1992	LGP85 contains about 22.8% carbohydrate and the carbohydrate moiety is composed of mannose, galactose, fucose, glucosamine, galactosamine, and neuraminic acid, in a molar ratio of 40:20:2:23:3:13.	Galactose	92-101	scavenger receptor class B, member 2	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
1616876-5	1992	It is not clear whether rat CBG contains a carbohydrate structure with sialic acids attached to both galactose and N-acetylglucosamine on the same antenna, or a terminal disialylated structure (sialic acid linked alpha 2-8 to sialic acid).	Galactose	101-110	serpin family A member 6	Rattus norvegicus	28-31
1317007-0	1992	Overproduction of the GAL1 or GAL3 protein causes galactose-independent activation of the GAL4 protein: evidence for a new model of induction for the yeast GAL/MEL regulon.	Galactose	50-59	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	30-34
1317007-0	1992	Overproduction of the GAL1 or GAL3 protein causes galactose-independent activation of the GAL4 protein: evidence for a new model of induction for the yeast GAL/MEL regulon.	Galactose	50-59	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	90-94
1317007-3	1992	The presence of galactose triggers the relief of the GAL80 block.	Galactose	16-25	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	53-58
1317007-5	1992	How GAL3 and galactose activate GAL4 is not understood, but the long-standing notion has been that a galactose derivative formed by catalytic activity of GAL3 is the inducer that interacts with GAL80 or the GAL80-GAL4 complex.	Galactose	13-22	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-36
1317007-5	1992	How GAL3 and galactose activate GAL4 is not understood, but the long-standing notion has been that a galactose derivative formed by catalytic activity of GAL3 is the inducer that interacts with GAL80 or the GAL80-GAL4 complex.	Galactose	13-22	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	154-158
1317007-5	1992	How GAL3 and galactose activate GAL4 is not understood, but the long-standing notion has been that a galactose derivative formed by catalytic activity of GAL3 is the inducer that interacts with GAL80 or the GAL80-GAL4 complex.	Galactose	13-22	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	194-199
1317007-5	1992	How GAL3 and galactose activate GAL4 is not understood, but the long-standing notion has been that a galactose derivative formed by catalytic activity of GAL3 is the inducer that interacts with GAL80 or the GAL80-GAL4 complex.	Galactose	13-22	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	207-212
1317007-5	1992	How GAL3 and galactose activate GAL4 is not understood, but the long-standing notion has been that a galactose derivative formed by catalytic activity of GAL3 is the inducer that interacts with GAL80 or the GAL80-GAL4 complex.	Galactose	13-22	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	213-217
1317007-5	1992	How GAL3 and galactose activate GAL4 is not understood, but the long-standing notion has been that a galactose derivative formed by catalytic activity of GAL3 is the inducer that interacts with GAL80 or the GAL80-GAL4 complex.	Galactose	101-110	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
1317007-5	1992	How GAL3 and galactose activate GAL4 is not understood, but the long-standing notion has been that a galactose derivative formed by catalytic activity of GAL3 is the inducer that interacts with GAL80 or the GAL80-GAL4 complex.	Galactose	101-110	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-36
1317007-5	1992	How GAL3 and galactose activate GAL4 is not understood, but the long-standing notion has been that a galactose derivative formed by catalytic activity of GAL3 is the inducer that interacts with GAL80 or the GAL80-GAL4 complex.	Galactose	101-110	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	154-158
1317007-5	1992	How GAL3 and galactose activate GAL4 is not understood, but the long-standing notion has been that a galactose derivative formed by catalytic activity of GAL3 is the inducer that interacts with GAL80 or the GAL80-GAL4 complex.	Galactose	101-110	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	194-199
1317007-5	1992	How GAL3 and galactose activate GAL4 is not understood, but the long-standing notion has been that a galactose derivative formed by catalytic activity of GAL3 is the inducer that interacts with GAL80 or the GAL80-GAL4 complex.	Galactose	101-110	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	207-212
1317007-5	1992	How GAL3 and galactose activate GAL4 is not understood, but the long-standing notion has been that a galactose derivative formed by catalytic activity of GAL3 is the inducer that interacts with GAL80 or the GAL80-GAL4 complex.	Galactose	101-110	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	213-217
1317007-6	1992	Here we report that overproduction of the GAL3 protein causes constitutive expression of GAL/MEL genes in the absence of exogenous galactose.	Galactose	131-140	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	42-46
1317007-8	1992	Cells lacking the GAL10-encoded UDP-galactose-UDP-glucose epimerase retained the constitutivity response to overproduction of GAL3, making it unlikely that constitutivity is due to endogenously produced galactose.	Galactose	36-45	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	18-23
1317007-8	1992	Cells lacking the GAL10-encoded UDP-galactose-UDP-glucose epimerase retained the constitutivity response to overproduction of GAL3, making it unlikely that constitutivity is due to endogenously produced galactose.	Galactose	36-45	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	126-130
1317007-9	1992	A galactose-independent mechanism of constitutivity is further indicated by the inducing properties of two newly created galactokinaseless alleles of GAL1.	Galactose	2-11	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	150-154
16668921-6	1992	The smaller extensin monomer reported here (Superose-6 peak 2 [SP2]) was compositionally similar to typical dicot extensins such as tomato P1, mainly consisting of Hyp, Thr, Ser, Pro, Val, Tyr, Lys, His, abundant arabinose, and a small but significant galactose content.	Galactose	252-261	extensin-3-like	Solanum lycopersicum	12-20
1317007-10	1992	On the basis of these data, we propose a new model for galactose-induced activation of the GAL4 protein.	Galactose	55-64	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	91-95
1317007-11	1992	This model invokes galactose-activation of the GAL3 and GAL1 proteins which in turn elicit an alteration of the GAL80-GAL4 complex to activate GAL4.	Galactose	19-28	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	47-51
1317007-11	1992	This model invokes galactose-activation of the GAL3 and GAL1 proteins which in turn elicit an alteration of the GAL80-GAL4 complex to activate GAL4.	Galactose	19-28	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	56-60
1317007-11	1992	This model invokes galactose-activation of the GAL3 and GAL1 proteins which in turn elicit an alteration of the GAL80-GAL4 complex to activate GAL4.	Galactose	19-28	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	112-117
1317007-11	1992	This model invokes galactose-activation of the GAL3 and GAL1 proteins which in turn elicit an alteration of the GAL80-GAL4 complex to activate GAL4.	Galactose	19-28	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	118-122
1317007-11	1992	This model invokes galactose-activation of the GAL3 and GAL1 proteins which in turn elicit an alteration of the GAL80-GAL4 complex to activate GAL4.	Galactose	19-28	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	143-147
1577827-10	1992	A recombinant carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of human SP-A inhibits the binding of human SP-A to galactosyl ceramide and to galactose- and mannose-bovine serum albumin, indicating that the CRD is directly involved in the binding of SP-A to these ligands.	Galactose	131-140	surfactant protein A1	Homo sapiens	61-65
1598579-1	1992	Transcription of galactose-inducible genes in yeast is regulated by interaction between the activator protein GAL4 and the negative regulatory protein GAL80.	Galactose	17-26	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	110-114
1598579-1	1992	Transcription of galactose-inducible genes in yeast is regulated by interaction between the activator protein GAL4 and the negative regulatory protein GAL80.	Galactose	17-26	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	151-156
1577827-10	1992	A recombinant carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of human SP-A inhibits the binding of human SP-A to galactosyl ceramide and to galactose- and mannose-bovine serum albumin, indicating that the CRD is directly involved in the binding of SP-A to these ligands.	Galactose	131-140	surfactant protein A1	Homo sapiens	96-100
1577827-10	1992	A recombinant carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of human SP-A inhibits the binding of human SP-A to galactosyl ceramide and to galactose- and mannose-bovine serum albumin, indicating that the CRD is directly involved in the binding of SP-A to these ligands.	Galactose	131-140	surfactant protein A1	Homo sapiens	96-100
1513336-5	1992	Therefore, changes in c-myc mRNA levels may provide an early indication of the stimulation of lens epithelial cells to proliferate and differentiate, which has been postulated to be an early and important event in response to lens cell injury by galactose.	Galactose	246-255	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	22-27
1513336-6	1992	By Northern blot hybridization analysis we quantitated c-myc mRNA levels in the lens capsule epithelia of rats (1) exposed to galactose, and (2) undergoing a partial recovery from the galactose-induced cell damage.	Galactose	126-135	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	55-60
1513336-6	1992	By Northern blot hybridization analysis we quantitated c-myc mRNA levels in the lens capsule epithelia of rats (1) exposed to galactose, and (2) undergoing a partial recovery from the galactose-induced cell damage.	Galactose	184-193	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	55-60
1588959-8	1992	The ability of ROX1 encoded by the galactose-inducible ROX1 construct to function in the absence of HAP1 indicates that the only role of HAP1 in repression of HEM13 is to activate ROX1 transcription.	Galactose	35-44	Rox1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	15-19
1513336-9	1992	The 24 h transitory elevation in c-myc mRNA in lens epithelial cells is in accord with our previous observations on the 24 h increase in MP26, gamma crystallin and aldose reductase mRNAs following a high influx of galactose.	Galactose	214-223	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	33-38
1588959-8	1992	The ability of ROX1 encoded by the galactose-inducible ROX1 construct to function in the absence of HAP1 indicates that the only role of HAP1 in repression of HEM13 is to activate ROX1 transcription.	Galactose	35-44	Rox1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	55-59
1513336-10	1992	Therefore, the elevation in c-myc mRNA as well suggest that galactose appears to cause lens cells to undergo an early transitory period of gene induction following the exposure of lens cells to galactose.	Galactose	60-69	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	28-33
1588959-8	1992	The ability of ROX1 encoded by the galactose-inducible ROX1 construct to function in the absence of HAP1 indicates that the only role of HAP1 in repression of HEM13 is to activate ROX1 transcription.	Galactose	35-44	Hap1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	137-141
1588959-8	1992	The ability of ROX1 encoded by the galactose-inducible ROX1 construct to function in the absence of HAP1 indicates that the only role of HAP1 in repression of HEM13 is to activate ROX1 transcription.	Galactose	35-44	coproporphyrinogen oxidase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	159-164
1513336-10	1992	Therefore, the elevation in c-myc mRNA as well suggest that galactose appears to cause lens cells to undergo an early transitory period of gene induction following the exposure of lens cells to galactose.	Galactose	194-203	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	28-33
1588959-8	1992	The ability of ROX1 encoded by the galactose-inducible ROX1 construct to function in the absence of HAP1 indicates that the only role of HAP1 in repression of HEM13 is to activate ROX1 transcription.	Galactose	35-44	Rox1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	55-59
1577709-1	1992	Cloning and characterization of the previously described Saccharomyces cerevisiae IMP1 gene, which was assumed to be a nuclear determinant involved in the nucleomitochondrial control of the utilization of galactose, demonstrate allelism to the GAL2 gene.	Galactose	205-214	endopeptidase catalytic subunit IMP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	82-86
1385581-0	1992	Involvement of lipocortin I in development of galactose-induced cataracts in rat.	Galactose	46-55	annexin A1	Rattus norvegicus	15-27
1577709-2	1992	Galactose metabolism does not necessarily involve the induction of the specific transport system coded by GAL2/IMP1, because a null mutant takes up galactose and grows on it.	Galactose	0-9	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	106-110
1577709-2	1992	Galactose metabolism does not necessarily involve the induction of the specific transport system coded by GAL2/IMP1, because a null mutant takes up galactose and grows on it.	Galactose	0-9	endopeptidase catalytic subunit IMP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	111-115
1577709-2	1992	Galactose metabolism does not necessarily involve the induction of the specific transport system coded by GAL2/IMP1, because a null mutant takes up galactose and grows on it.	Galactose	148-157	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	106-110
1577709-2	1992	Galactose metabolism does not necessarily involve the induction of the specific transport system coded by GAL2/IMP1, because a null mutant takes up galactose and grows on it.	Galactose	148-157	endopeptidase catalytic subunit IMP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	111-115
1577709-4	1992	These results can account for the inability of imp1/gal2 mutants to grow on galactose in a respiration-deficient background.	Galactose	76-85	endopeptidase catalytic subunit IMP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	47-51
1577709-4	1992	These results can account for the inability of imp1/gal2 mutants to grow on galactose in a respiration-deficient background.	Galactose	76-85	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	52-56
1555586-6	1992	The results demonstrate that human transferrin receptor from placenta predominantly carries diantennary and triantennary N-acetyllactosaminic glycans as well as hybrid-type species, the galactose residues of which being almost completely substituted with (alpha 2-3)-linked sialic acid residues.	Galactose	186-195	transferrin	Homo sapiens	35-46
1557130-1	1992	The GAL4 protein activates transcription of the genes required for galactose utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	67-76	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
1312106-6	1992	The experiments demonstrated that 1) human monocytes and dendritic cells, but not cells of the B lineage, bear galactose receptor; 2) galactose receptors are indeed involved because enhanced presentation is inhibited by galactose and acetylgalactosamine and competed for by other asialoglycoproteins; 3) galactose receptors mediate internalization of Ag in intracellular compartments that intersect the processing and presenting pathways, resulting in activation of specific T cells; 4) antigenicity of gp120 for specific T cells can be enhanced by the exposure of galactose residues.	Galactose	134-143	inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4	Homo sapiens	503-508
1569388-1	1992	The activity of alpha-galactosyltransferase in cultured rat pheochromocytoma subcloned (PC12h) cells was examined using Gb3 as the acceptor for the galactose from UDP-galactose.	Galactose	148-157	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Rattus norvegicus	120-123
1571789-0	1992	Reduced ciliary neuronotrophic factor-like activity in nerves from diabetic or galactose-fed rats.	Galactose	79-88	ciliary neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	8-37
1571789-1	1992	This study examined the levels of ciliary neuronotrophic factor (CNTF)-like activity in the sciatic nerve of rats with short-term streptozotocin-induced diabetes or dietary supplementation with 40% galactose.	Galactose	198-207	ciliary neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	34-63
1571789-1	1992	This study examined the levels of ciliary neuronotrophic factor (CNTF)-like activity in the sciatic nerve of rats with short-term streptozotocin-induced diabetes or dietary supplementation with 40% galactose.	Galactose	198-207	ciliary neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	65-69
1571789-2	1992	CNTF-like activity, found in nerve extracts by in vitro bioassay, was reduced to 20% of control values after 1 or 2 months of galactose feeding (both P less than 0.01) and to 70% of control values after two months of streptozotocin diabetes (P less than 0.01).	Galactose	126-135	ciliary neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
1544917-6	1992	Another strain containing a single, integrated copy of a GAL1/NMT1 fusion gene and a nmt1 null allele had 12-fold higher levels of NMT when grown on galactose-containing media.	Galactose	149-158	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	57-61
1544917-6	1992	Another strain containing a single, integrated copy of a GAL1/NMT1 fusion gene and a nmt1 null allele had 12-fold higher levels of NMT when grown on galactose-containing media.	Galactose	149-158	glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase NMT1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	85-89
1545817-1	1992	Human wild-type and mutant p53 genes were expressed under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	75-84	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	27-30
1547204-4	1992	Feeding kefir with beta-galactosidase activity resulted in a 30% enhancement of the mean post-prandial plasma galactose peak concentration from 33 (SEM 7) to 43 (SEM 12) mumol/l (n 10), as well as in 23% greater mean areas under the galactose-response curves (8.1 (SEM 1.5) v. 6.6 (SEM 1.2) mmol/min per l) if compared with kefir with heat-treated grains.	Galactose	110-119	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	19-37
1371281-4	1992	In the presence of UDP-[3H]galactose, galactosyltransferase catalyzed the labeling of cytokeratin 8 and 18. beta-Elimination of the [3H]galactose- labeled CK8/18 generated the disaccharide N-acetyllactosaminitol, indicating that cytokeratin 8 and 18 contain single O-linked N-acetylglucosamine residues.	Galactose	27-36	keratin 8	Homo sapiens	86-99
1371281-4	1992	In the presence of UDP-[3H]galactose, galactosyltransferase catalyzed the labeling of cytokeratin 8 and 18. beta-Elimination of the [3H]galactose- labeled CK8/18 generated the disaccharide N-acetyllactosaminitol, indicating that cytokeratin 8 and 18 contain single O-linked N-acetylglucosamine residues.	Galactose	27-36	keratin 8	Homo sapiens	155-158
1371281-4	1992	In the presence of UDP-[3H]galactose, galactosyltransferase catalyzed the labeling of cytokeratin 8 and 18. beta-Elimination of the [3H]galactose- labeled CK8/18 generated the disaccharide N-acetyllactosaminitol, indicating that cytokeratin 8 and 18 contain single O-linked N-acetylglucosamine residues.	Galactose	27-36	keratin 8	Homo sapiens	229-242
1732221-3	1992	We have obtained expression of beta-galactosidase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the galactose-inducible upstream activating sequence of the yeast genes GAL1 and GAL10.	Galactose	103-112	MFS transporter	Saccharolobus solfataricus	31-49
1732221-3	1992	We have obtained expression of beta-galactosidase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the galactose-inducible upstream activating sequence of the yeast genes GAL1 and GAL10.	Galactose	103-112	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	171-175
1732221-3	1992	We have obtained expression of beta-galactosidase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the galactose-inducible upstream activating sequence of the yeast genes GAL1 and GAL10.	Galactose	103-112	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	180-185
1552849-7	1992	We have found that UCP expressed in S. cerevisiae is targeted to mitochondria and that its expression induces a marked growth defect on non-fermentable carbon sources in a manner dependent on induction with galactose.	Galactose	207-216	uncoupling protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	19-22
1370485-4	1992	Evaluation of the mannose and galactose content of thyroglobulin demonstrates that intracellular thyroglobulin has more mannose and less galactose than extracellular thyroglobulin; it also shows that TSH decreases the mannose content of thyroglobulin while increasing its galactose content.	Galactose	30-39	thyroglobulin	Rattus norvegicus	51-64
1370485-4	1992	Evaluation of the mannose and galactose content of thyroglobulin demonstrates that intracellular thyroglobulin has more mannose and less galactose than extracellular thyroglobulin; it also shows that TSH decreases the mannose content of thyroglobulin while increasing its galactose content.	Galactose	30-39	thyroglobulin	Rattus norvegicus	97-110
1370485-4	1992	Evaluation of the mannose and galactose content of thyroglobulin demonstrates that intracellular thyroglobulin has more mannose and less galactose than extracellular thyroglobulin; it also shows that TSH decreases the mannose content of thyroglobulin while increasing its galactose content.	Galactose	30-39	thyroglobulin	Rattus norvegicus	97-110
1370485-4	1992	Evaluation of the mannose and galactose content of thyroglobulin demonstrates that intracellular thyroglobulin has more mannose and less galactose than extracellular thyroglobulin; it also shows that TSH decreases the mannose content of thyroglobulin while increasing its galactose content.	Galactose	30-39	thyroglobulin	Rattus norvegicus	97-110
1370485-4	1992	Evaluation of the mannose and galactose content of thyroglobulin demonstrates that intracellular thyroglobulin has more mannose and less galactose than extracellular thyroglobulin; it also shows that TSH decreases the mannose content of thyroglobulin while increasing its galactose content.	Galactose	137-146	thyroglobulin	Rattus norvegicus	97-110
1370485-4	1992	Evaluation of the mannose and galactose content of thyroglobulin demonstrates that intracellular thyroglobulin has more mannose and less galactose than extracellular thyroglobulin; it also shows that TSH decreases the mannose content of thyroglobulin while increasing its galactose content.	Galactose	137-146	thyroglobulin	Rattus norvegicus	97-110
1370485-4	1992	Evaluation of the mannose and galactose content of thyroglobulin demonstrates that intracellular thyroglobulin has more mannose and less galactose than extracellular thyroglobulin; it also shows that TSH decreases the mannose content of thyroglobulin while increasing its galactose content.	Galactose	137-146	thyroglobulin	Rattus norvegicus	97-110
1370485-4	1992	Evaluation of the mannose and galactose content of thyroglobulin demonstrates that intracellular thyroglobulin has more mannose and less galactose than extracellular thyroglobulin; it also shows that TSH decreases the mannose content of thyroglobulin while increasing its galactose content.	Galactose	137-146	thyroglobulin	Rattus norvegicus	97-110
1370485-4	1992	Evaluation of the mannose and galactose content of thyroglobulin demonstrates that intracellular thyroglobulin has more mannose and less galactose than extracellular thyroglobulin; it also shows that TSH decreases the mannose content of thyroglobulin while increasing its galactose content.	Galactose	137-146	thyroglobulin	Rattus norvegicus	97-110
1370485-4	1992	Evaluation of the mannose and galactose content of thyroglobulin demonstrates that intracellular thyroglobulin has more mannose and less galactose than extracellular thyroglobulin; it also shows that TSH decreases the mannose content of thyroglobulin while increasing its galactose content.	Galactose	137-146	thyroglobulin	Rattus norvegicus	97-110
1310320-5	1992	Most Neu5Ac on human erythrocytes is linked to galactose by alpha 2-3 and alpha 2-6 linkages on glycophorin A.	Galactose	47-56	glycophorin A (MNS blood group)	Homo sapiens	96-109
1561839-0	1992	IMP2, a nuclear gene controlling the mitochondrial dependence of galactose, maltose and raffinose utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	65-74	endopeptidase catalytic subunit	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
1561839-1	1992	The IMP2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is involved in the nucleo-mitochondrial control of maltose, galactose and raffinose utilization as shown by the inability of imp2 mutants to grow on these carbon sources in respiratory-deficient conditions or in the presence of ethidium bromide and erythromycin.	Galactose	102-111	endopeptidase catalytic subunit	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
1739742-7	1992	A large repertoire of structural variations of the arthro-series GSL is created by two types of derivatisations of the neutral carbohydrate core: addition of a zwitterionic 2-aminoethylphosphate group in phosphodiester linkage to the 6-position of the III-N-acetylglucosamine of the arthrotriaosylceramide core and/or substitution of a terminal galactose in 3-position by a glucuronic acid residue.	Galactose	345-354	cathepsin A	Homo sapiens	65-68
1343745-5	1992	Additionally, it has been demonstrated that a trypomastigote stage-specific 85kDa surface glycoprotein (Gp85) has terminal galactosyl(alpha 1-3)galactose terminal residues, which are reactive with chronic chagasic sera.	Galactose	144-153	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	134-143
1343745-8	1992	They also do against terminal galactosyl(alpha 1-3)galactose residues present on several acid and neutral glycolipids common either to nervous system or parasite.	Galactose	51-60	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	41-50
1547204-4	1992	Feeding kefir with beta-galactosidase activity resulted in a 30% enhancement of the mean post-prandial plasma galactose peak concentration from 33 (SEM 7) to 43 (SEM 12) mumol/l (n 10), as well as in 23% greater mean areas under the galactose-response curves (8.1 (SEM 1.5) v. 6.6 (SEM 1.2) mmol/min per l) if compared with kefir with heat-treated grains.	Galactose	233-242	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	19-37
1372543-0	1992	Antibodies against terminal galactosyl (alpha 1-3) galactose epitopes in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).	Galactose	51-60	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	40-49
1372543-1	1992	Sera from 224 patients with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) were analyzed for circulating antibodies against an antigenic determinant characterized by two molecules of galactose in alpha 1-3 linkage.	Galactose	169-178	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	182-191
1761554-6	1991	The TRG1 gene was placed under the control of the galactose-inducible and glucose-repressible GAL1 promoter, leading to growth arrest in glucose media.	Galactose	50-59	protein disulfide isomerase PDI1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
1472868-3	1992	We prepared yeast strains containing an IRF-1 expression plasmid under the control of the galactose-inducible Gal1 promoter and a reporter plasmid with either (GAAAGT)4, VRE beta", or other test sequences placed upstream of a minimal promoter linked to the beta-galactosidase coding sequence.	Galactose	90-99	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	110-114
1722397-4	1991	The GLUT2 mRNA levels changed in parallel with the D-galactose transport activity, being increased about 4-fold in 5-day STZ rats.	Galactose	51-62	solute carrier family 2 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	4-9
1576204-3	1992	However, additional removal of beta-(1-4)-bound galactose led to significantly reduced binding to all of the substrates, including fibronectin and laminin.	Galactose	48-57	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	31-40
1576204-3	1992	However, additional removal of beta-(1-4)-bound galactose led to significantly reduced binding to all of the substrates, including fibronectin and laminin.	Galactose	48-57	fibronectin 1	Homo sapiens	131-142
1310523-5	1992	In hap2, hap3 and hap4 null mutants, the specific activities of LPDH in cultures grown on galactose and raffinose showed only slight induction above the basal level on glucose medium.	Galactose	90-99	transcription activator HAP2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	3-7
1310523-5	1992	In hap2, hap3 and hap4 null mutants, the specific activities of LPDH in cultures grown on galactose and raffinose showed only slight induction above the basal level on glucose medium.	Galactose	90-99	Hap3p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	9-13
1310523-5	1992	In hap2, hap3 and hap4 null mutants, the specific activities of LPDH in cultures grown on galactose and raffinose showed only slight induction above the basal level on glucose medium.	Galactose	90-99	transcription factor HAP4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	18-22
1761572-8	1991	Treatment of arterial lumican with endo-beta-galactosidase released 8-9 mol of glucosamine and galactose per mol of protein as oligosaccharides.	Galactose	95-104	galactosidase beta 1	Bos taurus	40-58
1660456-5	1991	Intracellular Ap4A increased 3- to 20-fold during growth on galactose of a transformant with APA1 under the control of the GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	60-69	bifunctional AP-4-A phosphorylase/ADP sulfurylase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	93-97
1667758-4	1991	After galactose induction, the transformed cells expressed a functional hPBR which displayed a Kd for the specific peripheral-type ligand [3H]PK11195 of 9.9 +/- 1.3 nM and a maximal binding capacity of 249,300 +/- 50,400 sites/cell.	Galactose	6-15	translocator protein	Homo sapiens	72-76
1721011-2	1991	The reaction with this alpha-digalactose was further confirmed when the sera were tested in radioimmunoassay (RIA) binding assay and in ELISA with synthetic galactose alpha 1-3 galactose coupled to human serum albumin.	Galactose	31-40	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	167-176
1721011-2	1991	The reaction with this alpha-digalactose was further confirmed when the sera were tested in radioimmunoassay (RIA) binding assay and in ELISA with synthetic galactose alpha 1-3 galactose coupled to human serum albumin.	Galactose	157-166	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	167-176
1748686-11	1991	In contrast, non-O-glycosylated glycophorin A (approximately 19-kDa monomers) was poorly expressed on the surface of ldlD cells cultured in the absence of both galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine.	Galactose	160-169	glycophorin A (MNS blood group)	Homo sapiens	32-45
1718599-2	1991	Ricin intoxicates cells by binding through its B-chain to galactose-terminated oligosaccharides found on the surface of all eukaryotic cells and then transferring its A-chain to the cytosol where it disrupts protein synthesis by inactivating ribosomes.	Galactose	58-67	ricin	Ricinus communis	0-5
1718599-4	1991	Blocking the two galactose-binding sites of native ricin by chemical modification with affinity ligands created an altered toxin, called blocked ricin, that has at least a 3500-fold lower binding affinity and is more than 1000-fold less cytotoxic than native ricin for Namalwa cells (a Burkitt"s lymphoma line) but that has maintained the translocation function of the B-chain and the catalytic activity of the A-chain.	Galactose	17-26	ricin	Ricinus communis	51-56
1718599-4	1991	Blocking the two galactose-binding sites of native ricin by chemical modification with affinity ligands created an altered toxin, called blocked ricin, that has at least a 3500-fold lower binding affinity and is more than 1000-fold less cytotoxic than native ricin for Namalwa cells (a Burkitt"s lymphoma line) but that has maintained the translocation function of the B-chain and the catalytic activity of the A-chain.	Galactose	17-26	ricin	Ricinus communis	145-150
1718599-4	1991	Blocking the two galactose-binding sites of native ricin by chemical modification with affinity ligands created an altered toxin, called blocked ricin, that has at least a 3500-fold lower binding affinity and is more than 1000-fold less cytotoxic than native ricin for Namalwa cells (a Burkitt"s lymphoma line) but that has maintained the translocation function of the B-chain and the catalytic activity of the A-chain.	Galactose	17-26	ricin	Ricinus communis	145-150
1743265-0	1991	In utero and milk-mediated effect of aldose reductase inhibitor on galactose cataracts.	Galactose	67-76	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	37-53
1764166-0	1991	Synthesis and biological activity of galactopyranoside derivatives of 4"-demethylepipodophyllotoxin showing VP-16 (etoposide)-like activity.	Galactose	37-54	host cell factor C1	Homo sapiens	108-113
1743265-3	1991	This investigation was designed to investigate if an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) has any cross-placental effect in preventing galactose-induced cataracts in fetuses.	Galactose	131-140	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	53-69
1915298-6	1991	A disruption of MIG1 interacts synergistically with a disruption of GAL80, a gene involved in galactose induction.	Galactose	94-103	transcription factor MIG1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	16-20
1745225-5	1991	We have found that in imp1 strains, transcriptional induction of the galactose inducible genes (GAL1, 2, 7 + 10, MEL1) is normal, but galactose transport is reduced in both rho+ and rho0 cells.	Galactose	69-78	endopeptidase catalytic subunit IMP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	22-26
1915298-6	1991	A disruption of MIG1 interacts synergistically with a disruption of GAL80, a gene involved in galactose induction.	Galactose	94-103	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	68-73
1745225-5	1991	We have found that in imp1 strains, transcriptional induction of the galactose inducible genes (GAL1, 2, 7 + 10, MEL1) is normal, but galactose transport is reduced in both rho+ and rho0 cells.	Galactose	69-78	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	96-111
1745225-5	1991	We have found that in imp1 strains, transcriptional induction of the galactose inducible genes (GAL1, 2, 7 + 10, MEL1) is normal, but galactose transport is reduced in both rho+ and rho0 cells.	Galactose	134-143	endopeptidase catalytic subunit IMP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	22-26
1745225-7	1991	Although the growth phenotypes of gal2 and imp1 mutants are distinct, we found that the transformation of imp1 rho0 strains with a plasmid containing the GAL2 gene allows these strains to grow on galactose.	Galactose	196-205	endopeptidase catalytic subunit IMP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	106-110
1745225-7	1991	Although the growth phenotypes of gal2 and imp1 mutants are distinct, we found that the transformation of imp1 rho0 strains with a plasmid containing the GAL2 gene allows these strains to grow on galactose.	Galactose	196-205	galactose permease GAL2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	154-158
1930143-11	1991	Biosynthesis of the mucin oligomers was studied by labelling of stomach explants in vitro with [35S]methionine, [3H]galactose or [35S]sulphate and subsequent immunoprecipitation of the mucin with a specific antiserum.	Galactose	116-125	solute carrier family 13 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	20-25
1922058-1	1991	We have analyzed a GAL1 mutant (gal1-r strain) of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis which lacks the induction of beta-galactosidase and the enzymes of the Leloir pathway in the presence of galactose.	Galactose	186-195	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	19-23
1922058-1	1991	We have analyzed a GAL1 mutant (gal1-r strain) of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis which lacks the induction of beta-galactosidase and the enzymes of the Leloir pathway in the presence of galactose.	Galactose	186-195	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-36
1932115-1	1991	The beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (GT; EC 2.4.1.90) is localized in the trans-cisternae of the Golgi apparatus where it catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to the N-acetylglucosamine residue of secretory and membrane-bound glycoproteins.	Galactose	147-156	UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	4-34
1932125-3	1991	Galactose-regulated expression of a full length bovine eIF-2 alpha cDNA in yeast resulted in the synthesis of a polypeptide of the predicted molecular mass (36 kDa).	Galactose	0-9	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A	Bos taurus	55-66
1663364-8	1991	The binding of SSA-M to sialidase-treated porcine mucin was inhibited strongly by GalNAc and disaccharides containing galactose (lactose, melibiose, and N-acetyllactosamine) but not by free galactose (Gal), suggesting that the glycan for optimum binding is Gal beta(1-3)GalNAc.	Galactose	118-127	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	50-55
1663364-8	1991	The binding of SSA-M to sialidase-treated porcine mucin was inhibited strongly by GalNAc and disaccharides containing galactose (lactose, melibiose, and N-acetyllactosamine) but not by free galactose (Gal), suggesting that the glycan for optimum binding is Gal beta(1-3)GalNAc.	Galactose	190-199	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	50-55
1889400-10	1991	The hex2 mutation was shown to be allelic to reg1, which releases galactose pathway enzymes from glucose repression [Matsumoto, K., Yoshimatsu, T. &amp; Oshima, Y.	Galactose	66-75	protein phosphatase regulator REG1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
1663364-8	1991	The binding of SSA-M to sialidase-treated porcine mucin was inhibited strongly by GalNAc and disaccharides containing galactose (lactose, melibiose, and N-acetyllactosamine) but not by free galactose (Gal), suggesting that the glycan for optimum binding is Gal beta(1-3)GalNAc.	Galactose	82-85	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	50-55
1717838-6	1991	The galactose-associated epitopes of the IgG model IC were accessible for binding with RC1.	Galactose	4-13	chromobox 8	Homo sapiens	87-90
1717838-9	1991	The galactose-containing epitopes of monomeric IgG were also able to interact with RC1 but the kinetics of the interaction was much slower.	Galactose	4-13	chromobox 8	Homo sapiens	83-86
1717838-10	1991	We suggest than an increase in the density of the epitopes on the surface of the model IC, by close attachment of the IgG molecules, mainly determines the ability of galactose-containing epitopes to be recognized by RC1.	Galactose	166-175	chromobox 8	Homo sapiens	216-219
1936188-0	1991	Transient hyperglycosylation of rhodopsin with galactose.	Galactose	47-56	rhodopsin	Rattus norvegicus	32-41
1936188-3	1991	Treatment of bovine rod outer segments (ROS) with galactose oxidase followed by reduction with tritium-labeled sodium borohydride revealed the presence of existing molecules of galactose on rhodopsin.	Galactose	50-59	rhodopsin	Bos taurus	190-199
1936188-6	1991	During the first 6 hr, galactose selectively labeled rhodopsin in the Golgi-enriched fraction resulting in increased [3H]/[14C] ratios in both Golgi and ROS.	Galactose	23-32	rhodopsin	Rattus norvegicus	53-62
1936188-9	1991	Additional in vivo experiments demonstrated existing molecules of galactose on rhodopsin"s oligosaccharide chain using lectin affinity chromatography.	Galactose	66-75	rhodopsin	Rattus norvegicus	79-88
1936188-14	1991	Galactose was shown to be the terminal sugar on this subset of rhodopsin and was not capped by neuraminic acid.	Galactose	0-9	rhodopsin	Rattus norvegicus	63-72
1936188-18	1991	The association of galactose with rat rhodopsin appeared to be a transient one.	Galactose	19-28	rhodopsin	Rattus norvegicus	38-47
1936188-19	1991	At 2 hr, 8-9% of rhodopsin contained galactose, at 6 hr only 2.2% had galactose and by 24 hr less than 1% did.	Galactose	37-46	rhodopsin	Rattus norvegicus	17-26
1936188-20	1991	The galactose was trimmed from rhodopsin"s oligosaccharide presumably after its role was complete.	Galactose	4-13	rhodopsin	Rattus norvegicus	31-40
1936188-21	1991	Separation of rhodopsin of the plasma membranes from rhodopsin of discs indicated that 75% of the galactose-containing rhodopsin was in the plasma membrane and only 25% was in the discs.	Galactose	98-107	rhodopsin	Rattus norvegicus	14-23
1889400-10	1991	The hex2 mutation was shown to be allelic to reg1, which releases galactose pathway enzymes from glucose repression [Matsumoto, K., Yoshimatsu, T. &amp; Oshima, Y.	Galactose	66-75	protein phosphatase regulator REG1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	45-49
1874495-7	1991	Cox regression analysis selected only bilirubin and galactose elimination capacity, however, as independent predictors of death.	Galactose	52-61	cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8A	Homo sapiens	0-3
1872812-5	1991	Highly purified exoglycosidases with well-defined specificities were used to prepare five derivatives of galactoglycoprotein in which sequential residues of N-acetylneuraminic acid, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, a second galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine were removed with 83% of the total carbohydrate cleaved.	Galactose	223-232	sialophorin	Homo sapiens	105-124
1880427-3	1991	The IgA1 which bound to the jacalin was eluted with 0.8 M D-galactose.	Galactose	58-69	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	4-8
1872812-5	1991	Highly purified exoglycosidases with well-defined specificities were used to prepare five derivatives of galactoglycoprotein in which sequential residues of N-acetylneuraminic acid, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, a second galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine were removed with 83% of the total carbohydrate cleaved.	Galactose	182-191	sialophorin	Homo sapiens	105-124
1859838-2	1991	The cDNA encoding the prophospholipase A2 was expressed under the control of the galactose inducible GAL7 promotor, and secretion was directed by the secretion signals of yeast invertase.	Galactose	81-90	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	101-105
1959220-1	1991	Galactose is normally metabolized to glucose through the coordinated activities of three enzymes: galactokinase, galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT), and uridine diphospho-glucose 4-epimerase (epimerase).	Galactose	0-9	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	98-111
1959220-1	1991	Galactose is normally metabolized to glucose through the coordinated activities of three enzymes: galactokinase, galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT), and uridine diphospho-glucose 4-epimerase (epimerase).	Galactose	0-9	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	113-153
1959220-1	1991	Galactose is normally metabolized to glucose through the coordinated activities of three enzymes: galactokinase, galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT), and uridine diphospho-glucose 4-epimerase (epimerase).	Galactose	0-9	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	155-159
1959220-3	1991	Hereditary deficiencies of galactokinase and of GALT and perhaps rarely of epimerase cause clinical disorders that can be prevented by early recognition and institution of a galactose-free diet.	Galactose	174-183	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	48-52
2060023-3	1991	We examined the ability of the monosaccharides fucose (Fuc), galactose (Gal), glucose (Glc), and mannose (Man) to reverse SSF-mediated suppression of NK activity.	Galactose	61-70	peter pan homolog	Homo sapiens	122-125
2060023-3	1991	We examined the ability of the monosaccharides fucose (Fuc), galactose (Gal), glucose (Glc), and mannose (Man) to reverse SSF-mediated suppression of NK activity.	Galactose	72-75	peter pan homolog	Homo sapiens	122-125
1856231-11	1991	The nuclease was induced in crude extracts upon induction with galactose, it co-purified with the strand exchange activity of Sep1, and the nuclease and strand exchange activities of Sep1 showed the same kinetics of heat inactivation.	Galactose	63-72	chromatin-binding exonuclease XRN1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	126-130
1856231-11	1991	The nuclease was induced in crude extracts upon induction with galactose, it co-purified with the strand exchange activity of Sep1, and the nuclease and strand exchange activities of Sep1 showed the same kinetics of heat inactivation.	Galactose	63-72	chromatin-binding exonuclease XRN1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	183-187
2061283-9	1991	The transcriptional level of MRP-L33 in strains with different mitochondrial genetic backgrounds was analyzed in the presence of glucose, galactose, or glycerol.	Galactose	138-147	mitochondrial 54S ribosomal protein YmL33	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	29-36
1859370-5	1991	However, analyses of [3H]galactose-labelled mucin from both species on gel filtration revealed that both gastric mucins were exclusively synthesized as oligomers.	Galactose	25-34	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	44-49
1907200-6	1991	Aldose reductase had activity for aldo-sugars such as D-xylose, D-glucose and D-galactose as substrates and utilized both NADPH and NADH as coenzymes.	Galactose	78-89	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	0-16
1907492-6	1991	Galactose stimulation of alpha-glucosidase and microvillus length expression was, however, fully maintained in mice fed the G + E diet.	Galactose	0-9	sucrase isomaltase (alpha-glucosidase)	Mus musculus	25-42
1646126-1	1991	The function of the SRH1 product, the yeast homologue of the 54 kDa subunit of the mammalian signal recognition particle, has been analyzed using a galactose dependent mutant of the gene.	Galactose	148-157	RNA-binding signal recognition particle subunit SRP54	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	20-24
1647210-3	1991	The strain transformed with pIND25-2 produced high levels of CDC25 specific mRNA, induced by galactose.	Galactose	93-102	Ras family guanine nucleotide exchange factor CDC25	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	61-66
1647210-5	1991	Instead the yeast cells transformed with pIND25-1, that overexpress the 3" terminal part of CDC25 gene, grow very slowly in galactose medium, while they grow normally in glucose medium.	Galactose	124-133	Ras family guanine nucleotide exchange factor CDC25	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	92-97
1647210-9	1991	A ras2-ts1, ras1::URA3 strain, transformed with pIND25-1 plasmid, was able to grow in galactose at 36 degrees C. These results suggest that the carboxy-terminal domain of the CDC25 protein could stimulate an highly unregulated GTPase activity in yeast cells by interacting not only with RAS gene products but also with some other yeast G-proteins.	Galactose	86-95	Ras family GTPase RAS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	2-6
1647210-9	1991	A ras2-ts1, ras1::URA3 strain, transformed with pIND25-1 plasmid, was able to grow in galactose at 36 degrees C. These results suggest that the carboxy-terminal domain of the CDC25 protein could stimulate an highly unregulated GTPase activity in yeast cells by interacting not only with RAS gene products but also with some other yeast G-proteins.	Galactose	86-95	Ras family GTPase RAS1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	12-16
1647210-9	1991	A ras2-ts1, ras1::URA3 strain, transformed with pIND25-1 plasmid, was able to grow in galactose at 36 degrees C. These results suggest that the carboxy-terminal domain of the CDC25 protein could stimulate an highly unregulated GTPase activity in yeast cells by interacting not only with RAS gene products but also with some other yeast G-proteins.	Galactose	86-95	Ras family guanine nucleotide exchange factor CDC25	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	175-180
1717661-3	1991	Daily administration of the aldose reductase inhibitor ponalrestat throughout the study to another group of galactose-fed rats prevented dulcitol accumulation, myo-inositol depletion and increased water content of the sciatic nerve seen in galactose-fed rats.	Galactose	108-117	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	28-44
1657387-9	1991	It was concluded that the D-galactose-specific macrophage receptor binds to terminal D-galactose-related units of immobilized pFn and participates in recognition of fibronectin-opsonized particles.	Galactose	26-37	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	165-176
2071013-0	1991	The mechanism of inducer formation in gal3 mutants of the yeast galactose system is independent of normal galactose metabolism and mitochondrial respiratory function.	Galactose	64-73	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	38-42
2071013-0	1991	The mechanism of inducer formation in gal3 mutants of the yeast galactose system is independent of normal galactose metabolism and mitochondrial respiratory function.	Galactose	106-115	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	38-42
2071013-2	1991	The gal3 mutation in an otherwise normal cell causes a 2-5-day delay in the galactose triggered induction of GAL/MEL gene transcription.	Galactose	76-85	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-8
2036379-6	1991	In addition, both D-galactose and D-mannose are transported by GLUTs 1-3 at significant rates; furthermore, GLUT 2 is capable of transporting D-fructose.	Galactose	18-29	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Homo sapiens	63-72
2036379-6	1991	In addition, both D-galactose and D-mannose are transported by GLUTs 1-3 at significant rates; furthermore, GLUT 2 is capable of transporting D-fructose.	Galactose	18-29	solute carrier family 2 member 2	Homo sapiens	108-114
2025647-4	1991	Measurements of the specific mRNA levels showed a strong stimulation of MET2 gene transcription in yeast transformants grown on galactose as carbon source, corresponding to 50-100-fold the repressed conditions, while only a 2-fold increase of the enzymatic activity was observed.	Galactose	128-137	homoserine O-acetyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	72-76
2016312-6	1991	To define the functional domain of the molecule required for cell proliferation, we constructed plasmids expressing a series of N- and C-terminal halves of the CaM under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	189-198	calmodulin	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	160-163
1865178-0	1991	Catabolite repression by galactose in overexpressed GAL4 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	25-34	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	52-56
1865178-5	1991	Galactose repression was observed only in the GAL4 but not in the gal4 strain.	Galactose	0-9	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	46-50
1865178-5	1991	Galactose repression was observed only in the GAL4 but not in the gal4 strain.	Galactose	0-9	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	66-70
1865178-6	1991	The presence of multiple copies of the GAL4 gene enhanced the repression by galactose.	Galactose	76-85	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	39-43
1956282-9	1991	These mutants had a galE phenotype, as evidenced by galactose sensitivity, altered LPS when grown in the absence of exogenous galactose, and reduced virulence in infant rats.	Galactose	52-61	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	20-24
2016312-6	1991	To define the functional domain of the molecule required for cell proliferation, we constructed plasmids expressing a series of N- and C-terminal halves of the CaM under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	189-198	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	209-213
2005089-1	1991	One proposed function of the asialoglycoprotein receptor in hepatocytes is to mediate the endocytosis of galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine-exposing glycoproteins.	Galactose	105-114	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	29-56
2007589-10	1991	When the pssC cDNA was placed downstream of the yeast GAL1 promoter and introduced into yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activity increased in a galactose-dependent manner.	Galactose	187-196	phosphatidylserine decarboxylase proenzyme, mitochondrial	Cricetulus griseus	9-13
2007589-10	1991	When the pssC cDNA was placed downstream of the yeast GAL1 promoter and introduced into yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activity increased in a galactose-dependent manner.	Galactose	187-196	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	54-58
2007589-10	1991	When the pssC cDNA was placed downstream of the yeast GAL1 promoter and introduced into yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activity increased in a galactose-dependent manner.	Galactose	187-196	phosphatidylserine decarboxylase proenzyme, mitochondrial	Cricetulus griseus	130-162
1657434-1	1991	Insulin action is thought to be mediated by an inositol-, glucosamine- and galactose-containing oligosaccharide liberated by phosphodiesterase hydrolysis of a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol.	Galactose	75-84	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
1707863-10	1991	By 20 days of feeding of galactose, at the age of 48 days, gamma-crystallin mRNA diminished to about 9% of the control levels, alpha A-crystallin mRNA to 49%, alpha B-crystallin mRNA to 55%, and beta B1-crystallin mRNA to 65%.	Galactose	25-34	crystallin, alpha B	Rattus norvegicus	159-177
1707863-10	1991	By 20 days of feeding of galactose, at the age of 48 days, gamma-crystallin mRNA diminished to about 9% of the control levels, alpha A-crystallin mRNA to 49%, alpha B-crystallin mRNA to 55%, and beta B1-crystallin mRNA to 65%.	Galactose	25-34	crystallin, beta B1	Rattus norvegicus	195-213
1848243-3	1991	Nevertheless, superimpositioning of the well-refined high resolution structures of ABP in complex with D-galactose and the GGBP in complex with D-glucose shows very similar structures; 220 of the residues (or about 70%) have a root mean square deviation of 2.0 A.	Galactose	103-114	sex hormone binding globulin	Homo sapiens	83-86
1706663-4	1991	Since almost all [3H]galactose incorporated into the AsAg-Tf was released by digestion with streptococcal beta-galactosidase, most of the linkage created by this enzyme was in the Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc group.	Galactose	21-30	galactosidase, beta 1	Mus musculus	106-124
1706663-6	1991	Alpha-Lactalbumin also partially inhibited the galactose transfer to AsAg-Tf.	Galactose	47-56	lactalbumin, alpha	Mus musculus	0-17
2018497-1	1991	The yeast GAL4 protein, a transcriptional activator of genes involved in galactose metabolism, binds as a dimer to several closely related seventeen base pair upstream activation sequences (UASGs) that are nearly symmetric about a central dT-dA base pair.	Galactose	73-82	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	10-14
1848243-6	1991	Surprisingly, however, the exact mode of binding of the D-galactose in ABP is totally different from that of the D-glucose in GGBP.	Galactose	56-67	sex hormone binding globulin	Homo sapiens	71-74
1846667-8	1991	Expression of the ERG8 gene in S. cerevisiae from the galactose-inducible galactokinase (GAL1) promoter resulted in 1,000-fold-elevated levels of phosphomevalonate kinase enzyme activity.	Galactose	54-63	phosphomevalonate kinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	18-22
1998953-12	1991	In investigations of possible systemic application of galactose-antibody conjugates, we found that injection of large amounts of an inhibitor that binds competitively to the hepatic receptor, asialo-bovine submaxillary mucin, can block clearance of galactose-conjugated antibodies for 2-3 days.	Galactose	54-63	mucin 1, cell surface associated	Bos taurus	219-224
1998953-12	1991	In investigations of possible systemic application of galactose-antibody conjugates, we found that injection of large amounts of an inhibitor that binds competitively to the hepatic receptor, asialo-bovine submaxillary mucin, can block clearance of galactose-conjugated antibodies for 2-3 days.	Galactose	249-258	mucin 1, cell surface associated	Bos taurus	219-224
2006918-6	1991	Immobilised proteinase could be rapidly separated from the cleavage products and the released, active phosphatase was purified away from the CRD by re-chromatography on galactose-Sepharose.	Galactose	169-178	endogenous retrovirus group K member 10	Homo sapiens	12-22
2017142-8	1991	In rho+ cells, the transcription of the YMR26 gene was more repressed in a medium with glucose than in the presence of either galactose or nonfermentable carbon sources.	Galactose	126-135	mitochondrial 54S ribosomal protein YmL25	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	40-45
1846667-8	1991	Expression of the ERG8 gene in S. cerevisiae from the galactose-inducible galactokinase (GAL1) promoter resulted in 1,000-fold-elevated levels of phosphomevalonate kinase enzyme activity.	Galactose	54-63	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	89-93
1846367-1	1991	The gene encoding the rat Kupffer cell receptor for fucose and galactose (Lehrman, M. A., and Hill, R. L. (1986) J. Biol.	Galactose	63-72	C-type lectin domain family 4, member F	Rattus norvegicus	26-47
1846969-4	1991	Fusion of the Ty1-H3mHIS3AI element to the inducible GAL1 promoter resulted in a high frequency of histidine prototrophs upon galactose induction.	Galactose	126-135	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	53-57
1899391-7	1991	Using ricin-resistant MDCK cells the role of the terminal galactose and sialic acid residues in the sorting of the gp 80 complex was analysed.	Galactose	58-67	clusterin	Canis lupus familiaris	115-120
1897740-3	1991	Results also indicate that in adult tissues lectins participate in cell recognition and adhesion, and that several galactose-binding lectins function as receptors for laminin and, in principle could also interact with polylactosamine groups of other extracellular matrix glycoproteins.	Galactose	115-124	laminin, beta 2 (laminin S)	Gallus gallus	167-174
1985957-1	1991	Transcription of the GAL genes encoding the enzymes responsible for galactose metabolism in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated through an interplay of two regulatory proteins, GAL4 and GAL80.	Galactose	68-77	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	189-193
1985957-1	1991	Transcription of the GAL genes encoding the enzymes responsible for galactose metabolism in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated through an interplay of two regulatory proteins, GAL4 and GAL80.	Galactose	68-77	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	198-203
1985957-2	1991	GAL4 binds to upstream activating sequences of GAL (UASG) and activates their transcription in yeast growing in the presence of galactose.	Galactose	128-137	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
1985957-3	1991	GAL80 binds to GAL4 and inhibits the activation function of GAL4 in yeast growing without galactose.	Galactose	90-99	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
1907924-6	1991	The accumulation of galactitol, intracellular vacuole formation and loss of myoinositol observed in D-galactose-exposed cells were prevented by the inclusion of the aldose reductase inhibitor, sorbinil, in the culture medium.	Galactose	100-111	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	165-181
1769200-5	1991	Numerous linkages (alpha 1-2, alpha 1-3, alpha 1-4, alpha 1-6), primarily to galactose and N-acetylglucosamine, can be hydrolyzed but preference is often seen for small mol.	Galactose	77-86	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	19-61
1769200-6	1991	wt water-soluble substrates with fucose in alpha 1-2 linkage to galactose.	Galactose	64-73	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	43-50
1806363-2	1991	This fraction was distinct from those stimulating the hydrolysis of galactose from GM1 ganglioside by beta-galactosidase and the hydrolysis of N-acetylgalactosamine from GM2 ganglioside by hexosaminidase A.	Galactose	68-77	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	102-120
1901806-7	1991	The Km values of aldose reductase for D-glucose, D-galactose and D-xylose were 57, 49 and 6.2 mM, respectively.	Galactose	49-60	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	17-33
2015965-5	1991	Increased fibronectin and collagen IV mRNA levels resulted from increased gene transcription (median 183 and 236% of control, respectively) without evidence of translational regulation, were not triggered by hypertonicity or signals originating from the matrix, and were also induced by hexoses with limited (D-galactose) or no (L-glucose) access to metabolic pathways but capable of inducing nonenzymatic glycosylation.	Galactose	309-320	fibronectin 1	Homo sapiens	10-21
20732051-4	1991	Increasing the concentration of all amino acids, galactose and pyruvate (medium IV) resulted in higher levels of cytochrome P-450, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylation and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation which, after 8 days in culture, were at 33, 49 and 43% of day 0 values, respectively.	Galactose	49-58	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily g, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	113-129
1770672-0	1991	Inhibition in rat of development of in utero galactose-induced cataract by an aldose reductase inhibitor--a light microscopic study.	Galactose	45-54	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	78-94
1992438-2	1991	Both proto-oncogene products were expressed under the control of the galactose inducible GAL10 promoter.	Galactose	69-78	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	89-94
1802735-0	1991	Postprandial blood concentrations of insulin-independent carbohydrate, galactose, in oral test after gastric surgery.	Galactose	71-80	insulin	Homo sapiens	37-44
1367384-10	1991	Sulphate groups are present on some of the arabinose units at C-2 and on some of the galactose units at C-2 and C-3.	Galactose	85-94	complement C2	Homo sapiens	104-115
2176946-2	1990	Quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry was used to examine the regulation of aldose reductase messenger RNA in the rat lens after the induction of diabetes mellitus or after feeding a 50% (w/w) galactose diet.	Galactose	205-214	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	88-104
2123489-6	1990	Resistance to beta-galactosidase was acquired upon reculture at 37 degrees C due to further terminal glycosylation of the galactose residues.	Galactose	122-131	galactosidase, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	14-32
2123489-7	1990	Treatment of N-linked oligosaccharides isolated from recultured cells with a variety of glycosidases in conjunction with beta-galactosidase demonstrated the addition of sialic acid N-acetylglucosamine and fucose residues to the galactose residues in recultured cells.	Galactose	228-237	galactosidase, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	121-139
2096731-5	1990	Indeed, when Jacalin lectin is used in conjunction with a malate dehydrogenase-galactose conjugate, selective measurement of human IgA (immunoglobulin A) at microgram per milliliter levels in less than 10 min is possible.	Galactose	79-88	CD79a molecule	Homo sapiens	136-152
2249984-8	1990	The purified r epsilon BP exhibits binding activity to various saccharides, with affinity for N-acetyllactosamine greater than thiodigalactoside greater than lactose much greater than D-galactose greater than L-arabinose, an order identical to that exhibited by native epsilon BP isolated from RBL cells.	Galactose	184-195	galectin 3	Rattus norvegicus	15-25
2176946-4	1990	Although increased staining for aldose reductase in the lens epithelium has previously been observed by immunohistochemistry after 3 weeks of diabetes or after 7 days of galactose feeding, we have not been able to detect any increase in the amount of aldose reductase messenger RNA in these cells as compared with controls (113 +/- 7%, 105 +/- 9%, 100 +/- 7%, respectively) at these time points (P greater than 0.05).	Galactose	170-179	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	32-48
2176946-6	1990	After 15 days of galactose feeding, however, there was a significant increase of 140% (+/- 12%) in the amount of aldose reductase messenger RNA in the lens epithelial cells as compared with controls (P = less than 0.001).	Galactose	17-26	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	113-129
2176946-8	1990	These results demonstrate that increased availability of galactose, a high-affinity substrate for the enzyme, leads to increased aldose reductase messenger RNA, which suggests a role for aldose reductase in sugar metabolism in the lens.	Galactose	57-66	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	129-145
2176946-8	1990	These results demonstrate that increased availability of galactose, a high-affinity substrate for the enzyme, leads to increased aldose reductase messenger RNA, which suggests a role for aldose reductase in sugar metabolism in the lens.	Galactose	57-66	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	187-203
2147225-2	1990	In cln1 cln2 cln3 strains bearing plasmids containing the CLN3 (also called WHI1 or DAF1) coding sequence under the transcriptional control of a galactose-regulated promoter, shift from galactose to glucose medium (shutting off synthesis of CLN3 mRNA) allowed completion of cell cycles in progress but caused arrest in the ensuing unbudded G1 phase.	Galactose	145-154	cyclin CLN1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	3-7
2147225-2	1990	In cln1 cln2 cln3 strains bearing plasmids containing the CLN3 (also called WHI1 or DAF1) coding sequence under the transcriptional control of a galactose-regulated promoter, shift from galactose to glucose medium (shutting off synthesis of CLN3 mRNA) allowed completion of cell cycles in progress but caused arrest in the ensuing unbudded G1 phase.	Galactose	145-154	cyclin CLN3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	58-62
2147225-2	1990	In cln1 cln2 cln3 strains bearing plasmids containing the CLN3 (also called WHI1 or DAF1) coding sequence under the transcriptional control of a galactose-regulated promoter, shift from galactose to glucose medium (shutting off synthesis of CLN3 mRNA) allowed completion of cell cycles in progress but caused arrest in the ensuing unbudded G1 phase.	Galactose	145-154	cyclin CLN3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	76-80
2265615-5	1990	Functionality was assessed in a test strain containing a galactose dependent U14 gene.	Galactose	57-66	small nucleolar RNA, C/D box 14C	Mus musculus	77-80
2128352-0	1990	Effects of novel hydantoin derivatives with aldose reductase inhibiting activity on galactose-induced cataract in rats.	Galactose	84-93	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	44-60
2147225-2	1990	In cln1 cln2 cln3 strains bearing plasmids containing the CLN3 (also called WHI1 or DAF1) coding sequence under the transcriptional control of a galactose-regulated promoter, shift from galactose to glucose medium (shutting off synthesis of CLN3 mRNA) allowed completion of cell cycles in progress but caused arrest in the ensuing unbudded G1 phase.	Galactose	145-154	cyclin CLN3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	84-88
2147225-2	1990	In cln1 cln2 cln3 strains bearing plasmids containing the CLN3 (also called WHI1 or DAF1) coding sequence under the transcriptional control of a galactose-regulated promoter, shift from galactose to glucose medium (shutting off synthesis of CLN3 mRNA) allowed completion of cell cycles in progress but caused arrest in the ensuing unbudded G1 phase.	Galactose	186-195	cyclin CLN1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	3-7
2247068-11	1990	D-Fructose, D-mannose, and to a lesser extent D-galactose all suppressed GLUT-1 mRNA levels.	Galactose	46-57	glucose transport protein	Sus scrofa	73-79
2247068-12	1990	Since the pattern of SGLT1 and GLUT-1 expression differed, particularly in low D-glucose or in the presence of D-galactose, we suggest that the two transporters are regulated independently.	Galactose	111-122	solute carrier family 5 member 1	Sus scrofa	21-26
2247068-12	1990	Since the pattern of SGLT1 and GLUT-1 expression differed, particularly in low D-glucose or in the presence of D-galactose, we suggest that the two transporters are regulated independently.	Galactose	111-122	glucose transport protein	Sus scrofa	31-37
2122231-1	1990	The yeast GAL1 and GAL10 genes are transcribed at a remarkably low basal level when galactose is unavailable and are induced by over 4 orders of magnitude when it becomes available.	Galactose	84-93	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	10-14
2147225-2	1990	In cln1 cln2 cln3 strains bearing plasmids containing the CLN3 (also called WHI1 or DAF1) coding sequence under the transcriptional control of a galactose-regulated promoter, shift from galactose to glucose medium (shutting off synthesis of CLN3 mRNA) allowed completion of cell cycles in progress but caused arrest in the ensuing unbudded G1 phase.	Galactose	186-195	cyclin CLN2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	8-12
2147225-2	1990	In cln1 cln2 cln3 strains bearing plasmids containing the CLN3 (also called WHI1 or DAF1) coding sequence under the transcriptional control of a galactose-regulated promoter, shift from galactose to glucose medium (shutting off synthesis of CLN3 mRNA) allowed completion of cell cycles in progress but caused arrest in the ensuing unbudded G1 phase.	Galactose	186-195	cyclin CLN3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	13-17
2147225-2	1990	In cln1 cln2 cln3 strains bearing plasmids containing the CLN3 (also called WHI1 or DAF1) coding sequence under the transcriptional control of a galactose-regulated promoter, shift from galactose to glucose medium (shutting off synthesis of CLN3 mRNA) allowed completion of cell cycles in progress but caused arrest in the ensuing unbudded G1 phase.	Galactose	186-195	cyclin CLN3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	58-62
2147225-2	1990	In cln1 cln2 cln3 strains bearing plasmids containing the CLN3 (also called WHI1 or DAF1) coding sequence under the transcriptional control of a galactose-regulated promoter, shift from galactose to glucose medium (shutting off synthesis of CLN3 mRNA) allowed completion of cell cycles in progress but caused arrest in the ensuing unbudded G1 phase.	Galactose	186-195	cyclin CLN3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	76-80
2147225-2	1990	In cln1 cln2 cln3 strains bearing plasmids containing the CLN3 (also called WHI1 or DAF1) coding sequence under the transcriptional control of a galactose-regulated promoter, shift from galactose to glucose medium (shutting off synthesis of CLN3 mRNA) allowed completion of cell cycles in progress but caused arrest in the ensuing unbudded G1 phase.	Galactose	186-195	cyclin CLN3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	84-88
2147225-5	1990	However, when the coding sequence of the hyperactive C-terminal truncation allele CLN3-2 (formerly DAF1-1) was placed under GAL control, cells went through multiple cycles before arresting after a shift from galactose to glucose.	Galactose	208-217	cyclin CLN3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	82-86
2147225-5	1990	However, when the coding sequence of the hyperactive C-terminal truncation allele CLN3-2 (formerly DAF1-1) was placed under GAL control, cells went through multiple cycles before arresting after a shift from galactose to glucose.	Galactose	208-217	cyclin CLN3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	99-105
2122961-5	1990	These findings demonstrated that endothelial abnormalities were present in the cornea of the galactose-fed dogs which were similar to those reported for diabetic dogs, rats, and patients and that these changes can be prevented by the concomitant administration of an aldose reductase inhibitor.	Galactose	93-102	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	267-283
2122231-1	1990	The yeast GAL1 and GAL10 genes are transcribed at a remarkably low basal level when galactose is unavailable and are induced by over 4 orders of magnitude when it becomes available.	Galactose	84-93	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	19-24
2122231-3	1990	The negative control elements contribute to the broad range of inducibility of GAL1 and GAL10 by inhibiting two GAL4/galactose-independent activating elements (GAE1 and GAE2) in UASG.	Galactose	117-126	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	79-83
2122231-3	1990	The negative control elements contribute to the broad range of inducibility of GAL1 and GAL10 by inhibiting two GAL4/galactose-independent activating elements (GAE1 and GAE2) in UASG.	Galactose	117-126	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	88-93
2122231-3	1990	The negative control elements contribute to the broad range of inducibility of GAL1 and GAL10 by inhibiting two GAL4/galactose-independent activating elements (GAE1 and GAE2) in UASG.	Galactose	117-126	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	112-116
2122231-5	1990	When glucose in addition to galactose is available (repressing conditions), the ability of GAL4 to activate transcription is diminished as a result of its reduced affinity for DNA and the reduced availability of inducer.	Galactose	28-37	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	91-95
2121145-2	1990	The CDC25 protein is poorly expressed and can be detected only when the CDC25 gene is overexpressed under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL1-10 strong promoter elements.	Galactose	125-134	Ras family guanine nucleotide exchange factor CDC25	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-9
2211711-4	1990	A photolyzable group attached to galactose residue 6 6" specifically radiolabeled RHL1, whereas a photolyzable group attached to galactose 8 specifically labeled RHL2/3.	Galactose	33-42	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	82-86
2211711-5	1990	Photoaffinity labeling of a soluble rat hepatic lectin preparation demonstrated that the minor subunits (RHL2/3) were no longer labeled by the triantennary probe with a photolyzable group at galactose 8.	Galactose	191-200	asialoglycoprotein receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus	105-109
2211711-7	1990	Conversely, galactose residues 6 and 6" bind specifically to the major subunit (RHL1), indicating a precise binding geometry between the trivalent ligand and lectin.	Galactose	12-21	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	80-84
2121145-2	1990	The CDC25 protein is poorly expressed and can be detected only when the CDC25 gene is overexpressed under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL1-10 strong promoter elements.	Galactose	125-134	Ras family guanine nucleotide exchange factor CDC25	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	72-77
2121145-2	1990	The CDC25 protein is poorly expressed and can be detected only when the CDC25 gene is overexpressed under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL1-10 strong promoter elements.	Galactose	125-134	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	145-149
2171146-2	1990	This was achieved by placing a modified h beta-AR gene under control of the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	76-85	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	96-100
2266971-1	1990	The unicellular eukaryotic microorganism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, transformed with a plasmid containing a cDNA fragment encoding bovine heart fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) under the control of the inducible yeast GAL10 promoter, expressed FABP during growth on galactose.	Galactose	269-278	fatty acid binding protein 3	Bos taurus	172-178
2211658-5	1990	Expression of rTAP was obtained using a chimeric gene containing a fusion between sequences encoding the secretory preproleader of the yeast mating pheromone alpha-factor and a synthetic sequence encoding the 60-amino acid inhibitor under the transcriptional control of a galactose-inducible promoter.	Galactose	272-281	nuclear RNA export factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	14-18
2079334-2	1990	Klebsiella K15 polysaccharide consists of hexasaccharide repeating units containing one residue each of glucuronic acid and glucose, and four residues of galactose.	Galactose	154-163	keratin 15	Homo sapiens	11-14
2119169-0	1990	Prevention of retinal vessel changes associated with diabetic retinopathy in galactose-fed dogs by aldose reductase inhibitors.	Galactose	77-86	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	99-115
2120282-2	1990	Aldose reductase (AR) is an enzyme responsible for converting glucose into sorbitol and galactose into galactitol.	Galactose	88-97	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
2120282-2	1990	Aldose reductase (AR) is an enzyme responsible for converting glucose into sorbitol and galactose into galactitol.	Galactose	88-97	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	18-20
2120282-4	1990	The present study examined the effects of the accumulation of the AR end product, galactitol, induced by galactose feeding, on AR gene expression and on the balance of other cellular osmolytes, including inositol, in the renal medulla.	Galactose	105-114	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	66-68
2120282-7	1990	Galactose feeding resulted in a great accumulation of galactitol and reduction in AR mRNA levels in renal papillae.	Galactose	0-9	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	82-84
2120287-1	1990	The intestinal brush-border enzyme lactase splits lactose into its component monosaccharides, glucose and galactose.	Galactose	106-115	lactase	Homo sapiens	35-42
2077115-2	1990	In the rat, galactose-terminal glycoconjugates on a large subpopulation of small neurons whose central axons project to the substantia gelatinosa were demonstrated with the alpha-D-galactose-specific Griffonia Simplicifolia I-B4 (GSA) lectin.	Galactose	12-21	GNAS complex locus	Homo sapiens	230-233
2077115-2	1990	In the rat, galactose-terminal glycoconjugates on a large subpopulation of small neurons whose central axons project to the substantia gelatinosa were demonstrated with the alpha-D-galactose-specific Griffonia Simplicifolia I-B4 (GSA) lectin.	Galactose	173-190	GNAS complex locus	Homo sapiens	230-233
2246720-4	1990	Analysis of variance showed significant differences between groups: high levels of N-acetylneuraminic acid and low levels of galactose distinguished ABH secretors from nonsecretors (p less than 0.001).	Galactose	125-134	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	149-152
2280488-4	1990	On the other hand, hemagglutination of neuraminidase-treated human type B erythrocytes by CT was inhibited by lactose, galactose, hog A + H, bovine salivary mucin, porcine thyroglobulin, and fetuin, whereas that was not effectively inhibited by ganglioside GM1 at the highest concentration.	Galactose	119-128	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	39-52
2280503-6	1990	Hemagglutination of neuraminidase-treated human type B erythrocytes by calcium-independent bovine IgM reactive with melibiose was effectively inhibited by galactose, methyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside and melibiose, whereas that was not by methyl beta-D-galactopyranoside, lactose, and other substances at the highest concentrations used.	Galactose	155-164	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	20-33
2370662-1	1990	The galactose-specific lectin from Erythrina rubrinervia crystallizes in the hexagonal space group P6, (or P6(5)) with unit cell dimensions a = b = d = 135.1 A, c = 83.0 A.	Galactose	4-13	RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit	Homo sapiens	107-112
2120146-1	1990	Aldose reductase (AR) is implicated in the development of sugar cataracts by its reduction of galactose or glucose to polyols.	Galactose	94-103	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
2120146-1	1990	Aldose reductase (AR) is implicated in the development of sugar cataracts by its reduction of galactose or glucose to polyols.	Galactose	94-103	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	18-20
2120146-2	1990	The authors" recent work suggested that AR mRNA is found to be expressed in high concentrations in rat-lens epithelial cells after exposure of the animal to a diet containing 50% galactose.	Galactose	179-188	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	40-42
2378933-8	1990	Treatment of rABP forms with exoglycosidases confirmed the presence of externally disposed fucose, sialic acid, mannose, and galactose residues.	Galactose	125-134	sex hormone binding globulin	Rattus norvegicus	13-17
2196450-2	1990	This TATA-independent activation by GCN4 requires two additional elements in the gal enhancer region that are distinct from those involved in normal galactose induction.	Galactose	149-158	amino acid starvation-responsive transcription factor GCN4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	36-40
2373681-12	1990	Sequential removal of galactose and N-acetylglucosamine from the outer chain moieties of the desialylated Asn-type sugar chains raised the activity of the hormone up to four and five times the intact erythropoietin, respectively.	Galactose	22-31	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	200-214
2358462-1	1990	The primary structure of the macrophage lectin specific for galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine (macrophage asialoglycoprotein-binding protein, M-ASGP-BP) has been deduced from its cDNA sequence.	Galactose	60-69	C-type lectin domain containing 10A	Rattus norvegicus	144-153
2167434-5	1990	Finally, we found that in all mammalian cell lines tested, galactokinase expression was the same whether the medium contained glucose, galactose, or both sugars.	Galactose	135-144	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	59-72
2402511-1	1990	The murine Mac-2 protein is a galactose- and IgE-binding lectin secreted by inflammatory macrophages.	Galactose	30-39	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3	Mus musculus	11-16
2378933-10	1990	About 28% of the rABP was retarded when it was chromatographed on Phaseolus vulgaris E lectin, suggesting the presence of bisected biantennary chains with terminal galactose residues.	Galactose	164-173	sex hormone binding globulin	Rattus norvegicus	17-21
2245533-5	1990	One of the mechanisms through which IgG can potentially self-aggregate is by the insertion of galactose of the Fab oligosaccharides of one IgG molecule into the galactose free pocket of a second IgG molecule.	Galactose	94-103	FA complementation group B	Homo sapiens	111-114
2115553-3	1990	Based on this finding, murine IgD could be rapidly purified directly from whole ascitic fluid by passage over affinity beads of BS-I linked to Sepharose 4B and subsequent elution by a buffer containing 0.1 M D-galactose.	Galactose	208-219	immunoglobulin heavy constant delta	Mus musculus	30-33
2245533-5	1990	One of the mechanisms through which IgG can potentially self-aggregate is by the insertion of galactose of the Fab oligosaccharides of one IgG molecule into the galactose free pocket of a second IgG molecule.	Galactose	161-170	FA complementation group B	Homo sapiens	111-114
1696497-1	1990	A galactose-binding lectin (galaptin) from human spleen has been purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography on asialofetuin-Sepharose.	Galactose	2-11	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	28-36
2196565-1	1990	GAL11 was first identified as a gene required for full expression of some of the galactose-inducible genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	81-90	Gal11p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
2196565-8	1990	The requirement for functional GAL11 in transcriptional activation was bypassed when either the upstream activating sequence of galactose-inducible genes or of PYK1 was placed very close to the TATA box, suggesting that one of the Gal11 protein functions is to mediate the activation signal of Gal4 and GRFI/RAP1/TUF, when the respective binding site is situated at the naturally occurring distance from the TATA box.	Galactose	128-137	Gal11p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	31-36
2196565-8	1990	The requirement for functional GAL11 in transcriptional activation was bypassed when either the upstream activating sequence of galactose-inducible genes or of PYK1 was placed very close to the TATA box, suggesting that one of the Gal11 protein functions is to mediate the activation signal of Gal4 and GRFI/RAP1/TUF, when the respective binding site is situated at the naturally occurring distance from the TATA box.	Galactose	128-137	Gal11p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	231-236
2119895-5	1990	Substrate specificity studies showed that aldose reductase utilized aldo-sugars such as D-glucose and D-galactose, but aldehyde reductase did not use them.	Galactose	102-113	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	42-58
2115453-0	1990	Effect of aldose reductase inhibitors on the progression of retinopathy in galactose-fed dogs.	Galactose	75-84	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	10-26
2161366-5	1990	Galactose-fed mice showed an 81% increase in Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase (P less than 0.01), an effect completely prevented by aldose reductase inhibition.	Galactose	0-9	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	117-133
2161366-7	1990	Accumulation of galactitol in the nerves of galactose-fed mice was prevented by aldose reductase inhibition, but there were no alterations in myo-inositol levels in the sciatic nerves of any group.	Galactose	44-53	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B3 (aldose reductase)	Mus musculus	80-96
2115453-5	1990	Studies in similar galactose-fed dogs treated with aldose reductase inhibitors indicate that all of these changes are linked to the initial aldose reductase associated destruction of pericytes.	Galactose	19-28	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	51-67
2115453-5	1990	Studies in similar galactose-fed dogs treated with aldose reductase inhibitors indicate that all of these changes are linked to the initial aldose reductase associated destruction of pericytes.	Galactose	19-28	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	140-156
2188103-1	1990	Expression of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL4 protein under its own (galactose-inducible) control gave 5 to 10 times the level of protein observed when the GAL4 gene was on a high-copy plasmid.	Galactose	77-86	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	49-53
2199310-12	1990	We conclude that, in addition to the GAL3-like activity of GAL1, functions beyond the galactose-specific GAL1, GAL7 and GAL10 enzymes are required for the LTA induction pathway.	Galactose	86-95	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	59-63
2199310-12	1990	We conclude that, in addition to the GAL3-like activity of GAL1, functions beyond the galactose-specific GAL1, GAL7 and GAL10 enzymes are required for the LTA induction pathway.	Galactose	86-95	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	105-109
2199310-12	1990	We conclude that, in addition to the GAL3-like activity of GAL1, functions beyond the galactose-specific GAL1, GAL7 and GAL10 enzymes are required for the LTA induction pathway.	Galactose	86-95	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	111-115
2199310-12	1990	We conclude that, in addition to the GAL3-like activity of GAL1, functions beyond the galactose-specific GAL1, GAL7 and GAL10 enzymes are required for the LTA induction pathway.	Galactose	86-95	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	120-125
2199324-1	1990	Expression of the S. cerevisiae gene, GCY, encoding a 35-kDa protein with striking homology to mammalian aldo/keto reductases, is under the control of galactose: the intracellular concentration of the respective mRNA (about 1300 nt in length) varies strongly with the carbon source.	Galactose	151-160	GCY	Homo sapiens	38-41
2199324-10	1990	By contrast to other genes regulated by galactose, disruption mutants of GCY exhibit no obvious phenotype, and in particular do not lose the ability to grow on and adapt to galactose.	Galactose	40-49	GCY	Homo sapiens	73-76
2335508-1	1990	Binding characteristics of human spleen soluble galactoside-binding protein (galaptin) were studied using simple galactosides, galactose-terminated disaccharides, cluster glycosides containing up to 6 terminal lactosyl residues, bovine serum albumin derivatives containing 7 to 40 lactosyl residues, desialylated serum glycoproteins, and glycopeptides derived thereof as inhibitors in a newly developed binding assay.	Galactose	127-136	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	77-85
2335508-9	1990	Although the galaptin did not appear to recognize N-acetylglucosamine as a monosaccharide, the presence of this sugar penultimate to galactose increased the binding affinity by as much as 500-fold, as was the case for N-acetyllactosamine.	Galactose	133-142	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	13-21
2337609-6	1990	A 10-100-fold enhancement in the forward rate constant (kf ranging from 7.1 x 10(5) to 4.5 x 10(7) M-1.s-1 at 27 degrees C) was observed when compared with that for the lectin-galactose system in solution (kf being 4.5 x 10(5) M-1.s-1), reported in the literature.	Galactose	176-185	myoregulin	Homo sapiens	99-102
2337609-6	1990	A 10-100-fold enhancement in the forward rate constant (kf ranging from 7.1 x 10(5) to 4.5 x 10(7) M-1.s-1 at 27 degrees C) was observed when compared with that for the lectin-galactose system in solution (kf being 4.5 x 10(5) M-1.s-1), reported in the literature.	Galactose	176-185	myoregulin	Homo sapiens	227-230
2114525-0	1990	Management of aldose reductase mRNA abundance in rat lens undergoing reversal of galactose induced cataracts.	Galactose	81-90	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	14-30
2114525-4	1990	Recent data from this laboratory has shown that AR mRNA was increased in lens epithelial cells upon administration of galactose; while in the cortex it was reduced to insignificant levels when fiber cell damage became extensive by day 20 on galactose.	Galactose	118-127	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	48-50
2114525-4	1990	Recent data from this laboratory has shown that AR mRNA was increased in lens epithelial cells upon administration of galactose; while in the cortex it was reduced to insignificant levels when fiber cell damage became extensive by day 20 on galactose.	Galactose	241-250	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	48-50
2114525-5	1990	Present data reveals that, upon removal of galactose from the diet, the lens epithelial AR mRNA was gradually reduced from the high levels found at day 20 of galactose feeding to low levels by day 30 of reversal.	Galactose	43-52	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	88-90
2114525-5	1990	Present data reveals that, upon removal of galactose from the diet, the lens epithelial AR mRNA was gradually reduced from the high levels found at day 20 of galactose feeding to low levels by day 30 of reversal.	Galactose	158-167	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	88-90
2332426-6	1990	This murine galactose-specific lectin is the macrophage antigen Mac-2.	Galactose	12-21	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3	Mus musculus	64-69
2166741-4	1990	The poly-N-acetyllactosamine-specific lectin from Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) and from Solanum tuberosum (potato), and the galactose-specific lectin Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA120), showed strong cytoplasmic binding of parietal cells of all three species, with a pattern indicative of an intracellular membrane network.	Galactose	128-137	LTL	Solanum lycopersicum	147-153
2187743-3	1990	We determined the sequences of four GAL4C-mutations, and characterized the abilities of the encoded GAL4C proteins to activate transcription of the galactose/melibiose regulon in the presence of GAL80 and superrepressible GAL80S alleles.	Galactose	148-157	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	195-200
2103700-5	1990	As compared with the expected incidence of heterozygotes in the general population (0.2% for GALK and 0.8% for GALT) we found a significant rise of individuals with low levels of enzymes for the metabolism of galactose.	Galactose	209-218	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	93-97
2103700-5	1990	As compared with the expected incidence of heterozygotes in the general population (0.2% for GALK and 0.8% for GALT) we found a significant rise of individuals with low levels of enzymes for the metabolism of galactose.	Galactose	209-218	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	111-115
2138705-2	1990	Northern (RNA) blot hybridization revealed that the GAL5 transcript level increased three- to fourfold in response to galactose and was severely repressed in response to glucose.	Galactose	118-127	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	52-56
2138705-5	1990	The galactose inducibility of GAL5 was found to be under the control of the GAL4, GAL80, and GAL3 genes.	Galactose	4-13	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	30-34
2138705-5	1990	The galactose inducibility of GAL5 was found to be under the control of the GAL4, GAL80, and GAL3 genes.	Galactose	4-13	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	76-80
2138705-5	1990	The galactose inducibility of GAL5 was found to be under the control of the GAL4, GAL80, and GAL3 genes.	Galactose	4-13	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	82-87
2138705-5	1990	The galactose inducibility of GAL5 was found to be under the control of the GAL4, GAL80, and GAL3 genes.	Galactose	4-13	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	93-97
2138705-6	1990	In striking contrast to other galactose-inducible genes, the GAL5 gene exhibited an unusually high GAL4-independent basal level of expression.	Galactose	30-39	phosphoglucomutase PGM2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	61-65
2138705-6	1990	In striking contrast to other galactose-inducible genes, the GAL5 gene exhibited an unusually high GAL4-independent basal level of expression.	Galactose	30-39	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	99-103
2398033-8	1990	These differences suggested that C-1 to C-5 of sphingosine might be influenced by intramolecular or intermolecular interaction between the sulfate group of the galactose residue and the amino group of sphingosine.	Galactose	160-169	heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C	Homo sapiens	33-43
1691270-1	1990	We have previously shown that the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-specified glycoprotein C (gC-1) produced in epitheloid cells contains epitopes of peptide nature, which are dependent on galactose of oligosaccharides for their expression.	Galactose	191-200	guanylate cyclase 2e	Mus musculus	96-100
1691270-5	1990	Altogether the results indicated that the carbohydrate-dependent epitopes of gC-1 from C1300 cells were stabilized by peripheral sugars of N-linked oligosaccharides rather than O-linked ones and that fucose could substitute for terminal galactose in promoting the activity of the carbohydrate-dependent epitopes.	Galactose	237-246	guanylate cyclase 2e	Mus musculus	77-81
2109157-2	1990	The human rIL2 secreted by this high-producing recombinant CHO cell line was metabolically radiolabelled with [35S]-methionine, or with [3H]-glucosamine and [3H]-galactose, purified to homogeneity, and then characterized.	Galactose	162-171	interleukin 2	Rattus norvegicus	10-14
2181283-7	1990	A greater reduction in REB1 activity is observed if the sin3 mutant strain is grown in media containing galactose as a carbon source.	Galactose	104-113	DNA-binding protein REB1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	23-27
2181283-7	1990	A greater reduction in REB1 activity is observed if the sin3 mutant strain is grown in media containing galactose as a carbon source.	Galactose	104-113	transcriptional regulator SIN3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	56-60
2350732-17	1990	The copurification and colocalization of Apo-VLDL-II and the lectins in the chick blastoderm suggest that this apolipoprotein may associate with the galactose-binding lectins or may display lectin activity.	Galactose	149-158	apovitellenin 1	Gallus gallus	41-52
2318210-12	1990	The constituent monosaccharides of the carbohydrate structures of rCD4 were found to be fucose, mannose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylneuraminic acid.	Galactose	105-114	Cd4 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	66-70
2112046-2	1990	This antibody was specific for a carbohydrate, alpha 1-3-linked galactose residue, and was isolated by affinity chromatography using Synsorb 90 coupled with the glycosidic epitope Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc-R as an immunoadsorbent.	Galactose	64-73	cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 3	Mus musculus	47-56
2338998-6	1990	SCC and NAG showed significant negative correlations with MAN, GAL and GLU, the latter being the only parameter significantly correlated with each of the other parameters.	Galactose	63-66	serpin family B member 3	Homo sapiens	0-3
2189687-1	1990	The reversal and prevention of the galactose-induced cataract in rats were employed to study their effects on the acceleration of the limited proteolysis of MP26 into MP23-24 previously observed in cataractous lenses of galactose-fed animals.	Galactose	35-44	major intrinsic protein of lens fiber	Rattus norvegicus	157-161
2189687-1	1990	The reversal and prevention of the galactose-induced cataract in rats were employed to study their effects on the acceleration of the limited proteolysis of MP26 into MP23-24 previously observed in cataractous lenses of galactose-fed animals.	Galactose	220-229	major intrinsic protein of lens fiber	Rattus norvegicus	157-161
2318272-3	1990	In this report, evidence is presented to show that the galactose-labelled macromolecules are resistant to hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes, testicular hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC, beta-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase, but are readily degraded by alpha-amylase and beta-galactosidase, and to a lesser extent by beta-amylase.	Galactose	55-64	beta-glucuronidase	Bos taurus	208-226
2318272-3	1990	In this report, evidence is presented to show that the galactose-labelled macromolecules are resistant to hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes, testicular hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC, beta-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase, but are readily degraded by alpha-amylase and beta-galactosidase, and to a lesser extent by beta-amylase.	Galactose	55-64	alpha amylase	Bos taurus	256-269
2318272-3	1990	In this report, evidence is presented to show that the galactose-labelled macromolecules are resistant to hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes, testicular hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC, beta-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase, but are readily degraded by alpha-amylase and beta-galactosidase, and to a lesser extent by beta-amylase.	Galactose	55-64	galactosidase beta 1	Bos taurus	274-292
2107073-2	1990	Overexpression of the STE4 protein by the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter caused activation of the pheromone response pathway which resulted in cell-cycle arrest in late G1 phase and induction of the FUS1 gene expression, thereby suppressing the sterility of the receptor-less mutant delta ste2.	Galactose	42-51	G protein subunit beta	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	22-26
2107073-2	1990	Overexpression of the STE4 protein by the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter caused activation of the pheromone response pathway which resulted in cell-cycle arrest in late G1 phase and induction of the FUS1 gene expression, thereby suppressing the sterility of the receptor-less mutant delta ste2.	Galactose	42-51	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	62-66
2107073-2	1990	Overexpression of the STE4 protein by the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter caused activation of the pheromone response pathway which resulted in cell-cycle arrest in late G1 phase and induction of the FUS1 gene expression, thereby suppressing the sterility of the receptor-less mutant delta ste2.	Galactose	42-51	Fus1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	202-206
2107073-2	1990	Overexpression of the STE4 protein by the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter caused activation of the pheromone response pathway which resulted in cell-cycle arrest in late G1 phase and induction of the FUS1 gene expression, thereby suppressing the sterility of the receptor-less mutant delta ste2.	Galactose	42-51	alpha-factor pheromone receptor STE2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	292-296
2107541-2	1990	Binding of Zn(II) or Cd(II) is essential for the recognition by GAL4 of the specific palindromic DNA sequence to which it binds upstream of genes for galactose-metabolizing enzymes, the UASG sequence.	Galactose	150-159	galectin 4	Homo sapiens	64-68
2338998-6	1990	SCC and NAG showed significant negative correlations with MAN, GAL and GLU, the latter being the only parameter significantly correlated with each of the other parameters.	Galactose	63-66	N-acetyl-alpha-glucosaminidase	Homo sapiens	8-11
2160132-10	1990	Very high concentrations of galactose and N-acetyl-galactosamine, which are also known to compete for binding to the galactose receptor, lowered the proportion of t-PA cleared in the late beta-phase (reduced from 35% to 26% with galactose and to 19% with N-acetyl-galactosamine).	Galactose	28-37	plasminogen activator, tissue type	Rattus norvegicus	163-167
2160132-10	1990	Very high concentrations of galactose and N-acetyl-galactosamine, which are also known to compete for binding to the galactose receptor, lowered the proportion of t-PA cleared in the late beta-phase (reduced from 35% to 26% with galactose and to 19% with N-acetyl-galactosamine).	Galactose	117-126	plasminogen activator, tissue type	Rattus norvegicus	163-167
18592532-6	1990	The reg 1 strain utilized galactose faster than the wild-type strain under the conditions used for NMR analysis.	Galactose	26-35	protein phosphatase regulator REG1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	4-9
18592532-0	1990	Comparison of wild-type and Reg 1 mutant saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolic levels during glucose and galactose metabolism using 31P NMR.	Galactose	102-111	protein phosphatase regulator REG1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	28-33
2105103-0	1990	Galactose inhibits lactase expression by mouse jejunal enterocytes.	Galactose	0-9	lactase	Mus musculus	19-26
2188684-8	1990	Expression of SP-B in Escherichia coli was confirmed by Northern blot analysis for the mRNAs corresponding to the truncated cDNAs in appropriately transformed bacteria induced with the galactose analog isopropyl-beta-thiogalactoside.	Galactose	185-194	surfactant protein B	Bos taurus	14-18
2113749-3	1990	The present study confirms that VIP inhibits the intestinal absorption of D-galactose.	Galactose	74-85	VIP peptides	Oryctolagus cuniculus	32-35
2113749-7	1990	Moreover, results obtained to determine the possible role of calcium in the action of VIP suggest that Ca2+ play a part, directly or indirectly, in the inhibition of the D-galactose transport across the basolateral membrane produced by VIP.	Galactose	170-181	VIP peptides	Oryctolagus cuniculus	86-89
2113749-7	1990	Moreover, results obtained to determine the possible role of calcium in the action of VIP suggest that Ca2+ play a part, directly or indirectly, in the inhibition of the D-galactose transport across the basolateral membrane produced by VIP.	Galactose	170-181	VIP peptides	Oryctolagus cuniculus	236-239
2104907-11	1990	We therefore conclude that CRP occurs as a membrane-associated protein constitutively expressed on liver macrophages functioning as a receptor mediating galactose-specific binding of particulate ligands.	Galactose	153-162	C-reactive protein	Rattus norvegicus	27-30
2105453-3	1990	To characterize more completely the role of these genes in mating, we have conditionally overexpressed GPA1, STE4, and STE18, using the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	136-145	guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	103-107
2105453-3	1990	To characterize more completely the role of these genes in mating, we have conditionally overexpressed GPA1, STE4, and STE18, using the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	136-145	G protein subunit beta	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	109-113
2105453-3	1990	To characterize more completely the role of these genes in mating, we have conditionally overexpressed GPA1, STE4, and STE18, using the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	136-145	Ste18p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	119-124
2105453-3	1990	To characterize more completely the role of these genes in mating, we have conditionally overexpressed GPA1, STE4, and STE18, using the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	136-145	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	156-160
2105103-1	1990	Present work uses a combination of quantitative cytochemistry and measurements of cell migration rates to describe galactose effects on lactase expression by mouse enterocytes.	Galactose	115-124	lactase	Mus musculus	136-143
2105103-4	1990	The rate at which lactase activity increased in the brush border membrane of migrating enterocytes was 3-times greater in low-carbohydrate- compared with galactose-fed mice.	Galactose	154-163	lactase	Mus musculus	18-25
2105103-7	1990	Galactose effects on lactase expression might in part result from mice being unable to metabolise this substrate.	Galactose	0-9	lactase	Mus musculus	21-28
2105103-8	1990	Previously it has been stated that galactose increases lactase biosynthesis in rat intestine (Koldovsky, O., Bustamonte, S. and Yamada (1981) In Mechanisms of intestinal adaptation (Robinson, J.W.L., Dowling, R.H. and Ricken, E.O., eds.	Galactose	35-44	lactase	Rattus norvegicus	55-62
2110861-6	1990	These results suggest that the increased activities of the two glycosyltransferases is responsible for the increased incorporation of fucose and galactose into gp160.	Galactose	145-154	leucyl/cystinyl aminopeptidase	Mus musculus	160-165
2197952-4	1990	Case-control data suggest that galactose consumption through the ingestion of high-lactose dairy foods may be a dietary risk factor and that galactose metabolism, as measured by galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase, may be a genetic risk factor for early menopause and ovarian cancer.	Galactose	141-150	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	178-218
2126433-6	1990	Galactose and galactose-1-amine were competitive inhibitors of beta-galactosidase.	Galactose	0-9	galactosidase, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	63-81
2322386-11	1990	RP2 was shown to be a glycoprotein containing mannose and galactose residues.	Galactose	58-67	RP2 activator of ARL3 GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
2364894-10	1990	In contrast to the effects of the sequential treatment, simultaneous NGF and forskolin treatment was accompanied by a decrease in the incorporation of fucose and galactose into neutral glycolipids and gangliosides.	Galactose	162-171	nerve growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	69-72
2199783-0	1990	Regulated GAL4 expression cassette providing controllable and high-level output from high-copy galactose promoters in yeast.	Galactose	95-104	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	10-14
2300925-5	1990	In contrast, modification of the penultimate galactose of the desialylated protein with galactose oxidase or beta-galactosidase markedly reduced adsorption of vWF activity by collagen.	Galactose	45-54	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	159-162
2190570-3	1990	Furthermore, the characteristics of the antigenicity, the persistance in mice and the galactose sensitivity possessed in the strain of Ty21a were also retained in Ty21a (pMM-CTB).	Galactose	86-95	phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1, choline, beta isoform	Mus musculus	174-177
2300925-7	1990	Enzymatic modification of the penultimate galactose moiety of vWF resulted in a loss of the HMWM, as observed following SDS-glyoxyl agarose electrophoresis.	Galactose	42-51	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	62-65
2300925-9	1990	Therefore, the carbohydrate structure of vWF and, in particular, the penultimate galactose moiety, may be critical for vWF-collagen interactions and for the mediation of primary hemostasis.	Galactose	81-90	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	119-122
13959930-0	1963	Insulin response to fructose and galactose.	Galactose	33-42	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
3129197-6	1988	Because the oxidation of galactose residues on cell surface structures is considered a general feature of lymphocyte activation whatever the inducer, it seems that MBF may be a mediator involved in mitogenic activation of T cells leading to IFN-gamma production and proliferation.	Galactose	25-34	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	241-250
33945177-13	2021	The lower the CD4T cells and total lymphocyte count, the higher the GAL and BDG serum levels.	Galactose	68-71	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	14-17
34022267-8	2021	In addition, DMY also suppressed the D-Gal-induced senescence of hippocampal neurons by inhibiting the expressions of p53, p21, and p16.	Galactose	37-42	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	118-121
34022267-8	2021	In addition, DMY also suppressed the D-Gal-induced senescence of hippocampal neurons by inhibiting the expressions of p53, p21, and p16.	Galactose	37-42	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (P21)	Mus musculus	123-126
34022267-8	2021	In addition, DMY also suppressed the D-Gal-induced senescence of hippocampal neurons by inhibiting the expressions of p53, p21, and p16.	Galactose	37-42	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily b, polypeptide 10	Mus musculus	132-135
34022267-10	2021	Moreover, DMY decreased the abundance of IL-6 but increased the abundance of IL-2 of D-Gal-exposed mice.	Galactose	85-90	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	77-81
33778958-14	2021	In the present study, we explored the dosage of resveratrol on thymus involution and the expression of transcription factors forkhead box protein N1 (FoxN1) in the senescenceaccelerated mice induced by D-galactose.	Galactose	202-213	forkhead box N1	Mus musculus	125-148
33778958-14	2021	In the present study, we explored the dosage of resveratrol on thymus involution and the expression of transcription factors forkhead box protein N1 (FoxN1) in the senescenceaccelerated mice induced by D-galactose.	Galactose	202-213	forkhead box N1	Mus musculus	150-155
24758762-1	2014	Core 1 beta1,3-galactosyltransferase (C1GALT1) transfers galactose (Gal) to N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to form Galbeta1,3GalNAc (T antigen).	Galactose	57-66	core 1 synthase, glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	38-45
32796543-4	2020	The changes in mRNA expression of liver GSH-Px1, CAT, SOD1, and SOD2 by d-galactose were dissimilarly restored by the six flavonoids.	Galactose	72-83	glutathione peroxidase 1	Mus musculus	40-47
32796543-4	2020	The changes in mRNA expression of liver GSH-Px1, CAT, SOD1, and SOD2 by d-galactose were dissimilarly restored by the six flavonoids.	Galactose	72-83	catalase	Mus musculus	49-52
32796543-4	2020	The changes in mRNA expression of liver GSH-Px1, CAT, SOD1, and SOD2 by d-galactose were dissimilarly restored by the six flavonoids.	Galactose	72-83	superoxide dismutase 1, soluble	Mus musculus	54-58
32796543-4	2020	The changes in mRNA expression of liver GSH-Px1, CAT, SOD1, and SOD2 by d-galactose were dissimilarly restored by the six flavonoids.	Galactose	72-83	superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	64-68
33798575-2	2021	UP1-1 mainly composed of galactose, mannose and glucose in a molar ratio of 0.8:1.0:4.6 with an average molecular weight of 281 kDa.	Galactose	25-34	major urinary protein 1	Mus musculus	0-5
33815292-3	2021	It is generally agreed that high sialylation, 2,3 sialic acid capping of terminal N-acetyl galactosamine or galactose leads to longer circulating half-life, by blocking binding of asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) in the liver.	Galactose	108-117	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	180-207
33815292-3	2021	It is generally agreed that high sialylation, 2,3 sialic acid capping of terminal N-acetyl galactosamine or galactose leads to longer circulating half-life, by blocking binding of asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) in the liver.	Galactose	108-117	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	209-214
33233082-1	2020	Beta-galactosidase (beta-gal), catalyzing the transformation of lactose to glucose and galactose, had been encapsulated in beta-chitosan nanoparticles (beta-CS NPs) in previous work, but they were prone to aggregation and disscociation, resulting in poor bioavailability of beta-gal.	Galactose	87-96	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	0-18
26169936-5	2015	Subsequently, we found, by using a galactose-inducible expression system, that conditional overexpression of YPT1 in yeast cells enhanced the thermotolerance of cells by increasing the survival rate at 55 C by ~60%, compared with the control cells expressing YPT1 in the wild-type level.	Galactose	35-44	Rab family GTPase YPT1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	109-113
24758762-1	2014	Core 1 beta1,3-galactosyltransferase (C1GALT1) transfers galactose (Gal) to N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to form Galbeta1,3GalNAc (T antigen).	Galactose	68-71	core 1 synthase, glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	38-45
20122217-1	2010	BACKGROUND: In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, interactions between galactose, Gal3p, Gal80p, and Gal4p determine the transcriptional status of the genes required for the galactose utilization.	Galactose	72-81	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	83-88
19459980-4	2009	Here, we show that the GAL10-encoded mutarotase is necessary for utilization of galactose in the milk yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, and that this condition is presumably created by the presence of the beta-specific galactose transporter, which excludes the alpha-anomer from the alpha/beta-mixture in the medium at the cell surface.	Galactose	80-89	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	23-28
20122217-1	2010	BACKGROUND: In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, interactions between galactose, Gal3p, Gal80p, and Gal4p determine the transcriptional status of the genes required for the galactose utilization.	Galactose	72-81	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	90-96
20122217-1	2010	BACKGROUND: In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, interactions between galactose, Gal3p, Gal80p, and Gal4p determine the transcriptional status of the genes required for the galactose utilization.	Galactose	72-81	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	102-107
20122217-1	2010	BACKGROUND: In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, interactions between galactose, Gal3p, Gal80p, and Gal4p determine the transcriptional status of the genes required for the galactose utilization.	Galactose	175-184	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	83-88
20122217-1	2010	BACKGROUND: In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, interactions between galactose, Gal3p, Gal80p, and Gal4p determine the transcriptional status of the genes required for the galactose utilization.	Galactose	175-184	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	90-96
20122217-1	2010	BACKGROUND: In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, interactions between galactose, Gal3p, Gal80p, and Gal4p determine the transcriptional status of the genes required for the galactose utilization.	Galactose	175-184	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	102-107
20122217-2	2010	Increase in the cellular galactose concentration causes the galactose molecules to bind onto Gal3p which, via Gal80p, activates Gal4p, which induces the GAL3 and GAL80 gene transcription.	Galactose	25-34	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	93-98
20122217-2	2010	Increase in the cellular galactose concentration causes the galactose molecules to bind onto Gal3p which, via Gal80p, activates Gal4p, which induces the GAL3 and GAL80 gene transcription.	Galactose	25-34	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	110-116
20122217-2	2010	Increase in the cellular galactose concentration causes the galactose molecules to bind onto Gal3p which, via Gal80p, activates Gal4p, which induces the GAL3 and GAL80 gene transcription.	Galactose	25-34	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	128-133
20122217-2	2010	Increase in the cellular galactose concentration causes the galactose molecules to bind onto Gal3p which, via Gal80p, activates Gal4p, which induces the GAL3 and GAL80 gene transcription.	Galactose	25-34	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	153-157
20122217-2	2010	Increase in the cellular galactose concentration causes the galactose molecules to bind onto Gal3p which, via Gal80p, activates Gal4p, which induces the GAL3 and GAL80 gene transcription.	Galactose	25-34	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	162-167
20122217-2	2010	Increase in the cellular galactose concentration causes the galactose molecules to bind onto Gal3p which, via Gal80p, activates Gal4p, which induces the GAL3 and GAL80 gene transcription.	Galactose	60-69	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	93-98
20122217-2	2010	Increase in the cellular galactose concentration causes the galactose molecules to bind onto Gal3p which, via Gal80p, activates Gal4p, which induces the GAL3 and GAL80 gene transcription.	Galactose	60-69	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	110-116
20122217-2	2010	Increase in the cellular galactose concentration causes the galactose molecules to bind onto Gal3p which, via Gal80p, activates Gal4p, which induces the GAL3 and GAL80 gene transcription.	Galactose	60-69	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	128-133
20122217-2	2010	Increase in the cellular galactose concentration causes the galactose molecules to bind onto Gal3p which, via Gal80p, activates Gal4p, which induces the GAL3 and GAL80 gene transcription.	Galactose	60-69	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	153-157
20122217-2	2010	Increase in the cellular galactose concentration causes the galactose molecules to bind onto Gal3p which, via Gal80p, activates Gal4p, which induces the GAL3 and GAL80 gene transcription.	Galactose	60-69	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	162-167
34939781-4	2022	A synthetic promoter consisting of the scRNA target sequence and the core GAL7 promoter region restricted interference from the native galactose regulon.	Galactose	135-144	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	74-78
34622331-1	2022	Under non-inducing conditions (absence of galactose), yeast structural genes of the GAL regulon are repressed by Gal80, preventing interaction of Gal4 bound to UASGAL promoter motifs with general factors of the transcriptional machinery.	Galactose	42-51	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	113-118
34910238-5	2022	Our results showed that the presence of the UDP-glucose 4-epimerase domain was beneficial for the production of digalactosylated complex-type glycans also when extracellular galactose was supplied, suggesting that the positive impact of the UDP-glucose 4-epimerase domain on the galactosylation process can be linked to other processes than its catalytic activity.	Galactose	174-183	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	44-67
34874096-2	2022	Here, we report that natural and D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging kidneys display marked suppression of antiaging factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2) and KLOTHO, accompanied by upregulations of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1/3a/3b and NRF2/KLOTHO gene promoter hypermethylations.	Galactose	33-44	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	122-126
34874096-2	2022	Here, we report that natural and D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging kidneys display marked suppression of antiaging factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2) and KLOTHO, accompanied by upregulations of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1/3a/3b and NRF2/KLOTHO gene promoter hypermethylations.	Galactose	33-44	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	128-169
34874096-2	2022	Here, we report that natural and D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging kidneys display marked suppression of antiaging factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2) and KLOTHO, accompanied by upregulations of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1/3a/3b and NRF2/KLOTHO gene promoter hypermethylations.	Galactose	33-44	klotho	Mus musculus	175-181
34874096-2	2022	Here, we report that natural and D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging kidneys display marked suppression of antiaging factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2) and KLOTHO, accompanied by upregulations of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1/3a/3b and NRF2/KLOTHO gene promoter hypermethylations.	Galactose	33-44	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	256-260
34874096-2	2022	Here, we report that natural and D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging kidneys display marked suppression of antiaging factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2) and KLOTHO, accompanied by upregulations of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1/3a/3b and NRF2/KLOTHO gene promoter hypermethylations.	Galactose	33-44	klotho	Mus musculus	261-267
34874096-2	2022	Here, we report that natural and D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging kidneys display marked suppression of antiaging factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2) and KLOTHO, accompanied by upregulations of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1/3a/3b and NRF2/KLOTHO gene promoter hypermethylations.	Galactose	46-51	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	122-126
34874096-2	2022	Here, we report that natural and D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging kidneys display marked suppression of antiaging factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2) and KLOTHO, accompanied by upregulations of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1/3a/3b and NRF2/KLOTHO gene promoter hypermethylations.	Galactose	46-51	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	128-169
34874096-2	2022	Here, we report that natural and D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging kidneys display marked suppression of antiaging factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2) and KLOTHO, accompanied by upregulations of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1/3a/3b and NRF2/KLOTHO gene promoter hypermethylations.	Galactose	46-51	klotho	Mus musculus	175-181
34874096-2	2022	Here, we report that natural and D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging kidneys display marked suppression of antiaging factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2) and KLOTHO, accompanied by upregulations of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1/3a/3b and NRF2/KLOTHO gene promoter hypermethylations.	Galactose	46-51	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	256-260
34874096-2	2022	Here, we report that natural and D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging kidneys display marked suppression of antiaging factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2) and KLOTHO, accompanied by upregulations of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1/3a/3b and NRF2/KLOTHO gene promoter hypermethylations.	Galactose	46-51	klotho	Mus musculus	261-267
34753773-5	2022	We engineered a galactose-targeted lipid calcium phosphate (Gal-LCP) nanoformulation of miR-122.	Galactose	16-25	microRNA 122	Homo sapiens	88-95
34906534-8	2022	RESULTS: Prophylactic treatment of candesartan in d-galactose-treated rats significantly (p < 0.001) reduced oxidative stress via reduction of MDA as well as elevation of catalase activity and total thiol levels.	Galactose	50-61	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	171-179
34906534-10	2022	Furthermore, candesartan significantly increased the expression of autophagy related gene (Beclin 1 and ATG 5) in cand+d-gal treated rats.	Galactose	119-124	autophagy related 5	Rattus norvegicus	104-109
34896111-1	2022	On D-galactose/AlCl3-induced Alzheimer"s disease-like mice via Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.	Galactose	3-14	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	63-67
34896111-1	2022	On D-galactose/AlCl3-induced Alzheimer"s disease-like mice via Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.	Galactose	3-14	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	68-72
34933253-3	2022	In this work, we prepared atorvastatin- and galactose-modified trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles (GTANPs) with dual targeting to hepatocytes and lesional macrophages for encapsulating Baf60a siRNA (siBaf60a) and anti-miR-33 pDNA (pAnti-miR-33), attaining the effective codelivery of statins and nucleic acids.	Galactose	44-53	SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily d, member 1	Mus musculus	183-189
34933253-3	2022	In this work, we prepared atorvastatin- and galactose-modified trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles (GTANPs) with dual targeting to hepatocytes and lesional macrophages for encapsulating Baf60a siRNA (siBaf60a) and anti-miR-33 pDNA (pAnti-miR-33), attaining the effective codelivery of statins and nucleic acids.	Galactose	44-53	microRNA 33	Mus musculus	216-222
34933253-3	2022	In this work, we prepared atorvastatin- and galactose-modified trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles (GTANPs) with dual targeting to hepatocytes and lesional macrophages for encapsulating Baf60a siRNA (siBaf60a) and anti-miR-33 pDNA (pAnti-miR-33), attaining the effective codelivery of statins and nucleic acids.	Galactose	44-53	microRNA 33	Mus musculus	235-241
34910238-5	2022	Our results showed that the presence of the UDP-glucose 4-epimerase domain was beneficial for the production of digalactosylated complex-type glycans also when extracellular galactose was supplied, suggesting that the positive impact of the UDP-glucose 4-epimerase domain on the galactosylation process can be linked to other processes than its catalytic activity.	Galactose	174-183	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	241-264
34961864-0	2021	(Dexmedetomidine alleviates LPS/D-Gal-induced acute liver injury via up-regulation of LC3-II expression in mice).	Galactose	32-37	microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha	Mus musculus	86-89
34726315-6	2022	Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed significant reductions in all sugars in glcat14a/b and glcat14a/b/c mutants except for arabinose and galactose, while immunolabeling showed decreased amounts of AGP sugar epitopes recognized by glcat14a/b and glcat14a/b/c mutants compared to wild type.	Galactose	146-155	Core-2/I-branching beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	85-95
34726315-6	2022	Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed significant reductions in all sugars in glcat14a/b and glcat14a/b/c mutants except for arabinose and galactose, while immunolabeling showed decreased amounts of AGP sugar epitopes recognized by glcat14a/b and glcat14a/b/c mutants compared to wild type.	Galactose	146-155	Core-2/I-branching beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	100-112
34961864-7	2021	The results showed that, compared with control group, LPS/D-Gal enhanced ALT and AST activity, increased TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels, as well as MPO activity, up-regulated LC3-II and P62 protein expression levels, and significantly induced pathological damage in liver tissue.	Galactose	58-63	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	73-76
34961864-7	2021	The results showed that, compared with control group, LPS/D-Gal enhanced ALT and AST activity, increased TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels, as well as MPO activity, up-regulated LC3-II and P62 protein expression levels, and significantly induced pathological damage in liver tissue.	Galactose	58-63	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	81-84
34961864-7	2021	The results showed that, compared with control group, LPS/D-Gal enhanced ALT and AST activity, increased TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels, as well as MPO activity, up-regulated LC3-II and P62 protein expression levels, and significantly induced pathological damage in liver tissue.	Galactose	58-63	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	105-114
34961864-7	2021	The results showed that, compared with control group, LPS/D-Gal enhanced ALT and AST activity, increased TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels, as well as MPO activity, up-regulated LC3-II and P62 protein expression levels, and significantly induced pathological damage in liver tissue.	Galactose	58-63	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	119-123
34961864-7	2021	The results showed that, compared with control group, LPS/D-Gal enhanced ALT and AST activity, increased TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels, as well as MPO activity, up-regulated LC3-II and P62 protein expression levels, and significantly induced pathological damage in liver tissue.	Galactose	58-63	myeloperoxidase	Mus musculus	143-146
34961864-7	2021	The results showed that, compared with control group, LPS/D-Gal enhanced ALT and AST activity, increased TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels, as well as MPO activity, up-regulated LC3-II and P62 protein expression levels, and significantly induced pathological damage in liver tissue.	Galactose	58-63	nucleoporin 62	Mus musculus	181-184
34918784-0	2022	AAV-mediated expression of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase corrects defects of galactose metabolism in Classic Galactosemia patient fibroblasts.	Galactose	87-96	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	27-66
34932880-0	2022	Dihydromyricetin Improves Cognitive Impairments in D-galactose-Induced Aging Mice through Regulating Oxidative Stress and Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase.	Galactose	51-62	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	136-156
34932880-11	2022	CONCLUSION: DMY alleviated the cognitive impairments in D-gal-induced aging mice partly through regulating oxidative stress and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.	Galactose	56-61	acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus	142-162
34913539-0	2022	Overexpression of UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase leads to higher sensitivity towards galactose providing new insights into the mechanisms of galactose toxicity in plants.	Galactose	82-91	UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase	Arabidopsis thaliana	18-45
34913539-2	2022	In plants, the predominant pathway for the conversion of galactose into UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose is catalyzed by the enzymes galactokinase, UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase and UDP-galactose 4-epimerase.	Galactose	57-66	galactokinase 1	Mus musculus	130-143
34913539-2	2022	In plants, the predominant pathway for the conversion of galactose into UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose is catalyzed by the enzymes galactokinase, UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase and UDP-galactose 4-epimerase.	Galactose	57-66	UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase	Arabidopsis thaliana	145-172
34913539-2	2022	In plants, the predominant pathway for the conversion of galactose into UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose is catalyzed by the enzymes galactokinase, UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase and UDP-galactose 4-epimerase.	Galactose	57-66	galactose-4-epimerase, UDP	Mus musculus	177-202
34918784-3	2022	The majority of the more than 350 mutations identified in the GALT gene cause a significant reduction in GALT enzyme activity resulting in the toxic buildup of galactose metabolites that in turn is associated with cellular stress and injury.	Galactose	160-169	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	62-66
34903166-3	2021	To date, eight Hyp-galactosyltransferases (Hyp-GALTs; GALT2-GALT9) belonging to CAZy GT31, are known to catalyze the addition of the first galactose residues to AGP protein backbones and enable subsequent AGP glycosylation.	Galactose	139-148	Galactosyltransferase family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	54-59
34918784-3	2022	The majority of the more than 350 mutations identified in the GALT gene cause a significant reduction in GALT enzyme activity resulting in the toxic buildup of galactose metabolites that in turn is associated with cellular stress and injury.	Galactose	160-169	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	105-109
34944500-4	2021	The aim of this work was to assess the efficacy of PBX galactose analogues to stabilize alpha-Galactosidase A and therefore evaluate their potential use in Fabry patients with mutations that are not amenable to the treatment with Migalastat.	Galactose	55-64	galactosidase alpha	Homo sapiens	88-109
34938181-1	2021	Skeels on d-Galactose-Induced Aging Model in Mice via Activating the SIRT1/p53 Pathway.	Galactose	10-21	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	69-74
34956146-5	2021	Among eight mono- and disaccharides tested, all were potent inducers of avian beta-defensin 9 (AvBD9) gene (p<0.05), but only galactose, trehalose, and lactose obviously upregulated cathelicidin-B1 (CATHB1) gene expression.	Galactose	126-135	cathelicidin B1	Gallus gallus	182-197
34956146-5	2021	Among eight mono- and disaccharides tested, all were potent inducers of avian beta-defensin 9 (AvBD9) gene (p<0.05), but only galactose, trehalose, and lactose obviously upregulated cathelicidin-B1 (CATHB1) gene expression.	Galactose	126-135	cathelicidin B1	Gallus gallus	199-205
34963221-22	2021	After intervened of BK(Ca) channels specific blocker IBTX in the D-gal group, the expression of OPN and migration were increased (t=4.26, P<0.05; t=5.88, P<0.01; t=21.97, P<0.01).	Galactose	65-70	secreted phosphoprotein 1	Mus musculus	96-99
34956146-7	2021	Moreover, all sugars exhibited a strong synergy with butyrate in enhancing AvBD9 expression, while only galactose, trehalose, and lactose were synergistic with butyrate in CATHB1 induction.	Galactose	104-113	cathelicidin B1	Gallus gallus	172-178
34938181-1	2021	Skeels on d-Galactose-Induced Aging Model in Mice via Activating the SIRT1/p53 Pathway.	Galactose	10-21	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	75-78
34938181-12	2021	SDE improved the pathological changes of the liver and brain induced by D-gal, increased the expression of SIRT1 protein in the liver and brain, and inhibited the expression of p53 protein induced by D-gal.	Galactose	72-77	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	177-180
34938181-12	2021	SDE improved the pathological changes of the liver and brain induced by D-gal, increased the expression of SIRT1 protein in the liver and brain, and inhibited the expression of p53 protein induced by D-gal.	Galactose	200-205	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	177-180
34753032-2	2021	They are linked to galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine via alpha2,3 or alpha2,6 linkage, or to other Sias via alpha2,8 or more rarely alpha2,9 linkage, resulting in mono, oligo and polymeric forms.	Galactose	19-28	immunoglobulin kappa variable 2-24	Homo sapiens	58-66
34753032-2	2021	They are linked to galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine via alpha2,3 or alpha2,6 linkage, or to other Sias via alpha2,8 or more rarely alpha2,9 linkage, resulting in mono, oligo and polymeric forms.	Galactose	19-28	immunoglobulin kappa variable 6-21 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	70-78
34798773-3	2021	In this study, the alleviating neuroinflammatory effect of GAA on d-galactose mice was studied from the aspect of regulating the imbalance of the Th17/Tregs axis.	Galactose	66-77	glucosidase, alpha, acid	Mus musculus	59-62
34601383-3	2021	In the current study, a galactose-regulated zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) designed to cleave the Drosophila rosy locus was used to generate breaks with 4-nt 5" overhangs at out-of-frame cleavage sites inserted into the yeast LYS2 gene.	Galactose	24-33	L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	222-226
34525396-5	2021	Treatment with MitoQ also suppressed LPS/D-Gal-induced production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), inhibited the activities of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9, decreased the level of cleaved caspase-3 and reduced the counts of TUNEL positive cells.	Galactose	41-46	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	69-96
34525396-5	2021	Treatment with MitoQ also suppressed LPS/D-Gal-induced production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), inhibited the activities of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9, decreased the level of cleaved caspase-3 and reduced the counts of TUNEL positive cells.	Galactose	41-46	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	98-107
34525396-5	2021	Treatment with MitoQ also suppressed LPS/D-Gal-induced production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), inhibited the activities of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9, decreased the level of cleaved caspase-3 and reduced the counts of TUNEL positive cells.	Galactose	41-46	caspase 3	Mus musculus	205-214
34788354-0	2021	Taxifolin retards the D-galactose-induced aging process through inhibiting Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress and regulating the gut microbiota in mice.	Galactose	22-33	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	75-79
34569428-9	2021	DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: LBSO alleviated oxidative stress in d-gal-induced sub-acutely ageing testis and TM4 cells by suppressing the oxidative stress to mitochondria via SIRT3/AMPK/PGC-1alpha.	Galactose	64-69	sirtuin 3	Mus musculus	174-179
34788354-9	2021	Furthermore, TAX decreased the apoptosis of the aging brain by regulating the phosphorylation levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and activating nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), nuclear heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NADH dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) to maximally moderate the oxidative stress injury that occurred after D-Gal induction.	Galactose	376-381	phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1	Mus musculus	104-133
34788354-9	2021	Furthermore, TAX decreased the apoptosis of the aging brain by regulating the phosphorylation levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and activating nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), nuclear heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NADH dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) to maximally moderate the oxidative stress injury that occurred after D-Gal induction.	Galactose	376-381	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	181-224
34788354-9	2021	Furthermore, TAX decreased the apoptosis of the aging brain by regulating the phosphorylation levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and activating nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), nuclear heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NADH dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) to maximally moderate the oxidative stress injury that occurred after D-Gal induction.	Galactose	376-381	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	226-230
34788354-9	2021	Furthermore, TAX decreased the apoptosis of the aging brain by regulating the phosphorylation levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and activating nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), nuclear heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NADH dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) to maximally moderate the oxidative stress injury that occurred after D-Gal induction.	Galactose	376-381	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	259-263
34788354-9	2021	Furthermore, TAX decreased the apoptosis of the aging brain by regulating the phosphorylation levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and activating nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), nuclear heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NADH dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) to maximally moderate the oxidative stress injury that occurred after D-Gal induction.	Galactose	376-381	NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1	Mus musculus	270-298
34788354-9	2021	Furthermore, TAX decreased the apoptosis of the aging brain by regulating the phosphorylation levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and activating nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), nuclear heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NADH dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) to maximally moderate the oxidative stress injury that occurred after D-Gal induction.	Galactose	376-381	NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1	Mus musculus	300-304
34823411-5	2021	The monosaccharide composition of GLP was glucose, glucuronic acid, galactose and arabinose with molar ratios of 0.91:0.04:0.03:0.02, respectively.	Galactose	68-77	euchromatic histone methyltransferase 1	Mus musculus	34-37
34846578-1	2022	Galectin-4 (Gal-4) is a member of the galectin family, which have been identified as galactose-binding proteins.	Galactose	85-94	galectin 4	Homo sapiens	0-10
34846578-1	2022	Galectin-4 (Gal-4) is a member of the galectin family, which have been identified as galactose-binding proteins.	Galactose	85-94	galectin 4	Homo sapiens	12-17
34880753-10	2021	Collectively, BHBA inhibited hippocampal OS and the inflammation process to alleviate learning and memory impairment through activating the SIRT1 pathway in D-gal-injured mice, suggesting that BHBA could be a potential option for drug development of learning and memory impairment induced by nervous system injuries.	Galactose	157-162	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	140-145
34887868-2	2021	This study aimed to clarify the protective effects of human placenta MSCs-derived exosomes (hPMSC-Exo) in aging-related CD4+ T cell senescence and identified the underlying mechanisms using a D-gal induced mouse aging model.	Galactose	192-197	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	120-123
34880753-0	2021	beta-hydroxybutyrate Alleviates Learning and Memory Impairment Through the SIRT1 Pathway in D-Galactose-Injured Mice.	Galactose	92-103	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	75-80
34951178-12	2021	Additionally, LRH flavonoids could improve the carbon clearance index in immunosuppressed mice, potentiate the activities of SOD and CAT and reduce MDA levels in the liver of aging mice induced by D-galactose, and effectively inhibit macrophage pyroptosis by decreasing the levels of caspase-1, IL-1beta, and IL-18.	Galactose	197-208	catalase	Mus musculus	133-136
34637700-8	2021	Exogenous klotho attenuated cardiomyocyte ageing and reversed changes in autophagic and apoptotic activity caused by D-gal.	Galactose	117-122	klotho	Mus musculus	10-16
34637700-9	2021	Moreover, klotho supplementation prevented D-gal-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity.	Galactose	43-48	klotho	Mus musculus	10-16
34403042-4	2021	Our results indicated that Synaptotagmin-7 expression significantly decreased in the hippocampus of D-galactose-induced or naturally aging mice when compared with healthy controls, as detected by western blot and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis.	Galactose	100-111	synaptotagmin VII	Mus musculus	27-42
34403042-5	2021	Synaptotagmin-7 overexpression in the dorsal CA1 of the hippocampus reversed long-term potentiation and improved hippocampus-dependent spatial learning in D-galactose-induced aging mice.	Galactose	155-166	synaptotagmin VII	Mus musculus	0-15
34111442-6	2021	In the present study, we researched the role of CHIT1 in HDAC3/NF-kappaB signaling in D-galactose (D-gal) and aluminum-exposed rat model with cognitive impairments.	Galactose	99-104	histone deacetylase 3	Rattus norvegicus	57-62
34111442-7	2021	Following CHIT1 treatment, we found that the protein and mRNA levels of HDAC3 and NF-kappaB were reduced, the expression level of IkappaBalpha increased, anti-inflammatory factors (Arg-1, IL-10, and CD206) were elevated while pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-a, iNOS, and IL-1beta) were decreased in D-gal/aluminum-induced AD rats.	Galactose	297-302	chitinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	10-15
34111442-7	2021	Following CHIT1 treatment, we found that the protein and mRNA levels of HDAC3 and NF-kappaB were reduced, the expression level of IkappaBalpha increased, anti-inflammatory factors (Arg-1, IL-10, and CD206) were elevated while pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-a, iNOS, and IL-1beta) were decreased in D-gal/aluminum-induced AD rats.	Galactose	297-302	histone deacetylase 3	Rattus norvegicus	72-77
34111442-7	2021	Following CHIT1 treatment, we found that the protein and mRNA levels of HDAC3 and NF-kappaB were reduced, the expression level of IkappaBalpha increased, anti-inflammatory factors (Arg-1, IL-10, and CD206) were elevated while pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-a, iNOS, and IL-1beta) were decreased in D-gal/aluminum-induced AD rats.	Galactose	297-302	NFKB inhibitor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	130-142
34111442-7	2021	Following CHIT1 treatment, we found that the protein and mRNA levels of HDAC3 and NF-kappaB were reduced, the expression level of IkappaBalpha increased, anti-inflammatory factors (Arg-1, IL-10, and CD206) were elevated while pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-a, iNOS, and IL-1beta) were decreased in D-gal/aluminum-induced AD rats.	Galactose	297-302	arginase 1	Rattus norvegicus	181-186
34111442-7	2021	Following CHIT1 treatment, we found that the protein and mRNA levels of HDAC3 and NF-kappaB were reduced, the expression level of IkappaBalpha increased, anti-inflammatory factors (Arg-1, IL-10, and CD206) were elevated while pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-a, iNOS, and IL-1beta) were decreased in D-gal/aluminum-induced AD rats.	Galactose	297-302	interleukin 10	Rattus norvegicus	188-193
34111442-7	2021	Following CHIT1 treatment, we found that the protein and mRNA levels of HDAC3 and NF-kappaB were reduced, the expression level of IkappaBalpha increased, anti-inflammatory factors (Arg-1, IL-10, and CD206) were elevated while pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-a, iNOS, and IL-1beta) were decreased in D-gal/aluminum-induced AD rats.	Galactose	297-302	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	252-257
34111442-7	2021	Following CHIT1 treatment, we found that the protein and mRNA levels of HDAC3 and NF-kappaB were reduced, the expression level of IkappaBalpha increased, anti-inflammatory factors (Arg-1, IL-10, and CD206) were elevated while pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-a, iNOS, and IL-1beta) were decreased in D-gal/aluminum-induced AD rats.	Galactose	297-302	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	259-263
34111442-7	2021	Following CHIT1 treatment, we found that the protein and mRNA levels of HDAC3 and NF-kappaB were reduced, the expression level of IkappaBalpha increased, anti-inflammatory factors (Arg-1, IL-10, and CD206) were elevated while pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-a, iNOS, and IL-1beta) were decreased in D-gal/aluminum-induced AD rats.	Galactose	297-302	interleukin 1 alpha	Rattus norvegicus	269-277
34561750-2	2021	Since the genes for GBP have not yet been identified at all, the purification of GBP was done using galactose-beads from amoebial lysates, and monoclonal antibodies were produced using cell fusion.	Galactose	100-109	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3	Mus musculus	81-84
34585194-5	2021	The results showed that CYP is a mixture with an average Mw of 75.57 kDa and is mainly composed of rhamnose, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose with a molar ratio of 0.01 : 0.06 : 1.00 : 0.17 : 0.01.	Galactose	135-144	peptidyl-prolyl isomerase G (cyclophilin G)	Mus musculus	24-27
34481907-10	2021	As an epilogue, targeting MPC-1 in the D-gal-induced AD in OVX rats resulted in the enhancement of autophagy, and suppression of neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity.	Galactose	39-44	mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1	Rattus norvegicus	26-31
34951178-12	2021	Additionally, LRH flavonoids could improve the carbon clearance index in immunosuppressed mice, potentiate the activities of SOD and CAT and reduce MDA levels in the liver of aging mice induced by D-galactose, and effectively inhibit macrophage pyroptosis by decreasing the levels of caspase-1, IL-1beta, and IL-18.	Galactose	197-208	caspase 1	Mus musculus	284-293
34951178-12	2021	Additionally, LRH flavonoids could improve the carbon clearance index in immunosuppressed mice, potentiate the activities of SOD and CAT and reduce MDA levels in the liver of aging mice induced by D-galactose, and effectively inhibit macrophage pyroptosis by decreasing the levels of caspase-1, IL-1beta, and IL-18.	Galactose	197-208	interleukin 1 alpha	Mus musculus	295-303
34702807-7	2021	Interestingly, Tipe2 KO mice treated with D-Gal showed a less serious inverse of CD4:CD8 ratio, a lower percentage of Treg compared to WT.	Galactose	42-47	tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 8-like 2	Mus musculus	15-20
34745358-2	2021	The NF is a syrup containing >= 57% w/w GOS (w/w dry matter), consisting of different galactosyl residues linked to a terminal glucose by a beta-glycosidic bond and also containing lactose and the constituent monomers of lactose (galactose and glucose).	Galactose	230-239	neurofascin	Homo sapiens	4-6
34702807-7	2021	Interestingly, Tipe2 KO mice treated with D-Gal showed a less serious inverse of CD4:CD8 ratio, a lower percentage of Treg compared to WT.	Galactose	42-47	CD4 antigen	Mus musculus	81-84
34595917-3	2021	The hepatocyte-targeting capacities of the aimed compounds followed the W-105 (parent compound) < W-1-5 (monodentate-galactose) < W-2-9 (bidentate-galactose) < W-3-8 (tridentate-galactose) order, which is attributed to the excellent affinity of the galactose ligand to ASGPR and the galactose-cluster recognition effect.	Galactose	117-126	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	269-274
34677831-8	2021	Here we show that treatment of A549 human lung epithelial cells for 7 days with 25 mM d-galactose, an inducer of diabetic-like and oxidative stress cellular phenotypes, leads to increased mRNA levels of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and FURIN, along with reduced SERPINA1 mRNA.	Galactose	86-97	angiotensin converting enzyme 2	Homo sapiens	203-207
34677831-8	2021	Here we show that treatment of A549 human lung epithelial cells for 7 days with 25 mM d-galactose, an inducer of diabetic-like and oxidative stress cellular phenotypes, leads to increased mRNA levels of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and FURIN, along with reduced SERPINA1 mRNA.	Galactose	86-97	transmembrane serine protease 2	Homo sapiens	209-216
34677831-8	2021	Here we show that treatment of A549 human lung epithelial cells for 7 days with 25 mM d-galactose, an inducer of diabetic-like and oxidative stress cellular phenotypes, leads to increased mRNA levels of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and FURIN, along with reduced SERPINA1 mRNA.	Galactose	86-97	furin, paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme	Homo sapiens	222-227
34677831-8	2021	Here we show that treatment of A549 human lung epithelial cells for 7 days with 25 mM d-galactose, an inducer of diabetic-like and oxidative stress cellular phenotypes, leads to increased mRNA levels of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and FURIN, along with reduced SERPINA1 mRNA.	Galactose	86-97	serpin family A member 1	Homo sapiens	248-256
34398681-7	2021	In contrast, when galactose was the carbon source, reduction in mitochondrial translation was observed predominantly from Cox1 mRNA in Deltairc3rho+ but no defect was observed in irc3 temperature-sensitive cells, at 370C.	Galactose	18-27	cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	122-126
34677831-0	2021	d-Galactose treatment increases ACE2, TMPRSS2, and FURIN and reduces SERPINA1 mRNA expression in A549 human lung epithelial cells.	Galactose	0-11	angiotensin converting enzyme 2	Homo sapiens	32-36
34677831-0	2021	d-Galactose treatment increases ACE2, TMPRSS2, and FURIN and reduces SERPINA1 mRNA expression in A549 human lung epithelial cells.	Galactose	0-11	transmembrane serine protease 2	Homo sapiens	38-45
34677831-0	2021	d-Galactose treatment increases ACE2, TMPRSS2, and FURIN and reduces SERPINA1 mRNA expression in A549 human lung epithelial cells.	Galactose	0-11	furin, paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme	Homo sapiens	51-56
34677831-0	2021	d-Galactose treatment increases ACE2, TMPRSS2, and FURIN and reduces SERPINA1 mRNA expression in A549 human lung epithelial cells.	Galactose	0-11	serpin family A member 1	Homo sapiens	69-77
34487718-0	2021	Detection of ricin activity and structure by using novel galactose-terminated magnetic bead extraction coupled with mass spectrometric detection.	Galactose	57-66	ricin	Ricinus communis	13-18
34595917-3	2021	The hepatocyte-targeting capacities of the aimed compounds followed the W-105 (parent compound) < W-1-5 (monodentate-galactose) < W-2-9 (bidentate-galactose) < W-3-8 (tridentate-galactose) order, which is attributed to the excellent affinity of the galactose ligand to ASGPR and the galactose-cluster recognition effect.	Galactose	147-156	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	269-274
34595917-3	2021	The hepatocyte-targeting capacities of the aimed compounds followed the W-105 (parent compound) < W-1-5 (monodentate-galactose) < W-2-9 (bidentate-galactose) < W-3-8 (tridentate-galactose) order, which is attributed to the excellent affinity of the galactose ligand to ASGPR and the galactose-cluster recognition effect.	Galactose	178-187	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	269-274
34595917-3	2021	The hepatocyte-targeting capacities of the aimed compounds followed the W-105 (parent compound) < W-1-5 (monodentate-galactose) < W-2-9 (bidentate-galactose) < W-3-8 (tridentate-galactose) order, which is attributed to the excellent affinity of the galactose ligand to ASGPR and the galactose-cluster recognition effect.	Galactose	249-258	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	269-274
34641605-1	2021	Classic galactosemia is an inborn error of metabolism associated with mutations that impair the activity and the stability of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT), catalyzing the third step in galactose metabolism.	Galactose	205-214	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	126-167
34712223-5	2021	On one hand, the microbiota from P-pts was able to induce an increase of serum BAFF and galactose deficient-IgA1 levels and a decrease of CD89 cell surface expression on blood CD11b+ cells which was associated with soluble CD89 and IgA1 mesangial deposits.	Galactose	88-97	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	108-112
34641605-1	2021	Classic galactosemia is an inborn error of metabolism associated with mutations that impair the activity and the stability of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT), catalyzing the third step in galactose metabolism.	Galactose	205-214	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	169-173
34611916-0	2022	beta-galactosidase therapy can mitigate blood galactose elevation after an oral lactose load in GALM deficiency.	Galactose	46-55	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	0-18
34611916-4	2022	We incidentally found that beta-galactosidase might reduce blood galactose levels caused by lactose loading in GALM deficiency.	Galactose	65-74	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	27-45
34611916-5	2022	Consequently, we investigated the effectiveness of beta-galactosidase in decreasing the level of blood galactose in three patients with GALM deficiency.	Galactose	103-112	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	51-69
34611916-7	2022	The add-on administration of beta-galactosidase significantly mitigated blood galactose elevations after lactose loading.	Galactose	78-87	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	29-47
34611916-10	2022	Therefore, beta-galactosidase could be a potential novel treatment agent for blood galactose elevation caused by lactose in patients with GALM deficiency.	Galactose	83-92	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	11-29
34611916-11	2022	The effectiveness of beta-galactosidase could possibly result in loosening of the galactose dietary restrictions or treatment for patients with GALM deficiency.	Galactose	82-91	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	21-39
34396435-0	2021	Adiponectin inhibits D-gal-induced cardiomyocyte senescence via AdipoR1/APPL1.	Galactose	21-26	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Rattus norvegicus	0-11
34650664-12	2021	Together, these results suggest that DL0410 exerts neuroprotective effects against hippocampus and cortex injury induced by D-galactose, and the possible mechanisms include antioxidative stress, antineuroinflammation, improving synaptic plasticity, and maintaining BBB integrity, which is mediated by the TLR4/MyD88/NF-kappaB signaling pathway inhibition.	Galactose	124-135	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	305-309
34650664-12	2021	Together, these results suggest that DL0410 exerts neuroprotective effects against hippocampus and cortex injury induced by D-galactose, and the possible mechanisms include antioxidative stress, antineuroinflammation, improving synaptic plasticity, and maintaining BBB integrity, which is mediated by the TLR4/MyD88/NF-kappaB signaling pathway inhibition.	Galactose	124-135	myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88	Mus musculus	310-315
34650664-12	2021	Together, these results suggest that DL0410 exerts neuroprotective effects against hippocampus and cortex injury induced by D-galactose, and the possible mechanisms include antioxidative stress, antineuroinflammation, improving synaptic plasticity, and maintaining BBB integrity, which is mediated by the TLR4/MyD88/NF-kappaB signaling pathway inhibition.	Galactose	124-135	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	316-325
34657062-2	2021	It interacts with macrophage galactose-specific lectin(MGL)on dendric cells and macrophages, driving immune inhibitory signals.	Galactose	29-38	C-type lectin domain containing 10A	Homo sapiens	55-58
34396435-7	2021	The results revealed that the expression levels of adiponectin, AdipoR1 and APPL1 were downregulated in aged mouse plasma, myocardial tissues and D-gal-treated cardiomyocytes.	Galactose	146-151	adiponectin receptor 1	Mus musculus	64-71
34396435-7	2021	The results revealed that the expression levels of adiponectin, AdipoR1 and APPL1 were downregulated in aged mouse plasma, myocardial tissues and D-gal-treated cardiomyocytes.	Galactose	146-151	adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interaction, PH domain and leucine zipper containing 1	Mus musculus	76-81
34396435-8	2021	It was also observed that AdipoR1 and APPL1 expression levels were significantly upregulated following the overexpression of adiponectin into D-gal-treated cardiomyocytes.	Galactose	142-147	adiponectin receptor 1	Mus musculus	26-33
34416243-11	2021	Moreover, knockdown of RNF31 attenuated the inflammatory response induced by d-Gal/LPS in mice with acute liver injury.	Galactose	77-82	ring finger protein 31	Mus musculus	23-28
34508778-1	2021	The hepatic carbohydrate-recognizing asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR1) mediates the endocytosis/lysosomal degradation of desialylated glycoproteins following binding to terminal galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine.	Galactose	180-189	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	66-71
34396435-0	2021	Adiponectin inhibits D-gal-induced cardiomyocyte senescence via AdipoR1/APPL1.	Galactose	21-26	adiponectin receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	64-71
34396435-8	2021	It was also observed that AdipoR1 and APPL1 expression levels were significantly upregulated following the overexpression of adiponectin into D-gal-treated cardiomyocytes.	Galactose	142-147	adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interaction, PH domain and leucine zipper containing 1	Mus musculus	38-43
34396435-8	2021	It was also observed that AdipoR1 and APPL1 expression levels were significantly upregulated following the overexpression of adiponectin into D-gal-treated cardiomyocytes.	Galactose	142-147	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Mus musculus	125-136
34396435-10	2021	Adiponectin also downregulated the levels of ROS and MDA in D-gal-treated H9c2 cells via AdipoR1/APPL1.	Galactose	60-65	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Rattus norvegicus	0-11
34396435-0	2021	Adiponectin inhibits D-gal-induced cardiomyocyte senescence via AdipoR1/APPL1.	Galactose	21-26	adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1	Rattus norvegicus	72-77
34396435-10	2021	Adiponectin also downregulated the levels of ROS and MDA in D-gal-treated H9c2 cells via AdipoR1/APPL1.	Galactose	60-65	adiponectin receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	89-96
34396435-1	2021	The aim of the present study was to examine whether adiponectin could inhibit cardiomyocyte senescence induced by D-galactose (D-gal), and whether it functioned via the adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1)/adaptor protein phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1 (APPL1) signaling pathway.	Galactose	114-125	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Rattus norvegicus	52-63
34396435-10	2021	Adiponectin also downregulated the levels of ROS and MDA in D-gal-treated H9c2 cells via AdipoR1/APPL1.	Galactose	60-65	adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1	Rattus norvegicus	97-102
34396435-1	2021	The aim of the present study was to examine whether adiponectin could inhibit cardiomyocyte senescence induced by D-galactose (D-gal), and whether it functioned via the adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1)/adaptor protein phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1 (APPL1) signaling pathway.	Galactose	114-125	adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1	Rattus norvegicus	283-288
34396435-1	2021	The aim of the present study was to examine whether adiponectin could inhibit cardiomyocyte senescence induced by D-galactose (D-gal), and whether it functioned via the adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1)/adaptor protein phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1 (APPL1) signaling pathway.	Galactose	127-132	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Rattus norvegicus	52-63
34396435-7	2021	The results revealed that the expression levels of adiponectin, AdipoR1 and APPL1 were downregulated in aged mouse plasma, myocardial tissues and D-gal-treated cardiomyocytes.	Galactose	146-151	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Mus musculus	51-62
34425230-4	2021	Our results indicated that LPS/D-Gal exposure decreased the activity of pyruvate kinase and the content of pyruvate, which were reversed by the PKM2 activator TEPP-46.	Galactose	31-36	pyruvate kinase, muscle	Mus musculus	144-148
34425230-9	2021	Our data suggests that LPS/D-Gal exposure-induced decline of pyruvate might be a novel metabolic mechanism underlies the development of LPS/D-Gal-induced fulminant liver injury, PKM2 activator or pyruvate derivate might have potential value for the pharmacological intervention of fulminant liver injury.	Galactose	27-32	pyruvate kinase, muscle	Mus musculus	178-182
34640530-4	2021	Specifically, patients with IgA nephropathy have elevated circulating levels of IgA1 with some O-glycans deficient in galactose (galactose-deficient IgA1) and these IgA1 glycoforms are recognized as autoantigens by unique IgG autoantibodies, resulting in formation of circulating immune complexes, some of which deposit in glomeruli and activate mesangial cells to induce kidney injury.	Galactose	118-127	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	149-153
34627416-8	2021	Over expressed PKM2, HL-60 cells were treated with PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or galactose, the changes in cell proliferation ability, cell cycle and apoptosis, as well as changes in glucose consumption and lactic acid production were detected.	Galactose	78-87	pyruvate kinase M1/2	Homo sapiens	15-19
34641485-1	2021	The third step of the catabolism of galactose in mammals is catalyzed by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT), a homodimeric enzyme with two active sites located in the proximity of the intersubunit interface.	Galactose	36-45	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	84-125
34641485-1	2021	The third step of the catabolism of galactose in mammals is catalyzed by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT), a homodimeric enzyme with two active sites located in the proximity of the intersubunit interface.	Galactose	36-45	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	127-131
34630111-0	2021	Qiangji Decoction Alleviates Neurodegenerative Changes and Hippocampal Neuron Apoptosis Induced by D-Galactose via Regulating AMPK/SIRT1/NF-kappaB Signaling Pathway.	Galactose	99-110	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	131-136
34570755-9	2021	In silico perturbation of these parameters identified variation in the intracellular galactose sensor, Gal3p, the negative feedback node within the GAL regulatory network, Gal80p, and the hexose transporters, HXT, as the main sources of the bimodal range variation.	Galactose	85-94	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	103-108
34630111-0	2021	Qiangji Decoction Alleviates Neurodegenerative Changes and Hippocampal Neuron Apoptosis Induced by D-Galactose via Regulating AMPK/SIRT1/NF-kappaB Signaling Pathway.	Galactose	99-110	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	137-146
34127216-3	2021	SHPS-1 consisted of arabinose, mannose, glucose, and galactose at a molar ratio of 2.2:15.7:49.3:32.8.	Galactose	53-62	signal-regulatory protein alpha	Mus musculus	0-6
34180933-11	2021	Biochemical analysis showed that RSV significantly downregulated abnormal increases in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) caused by long-term d-gal treatment, which effectively improved pathological damage, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decreased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver and kidneys.	Galactose	236-241	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	103-127
34180933-11	2021	Biochemical analysis showed that RSV significantly downregulated abnormal increases in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) caused by long-term d-gal treatment, which effectively improved pathological damage, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decreased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver and kidneys.	Galactose	236-241	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	129-132
34180933-11	2021	Biochemical analysis showed that RSV significantly downregulated abnormal increases in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) caused by long-term d-gal treatment, which effectively improved pathological damage, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decreased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver and kidneys.	Galactose	236-241	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	135-161
34180933-11	2021	Biochemical analysis showed that RSV significantly downregulated abnormal increases in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) caused by long-term d-gal treatment, which effectively improved pathological damage, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decreased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver and kidneys.	Galactose	236-241	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	163-166
34408013-5	2021	In this study, we show that galactose incorporated in the IgG1-Fc enhances C1q binding, C4, C3 deposition, and complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes and Raji cells.	Galactose	28-37	complement C4A (Rodgers blood group)	Homo sapiens	75-94
34539759-2	2021	Absent or reduced beta-galactosidase activity leads to the accumulation of beta-linked galactose-containing glycoconjugates including the glycosphingolipid (GSL) GM1-ganglioside in neuronal tissue.	Galactose	87-96	galactosidase, beta 1	Mus musculus	18-36
34566641-8	2021	Plasma kallikrein treatment significantly increased the proliferation of CCl4-induced HepG2 cells and induced a significant increase in the gene expression of the thrombin receptor (protease activated receptor-1), interleukin 1 beta, and lectin-galactose binding soluble 3 (galectin-3) (p < 0.05, n = 4).	Galactose	245-254	kallikrein B1	Homo sapiens	0-17
34539759-2	2021	Absent or reduced beta-galactosidase activity leads to the accumulation of beta-linked galactose-containing glycoconjugates including the glycosphingolipid (GSL) GM1-ganglioside in neuronal tissue.	Galactose	87-96	coenzyme Q10A	Mus musculus	162-165
34414658-9	2021	Furthermore, gene deletion of CB2 in d-gal-treated mice could greatly inhibit the activation of beta-catenin signalling and restore the mitochondrial integrity and Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.	Galactose	37-42	cannabinoid receptor 2 (macrophage)	Mus musculus	30-33
34647281-6	2021	D-Galactose increased the intensity of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase staining and the levels of reactive oxygen species in adult dermal fibroblasts.	Galactose	0-11	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	61-79
34647281-7	2021	Furthermore, D-galactose increased the mRNA expression of p16, p21, and p53.	Galactose	13-24	cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A	Homo sapiens	58-61
34647281-7	2021	Furthermore, D-galactose increased the mRNA expression of p16, p21, and p53.	Galactose	13-24	H3 histone pseudogene 16	Homo sapiens	63-66
34647281-7	2021	Furthermore, D-galactose increased the mRNA expression of p16, p21, and p53.	Galactose	13-24	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	72-75
34659527-11	2021	Furthermore, hijacking tumor glycolysis by 2-DG or galactose largely abrogated the oncogenic roles of CD73, indicating that CD73 promotes tumor growth in a glycolysis-dependent manner in gastric cancer.	Galactose	51-60	5'-nucleotidase ecto	Homo sapiens	102-106
34659527-11	2021	Furthermore, hijacking tumor glycolysis by 2-DG or galactose largely abrogated the oncogenic roles of CD73, indicating that CD73 promotes tumor growth in a glycolysis-dependent manner in gastric cancer.	Galactose	51-60	5'-nucleotidase ecto	Homo sapiens	124-128
34415667-2	2021	In the present study, we found that Yes-associated Protein (YAP) was downregulated and inactivated in hippocampal astrocytes of aging mice and AD model mice, as well as in D-galactose and paraquat-induced senescent astrocytes, in a Hippo pathway-dependent manner.	Galactose	172-183	yes-associated protein 1	Mus musculus	36-58
34415667-2	2021	In the present study, we found that Yes-associated Protein (YAP) was downregulated and inactivated in hippocampal astrocytes of aging mice and AD model mice, as well as in D-galactose and paraquat-induced senescent astrocytes, in a Hippo pathway-dependent manner.	Galactose	172-183	yes-associated protein 1	Mus musculus	60-63
34399523-5	2021	The molecular weight of PHP1 decreased significantly after fermentation, which may result from hydrolysis of the galactan (with alpha- and beta-linkages between galactose residues) by alpha- or beta-galactosidase secreted by the microbiota.	Galactose	161-170	galactosidase, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	194-212
34414658-9	2021	Furthermore, gene deletion of CB2 in d-gal-treated mice could greatly inhibit the activation of beta-catenin signalling and restore the mitochondrial integrity and Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.	Galactose	37-42	catenin (cadherin associated protein), beta 1	Mus musculus	96-108
34166692-2	2021	The results showed that COP1 were 18.843 kDa, and consisted of arabinose (56.6 mol%), galactose (24.9 mol%), xylose (11.1 mol%), and glucose (7.4 mol%).	Galactose	86-95	COP1, E3 ubiquitin ligase	Mus musculus	24-28
34346207-3	2021	However, because both types of circuits harness Gal4p and Gal80p from the galactose (GAL) regulon they cannot be used simultaneously.	Galactose	74-83	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	48-53
34463232-10	2022	Serum E2, LH, SOD, CAT levels were significantly decreased, FSH levels were remarkably increased in D-gal group than PBS group (p<0.05).	Galactose	100-105	catalase	Mus musculus	19-22
34463232-10	2022	Serum E2, LH, SOD, CAT levels were significantly decreased, FSH levels were remarkably increased in D-gal group than PBS group (p<0.05).	Galactose	100-105	follicle stimulating hormone beta	Mus musculus	60-63
34346207-3	2021	However, because both types of circuits harness Gal4p and Gal80p from the galactose (GAL) regulon they cannot be used simultaneously.	Galactose	74-83	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	58-64
34346207-3	2021	However, because both types of circuits harness Gal4p and Gal80p from the galactose (GAL) regulon they cannot be used simultaneously.	Galactose	85-88	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	48-53
34346207-3	2021	However, because both types of circuits harness Gal4p and Gal80p from the galactose (GAL) regulon they cannot be used simultaneously.	Galactose	85-88	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	58-64
34369311-8	2021	The neuraminidase binding pocket is also able to accommodate galactose of SIAalpha(2 3)GAL and SIAalpha(2 6)GAL.	Galactose	61-70	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	4-17
34293617-7	2021	These analyses evidenced the critical role of the glycosidic linkage between the terminal galactopyranoside residue and the adjacent monosaccharide, as galactosides bearing beta-(1   6) glycosidic linkages showed dissociation constants six- and seven-fold higher than those involving beta-(1   4) and beta-(1   3) linkages, respectively.	Galactose	90-107	immunoglobulin kappa variable 3-31 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	173-184
34293617-7	2021	These analyses evidenced the critical role of the glycosidic linkage between the terminal galactopyranoside residue and the adjacent monosaccharide, as galactosides bearing beta-(1   6) glycosidic linkages showed dissociation constants six- and seven-fold higher than those involving beta-(1   4) and beta-(1   3) linkages, respectively.	Galactose	90-107	immunoglobulin kappa variable 2D-18 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	301-312
34339169-6	2021	Our biophysical analysis using glycan arrays and surface plasmon resonance demonstrated that Ata binds galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and galactose (beta1-3/4) N-acetylglucosamine with high-affinity.	Galactose	103-112	ATM serine/threonine kinase	Homo sapiens	93-96
34339169-6	2021	Our biophysical analysis using glycan arrays and surface plasmon resonance demonstrated that Ata binds galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and galactose (beta1-3/4) N-acetylglucosamine with high-affinity.	Galactose	139-148	ATM serine/threonine kinase	Homo sapiens	93-96
34369878-4	2021	GAL3, the galactose sensor, controls the fraction of induced cells, and titrating its expression is sufficient to control modality; moreover, all the observed differences in modality between different pre-induction conditions and amongst natural isolates can be explained by changes in GAL3"s regulation and activity.	Galactose	10-19	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
34369878-4	2021	GAL3, the galactose sensor, controls the fraction of induced cells, and titrating its expression is sufficient to control modality; moreover, all the observed differences in modality between different pre-induction conditions and amongst natural isolates can be explained by changes in GAL3"s regulation and activity.	Galactose	10-19	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	286-290
34471563-0	2021	Anwulignan alleviates d-galactose induced renal damage by regulating Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in mice.	Galactose	22-33	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	69-73
34471563-7	2021	These results suggest that anwulignan significantly alleviates the renal damage by its antioxidant effect through regulating the production of Nrf2/ARE pathway-related proteins in the renal tissue in the d-galactose induced aging mice.	Galactose	204-215	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	143-147
34441764-2	2021	The IgA1 hinge region (HR) has up to six clustered O-glycans consisting of Ser/Thr-linked N-acetylgalactosamine usually with beta1,3-linked galactose and variable sialylation.	Galactose	140-149	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	4-8
34441764-2	2021	The IgA1 hinge region (HR) has up to six clustered O-glycans consisting of Ser/Thr-linked N-acetylgalactosamine usually with beta1,3-linked galactose and variable sialylation.	Galactose	140-149	immunoglobulin kappa variable 2D-18 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	125-132
34338268-3	2021	In this study, the beneficial effect of GLP-1 on d-galactose (d-gal) rats was carried out by regulating the inflammation of the brain-liver axis.	Galactose	49-60	glucagon	Rattus norvegicus	40-45
34170688-8	2021	Enzymatic degradation by the application of beta1-3,4-specific galactosidase supported the presence of terminal galactose-linked beta1-6 to one of the two GlcNAc branches.	Galactose	112-121	immunoglobulin kappa variable 2D-18 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	44-51
34170688-8	2021	Enzymatic degradation by the application of beta1-3,4-specific galactosidase supported the presence of terminal galactose-linked beta1-6 to one of the two GlcNAc branches.	Galactose	112-121	immunoglobulin kappa variable 3-31 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	129-136
34338268-3	2021	In this study, the beneficial effect of GLP-1 on d-galactose (d-gal) rats was carried out by regulating the inflammation of the brain-liver axis.	Galactose	62-67	glucagon	Rattus norvegicus	40-45
34338268-7	2021	As a result, GLP-1 could obviously ameliorate the cognitive impairment of d-gal rats.	Galactose	74-79	glucagon	Rattus norvegicus	13-18
34227740-8	2021	AOS inhibited D-gal-induced up-regulation of natriuretic peptides A (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and ageing markers p53 and p21 in a dose-dependent manner.	Galactose	14-19	natriuretic peptide type A	Mus musculus	45-67
34403092-11	2021	D-gal-induced senescence assay confirmed the down-regulation of Cav3.1 expression in senescent HEI-OC1 cells.	Galactose	0-5	calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 G	Homo sapiens	64-70
34227740-8	2021	AOS inhibited D-gal-induced up-regulation of natriuretic peptides A (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and ageing markers p53 and p21 in a dose-dependent manner.	Galactose	14-19	natriuretic peptide type A	Mus musculus	69-72
34227740-8	2021	AOS inhibited D-gal-induced up-regulation of natriuretic peptides A (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and ageing markers p53 and p21 in a dose-dependent manner.	Galactose	14-19	natriuretic peptide type B	Mus musculus	75-100
34227740-8	2021	AOS inhibited D-gal-induced up-regulation of natriuretic peptides A (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and ageing markers p53 and p21 in a dose-dependent manner.	Galactose	14-19	natriuretic peptide type B	Mus musculus	102-105
34227740-8	2021	AOS inhibited D-gal-induced up-regulation of natriuretic peptides A (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and ageing markers p53 and p21 in a dose-dependent manner.	Galactose	14-19	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	126-129
34227740-8	2021	AOS inhibited D-gal-induced up-regulation of natriuretic peptides A (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and ageing markers p53 and p21 in a dose-dependent manner.	Galactose	14-19	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (P21)	Mus musculus	134-137
34290230-6	2021	The myocardial cells were infected with lentiviruses bearing overexpression plasmids or shRNA targeting Parkin or USP30 to elucidate the effects of Parkin and USP30 on D-gal-induced mitophagy damage and cell senescence.	Galactose	168-173	ubiquitin specific peptidase 30	Rattus norvegicus	159-164
34231555-2	2021	Recent studies have demonstrated that glycan isomers with the terminal galactose position on either the Man alpha1-3 arm or the Man alpha1-6 arm have an impact on the effector functions and dynamic structure of mAbs.	Galactose	71-80	immunoglobulin kappa variable 2D-18 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	108-116
34231555-2	2021	Recent studies have demonstrated that glycan isomers with the terminal galactose position on either the Man alpha1-3 arm or the Man alpha1-6 arm have an impact on the effector functions and dynamic structure of mAbs.	Galactose	71-80	immunoglobulin kappa variable 3-31 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	132-140
34236855-3	2021	All of the prepared compounds, derived from either d-galactose or l-arabinose, have shown high affinity and NK1R antagonistic activity with a broad-spectrum anticancer activity and an important selectivity, comparable to Cisplatin.	Galactose	51-62	tachykinin receptor 1	Homo sapiens	108-112
34290230-9	2021	The overexpression of Parkin or silencing of USP30 reduced D-gal-induced mitochondrial damage and relieved D-gal-induced myocardial cell senescence.	Galactose	59-64	ubiquitin specific peptidase 30	Rattus norvegicus	45-50
34290230-9	2021	The overexpression of Parkin or silencing of USP30 reduced D-gal-induced mitochondrial damage and relieved D-gal-induced myocardial cell senescence.	Galactose	107-112	ubiquitin specific peptidase 30	Rattus norvegicus	45-50
34290230-10	2021	Moreover, the in vivo experiments validated that either elevation of Parkin or silencing USP30 could alleviate D-gal-induced myocardial cell senescence in rats.	Galactose	111-116	ubiquitin specific peptidase 30	Rattus norvegicus	89-94
34290230-11	2021	Silencing USP30 alleviates D-gal-induced mitochondrial damage and consequently suppresses myocardial cell senescence by activating Parkin.	Galactose	27-32	ubiquitin specific peptidase 30	Rattus norvegicus	10-15
34236183-3	2021	Though mammalian glycans incorporate only the pyranose form of galactose (Galp), many pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Klebsiella pneumoniae, contain galactofuranose (Galf) residues in their cell envelope.	Galactose	63-72	galanin like peptide	Homo sapiens	74-78
34356378-2	2021	The results showed that GLP-1 and GLP-2 were mainly composed of mannose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose, with weight-average molecular weights of 6.31 and 14.07 kDa, respectively.	Galactose	82-91	glucagon	Mus musculus	24-29
34302034-3	2021	Galactose replacement alone blocked enhanced usage of the glycolysis pathway by IL1beta-activated chondrocytes as detected by real-time changes in the rates of proton acidification of the medium and changes in oxygen consumption.	Galactose	0-9	interleukin 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	80-87
34234233-5	2021	Furthermore, UL16 was transfected into the HUVEC cell model with mitochondrial dysfunction induced by D-Gal, and it was found that UL16 could restore the mitochondrial function of cells.	Galactose	102-107	tegument protein UL16	Human alphaherpesvirus 1	13-17
34302034-6	2021	Of more clinical relevance, galactose-substitution blocked downstream functional features associated with osteoarthritis, including enhanced levels of MMP13 mRNA, MMP13 protein, and the degradative loss of proteoglycan from intact cartilage explants.	Galactose	28-37	matrix metallopeptidase 13	Homo sapiens	151-156
34302034-6	2021	Of more clinical relevance, galactose-substitution blocked downstream functional features associated with osteoarthritis, including enhanced levels of MMP13 mRNA, MMP13 protein, and the degradative loss of proteoglycan from intact cartilage explants.	Galactose	28-37	matrix metallopeptidase 13	Homo sapiens	163-168
34302034-7	2021	Blocking baseline and IL1beta-enhanced MMP13 by galactose-replacement in human osteoarthritic chondrocyte cultures inversely paralleled increases in markers associated with mitochondrial recovery, phospho-AMPK, and PGC1alpha.	Galactose	48-57	interleukin 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	22-29
34302034-7	2021	Blocking baseline and IL1beta-enhanced MMP13 by galactose-replacement in human osteoarthritic chondrocyte cultures inversely paralleled increases in markers associated with mitochondrial recovery, phospho-AMPK, and PGC1alpha.	Galactose	48-57	matrix metallopeptidase 13	Homo sapiens	39-44
34302034-7	2021	Blocking baseline and IL1beta-enhanced MMP13 by galactose-replacement in human osteoarthritic chondrocyte cultures inversely paralleled increases in markers associated with mitochondrial recovery, phospho-AMPK, and PGC1alpha.	Galactose	48-57	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	205-209
34302034-7	2021	Blocking baseline and IL1beta-enhanced MMP13 by galactose-replacement in human osteoarthritic chondrocyte cultures inversely paralleled increases in markers associated with mitochondrial recovery, phospho-AMPK, and PGC1alpha.	Galactose	48-57	PPARG coactivator 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	215-224
34298945-6	2021	D-Gal treatment significantly increased the expression levels of senescence markers, such as p53 and p21, in the heart and hippocampal tissues, while this effect was reversed in the Lico D-treated animals.	Galactose	0-5	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	93-96
34298945-6	2021	D-Gal treatment significantly increased the expression levels of senescence markers, such as p53 and p21, in the heart and hippocampal tissues, while this effect was reversed in the Lico D-treated animals.	Galactose	0-5	H3 histone pseudogene 16	Homo sapiens	101-104
34485021-7	2021	Incremental dietary galactose intake correlated positively with FSIQ for the p.Gln188Arg homozygous CG cohort (P < .005) for a dietary galactose intake of 500 to 1000 mg/d.	Galactose	20-29	cathepsin G	Homo sapiens	100-102
34485021-9	2021	Conclusion: These results suggest that N-glycosylation abnormalities persist in CG patients on dietary galactose restriction which may be modifiable to a degree by dietary galactose intake.	Galactose	103-112	cathepsin G	Homo sapiens	80-82
34485021-9	2021	Conclusion: These results suggest that N-glycosylation abnormalities persist in CG patients on dietary galactose restriction which may be modifiable to a degree by dietary galactose intake.	Galactose	172-181	cathepsin G	Homo sapiens	80-82
34335569-6	2021	Through the modulation of the GAL1 promoter by using different galactose:glucose ratios in the culture medium, we have established a scenario in which caspase-1 is sufficiently expressed to become activated while yeast growth is not impaired.	Galactose	63-72	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	30-34
34335569-6	2021	Through the modulation of the GAL1 promoter by using different galactose:glucose ratios in the culture medium, we have established a scenario in which caspase-1 is sufficiently expressed to become activated while yeast growth is not impaired.	Galactose	63-72	caspase 1	Homo sapiens	151-160
34234233-5	2021	Furthermore, UL16 was transfected into the HUVEC cell model with mitochondrial dysfunction induced by D-Gal, and it was found that UL16 could restore the mitochondrial function of cells.	Galactose	102-107	tegument protein UL16	Human alphaherpesvirus 1	131-135
34258307-1	2021	Galactosemias are a family of autosomal recessive genetic disorders resulting from impaired enzymes of the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism including galactokinase, galactose uridyltransferase, and UDP-galactose 4-epimerase that are critical for conversion of galactose into glucose-6-phosphate.	Galactose	266-275	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	156-169
34291394-4	2021	The results of the antioxidant assay for both peptides showed that the activity of serum and liver catalase (CAT), as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes, was significantly decreased in the D-galactose-induced group (NC), while MDA levels were increased in serum and the liver tissue samples (p < 0.01).	Galactose	197-208	catalase	Mus musculus	99-107
34291394-4	2021	The results of the antioxidant assay for both peptides showed that the activity of serum and liver catalase (CAT), as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes, was significantly decreased in the D-galactose-induced group (NC), while MDA levels were increased in serum and the liver tissue samples (p < 0.01).	Galactose	197-208	catalase	Mus musculus	109-112
34291394-5	2021	Compared with the D-galactose-induced mice, the peptide treated mice group had a higher activity of antioxidant enzymes namely CAT and SOD, as well as a lower lipid peroxidation level.	Galactose	18-29	catalase	Mus musculus	127-138
34258307-1	2021	Galactosemias are a family of autosomal recessive genetic disorders resulting from impaired enzymes of the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism including galactokinase, galactose uridyltransferase, and UDP-galactose 4-epimerase that are critical for conversion of galactose into glucose-6-phosphate.	Galactose	266-275	UDP-galactose-4-epimerase	Homo sapiens	204-229
34175838-9	2021	These results demonstrate that acacetin significantly inhibits in vivo and in vitro cardiac senescence induced by D-galactose via Sirt1-mediated activation of Sirt6/AMPK signaling pathway, thereby enhancing mitophagy and preserving mitochondrial function, which suggests that acacetin may be a drug candidate for treating cardiovascular disorders related to aging.	Galactose	114-125	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	130-135
34175838-9	2021	These results demonstrate that acacetin significantly inhibits in vivo and in vitro cardiac senescence induced by D-galactose via Sirt1-mediated activation of Sirt6/AMPK signaling pathway, thereby enhancing mitophagy and preserving mitochondrial function, which suggests that acacetin may be a drug candidate for treating cardiovascular disorders related to aging.	Galactose	114-125	sirtuin 6	Rattus norvegicus	159-164
34175838-9	2021	These results demonstrate that acacetin significantly inhibits in vivo and in vitro cardiac senescence induced by D-galactose via Sirt1-mediated activation of Sirt6/AMPK signaling pathway, thereby enhancing mitophagy and preserving mitochondrial function, which suggests that acacetin may be a drug candidate for treating cardiovascular disorders related to aging.	Galactose	114-125	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Rattus norvegicus	165-169
34374266-6	2021	Conclusion: Astaxanthin combined with aerobic exercise can delay aging process of kidney, its mechanism may be that the combination regulate the protein expression in Nrf2 signaling pathway, II detoxifying enzymes and antioxidant enzyme activity, and improve oxidative stress in kidney of rat induced by D-galactose.	Galactose	304-315	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	167-171
34257818-3	2021	We treated D-galactose- (D-gal-) induced aging mice with PTX and measured the changes in behavior, degree of oxidative damage, and mitochondrial ultrastructure and content as well as the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2- (Nrf2-) mediated antioxidant genes and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha- (PGC-1alpha-) dependent mitochondrial biogenesis genes.	Galactose	11-22	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	201-244
34248947-8	2021	IgG galactose was increased in anti-gp210 positive patients.	Galactose	4-13	nucleoporin 210	Homo sapiens	36-41
34257818-3	2021	We treated D-galactose- (D-gal-) induced aging mice with PTX and measured the changes in behavior, degree of oxidative damage, and mitochondrial ultrastructure and content as well as the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2- (Nrf2-) mediated antioxidant genes and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha- (PGC-1alpha-) dependent mitochondrial biogenesis genes.	Galactose	11-22	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	247-251
34257818-3	2021	We treated D-galactose- (D-gal-) induced aging mice with PTX and measured the changes in behavior, degree of oxidative damage, and mitochondrial ultrastructure and content as well as the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2- (Nrf2-) mediated antioxidant genes and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha- (PGC-1alpha-) dependent mitochondrial biogenesis genes.	Galactose	11-22	peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha	Mus musculus	285-353
34257818-3	2021	We treated D-galactose- (D-gal-) induced aging mice with PTX and measured the changes in behavior, degree of oxidative damage, and mitochondrial ultrastructure and content as well as the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2- (Nrf2-) mediated antioxidant genes and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha- (PGC-1alpha-) dependent mitochondrial biogenesis genes.	Galactose	11-22	peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha	Mus musculus	356-368
34257818-5	2021	However, the above antiaging effects of PTX were obviously decreased in the brains of Nrf2-deficient D-gal-induced aging mice.	Galactose	101-106	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	86-90
34117073-7	2021	Functional studies carried out on fibroblasts from the proband demonstrated reduced steady state levels of the AIFM1 protein, decreased Complex I subunit abundance, elevated sensitivity to the apoptosis inducer staurosporine, and increased nuclear condensation when grown in galactose-containing media.	Galactose	275-284	apoptosis inducing factor mitochondria associated 1	Homo sapiens	111-116
34115184-2	2021	To make lactose-free dairy products, commercially available beta-galactosidase enzymes, also termed lactases, are used to break down lactose to its constituent monosaccharides, glucose and galactose.	Galactose	189-198	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	60-78
34090497-6	2021	Three enzymes synthesising the terminal alpha1-3-linked galactose in alpha-gal, that are homologous to mammalian alpha and beta1-4 GTs but not mammalian alpha1-3 GTs, were recently identified in the tick vector Ixodes scapularis.	Galactose	56-65	immunoglobulin kappa variable 2D-18 (pseudogene)	Homo sapiens	40-48
34169429-3	2021	Rats subjected to mtDNA4834 mutation via D-galactose administration showed hearing loss characterized by the disruption of inner ear structure (abnormal cell morphology, hair cell lysis, and the absence of the organ of Corti), increased SOD2 promoter methylation, and an increase in the degree of apoptosis.	Galactose	41-52	superoxide dismutase 2	Rattus norvegicus	237-241
34374240-9	2021	Cell apoptosis, the Caspase-3 and Bax levels, and the MDA content in the D-gal group were increased compared with those in the control group (P<0.01).	Galactose	73-78	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	20-29
34070219-5	2021	TERT plasmid injection into pronuclear zygotes not only markedly enhanced day-8 blastocysts" development competence (39.1 +- 0.8%) compared to the control (31.1 +- 0.5%) and D-galactose (17.9 +- 1.0%) treatment groups but also enhanced KLB and FGFR1 expression.	Galactose	174-185	telomerase reverse transcriptase	Bos taurus	0-4
34194520-14	2021	D-galactose also decreased the levels of acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine and increased the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma).	Galactose	0-11	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	41-61
34194520-14	2021	D-galactose also decreased the levels of acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine and increased the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma).	Galactose	0-11	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	184-211
34194520-14	2021	D-galactose also decreased the levels of acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine and increased the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma).	Galactose	0-11	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	213-222
34194520-14	2021	D-galactose also decreased the levels of acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine and increased the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma).	Galactose	0-11	interleukin 1 beta	Rattus norvegicus	225-243
34194520-14	2021	D-galactose also decreased the levels of acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine and increased the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma).	Galactose	0-11	interleukin 1 alpha	Rattus norvegicus	245-253
34194520-14	2021	D-galactose also decreased the levels of acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine and increased the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma).	Galactose	0-11	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	256-269
34194520-14	2021	D-galactose also decreased the levels of acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine and increased the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma).	Galactose	0-11	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	271-275
34194520-14	2021	D-galactose also decreased the levels of acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine and increased the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma).	Galactose	0-11	interferon gamma	Rattus norvegicus	282-298
34194520-14	2021	D-galactose also decreased the levels of acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine and increased the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma).	Galactose	0-11	interferon gamma	Rattus norvegicus	300-309
34070219-5	2021	TERT plasmid injection into pronuclear zygotes not only markedly enhanced day-8 blastocysts" development competence (39.1 +- 0.8%) compared to the control (31.1 +- 0.5%) and D-galactose (17.9 +- 1.0%) treatment groups but also enhanced KLB and FGFR1 expression.	Galactose	174-185	klotho beta	Bos taurus	236-239
34374240-9	2021	Cell apoptosis, the Caspase-3 and Bax levels, and the MDA content in the D-gal group were increased compared with those in the control group (P<0.01).	Galactose	73-78	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	34-37
34374240-11	2021	Meanwhile, the Bcl-2 level and SOD activity in the BIH group were increased compared with that in the D-gal group (P<0.05, 0.01).	Galactose	102-107	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	15-20
35569766-7	2022	Originally, GAL7 was linked to galactose metabolism.	Galactose	31-40	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	12-16
35533849-4	2022	RRP consisted of glucose, galacturonic acid, mannose, rhamnose, galactose, arabinose, xylose, and glucuronic acid (molar ratio: 7.78:7.59:4.23:3.22:3.15:1.65:1.00), with Mw of 327.92 kDa.	Galactose	64-73	ribosome binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
35337516-3	2022	The heteropolysaccharide ARP-1 was composed of fucose, arabinose, galactose, glucose and mannose with a molar ratio of 0.40:14.25:10.22:1.06:0.41.	Galactose	66-75	nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group F, member 2	Rattus norvegicus	25-30
35258157-6	2022	Overexpression of SlIMP3 also increased uronic acid, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, and galactose content in cell wall of fruit.	Galactose	84-93	inositol monophosphatase 3	Solanum lycopersicum	18-24
35098406-0	2022	Noncanonical Wnt5a/JNK Signaling Contributes to the Development of D-Gal/LPS-Induced Acute Liver Failure.	Galactose	67-72	wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 5A	Mus musculus	13-18
35098406-0	2022	Noncanonical Wnt5a/JNK Signaling Contributes to the Development of D-Gal/LPS-Induced Acute Liver Failure.	Galactose	67-72	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	19-22
35098406-4	2022	We investigated the expression of Wnt5a and its downstream c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling in a mouse model of ALF established by coinjection of D-galactosamine (D-Gal) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in C57BL/6 mice.	Galactose	170-175	wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 5A	Mus musculus	34-39
35098406-4	2022	We investigated the expression of Wnt5a and its downstream c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling in a mouse model of ALF established by coinjection of D-galactosamine (D-Gal) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in C57BL/6 mice.	Galactose	170-175	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	59-82
35098406-7	2022	Aberrant Wnt5a expression and JNK activation were detected in D-Gal/LPS-induced ALF mice.	Galactose	62-67	wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 5A	Mus musculus	9-14
35098406-7	2022	Aberrant Wnt5a expression and JNK activation were detected in D-Gal/LPS-induced ALF mice.	Galactose	62-67	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	30-33
35098406-8	2022	Box5 pretreatment reversed JNK activation and eventually decreased the mortality rate of D-Gal/LPS-treated mice, with reduced hepatic necrosis and apoptosis, serum ALT and AST levels, and liver inflammatory cytokine expression, although the latter was not significant.	Galactose	89-94	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	27-30
35098406-8	2022	Box5 pretreatment reversed JNK activation and eventually decreased the mortality rate of D-Gal/LPS-treated mice, with reduced hepatic necrosis and apoptosis, serum ALT and AST levels, and liver inflammatory cytokine expression, although the latter was not significant.	Galactose	89-94	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	164-167
35098406-8	2022	Box5 pretreatment reversed JNK activation and eventually decreased the mortality rate of D-Gal/LPS-treated mice, with reduced hepatic necrosis and apoptosis, serum ALT and AST levels, and liver inflammatory cytokine expression, although the latter was not significant.	Galactose	89-94	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	172-175
35149352-3	2022	The glycol-targeting NO nanogenerator demonstrated specific targeting ability to HepG2 cells owing to the recognition between galactose residues and asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPR).	Galactose	126-135	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	149-177
35149352-3	2022	The glycol-targeting NO nanogenerator demonstrated specific targeting ability to HepG2 cells owing to the recognition between galactose residues and asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPR).	Galactose	126-135	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	179-184
35307819-6	2022	Mechanistically, we demonstrated that a deficiency on galactose structures on IgG Fc in COVID-19 patients appears to induce NK cells activation associated with increased release of IFNgamma and TNFalpha, which indicates the presence of pro-inflammatory immunoglobulins and higher immune activation, associated with a poor disease course.	Galactose	54-63	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	181-189
35307819-6	2022	Mechanistically, we demonstrated that a deficiency on galactose structures on IgG Fc in COVID-19 patients appears to induce NK cells activation associated with increased release of IFNgamma and TNFalpha, which indicates the presence of pro-inflammatory immunoglobulins and higher immune activation, associated with a poor disease course.	Galactose	54-63	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	194-202
35220664-7	2022	In a cross-sectional evaluation of 36 MUL outpatients, GGT, total bilirubin and galactose half-life (Gal1/2) correlated with age (r = 0.45, p = .017; r = 0.512, p = .007; r = 0.44, p = .03 respectively).	Galactose	80-89	galectin 12	Homo sapiens	101-107
35276499-4	2022	Low toxic MP-Gal-1, MP-Gal-2 and MP-Gal-3 exhibited favorable hepatic targeting effect in both cell and tissue levels, which was because the galactose group of probe could be recognized by ASGPR overexpressed on the hepatocytes.	Galactose	141-150	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	189-194
35276499-5	2022	The hepatocyte-targeting capacity followed MP-Gal-1 < MP-Gal-2 < MP-Gal-3 trend, which was attributed to the galactose cluster effect.	Galactose	109-118	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	46-51
35182987-6	2022	d-galactose produced a significant rise in the number of damaged neurons, decreased cerebral superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, increased cerebral malondialdehyde levels, downregulated the cerebral TNF-alpha, and i-NOS pathway-encoding genes.	Galactose	0-11	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	118-126
35276499-5	2022	The hepatocyte-targeting capacity followed MP-Gal-1 < MP-Gal-2 < MP-Gal-3 trend, which was attributed to the galactose cluster effect.	Galactose	109-118	galectin 2	Homo sapiens	57-62
35182987-6	2022	d-galactose produced a significant rise in the number of damaged neurons, decreased cerebral superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, increased cerebral malondialdehyde levels, downregulated the cerebral TNF-alpha, and i-NOS pathway-encoding genes.	Galactose	0-11	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	209-218
35182987-6	2022	d-galactose produced a significant rise in the number of damaged neurons, decreased cerebral superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, increased cerebral malondialdehyde levels, downregulated the cerebral TNF-alpha, and i-NOS pathway-encoding genes.	Galactose	0-11	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	224-229
35183682-0	2022	The combination of nicotinamide mononucleotide and lycopene prevents cognitive impairment and attenuates oxidative damage in D-galactose induced aging models via Keap1-Nrf2 signaling.	Galactose	125-136	Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	162-167
35609756-10	2022	Furthermore, after stimulated by EX527 (a SIRT1 inhibitor), the SIRT1-dependent neuroprotective effects of ARF were determined by measuring SRIT1 and p53 expression in SH-SY5Y aging cells induced by D-gal.	Galactose	199-204	sirtuin 1	Homo sapiens	64-69
35609756-10	2022	Furthermore, after stimulated by EX527 (a SIRT1 inhibitor), the SIRT1-dependent neuroprotective effects of ARF were determined by measuring SRIT1 and p53 expression in SH-SY5Y aging cells induced by D-gal.	Galactose	199-204	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	150-153
35609756-14	2022	In D-gal-induced SH-SY5Y cells, the effects of ARF on SIRT1 and p53, and the ability of scavenging ROS were mostly abolished after incubation with the EX527.	Galactose	3-8	sirtuin 1	Homo sapiens	54-59
35609756-14	2022	In D-gal-induced SH-SY5Y cells, the effects of ARF on SIRT1 and p53, and the ability of scavenging ROS were mostly abolished after incubation with the EX527.	Galactose	3-8	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	64-67
35627036-6	2022	ACP contains mannitol 32.41%, glucuronic acid 6.96%, rhamnose 0.32%, glucose 42.35%, galactose 0.77%, xylose 16.83%, and fucose 0.36%, without galacturonic acid and arabinose.	Galactose	85-94	vitamin A enhanced cleft palate	Mus musculus	0-3
35176648-1	2022	In this work, three novel dual-targeting fluorescent probes were designed with modification by imidazole and one galactose (IM-Gal-1), by imidazole and two galactoses (IM-Gal-2), and by imidazole and three galactoses (IM-Gal-3), separately.	Galactose	113-122	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	127-132
35183682-0	2022	The combination of nicotinamide mononucleotide and lycopene prevents cognitive impairment and attenuates oxidative damage in D-galactose induced aging models via Keap1-Nrf2 signaling.	Galactose	125-136	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	168-172
35176648-4	2022	These low-toxic probes exhibited excellent hepatic targeting capacity, which is attributed to the specific recognition of asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) overexpressed on hepatocytes by the galactose group of probes.	Galactose	194-203	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	122-149
35176648-4	2022	These low-toxic probes exhibited excellent hepatic targeting capacity, which is attributed to the specific recognition of asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) overexpressed on hepatocytes by the galactose group of probes.	Galactose	194-203	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	151-156
35183682-9	2022	In total, NMN+Lyco protected rats and PC12 cells from cognitive impairment and cellular senescence induced by D-gal, of which effects might be linked to the reduction of oxidative stress and the activation of Keap1-Nrf2 signaling.	Galactose	110-115	Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	209-214
35176648-5	2022	The hepatic targeting capacity followed IM-Gal-1 < IM-Gal-2< IM-Gal-3 trend due to the galactose cluster effect.	Galactose	87-96	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	43-48
35183682-9	2022	In total, NMN+Lyco protected rats and PC12 cells from cognitive impairment and cellular senescence induced by D-gal, of which effects might be linked to the reduction of oxidative stress and the activation of Keap1-Nrf2 signaling.	Galactose	110-115	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	215-219
35537655-7	2022	At the mechanistic level, AlCl3/Gal-intoxicated mice showed a significant elevation of Notch/HES-1 and NF-kappaB signaling axis corresponding to microglia activation and inflammation.	Galactose	32-35	hes family bHLH transcription factor 1	Mus musculus	93-98
35428692-6	2022	In the contrast, LPS upregulated GLUT1 and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) levels in 6 h. Extracellular glucose levels and replacing glucose with galactose in culture medium affected the cytokine secretion of BMDMs.	Galactose	178-187	solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	33-38
35428692-6	2022	In the contrast, LPS upregulated GLUT1 and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) levels in 6 h. Extracellular glucose levels and replacing glucose with galactose in culture medium affected the cytokine secretion of BMDMs.	Galactose	178-187	6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3	Mus musculus	43-97
35428692-6	2022	In the contrast, LPS upregulated GLUT1 and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) levels in 6 h. Extracellular glucose levels and replacing glucose with galactose in culture medium affected the cytokine secretion of BMDMs.	Galactose	178-187	6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3	Mus musculus	99-105
35562067-0	2022	SRT1720 plays a role in oxidative stress and the senescence of human trophoblast HTR8/SVneo cells induced by D-galactose through the SIRT1/FOXO3a/ROS signalling pathway.	Galactose	109-120	sirtuin 1	Homo sapiens	133-138
35562067-0	2022	SRT1720 plays a role in oxidative stress and the senescence of human trophoblast HTR8/SVneo cells induced by D-galactose through the SIRT1/FOXO3a/ROS signalling pathway.	Galactose	109-120	forkhead box O3	Homo sapiens	139-145
35562067-7	2022	We also verified the damage of oxidative stress induced by D-gal by measuring the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and forkhead box O (FOXO) 3a.	Galactose	59-64	sirtuin 1	Homo sapiens	127-136
35562067-7	2022	We also verified the damage of oxidative stress induced by D-gal by measuring the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and forkhead box O (FOXO) 3a.	Galactose	59-64	sirtuin 1	Homo sapiens	138-143
35562067-9	2022	Our data suggest that D-gal may induce HTR8/SVneo premature ageing through the SIRT1/FOXO3a/ROS signalling pathway mediated by oxidative stress and that SIRT1 protects cells from this damage.	Galactose	22-27	sirtuin 1	Homo sapiens	79-84
35562067-9	2022	Our data suggest that D-gal may induce HTR8/SVneo premature ageing through the SIRT1/FOXO3a/ROS signalling pathway mediated by oxidative stress and that SIRT1 protects cells from this damage.	Galactose	22-27	forkhead box O3	Homo sapiens	85-91
35562067-9	2022	Our data suggest that D-gal may induce HTR8/SVneo premature ageing through the SIRT1/FOXO3a/ROS signalling pathway mediated by oxidative stress and that SIRT1 protects cells from this damage.	Galactose	22-27	sirtuin 1	Homo sapiens	153-158
35346678-1	2022	One galactose- and arabinose-rich polysaccharide isolated from Sambucus adnata was named SPS-1, which had an average molecular weight 138.52 kDa, and was composed of L-rhamnose, D-glucuronic acid, D-galacturonic acid, D-galactose, and L-arabinose in a molar ratio of 0.6:0.4:0.1:4.9:4.0.	Galactose	4-13	selenophosphate synthetase 1	Mus musculus	89-94
35346678-1	2022	One galactose- and arabinose-rich polysaccharide isolated from Sambucus adnata was named SPS-1, which had an average molecular weight 138.52 kDa, and was composed of L-rhamnose, D-glucuronic acid, D-galacturonic acid, D-galactose, and L-arabinose in a molar ratio of 0.6:0.4:0.1:4.9:4.0.	Galactose	218-229	selenophosphate synthetase 1	Mus musculus	89-94
35513392-6	2022	One GxE interaction hit illustrates that the fitness defect in the mitochondrial folate carrier (SLC25A32) KO cells is genetically buffered in galactose due to a lack of substrate in de novo purine biosynthesis.	Galactose	143-152	solute carrier family 25 member 32	Homo sapiens	97-105
35188197-0	2022	Hexose transporter SWEET5 confers galactose sensitivity to Arabidopsis pollen germination via a galactokinase.	Galactose	34-43	Nodulin MtN3 family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	19-25
35507766-1	2022	Although the sialyltransferases ST3GAL1 and ST3GAL2 are known to transfer sialic acid to the galactose residue of type III disaccharides (Galbeta1,3GalNAc) in vitro, sialylation of O-linked glycosylated proteins in living cells has been largely attributed to ST3GAL1.	Galactose	93-102	ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	32-39
35507766-1	2022	Although the sialyltransferases ST3GAL1 and ST3GAL2 are known to transfer sialic acid to the galactose residue of type III disaccharides (Galbeta1,3GalNAc) in vitro, sialylation of O-linked glycosylated proteins in living cells has been largely attributed to ST3GAL1.	Galactose	93-102	ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	44-51
35507766-1	2022	Although the sialyltransferases ST3GAL1 and ST3GAL2 are known to transfer sialic acid to the galactose residue of type III disaccharides (Galbeta1,3GalNAc) in vitro, sialylation of O-linked glycosylated proteins in living cells has been largely attributed to ST3GAL1.	Galactose	93-102	ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	259-266
35188197-0	2022	Hexose transporter SWEET5 confers galactose sensitivity to Arabidopsis pollen germination via a galactokinase.	Galactose	34-43	Mevalonate/galactokinase family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	96-109
35188197-5	2022	In this study, we characterized a plasma membrane-localized transporter, Arabidopsis Sugars Will Eventually Be Exported Transporter 5 (AtSWEET5), that transports glucose and galactose.	Galactose	174-183	Nodulin MtN3 family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	135-143
35188197-7	2022	SWEET5 levels are responsible for the dosage-dependent sensitivity to galactose, and galactokinase (GALK) is essential for these inhibitory effects during pollen germination.	Galactose	70-79	Nodulin MtN3 family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	0-6
35188197-7	2022	SWEET5 levels are responsible for the dosage-dependent sensitivity to galactose, and galactokinase (GALK) is essential for these inhibitory effects during pollen germination.	Galactose	70-79	Mevalonate/galactokinase family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	85-98
35188197-8	2022	However, sugar measurement results indicate that galactose flux and sugar metabolism, rather than the steady-state galactose level, may explain phenotypic differences between sweet5 and Col-0 in galactose inhibition of pollen germination.	Galactose	195-204	Nodulin MtN3 family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	175-181
35115327-0	2022	Galactose-Deficient IgA1 B cells in the Circulation of IgA Nephropathy Patients Carry Preferentially Lambda Light Chains and Mucosal Homing Receptors.	Galactose	0-9	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	20-24
35227703-9	2022	ACP-fortified yogurt might alleviate hepatic damage and hippocampal neuroinflammation induced by d-galactose.	Galactose	97-108	vitamin A enhanced cleft palate	Mus musculus	0-3
35352454-11	2022	Reduction of levels and activity of the antioxidant factors superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) induced by by d-galactose treatment was ameliorated by cordycepin.	Galactose	120-131	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	101-104
35352454-12	2022	Furthermore, cordycepin activated AMPK signaling in d-galactose-treated rats.	Galactose	52-63	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Rattus norvegicus	34-38
35352454-14	2022	Mechanistically, reduced expression of the Klotho protein SOD1 caused by d-galactose was recovered in rats co-treated with cordycepin.	Galactose	73-84	Klotho	Rattus norvegicus	43-49
35352454-14	2022	Mechanistically, reduced expression of the Klotho protein SOD1 caused by d-galactose was recovered in rats co-treated with cordycepin.	Galactose	73-84	superoxide dismutase 1	Rattus norvegicus	58-62
35349580-0	2022	Improved cognition impairment by activating cannabinoid receptor type 2: Modulating CREB/BDNF expression and impeding TLR-4/NFkappaBp65/M1 microglia signaling pathway in D-galactose-injected ovariectomized rats.	Galactose	170-181	toll-like receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	118-123
35191576-2	2022	The NMR-based distinction between the signals of those sialic acids in the glycans covalently attached to the spike protein and those belonging to the exogenous a2,3 and a2,6 sialyl N-Acetyllactosamine ligands has been achieved by synthesizing uniformly 13C-labelled trisaccharides at the sialic acid and galactose moieties.	Galactose	305-314	surface glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	110-115
35456517-5	2022	Moreover, PCSK6 protein expression was significantly reduced in senescent rat embryonic cardiomyocytes (H9c2) induced by D-galactose.	Galactose	121-132	proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 6	Rattus norvegicus	10-15
35458184-3	2022	In this study, collagen peptides were prepared from chicken bone by enzymatic hydrolysis, and the effect and mechanism of action of orally administered collagen peptides on alleviating skin aging induced by UV combined with D-galactose were investigated.	Galactose	224-235	collagen type III alpha 1 chain	Gallus gallus	152-160
35390035-7	2022	D-gal-induced increase in the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) was significantly attenuated after the administration of GTDE, and pyrin domain-containing 3 protein (NLRP3) revealed a significant decrease in NLRP3 expression after GTDE administration.	Galactose	0-5	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Rattus norvegicus	184-189
35390035-7	2022	D-gal-induced increase in the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) was significantly attenuated after the administration of GTDE, and pyrin domain-containing 3 protein (NLRP3) revealed a significant decrease in NLRP3 expression after GTDE administration.	Galactose	0-5	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Rattus norvegicus	226-231
35217188-1	2022	Galactocerebrosidase (GALC) hydrolyses galactose residues from various substrates, including galactosylceramide, psychosine (galactosylsphingosine), and lactosylceramide.	Galactose	39-48	galactosylceramidase	Homo sapiens	0-20
35217188-1	2022	Galactocerebrosidase (GALC) hydrolyses galactose residues from various substrates, including galactosylceramide, psychosine (galactosylsphingosine), and lactosylceramide.	Galactose	39-48	galactosylceramidase	Homo sapiens	22-26
35480079-8	2022	Serum galactose levels were shown to be most closely related to the fasting serum insulin level (r = 0.370, p = 0.001) and were higher in the insulin-resistant subgroup than in the non-insulin-resistant subgroup of patients with PCOS (p = 0.001).	Galactose	6-15	insulin	Homo sapiens	82-89
35480079-8	2022	Serum galactose levels were shown to be most closely related to the fasting serum insulin level (r = 0.370, p = 0.001) and were higher in the insulin-resistant subgroup than in the non-insulin-resistant subgroup of patients with PCOS (p = 0.001).	Galactose	6-15	insulin	Homo sapiens	142-149
35480079-8	2022	Serum galactose levels were shown to be most closely related to the fasting serum insulin level (r = 0.370, p = 0.001) and were higher in the insulin-resistant subgroup than in the non-insulin-resistant subgroup of patients with PCOS (p = 0.001).	Galactose	6-15	insulin	Homo sapiens	185-192
35480079-10	2022	Furthermore, higher serum galactose levels were shown to be associated with insulin resistance in PCOS (p = 0.004; OR, 26.017; 95% CI, 2.907-232.810).	Galactose	26-35	insulin	Homo sapiens	76-83
35480079-12	2022	Interpretation: Higher circulating galactose levels correlate with PCOS and PCOS-related insulin resistance; therefore, it may serve as a potential biomarker for patients with PCOS.	Galactose	35-44	insulin	Homo sapiens	89-96
35432728-14	2022	The monosaccharide content of ABP included galacturonic acid (45.19%), galactose (36.63%), arabinose rhamnose (12.13%), and mannose (6.05%).	Galactose	71-80	glutamate receptor interacting protein 2	Rattus norvegicus	30-33
35445079-2	2022	Previous proteomic studies analyzed O-glycans of the circulating IgA1 hinge region and found that the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and galactose numbers in the hinge region of IgA1 of patients with IgA nephropathy were lower than those in healthy participants.	Galactose	137-146	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	65-69
35445079-2	2022	Previous proteomic studies analyzed O-glycans of the circulating IgA1 hinge region and found that the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and galactose numbers in the hinge region of IgA1 of patients with IgA nephropathy were lower than those in healthy participants.	Galactose	137-146	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	178-182
35445079-11	2022	In addition, a similar result was observed for the galactose number in the IgA1 hinge region.	Galactose	51-60	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	75-79
35445079-15	2022	Conclusion: The amount of GalNAc and galactose in plasma IgA1 hinge region identified by glycoproteomics could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for IgA nephropathy.	Galactose	37-46	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	57-61
35401160-12	2022	In the meantime, induction of CORT + D-gal significantly decreased the ZO-1, PCFT, RFC, and folate receptor alpha (FR-alpha) protein levels and transepithelial electrical resistance in rat CPECs.	Galactose	37-42	tight junction protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	71-75
35531723-11	2022	Therefore, ESP can alleviate the learning and memory decline and oxidative damage in mice with Alzheimer"s disease induced by D-galactose combined with aluminum chloride, which may be related to Akt/mTOR/GSK-3beta signaling pathway.	Galactose	126-137	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Mus musculus	199-203
35531723-11	2022	Therefore, ESP can alleviate the learning and memory decline and oxidative damage in mice with Alzheimer"s disease induced by D-galactose combined with aluminum chloride, which may be related to Akt/mTOR/GSK-3beta signaling pathway.	Galactose	126-137	glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha	Mus musculus	204-213
35401160-12	2022	In the meantime, induction of CORT + D-gal significantly decreased the ZO-1, PCFT, RFC, and folate receptor alpha (FR-alpha) protein levels and transepithelial electrical resistance in rat CPECs.	Galactose	37-42	solute carrier family 46 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	77-81
35401160-12	2022	In the meantime, induction of CORT + D-gal significantly decreased the ZO-1, PCFT, RFC, and folate receptor alpha (FR-alpha) protein levels and transepithelial electrical resistance in rat CPECs.	Galactose	37-42	folate receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	92-113
35401160-12	2022	In the meantime, induction of CORT + D-gal significantly decreased the ZO-1, PCFT, RFC, and folate receptor alpha (FR-alpha) protein levels and transepithelial electrical resistance in rat CPECs.	Galactose	37-42	rabaptin, RAB GTPase binding effector protein 2	Rattus norvegicus	115-123
35401146-6	2022	Moreover, a synaptic protein, PSD95, and dendritic spines density were significantly reduced in the L-PWSI and D(+)Galactose-treated mice.	Galactose	115-124	discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4	Mus musculus	30-35
35234394-3	2022	In our previous research, GAL80 gene has been deleted by the plasmid pML104-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 system in an engineered yeast, in order to eliminate the requirement of galactose supplementation for induction.	Galactose	169-178	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	26-31
35065059-7	2022	Likewise, naringenin mitigated LPS/D-Gal-triggered inflammation by suppressing NF-kappaB and NLRP3 pathways.	Galactose	35-40	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	79-88
35065059-7	2022	Likewise, naringenin mitigated LPS/D-Gal-triggered inflammation by suppressing NF-kappaB and NLRP3 pathways.	Galactose	35-40	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	93-98
35065059-8	2022	Accordingly, apoptotic cell death provoked by LPS/D-Gal challenge was markedly attenuated as depicted by the decrease in caspase-3 and p53 in naringenin-treated mice.	Galactose	50-55	caspase 3	Mus musculus	121-130
35065059-8	2022	Accordingly, apoptotic cell death provoked by LPS/D-Gal challenge was markedly attenuated as depicted by the decrease in caspase-3 and p53 in naringenin-treated mice.	Galactose	50-55	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	135-138
35327223-5	2022	Analysis of the monosaccharide composition revealed that CYP was primarily comprised of galactose (Gal), glucose (Glu), and galacturonic acid (GalA), and the ratio between them was 28.57:11.28:37.59.	Galactose	88-97	cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily a, polypeptide 23-polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	57-60
35327223-5	2022	Analysis of the monosaccharide composition revealed that CYP was primarily comprised of galactose (Gal), glucose (Glu), and galacturonic acid (GalA), and the ratio between them was 28.57:11.28:37.59.	Galactose	99-102	cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily a, polypeptide 23-polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	57-60
35151686-2	2022	Although some GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs), including the prion protein PrPC, have a glycan side chain composed of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-galactose-sialic acid on the core structure of GPI glycolipid, in vivo functions of this GPI-GalNAc side chain are largely unresolved.	Galactose	149-158	prion protein	Mus musculus	75-79
35346295-1	2022	BACKGROUND: Classic Galactosemia is a rare, autosomal recessive disease in which galactose is not metabolized properly due to severe deficiency/absence of the galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) enzyme, converting to an aberrant and toxic metabolite, galactitol.	Galactose	81-90	galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Homo sapiens	202-206
35244654-1	2022	shoots attenuate D-galactose-induced brain injury and cognitive disorders of mice through the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway.	Galactose	17-28	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	99-102
35244654-1	2022	shoots attenuate D-galactose-induced brain injury and cognitive disorders of mice through the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway.	Galactose	17-28	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	103-107
35371997-3	2022	The sialyltransferase ST6Gal1, with high expression in specific hematopoietic cell types, is the only enzyme thought to catalyze the terminal addition of sialic acids in an alpha2-6-linkage to galactose on N-glycans in such cells.	Galactose	193-202	ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	22-29
35371997-3	2022	The sialyltransferase ST6Gal1, with high expression in specific hematopoietic cell types, is the only enzyme thought to catalyze the terminal addition of sialic acids in an alpha2-6-linkage to galactose on N-glycans in such cells.	Galactose	193-202	calmegin	Mus musculus	173-181
34998886-2	2022	SCP-1 was a heteropolysaccharide mainly comprising glucose, galactose, fucose, and mannose in a molar ratio of 52.10: 31.10: 15.04: 1.76.	Galactose	60-69	stem cell proliferation 1	Mus musculus	0-5
35170609-4	2022	The determination of the monosaccharide composition of CYPB with ion chromatography showed that CYPB was composed of rhamnose, glucose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose and glucuronic acid with the ratio of 6 : 3.73 : 7.31 : 10.95 : 4.56 : 1.	Galactose	147-156	cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily a, polypeptide 28, pseudogene	Mus musculus	55-59
35170609-4	2022	The determination of the monosaccharide composition of CYPB with ion chromatography showed that CYPB was composed of rhamnose, glucose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose and glucuronic acid with the ratio of 6 : 3.73 : 7.31 : 10.95 : 4.56 : 1.	Galactose	147-156	cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily a, polypeptide 28, pseudogene	Mus musculus	96-100
35284456-0	2022	Green Tea Polyphenols Upregulate the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway and Suppress Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Markers in D-Galactose-Induced Liver Aging in Mice.	Galactose	118-129	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	37-41
35264966-6	2022	The average molecular weight of ABP was 18.3 kDa and ABP consisted of glucose, mannose, galactose, xylose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid at a molar ratio of 37.8:8:2.5:1.7:1:1.	Galactose	88-97	amine oxidase, copper-containing 1	Mus musculus	32-35
35264966-6	2022	The average molecular weight of ABP was 18.3 kDa and ABP consisted of glucose, mannose, galactose, xylose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid at a molar ratio of 37.8:8:2.5:1.7:1:1.	Galactose	88-97	amine oxidase, copper-containing 1	Mus musculus	53-56
35043135-4	2022	D-Galactose induced oxidative damage and inflammation with a significant increase in malondialdehyde contents, myeloperoxidase activities and the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, as well as a reduction in the activities of glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione.	Galactose	0-11	myeloperoxidase	Mus musculus	111-126
35203252-4	2022	This study reveals that expressions of Sias alpha2,3 and alpha2,6 linked to galactose/N-acetyl-galactosamine, and PolySia are positively correlated with Abeta-42-induced cell toxicity.	Galactose	76-85	immunoglobulin kappa variable 6-21 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	57-65
35043135-4	2022	D-Galactose induced oxidative damage and inflammation with a significant increase in malondialdehyde contents, myeloperoxidase activities and the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, as well as a reduction in the activities of glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione.	Galactose	0-11	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	156-165
35043135-4	2022	D-Galactose induced oxidative damage and inflammation with a significant increase in malondialdehyde contents, myeloperoxidase activities and the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, as well as a reduction in the activities of glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione.	Galactose	0-11	interleukin 1 alpha	Mus musculus	170-178
35153783-0	2022	Nrf2 Signaling Pathway Mediates the Protective Effects of Daphnetin Against D-Galactose Induced-Premature Ovarian Failure.	Galactose	76-87	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	0-4
35153783-11	2022	Moreover, daphnetin, an Nrf2 activator, rescued d-gal-induced POF in a dose-dependent manner, while the protective effect was weakened or even lost in Nrf2 knockout mice.	Galactose	48-53	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	151-155
35106375-4	2022	In this study, we synthesized several azido-GH analogs for evaluation, using galactose oxidase to selectively oxidize C6-OH of the terminal galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine on lactose, Gb3, Gb4, and SSEA3 into C6 aldehyde, which was then transformed chemically to the azido group.	Galactose	140-149	gamma-glutamyl hydrolase	Homo sapiens	44-46
35116124-7	2022	RESULTS: TAS2R16 and TAS2R10 were expressed in HaCaT cells and were upregulated by D-gal treatment.	Galactose	83-88	taste 2 receptor member 16	Homo sapiens	9-16
35106375-4	2022	In this study, we synthesized several azido-GH analogs for evaluation, using galactose oxidase to selectively oxidize C6-OH of the terminal galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine on lactose, Gb3, Gb4, and SSEA3 into C6 aldehyde, which was then transformed chemically to the azido group.	Galactose	140-149	alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group)	Homo sapiens	187-190
35140700-11	2021	Specifically, the results of lectin microarray showed the galactose level of IgG was increased by IFN-gamma stimulation (p<0.05), and the sialylation of IgG was increased by IL-21 and IL-17A (p<0.05).	Galactose	58-67	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	98-107
35116124-7	2022	RESULTS: TAS2R16 and TAS2R10 were expressed in HaCaT cells and were upregulated by D-gal treatment.	Galactose	83-88	taste 2 receptor member 10	Homo sapiens	21-28
35116124-9	2022	TAS2R10 was further examined to confirm a role of TAS2R16 in cellular senescence and wound healing in D-gal-induced aged HaCaT cells.	Galactose	102-107	taste 2 receptor member 16	Homo sapiens	50-57
35382461-4	2022	The galactose groups covered on MFMSN act as sialylation substrates to bind intracellular SAs competitively, which inhibits the SA expression on the tumor cell surface.	Galactose	4-13	acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 3	Mus musculus	128-130
2483365-6	1989	The increase in AR mRNA in the epithelia was gradual, and it doubled by day 12 on galactose, while the increase in DNA was rapid and reached an optimum level by about day 4.	Galactose	82-91	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	16-18
35114452-11	2022	Correlation analysis of metabolomics and transcriptome showed that two genes SPHK1 and B4GALT2 related to the metabolism of fructose and galactose were regulated by atractylenolide-1.	Galactose	137-146	sphingosine kinase 1	Mus musculus	77-82
35114452-11	2022	Correlation analysis of metabolomics and transcriptome showed that two genes SPHK1 and B4GALT2 related to the metabolism of fructose and galactose were regulated by atractylenolide-1.	Galactose	137-146	UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 2	Mus musculus	87-94
34986671-8	2022	Besides, the overlapped signal pathway for AIMP2 was galactose metabolism identified by the co-expression analysis.	Galactose	53-62	aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex interacting multifunctional protein 2	Homo sapiens	43-48
35242568-1	2022	Citrin deficiency belongs to a group of urea cycle disorders that can be identified during newborn screening by measuring citrulline, phenylalanine, methionine, and galactose levels.	Galactose	165-174	solute carrier family 25 member 13	Homo sapiens	0-6
2512853-8	1989	The immobilized lactase showed optimal activity at pH 4.5 and 65 degrees C. The immobilized lactase was more heat stable than the free enzyme, and retained 83% of its original activity after 14 d at 55 degrees C. Galactose competitively inhibited the immobilized lactase preparation (Ki 20 m/M).	Galactose	213-222	lactase	Homo sapiens	16-23
2512853-8	1989	The immobilized lactase showed optimal activity at pH 4.5 and 65 degrees C. The immobilized lactase was more heat stable than the free enzyme, and retained 83% of its original activity after 14 d at 55 degrees C. Galactose competitively inhibited the immobilized lactase preparation (Ki 20 m/M).	Galactose	213-222	lactase	Homo sapiens	92-99
2512853-8	1989	The immobilized lactase showed optimal activity at pH 4.5 and 65 degrees C. The immobilized lactase was more heat stable than the free enzyme, and retained 83% of its original activity after 14 d at 55 degrees C. Galactose competitively inhibited the immobilized lactase preparation (Ki 20 m/M).	Galactose	213-222	lactase	Homo sapiens	92-99
35043182-8	2022	Overexpression of StGAPC1 depressed sprout growth, which is similar to the function of StSN2, and StSN2- and StGAPC1-overexpressing lines showed decreased glucose, fructose and galactose content.	Galactose	177-186	snakin-2	Solanum tuberosum	98-103
35053883-0	2022	2"-Fucosyllactose Ameliorates Oxidative Stress Damage in d-Galactose-Induced Aging Mice by Regulating Gut Microbiota and AMPK/SIRT1/FOXO1 Pathway.	Galactose	57-68	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	126-131
35053883-0	2022	2"-Fucosyllactose Ameliorates Oxidative Stress Damage in d-Galactose-Induced Aging Mice by Regulating Gut Microbiota and AMPK/SIRT1/FOXO1 Pathway.	Galactose	57-68	forkhead box O1	Mus musculus	132-137
2483365-8	1989	Changes in AR mRNA and in DNA following a high influx of galactose in the lens might suggest a heightened gene response to changes in the cellular environment for the lens epithelium.	Galactose	57-66	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	11-13
2558285-1	1989	A galactose-inducible HO gene was used to induce mating type switching in heterothallic Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells arrested in G1, in rad52 mutants defective in DNA damage repair, and in cells lacking the donor cassettes.	Galactose	2-11	recombinase RAD52	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	138-143
2558958-2	1989	To isolate temperature-sensitive mutations in the RAS2 gene, we constructed a plasmid carrying a RAS2 gene whose expression is under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	152-161	Ras family GTPase RAS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	50-54
2558958-2	1989	To isolate temperature-sensitive mutations in the RAS2 gene, we constructed a plasmid carrying a RAS2 gene whose expression is under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	152-161	Ras family GTPase RAS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	97-101
2558958-2	1989	To isolate temperature-sensitive mutations in the RAS2 gene, we constructed a plasmid carrying a RAS2 gene whose expression is under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter.	Galactose	152-161	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	172-176
2558958-4	1989	Screening of approximately 13,000 mutagenized colonies for galactose-dependent growth at a high temperature (37 degrees) yielded six temperature-sensitive ras2 (ras2ts) mutations and one temperature-sensitive cyr1 (cyr1ts) mutation that can be suppressed by overexpression or increased dosage of RAS2.	Galactose	59-68	Ras family GTPase RAS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	155-159
2558958-4	1989	Screening of approximately 13,000 mutagenized colonies for galactose-dependent growth at a high temperature (37 degrees) yielded six temperature-sensitive ras2 (ras2ts) mutations and one temperature-sensitive cyr1 (cyr1ts) mutation that can be suppressed by overexpression or increased dosage of RAS2.	Galactose	59-68	adenylate cyclase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	209-213
2558958-4	1989	Screening of approximately 13,000 mutagenized colonies for galactose-dependent growth at a high temperature (37 degrees) yielded six temperature-sensitive ras2 (ras2ts) mutations and one temperature-sensitive cyr1 (cyr1ts) mutation that can be suppressed by overexpression or increased dosage of RAS2.	Galactose	59-68	Ras family GTPase RAS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	296-300
2584931-2	1989	The nucleotide sequence of the cDNA is identical to that of carbohydrate-binding protein 35, a galactose-specific lectin found in fibroblasts and highly homologous to a rat IgE-binding protein from basophilic leukemia cells.	Galactose	95-104	galectin 3	Rattus norvegicus	60-91
2509395-8	1989	Thus, long-term galactose feeding of rats induced microvascular lesions simulating those occurring in background diabetic retinopathy in humans, and these lesions were prevented by treatment with an aldose reductase inhibitor.	Galactose	16-25	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B	Homo sapiens	199-215
2511842-3	1989	In frame STA2/lacZ gene fusions have been constructed and expressed in S. cerevisiae under the control of either the STA2 or the galactose inducible GAL1-10 upstream promoters.	Galactose	129-138	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	149-153
2512199-7	1989	We demonstrate that expression from GAL promoters is efficiently and rapidly induced in these reg1 strains by the addition of galactose to a culture growing in glucose medium.	Galactose	126-135	protein phosphatase regulator REG1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	94-98
2512199-9	1989	To surmount the second problem, we have used a gal1 mutant, deficient in the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of galactose utilization.	Galactose	117-126	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	47-51
2510499-4	1989	The author speculates that toxicity from the lactose component of milk and, more specifically, galactose, the digestion of which is facilitated by lactase persistence, may provide a biologic basis for the correlation.	Galactose	95-104	lactase	Homo sapiens	147-154
2614277-2	1989	The sugar moiety of apoC-III is attached to amino acid residue 74 and is thought to consist of 1 mole of galactose, 1 mole of N-acetyl-galactosamine, and either 0, 1, or 2 moles of sialic acid.	Galactose	105-114	apolipoprotein C3	Homo sapiens	20-28
2477368-5	1989	The attachment of a phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C-sensitive glycolipid anchor to DAF and its efficient sorting to the cell surface in ldlD cells were independent of galactose and GalNAc additions to glycolipids and proteins.	Galactose	172-181	CD55 molecule (Cromer blood group)	Homo sapiens	88-91
2513881-0	1989	Construction of an artificial bifunctional enzyme, beta-galactosidase/galactose dehydrogenase, exhibiting efficient galactose channeling.	Galactose	70-79	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	51-69
2477368-6	1989	Attachment of galactose and GalNAc to DAF"s glycolipid anchor were apparently not required for its normal function.	Galactose	14-23	CD55 molecule (Cromer blood group)	Homo sapiens	38-41
2777042-1	1989	Individuals with sufficient intestinal lactase hydrolyze ingested lactose to galactose and glucose and these monosaccharides are absorbed.	Galactose	77-86	lactase	Homo sapiens	39-46
2808371-5	1989	Multiple protein 4.1 isoforms in erythroid and nonerythroid cells including major components of erythrocyte membrane proteins, 4.1a and 4.1b, appear to contain this sequence since most immunochemically reactive proteins were labeled with [3H]galactose, with the exception of several variant polypeptides.	Galactose	242-251	erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1	Bos taurus	9-20
2558845-2	1989	In the previous studies these aldose reductase inhibitors were added to the 50% galactose diet fed to rats to determine their effect on galactose-induced alterations in the lens and the development of cataract.	Galactose	80-89	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	30-46
2558845-2	1989	In the previous studies these aldose reductase inhibitors were added to the 50% galactose diet fed to rats to determine their effect on galactose-induced alterations in the lens and the development of cataract.	Galactose	136-145	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	30-46
2558845-3	1989	In this report we present our results on the effect of prefeeding the aldose reductase inhibitor, E-0722, on the alterations in rat lens following subsequent feeding of galactose.	Galactose	169-178	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	70-86
2477227-11	1989	We propose that the N-linked oligosaccharides on beta-core closely resemble the underlying N-linked structures of hCG beta with the antennary sialic acid, galactose, and N-acetylglucosamine removed.	Galactose	155-164	chorionic gonadotropin subunit beta 3	Homo sapiens	114-122
2674159-9	1989	Fourty-eight hours after glucose substitution by galactose, both CEA cell surface expression and release are strongly enhanced as demonstrated by immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation studies.	Galactose	49-58	CEA cell adhesion molecule 3	Homo sapiens	65-68
2674159-10	1989	Ten days after the medium change, the amount of CEA released reaches a maximum value of 130 ng/10(6) cells/24 hr, which remains stable for differentiated HT29-D4 cells cultured in glucose-free, galactose-containing medium (Gal-medium) for several months.	Galactose	194-203	CEA cell adhesion molecule 3	Homo sapiens	48-51
2551687-4	1989	A comparative analysis of the molar carbohydrate composition of normal human serotransferrin and of Hep G2 transferrin fraction C shows an increase in the latter in the number of galactose and N-acetylglucosamine residues and in the presence of fucose, which is absent in normal transferrin.	Galactose	179-188	transferrin	Homo sapiens	77-92
2685550-2	1989	The transcription activator GAL4 binds to four related sites in UASG and induces expression of GAL1 and GAL10 when galactose is available.	Galactose	115-124	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	28-32
2685550-2	1989	The transcription activator GAL4 binds to four related sites in UASG and induces expression of GAL1 and GAL10 when galactose is available.	Galactose	115-124	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	95-99
2685550-2	1989	The transcription activator GAL4 binds to four related sites in UASG and induces expression of GAL1 and GAL10 when galactose is available.	Galactose	115-124	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	104-109
2685550-3	1989	We showed that UASG contains two additional positive control sites, designated GAL4/galactose-independent activating elements (GAEs), which reside at positions adjacent to or overlapping the GAL4-binding sites.	Galactose	84-93	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	79-83
2685550-3	1989	We showed that UASG contains two additional positive control sites, designated GAL4/galactose-independent activating elements (GAEs), which reside at positions adjacent to or overlapping the GAL4-binding sites.	Galactose	84-93	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	191-195
2685550-6	1989	When galactose is available, GAL4 overcomes the activity of the GAL operators, while the putative GAE-binding proteins stay repressed.	Galactose	5-14	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	29-33
2551687-4	1989	A comparative analysis of the molar carbohydrate composition of normal human serotransferrin and of Hep G2 transferrin fraction C shows an increase in the latter in the number of galactose and N-acetylglucosamine residues and in the presence of fucose, which is absent in normal transferrin.	Galactose	179-188	transferrin	Homo sapiens	81-92
2551687-4	1989	A comparative analysis of the molar carbohydrate composition of normal human serotransferrin and of Hep G2 transferrin fraction C shows an increase in the latter in the number of galactose and N-acetylglucosamine residues and in the presence of fucose, which is absent in normal transferrin.	Galactose	179-188	transferrin	Homo sapiens	107-118
2676720-1	1989	In yeast, galactose triggers a rapid GAL4-dependent induction of galactose/melibiose regulon (GAL/MEL) gene transcription, and glucose represses this activation.	Galactose	10-19	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	37-41
2795243-2	1989	Administration of sucrose (5.52 mol/kg body wt), or the monosaccharides (11.04 mol/kg body wt) glucose, galactose or fructose, elicited prompt GIP responses that peaked at 30 min.	Galactose	104-113	gastric inhibitory polypeptide	Mus musculus	143-146
2676720-1	1989	In yeast, galactose triggers a rapid GAL4-dependent induction of galactose/melibiose regulon (GAL/MEL) gene transcription, and glucose represses this activation.	Galactose	65-74	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	37-41
2489081-0	1989	Computer modelling approach to study the modes of binding of alpha- and beta-anomers of D-galactose, D-fucose and D-glucose to L-arabinose-binding protein.	Galactose	88-99	sex hormone binding globulin	Homo sapiens	127-154
2489081-1	1989	The modes of binding of alpha- and beta-anomers of D-galactose, D-fucose and D-glucose to L-arabinose-binding protein (ABP) have been studied by energy minimization using the low resolution (2.4 A) X-ray data of the protein.	Galactose	51-62	sex hormone binding globulin	Homo sapiens	90-117
2489081-1	1989	The modes of binding of alpha- and beta-anomers of D-galactose, D-fucose and D-glucose to L-arabinose-binding protein (ABP) have been studied by energy minimization using the low resolution (2.4 A) X-ray data of the protein.	Galactose	51-62	sex hormone binding globulin	Homo sapiens	119-122
2676720-5	1989	GAL80-deletion cells that constitutively transcribe galactose-responsive genes due to the lack of the GAL80 protein, an antagonist of the GAL4 protein, exhibit GAL4III without galactose addition.	Galactose	52-61	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
2489081-4	1989	The residues Arg 151 and Asn 232 of ABP from bidentate hydrogen bonds with both L-arabinose and D-galactose, but not with D-fucose or D-glucose.	Galactose	96-107	sex hormone binding globulin	Homo sapiens	36-39
2676720-5	1989	GAL80-deletion cells that constitutively transcribe galactose-responsive genes due to the lack of the GAL80 protein, an antagonist of the GAL4 protein, exhibit GAL4III without galactose addition.	Galactose	52-61	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	102-107
2489081-5	1989	However in the case of L-arabinose, Arg 151 forms hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl group at the C-4 atom and the ring oxygen, whereas in case of D-galactose it forms bonds with the hydroxyl groups at the C-4 and C-6 atoms of the pyranose ring.	Galactose	145-156	complement C4A (Rodgers blood group)	Homo sapiens	204-207
2676720-5	1989	GAL80-deletion cells that constitutively transcribe galactose-responsive genes due to the lack of the GAL80 protein, an antagonist of the GAL4 protein, exhibit GAL4III without galactose addition.	Galactose	176-185	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
2676720-7	1989	Cycloheximide experiments provide evidence that the galactose- and glucose-triggered GAL4 protein mobility shifts are due to post-translational modification.	Galactose	52-61	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	85-89
2548066-2	1989	Sixteen days of galactose exposure of adult virgin females produced a different response in the specific activity of each of the enzymes, that of galactokinase being lower, transferase higher, and epimerase transiently elevated.	Galactose	16-25	galactokinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	146-159
2803515-0	1989	Modification of galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine residues by oxidation of C-6 hydroxyls to the aldehydes followed by reductive amination: model systems and antifreeze glycoproteins.	Galactose	16-25	complement C6	Homo sapiens	77-80
2803515-1	1989	Amino acids and peptides have been attached to the C-6 hydroxyls of the galactose and the N-acetylgalactosamine by first oxidizing the C-6 hydroxyls to the aldehydes by galactose oxidase in the presence of small amounts of catalase, followed by reductive amination (alpha-amino group) in the presence of cyanoborohydride.	Galactose	72-81	complement C6	Homo sapiens	51-54
2803515-1	1989	Amino acids and peptides have been attached to the C-6 hydroxyls of the galactose and the N-acetylgalactosamine by first oxidizing the C-6 hydroxyls to the aldehydes by galactose oxidase in the presence of small amounts of catalase, followed by reductive amination (alpha-amino group) in the presence of cyanoborohydride.	Galactose	72-81	complement C6	Homo sapiens	135-138
2500152-3	1989	Aldose reductase had activity for aldo-sugars such as xylose, glucose and galactose, whereas aldehyde reductase was virtually inactive for these aldo-sugars.	Galactose	74-83	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	0-16
2668952-4	1989	When yeast cells containing the only TIF1 gene on a plasmid under the control of the galactose-inducible CYC1-GAL10 promoter were grown in medium containing glucose as the carbon source, the production of Tif was shut off and growth was arrested.	Galactose	85-94	translation initiation factor eIF4A	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	37-41
2668952-4	1989	When yeast cells containing the only TIF1 gene on a plasmid under the control of the galactose-inducible CYC1-GAL10 promoter were grown in medium containing glucose as the carbon source, the production of Tif was shut off and growth was arrested.	Galactose	85-94	cytochrome c isoform 1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	105-109
2668952-4	1989	When yeast cells containing the only TIF1 gene on a plasmid under the control of the galactose-inducible CYC1-GAL10 promoter were grown in medium containing glucose as the carbon source, the production of Tif was shut off and growth was arrested.	Galactose	85-94	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	110-115
2545646-1	1989	Our previous studies have shown that the aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI), sorbinil, prevents galactose-induced alterations and cataracts in rat lenses.	Galactose	94-103	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	41-57
2506435-1	1989	To study the functional domains of a transcriptional repressor encoded by the GAL80 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we constructed various deletion and insertion mutations in the GAL80 coding region and determined the ability of these mutations to repress synthesis of galactose-metabolizing enzymes as well as the capacity of the mutant proteins to respond to the inducer.	Galactose	271-280	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	78-83
2550765-6	1989	By monitoring the beta-galactosidase activity of a CBS1/lacZ fusion construct we show that expression of CBS1 is subjected to regulation by oxygen and by glucose: the beta-galactosidase activity is elevated threefold in glycerol or galactose grown cells compared to that in glucose grown cells.	Galactose	232-241	Cbs1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	51-55
2550765-6	1989	By monitoring the beta-galactosidase activity of a CBS1/lacZ fusion construct we show that expression of CBS1 is subjected to regulation by oxygen and by glucose: the beta-galactosidase activity is elevated threefold in glycerol or galactose grown cells compared to that in glucose grown cells.	Galactose	232-241	Cbs1p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	105-109
2542563-2	1989	The subunits gp120 and gp41 were then further modified by the addition of fucose, galactose, and sialic acid, resulting in glycoproteins containing a mixture of hybrid and complex oligosaccharide side chains.	Galactose	82-91	inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4	Homo sapiens	13-18
2550790-1	1989	In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, transcriptional activation mediated by the GAL4 regulatory protein is repressed in the absence of galactose by the binding of the GAL80 protein, an interaction that requires the carboxy-terminal 28 amino acids of GAL4.	Galactose	127-136	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	72-76
2498327-10	1989	In the presence of both galactose and GalNAc, multiple apoE isoforms were synthesized in ldlD cells as a result of variation in the extent of sialylation.	Galactose	24-33	apolipoprotein E	Cricetulus griseus	55-59
2498327-11	1989	ApoE sialylation was dependent on the addition of galactose as well as GalNAc to the extracellular medium, suggesting that addition of galactose to the nascent oligosaccharide chains was required for the addition of sialic acid.	Galactose	50-59	apolipoprotein E	Cricetulus griseus	0-4
2498327-11	1989	ApoE sialylation was dependent on the addition of galactose as well as GalNAc to the extracellular medium, suggesting that addition of galactose to the nascent oligosaccharide chains was required for the addition of sialic acid.	Galactose	135-144	apolipoprotein E	Cricetulus griseus	0-4
2500030-0	1989	Galactose feeding causes glomerular hyperperfusion: prevention by aldose reductase inhibition.	Galactose	0-9	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	66-82
2542563-3	1989	A fraction of glycosylated gp160 that escaped cleavage was further modified by the terminal addition of fucose and galactose, but the addition of sialic acid did not occur, consistent with the notion that it is compartmentalized separately from the gp120 envelope protein.	Galactose	115-124	glutamyl aminopeptidase	Homo sapiens	27-32
2500357-8	1989	The proliferation pattern of cells incubated with 30 mM D-galactose was clearly different from that of control cells, but approached normal when an aldose reductase inhibitor was added to the incubation medium.	Galactose	56-67	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	148-164
2507816-6	1989	Mucin, N-acetylneuraminic acid and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine inhibited the adhesion of P. aeruginosa to injured tracheas, but not N-acetylglucosamine, L-fucose, D-mannose and D-galactose.	Galactose	174-185	solute carrier family 13 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
16666809-7	1989	Radish seed and leaf arabino-3,6-galactan-proteins were resistant to the beta-galase alone but could be partially degraded by the enzyme after the treatment with a fungal alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase leaving some oligosaccharides consisting of d-galactose, uronic acid, l-arabinose, and other minor sugar components besides d-galactose as the main product.	Galactose	243-254	beta-galactosidase	Raphanus sativus	73-84
16666809-7	1989	Radish seed and leaf arabino-3,6-galactan-proteins were resistant to the beta-galase alone but could be partially degraded by the enzyme after the treatment with a fungal alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase leaving some oligosaccharides consisting of d-galactose, uronic acid, l-arabinose, and other minor sugar components besides d-galactose as the main product.	Galactose	323-334	beta-galactosidase	Raphanus sativus	73-84
2546580-2	1989	Three proteins of 67, 61, and 55 kDa were released from the elastin resin by guanidine/detergent, soluble elastin peptides, synthetic peptide VGVAPG, or galactoside sugars, but not by synthetic RGD-containing peptide or sugars not related to galactose.	Galactose	242-251	elastin	Homo sapiens	60-67
2657404-1	1989	Conversion of the positioned nucleosome array characteristic of the repressed GAL1-GAL10 promoter region to the more accessible conformation of the induced state was found to depend on the upstream activation sequence, GAL4 protein, a positive regulator of transcription, and galactose, the inducing agent.	Galactose	276-285	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	78-82
2649154-5	1989	On the other hand, hemagglutination of neuraminidase-treated human type A erythrocytes by LTp was inhibited by methyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside, galactose, melibiose and some glycoproteins, but not effectively inhibited by ganglioside GM1 at the highest concentration used.	Galactose	145-154	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	39-52
2674070-1	1989	The presence of an alpha-galactolipid was investigated with a peroxidase-labelled lectin from Griffonia simplicifolia (GSA-I) with specific binding for terminal alpha-D-galactose residues.	Galactose	169-178	GNAS complex locus	Homo sapiens	119-122
2649791-1	1989	A cDNA of a human liver cytochrome P-450, corresponding to P-450 human-2, was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells by the use of a galactose-inducible expression vector containing the GAL7 promoter and terminator.	Galactose	138-147	cytochrome P450 family 4 subfamily F member 3	Homo sapiens	24-72
2649791-1	1989	A cDNA of a human liver cytochrome P-450, corresponding to P-450 human-2, was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells by the use of a galactose-inducible expression vector containing the GAL7 promoter and terminator.	Galactose	138-147	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	191-195
2566398-6	1989	In liver diseases, serum GGT is characterized by an altered affinity against lectins recognizing galactose, fucose and N-acetyglucosamine and by increased activation energy.	Galactose	97-106	gamma-glutamyltransferase light chain family member 3	Homo sapiens	25-28
2503497-1	1989	Interferon-gamma produced by the human myelomonocyte cell line HBL-38 contained galactose, mannose, fucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and N-acetylneuraminic acid as sugar components.	Galactose	80-89	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	0-16
2657404-1	1989	Conversion of the positioned nucleosome array characteristic of the repressed GAL1-GAL10 promoter region to the more accessible conformation of the induced state was found to depend on the upstream activation sequence, GAL4 protein, a positive regulator of transcription, and galactose, the inducing agent.	Galactose	276-285	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	83-88
2917139-6	1989	GL-5, also present in the epithelial cells, was fucosyl asialo GM1, and fucose was shown to be linked to terminal galactose of asialo GM1 in the manner of alpha(1-2) bond.	Galactose	114-123	coenzyme Q10A	Mus musculus	134-137
2536691-1	1989	The predicted amino acid sequence of carbohydrate-binding protein 35 (CBP35; Mr approximately 35,000), a galactose-specific lectin in many mouse and human cells, has been compared to the predicted sequence of an IgE-binding protein (epsilon BP) originally identified in rat basophilic leukemia cells.	Galactose	105-114	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3	Mus musculus	37-68
2536691-1	1989	The predicted amino acid sequence of carbohydrate-binding protein 35 (CBP35; Mr approximately 35,000), a galactose-specific lectin in many mouse and human cells, has been compared to the predicted sequence of an IgE-binding protein (epsilon BP) originally identified in rat basophilic leukemia cells.	Galactose	105-114	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3	Mus musculus	70-75
2536691-5	1989	Conversely, fractionation of extracts of rat basophilic leukemia cells over an affinity column of Sepharose derivatized with N-(epsilon-amino-caproyl)-D-galactosamine showed that epsilon BP was a galactose-binding protein.	Galactose	196-205	galectin 3	Rattus norvegicus	179-189
2912499-0	1989	Nonenzymatically glycated serum albumin: interaction with galactose-specific liver lectins.	Galactose	58-67	albumin	Rattus norvegicus	26-39
2912499-1	1989	The possible interaction of galactose/glucose-specific liver lectins with nonenzymatically glycated human serum albumin was analyzed.	Galactose	28-37	albumin	Rattus norvegicus	106-119
2910347-7	1989	Comparison of the sialic acid content of the five transferrin forms and their carbohydrate structures showed that some of the forms expose terminal galactose without attracting the asialoglycoprotein receptors on hepatocytes.	Galactose	148-157	transferrin	Homo sapiens	50-61
2663189-0	1989	A galactose-dependent cmd1 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: involvement of calmodulin in nuclear division.	Galactose	2-11	calmodulin	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	22-26
2645298-8	1989	Similarly, in cells genetically engineered to synthesize hsp26 in the presence of galactose, hsp26 did not concentrate in nuclei, with or without a heat shock.	Galactose	82-91	chaperone protein HSP26	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	57-62
2645298-8	1989	Similarly, in cells genetically engineered to synthesize hsp26 in the presence of galactose, hsp26 did not concentrate in nuclei, with or without a heat shock.	Galactose	82-91	chaperone protein HSP26	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	93-98
2644933-1	1989	The coding region of a chicken calmodulin cDNA was fused to a galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter, and an expression system was constructed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	62-71	calmodulin 2	Gallus gallus	31-41
2644933-1	1989	The coding region of a chicken calmodulin cDNA was fused to a galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter, and an expression system was constructed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	62-71	avian beta-defensin 1	Gallus gallus	82-86
2644933-3	1989	When the expression plasmid was introduced into a calmodulin gene (cmd1)-disrupted strain of yeast, the cells grew in galactose medium, showing that chicken calmodulin could complement the lesion of yeast calmodulin functionally.	Galactose	118-127	calmodulin 2	Gallus gallus	50-60
2644933-3	1989	When the expression plasmid was introduced into a calmodulin gene (cmd1)-disrupted strain of yeast, the cells grew in galactose medium, showing that chicken calmodulin could complement the lesion of yeast calmodulin functionally.	Galactose	118-127	calmodulin	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	67-71
2777919-5	1989	In contrast, gp-3 and gp-2 incorporated [3H]galactose and [3H]glucosamine but not [3H]mannose.	Galactose	44-53	glycoprotein 2 (zymogen granule membrane)	Mus musculus	22-26
2644933-3	1989	When the expression plasmid was introduced into a calmodulin gene (cmd1)-disrupted strain of yeast, the cells grew in galactose medium, showing that chicken calmodulin could complement the lesion of yeast calmodulin functionally.	Galactose	118-127	calmodulin 2	Gallus gallus	157-167
2644933-3	1989	When the expression plasmid was introduced into a calmodulin gene (cmd1)-disrupted strain of yeast, the cells grew in galactose medium, showing that chicken calmodulin could complement the lesion of yeast calmodulin functionally.	Galactose	118-127	calmodulin 2	Gallus gallus	157-167
2492275-2	1989	The ability of Ehrlich tumor cell alpha(1,3)-galactosyltransferase to catalyze the incorporation of alpha-D-Gal residues into a specific branch of bi-, tri-, and tetraantennary oligosaccharides has been investigated by acetolysis followed by gel filtration of the fragments on Bio-Gel P-4.	Galactose	100-111	exosome component 10	Mus musculus	285-288
2663189-0	1989	A galactose-dependent cmd1 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: involvement of calmodulin in nuclear division.	Galactose	2-11	calmodulin	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	78-88
2663189-1	1989	The coding region of a yeast calmodulin gene was fused to a galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter, and a conditional-lethal mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which the expression of calmodulin was regulated by galactose, was constructed.	Galactose	60-69	calmodulin	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	29-39
2663189-1	1989	The coding region of a yeast calmodulin gene was fused to a galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter, and a conditional-lethal mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which the expression of calmodulin was regulated by galactose, was constructed.	Galactose	60-69	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	80-84
2663189-1	1989	The coding region of a yeast calmodulin gene was fused to a galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter, and a conditional-lethal mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which the expression of calmodulin was regulated by galactose, was constructed.	Galactose	211-220	calmodulin	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	29-39
2663189-1	1989	The coding region of a yeast calmodulin gene was fused to a galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter, and a conditional-lethal mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which the expression of calmodulin was regulated by galactose, was constructed.	Galactose	211-220	calmodulin	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	183-193
2492796-1	1989	The beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.32) of Corynebacterium murisepticum (inducible by lactose and galactose) was purified by successive column chromatography on Sephadex G-200, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and DEAE-cellulose (DE52).	Galactose	95-104	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	4-22
2916442-0	1989	Lectin histochemistry of the embryonic heart: expression of terminal and penultimate galactose residues in developing rats and chicks.	Galactose	85-94	galectin 3	Gallus gallus	0-6
2910371-9	1989	These results suggest that (a) the sialic acid of the recombinant erythropoietin is necessary for this glycoprotein hormone to circulate stably and (b) glycoproteins with more than three lactosaminyl repeat units may be cleared by the galactose binding protein of hepatocytes.	Galactose	235-244	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	66-80
2711873-5	1989	Spinal cord explants grown in the presence of galactose showed measurable amounts of GM2 and GM3 which were not detected in the control-defined medium-grown cultures.	Galactose	46-55	cytochrome b5 domain containing 2	Mus musculus	85-88
2542012-9	1989	Neuraminidase acted on at least three linkage classes of substrates, alpha-2,6 and alpha-2,3 linkages of N-acetylneuraminic acid to galactose, and alpha-2,6 linkages to N-acetyl-galactosamine.	Galactose	132-141	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
2691213-1	1989	Mammary galactosyltransferase and alpha lactalbumin are the two protein components of lactose synthase which catalyze the transfer of galactose from UDP-gal to glucose in the presence of divalent cations.	Galactose	134-143	lactalbumin alpha	Homo sapiens	34-51
2698816-1	1989	Carbohydrate Binding Protein 35 (CBP35) is a galactose-specific lectin found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of mouse 3T3 fibroblasts.	Galactose	45-54	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3	Mus musculus	0-31
2698816-1	1989	Carbohydrate Binding Protein 35 (CBP35) is a galactose-specific lectin found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of mouse 3T3 fibroblasts.	Galactose	45-54	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3	Mus musculus	33-38
2478505-9	1989	These results show that ABH determinants carried on O-glycosidically linked type 3 chain (D-galactose-(beta 1-3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine alpha 1-serine or threonine) are secreted in pancreatic acinar cells and suggest that product coded by the secretor gene is required for the complete conversion of type 3 precursor chains into H determinants.	Galactose	90-101	alkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	24-27
2478505-9	1989	These results show that ABH determinants carried on O-glycosidically linked type 3 chain (D-galactose-(beta 1-3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine alpha 1-serine or threonine) are secreted in pancreatic acinar cells and suggest that product coded by the secretor gene is required for the complete conversion of type 3 precursor chains into H determinants.	Galactose	90-101	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	103-111
2711873-5	1989	Spinal cord explants grown in the presence of galactose showed measurable amounts of GM2 and GM3 which were not detected in the control-defined medium-grown cultures.	Galactose	46-55	granulocyte macrophage antigen 3	Mus musculus	93-96
2462360-2	1988	Substitution of galactose for glucose in the culture medium of confluent cultures resulted in a significant trehalase induction; a smaller induction was observed after replacement by fructose, mannose, or the nonmetabolizable sugar alpha-methyl-D-glucose.	Galactose	16-25	trehalase	Sus scrofa	108-117
3198924-6	1988	Washing of jacalin-Sepharose columns with excess BSA could disrupt the "alternative" binding and subsequent washing with 0.8 M D-galactose in 0.5 M NaCl/PBS was sufficient to elute all IgA1.	Galactose	127-138	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	185-189
3198924-8	1988	Purification of IgA1 by precipitation with jacalin and subsequent gel filtration of the D-galactose-dissolved precipitate was not practical, since jacalin-IgA1 precipitates did not dissolve completely and new complexes were formed during the gel filtration procedure.	Galactose	88-99	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	16-20
2641410-1	1989	Mucin biosynthesis in the rat gastrointestinal tract was measured by following the incorporation of radioactive precursors, [3H] glucosamine, [3H] galactose and [3H] serine.	Galactose	147-156	solute carrier family 13 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
2467679-1	1988	A partial purified polymerase from S. anatum was used for the synthesis of polysaccharide [-6) [14C]Man(beta 1-4)Rha(alpha 1-3)Gal(alpha 1-]n and its analogues containing D-glucose residue instead of D-galactose or D-mannose.	Galactose	200-211	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	104-112
3223919-0	1988	Identification of a novel oligosaccharide backbone structure with a galactose residue monosubstituted at C-6 in human foetal gastrointestinal mucins.	Galactose	68-77	complement C6	Homo sapiens	105-108
3223919-3	1988	analysis to have a novel backbone structure containing an internal galactose residue monosubstituted at C-6 by N-acetylglucosamine: (Formula: see text).	Galactose	67-76	complement C6	Homo sapiens	104-107
2846866-2	1988	Genes controlled by the GAL-1 promoter are induced by galactose, uninduced by raffinose, and repressed by glucose.	Galactose	54-63	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	24-29
2460142-6	1988	PRP contained fucose, mannose, galactose, glucosamine and sialic acid accounting for 8.0% of the dry weight.	Galactose	31-40	complement component 4 binding protein alpha	Homo sapiens	0-3
2467679-1	1988	A partial purified polymerase from S. anatum was used for the synthesis of polysaccharide [-6) [14C]Man(beta 1-4)Rha(alpha 1-3)Gal(alpha 1-]n and its analogues containing D-glucose residue instead of D-galactose or D-mannose.	Galactose	200-211	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	117-126
2467679-1	1988	A partial purified polymerase from S. anatum was used for the synthesis of polysaccharide [-6) [14C]Man(beta 1-4)Rha(alpha 1-3)Gal(alpha 1-]n and its analogues containing D-glucose residue instead of D-galactose or D-mannose.	Galactose	200-211	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	117-124
2460162-3	1988	In the presence of proteinase inhibitors, purified vWF was treated with neuraminidase alone to remove 90% to 95% of the sialic acid or with neuraminidase and beta-galactosidase to remove the sialic acid and 45% to 50% of the D-galactose, with little or no loss of large multimers observed.	Galactose	225-236	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	51-54
3140651-13	1988	5) Whenever the lactose ingested exceeds the capacity of the intestinal lactase to split it into the simple sugars glucose and galactose, which are absorbed directly, it passes undigested to the large intestine.	Galactose	127-136	lactase	Homo sapiens	72-79
3062377-0	1988	GAL11 protein, an auxiliary transcription activator for genes encoding galactose-metabolizing enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	71-80	Gal11p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-5
3062377-6	1988	When the GAL11 locus was disrupted by insertion of the URA3 gene, the resulting yeast cells (gal11::URA3) exhibited phenotypes almost identical to those of the gal11 strains, with respect to both galactose utilization and growth on nonfermentable carbon sources.	Galactose	196-205	Gal11p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	9-14
3062377-6	1988	When the GAL11 locus was disrupted by insertion of the URA3 gene, the resulting yeast cells (gal11::URA3) exhibited phenotypes almost identical to those of the gal11 strains, with respect to both galactose utilization and growth on nonfermentable carbon sources.	Galactose	196-205	orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	55-59
3062377-11	1988	A possible role of the GAL11 product in the regulation of galactose-inducible genes is discussed.	Galactose	58-67	Gal11p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	23-28
3145680-3	1988	The role of aldose reductase inhibitor to iridal vessel hyperpermeability of galactose-fed rats].	Galactose	77-86	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	12-28
3196789-6	1988	The susceptibility of HMWG to endo-beta-galactosidase suggests that at least some of these oligomers are substituted with galactose to form N-acetyllactosamine.	Galactose	122-131	galactosidase beta 1	Bos taurus	35-53
3416869-4	1988	The data indicate that the C-2 hydroxyl group of galactose is involved in weak interactions as a hydrogen-bond acceptor with uncharged groups of EIL and EAL.	Galactose	49-58	complement C2	Homo sapiens	27-30
3155250-1	1988	The disaccharide lactose, the principal carbohydrate of animal milks, requires the enzyme lactase to split it to glucose and galactose.	Galactose	125-134	lactase	Homo sapiens	90-97
3138202-3	1988	The decreased PGE2 and PGF2 alpha biosynthetic capability was attributed to a reduction in PGH synthase activity which reduced to 62% of control (5.5 mM glucose) after a 20 hr exposure to galactose.	Galactose	188-197	prostaglandin F synthase 2	Bos taurus	23-27
3138202-6	1988	The simultaneous introduction of sorbinil, an aldose reductase inhibitor, to the galactose medium not only prevented the decrease in microsomal prostaglandin biosynthesis and PGH synthase activity, but also the detrimental morphological complications.	Galactose	81-90	aldose reductase	Bos taurus	46-62
3416869-6	1988	On the other hand, there is a strong hydrogen bond between the C-2 hydroxyl group of galactose, which acts as a donor, and a charged group on BSL-I.	Galactose	85-94	complement C2	Homo sapiens	63-66
2842789-0	1988	Galactose at the nonreducing terminus of O-linked oligosaccharides of mouse egg zona pellucida glycoprotein ZP3 is essential for the glycoprotein"s sperm receptor activity.	Galactose	0-9	zona pellucida glycoprotein 3	Mus musculus	108-111
3416869-8	1988	The lectins are involved in strong hydrogen bonds through charged groups with the C-3 and C-4 hydroxyl groups of galactose, with the latter serving as hydrogen-bond donors.	Galactose	113-122	complement C3	Homo sapiens	82-85
3416869-8	1988	The lectins are involved in strong hydrogen bonds through charged groups with the C-3 and C-4 hydroxyl groups of galactose, with the latter serving as hydrogen-bond donors.	Galactose	113-122	complement C4A (Rodgers blood group)	Homo sapiens	90-93
3416869-12	1988	The data with the thiosugars indicate the involvement of the C-1 hydroxyl group of galactose in binding to EIL, EAL, and BSL-I, but not to RCA-I and APA.	Galactose	83-92	heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C	Homo sapiens	61-64
3145681-0	1988	[Prevention of pericyte ghost formation in retinal capillaries by aldose reductase inhibitor in galactose-fed dogs with diabetic retinopathy].	Galactose	96-105	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	66-82
2842789-0	1988	Galactose at the nonreducing terminus of O-linked oligosaccharides of mouse egg zona pellucida glycoprotein ZP3 is essential for the glycoprotein"s sperm receptor activity.	Galactose	0-9	zona pellucida glycoprotein 3	Mus musculus	148-162
2842789-5	1988	We conclude that galactose, located in alpha-linkage at the nonreducing terminus of O-linked oligosaccharides, is at least one of the sugar determinants on ZP3 responsible for binding of sperm to the zona pellucida.	Galactose	17-26	zona pellucida glycoprotein 3	Mus musculus	156-159
3402460-15	1988	It is suggested that the decrease in the exposure of galactose residues from AGP-A to AGP-C is related to the concomittant decrease in branching of the glycans of the three molecular forms.	Galactose	53-62	orosomucoid 1	Homo sapiens	77-82
3401138-0	1988	Prevention of pericyte ghost formation in retinal capillaries of galactose-fed dogs by aldose reductase inhibitors.	Galactose	65-74	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Canis lupus familiaris	87-103
3135942-7	1988	Oxidation of galactose residues on glycoproteins of macrophage membrane is an obligate step for IFN-gamma induction whatever the inducer, thus our results suggest that beta 2m is involved in the mechanism of induction of IFN-gamma.	Galactose	13-22	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	96-105
3135942-7	1988	Oxidation of galactose residues on glycoproteins of macrophage membrane is an obligate step for IFN-gamma induction whatever the inducer, thus our results suggest that beta 2m is involved in the mechanism of induction of IFN-gamma.	Galactose	13-22	beta-2-microglobulin	Homo sapiens	168-175
3135942-7	1988	Oxidation of galactose residues on glycoproteins of macrophage membrane is an obligate step for IFN-gamma induction whatever the inducer, thus our results suggest that beta 2m is involved in the mechanism of induction of IFN-gamma.	Galactose	13-22	interferon gamma	Homo sapiens	221-230
3041409-1	1988	Transcription of the yeast GAL1 and GAL10 genes is induced by growth on galactose.	Galactose	72-81	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	27-31
3145411-3	1988	The transformants grew on galactose at 23 degrees C, but increased expression of the SSA1-galK fusion gene inhibited growth of cells on galactose at 37 degrees C. Selection for survivors under nonpermissive conditions yielded a class of mutants, termed HSR (for heat shock regulation), which showed reduced levels of expression of the hsp70-galK gene fusion as determined by measurement of galactokinase activity.	Galactose	136-145	Hsp70 family ATPase SSA1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	85-89
3062381-1	1988	GAL3 gene expression is required for rapid GAL4-mediated galactose induction of the galactose-melibiose regulon genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	57-66	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
3062381-1	1988	GAL3 gene expression is required for rapid GAL4-mediated galactose induction of the galactose-melibiose regulon genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	57-66	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	43-47
3062381-1	1988	GAL3 gene expression is required for rapid GAL4-mediated galactose induction of the galactose-melibiose regulon genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	84-93	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
3062381-1	1988	GAL3 gene expression is required for rapid GAL4-mediated galactose induction of the galactose-melibiose regulon genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	84-93	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	43-47
3062381-2	1988	Here we show by Northern (RNA) blot analysis that GAL3 gene expression is itself galactose inducible.	Galactose	81-90	transcriptional regulator GAL3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	50-54
3041409-1	1988	Transcription of the yeast GAL1 and GAL10 genes is induced by growth on galactose.	Galactose	72-81	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	36-41
3041409-7	1988	These patterns, characteristic of the induced wild-type GAL1 gene, were still galactose inducible with the TATA mutant GAl1 promoter, despite the low level of transcription from this promoter.	Galactose	78-87	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	56-60
3175951-0	1988	Strain difference in galactokinase level and susceptibility to the teratogenic effect of dietary galactose in mice: I. Teratogenic and embryopathic effect.	Galactose	97-106	galactokinase 1	Mus musculus	21-34
3041409-7	1988	These patterns, characteristic of the induced wild-type GAL1 gene, were still galactose inducible with the TATA mutant GAl1 promoter, despite the low level of transcription from this promoter.	Galactose	78-87	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	119-123
2847350-7	1988	Endocytosis of native tPA by parenchymal cells could be inhibited by galactose, ovalbumin, and EDTA, but not by mannose.	Galactose	69-78	plasminogen activator, tissue type	Rattus norvegicus	22-25
2454811-6	1988	It also differs from the beta-subunit of hCG in its carbohydrate structure, lacking sialic acid and having a low but variable amount of galactose.	Galactose	136-145	chorionic gonadotropin subunit beta 5	Homo sapiens	41-44
2836387-1	1988	cDNA comprising the entire length of the rat Kupffer cell receptor (Mr = 88,000 and 77,000) for carbohydrates with an affinity for fucose and galactose was isolated, and its nucleotide sequence was determined.	Galactose	142-151	C-type lectin domain family 4, member F	Rattus norvegicus	45-66
3132708-1	1988	GAL4 is a transcriptional activator of the galactose metabolism genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	43-52	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
3383438-5	1988	A good correlation (p less than 0.001) was found between the direct GALK assay and [1-14C]galactose oxidation in control subjects, which indicates that this method can be used effectively for the detection of GALK defects.	Galactose	90-99	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	68-72
3194568-0	1988	Influence of VIP on D-galactose transport across rabbit jejunum in vivo.	Galactose	20-31	VIP peptides	Oryctolagus cuniculus	13-16
3194568-3	1988	The effect of VIP disappeared when 10(-6) M RMI 12330A was added to the incubation solution together with 10(-7) M VIP and 1 mM D-galactose solution.	Galactose	128-139	VIP peptides	Oryctolagus cuniculus	14-17
3383438-5	1988	A good correlation (p less than 0.001) was found between the direct GALK assay and [1-14C]galactose oxidation in control subjects, which indicates that this method can be used effectively for the detection of GALK defects.	Galactose	90-99	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	209-213
3364983-8	1988	The present study investigates the binding interactions of two of these lectins, those from Erythrina indica and Ricinus communis (Agglutinin I), with mono-, bi-, and triantennary synthetic cluster glycosides, which have little structural resemblance to complex type oligosaccharides other than they possess nonreducing terminal galactose residues (R.T. Lee, P. Lin, and Y.C.	Galactose	329-338	agglutinin	Ricinus communis	131-143
3360772-2	1988	The complete nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone for carbohydrate binding protein 35, a galactose-specific lectin identified in the nucleus of mouse 3T3 fibroblasts, has been determined.	Galactose	88-97	lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3	Mus musculus	53-84
2967181-4	1988	P-HS 1 has a Mr of 175,000 and possesses four heparan sulfate side-chains (Mr 32,000) covalently bound to the protein core via a galactose- and xylose-containing polysaccharide-protein binding region.	Galactose	129-138	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1	Bos taurus	0-6
2451690-6	1988	These results therefore substantiate the previous assumption that SBA-reactive D-galactose-(beta 1-3,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and GSA-II reactive beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine imparted following galactosidase digestion represent precursors of H antigen.	Galactose	79-90	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	92-100
3401885-1	1988	Synthesis of D-galactose derivatives having an ethynyl, vinyl or epoxy residue at C-5.	Galactose	13-24	complement C5	Homo sapiens	82-85
3345516-9	1988	The binding of SBA to the cell was reduced by preincubation of the lectin with galactose, completely blocked by incubation with N-acetylgalactosamine, and unaffected by incubation with glucose or mannose, demonstrating that SBA was recognizing a N-acetylgalactosamine-containing component of the cell surface.	Galactose	79-88	lectin	Glycine max	15-18
3383434-1	1988	The carbohydrate moiety of human serum amyloid P component was analyzed and found to consist of equal amounts of galactose and mannose (total 4.0%), of glucosamine and galactosamine in a ratio of 7:1 (total 2.7%) and sialic acid (3.9%).	Galactose	113-122	amyloid P component, serum	Homo sapiens	33-58
3128331-3	1988	Removal of about 25% of the galactose residues from asialohaptoglobin, i.e., about 40% of the total weight of the carbohydrate moiety, totally inhibited the ability of haptoglobin to form complex with hemoglobin and react with haptoglobin-specific antibodies.	Galactose	28-37	haptoglobin	Homo sapiens	58-69
3128331-3	1988	Removal of about 25% of the galactose residues from asialohaptoglobin, i.e., about 40% of the total weight of the carbohydrate moiety, totally inhibited the ability of haptoglobin to form complex with hemoglobin and react with haptoglobin-specific antibodies.	Galactose	28-37	haptoglobin	Homo sapiens	168-179
3128350-6	1988	Platelet adhesion to various matrices increased after removal of the terminal sialic acid ([Neu]-ase-vWF) and approximately 45% of the D-galactose ([Neu-Gal]-ase-vWF), but returned to normal values when greater than 70% of the total carbohydrate had been removed by endoglycosidase F [Neu-Gal-ef]-ase-vWF).	Galactose	135-146	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	153-156
3128350-6	1988	Platelet adhesion to various matrices increased after removal of the terminal sialic acid ([Neu]-ase-vWF) and approximately 45% of the D-galactose ([Neu-Gal]-ase-vWF), but returned to normal values when greater than 70% of the total carbohydrate had been removed by endoglycosidase F [Neu-Gal-ef]-ase-vWF).	Galactose	135-146	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	162-165
3128350-6	1988	Platelet adhesion to various matrices increased after removal of the terminal sialic acid ([Neu]-ase-vWF) and approximately 45% of the D-galactose ([Neu-Gal]-ase-vWF), but returned to normal values when greater than 70% of the total carbohydrate had been removed by endoglycosidase F [Neu-Gal-ef]-ase-vWF).	Galactose	135-146	von Willebrand factor	Homo sapiens	162-165
3128741-1	1988	GAL4 is a yeast regulatory protein that binds to specific sites within a DNA sequence called UASG (galactose upstream activating sequence) and activates transcription of linked genes.	Galactose	99-108	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
3133384-1	1988	A simple and sensitive assay for GM1 ganglioside (GM1) beta-galactosidase activity was devised by direct measurement of released D-galactose using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).	Galactose	129-140	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	55-73
3342905-4	1988	Additionally, the exposure of galactose-treated mice to a superovulatory regimen of pregnant mare"s serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) failed to induce an increased ovulatory response.	Galactose	30-39	chorionic gonadotropin subunit beta 5	Homo sapiens	136-164
2449438-13	1988	Elimination of sialic acid slightly increased the activity, and subsequent elimination of galactose did not alter the activity; however, removal of the Gal beta 1----3GalNAc residue by endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase from desialylated glycopeptide A resulted in total inactivation of the reactivity with FDC-6 antibody.	Galactose	90-99	alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase	Homo sapiens	190-221
3043741-1	1988	Galactosemia is a disorder caused by a deficiency of any one of three possible enzymes involved in the metabolism of galactose: galactokinase, transferase or epimerase.	Galactose	117-126	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	128-141
3137794-3	1988	The role of aldose reductase to the delayed pupillary reaction in galactose-fed rats].	Galactose	66-75	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	12-28
3405230-2	1988	It was shown, that during the induction of transcription from the GAL10 promoter the decrease in mitotic stability of minichromosome is affected both by partial disruption of centromere function by transcription and by influence of galactose on the number of residual cell divisions.	Galactose	232-241	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	66-71
3345545-1	1988	Labelling by the galactose-specific lectin peanut agglutinin was studied in bone marrow of the embryonic chick at the electron-microscopic level by use of both a gold-conjugated lectin and an indirect, ferritin-conjugated, biotinylated lectin.	Galactose	17-26	galectin 3	Gallus gallus	36-42
3354861-3	1988	Additionally, solitary cells showed terminal alpha-D-galactose alpha-D-galactose (alpha-Gal) typical of mouse endothelial cells.	Galactose	45-62	glycoprotein galactosyltransferase alpha 1, 3	Mus musculus	82-91
3354861-3	1988	Additionally, solitary cells showed terminal alpha-D-galactose alpha-D-galactose (alpha-Gal) typical of mouse endothelial cells.	Galactose	63-80	glycoprotein galactosyltransferase alpha 1, 3	Mus musculus	82-91
3216814-3	1988	In addition, the effect of galactose and calcium ions on the PC activity of these strains in experiments employing human fibrinogen permitted the recognition of these groups of S. aureus strains.	Galactose	27-36	fibrinogen beta chain	Homo sapiens	121-131
16665943-3	1988	The sugar portion of HRGP(1) accounts for 94% of the molecule and contains galactose (66%) and arabinose (34%); these residues are present as polysaccharide side chains attached to hydroxyproline.	Galactose	75-84	histidine rich glycoprotein	Homo sapiens	21-25
3343969-3	1988	Binding studies with human IgA1 fragments produced by different IgA1 proteases revealed that jacalin bound to galactose-terminal oligosaccharides in the hinge region of human IgA1.	Galactose	110-119	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	27-31
3343969-3	1988	Binding studies with human IgA1 fragments produced by different IgA1 proteases revealed that jacalin bound to galactose-terminal oligosaccharides in the hinge region of human IgA1.	Galactose	110-119	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	64-68
3343969-3	1988	Binding studies with human IgA1 fragments produced by different IgA1 proteases revealed that jacalin bound to galactose-terminal oligosaccharides in the hinge region of human IgA1.	Galactose	110-119	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	64-68
3343973-1	1988	An IgA1-specific lectin, Jacalin, was isolated from dried seeds of the jackfruit, Artocarpus integrifolia, by affinity binding to IgA1-Sepharose and elution with D-galactose.	Galactose	162-173	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	3-7
3343973-12	1988	The configuration of OH-groups at C-2, C-4 and C-6 of D-galactose was important for the reaction.	Galactose	54-65	complement C2	Homo sapiens	34-42
3068878-3	1988	Neuraminidase pretreatment increased the binding of some lectins indicating that some galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine residues were sialylated.	Galactose	86-95	neuraminidase 1	Homo sapiens	0-13
3257656-8	1988	Luminal epidermal growth factor perfusion increased galactose absorption 2.4-fold (p less than 0.05) and glycine absorption 4.1-fold (p less than 0.01).	Galactose	52-61	epidermal growth factor like 1	Rattus norvegicus	8-31
2825413-6	1987	A structural comparison between O-linked oligosaccharides of gC-1 from HSV-1-infected C1300 cells and from GMK cells showed that biosynthesis was interrupted prior to formation of a core disaccharide with terminal galactose, indicating a major early defect in O-glycosylation of glycoproteins in C1300 cells.	Galactose	214-223	guanylate cyclase 2e	Mus musculus	61-65
3287805-6	1988	Gangliosides of type II or type III and D-galactose only slightly decreased the ETA-gold binding.	Galactose	40-51	endothelin receptor type A	Homo sapiens	80-83
3322938-1	1987	The upstream activating sequence (UASG) of the adjacent and divergently transcribed GAL1 and GAL10 promoters of Saccharomyces cerevisiae regulates the induction of the corresponding genes in response to the presence of galactose.	Galactose	219-228	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	84-88
3322938-1	1987	The upstream activating sequence (UASG) of the adjacent and divergently transcribed GAL1 and GAL10 promoters of Saccharomyces cerevisiae regulates the induction of the corresponding genes in response to the presence of galactose.	Galactose	219-228	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	93-98
3322938-4	1987	Several distinct portions of the GAL1-GAL10 divergent promoter region blocked the UASC-induced expression of the GAL1 and GAL10 promoters, whereas others did not, suggesting that several distinct negative control elements are present that may repress transcription of GAL1 and GAL10 in the absence of galactose.	Galactose	301-310	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	33-37
3322938-4	1987	Several distinct portions of the GAL1-GAL10 divergent promoter region blocked the UASC-induced expression of the GAL1 and GAL10 promoters, whereas others did not, suggesting that several distinct negative control elements are present that may repress transcription of GAL1 and GAL10 in the absence of galactose.	Galactose	301-310	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	38-43
3322938-4	1987	Several distinct portions of the GAL1-GAL10 divergent promoter region blocked the UASC-induced expression of the GAL1 and GAL10 promoters, whereas others did not, suggesting that several distinct negative control elements are present that may repress transcription of GAL1 and GAL10 in the absence of galactose.	Galactose	301-310	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	38-42
3322938-4	1987	Several distinct portions of the GAL1-GAL10 divergent promoter region blocked the UASC-induced expression of the GAL1 and GAL10 promoters, whereas others did not, suggesting that several distinct negative control elements are present that may repress transcription of GAL1 and GAL10 in the absence of galactose.	Galactose	301-310	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	122-127
3322938-4	1987	Several distinct portions of the GAL1-GAL10 divergent promoter region blocked the UASC-induced expression of the GAL1 and GAL10 promoters, whereas others did not, suggesting that several distinct negative control elements are present that may repress transcription of GAL1 and GAL10 in the absence of galactose.	Galactose	301-310	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	38-42
3322938-4	1987	Several distinct portions of the GAL1-GAL10 divergent promoter region blocked the UASC-induced expression of the GAL1 and GAL10 promoters, whereas others did not, suggesting that several distinct negative control elements are present that may repress transcription of GAL1 and GAL10 in the absence of galactose.	Galactose	301-310	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	122-127
2447310-3	1987	The presence of D-galactose gave complete and specific inhibition of P24 antigen binding to RCA1.	Galactose	16-27	transmembrane p24 trafficking protein 2	Homo sapiens	69-72
2447310-3	1987	The presence of D-galactose gave complete and specific inhibition of P24 antigen binding to RCA1.	Galactose	16-27	ring finger protein 139	Homo sapiens	92-96
3354262-6	1988	Acid-stable, heat-stable polypeptides of bovine milk had the lowest carbohydrate content (4 mg/100 mg protein), whereas the highest content was found in ewe"s milk (7.30 mg/100 mg protein) mainly as a result of the high galactose, mannose and glucosamine content.	Galactose	220-229	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	48-52
3123586-2	1987	The apoC-III polypeptide contains a carbohydrate chain containing galactosamine, galactose, and sialic acid attached in O-linkage to a threonine residue at position 74.	Galactose	81-90	apolipoprotein C3	Homo sapiens	4-12
3674885-1	1987	A high-molecular-weight mucin-glycoprotein (MG1) was isolated from human submandibular-sublingual saliva and was comprised of 14.9% protein, 29.0% N-acetylglucosamine, 9.4% N-acetylgalactosamine, 10.5% fucose, 24.2% galactose, 0.9% mannose, 4.0% N-acetylneuraminic acid, and 7.0% sulfate.	Galactose	216-225	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	24-29
2960671-10	1987	However, transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose could be demonstrated in the epithelial cells of normal proximal colon after incorporation of Lc3 into the membranes, indicating the ability of normal colonic epithelial cells to synthesize type 2 chain core structures if the precursor Lc3 is available.	Galactose	21-30	microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha	Homo sapiens	144-147
2960671-10	1987	However, transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose could be demonstrated in the epithelial cells of normal proximal colon after incorporation of Lc3 into the membranes, indicating the ability of normal colonic epithelial cells to synthesize type 2 chain core structures if the precursor Lc3 is available.	Galactose	21-30	microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha	Homo sapiens	286-289
3674885-1	1987	A high-molecular-weight mucin-glycoprotein (MG1) was isolated from human submandibular-sublingual saliva and was comprised of 14.9% protein, 29.0% N-acetylglucosamine, 9.4% N-acetylgalactosamine, 10.5% fucose, 24.2% galactose, 0.9% mannose, 4.0% N-acetylneuraminic acid, and 7.0% sulfate.	Galactose	216-225	mucin 5B, oligomeric mucus/gel-forming	Homo sapiens	44-47
3311854-4	1987	Blood glucose levels at each time point in response to glucose or galactose feeding in pups of diabetic mothers were not statistically different; however, the rise of plasma insulin concentrations was attenuated in pups of diabetic mothers fed galactose.	Galactose	244-253	insulin	Canis lupus familiaris	174-181
3332671-0	1987	Expression of an endogenous galactose-binding lectin in the early chick embryo.	Galactose	28-37	galectin 3	Gallus gallus	46-52
3117719-4	1987	Quantitative computer planimetry on electron micrographs demonstrated a significant galactose-induced thickening of the inner limiting membrane which was prevented by the aldose reductase inhibitor.	Galactose	84-93	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	171-187
2890655-7	1987	The binding of rat 125I-mucin to amebae was galactose specific, saturable, reversible, and pH dependent.	Galactose	44-53	solute carrier family 13 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	24-29
3117719-1	1987	Capillary basement membrane thickening is typical of the diabetic retina, and aldose reductase appears to be involved since a diabetic-like thickening can be induced by galactose feeding and prevented with aldose reductase inhibitors.	Galactose	169-178	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	78-94
3332671-2	1987	The galactose-binding lectin isolated by affinity chromatography on rho-aminophenyl-beta-D-lactoside separates into two bands when studied by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.	Galactose	4-13	galectin 3	Gallus gallus	22-28
3667593-4	1987	The major oligosaccharide of the recombinant IFN-beta is remarkably homogeneous with respect to terminal galactose sialylation.	Galactose	105-114	interferon beta 1	Homo sapiens	45-53
3122030-4	1987	Human secretory IgA of IgA1 subclass was isolated from human milk by a single jacalin-P affinity chromatography using D-galactose as a dissociating agent.	Galactose	118-129	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	23-27
3113515-4	1987	The PAI-1 could not be removed by incubating ECM in high salt (2 mol/L NaCl), sugars (1 mol/L galactose, 1 mol/L mannose), glycosaminoglycans (10 mmol/L heparin, 10 mmol/L dermatan sulfate), or epsilon-aminocaproic acid (0.1 mol/L).	Galactose	94-103	serpin family E member 1	Bos taurus	4-9
3667593-5	1987	NeuAc, which is alpha 2-3-linked to galactose in the human IFN-beta secreted by Chinese hamster ovary cells, can be re-incorporated with an alpha 2-6 linkage in vitro, into enzymatically desialylated IFN-beta using rat liver Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc alpha 2-6 sialyltransferase.	Galactose	36-45	interferon beta 1	Homo sapiens	59-67
3113739-4	1987	Upon regulation of expression of GPA1 by the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter, the loss of GPA1 function was found to lead to cell-cycle arrest at the late G1 phase.	Galactose	45-54	guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	33-37
3113739-4	1987	Upon regulation of expression of GPA1 by the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter, the loss of GPA1 function was found to lead to cell-cycle arrest at the late G1 phase.	Galactose	45-54	galectin 1	Homo sapiens	65-69
3113739-4	1987	Upon regulation of expression of GPA1 by the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter, the loss of GPA1 function was found to lead to cell-cycle arrest at the late G1 phase.	Galactose	45-54	guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	92-96
3322101-4	1987	A good correlation was obtained between the number of terminal galactose groups on transferrin and the response in the lectin-enzyme immunoassay using Ricinus communis agglutinin as the galactose-binding lectin.	Galactose	63-72	transferrin	Homo sapiens	83-94
3322101-4	1987	A good correlation was obtained between the number of terminal galactose groups on transferrin and the response in the lectin-enzyme immunoassay using Ricinus communis agglutinin as the galactose-binding lectin.	Galactose	186-195	transferrin	Homo sapiens	83-94
3423397-2	1987	Both drugs inhibited the theophylline and phloretin-induced increase in tissue sugar accumulation in a concentration-dependent fashion, with IC50 values close to 10(-6) M. These findings suggest that calmodulin might mediate the theophylline and phloretin actions on galactose transport in intact rat ileum.	Galactose	267-276	calmodulin 1	Rattus norvegicus	200-210
2825427-5	1987	A specific inhibitor of the receptor, N-acetyl galactosamine, as well as high concentrations of native glycoproteins and neoglycoproteins containing terminal galactose inhibited the receptor binding of the 125I-galactosylated alpha-glucosidase.	Galactose	158-167	sucrase-isomaltase	Homo sapiens	226-243
3659839-0	1987	Human IgD and IgA1 compete for D-galactose-related binding sites on the lectin jacalin.	Galactose	31-42	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	14-18
3040719-12	1987	Both H1 and H2 were purified to homogeneity when Triton X-100-solubilized membrane proteins from [35S]cysteine-labeled cells were subjected to affinity chromatography on galactose-agarose.	Galactose	170-179	H1.5 linker histone, cluster member	Homo sapiens	5-14
3659839-5	1987	(iii) IgD and IgA1 both associated maximally in 4-8 h at 4 degrees C. There was no dissociation at 4 degrees C but limited dissociation occurred at 37 degrees C after 24 h. (iv) Both IgD and IgA1 were eluted from jacalin by galactose-related sugars.	Galactose	224-233	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	14-18
3428503-1	1987	Wistar-Kyoto rats fed a diet containing 30% by weight galactose for 15-21 months developed significant thickening of the endothelial basement membranes of capillaries from the frontal cortex of the cerebrum, by comparison with cerebral capillary basement membranes from animals on a standard diet (p less than 0.001), or animals receiving a diet containing 30% galactose together with 250 mg/kg diet of the aldose reductase inhibitor, Sorbinil (0.001 less than p less than 0.01).	Galactose	54-63	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	407-423
3040719-14	1987	Both quantitative immunoprecipitation of each polypeptide from HepG2 cells and the recovery of purified H1 and H2 from galactose-agarose affinity chromatography indicate that there is 5-6 times more H1 relative to H2.	Galactose	119-128	H1.5 linker histone, cluster member	Homo sapiens	104-113
3664521-1	1987	The capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella Serotype K40 contains D-galactose, D-mannose, L-rhamnose, and D-glucuronic acid in the ratios of 4:1:1:1.	Galactose	66-77	keratin 40	Homo sapiens	53-56
3304286-1	1987	Yeast cells transformed by a plasmid containing a zein sequence fused to an hybrid yeast promoter GAL1-10/CYC1 accumulate, during a batch growth in galactose minimal medium, large amounts of zein only during a growth-limited phase that precede the entering into the stationary phase.	Galactose	148-157	cytochrome c isoform 1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	106-110
3621238-1	1987	Mucin-type O-glycopeptides containing the beta-D-Galp-(1----3)-D-GalpNAc disaccharide core unit, which is also the T-antigenic determinant, were synthesized from D-galactose, 2-azido-2-deoxy-D-galactose, 2-azido-2-deoxylactose, and L-serine precursors by applying the trichloroacetimidate method.	Galactose	162-173	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	0-5
3297350-1	1987	Transcriptional regulation in the galactose regulon of yeast is determined by an interplay between a positive regulatory protein, GAL4, and a negative regulatory protein, GAL80.	Galactose	34-43	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	130-134
3297350-1	1987	Transcriptional regulation in the galactose regulon of yeast is determined by an interplay between a positive regulatory protein, GAL4, and a negative regulatory protein, GAL80.	Galactose	34-43	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	171-176
3597443-3	1987	A method has been developed for separating the predominant species (RHL-1) from the minor species (RHL-2/3) using conditions in which RHL-1 retains its galactose-binding activity.	Galactose	152-161	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	68-73
3597443-3	1987	A method has been developed for separating the predominant species (RHL-1) from the minor species (RHL-2/3) using conditions in which RHL-1 retains its galactose-binding activity.	Galactose	152-161	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	134-139
3597443-8	1987	The COOH-terminal portion of the RHL-2/3 polypeptide has been demonstrated to contain a galactose-recognition domain by expression in an in vitro transcription/translation system.	Galactose	88-97	asialoglycoprotein receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus	33-38
3597443-9	1987	The results of these experiments indicate that RHL-1 and RHL-2/3 polypeptides are self-associated into two distinct molecules, each of which has galactose-binding activity.	Galactose	145-154	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	47-52
3597443-9	1987	The results of these experiments indicate that RHL-1 and RHL-2/3 polypeptides are self-associated into two distinct molecules, each of which has galactose-binding activity.	Galactose	145-154	asialoglycoprotein receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus	57-62
3302676-2	1987	By utilizing growth conditions that favor either transcriptional induction (galactose-carbon source) or repression (glucose-carbon source) from the GAL1 promoter, centromere function can be switched off or on, respectively.	Galactose	76-85	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	148-152
3115291-2	1987	Sialophorin is greater than 50% carbohydrate, primarily O-linked units of sialic acid, galactose, and galactosamine.	Galactose	87-96	sialophorin	Homo sapiens	0-11
3035099-6	1987	The addition of AR inhibitors in the galactose medium significantly protected against the loss in the capacity of the nerve to accumulate [3H]MI and [3H]taurine.	Galactose	37-46	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	16-18
3036954-6	1987	The resulting strains were vigorous, nonreverting galE mutants that were sensitive to galactose-induced lysis at 0.2 mM galactose.	Galactose	86-95	UDP-glucose 4-epimerase	Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium str. LT2	50-54
3036954-6	1987	The resulting strains were vigorous, nonreverting galE mutants that were sensitive to galactose-induced lysis at 0.2 mM galactose.	Galactose	120-129	UDP-glucose 4-epimerase	Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium str. LT2	50-54
2437188-0	1987	Identification and characterization of a monoclonal antibody recognizing a galactose-binding domain of the toxin ricin.	Galactose	75-84	ricin	Ricinus communis	113-118
3302604-4	1987	In a strain containing the GAL4 gene fused to the high expression ADH1 promoter, glucose can replace galactose to induce high levels of transcription of GAL7 and GAL10 genes, although the kinetics of accumulation induced by the two sugars are distinctly different.	Galactose	101-110	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	27-31
3302604-4	1987	In a strain containing the GAL4 gene fused to the high expression ADH1 promoter, glucose can replace galactose to induce high levels of transcription of GAL7 and GAL10 genes, although the kinetics of accumulation induced by the two sugars are distinctly different.	Galactose	101-110	alcohol dehydrogenase ADH1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	66-70
3302604-4	1987	In a strain containing the GAL4 gene fused to the high expression ADH1 promoter, glucose can replace galactose to induce high levels of transcription of GAL7 and GAL10 genes, although the kinetics of accumulation induced by the two sugars are distinctly different.	Galactose	101-110	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	153-157
3302604-4	1987	In a strain containing the GAL4 gene fused to the high expression ADH1 promoter, glucose can replace galactose to induce high levels of transcription of GAL7 and GAL10 genes, although the kinetics of accumulation induced by the two sugars are distinctly different.	Galactose	101-110	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	162-167
3302604-6	1987	In this genetic background, galactose-induced transcription of the high copy GAL7 gene results in a greater than 50-fold increase in the levels of GAL7 mRNA, representing 30%-50% of the total cellular mRNA.	Galactose	28-37	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	77-81
3302604-6	1987	In this genetic background, galactose-induced transcription of the high copy GAL7 gene results in a greater than 50-fold increase in the levels of GAL7 mRNA, representing 30%-50% of the total cellular mRNA.	Galactose	28-37	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	147-151
3032717-2	1987	We examined the hypothesis that the polyol accumulation resulting from chronic galactose supplementation in the diet produces endoneurial edema that can be prevented by inhibition of aldose reductase.	Galactose	79-88	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	183-199
3032717-7	1987	These data define the NMR-spectroscopic state of endoneurial edema in the galactose-fed rat and suggest specific application to the investigation of the role of aldose reductase in human diabetic neuropathy.	Galactose	74-83	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	161-177
3037344-4	1987	Excisive recombination at the lox sites (as measured by loss of the LEU2 gene) was promoted efficiently and accurately by the Cre protein and was dependent upon induction by galactose.	Galactose	174-183	3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	68-72
3037349-2	1987	In both yeast strains, v-src gene transcription is regulated by the galactose-inducible GAL10 promoter.	Galactose	68-77	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	88-93
3295876-1	1987	Expression of the subunit precursor of the human mitochondrial matrix enzyme ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTCase; EC 2.1.3.3) was programmed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae from a 2-micron plasmid by using an inducible galactose operon promoter.	Galactose	215-224	ornithine transcarbamylase	Homo sapiens	77-104
3295876-1	1987	Expression of the subunit precursor of the human mitochondrial matrix enzyme ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTCase; EC 2.1.3.3) was programmed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae from a 2-micron plasmid by using an inducible galactose operon promoter.	Galactose	215-224	ornithine transcarbamylase	Homo sapiens	106-112
3295876-2	1987	In the presence of the inducing sugar (galactose), two polypeptides were specifically precipitable with anti-OTCase antiserum: the human OTCase precursor (40 kDa); and the mature OTCase subunit (36 kDa).	Galactose	39-48	ornithine transcarbamylase	Homo sapiens	109-115
3295876-2	1987	In the presence of the inducing sugar (galactose), two polypeptides were specifically precipitable with anti-OTCase antiserum: the human OTCase precursor (40 kDa); and the mature OTCase subunit (36 kDa).	Galactose	39-48	ornithine transcarbamylase	Homo sapiens	137-143
3295876-2	1987	In the presence of the inducing sugar (galactose), two polypeptides were specifically precipitable with anti-OTCase antiserum: the human OTCase precursor (40 kDa); and the mature OTCase subunit (36 kDa).	Galactose	39-48	ornithine transcarbamylase	Homo sapiens	137-143
2437188-3	1987	The 75/3B12 Fab bound ricin D with a Ka of 10(7) M-1, and this binding was blocked by asialofetuin, lactose, and N-acetylgalactosamine--molecules which interact with the ricin galactose-binding site--but not by fetuin, sucrose, or glucose.	Galactose	176-185	ricin	Ricinus communis	170-175
2437188-5	1987	The monoclonal antibody appears to recognize a galactose-binding site on ricin D via the variable region of the antibody.	Galactose	47-56	ricin	Ricinus communis	73-78
3106500-2	1987	Jacalin-agarose binds specifically to the D-galactose moiety of IgA1 but not to IgA2 which has a different carbohydrate content and structure.	Galactose	44-53	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	64-68
3106500-4	1987	IgA1 was eluted from the lectin by 0.8 M galactose.	Galactose	41-50	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
3296597-6	1987	The result showed that insulin, 200 mU/l, induced a shift in composition of neutral sugars by decreasing the amount of galactose relative to glucose and mannose.	Galactose	119-128	insulin	Homo sapiens	23-30
3550430-11	1987	When LAC9 was introduced into a gal4 defective strain of S. cerevisiae it complemented the mutation and activated the galactose-melibiose regulon.	Galactose	118-127	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-36
3302597-1	1987	We have suggested previously from Northern blot analysis that transcription of the negative regulatory gene GAL80 was controlled positively by another regulatory gene GAL4, and negatively by GAL80 itself, in similar way to GAL1, GAL7 and GAL10 genes encoding galactose-metabolizing enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	259-268	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	108-113
3302597-1	1987	We have suggested previously from Northern blot analysis that transcription of the negative regulatory gene GAL80 was controlled positively by another regulatory gene GAL4, and negatively by GAL80 itself, in similar way to GAL1, GAL7 and GAL10 genes encoding galactose-metabolizing enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	259-268	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	167-171
3302597-1	1987	We have suggested previously from Northern blot analysis that transcription of the negative regulatory gene GAL80 was controlled positively by another regulatory gene GAL4, and negatively by GAL80 itself, in similar way to GAL1, GAL7 and GAL10 genes encoding galactose-metabolizing enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	259-268	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	191-196
3302597-1	1987	We have suggested previously from Northern blot analysis that transcription of the negative regulatory gene GAL80 was controlled positively by another regulatory gene GAL4, and negatively by GAL80 itself, in similar way to GAL1, GAL7 and GAL10 genes encoding galactose-metabolizing enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	259-268	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	223-227
3302597-1	1987	We have suggested previously from Northern blot analysis that transcription of the negative regulatory gene GAL80 was controlled positively by another regulatory gene GAL4, and negatively by GAL80 itself, in similar way to GAL1, GAL7 and GAL10 genes encoding galactose-metabolizing enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	259-268	UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	229-233
3302597-1	1987	We have suggested previously from Northern blot analysis that transcription of the negative regulatory gene GAL80 was controlled positively by another regulatory gene GAL4, and negatively by GAL80 itself, in similar way to GAL1, GAL7 and GAL10 genes encoding galactose-metabolizing enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Galactose	259-268	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	238-243
3109465-11	1987	Since furanoses in the envelope form are analogous (in some ways) to half-chair or sofa conformations and since lactones with six-membered rings probably have half-chair or sofa conformations, the results indicate that beta-galactosidase probably destabilizes its substrate into a planar conformation of some type and that the galactose in the transition state may, therefore, also be quite planar.	Galactose	327-336	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	219-237
3104037-7	1987	By using a third enzyme, galactose dehydrogenase, which competes with galactokinase for the galactose formed by beta-galactosidase, substrate channeling can be detected.	Galactose	25-34	galactokinase 1	Homo sapiens	70-83
3104037-7	1987	By using a third enzyme, galactose dehydrogenase, which competes with galactokinase for the galactose formed by beta-galactosidase, substrate channeling can be detected.	Galactose	25-34	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	112-130
3102945-3	1987	Transformants bearing GAL4 exhibited a 4.5-h generation time on galactose or lactose, versus 24 h for the nontransformed lac9 strain.	Galactose	64-73	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	22-26
3102945-2	1987	When this strain was transformed with the GAL4 positive regulatory gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae it was able to grow on lactose or galactose as the sole carbon source.	Galactose	134-143	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	42-46
3102945-0	1987	GAL4 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae activates the lactose-galactose regulon of Kluyveromyces lactis and creates a new phenotype: glucose repression of the regulon.	Galactose	55-64	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
3027978-4	1987	Finally, lectin binding studies suggest that T antigen contains galactose and/or galactosamine, since T antigen is specifically eluted from soybean lectin by 0.2 M galactose.	Galactose	64-73	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	9-15
3027978-4	1987	Finally, lectin binding studies suggest that T antigen contains galactose and/or galactosamine, since T antigen is specifically eluted from soybean lectin by 0.2 M galactose.	Galactose	164-173	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	148-154
3803395-1	1987	The capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella serotype K40 contained D-mannose, D-glucuronic acid, D-galactose, and L-rhamnose in the approximate molar ratios 1:1:1:2.	Galactose	95-106	keratin 40	Homo sapiens	51-54
3099851-1	1987	The activity of a galactosyltransferase (GalT-2) that catalyzes the transfer of galactose from uridinediphosphogalactose to glucosylceramide in cultured normal human proximal tubular (PT) cells was characterized with respect to substrate saturation and metal ion requirements.	Galactose	80-89	beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase 4	Homo sapiens	41-47
2832257-0	1987	Regulated overproduction of the GAL4 gene product greatly increases expression from galactose-inducible promoters on multi-copy expression vectors in yeast.	Galactose	84-93	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-36
3098740-4	1987	The minimum time between the final glycosylation reactions in the cell and appearance of ASGP-1 at the cell surface was determined by trypsinizing galactose- or glucosamine-labeled cells at timed intervals after labeling to occur within 5-10 min of labeling.	Galactose	147-156	mucin 4, cell surface associated	Rattus norvegicus	89-95
3556448-10	1987	The binding of ROS disc membranes modified in this manner was not enhanced, indicating that the presence of galactose groups on rhodopsin did not serve as a site for recognition by the RPE.	Galactose	108-117	rhodopsin	Gallus gallus	128-137
2881656-0	1987	Effect of somatostatin on D-galactose transport across the small intestine of rats.	Galactose	26-37	somatostatin	Rattus norvegicus	10-22
2881656-1	1987	Somatostatin was found to diminish control and theophylline-treated tissue sugar accumulation as well as control and also to diminish theophylline mucosal to serosal D-galactose fluxes.	Galactose	166-177	somatostatin	Rattus norvegicus	0-12
2832257-1	1987	High-level, galactose-inducible expression originating from GAL promoters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mediated by highly specific interactions between the GAL4-coded protein and nucleotide sequences.	Galactose	12-21	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	158-162
2832257-7	1987	However, following the addition of galactose to the culture medium, the "integrant" strain synthesizes at least 20-fold more GAL4 mRNA and substantially more GAL4 protein than the "non-integrant" strain.	Galactose	35-44	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	125-129
2832257-7	1987	However, following the addition of galactose to the culture medium, the "integrant" strain synthesizes at least 20-fold more GAL4 mRNA and substantially more GAL4 protein than the "non-integrant" strain.	Galactose	35-44	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	158-162
3781619-2	1986	The galE derivative of strain 381 comprised two components: galactose sensitive, thought to be the original mutant; and galactose resistant, presumably by a second mutation reducing galK or galT function or both.	Galactose	60-69	galactose-4-epimerase, UDP	Mus musculus	4-8
16665199-7	1987	A common linear relationship for all four soybean genotypes was shown to exist between galactinol formed estimated from galactinol synthase activity data and the concentration of galactose present in raffinose saccharides.	Galactose	179-188	galactinol synthase	Glycine max	120-139
3780745-2	1986	When the cells were incubated with either [3H]mannose, [3H]galactose, or [3H]fucose, all the radioactive precursors were incorporated into the beta subunit of haptoglobin.	Galactose	59-68	haptoglobin	Homo sapiens	159-170
3039435-6	1987	Gross morphological observations of whole lenses, slit-lamp examination of lenses and light microscopic analysis of lens sections showed that in the galactose-fed prolactin group, galactose associated alteration progressed faster and total opacification (mature cataract development) was achieved earlier than in the nonprolactin group.	Galactose	149-158	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	163-172
3039435-6	1987	Gross morphological observations of whole lenses, slit-lamp examination of lenses and light microscopic analysis of lens sections showed that in the galactose-fed prolactin group, galactose associated alteration progressed faster and total opacification (mature cataract development) was achieved earlier than in the nonprolactin group.	Galactose	180-189	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	163-172
3039435-7	1987	The levels of galactose and dulcitol were higher in the lenses of galactose-fed prolactin treated rats as compared to lenses from nonprolactin (control) rats.	Galactose	14-23	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	80-89
3039435-7	1987	The levels of galactose and dulcitol were higher in the lenses of galactose-fed prolactin treated rats as compared to lenses from nonprolactin (control) rats.	Galactose	66-75	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	80-89
3039435-9	1987	Our results indicate that prolactin accelerates galactose-induced cataractogenesis in rats.	Galactose	48-57	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	26-35
3815413-2	1986	Sugar analysis of the capsular antigen K19 from Klebsiella and of the carboxyl-reduced derivative confirmed its classification into the chemotype containing rhamnose, galactose, glucose, and glucuronic acid residues.	Galactose	167-176	keratin 19	Homo sapiens	39-42
3781619-2	1986	The galE derivative of strain 381 comprised two components: galactose sensitive, thought to be the original mutant; and galactose resistant, presumably by a second mutation reducing galK or galT function or both.	Galactose	120-129	galactose-4-epimerase, UDP	Mus musculus	4-8
3781619-6	1986	The galE mutant of strain 110 was somewhat sensitive to galactose, as shown by retardation of growth; its 50% lethal dose, ca.	Galactose	56-65	galactose-4-epimerase, UDP	Mus musculus	4-8
3781619-9	1986	The galE mutant of strain 117 showed the same partial sensitivity to galactose as strain 110 galE, but was nonvirulent (50% lethal dose of ca.	Galactose	69-78	galactose-4-epimerase, UDP	Mus musculus	4-8
3536869-6	1986	However, mitochondrial activity was required for germination on galactose in a strain carrying the mutated allele imp1 of the nucleomitochondrion-connecting gene IMP1.	Galactose	64-73	endopeptidase catalytic subunit IMP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	114-118
3781619-12	1986	Growth on galactose-supplemented medium restored the smooth phenotype, as indicated by phage sensitivity to three of the four galE strains, but only partially so for the strain 117 galE mutant.	Galactose	10-19	galactose-4-epimerase, UDP	Mus musculus	126-130
3781619-12	1986	Growth on galactose-supplemented medium restored the smooth phenotype, as indicated by phage sensitivity to three of the four galE strains, but only partially so for the strain 117 galE mutant.	Galactose	10-19	galactose-4-epimerase, UDP	Mus musculus	181-185
3781619-13	1986	The retention of parental virulence by galE mutants of S. choleraesuis which are galactose resistant or somewhat galactose sensitive contrasts with the greatly reduced virulence of galactose-resistant galE mutants of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella typhi; this difference may result from the absence of galactose from the O repeat unit in the lipopolysaccharide of group C1 salmonellae.	Galactose	81-90	galactose-4-epimerase, UDP	Mus musculus	39-43
3099784-6	1986	Into both acceptor substrates galactose was incorporated in alpha 1-4 (30%) and beta 1-3 (70%) linkages.	Galactose	30-39	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	60-69
3099784-6	1986	Into both acceptor substrates galactose was incorporated in alpha 1-4 (30%) and beta 1-3 (70%) linkages.	Galactose	30-39	UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	80-88
3827834-6	1986	Mannose, galactose, glucosamine and galactosamine represent 17%, 21%, 24% and 10% respectively of the sugar content of GPIIb.	Galactose	9-18	integrin subunit alpha 2b	Homo sapiens	119-124
3801415-5	1986	SGP-2 was shown to be 23.7% carbohydrate and consisted of 1% fucose, 3.5% mannose, 4.1% galactose, 7.1% N-acetylglucosamine, and 8.0% N-acetylneuraminic acid.	Galactose	88-97	clusterin	Homo sapiens	0-5
3030278-3	1986	In the presence of NADPH aldose reductase reduced glucose, galactose and xylose to the respective polyols sorbitol, galactitol and xylitol.	Galactose	59-68	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	25-41
3827834-5	1986	Mannose, galactose and glucosamine account for 45%, 13% and 28% respectively of the sugars of GPIIIa, whereas galactosamine was not detected.	Galactose	9-18	integrin subunit beta 3	Homo sapiens	94-100
3527276-8	1986	Glycoproteins containing galactose as a terminal residue inhibited the interaction of the receptor with 125I-galactolyzed alpha-glucosidase.	Galactose	25-34	sucrase-isomaltase	Homo sapiens	122-139
3094963-2	1986	The loss of YPT1 function, studied in cells with the YPT1 gene on chromosome VI regulated by the galactose-inducible GAL10 promoter, led to arrested cells that were multibudded and exhibited a complete disorganization of microtubules and an apparent loss of nuclear integrity.	Galactose	97-106	Rab family GTPase YPT1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	12-16
3094963-2	1986	The loss of YPT1 function, studied in cells with the YPT1 gene on chromosome VI regulated by the galactose-inducible GAL10 promoter, led to arrested cells that were multibudded and exhibited a complete disorganization of microtubules and an apparent loss of nuclear integrity.	Galactose	97-106	Rab family GTPase YPT1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	53-57
3094963-2	1986	The loss of YPT1 function, studied in cells with the YPT1 gene on chromosome VI regulated by the galactose-inducible GAL10 promoter, led to arrested cells that were multibudded and exhibited a complete disorganization of microtubules and an apparent loss of nuclear integrity.	Galactose	97-106	bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerase/aldose 1-epimerase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	117-122
3818580-2	1986	Compositional analyses of the purified glycoproteins showed that GPIIb and GPIIIa contain 15% and 18% carbohydrate by weight, respectively, which consists of galactose, mannose, glucosamine, fucose, and sialic acid.	Galactose	158-167	integrin subunit alpha 2b	Homo sapiens	65-70
3818580-2	1986	Compositional analyses of the purified glycoproteins showed that GPIIb and GPIIIa contain 15% and 18% carbohydrate by weight, respectively, which consists of galactose, mannose, glucosamine, fucose, and sialic acid.	Galactose	158-167	integrin subunit beta 3	Homo sapiens	75-81
3025601-5	1986	Ty transposition resumed after galactose induction in spt3-101 strains containing the pGTyH3 plasmid.	Galactose	31-40	transcriptional regulator SPT3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	54-58
3818560-3	1986	Compositional analysis showed that GPIV contains large amounts of acidic and hydroxy amino acids, but only very small amounts of cystine and methionine, and 28.1% (w/w) carbohydrate consisting of galactose, glucosamine, and sialic acid as the principal sugars with smaller amounts of fucose, mannose, and galactosamine.	Galactose	196-205	CD36 molecule	Homo sapiens	35-39
3794976-8	1986	The response of mature jejunum and ileum following systemic gastrin infusion was a mild to moderate rise in galactose and glycine absorption, although statistical significance was not achieved.	Galactose	108-117	gastrin	Rattus norvegicus	60-67
3794976-9	1986	However, following luminal gastrin infusion into mature small intestine segments, there was a 4.54 fold rise in galactose absorption (P less than .01) and a 4.79 fold rise in glycine absorption (P less than .01) when compared with controls.	Galactose	112-121	gastrin	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
3489778-4	1986	Induction of polyclonal differentiation of unprimed B cells into IgM-secreting cells by B151-TRF2 was specifically inhibited by addition of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) but not by structurally unrelated monosaccharides such as D-galactose, D-glucose, and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc).	Galactose	230-241	telomeric repeat binding factor 2	Mus musculus	93-97
3828488-2	1986	The saccharide binding properties of the lectin show that C-1, C-2, C-4, and C-6 hydroxyl groups of D-galactose are important loci for sugar binding.	Galactose	100-111	T cell receptor gamma constant 1	Homo sapiens	58-61
3828488-2	1986	The saccharide binding properties of the lectin show that C-1, C-2, C-4, and C-6 hydroxyl groups of D-galactose are important loci for sugar binding.	Galactose	100-111	complement C2	Homo sapiens	63-66
3828488-2	1986	The saccharide binding properties of the lectin show that C-1, C-2, C-4, and C-6 hydroxyl groups of D-galactose are important loci for sugar binding.	Galactose	100-111	complement C4A (Rodgers blood group)	Homo sapiens	68-71
3828488-2	1986	The saccharide binding properties of the lectin show that C-1, C-2, C-4, and C-6 hydroxyl groups of D-galactose are important loci for sugar binding.	Galactose	100-111	complement C6	Homo sapiens	77-80
3533434-0	1986	Limited proteolysis of MP26 in lens fiber plasma membranes of the galactose-induced cataract in the rat.	Galactose	66-75	major intrinsic protein of lens fiber	Rattus norvegicus	23-27
3533434-3	1986	Examination of the fiber plasma membranes from whole lenses of galactose-fed rats demonstrated the limited proteolysis of MP26 into MP23-24, in both the cortical and mature stages of the resultant cataracts.	Galactose	63-72	major intrinsic protein of lens fiber	Rattus norvegicus	122-126
3533434-4	1986	The limited proteolysis of MP26 was first evident in the lens cortex at 11 days of galactose feeding, and was evident as well, and more severe in proportion, in the lens nucleus at 19 days of feeding.	Galactose	83-92	major intrinsic protein of lens fiber	Rattus norvegicus	27-31
3533434-5	1986	The greatest proportion in MP26 limited proteolysis was observed in whole lenses at 31 days of galactose feeding.	Galactose	95-104	major intrinsic protein of lens fiber	Rattus norvegicus	27-31
3533434-6	1986	The regional progression of MP26 limited proteolysis closely paralleled the morphological progression of the galactose-induced cataract in the rat.	Galactose	109-118	major intrinsic protein of lens fiber	Rattus norvegicus	28-32
3533434-7	1986	The proportion of lens MP26 which underwent limited proteolysis into MP23-24 increased the longer the animals were kept on the galactose diet.	Galactose	127-136	major intrinsic protein of lens fiber	Rattus norvegicus	23-27
2874887-4	1986	Both wild-type and mutant cells do incorporate labeled galactose and fucose into Thy-1.	Galactose	55-64	thymus cell antigen 1, theta	Mus musculus	81-86
2944111-1	1986	In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae regulation of the galactose/melibiose regulon rests on a dosage-dependent functional interplay between the positive regulator of transcription, the GAL4 protein, and the negative regulator, GAL80 protein.	Galactose	56-65	galactose-responsive transcription factor GAL4	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	186-190
2944111-1	1986	In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae regulation of the galactose/melibiose regulon rests on a dosage-dependent functional interplay between the positive regulator of transcription, the GAL4 protein, and the negative regulator, GAL80 protein.	Galactose	56-65	transcription regulator GAL80	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	228-233
2941420-9	1986	Apo(a) contained 28.1% carbohydrate by weight represented by mannose, galactose, galactosamine, glucosamine, and sialic acid in an approximate molar ratio of 3:7:5:4:7, respectively.	Galactose	70-79	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	0-6
3733747-2	1986	Galactose oxidase is a fungal enzyme which is known to oxidize the C-6 hydroxymethyl of galactose to an aldehyde group.	Galactose	88-97	complement C6	Homo sapiens	67-70
3733747-10	1986	These studies indicate that galactose oxidase not only converts the C-6 hydroxymethyl group of galactose to an aldehyde group, but also catalyzes further oxidation to the carboxyl group.	Galactose	28-37	complement C6	Homo sapiens	68-71
3096980-0	1986	Structures of galactose-containing oligosaccharides of alpha-mannosidase from porcine kidney.	Galactose	14-23	alpha-mannosidase	Ricinus communis	55-72
3087946-1	1986	The Trg transducer mediates chemotactic response to galactose and ribose by interacting, respectively, with sugar-occupied galactose- and ribose-binding proteins.	Galactose	52-61	T cell receptor gamma locus	Homo sapiens	4-7
3099750-7	1986	The 100,000 Mr secreted C1 Inh is sensitive to endoglycosidase F but resistant to endoglycosidase H, and it incorporates [3H]galactose, [3H]glucosamine and [3H]galactosamine, indicating the presence of both N-linked oligosaccharides of the complex type and O-linked oligosaccharides.	Galactose	125-134	serpin family G member 1	Homo sapiens	24-30
3788408-2	1986	The pure alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) preparation from streptozotocin diabetic rat sera showed diminished sialic acid content and lower ratios of galactose to mannose and galactose to fucose.	Galactose	149-158	orosomucoid 1	Rattus norvegicus	9-34
3788408-2	1986	The pure alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) preparation from streptozotocin diabetic rat sera showed diminished sialic acid content and lower ratios of galactose to mannose and galactose to fucose.	Galactose	149-158	orosomucoid 1	Rattus norvegicus	36-39
3788408-2	1986	The pure alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) preparation from streptozotocin diabetic rat sera showed diminished sialic acid content and lower ratios of galactose to mannose and galactose to fucose.	Galactose	174-183	orosomucoid 1	Rattus norvegicus	9-34
3788408-2	1986	The pure alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) preparation from streptozotocin diabetic rat sera showed diminished sialic acid content and lower ratios of galactose to mannose and galactose to fucose.	Galactose	174-183	orosomucoid 1	Rattus norvegicus	36-39
2424841-10	1986	gp55 is a glycoprotein containing a complex carbohydrate moiety with fucose, mannose, galactose, and glucose, either as terminal nonreducing units or substituted in positions indicated by methylation data.	Galactose	86-95	neuroplastin	Homo sapiens	0-4
3087946-1	1986	The Trg transducer mediates chemotactic response to galactose and ribose by interacting, respectively, with sugar-occupied galactose- and ribose-binding proteins.	Galactose	123-132	T cell receptor gamma locus	Homo sapiens	4-7
3087946-8	1986	However, the single amino acid substitution caused by trg-19 greatly reduced the response to galactose but left unperturbed the response to ribose.	Galactose	93-102	solute carrier family 37 member 4	Homo sapiens	54-60
3087946-10	1986	trg-8 mutants were substantially defective in the response to both galactose and ribose.	Galactose	67-76	BCL2 interacting protein 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
3087946-11	1986	An increase in cellular content of Trg-8 protein improved the response to galactose but not to ribose.	Galactose	74-83	BCL2 interacting protein 1	Homo sapiens	35-40