PMID-sentid	Pub_year	Sent_text	compound_name	comp_offset	prot_official_name	organism	prot_offset
15003809-2	2004	An endotoxicosis model that utilizes LPS and d-galactosamine to induce mortality by TNFalpha/TNFR1-dependent hepatocyte apoptosis was used to assess TNFalpha production, apoptotic signaling, and effects on the production of IL-6 and IL-10.	Galactosamine	45-60	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	84-92
14978949-10	2004	We report that Sho-saiko-to decreases the rh TNF-induced lethality in galactosamine-hypersensitized mice and protects mice against oxygen toxicity and Ca2+ overload in the cytoplasm or mitochondria during endotoxemia.	Galactosamine	70-83	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	45-48
14960194-4	2004	RESULTS: HO-1 induction with cobalt protoporphorin (Co-PP) dose-dependently protected against apoptotic cell death as well as neutrophil-mediated oncosis in the galactosamine/endotoxin (Gal/ET) shock model.	Galactosamine	161-174	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	9-13
15581478-5	2004	The caspase-3 which plays a common central role in the final step of various apoptosis cascades, was dramatically increased in the cytoplasm by the d-galactosamine administration in vivo.	Galactosamine	148-163	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	4-13
15581478-6	2004	When D-galactosamine was administrated as a death signal in vivo, the lysosomal lactoferrin was released into the cytoplasm and procaspase-3 located in the cytoplasm was processed to form active caspase-3.	Galactosamine	5-20	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	128-140
15581478-6	2004	When D-galactosamine was administrated as a death signal in vivo, the lysosomal lactoferrin was released into the cytoplasm and procaspase-3 located in the cytoplasm was processed to form active caspase-3.	Galactosamine	5-20	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	131-140
14504103-7	2004	Furthermore, such in vivo BPI gene transfer also improved the survival of mice suffering from lethal septic shock elicited by intraperitoneal injection of d-galactosamine and LPS.	Galactosamine	155-170	bactericidal permeablility increasing protein	Mus musculus	26-29
14584039-11	2004	However, the liver of sialoadenectomized mice was more sensitive to the effect of a non-lethal dose of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) combined with d-galactosamine, as shown by the enhanced rise in plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and liver myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities.	Galactosamine	152-167	myeloperoxidase	Mus musculus	276-291
14584039-11	2004	However, the liver of sialoadenectomized mice was more sensitive to the effect of a non-lethal dose of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) combined with d-galactosamine, as shown by the enhanced rise in plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and liver myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities.	Galactosamine	152-167	myeloperoxidase	Mus musculus	293-296
15198850-1	2004	D-Galactosamine (D-galN) is well established as sensitizing mice and other animals to the lethal effects of TNF, specifically, and by several orders of magnitude.	Galactosamine	0-15	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	19-23
15198850-1	2004	D-Galactosamine (D-galN) is well established as sensitizing mice and other animals to the lethal effects of TNF, specifically, and by several orders of magnitude.	Galactosamine	0-15	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	108-111
14686721-5	2003	METHODS: Liver injury was induced in male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (D-GalN) (1 g/kg).	Galactosamine	86-101	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	105-109
15588421-3	2004	The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the systemic administration of recombinant adenovirus exacerbates a subsequent TNF-alpha-dependent liver injury induced by D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide.	Galactosamine	169-184	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	125-134
14676688-2	2004	A few derivatives protected mice against lethality induced by lipopolysaccharide from different bacterial strains and shock induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin B in mice sensitized by D-Galactosamine (D-Galn).	Galactosamine	186-201	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	205-209
14512878-3	2003	We found that up-regulation of endogenous HO-1 by cobalt-protoporphyrin-IX (CoPP) protected mice from apoptotic liver damage induced by anti-CD95 antibody (Ab) or d-galactosamine in combination with either anti-CD3 Ab, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha).	Galactosamine	163-178	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	42-46
12927356-2	2003	Gpx1-deficient mice (Gpx1-/-) are more susceptible than wild-type (WT) mice to neutrophil-induced oxidant stress and liver injury produced by 700 mg/kg galactosamine and 10 microg/kg endotoxin (Gal/ET).	Galactosamine	152-165	glutathione peroxidase 1	Mus musculus	0-4
12816762-0	2003	STAT1 plays an essential role in LPS/D-galactosamine-induced liver apoptosis and injury.	Galactosamine	39-52	signal transducer and activator of transcription 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
12816762-0	2003	STAT1 plays an essential role in LPS/D-galactosamine-induced liver apoptosis and injury.	Galactosamine	39-52	interferon regulatory factor 6	Homo sapiens	33-36
12816762-3	2003	STAT1 is rapidly activated and highly induced after injection of LPS/D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	69-84	signal transducer and activator of transcription 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
12816762-3	2003	STAT1 is rapidly activated and highly induced after injection of LPS/D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	69-84	interferon regulatory factor 6	Homo sapiens	65-68
12816762-5	2003	Disruption of the STAT1 gene abolishes LPS/D-galactosamine-induced liver injury.	Galactosamine	43-58	signal transducer and activator of transcription 1	Homo sapiens	18-23
12816762-6	2003	Studies from IFN-gamma-deficient mice indicate that IFN-gamma is the major cytokine responsible for activation and hyperexpression of STAT1 in LPS/D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis.	Galactosamine	149-162	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	13-22
12816762-6	2003	Studies from IFN-gamma-deficient mice indicate that IFN-gamma is the major cytokine responsible for activation and hyperexpression of STAT1 in LPS/D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis.	Galactosamine	149-162	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	52-61
12816762-6	2003	Studies from IFN-gamma-deficient mice indicate that IFN-gamma is the major cytokine responsible for activation and hyperexpression of STAT1 in LPS/D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis.	Galactosamine	149-162	signal transducer and activator of transcription 1	Mus musculus	134-139
12816762-6	2003	Studies from IFN-gamma-deficient mice indicate that IFN-gamma is the major cytokine responsible for activation and hyperexpression of STAT1 in LPS/D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis.	Galactosamine	149-162	interferon regulatory factor 6	Homo sapiens	143-146
12816762-8	2003	Taken together, these findings suggest that STAT1 plays an essential role in LPS/D-galactosamine-induced liver apoptosis and injury.	Galactosamine	81-96	signal transducer and activator of transcription 1	Homo sapiens	44-49
12816762-8	2003	Taken together, these findings suggest that STAT1 plays an essential role in LPS/D-galactosamine-induced liver apoptosis and injury.	Galactosamine	81-96	interferon regulatory factor 6	Homo sapiens	77-80
15015378-4	2003	RESULT: In conventional mice, large and medium doses (20 and 10 g.kg-1) of Huangqin-Tang decoction significantly reduced the increase of serum ALT activity after 18 h GalN treatment.	Galactosamine	167-171	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	143-146
12907702-5	2003	AAF-fed rats were fully protected from the hepatotoxic effects of the injection of 20-30 microg of LPS plus 700 mg of d-galactosamine (d-GalN) x kg-1 of body weight, a treatment that in control rats readily caused a large increase of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells in liver cryosections and release of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase into the bloodstream.	Galactosamine	118-133	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	137-141
12895268-2	2003	Our aim was to investigate the ability of the amino acid glycine to prevent hepatic damage induced by injection of lipopolysaccharide and d-galactosamine (d-Gal), to modulate pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, and to improve survival.	Galactosamine	138-153	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	157-160
12963146-3	2003	The effect of the extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic shock was evaluated by measuring the number of deaths and the levels of serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases following intraperitoneal injection of LPS (1 microg/kg) into D-galactosamine-primed mice.	Galactosamine	249-264	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	49-52
12881420-3	2003	As a result, Tpl2(-/-) mice are resistant to LPS/D-galactosamine-induced shock.	Galactosamine	49-64	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8	Mus musculus	13-17
14505549-2	2003	METHODS: Mouse experimental model of FHF was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine (D-GalN).	Galactosamine	85-100	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	104-108
12486082-0	2002	NFkappaB and caspase-3 activity in apoptotic hepatocytes of galactosamine-sensitized mice treated with TNFalpha.	Galactosamine	60-73	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	0-8
12821046-0	2003	Chronic alcohol exposure sensitizes mice to galactosamine-induced liver injury through enhanced keratinocyte chemoattractant and defective IL-10 production.	Galactosamine	44-57	interleukin 10	Mus musculus	139-144
12821046-7	2003	Serum keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels were significantly increased in the GAL+ethanol group.	Galactosamine	130-133	chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2	Mus musculus	44-78
12821046-7	2003	Serum keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels were significantly increased in the GAL+ethanol group.	Galactosamine	130-133	chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2	Mus musculus	80-85
12759235-7	2003	Injuring hepatocytes with galactosamine further increased matrix metalloproteinase-13 mRNA production.	Galactosamine	26-39	matrix metallopeptidase 13	Rattus norvegicus	58-85
12620377-3	2003	The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of NO during PGE(1) protection against D-galactosamine (D-GalN) citotoxicity in cultured hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	96-111	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	115-119
12812143-6	2003	First, in acute macrophage-mediated hepatitis induced by galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide administration, IL-10 neutralisation led to a more severe liver damage, whereas IL-10 injection, even delayed, was able to limit liver necrosis.	Galactosamine	57-70	interleukin 10	Homo sapiens	106-111
12473384-1	2003	Eighteen and twenty-four hours after intraperitoneal administration of D-galactosamine (1g/kg body weight) to rats, the activity of caspase-3-like protease in the liver increased significantly compared with that in the control group given saline.	Galactosamine	71-86	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	132-141
12473384-4	2003	These results indicated that D-galactosamine causes apoptosis in the liver by activating caspase-3, which is released to the plasma by secondary necrosis.	Galactosamine	29-44	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	89-98
12638236-0	2003	D-galactosamine induced hepatocyte apoptosis is inhibited in vivo and in cell culture by a calcium calmodulin antagonist, chlorpromazine, and a calcium channel blocker, verapamil.	Galactosamine	0-15	calmodulin 2	Mus musculus	99-109
12929583-0	2003	Insulin-like growth factor-I prevents lethal acute liver failure induced by D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide in rats.	Galactosamine	76-91	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-28
12929583-2	2003	Intravenous co-administration of D-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to rats induced high mortality and marked increases in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and total bilirubin, associated with hypoglycemia.	Galactosamine	33-48	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	140-166
12929583-2	2003	Intravenous co-administration of D-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to rats induced high mortality and marked increases in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and total bilirubin, associated with hypoglycemia.	Galactosamine	50-54	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	140-166
12649350-4	2003	Depletion of primary afferent nerve fibers by neonatal capsaicin treatment down-regulated circulating levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) and protected mice from GalN/LPS-induced liver injury.	Galactosamine	237-241	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	203-211
12649350-10	2003	NK-1R blockade clearly inhibited GalN/LPS-induced production of TNFalpha and IFNgamma, whereas synthesis of the hepatoprotective cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 was increased.	Galactosamine	33-37	tachykinin receptor 1	Mus musculus	0-5
12649350-10	2003	NK-1R blockade clearly inhibited GalN/LPS-induced production of TNFalpha and IFNgamma, whereas synthesis of the hepatoprotective cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 was increased.	Galactosamine	33-37	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	64-72
12649350-10	2003	NK-1R blockade clearly inhibited GalN/LPS-induced production of TNFalpha and IFNgamma, whereas synthesis of the hepatoprotective cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 was increased.	Galactosamine	33-37	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	77-85
12617765-1	2003	AIM: To observe whether challenge of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with D-galactosamine (D-GalN) in mice will result in apoptotic characteristic of vital organs.	Galactosamine	77-92	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	96-100
12586601-0	2003	Immunomodulatory activity of TNF-alpha during acute liver injury induced by D-galactosamine and its protection by PGE1 in rats.	Galactosamine	76-91	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	29-38
12586601-1	2003	Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) mediates hepatocyte cell death by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and its protection by prostaglandin E(1) (PGE(1)).	Galactosamine	75-90	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	30-39
12586601-1	2003	Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) mediates hepatocyte cell death by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and its protection by prostaglandin E(1) (PGE(1)).	Galactosamine	75-90	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	94-98
12580320-2	2003	The aim of the present study was to determine whether in vivo phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) accurately assesses the severity of liver damage and is of prognostic value in a D-galactosamine (D-galN)-induced model of acute liver failure.	Galactosamine	199-214	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	218-222
12531875-5	2003	Furthermore, although in vivo administration of TNF-alpha or LPS to galactosamine-pretreated ASMase(+/+) mice caused liver damage, ASMase(-/-) mice exhibited minimal hepatocellular injury.	Galactosamine	68-81	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	48-57
12531875-5	2003	Furthermore, although in vivo administration of TNF-alpha or LPS to galactosamine-pretreated ASMase(+/+) mice caused liver damage, ASMase(-/-) mice exhibited minimal hepatocellular injury.	Galactosamine	68-81	sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1, acid lysosomal	Mus musculus	93-99
12486082-0	2002	NFkappaB and caspase-3 activity in apoptotic hepatocytes of galactosamine-sensitized mice treated with TNFalpha.	Galactosamine	60-73	caspase 3	Mus musculus	13-22
12486082-0	2002	NFkappaB and caspase-3 activity in apoptotic hepatocytes of galactosamine-sensitized mice treated with TNFalpha.	Galactosamine	60-73	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	103-111
12486082-1	2002	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) induces apoptosis in hepatocytes only under transcriptional arrest induced by galactosamine (GalN).	Galactosamine	117-130	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	0-27
12486082-1	2002	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) induces apoptosis in hepatocytes only under transcriptional arrest induced by galactosamine (GalN).	Galactosamine	117-130	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	29-37
12486082-1	2002	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) induces apoptosis in hepatocytes only under transcriptional arrest induced by galactosamine (GalN).	Galactosamine	132-136	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	0-27
12486082-1	2002	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) induces apoptosis in hepatocytes only under transcriptional arrest induced by galactosamine (GalN).	Galactosamine	132-136	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	29-37
12464973-2	2002	OBJECTIVES: Whether PGE1 protects against D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-associated hepatocyte cell death by the regulation of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and/or nitric oxide (NO) in hepatocytes or cocultured Kupffer cells was examined.	Galactosamine	42-57	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	61-65
12395314-2	2002	Using a well-characterized model of LPS-induced acute liver failure (ALF) in galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice, we show that Ron TK(-/-) mice display marked protection compared with control Ron TK(+/+) mice.	Galactosamine	77-90	macrophage stimulating 1 receptor (c-met-related tyrosine kinase)	Mus musculus	128-131
12395314-2	2002	Using a well-characterized model of LPS-induced acute liver failure (ALF) in galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice, we show that Ron TK(-/-) mice display marked protection compared with control Ron TK(+/+) mice.	Galactosamine	92-96	macrophage stimulating 1 receptor (c-met-related tyrosine kinase)	Mus musculus	128-131
12395314-6	2002	These results show that ablation of the TK activity of the Ron receptor leads to protection from the development of hepatocellular apoptosis in response to treatment with LPS/GalN, even in the presence of excessive levels of serum TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	175-179	macrophage stimulating 1 receptor (c-met-related tyrosine kinase)	Mus musculus	59-62
12209287-4	2002	We designed this study to assess the sensitization role of CpG motifs in LPS-induced shock using the D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-sensitized mouse model.	Galactosamine	101-116	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	120-124
12495288-4	2002	To verify the incompleteness of the sugar chains, the galactosamine/glucosamine ratio (O/N ratio) was introduced as a specific value for each IgA1 preparation.	Galactosamine	54-67	immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	Homo sapiens	142-146
12234923-2	2002	Mice lacking the gene encoding the serine/threonine protein kinase Tpl2/Cot produce low levels of TNF-alpha in response to LPS because of an ERK-dependent post-transcriptional defect, and they are resistant to LPS/D-galactosamine-induced endotoxin shock.	Galactosamine	216-229	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8	Mus musculus	67-71
12365717-10	2002	By treating the cells, galactosamine and cycloheximide also lowered the apoptosis-inducing activity and decreased TNF-alpha and IL-2 productions.	Galactosamine	23-36	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	114-123
12365717-10	2002	By treating the cells, galactosamine and cycloheximide also lowered the apoptosis-inducing activity and decreased TNF-alpha and IL-2 productions.	Galactosamine	23-36	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	128-132
12056510-0	2002	TNF tolerance and cytotoxicity in the liver: the role of interleukin-1beta, inducible nitric oxide-synthase and heme oxygenase-1 in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	132-147	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	0-3
12098599-6	2002	A single oral administration of pirfenidone prior to lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine challenge inhibited the production of circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-12 and interferon-gamma, markedly enhanced that of interleukin-10, and offered protection from subsequent lethal symptoms in a dose-dependent manner.	Galactosamine	72-87	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	138-165
12098599-10	2002	The transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 level was markedly elevated in the liver of lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-challenged mice, suppressed in pirfenidone-treated mice.	Galactosamine	106-121	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Mus musculus	4-42
12057922-6	2002	The expression of PTN mRNA in the liver was markedly up-regulated by the treatment with D-galactosamine (GalN) or with acetylaminofluorene followed by partial hepatectomy.	Galactosamine	88-103	pleiotrophin	Rattus norvegicus	18-21
12057922-6	2002	The expression of PTN mRNA in the liver was markedly up-regulated by the treatment with D-galactosamine (GalN) or with acetylaminofluorene followed by partial hepatectomy.	Galactosamine	105-109	pleiotrophin	Rattus norvegicus	18-21
12057922-7	2002	HSCs expressed PTN mRNA in response to GalN treatment and its protein was found on hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	39-43	pleiotrophin	Rattus norvegicus	15-18
12033504-3	2002	The 80% aqueous acetone extract of Zedoariae Rhizoma was found to show a protective effect against D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	99-114	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	118-122
12056510-3	2002	Liver damage was induced by administration of TNF to mice sensitized with D-galactosamine (GalN).	Galactosamine	74-89	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	46-49
12056510-3	2002	Liver damage was induced by administration of TNF to mice sensitized with D-galactosamine (GalN).	Galactosamine	91-95	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	46-49
11983446-7	2002	RESULTS: Pretreatment of mice with 4-nitrobenzylidene malononitrile reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha/D-galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	106-119	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	76-103
11814859-1	2002	The methanolic extract from the flowers of Tilia argentea (linden) was found to show a hepatoprotective effect against D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	119-134	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	138-142
11896118-1	2002	PURPOSE: Preclinical studies have shown good anticancer activity following targeting of a polymer bearing doxorubicin with galactosamine (PK2) to the liver.	Galactosamine	123-136	prokineticin 2	Homo sapiens	138-141
12071354-1	2002	D-galactosamine (D-GalN) toxicity is a useful experimental model of liver failure in human.	Galactosamine	0-15	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	19-23
11754731-7	2002	Carbohydrate analyses of the purified mucin showed the presence of galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, and sialic acid, but no mannose, glucose, or uronic acid.	Galactosamine	91-104	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	38-43
11870365-0	2002	A20 protects mice from D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide acute toxic lethal hepatitis.	Galactosamine	23-38	tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3	Mus musculus	0-3
11870365-3	2002	Adenoviral mediated hepatic expression of A20 in BALB/c mice yields an 85% survival rate in the D-galactosamine (D-gal)/lipolysaccharide (LPS) model of acute toxic hepatitis compared with 15% to 20 % in control mice.	Galactosamine	96-111	tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3	Mus musculus	42-45
11870365-3	2002	Adenoviral mediated hepatic expression of A20 in BALB/c mice yields an 85% survival rate in the D-galactosamine (D-gal)/lipolysaccharide (LPS) model of acute toxic hepatitis compared with 15% to 20 % in control mice.	Galactosamine	96-101	tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3	Mus musculus	42-45
12014428-3	2002	There was marked elevation in serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels 24 h after D-gal injection.	Galactosamine	110-115	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	36-62
11828371-11	2002	Pretreatment with IFN-gamma rendered galactosamine-sensitized mice sensitive to challenge with LTA.	Galactosamine	37-50	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	18-27
12236047-2	2002	In this study, the effect of D-galactosamine(GalN)-induced hepatitis on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions and the protective effect of anti-ulcer agents in rats were examined.	Galactosamine	29-44	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	45-49
11980363-1	2002	Retinol binding protein (RBP) in the plasma of rats treated with D-galactosamine was monitored to establish whether its level can be used to evaluate drug-induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	65-80	retinol binding protein 4	Rattus norvegicus	0-23
11980363-1	2002	Retinol binding protein (RBP) in the plasma of rats treated with D-galactosamine was monitored to establish whether its level can be used to evaluate drug-induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	65-80	retinol binding protein 4	Rattus norvegicus	25-28
11740732-7	2001	In galactosamine-treated mice, the minimum ig dose of LPS needed to induce lethal hepatitis was very small (less than that needed by ip injection).	Galactosamine	3-16	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	54-57
12537698-0	2002	Does high mobility group 1 protein function as a late mediator for LPS- or TNF-induced shock in galactosamine-sensitized mice?	Galactosamine	96-109	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	75-78
12537698-1	2002	The role of high mobility group-1 protein (HMG-1) in LPS- and TNF-alpha-induced lethal shock in galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice was investigated.	Galactosamine	96-109	high mobility group box 1	Mus musculus	43-48
12537698-1	2002	The role of high mobility group-1 protein (HMG-1) in LPS- and TNF-alpha-induced lethal shock in galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice was investigated.	Galactosamine	96-109	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	62-71
12537698-4	2002	When GalN-sensitized mice were injected with TNF-alpha, the presence of HMG-1 was seen at 5.5 h in plasma of BALB/c mice and at 6 h in BALB/lps(d) mice, although almost all GalN-sensitized BALB/c mice died by 6 h after challenge.	Galactosamine	5-9	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	45-54
12537698-4	2002	When GalN-sensitized mice were injected with TNF-alpha, the presence of HMG-1 was seen at 5.5 h in plasma of BALB/c mice and at 6 h in BALB/lps(d) mice, although almost all GalN-sensitized BALB/c mice died by 6 h after challenge.	Galactosamine	5-9	high mobility group box 1	Mus musculus	72-77
12537698-4	2002	When GalN-sensitized mice were injected with TNF-alpha, the presence of HMG-1 was seen at 5.5 h in plasma of BALB/c mice and at 6 h in BALB/lps(d) mice, although almost all GalN-sensitized BALB/c mice died by 6 h after challenge.	Galactosamine	173-177	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	45-54
12537698-4	2002	When GalN-sensitized mice were injected with TNF-alpha, the presence of HMG-1 was seen at 5.5 h in plasma of BALB/c mice and at 6 h in BALB/lps(d) mice, although almost all GalN-sensitized BALB/c mice died by 6 h after challenge.	Galactosamine	173-177	high mobility group box 1	Mus musculus	72-77
11748185-5	2002	In contrast, infection with live T. pectinovorum induced 100% lethality within 12 h in GalN-sensitized LPS responder mice, indicating an endotoxin-like property of this treponeme.	Galactosamine	87-91	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	103-106
11476978-2	2001	A lethal endotoxic shock was induced by administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-sensitized mice and another one was done by administration of a high dose of LPS into normal mice.	Galactosamine	88-103	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	107-111
11685033-7	2001	RESULTS: Hepatic injury induced by anti-Fas monoclonal antibody or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha plus D-galactosamine was markedly ameliorated by the FADD dominant negative transduction, which abrogated the death rate.	Galactosamine	106-121	Fas (TNFRSF6)-associated via death domain	Mus musculus	154-158
11673110-8	2001	Although serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were markedly elevated after GalN/LPS administration, ONO-4819 significantly inhibited the elevation of those of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma but not that of IL-8.	Galactosamine	149-153	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	25-52
11673110-8	2001	Although serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were markedly elevated after GalN/LPS administration, ONO-4819 significantly inhibited the elevation of those of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma but not that of IL-8.	Galactosamine	149-153	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	54-63
11673110-8	2001	Although serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were markedly elevated after GalN/LPS administration, ONO-4819 significantly inhibited the elevation of those of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma but not that of IL-8.	Galactosamine	149-153	interferon gamma	Rattus norvegicus	66-82
11673110-8	2001	Although serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were markedly elevated after GalN/LPS administration, ONO-4819 significantly inhibited the elevation of those of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma but not that of IL-8.	Galactosamine	149-153	interferon gamma	Rattus norvegicus	84-93
11607032-4	2001	TLR3-deficient (TLR3-/-) mice showed reduced responses to polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), resistance to the lethal effect of poly(I:C) when sensitized with d-galactosamine (d-GalN), and reduced production of inflammatory cytokines.	Galactosamine	168-183	toll-like receptor 3	Mus musculus	0-4
11510480-3	2001	The results indicated that the administrations of CCl4 and D-galactosamine, which caused hepatic failure, and the partial hepatectomy enhanced the conversion of pro PHBP to the active two-chain form in the plasma.	Galactosamine	59-74	hyaluronic acid binding protein 2	Mus musculus	165-169
11463262-0	2001	Conversion of glucosamine to galactosamine and allosamine derivatives: control of inversions of stereochemistry at C-3 and C-4.	Galactosamine	29-42	complement C3	Homo sapiens	115-118
11463262-0	2001	Conversion of glucosamine to galactosamine and allosamine derivatives: control of inversions of stereochemistry at C-3 and C-4.	Galactosamine	29-42	complement C4A (Rodgers blood group)	Homo sapiens	123-126
11500080-2	2001	Galactosamine (GalN) sensitises experimental animals for TNF and the combination TNF/GalN leads to a lethal inflammatory hepatitis.	Galactosamine	15-19	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	57-60
11589767-0	2001	Caspase activation during hepatocyte apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	89-102	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	58-85
11589767-1	2001	BACKGROUND/AIMS: To clarify the mechanism of hepatocyte apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), caspase cascade and ceramide formation were investigated in the liver of D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice treated with TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	191-206	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	77-104
11559023-4	2001	Treatment of C3Heb/FeJ mice with 700 mg/kg galactosamine/100 microg/kg endotoxin induced parenchymal apoptosis (indicated by caspase-3 activation and morphology) and severe liver injury (indicated by the increase in plasma alanine aminotransferase activities and histology) at 7 h. Treatment with IETD-CHO or DEVD-CHO (10 mg/kg at 3, 4.5, and 5.5 h) significantly attenuated caspase-3 activation and liver injury.	Galactosamine	43-56	caspase 3	Mus musculus	125-134
11559023-4	2001	Treatment of C3Heb/FeJ mice with 700 mg/kg galactosamine/100 microg/kg endotoxin induced parenchymal apoptosis (indicated by caspase-3 activation and morphology) and severe liver injury (indicated by the increase in plasma alanine aminotransferase activities and histology) at 7 h. Treatment with IETD-CHO or DEVD-CHO (10 mg/kg at 3, 4.5, and 5.5 h) significantly attenuated caspase-3 activation and liver injury.	Galactosamine	43-56	caspase 3	Mus musculus	375-384
11369777-3	2001	After treating mice with lipopolysaccharide or TNFalpha in the presence of d-galactosamine, Bid was cleaved and translocated to mitochondria in hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	75-90	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	47-55
11369777-3	2001	After treating mice with lipopolysaccharide or TNFalpha in the presence of d-galactosamine, Bid was cleaved and translocated to mitochondria in hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	75-90	BH3 interacting domain death agonist	Mus musculus	92-95
11418676-4	2001	Crg-2 expression was noted in vivo in multiple models of hepatic and bile duct injury, including bile duct ligation and CCl(4), D-galactosamine, and methylene dianiline toxic liver injuries.	Galactosamine	128-143	chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10	Mus musculus	0-5
11391533-1	2001	D-Galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury is an experimental model of fulminant hepatic failure in which tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a pivotal role.	Galactosamine	0-15	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	132-159
11500080-2	2001	Galactosamine (GalN) sensitises experimental animals for TNF and the combination TNF/GalN leads to a lethal inflammatory hepatitis.	Galactosamine	0-13	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	57-60
11391533-1	2001	D-Galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury is an experimental model of fulminant hepatic failure in which tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a pivotal role.	Galactosamine	0-15	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	161-170
11391533-1	2001	D-Galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury is an experimental model of fulminant hepatic failure in which tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a pivotal role.	Galactosamine	17-21	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	132-159
11391533-1	2001	D-Galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury is an experimental model of fulminant hepatic failure in which tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a pivotal role.	Galactosamine	17-21	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	161-170
11319761-1	2001	Intravenous administration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (0.5 microg/mouse) caused hepatocyte apoptosis in BALB/c mice when they were sensitized with D-galactosamine (GalN, 20 mg/mouse).	Galactosamine	180-184	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	59-68
11319761-4	2001	The present analysis revealed that mRNA expression of extracellular antioxidant, selenoprotein P, was up-regulated in the livers after GalN administration.	Galactosamine	135-139	selenoprotein P	Mus musculus	81-96
11319761-7	2001	mRNA of another antioxidant, glutathione peroxidase-1, was also up-regulated, and lipid peroxides were produced in the liver after GalN administration.	Galactosamine	131-135	glutathione peroxidase 1	Mus musculus	29-53
11319761-8	2001	Selenoprotein P mRNA level also increased in Huh-7 human hepatoma cells incubated with GalN (5 or 10 mM).	Galactosamine	87-91	selenoprotein P	Homo sapiens	0-15
11319761-11	2001	These results suggest that ROS produced by GalN may play a pivotal role in hepatocyte sensitization toward TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis.	Galactosamine	43-47	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	107-116
11340116-9	2001	The results suggest that green tea might suppress LPS + GalN-induced liver injury mainly through the inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes, rather than through the suppression of TNF-alpha production, although the suppressed production of TNF-alpha may be associated with the hepatoprotective effect of caffeine.	Galactosamine	56-60	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	115-124
11356073-5	2001	In a mouse model of acute liver failure induced by d-galactosamine administration, a single low dose of a hyper-IL-6-encoding adenoviral vector, in contrast to an adeno-IL-6 vector, maintained liver function, prevented the progression of liver necrosis, and induced liver regeneration, leading to dramatically enhanced survival.	Galactosamine	51-66	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	112-116
11791668-2	2001	Wogonin pretreatment prevented the lethal shock in mice injected with D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and LPS, but not in mice injected with a high dose of LPS.	Galactosamine	70-85	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	89-93
11332197-5	2001	In the present study, we found that CD14 antisense oligonucleotide (ODN) can prevent lethal LPS shock in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	105-120	CD14 antigen	Mus musculus	36-40
11157857-7	2001	ATF-2 mutant mice proved more susceptible to death than control mice from LPS plus D-galactosamine injection or Coxsackievirus B3 infection and had a higher incidence of mononuclear pulmonary infiltrates after exposure to Herpes simplex virus-1.	Galactosamine	83-98	activating transcription factor 2	Mus musculus	0-5
11181643-6	2001	iNOS-/- mice were protected from liver damage after Con A treatment, as well as in another TNF-alpha-mediated model that is inducible by LPS in D-galactosamine-sensitized (GalN-sensitized) mice.	Galactosamine	144-159	nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible	Mus musculus	0-4
11181643-6	2001	iNOS-/- mice were protected from liver damage after Con A treatment, as well as in another TNF-alpha-mediated model that is inducible by LPS in D-galactosamine-sensitized (GalN-sensitized) mice.	Galactosamine	144-159	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	91-100
11181643-6	2001	iNOS-/- mice were protected from liver damage after Con A treatment, as well as in another TNF-alpha-mediated model that is inducible by LPS in D-galactosamine-sensitized (GalN-sensitized) mice.	Galactosamine	172-176	nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible	Mus musculus	0-4
11181643-6	2001	iNOS-/- mice were protected from liver damage after Con A treatment, as well as in another TNF-alpha-mediated model that is inducible by LPS in D-galactosamine-sensitized (GalN-sensitized) mice.	Galactosamine	172-176	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	91-100
11181643-8	2001	Accordingly, pretreatment of wild-type mice with a potent and specific inhibitor of iNOS significantly reduced transaminase release after Con A or GalN/LPS, but not after GalN/TNF-alpha treatment.	Galactosamine	147-151	nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible	Mus musculus	84-88
11242124-6	2001	CONCLUSIONS: The enhanced expression of Bax, Bak proteins may play a role in hepatocyte apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha and D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	123-138	BCL2-antagonist/killer 1	Mus musculus	45-48
11242124-7	2001	D-galactosamine adenovirus vector can partially reduced hepatocyte apoptosis induced by TNF- alpha and D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	2-15	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	88-98
11242124-7	2001	D-galactosamine adenovirus vector can partially reduced hepatocyte apoptosis induced by TNF- alpha and D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	0-15	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	88-98
11242125-1	2001	OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of protein and mRNA of Fas associated death domain protein (FADD) in the apoptosic hepatocyte induced by D-galactosamine (GalN) and TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	140-155	Fas (TNFRSF6)-associated via death domain	Mus musculus	58-93
11242125-1	2001	OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of protein and mRNA of Fas associated death domain protein (FADD) in the apoptosic hepatocyte induced by D-galactosamine (GalN) and TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	140-155	Fas (TNFRSF6)-associated via death domain	Mus musculus	95-99
11242125-1	2001	OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of protein and mRNA of Fas associated death domain protein (FADD) in the apoptosic hepatocyte induced by D-galactosamine (GalN) and TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	157-161	Fas (TNFRSF6)-associated via death domain	Mus musculus	58-93
11242125-1	2001	OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of protein and mRNA of Fas associated death domain protein (FADD) in the apoptosic hepatocyte induced by D-galactosamine (GalN) and TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	157-161	Fas (TNFRSF6)-associated via death domain	Mus musculus	95-99
11242125-2	2001	METHODS: Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) was induced by injection of GalN into sensitized BALB/c mice by TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	69-73	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	105-114
11525242-1	2001	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) could cause apoptosis in hepatic tissue of D-galactosamine sensitized mice, as evidenced by the increase in the extent of DNA fragmentation.	Galactosamine	82-97	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	0-27
11525242-1	2001	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) could cause apoptosis in hepatic tissue of D-galactosamine sensitized mice, as evidenced by the increase in the extent of DNA fragmentation.	Galactosamine	82-97	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	29-37
11141330-1	2001	Here we introduce a murine model for SEB-induced lethal shock that relies on the administration of SEB alone and does not involve hepatotoxicity by avoiding pretreatment with the hepatotoxin D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	191-206	seborrheic dermatitis	Mus musculus	37-40
11319761-0	2001	Possible involvement of reactive oxygen species in D-galactosamine-induced sensitization against tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced hepatocyte apoptosis.	Galactosamine	51-66	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	97-124
11319761-1	2001	Intravenous administration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (0.5 microg/mouse) caused hepatocyte apoptosis in BALB/c mice when they were sensitized with D-galactosamine (GalN, 20 mg/mouse).	Galactosamine	163-178	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	30-57
11319761-1	2001	Intravenous administration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (0.5 microg/mouse) caused hepatocyte apoptosis in BALB/c mice when they were sensitized with D-galactosamine (GalN, 20 mg/mouse).	Galactosamine	163-178	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	59-68
11319761-1	2001	Intravenous administration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (0.5 microg/mouse) caused hepatocyte apoptosis in BALB/c mice when they were sensitized with D-galactosamine (GalN, 20 mg/mouse).	Galactosamine	180-184	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	30-57
11259374-3	2001	Lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in D-galactosamine-conditioned mice, which enhanced notably the effect of the endotoxin on the liver, was impaired in animals expressing NOS-2.	Galactosamine	43-58	nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible	Mus musculus	177-182
11242124-0	2001	The effect of Bcl-2 adenovirus against murine hepatocyte apoptosis caused by tumor necrosis factor alpha and D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	109-124	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	14-19
11242124-1	2001	OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of Bcl-2 family proteins in hepatic apoptosis caused by TNF-alpha and D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	102-117	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	35-40
11242124-4	2001	RESULTS: Hepatocyte apoptosis was induced in BalB/c mice pretreated with TNF-alpha plus D-galactosamine, accompanying the enhanced expression of Bax, Bak proteins in hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	88-103	BCL2-associated X protein	Mus musculus	145-148
11242124-4	2001	RESULTS: Hepatocyte apoptosis was induced in BalB/c mice pretreated with TNF-alpha plus D-galactosamine, accompanying the enhanced expression of Bax, Bak proteins in hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	88-103	BCL2-antagonist/killer 1	Mus musculus	150-153
11242124-5	2001	Bcl-2 protein was expressed in murine hepatocytes and lasted at least 1 month after injection of Bcl-2 adenovirus vector, which also lowered ALT level from (1372.9+/-251.4)U/L to (796.5+/-78.7)U/L and reduced hepatocyte apoptosis caused by TNF-alpha and D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	254-269	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	0-5
11242124-5	2001	Bcl-2 protein was expressed in murine hepatocytes and lasted at least 1 month after injection of Bcl-2 adenovirus vector, which also lowered ALT level from (1372.9+/-251.4)U/L to (796.5+/-78.7)U/L and reduced hepatocyte apoptosis caused by TNF-alpha and D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	254-269	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	97-102
11242124-6	2001	CONCLUSIONS: The enhanced expression of Bax, Bak proteins may play a role in hepatocyte apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha and D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	123-138	BCL2-associated X protein	Mus musculus	40-43
11753206-1	2001	Lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine induced lethality and apoptotic liver injury is dependent upon endogenously produced TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	23-38	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	124-133
11753206-3	2001	In a series of recent studies, we have demonstrated that mortality and hepatic injury following lipopolysaccharide administration in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice is dependent upon secreted 17 kDa TNF-alpha acting primarily through the p55 TNF receptor.	Galactosamine	133-148	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	199-208
11753206-3	2001	In a series of recent studies, we have demonstrated that mortality and hepatic injury following lipopolysaccharide administration in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice is dependent upon secreted 17 kDa TNF-alpha acting primarily through the p55 TNF receptor.	Galactosamine	133-148	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1a	Mus musculus	238-241
11753206-4	2001	Transgenic mice expressing null forms of TNF-alpha, the p55 receptor, or expressing only a cell-associated form of TNF-alpha exhibited no mortality and only modest liver injury when challenged with 8 mg of D-galactosamine and 100 ng of lipopolysaccharide.	Galactosamine	206-221	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	115-124
11753206-7	2001	The non-obese diabetic or NOD mouse is highly resistant to LPS-and D-galactosamine-induced lethality, and this appears to be secondary to a post-receptor defect in p55 TNF receptor signaling.	Galactosamine	67-82	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1a	Mus musculus	164-167
11753206-8	2001	The studies confirm an essential role for TNF-alpha and p55 TNF receptor signaling in the hepatocyte apoptosis and lethality associated with lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine administration.	Galactosamine	164-179	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	42-51
11753206-8	2001	The studies confirm an essential role for TNF-alpha and p55 TNF receptor signaling in the hepatocyte apoptosis and lethality associated with lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine administration.	Galactosamine	164-179	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1a	Mus musculus	56-59
11125302-7	2000	In D-(+)-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice, TNF induces lethal inflammatory hepatitis.	Galactosamine	3-22	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	47-50
11163183-1	2000	Tpl2 knockout mice produce low levels of TNF-alpha when exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and they are resistant to LPS/D-Galactosamine-induced pathology.	Galactosamine	122-137	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8	Mus musculus	0-4
11125302-7	2000	In D-(+)-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice, TNF induces lethal inflammatory hepatitis.	Galactosamine	24-28	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	47-50
11093734-2	2000	Pretreatment with TNF-alpha or interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), which activated NF-kappaB in the liver, dramatically prevented TNF-alpha-induced liver-cell apoptosis in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice, but not anti-Fas antibody-induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	183-187	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	124-133
11090702-0	2000	Modification of tumor necrosis factor-induced acute toxicity D-galactosamine challenge by polymyxin B, an anti-endotoxin.	Galactosamine	61-76	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	16-37
11093734-2	2000	Pretreatment with TNF-alpha or interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), which activated NF-kappaB in the liver, dramatically prevented TNF-alpha-induced liver-cell apoptosis in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice, but not anti-Fas antibody-induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	166-181	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	18-27
11093734-2	2000	Pretreatment with TNF-alpha or interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), which activated NF-kappaB in the liver, dramatically prevented TNF-alpha-induced liver-cell apoptosis in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice, but not anti-Fas antibody-induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	166-181	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	31-48
11093734-2	2000	Pretreatment with TNF-alpha or interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), which activated NF-kappaB in the liver, dramatically prevented TNF-alpha-induced liver-cell apoptosis in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice, but not anti-Fas antibody-induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	166-181	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	50-58
11093734-2	2000	Pretreatment with TNF-alpha or interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), which activated NF-kappaB in the liver, dramatically prevented TNF-alpha-induced liver-cell apoptosis in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice, but not anti-Fas antibody-induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	166-181	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	124-133
11093734-2	2000	Pretreatment with TNF-alpha or interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), which activated NF-kappaB in the liver, dramatically prevented TNF-alpha-induced liver-cell apoptosis in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice, but not anti-Fas antibody-induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	183-187	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	18-27
11093734-2	2000	Pretreatment with TNF-alpha or interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), which activated NF-kappaB in the liver, dramatically prevented TNF-alpha-induced liver-cell apoptosis in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice, but not anti-Fas antibody-induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	183-187	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	31-48
11093734-2	2000	Pretreatment with TNF-alpha or interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), which activated NF-kappaB in the liver, dramatically prevented TNF-alpha-induced liver-cell apoptosis in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice, but not anti-Fas antibody-induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	183-187	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	50-58
11093734-2	2000	Pretreatment with TNF-alpha or interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), which activated NF-kappaB in the liver, dramatically prevented TNF-alpha-induced liver-cell apoptosis in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice, but not anti-Fas antibody-induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	183-187	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	77-86
11086099-1	2000	Nonobese diabetic (NOD/LtJ or NOD) mice are resistant to doses of LPS and D-galactosamine that uniformly produce lethality in C57BL/6J (B6) mice (p < 0.01).	Galactosamine	74-89	atrophin 1	Homo sapiens	19-22
11086099-1	2000	Nonobese diabetic (NOD/LtJ or NOD) mice are resistant to doses of LPS and D-galactosamine that uniformly produce lethality in C57BL/6J (B6) mice (p < 0.01).	Galactosamine	74-89	atrophin 1	Homo sapiens	30-33
11086099-2	2000	Liver caspase-3-like activity, serum transaminase levels (both p < 0.05), and the numbers of apoptotic liver nuclei were also reduced in NOD compared with B6 mice treated with LPS (100 ng) and D-galactosamine (8 mg).	Galactosamine	196-211	caspase 3	Mus musculus	6-15
11086099-2	2000	Liver caspase-3-like activity, serum transaminase levels (both p < 0.05), and the numbers of apoptotic liver nuclei were also reduced in NOD compared with B6 mice treated with LPS (100 ng) and D-galactosamine (8 mg).	Galactosamine	196-211	atrophin 1	Homo sapiens	140-143
11086099-3	2000	NOD mice were also at least 100-fold more resistant to recombinant human TNF-alpha and D-galactosamine treatment than B6 mice (p < 0.001).	Galactosamine	87-102	atrophin 1	Homo sapiens	0-3
11086099-7	2000	In addition, primary hepatocytes isolated from NOD mice and cultured in vitro in the presence of D-galactosamine with or without TNF-alpha were found to be resistant to apoptosis and cytotoxicity when compared with B6 mice.	Galactosamine	97-112	atrophin 1	Homo sapiens	47-50
11086099-9	2000	The resistance to LPS- and TNF-alpha-mediated lethality and hepatic injury in D-galactosamine-sensitized NOD mice is apparently due to a post-TNFR binding defect, and independent of signaling pathways shared with Fas.	Galactosamine	78-93	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	27-36
11086099-9	2000	The resistance to LPS- and TNF-alpha-mediated lethality and hepatic injury in D-galactosamine-sensitized NOD mice is apparently due to a post-TNFR binding defect, and independent of signaling pathways shared with Fas.	Galactosamine	78-93	atrophin 1	Homo sapiens	105-108
11086099-9	2000	The resistance to LPS- and TNF-alpha-mediated lethality and hepatic injury in D-galactosamine-sensitized NOD mice is apparently due to a post-TNFR binding defect, and independent of signaling pathways shared with Fas.	Galactosamine	78-93	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1a	Mus musculus	142-146
11097840-1	2000	Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has a potent antiapoptotic effect on hepatocytes in D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rats.	Galactosamine	83-98	hepatocyte growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	0-24
11097840-1	2000	Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has a potent antiapoptotic effect on hepatocytes in D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rats.	Galactosamine	83-98	hepatocyte growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	26-29
11097840-1	2000	Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has a potent antiapoptotic effect on hepatocytes in D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rats.	Galactosamine	83-98	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	102-106
11090702-1	2000	Polymyxin B (PMB), an antibiotic with anti-endotoxin activity, was used to examine the participation of endogenously produced endotoxin in the enhancement of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rhTNF)-induced toxicity in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	226-241	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	176-197
11090702-7	2000	Administration of rhTNF to GalN-sensitized mice resulted in marked increases in ALT activity and LDH isozyme leakage relative to those in mice treated with rhTNF alone.	Galactosamine	27-31	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	80-83
11090702-12	2000	and GalN, and these animals showed 100% mortality at 8 h. These findings suggested that the extent of TNF-induced toxicity caused by GalN administration may be a result of synergism between TNF and gut-derived endotoxin.	Galactosamine	133-137	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	102-105
11090702-12	2000	and GalN, and these animals showed 100% mortality at 8 h. These findings suggested that the extent of TNF-induced toxicity caused by GalN administration may be a result of synergism between TNF and gut-derived endotoxin.	Galactosamine	133-137	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	190-193
11032743-0	2000	Kinetics of expression of connective tissue growth factor gene during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy and D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in rats.	Galactosamine	119-134	cellular communication network factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	26-57
11032743-2	2000	The present study examined the expression of CTGF during regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy (PH) or d-galactosamine (GalN)-injured liver in rats.	Galactosamine	108-123	cellular communication network factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	45-49
11032743-2	2000	The present study examined the expression of CTGF during regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy (PH) or d-galactosamine (GalN)-injured liver in rats.	Galactosamine	125-129	cellular communication network factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	45-49
11032743-6	2000	After GalN administration, CTGF increased at 2-96 h with a shoulder peak at 6-12 h followed by a main peak at 24 h. TGF-beta1 and type I collagen were up-regulated with kinetics similar to those of CTGF.	Galactosamine	6-10	cellular communication network factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	27-31
11032743-6	2000	After GalN administration, CTGF increased at 2-96 h with a shoulder peak at 6-12 h followed by a main peak at 24 h. TGF-beta1 and type I collagen were up-regulated with kinetics similar to those of CTGF.	Galactosamine	6-10	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	116-125
11032743-6	2000	After GalN administration, CTGF increased at 2-96 h with a shoulder peak at 6-12 h followed by a main peak at 24 h. TGF-beta1 and type I collagen were up-regulated with kinetics similar to those of CTGF.	Galactosamine	6-10	cellular communication network factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	198-202
10967477-7	2000	The result of hepatoprotective activity of Brazilian propolis on D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced cell death in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes were found in accordance with the grade set up by beekeepers in Brazil.	Galactosamine	65-80	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	84-88
11041260-0	2000	Hepatoprotection by human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) against experimental hepatitis induced by D-galactosamine (D-galN) or D-GalN/lipopolysaccharide.	Galactosamine	99-114	epidermal growth factor	Homo sapiens	26-49
11041260-0	2000	Hepatoprotection by human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) against experimental hepatitis induced by D-galactosamine (D-galN) or D-GalN/lipopolysaccharide.	Galactosamine	99-114	epidermal growth factor	Homo sapiens	51-55
11041260-2	2000	The hEGF clearly decreased serum transaminase levels in D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and D-GalN/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury models under sub-lethal conditions.	Galactosamine	56-71	epidermal growth factor	Homo sapiens	4-8
11023982-4	2000	Hyper-IL-6 reversed the state of hepatotoxicity and enhanced the survival rates of rats suffering from fulminant hepatic failure after D-galactosamine administration.	Galactosamine	135-150	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	6-10
10986217-2	2000	We have previously shown that protection against D-galactosamine (D-GalN) induced liver injury by prostaglandin E(1) (PGE(1)) was accompanied by an increase in TNF-alpha and nitrite/nitrate in serum.	Galactosamine	49-64	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	68-72
10986217-2	2000	We have previously shown that protection against D-galactosamine (D-GalN) induced liver injury by prostaglandin E(1) (PGE(1)) was accompanied by an increase in TNF-alpha and nitrite/nitrate in serum.	Galactosamine	49-64	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	160-169
10975995-9	2000	Treatment of mice with TNF-alpha and D-galactosamine for 5 h markedly increased hepatic DNA fragmentation and caspase-3-like activity.	Galactosamine	37-52	caspase 3	Mus musculus	110-119
10948120-1	2000	The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) induces lethal hepatitis when injected into D-(+)-galactosamine-sensitized mice on the one hand or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in normal mice on the other hand.	Galactosamine	113-132	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	29-56
10948120-1	2000	The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) induces lethal hepatitis when injected into D-(+)-galactosamine-sensitized mice on the one hand or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in normal mice on the other hand.	Galactosamine	113-132	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	58-67
10960900-2	2000	Cultured rat hepatocytes injured with GalN routinely release glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) into the culture medium.	Galactosamine	38-42	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Rattus norvegicus	61-90
11247342-6	2000	It was shown possibility to induce alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase synthesis by a number of carbohydrates (galactose, glucose, galactosamine, and glucosamine), complex-forming substances (guanidine HCl), nitroaminoguanidin and guanidine carbonate and bovine blood.	Galactosamine	127-140	alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase	Bos taurus	35-66
10960900-2	2000	Cultured rat hepatocytes injured with GalN routinely release glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) into the culture medium.	Galactosamine	38-42	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Rattus norvegicus	92-95
10960900-2	2000	Cultured rat hepatocytes injured with GalN routinely release glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) into the culture medium.	Galactosamine	38-42	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	101-123
10960900-2	2000	Cultured rat hepatocytes injured with GalN routinely release glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) into the culture medium.	Galactosamine	38-42	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	125-128
10960900-3	2000	Treatment of these GalN-injured primary cultures with LCC markedly blocked the release of both GPT and SDH in a dose-dependent manner over concentrations of LCC ranging from 1 microM to 10 microM.	Galactosamine	19-23	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Rattus norvegicus	95-98
10960900-3	2000	Treatment of these GalN-injured primary cultures with LCC markedly blocked the release of both GPT and SDH in a dose-dependent manner over concentrations of LCC ranging from 1 microM to 10 microM.	Galactosamine	19-23	sorbitol dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	103-106
10988358-5	2000	These protective actions of DFX correlate with an attenuated tissue damage observed in lungs, livers and kidneys of LPS-treated animals and GalN-sensitized mice inoculated with TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	140-144	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	177-186
10784427-1	2000	The MeOH extract of leaves of Combretum quadrangulare showed significant hepatoprotective effect on D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced experimental liver injury in mice and on D-GalN/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced cell death in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	100-115	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	119-123
10988358-4	2000	On the other hand, DFX prevents mortality induced either by LPS or murine recombinant TNF-alpha in D(+)-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	99-117	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	86-95
10988358-4	2000	On the other hand, DFX prevents mortality induced either by LPS or murine recombinant TNF-alpha in D(+)-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	119-123	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	86-95
10816504-6	2000	Both wild-type and IL-18-deficient mice succumbed to LPS-induced lethal shock after sensitization with D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	103-118	interleukin 18	Mus musculus	19-24
10801287-0	2000	Lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine-induced hepatic injury is mediated by TNF-alpha and not by Fas ligand.	Galactosamine	23-38	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	77-86
10801287-3	2000	Here, we report that D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in C57BL/6 mice is associated with increased hepatic expression of both TNF-alpha and FasL mRNA.	Galactosamine	21-36	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	153-162
10801287-3	2000	Here, we report that D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in C57BL/6 mice is associated with increased hepatic expression of both TNF-alpha and FasL mRNA.	Galactosamine	21-36	Fas ligand (TNF superfamily, member 6)	Mus musculus	167-171
10801287-7	2000	We conclude that the shock and apoptotic liver injury after D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide treatment are due primarily to TNF-alpha release, whereas increased FasL expression appears to contribute little to the mortality and hepatic injury.	Galactosamine	60-75	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	126-135
10801288-0	2000	LPS-induced liver injury in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice requires secreted TNF-alpha and the TNF-p55 receptor.	Galactosamine	28-43	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	78-87
10801288-0	2000	LPS-induced liver injury in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice requires secreted TNF-alpha and the TNF-p55 receptor.	Galactosamine	28-43	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1a	Mus musculus	100-103
10801288-1	2000	Lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine induced lethality and apoptotic liver injury is dependent on endogenously produced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha.	Galactosamine	23-38	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	122-155
10801288-2	2000	The present study was undertaken to determine whether membrane-associated or secreted TNF-alpha signaling through the p55 or p75 receptor was responsible for survival and hepatic injury after lipopolysaccharide administration in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	229-244	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1a	Mus musculus	118-121
10801288-2	2000	The present study was undertaken to determine whether membrane-associated or secreted TNF-alpha signaling through the p55 or p75 receptor was responsible for survival and hepatic injury after lipopolysaccharide administration in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	229-244	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1b	Mus musculus	125-128
10801288-7	2000	We conclude that survival and apoptotic liver injury in response to lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine are dependent exclusively on secreted TNF-alpha signaling through the p55 receptor.	Galactosamine	91-106	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	145-154
10801288-7	2000	We conclude that survival and apoptotic liver injury in response to lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine are dependent exclusively on secreted TNF-alpha signaling through the p55 receptor.	Galactosamine	91-106	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1a	Mus musculus	177-180
11360671-1	2000	AIM: To study the regulation of alpha 1-adrenoceptor on the biochemical changes involved in hepatocyte apoptosis induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	Galactosamine	124-139	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	143-147
10675538-3	2000	In order to increase the therapeutic value of TNF, we have studied the protective activity of several molecules and found that four chemically totally different substances confer significant protection in the model of TNF-induced lethal hepatitis in mice sensitized with D-(+)-galactosamine (GalN), but not in mice sensitized with actinomycin-D (ActD) or against anti-Fas-induced lethal hepatitis.	Galactosamine	271-290	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	46-49
10854286-5	2000	Wild-type mice and knockout mice with a disrupted gene for GM2/GD2 synthase (UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine : GM3/GD3 N-acetyl-D-glactosaminyltransferase) were immunized with GD1a conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin.	Galactosamine	92-105	cytochrome b5 domain containing 2	Mus musculus	59-62
10785422-3	2000	Among the new triterpene glucosides, three compounds (1, 2, 5) showed significant hepatoprotective effects against D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced cell death in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	115-130	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	134-138
10785422-3	2000	Among the new triterpene glucosides, three compounds (1, 2, 5) showed significant hepatoprotective effects against D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced cell death in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	115-130	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	169-178
10758413-0	2000	TNF-alpha but not IL-1alpha is correlated with PGE1-dependent protection against acute D-galactosamine-induced liver injury.	Galactosamine	87-102	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	0-9
10758413-2	2000	PURPOSE: To investigate whether prevention of acute liver injury induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) with preadministration of PGE1 is correlated with a change in the concentration of two proinflammatory cytokines, as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-1alpha, and/or nitrite+nitrate (NOx), as nitric oxide-related end products in serum.	Galactosamine	76-91	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	95-99
10675538-3	2000	In order to increase the therapeutic value of TNF, we have studied the protective activity of several molecules and found that four chemically totally different substances confer significant protection in the model of TNF-induced lethal hepatitis in mice sensitized with D-(+)-galactosamine (GalN), but not in mice sensitized with actinomycin-D (ActD) or against anti-Fas-induced lethal hepatitis.	Galactosamine	271-290	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	218-221
10675538-3	2000	In order to increase the therapeutic value of TNF, we have studied the protective activity of several molecules and found that four chemically totally different substances confer significant protection in the model of TNF-induced lethal hepatitis in mice sensitized with D-(+)-galactosamine (GalN), but not in mice sensitized with actinomycin-D (ActD) or against anti-Fas-induced lethal hepatitis.	Galactosamine	292-296	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	218-221
10706424-0	2000	Role of endogenous endotoxin on tumor necrosis factor-hypersensitivity caused by D-galactosamine challenge.	Galactosamine	81-96	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	32-53
10657020-5	2000	GalN-treated rats showed characteristic hepatic necrosis, inflammation, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activation, and regenerative activity, without increased portosystemic shunting (>99% 99m-Tc activity was in the liver in normal and GalN-treated rats).	Galactosamine	0-4	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	72-101
10706424-1	2000	We examined the role of endotoxin in the mechanism of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rhTNF)-hypersensitivity caused by D-galactosamine (GalN).	Galactosamine	129-144	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	72-93
10706424-1	2000	We examined the role of endotoxin in the mechanism of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rhTNF)-hypersensitivity caused by D-galactosamine (GalN).	Galactosamine	146-150	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	72-93
10549870-0	1999	D-galactosamine-induced mouse hepatic apoptosis: possible involvement with tumor necrosis factor, but not with caspase-3 activity.	Galactosamine	0-15	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	75-96
10604572-2	1999	The aims of this study were to assess the differences between liver cell deaths induced by TNF-alpha and anti-Fas antibody, and to investigate the mechanism by which GalN sensitizes the hepatocyte to injury by TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	166-170	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	210-219
10604572-3	1999	METHODS: TNF-alpha or anti-Fas antibody was injected into BALB/c mice sensitized or unsensitized by D-galactosamine (GalN).	Galactosamine	100-115	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	9-18
10604572-3	1999	METHODS: TNF-alpha or anti-Fas antibody was injected into BALB/c mice sensitized or unsensitized by D-galactosamine (GalN).	Galactosamine	117-121	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	9-18
10604572-7	1999	RESULTS: In GalN-sensitized mice, hepatocyte apoptosis and liver failure were observed after TNF-alpha injection, but neither occurred in unsensitized mice.	Galactosamine	12-16	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	93-102
10604572-9	1999	TNFR1 mRNA expression in the liver was upregulated within 3 h after GalN administration, and anti-TNFR1 antibody protected GalN-sensitized mice from hepatotoxic effects of TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	68-72	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1a	Mus musculus	0-5
10604572-9	1999	TNFR1 mRNA expression in the liver was upregulated within 3 h after GalN administration, and anti-TNFR1 antibody protected GalN-sensitized mice from hepatotoxic effects of TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	123-127	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1a	Mus musculus	0-5
10604572-9	1999	TNFR1 mRNA expression in the liver was upregulated within 3 h after GalN administration, and anti-TNFR1 antibody protected GalN-sensitized mice from hepatotoxic effects of TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	123-127	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1a	Mus musculus	98-103
10604572-9	1999	TNFR1 mRNA expression in the liver was upregulated within 3 h after GalN administration, and anti-TNFR1 antibody protected GalN-sensitized mice from hepatotoxic effects of TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	123-127	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	172-181
10553044-1	1999	Lethal hepatitis can be induced by an agonistic anti-Fas Ab in normal mice or by TNF in mice sensitized to d -(+)-galactosamine or actinomycin D.	Galactosamine	107-127	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	81-84
10553044-7	1999	Furthermore, Bcl-2 transgenic mice, expressing Bcl-2 specifically in hepatocytes, are protected against a lethal challenge with anti-Fas or with TNF/d -(+)-galactosamine, but not against TNF/actinomycin D.	Galactosamine	149-169	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	13-18
10553044-7	1999	Furthermore, Bcl-2 transgenic mice, expressing Bcl-2 specifically in hepatocytes, are protected against a lethal challenge with anti-Fas or with TNF/d -(+)-galactosamine, but not against TNF/actinomycin D.	Galactosamine	149-169	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	47-52
10598035-2	1999	Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were significantly increased at 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (400 mg/kg) in the animals.	Galactosamine	157-172	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	6-32
10598035-2	1999	Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were significantly increased at 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (400 mg/kg) in the animals.	Galactosamine	157-172	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	34-37
10598035-5	1999	Treatment with the extract dose-dependently prevented the increases in serum AST and ALT activities induced by D-galactosamine, and significant inhibition was observed at a dose of 30 mg/kg.	Galactosamine	111-126	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	77-80
10534346-2	1999	Injection of TNF or T-cell-activating agents (i.e., agonistic anti-CD3 antibody or staphylococcal enterotoxin B [SEB]) into galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice caused TNF/TNF-R1-dependent liver injury.	Galactosamine	124-137	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	13-16
10534346-2	1999	Injection of TNF or T-cell-activating agents (i.e., agonistic anti-CD3 antibody or staphylococcal enterotoxin B [SEB]) into galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice caused TNF/TNF-R1-dependent liver injury.	Galactosamine	124-137	CD3 antigen, epsilon polypeptide	Mus musculus	67-70
10534346-2	1999	Injection of TNF or T-cell-activating agents (i.e., agonistic anti-CD3 antibody or staphylococcal enterotoxin B [SEB]) into galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice caused TNF/TNF-R1-dependent liver injury.	Galactosamine	139-143	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	13-16
10534346-2	1999	Injection of TNF or T-cell-activating agents (i.e., agonistic anti-CD3 antibody or staphylococcal enterotoxin B [SEB]) into galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice caused TNF/TNF-R1-dependent liver injury.	Galactosamine	139-143	CD3 antigen, epsilon polypeptide	Mus musculus	67-70
10534346-2	1999	Injection of TNF or T-cell-activating agents (i.e., agonistic anti-CD3 antibody or staphylococcal enterotoxin B [SEB]) into galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice caused TNF/TNF-R1-dependent liver injury.	Galactosamine	139-143	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	168-171
10534346-2	1999	Injection of TNF or T-cell-activating agents (i.e., agonistic anti-CD3 antibody or staphylococcal enterotoxin B [SEB]) into galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice caused TNF/TNF-R1-dependent liver injury.	Galactosamine	139-143	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1a	Mus musculus	172-178
10534346-5	1999	Consistently, the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor, benzoyloxycarbonyl-val-ala-asp-fluoromethylketone (zVADfmk), prevented TNF-mediated hepatotoxicity in all GalN-dependent models, but failed to protect against Con A.	Galactosamine	158-162	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	123-126
10531270-6	1999	Systemic expression of LL-37/hCAP-18 after intravenous injection of recombinant adenovirus resulted in improved survival rates following intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide with galactosamine or Escherichia coli CP9.	Galactosamine	186-199	cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide	Homo sapiens	29-36
10580578-0	1999	Interleukin-10 inhibits hepatic injury and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma mRNA expression induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin B or lipopolysaccharide in galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	173-186	interleukin 10	Mus musculus	0-14
10580578-0	1999	Interleukin-10 inhibits hepatic injury and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma mRNA expression induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin B or lipopolysaccharide in galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	173-186	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	75-91
10580578-1	1999	BACKGROUND/AIMS: Proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	260-275	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	53-80
10580578-1	1999	BACKGROUND/AIMS: Proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	260-275	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	82-91
10580578-1	1999	BACKGROUND/AIMS: Proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	260-275	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	97-124
10580578-1	1999	BACKGROUND/AIMS: Proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	277-281	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	53-80
10580578-1	1999	BACKGROUND/AIMS: Proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	277-281	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	82-91
10580578-1	1999	BACKGROUND/AIMS: Proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	277-281	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	97-124
10515886-7	1999	The amino sugars glucosamine, n-acetyl glucosamine, and galactosamine significantly inhibited uptake of apoptotic eosinophils by both resting and IL-1alpha-stimulated SAEC, in contrast to the parent sugars glucose, galactose, mannose, and fucose.	Galactosamine	56-69	interleukin 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	146-155
10888350-3	2000	In this study, the effect of C-reactive protein (CRP), a typical hepatogenic acute phase protein, on the lethality induced by V. vulnificus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was investigated in galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	185-198	C-reactive protein, pentraxin-related	Mus musculus	49-52
10586082-6	1999	IRF-1 KO mice survived longer than controls after the coinjection of LPS and galactosamine.	Galactosamine	77-90	interferon regulatory factor 1	Mus musculus	0-5
10549870-1	1999	We investigated whether tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and caspase-3 activity are involved in the induction of hepatocellular apoptosis in D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.	Galactosamine	136-151	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	24-45
10549870-1	1999	We investigated whether tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and caspase-3 activity are involved in the induction of hepatocellular apoptosis in D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.	Galactosamine	136-151	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	47-50
10549870-1	1999	We investigated whether tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and caspase-3 activity are involved in the induction of hepatocellular apoptosis in D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.	Galactosamine	136-151	caspase 3	Mus musculus	56-65
10498828-19	1999	Possibly, production of this hepatocyte-derived TNF-down-regulator (TNF-DRh) may be: (i) inhibited by GalN, causing over-production of TNF by macrophages and (ii) stimulated by LPS-pretreatment (and restored by uridine), causing reduced TNF production.	Galactosamine	102-106	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	68-71
10464143-8	1999	Suppression of Fas-induced activation of the caspase by IL-1beta was diminished by coadministration with D-galactosamine and reversed by coinjection with an excess amount of uridine.	Galactosamine	105-120	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	56-64
10498828-0	1999	Enhancement by galactosamine of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced tumour necrosis factor production and lethality: its suppression by LPS pretreatment.	Galactosamine	15-28	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	51-54
10498828-0	1999	Enhancement by galactosamine of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced tumour necrosis factor production and lethality: its suppression by LPS pretreatment.	Galactosamine	15-28	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	64-86
10498828-0	1999	Enhancement by galactosamine of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced tumour necrosis factor production and lethality: its suppression by LPS pretreatment.	Galactosamine	15-28	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	132-135
10498828-3	1999	Co-injection of GalN and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into mice produces fulminant hepatitis with severe hepatic congestion, resulting in rapid death.	Galactosamine	16-20	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	45-48
10498828-5	1999	Administration of uridine (a precursor of UTP) prior injection of either LPS itself or interleukin-1 (IL-1) reduces the lethality of GalN+LPS.	Galactosamine	133-137	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	73-76
10498828-5	1999	Administration of uridine (a precursor of UTP) prior injection of either LPS itself or interleukin-1 (IL-1) reduces the lethality of GalN+LPS.	Galactosamine	133-137	interleukin 1 complex	Mus musculus	87-106
10498828-8	1999	Intraperitoneal injection of GalN+LPS into mice greatly elevated serum TNF.	Galactosamine	29-33	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	71-74
10498828-10	1999	Administration of a macrophage depletor, liposomes encapsulated with dichloromethylene bisphosphonate, reduced both the TNF production and mortality induced by GalN+LPS.	Galactosamine	160-164	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	120-123
10498828-12	1999	Uridine, when injected 0.5 h after the injection of GalN+LPS, reduced the production of TNF.	Galactosamine	52-56	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	88-91
10498828-15	1999	Serum from LPS-injected mice reduced the TNF production induced by GalN+LPS, but it was less effective at reducing the lethality.	Galactosamine	67-71	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	11-14
10498828-15	1999	Serum from LPS-injected mice reduced the TNF production induced by GalN+LPS, but it was less effective at reducing the lethality.	Galactosamine	67-71	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	41-44
10498828-19	1999	Possibly, production of this hepatocyte-derived TNF-down-regulator (TNF-DRh) may be: (i) inhibited by GalN, causing over-production of TNF by macrophages and (ii) stimulated by LPS-pretreatment (and restored by uridine), causing reduced TNF production.	Galactosamine	102-106	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	48-51
10498828-19	1999	Possibly, production of this hepatocyte-derived TNF-down-regulator (TNF-DRh) may be: (i) inhibited by GalN, causing over-production of TNF by macrophages and (ii) stimulated by LPS-pretreatment (and restored by uridine), causing reduced TNF production.	Galactosamine	102-106	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	68-71
10498828-19	1999	Possibly, production of this hepatocyte-derived TNF-down-regulator (TNF-DRh) may be: (i) inhibited by GalN, causing over-production of TNF by macrophages and (ii) stimulated by LPS-pretreatment (and restored by uridine), causing reduced TNF production.	Galactosamine	102-106	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	68-71
10498828-19	1999	Possibly, production of this hepatocyte-derived TNF-down-regulator (TNF-DRh) may be: (i) inhibited by GalN, causing over-production of TNF by macrophages and (ii) stimulated by LPS-pretreatment (and restored by uridine), causing reduced TNF production.	Galactosamine	102-106	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	177-180
10433810-1	1999	Injection of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in animals causes severe liver cell toxicity, especially when D-(+)-galactosamine (GalN) is co-administered.	Galactosamine	104-123	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	13-35
10433810-1	1999	Injection of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in animals causes severe liver cell toxicity, especially when D-(+)-galactosamine (GalN) is co-administered.	Galactosamine	104-123	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	37-40
10433810-1	1999	Injection of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in animals causes severe liver cell toxicity, especially when D-(+)-galactosamine (GalN) is co-administered.	Galactosamine	125-129	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	13-35
10433810-1	1999	Injection of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in animals causes severe liver cell toxicity, especially when D-(+)-galactosamine (GalN) is co-administered.	Galactosamine	125-129	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	37-40
10194182-4	1999	Treatment with YVAD-CMK, a potent tetrapeptide inhibitor of caspases of the interleukin (IL)-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) family, protects from LPS-induced liver apoptosis and mortality in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice when administered either before or up to 2 h after the lethal challenge.	Galactosamine	190-205	chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9	Mus musculus	20-23
11207541-7	1999	The induction of the major acute-phase proteins SAA and SAP is blocked by the simultaneous injection of CpG-ODN together with D-galactosamine (D-GalN).	Galactosamine	126-141	serum amyloid A cluster	Mus musculus	48-51
11207541-7	1999	The induction of the major acute-phase proteins SAA and SAP is blocked by the simultaneous injection of CpG-ODN together with D-galactosamine (D-GalN).	Galactosamine	126-141	amyloid P component, serum	Mus musculus	56-59
11207541-7	1999	The induction of the major acute-phase proteins SAA and SAP is blocked by the simultaneous injection of CpG-ODN together with D-galactosamine (D-GalN).	Galactosamine	126-141	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	145-149
10385651-5	1999	In contrast, administration of human recombinant HGF strongly suppressed extensive progress of hepatocyte apoptosis and the liver injury induced by LPS + GalN, and 75% of the HGF-treated mice survived.	Galactosamine	154-158	hepatocyte growth factor	Homo sapiens	49-52
10353265-1	1999	We investigated the effect of tetrahydroswertianolin (THS), a hepatoprotective agent from Swertia japonica, on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-dependent hepatic apoptosis induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) (700 mg/kg, i.p.)	Galactosamine	190-205	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	140-149
10337911-1	1999	To investigate the interaction between the peripheral nervous and the immune system in vivo, we used two mouse models of T cell and TNF-alpha dependent liver injury inducible by either concanavalin A or a combination of D-galactosamine and staphylococcal enterotoxin B.	Galactosamine	220-235	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	132-141
10194182-4	1999	Treatment with YVAD-CMK, a potent tetrapeptide inhibitor of caspases of the interleukin (IL)-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) family, protects from LPS-induced liver apoptosis and mortality in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice when administered either before or up to 2 h after the lethal challenge.	Galactosamine	190-205	caspase 1	Mus musculus	60-68
10194182-4	1999	Treatment with YVAD-CMK, a potent tetrapeptide inhibitor of caspases of the interleukin (IL)-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) family, protects from LPS-induced liver apoptosis and mortality in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice when administered either before or up to 2 h after the lethal challenge.	Galactosamine	190-205	caspase 1	Mus musculus	118-121
10194182-8	1999	LPS toxicity in D-galactosamine-treated mice, leading to blocked gene transcription, results from tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced caspase-3-dependent liver injury, not from the systemic inflammatory response.	Galactosamine	16-31	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	98-131
10194182-8	1999	LPS toxicity in D-galactosamine-treated mice, leading to blocked gene transcription, results from tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced caspase-3-dependent liver injury, not from the systemic inflammatory response.	Galactosamine	16-31	caspase 3	Mus musculus	140-149
10229108-5	1999	Our results also show that, in contrast to expectations, IL4-/- mice are more susceptible to SEB plus low-dose D-galactosamine-induced shock and that this response is TNF-alpha-dependent.	Galactosamine	111-126	interleukin 4	Mus musculus	57-60
10229108-5	1999	Our results also show that, in contrast to expectations, IL4-/- mice are more susceptible to SEB plus low-dose D-galactosamine-induced shock and that this response is TNF-alpha-dependent.	Galactosamine	111-126	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	167-176
9869394-0	1998	Mature hepatocytes actively divide and express gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase after D-galactosamine liver injury.	Galactosamine	83-98	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	47-76
9892616-2	1999	Analysis of the role of MIF during sepsis showed that MIF-/- mice were resistant to the lethal effects of high dose bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) with D-galactosamine and had lower plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) than did wild-type mice, but normal levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10.	Galactosamine	202-217	macrophage migration inhibitory factor (glycosylation-inhibiting factor)	Mus musculus	54-57
9882525-7	1999	Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction clearly showed that the synthesis of mRNA of pleiotrophin was stimulated in the regenerating liver induced by either partial hepatectomy or the treatment with d-galactosamine, strongly suggesting a biological significance of pleiotrophin in the proliferation of hepatocytes in vivo.	Galactosamine	207-222	pleiotrophin	Mus musculus	93-105
9882525-7	1999	Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction clearly showed that the synthesis of mRNA of pleiotrophin was stimulated in the regenerating liver induced by either partial hepatectomy or the treatment with d-galactosamine, strongly suggesting a biological significance of pleiotrophin in the proliferation of hepatocytes in vivo.	Galactosamine	207-222	pleiotrophin	Mus musculus	273-285
10668460-0	1999	Ultrastructural alterations of mitochondria in pre-apoptotic and apoptotic hepatocytes of TNF alpha-treated galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	108-121	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	90-99
10098899-8	1999	Second, we determined whether the synthesis of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the hepatocyte cultures was inhibited by addition of galactosamine.	Galactosamine	135-148	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	47-78
10098899-13	1999	The present studies suggest that galactosamine suppresses nitric oxide production in hepatocyte cultures by inhibiting synthesis of inducible nitric oxide synthase, rather than by interference in cellular uptake of arginine.	Galactosamine	33-46	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	132-163
10227145-2	1999	The fraction containing glycosidic flavonoids was found to suppress the D-galactosamine-induced increase of plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities.	Galactosamine	72-87	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	144-170
10051475-7	1999	Additionally, antisera to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) prevented hepatotoxicity caused by D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	101-116	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	26-53
10051475-7	1999	Additionally, antisera to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) prevented hepatotoxicity caused by D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	101-116	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	55-64
10051475-8	1999	Moreover, apoptosis in hepatocytes caused by D-galactosamine occurred before necrosis (6 hours) and was prevented by glycine, GdCl3, TNF-alpha antiserum, and uridine.	Galactosamine	45-60	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	133-142
10051475-9	1999	Thus, it was hypothesized that TNF-alpha from Kupffer cells causes apoptosis after D-galactosamine administration in the rat.	Galactosamine	83-98	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	31-40
10051475-10	1999	Indeed, increases in TNF-alpha messenger RNA (mRNA) were detected as early as 2.5 hours after D-galactosamine treatment.	Galactosamine	94-109	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	21-30
10082671-2	1999	One IPG termed pH 2.0, containing Dchiro-inositol and galactosamine, stimulated the dephosphorylation of INH-1 and DARPP-32 in a dose-dependent manner in the low micromolar range.	Galactosamine	54-67	protein phosphatase 1 regulatory inhibitor subunit 1A	Homo sapiens	105-110
10082671-2	1999	One IPG termed pH 2.0, containing Dchiro-inositol and galactosamine, stimulated the dephosphorylation of INH-1 and DARPP-32 in a dose-dependent manner in the low micromolar range.	Galactosamine	54-67	protein phosphatase 1 regulatory inhibitor subunit 1B	Homo sapiens	115-123
10030827-2	1999	In this study, we assessed the clinical significance of TM in acute liver damage by using a rat model induced by intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (Gal-N).	Galactosamine	142-157	thrombomodulin	Rattus norvegicus	56-58
10030827-2	1999	In this study, we assessed the clinical significance of TM in acute liver damage by using a rat model induced by intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (Gal-N).	Galactosamine	159-164	thrombomodulin	Rattus norvegicus	56-58
10030827-5	1999	Serum TM levels increased significantly after the injection of Gal-N compared with preinjection levels, peaking from 48 to 72 hours after injection and normalizing by 168 hours.	Galactosamine	63-68	thrombomodulin	Rattus norvegicus	6-8
10030827-8	1999	After injection of Gal-N, TM immunoreactivity was gradually intensified, especially around the necrotic area and the central veins.	Galactosamine	19-24	thrombomodulin	Rattus norvegicus	26-28
10030827-10	1999	Both the increase of serum TM levels and intensified TM immunoreactivity in the liver were synchronized with acute liver parenchymal damage induced by Gal-N.	Galactosamine	151-156	thrombomodulin	Rattus norvegicus	27-29
10030827-10	1999	Both the increase of serum TM levels and intensified TM immunoreactivity in the liver were synchronized with acute liver parenchymal damage induced by Gal-N.	Galactosamine	151-156	thrombomodulin	Rattus norvegicus	53-55
9869394-6	1998	Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity was detected in biliary cells, but also in mature hepatocytes, pre-labeled with beta-galactosidase before D-galactosamine administration.	Galactosamine	145-160	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-29
18967370-5	1998	On the other hand, a competitive reaction to the lectin of galactosamine and the LG makes a detection of galactosamine possible.	Galactosamine	59-72	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	49-55
10341451-2	1998	Although its exact biological function remains controversial, it was shown to protect galactosamine-sensitized or normal mice against hepatitis and lethal shock induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF).	Galactosamine	86-99	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	172-193
10341451-2	1998	Although its exact biological function remains controversial, it was shown to protect galactosamine-sensitized or normal mice against hepatitis and lethal shock induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF).	Galactosamine	86-99	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	195-198
18967370-5	1998	On the other hand, a competitive reaction to the lectin of galactosamine and the LG makes a detection of galactosamine possible.	Galactosamine	105-118	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	49-55
9760227-2	1998	Here we report the crystal structure of human galectin-7 (hGal-7), in free form and in the presence of galactose, galactosamine, lactose, and N-acetyl-lactosamine at high resolution.	Galactosamine	114-127	galectin 7	Homo sapiens	46-56
18967370-0	1998	Electrochemical detection of lectin using a galactosamine labeled with daunomycin.	Galactosamine	44-57	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	29-35
18967370-1	1998	To detect a lectin from soybean, an electrochemical procedure was developed by the use of a labeling of galactosamine.	Galactosamine	104-117	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	12-18
18967370-2	1998	Because the lectin has binding sites to galactosamine, galactosamine labeled with daunomycin having electroactivity was prepared.	Galactosamine	40-53	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	12-18
18967370-2	1998	Because the lectin has binding sites to galactosamine, galactosamine labeled with daunomycin having electroactivity was prepared.	Galactosamine	55-68	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	12-18
18967370-3	1998	When labeled galactosamine (LG) combines with lectin, the part of daunomycin is taken in the binding sites of the lectin and becomes electroinactive.	Galactosamine	13-26	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	114-120
9821955-5	1998	After bile duct ligation and during galactosamine (GalN) hepatitis we found that large amounts of liver membrane-bound C-CAM are secreted or shed into blood.	Galactosamine	36-49	calmodulin 1	Rattus norvegicus	121-124
9821955-5	1998	After bile duct ligation and during galactosamine (GalN) hepatitis we found that large amounts of liver membrane-bound C-CAM are secreted or shed into blood.	Galactosamine	51-55	calmodulin 1	Rattus norvegicus	121-124
9760227-2	1998	Here we report the crystal structure of human galectin-7 (hGal-7), in free form and in the presence of galactose, galactosamine, lactose, and N-acetyl-lactosamine at high resolution.	Galactosamine	114-127	galectin 7	Homo sapiens	58-64
9764548-8	1998	In mice sensitized with D-galactosamine (D-GalN), high doses of bacterial DNA from either gram-positive or gram-negative pathogens induce a lethal cytokine syndrome (lethal shock).	Galactosamine	24-39	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	43-47
10193310-10	1998	We also found that HGF protects liver from D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced injury.	Galactosamine	43-58	hepatocyte growth factor	Mus musculus	19-22
10193310-10	1998	We also found that HGF protects liver from D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced injury.	Galactosamine	43-58	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	62-66
9742073-0	1998	Pre-apoptotic alterations in hepatocytes of TNFalpha-treated galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	61-74	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	44-52
9742073-1	1998	Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induces apoptotic death of hepatocytes in the galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mouse liver after 5 hr.	Galactosamine	74-87	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	0-21
9742073-1	1998	Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induces apoptotic death of hepatocytes in the galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mouse liver after 5 hr.	Galactosamine	74-87	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	23-26
9742073-1	1998	Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induces apoptotic death of hepatocytes in the galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mouse liver after 5 hr.	Galactosamine	89-93	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	0-21
9742073-1	1998	Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induces apoptotic death of hepatocytes in the galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mouse liver after 5 hr.	Galactosamine	89-93	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	23-26
9810268-3	1998	Addition of compounds 1-5, especially 1 and 2, to primary cultured mouse hepatocytes significantly prevented cell death induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha).	Galactosamine	131-146	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	150-154
9687383-4	1998	Elevated TNF-alpha levels in mice treated with D-galactosamine (GalN)-LPS or GalN-TNF were not reduced by novobiocin; however, the drug exhibited hepatoprotective properties.	Galactosamine	47-62	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	9-18
9687383-4	1998	Elevated TNF-alpha levels in mice treated with D-galactosamine (GalN)-LPS or GalN-TNF were not reduced by novobiocin; however, the drug exhibited hepatoprotective properties.	Galactosamine	47-62	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	9-12
9687383-4	1998	Elevated TNF-alpha levels in mice treated with D-galactosamine (GalN)-LPS or GalN-TNF were not reduced by novobiocin; however, the drug exhibited hepatoprotective properties.	Galactosamine	64-68	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	9-18
9687383-4	1998	Elevated TNF-alpha levels in mice treated with D-galactosamine (GalN)-LPS or GalN-TNF were not reduced by novobiocin; however, the drug exhibited hepatoprotective properties.	Galactosamine	64-68	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	9-12
9696017-0	1998	Endothelin 1 aggravates acute liver injury in perfused livers of rats after treatment with D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	91-106	endothelin 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-12
9696017-3	1998	In contrast, in similarly perfused liver 24 hours after treatment with D-galactosamine (800 mg/kg intraperitoneally), ET-1 caused rapid and remarkable increases in the leakage of LDH and AST from the liver accompanied by the reduction of perfusion flow to the extent similar to that observed in control livers.	Galactosamine	71-86	endothelin 1	Rattus norvegicus	118-122
9696017-4	1998	In addition, ET-1 decreased oxygen uptake and bile secretion in galactosamine-treated livers.	Galactosamine	64-77	endothelin 1	Rattus norvegicus	13-17
9555097-4	1998	Serum from the GalN/LPS-treated rats showed a high level of pol beta activity up to 118 pmol/0.5 microl serum (4700 cpm) at 12 h after the treatment, while the control rat serum showed the back ground level (3.8 pmol/0.	Galactosamine	15-19	DNA polymerase beta	Rattus norvegicus	60-68
9843773-3	1998	Infusion of zymosan (30 microgram/ml) into the portal vein rapidly increased the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase from galactosamine-treated liver with decreased perfusion flow.	Galactosamine	150-163	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	118-144
9672246-1	1998	Liver injury accompanied by apoptosis of hepatocytes was provoked in mice by an intravenous injection of recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rTNF-alpha) (1.0 microg/kg) together with an intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (D-gal) (500 mg/kg).	Galactosamine	220-235	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	117-144
9672246-1	1998	Liver injury accompanied by apoptosis of hepatocytes was provoked in mice by an intravenous injection of recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rTNF-alpha) (1.0 microg/kg) together with an intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (D-gal) (500 mg/kg).	Galactosamine	220-235	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	146-156
9672246-1	1998	Liver injury accompanied by apoptosis of hepatocytes was provoked in mice by an intravenous injection of recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rTNF-alpha) (1.0 microg/kg) together with an intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (D-gal) (500 mg/kg).	Galactosamine	220-225	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	117-144
9672246-1	1998	Liver injury accompanied by apoptosis of hepatocytes was provoked in mice by an intravenous injection of recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rTNF-alpha) (1.0 microg/kg) together with an intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (D-gal) (500 mg/kg).	Galactosamine	220-225	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	146-156
9620331-9	1998	In conclusion, KGF prolongs survival during LPS- and GalN-induced hepatic failure by temporarily protecting hepatocytes against apoptosis.	Galactosamine	53-57	fibroblast growth factor 7	Mus musculus	15-18
9593762-6	1998	When injected into mice intraperitoneally, LBP inhibited LPS-mediated cytokine release and prevented hepatic failure resulting in a significantly decreased mortality rate in LPS-challenged and D-galactosamine-sensitized mice, as well as in a murine model of bacteremia.	Galactosamine	193-208	lipopolysaccharide binding protein	Mus musculus	43-46
9555097-9	1998	Levels of the serum pol beta activity correlated well with the prognosis of GalN/LPS-treated rats based on an analysis of the receiver-operator characteristic curves.	Galactosamine	76-80	DNA polymerase beta	Rattus norvegicus	20-28
9657319-1	1998	The expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) as stress-induced proteins was studied in mice injected with D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an experimental endotoxic shock model.	Galactosamine	106-121	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	125-129
9657319-7	1998	Therefore, TNF-alpha was suggested to play a critical role on altered expression of constitutive HSC70 and inducible type HSP70 in response of D-galactosamine-sensitized mice to lipopolysaccharide.	Galactosamine	143-158	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	11-20
9657319-7	1998	Therefore, TNF-alpha was suggested to play a critical role on altered expression of constitutive HSC70 and inducible type HSP70 in response of D-galactosamine-sensitized mice to lipopolysaccharide.	Galactosamine	143-158	heat shock protein 8	Mus musculus	97-102
9657319-7	1998	Therefore, TNF-alpha was suggested to play a critical role on altered expression of constitutive HSC70 and inducible type HSP70 in response of D-galactosamine-sensitized mice to lipopolysaccharide.	Galactosamine	143-158	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	122-127
9573062-2	1998	The present study examined the protective effect of a synthetic 27-amino-acid peptide (CAP18(109-135)) from the LPS-binding domain of CAP18 against antibiotic-induced endotoxin shock, using highly LPS-sensitive D-(+)-galactosamine (D-GalN)-sensitized C3H/HeN mice.	Galactosamine	211-230	cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide	Mus musculus	134-139
9573062-2	1998	The present study examined the protective effect of a synthetic 27-amino-acid peptide (CAP18(109-135)) from the LPS-binding domain of CAP18 against antibiotic-induced endotoxin shock, using highly LPS-sensitive D-(+)-galactosamine (D-GalN)-sensitized C3H/HeN mice.	Galactosamine	211-230	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	197-200
9531309-4	1998	Treatment of C3Heb/FeJ mice with 700 mg/kg galactosamine (Gal) and 100 microg/kg Salmonella abortus equi ET increased caspase 3-like protease activity (Asp-Val-Glu-Asp-substrate) by 1730 +/- 140% at 6 h. There was a parallel enhancement of apoptosis (assessed by DNA fragmentation ELISA and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay).	Galactosamine	43-56	caspase 3	Mus musculus	118-127
9531309-4	1998	Treatment of C3Heb/FeJ mice with 700 mg/kg galactosamine (Gal) and 100 microg/kg Salmonella abortus equi ET increased caspase 3-like protease activity (Asp-Val-Glu-Asp-substrate) by 1730 +/- 140% at 6 h. There was a parallel enhancement of apoptosis (assessed by DNA fragmentation ELISA and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay).	Galactosamine	58-61	caspase 3	Mus musculus	118-127
9571796-1	1998	Dietary supplementation with powder of a green tea extract suppressed the enhancement of plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities induced by D-galactosamine, but not by carbon tetrachloride, in a dose-dependent manner in rats.	Galactosamine	174-189	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	125-151
9525102-2	1998	Addition of them to primary cultured rat hepatocytes efficiently prevented cell damage induced by exposure to CCl4 or D-galactosamine (D-GalN).	Galactosamine	118-133	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	137-141
9657319-2	1998	The expression of constitutive type heat shock protein 70 (HSC70) was significantly reduced in livers of mice injected with D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide, while its expression was unaffected in livers of mice injected with D-galactosamine or lipopolysaccharide alone.	Galactosamine	124-139	heat shock protein 8	Mus musculus	36-57
9657319-2	1998	The expression of constitutive type heat shock protein 70 (HSC70) was significantly reduced in livers of mice injected with D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide, while its expression was unaffected in livers of mice injected with D-galactosamine or lipopolysaccharide alone.	Galactosamine	124-139	heat shock protein 8	Mus musculus	59-64
9657319-2	1998	The expression of constitutive type heat shock protein 70 (HSC70) was significantly reduced in livers of mice injected with D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide, while its expression was unaffected in livers of mice injected with D-galactosamine or lipopolysaccharide alone.	Galactosamine	232-247	heat shock protein 8	Mus musculus	36-57
9657319-2	1998	The expression of constitutive type heat shock protein 70 (HSC70) was significantly reduced in livers of mice injected with D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide, while its expression was unaffected in livers of mice injected with D-galactosamine or lipopolysaccharide alone.	Galactosamine	232-247	heat shock protein 8	Mus musculus	59-64
9657319-3	1998	The expression of other constitutive type heat shock proteins, namely HSP60, HSP32 and HSP25 was also reduced in mice injected with D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide.	Galactosamine	132-147	heat shock protein 1 (chaperonin)	Mus musculus	70-75
9657319-3	1998	The expression of other constitutive type heat shock proteins, namely HSP60, HSP32 and HSP25 was also reduced in mice injected with D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide.	Galactosamine	132-147	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	77-82
9500698-3	1998	To investigate the hepatic cellular source of the increased HO-1 transcript, we treated mice with LPS and galactosamine (700 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), a selective transcriptional inhibitor of hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	106-119	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	60-64
9657319-3	1998	The expression of other constitutive type heat shock proteins, namely HSP60, HSP32 and HSP25 was also reduced in mice injected with D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide.	Galactosamine	132-147	heat shock protein 1	Mus musculus	87-92
9500698-4	1998	Galactosamine prevented the LPS-mediated increase of HO-1 mRNA in the liver, indicating that hepatocytes are the main cell type in which HO-1 mRNA accumulates after LPS treatment.	Galactosamine	0-13	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	53-57
9500698-4	1998	Galactosamine prevented the LPS-mediated increase of HO-1 mRNA in the liver, indicating that hepatocytes are the main cell type in which HO-1 mRNA accumulates after LPS treatment.	Galactosamine	0-13	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	137-141
9657319-4	1998	On the other hand, inducible type HSP70 was detected in livers from mice injected with D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide, but not in livers from mice injected with D-galactosamine or lipopolysaccharide alone.	Galactosamine	87-102	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	34-39
9657319-6	1998	Reduced expression of constitutive type HSC70 was also found when D-galactosamine and recombinant TNF-alpha was injected.	Galactosamine	66-81	heat shock protein 8	Mus musculus	40-45
10221824-2	1998	Hepatotoxicity induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) is a suitable animal model of human acute hepatic failure.	Galactosamine	26-41	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	45-49
9595537-5	1998	This LPS-induced upregulation of ET-1 and AM expression is greatly potentiated by D-galactosamine (D-GalN), although D-GalN alone could not induce ET-1 and AM gene expression.	Galactosamine	82-97	endothelin 1	Mus musculus	33-37
9595537-5	1998	This LPS-induced upregulation of ET-1 and AM expression is greatly potentiated by D-galactosamine (D-GalN), although D-GalN alone could not induce ET-1 and AM gene expression.	Galactosamine	82-97	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	101-105
9595537-5	1998	This LPS-induced upregulation of ET-1 and AM expression is greatly potentiated by D-galactosamine (D-GalN), although D-GalN alone could not induce ET-1 and AM gene expression.	Galactosamine	82-97	endothelin 1	Mus musculus	33-44
9426403-4	1997	TNF alpha-deficient mice are resistant to lethal doses of endotoxin and D-galactosamine without hepatocyte apoptosis, yet demonstrate thymus apoptosis.	Galactosamine	72-87	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	0-9
9787410-9	1998	The aggregation inhibition effect could partially be blocked by preincubation of PRP with soluble Gal alpha 1-3Gal, Gal alpha 1-3 beta 1-4GlcNAc, lactose, galactose, and glucose, but not by lactosamine, galactosamine, or glucosamine.	Galactosamine	203-216	complement component 4 binding protein alpha	Homo sapiens	81-84
9388267-8	1997	Similarly, administration of an NO donor to rats treated with TNFalpha and D-galactosamine also prevented the increase in caspase-3-like activity as measured in liver homogenates.	Galactosamine	75-90	caspase-3-like	Rattus norvegicus	122-136
9271087-13	1997	The effect of resorcinol on glucokinase translocation was partly counteracted by galactosamine, which suppresses UDP-glucose and inhibits glucuronide formation, and was mimicked by phenol and p-nitrophenol but not by p-nitrophenylglucuronide.	Galactosamine	81-94	glucokinase	Homo sapiens	28-39
9362368-0	1997	Protective action of hepatocyte growth factor for acute liver injury caused by D-galactosamine in transgenic mice.	Galactosamine	79-94	hepatocyte growth factor	Mus musculus	21-45
9362368-3	1997	In the present study, we investigated whether HGF could work as an anti-hepatitis agent for acute liver injury caused by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) using transgenic (TG) mice expressing HGF in hepatocytes, compared with wild-type (WT) mice of their siblings.	Galactosamine	121-136	hepatocyte growth factor	Mus musculus	46-49
9317155-1	1997	The acute phase proteins alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1-AGP) and alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) were shown to inhibit, by a mechanism unidentified to date, the lethality induced by TNF both in normal mice and in mice sensitized with galactosamine.	Galactosamine	239-252	serpin family A member 1	Homo sapiens	90-100
9317155-1	1997	The acute phase proteins alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1-AGP) and alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) were shown to inhibit, by a mechanism unidentified to date, the lethality induced by TNF both in normal mice and in mice sensitized with galactosamine.	Galactosamine	239-252	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	187-190
9317155-2	1997	We found that both bovine alpha 1-AGP and human alpha 1-AT also inhibited specifically the induction of apoptosis of hepatocytes by TNF/ galactosamine in vivo.	Galactosamine	137-150	serpin family A member 1	Homo sapiens	48-58
9247576-4	1997	D-Galactosamine (DGalN)-sensitized mice succumb to lethal toxic shock due to macrophage-derived TNF-alpha resulting in fulminant apoptosis of liver cells.	Galactosamine	0-15	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	96-105
9247576-4	1997	D-Galactosamine (DGalN)-sensitized mice succumb to lethal toxic shock due to macrophage-derived TNF-alpha resulting in fulminant apoptosis of liver cells.	Galactosamine	17-22	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	96-105
9201608-3	1997	The results indicated that the CHCl3 fraction and EtOAc fractions exhibited the greatest hepatoprotective effects on CCl4-induced liver injuries, the CHCl3 fraction and n-hexane fraction are most potent against D-GalN-induced intoxication, and the CHCl3 fraction represented the most liver-protective effect on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	211-217	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	117-121
9140468-0	1997	Enhancing effects of phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene on GST-P-positive liver cell foci development in a new medium-term rat liver bioassay using D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	152-167	glutathione S-transferase pi 1	Rattus norvegicus	63-68
9219096-1	1997	The change of tryptophan-niacin metabolism in D-galactosamine (D-galN) injected rats was investigated.	Galactosamine	46-61	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	65-69
9145214-4	1997	The methanol extract showed significant hepatoprotective activity against CCl4-toxicity in rats and D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	100-115	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	119-123
9332170-7	1997	Interestingly, the GalN- induced strong inhibition of UDP-GDH in isolated hepatocytes was completely abolished by flavonoids.	Galactosamine	19-23	UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	54-61
9102164-10	1997	The 78% lethality induced by LPS/galactosamine was reduced to 23% when NG-R1 was administered simultaneously (P < .01 by chi 2 test).	Galactosamine	33-46	reticulon 4 receptor	Mus musculus	71-76
9041256-0	1997	Hepatoprotective role of interleukin 10 in galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide mouse liver injury.	Galactosamine	43-56	interleukin 10	Mus musculus	25-39
9332170-14	1997	The flavonoid counteracted D-GalN-induced lowering of UDPGA presumably by relieving UDP-GDH of in vivo inhibition affected by GalN-metabolite.	Galactosamine	27-33	UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	84-91
9332170-14	1997	The flavonoid counteracted D-GalN-induced lowering of UDPGA presumably by relieving UDP-GDH of in vivo inhibition affected by GalN-metabolite.	Galactosamine	29-33	UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	84-91
8996181-1	1997	Injection of the T cell mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) into nonsensitized or of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) into D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice is known to cause fulminant liver failure via a cytokine response syndrome with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) as the plvotal mediator.	Galactosamine	121-136	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	240-267
9035283-2	1997	In galactosamine-sensitized C3Heb/FeJ mice, DMSO (10 mL/kg) effectively inhibited endotoxin-induced hepatic NF-kappa B activation, suppressed TNF-alpha levels in plasma by 86%, attenuated intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mRNA formation, blocked hepatic neutrophil accumulation by 79%, and reduced liver injury by 80%.	Galactosamine	3-16	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	142-151
9035283-3	1997	In galactosamine-sensitized mice treated with 20 micrograms/kg murine TNF-alpha, DMSO moderately reduced hepatic NF-kappa B and decreased ICAM-1 mRNA formation and liver injury by 83%, but had no significant effect on hepatic neutrophil accumulation.	Galactosamine	3-16	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	70-79
9035283-3	1997	In galactosamine-sensitized mice treated with 20 micrograms/kg murine TNF-alpha, DMSO moderately reduced hepatic NF-kappa B and decreased ICAM-1 mRNA formation and liver injury by 83%, but had no significant effect on hepatic neutrophil accumulation.	Galactosamine	3-16	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	113-123
9035283-3	1997	In galactosamine-sensitized mice treated with 20 micrograms/kg murine TNF-alpha, DMSO moderately reduced hepatic NF-kappa B and decreased ICAM-1 mRNA formation and liver injury by 83%, but had no significant effect on hepatic neutrophil accumulation.	Galactosamine	3-16	intercellular adhesion molecule 1	Mus musculus	138-144
9058152-0	1997	Reciprocal gene expression of rat fibroglycan and beta-actin during the course of regeneration after D-galactosamine liver injury.	Galactosamine	101-116	syndecan 2	Rattus norvegicus	34-45
9058152-0	1997	Reciprocal gene expression of rat fibroglycan and beta-actin during the course of regeneration after D-galactosamine liver injury.	Galactosamine	101-116	actin, beta	Rattus norvegicus	50-60
9058152-5	1997	To clarify the function of FG in liver regeneration, we investigated the gene expression of FG during regeneration after D-galactosamine injury.	Galactosamine	121-136	syndecan 2	Rattus norvegicus	92-94
8996181-1	1997	Injection of the T cell mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) into nonsensitized or of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) into D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice is known to cause fulminant liver failure via a cytokine response syndrome with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) as the plvotal mediator.	Galactosamine	121-136	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	269-272
8945527-8	1996	Furthermore, MBI-28 offered significant protection in a galactosamine-sensitized mouse model of lethal endotoxic shock.	Galactosamine	56-69	small nucleolar RNA, H/ACA box 3	Mus musculus	13-19
8879212-4	1996	Furthermore, TNF alpha knockout mice are resistant to the systemic toxicity of LPS upon D-galactosamine sensitization, yet they remain sensitive to high doses of LPS alone.	Galactosamine	88-103	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	13-22
8949960-9	1996	Intraperitoneal galactosamine, but not carbon tetrachloride, induced transferrin desialylation.	Galactosamine	16-29	transferrin	Rattus norvegicus	69-80
8764378-6	1996	Moreover, pentoxifylline and A802715 prevented liver injury due to intravenous injection of recombinant TNF in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	111-126	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	104-107
8780580-0	1996	Interleukin 10 reduces lethality and hepatic injury induced by lipopolysaccharide in galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	85-98	interleukin 10	Mus musculus	0-14
8780580-1	1996	BACKGROUND & AIMS: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) release plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	182-197	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	23-50
8780580-1	1996	BACKGROUND & AIMS: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) release plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	182-197	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	52-61
8780580-1	1996	BACKGROUND & AIMS: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) release plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	199-203	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	23-50
8780580-1	1996	BACKGROUND & AIMS: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) release plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	199-203	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	52-61
8780580-3	1996	The present study was designed to ascertain whether in vivo treatment with IL-10 protects mice against LPS/GalN-induced liver injury.	Galactosamine	107-111	interleukin 10	Mus musculus	75-80
8780580-9	1996	Moreover, IL-10 reduced the LPS/GalN-induced liver neutrophil margination and up-regulation of adhesion molecules both on liver specimens and circulating neutrophils.	Galactosamine	32-36	interleukin 10	Mus musculus	10-15
8690213-1	1996	BACKGROUND & AIMS: T cell-dependent liver injury involving endogenous tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha can be induced by either concanavalin A in naive mice or by activating anti-CD3 antibody or staphylococcal enterotoxin B in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	232-247	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	74-107
8690213-10	1996	Neither hepatic DNA fragmentation nor release of transaminases was inhibited by anti-IFN-gamma antiserum when liver injury was induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin B or anti-CD3 antibody in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	191-206	CD3 antigen, epsilon polypeptide	Mus musculus	175-178
8617432-3	1996	In perfused livers after treatment with galactosamine, nerve stimulation (20 V, 20 Hz, 2 ms) increased the leakage of LDH and AST about 3-fold over the basal level accompanied by the decrease in flow rate, whereas with control livers the leakage of LDH and AST into the effluent was almost undetectable throughout the perfusion.	Galactosamine	40-53	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	126-129
8691105-4	1996	Serum IGF-I, by RIA, was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the BDL group (458 +/- 37 micrograms/l) and PF group (451 +/- 51 micrograms/l) compared with the AL group (643 +/- 77 micrograms/l) and GAL group (720 +/- 67 micrograms/l).	Galactosamine	198-201	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	6-11
8691105-9	1996	IGFBP-2 expression increased in all groups (PF, 836 +/- 19%; BDL, 683 +/- 121%; GAL, 372 +/- 68%) and was highest in the BDL and PF groups.	Galactosamine	80-83	insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
8691105-10	1996	IGFBP-3 expression was reduced in all groups (BDL, 57 +/- 16%; GAL, 52 +/- 12% PF, 51 +/- 13%).	Galactosamine	63-66	insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
8612701-6	1996	Activation of oval cell proliferation following administration Of D-galactosamine also produced a similar but less prominent increase in the level of the stem cell factor.	Galactosamine	66-81	KIT ligand	Rattus norvegicus	154-170
8613401-0	1996	Streptococcus mitis cell walls and lipopolysaccharide induce lethality in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice by a tumor necrosis factor-dependent pathway.	Galactosamine	74-89	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	111-132
8860960-7	1996	Though celosian did not reduce the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), it protected against recombinant human TNF-alpha (rhTNF-alpha)-induced liver injury in D-galactosamine sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	174-189	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	126-135
8780970-1	1996	The effects of dietary protein on the elevation of activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in D-galactosamine-injected rats were investigated.	Galactosamine	142-157	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	71-97
8758269-4	1996	The serum total bilirubin (TBIL) and liver necrosis of mice increased more markedly by using of TNF alpha, IL-6 or IFN gamma separately with D-GAL (TBIL: 46.2 +/- 10.6 micromol/L, 44.6 +/- 12.9 micromol/L, 41.9 +/- 14.9 micromol/L), then by D-GAL alone (TBIL: 27 +/- 11 micromol/L) also the serum TBIL of mice and liver necrosis also increased after injection of IL-1, IL-6 with D-GAL and TNF alpha.	Galactosamine	141-146	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	115-124
8758269-4	1996	The serum total bilirubin (TBIL) and liver necrosis of mice increased more markedly by using of TNF alpha, IL-6 or IFN gamma separately with D-GAL (TBIL: 46.2 +/- 10.6 micromol/L, 44.6 +/- 12.9 micromol/L, 41.9 +/- 14.9 micromol/L), then by D-GAL alone (TBIL: 27 +/- 11 micromol/L) also the serum TBIL of mice and liver necrosis also increased after injection of IL-1, IL-6 with D-GAL and TNF alpha.	Galactosamine	141-146	interleukin 1 complex	Mus musculus	363-367
8758269-4	1996	The serum total bilirubin (TBIL) and liver necrosis of mice increased more markedly by using of TNF alpha, IL-6 or IFN gamma separately with D-GAL (TBIL: 46.2 +/- 10.6 micromol/L, 44.6 +/- 12.9 micromol/L, 41.9 +/- 14.9 micromol/L), then by D-GAL alone (TBIL: 27 +/- 11 micromol/L) also the serum TBIL of mice and liver necrosis also increased after injection of IL-1, IL-6 with D-GAL and TNF alpha.	Galactosamine	141-146	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	369-373
8758269-4	1996	The serum total bilirubin (TBIL) and liver necrosis of mice increased more markedly by using of TNF alpha, IL-6 or IFN gamma separately with D-GAL (TBIL: 46.2 +/- 10.6 micromol/L, 44.6 +/- 12.9 micromol/L, 41.9 +/- 14.9 micromol/L), then by D-GAL alone (TBIL: 27 +/- 11 micromol/L) also the serum TBIL of mice and liver necrosis also increased after injection of IL-1, IL-6 with D-GAL and TNF alpha.	Galactosamine	141-146	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	389-398
8645297-0	1996	Expression of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor in rat liver injured by carbon tetrachloride or D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	101-116	heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	14-52
8645297-4	1996	The level of HB-EGF mRNA also increased markedly in the liver of rats treated with D-galactosamine, showing a major peak at 18 h, and a smaller one at 6 h. These results indicate that HB-EGF may play a role in the regeneration of the liver following hepatotoxic injury.	Galactosamine	83-98	heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	13-19
8645297-4	1996	The level of HB-EGF mRNA also increased markedly in the liver of rats treated with D-galactosamine, showing a major peak at 18 h, and a smaller one at 6 h. These results indicate that HB-EGF may play a role in the regeneration of the liver following hepatotoxic injury.	Galactosamine	83-98	heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	184-190
8597057-1	1995	D-Galactosamine-sensitized mice challenged with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) developed severe apoptotic and secondary necrotic liver injury as assessed by histology, measurement of cytosolic DNA fragments and determination of liver-specific enzymes in plasma.	Galactosamine	0-15	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	48-75
8641774-6	1996	Administration of recombinant tumor necrosis factor into D-galactosamine-sensitized mice also caused hepatocyte apoptosis.	Galactosamine	57-72	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	30-51
8641774-8	1996	It was suggested that lipopolysaccharide- induced hepatic injury and failure in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice was due to the apoptotic cell death of hepatocytes caused by tumor necrosis factor alpha released in the circulation.	Galactosamine	80-95	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	173-200
23194765-5	1996	Two major isolates from the methanol extract, ginsenosides-Re and -Rgl, showed a significant hepatoprotective effect on D-galactos-amine/lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	120-136	ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator,-like 1	Mus musculus	67-70
8719310-4	1996	Wistar rats were used in which enhanced sensitivity to TNF/LPS reactions was achieved by treatment with galactosamine (GalN).	Galactosamine	104-117	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	55-58
8719310-4	1996	Wistar rats were used in which enhanced sensitivity to TNF/LPS reactions was achieved by treatment with galactosamine (GalN).	Galactosamine	119-123	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	55-58
8808428-4	1996	After administration of GalN, the number of PCNA-positive cells (FSCs and hepatocytes) and FSCs increased, reaching maximal on the 2nd and 3rd days, respectively.	Galactosamine	24-28	proliferating cell nuclear antigen	Rattus norvegicus	44-48
9275643-4	1996	Moreover, anti-TNF alpha McAb blocked the effect of hepatocyte necrosis produced by D-Gal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	Galactosamine	84-89	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	15-24
7495289-8	1995	Increased expression of C/EBP-delta was observed first in the liver on day 1 after GalN administration and in the pancreas at 4 weeks after initiating CuD.	Galactosamine	83-87	CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta	Rattus norvegicus	24-35
7489995-1	1995	Mice sensitized with D-galactosamine (GalN) and challenged with recombinant murine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) developed severe apoptotic and secondary necrotic liver injury as assessed by histology, measurement of cytosolic DNA fragments, and determination of liver specific enzymes in plasma.	Galactosamine	21-36	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	112-121
7489995-1	1995	Mice sensitized with D-galactosamine (GalN) and challenged with recombinant murine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) developed severe apoptotic and secondary necrotic liver injury as assessed by histology, measurement of cytosolic DNA fragments, and determination of liver specific enzymes in plasma.	Galactosamine	38-42	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	83-110
7489995-5	1995	In addition, pharmacological doses of the nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside conferred complete protection against TNF alpha-induced liver injury in galactosamine-sensitized mice, suggesting a possible link between IL-1- and NO-induced protection.	Galactosamine	159-172	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	125-134
7489995-5	1995	In addition, pharmacological doses of the nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside conferred complete protection against TNF alpha-induced liver injury in galactosamine-sensitized mice, suggesting a possible link between IL-1- and NO-induced protection.	Galactosamine	159-172	interleukin 1 complex	Mus musculus	225-229
8597057-1	1995	D-Galactosamine-sensitized mice challenged with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) developed severe apoptotic and secondary necrotic liver injury as assessed by histology, measurement of cytosolic DNA fragments and determination of liver-specific enzymes in plasma.	Galactosamine	0-15	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	77-80
7622206-10	1995	Injection of DT-5461 2 h before EcLPS challenge prevented the production of serum IL-1 and TNF-alpha in D-galactosamine-treated mice.	Galactosamine	104-119	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	91-100
8529208-0	1995	Enhancement of GST-P positive liver cell foci development by a medium-term carcinogenicity bioassay using repeated administration of D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	133-148	glutathione S-transferase pi 1	Rattus norvegicus	15-20
7594485-2	1995	Using the hepatotoxin D-galactosamine (D-GalNH2), we demonstrate that MRL-lpr/lpr mice have an increased susceptibility to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-induced lethal shock, which causes them to exhibit the septic shock-like behaviors of fur ruffling and listlessness, and death occurs within 8 to 18 h. SEB susceptibility is greater in V beta 8.2 TCR transgenic MRL-lpr/lpr mice than in nontransgenic mice.	Galactosamine	22-37	Fas (TNF receptor superfamily member 6)	Mus musculus	78-81
7594485-2	1995	Using the hepatotoxin D-galactosamine (D-GalNH2), we demonstrate that MRL-lpr/lpr mice have an increased susceptibility to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-induced lethal shock, which causes them to exhibit the septic shock-like behaviors of fur ruffling and listlessness, and death occurs within 8 to 18 h. SEB susceptibility is greater in V beta 8.2 TCR transgenic MRL-lpr/lpr mice than in nontransgenic mice.	Galactosamine	22-37	Fas (TNF receptor superfamily member 6)	Mus musculus	78-81
7594485-2	1995	Using the hepatotoxin D-galactosamine (D-GalNH2), we demonstrate that MRL-lpr/lpr mice have an increased susceptibility to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-induced lethal shock, which causes them to exhibit the septic shock-like behaviors of fur ruffling and listlessness, and death occurs within 8 to 18 h. SEB susceptibility is greater in V beta 8.2 TCR transgenic MRL-lpr/lpr mice than in nontransgenic mice.	Galactosamine	22-37	Fas (TNF receptor superfamily member 6)	Mus musculus	78-81
8584508-1	1995	This study was investigated to clarify the role of intracellular Ca2+ following endotoxin treatment (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) to D-galactosamine-sensitized mice (400 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), and to observe lipid peroxide levels, an index of hepatotoxicity, in endotoxin/galactosamine (Ga1N)-challenged mice under activation of macrophages, especially Kupffer cells, by zymosan.	Galactosamine	132-147	carbonic anhydrase 2	Mus musculus	65-68
7611421-0	1995	Endogenous ET-1 contributes to liver injury induced by galactosamine and endotoxin in isolated perfused rat liver.	Galactosamine	55-68	endothelin 1	Rattus norvegicus	11-15
7603985-5	1995	Lastly, passive protection of D-galactosamine-sensitized C2D mice by injection with HB36 antibody prevented SEB-induced death.	Galactosamine	30-45	secretoglobin, family 2B, member 26	Mus musculus	57-60
7603985-5	1995	Lastly, passive protection of D-galactosamine-sensitized C2D mice by injection with HB36 antibody prevented SEB-induced death.	Galactosamine	30-45	seborrheic dermatitis	Mus musculus	108-111
7542606-3	1995	We demonstrate here that a single dose of anti-B7.2 antibodies, but not anti-B7.1 antibodies, significantly inhibits T cell activation, as judged by lower systemic IL-2 release, blastogenesis and IL-2 receptor expression, and reduces the lethal effect of SEB in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	262-277	CD86 antigen	Mus musculus	47-51
7797015-3	1995	METHODS: Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody or staphylococcal enterotoxin B was injected into mice sensitized by D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	107-122	CD3 antigen, epsilon polypeptide	Mus musculus	14-17
7797015-5	1995	RESULTS: Mice sensitized with D-galactosamine developed severe liver injury within 8 hours after injection of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody or staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Apoptotic bodies and chromatin condensation were detectable 5 hours after anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody challenge.	Galactosamine	30-45	CD3 antigen, epsilon polypeptide	Mus musculus	115-118
7797015-5	1995	RESULTS: Mice sensitized with D-galactosamine developed severe liver injury within 8 hours after injection of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody or staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Apoptotic bodies and chromatin condensation were detectable 5 hours after anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody challenge.	Galactosamine	30-45	CD3 antigen, epsilon polypeptide	Mus musculus	251-254
7611421-2	1995	The role of vasoconstriction due to the effect of endogenous endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the development of galactosamine (GalN)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury was investigated.	Galactosamine	103-116	endothelin 1	Rattus norvegicus	61-73
7611421-2	1995	The role of vasoconstriction due to the effect of endogenous endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the development of galactosamine (GalN)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury was investigated.	Galactosamine	103-116	endothelin 1	Rattus norvegicus	75-79
7611421-2	1995	The role of vasoconstriction due to the effect of endogenous endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the development of galactosamine (GalN)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury was investigated.	Galactosamine	118-122	endothelin 1	Rattus norvegicus	61-73
7611421-2	1995	The role of vasoconstriction due to the effect of endogenous endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the development of galactosamine (GalN)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury was investigated.	Galactosamine	118-122	endothelin 1	Rattus norvegicus	75-79
7768509-2	1995	The potential involvement of its counterreceptor, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), in the pathogenesis was investigated after administration of 100 micrograms/kg Salmonella abortus equi endotoxin (ET) in galactosamine-sensitized mice (Gal).	Galactosamine	215-228	intercellular adhesion molecule 1	Mus musculus	85-91
7760015-6	1995	Pretreatment of mice with p55 or IL-10 cDNA-liposome complexes improved survival (p < 0.01) to LPS-D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	102-117	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1a	Mus musculus	26-29
7760015-6	1995	Pretreatment of mice with p55 or IL-10 cDNA-liposome complexes improved survival (p < 0.01) to LPS-D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	102-117	interleukin 10	Mus musculus	33-38
7890366-0	1995	Anti-gamma interferon and anti-interleukin-6 antibodies affect staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced weight loss, hypoglycemia, and cytokine release in D-galactosamine-sensitized and unsensitized mice.	Galactosamine	151-166	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	31-44
7538266-8	1995	TNF-inducible hepatocyte apoptosis in vivo was not only observed in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice, but also when the alternative transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D was used.	Galactosamine	68-83	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	0-3
7890366-6	1995	In D-galactosamine-sensitized mice, SEB-induced weight loss but not hypoglycemia was more severe, resulting mostly in death within 24 h. Higher levels of biologically active TNF and IFN-gamma in serum were noted in these mice than in mice receiving SEB only.	Galactosamine	3-18	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	174-177
7890366-6	1995	In D-galactosamine-sensitized mice, SEB-induced weight loss but not hypoglycemia was more severe, resulting mostly in death within 24 h. Higher levels of biologically active TNF and IFN-gamma in serum were noted in these mice than in mice receiving SEB only.	Galactosamine	3-18	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	182-191
7890366-14	1995	The data obtained with anti-IFN-gamma antibody clearly indicate that endogenous IFN-gamma is instrumental in bringing about hypoglycemia and body weight loss in mice exposed to SEB but also that hypoglycemia is not a crucial determinant of mortality in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	253-268	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	80-89
7749660-0	1995	Hepatic gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities in galactosamine-treated rats.	Galactosamine	91-104	glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit	Rattus norvegicus	8-42
7882570-11	1995	Salmeterol also had some protective effects in the galactosamine/LPS model of endotoxic shock, which is dependent upon TNF-alpha production.	Galactosamine	51-64	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	119-128
7822799-8	1995	We obtained analogous results when we examined the hepatotoxicity of TNF in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice, i.e., DNA fragmentation and liver failure was noted in wild-type mice, whereas TNF-R1-deficient mice were completely resistant.	Galactosamine	76-91	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	69-72
7749660-0	1995	Hepatic gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities in galactosamine-treated rats.	Galactosamine	91-104	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	47-76
7749607-3	1995	Treatment of the rat with galactosamine markedly reduced activities of citrate synthase, fumarase, glutamate dehydrogenase and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, but increased hexokinase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the liver.	Galactosamine	26-39	citrate synthase	Rattus norvegicus	71-87
7749607-3	1995	Treatment of the rat with galactosamine markedly reduced activities of citrate synthase, fumarase, glutamate dehydrogenase and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, but increased hexokinase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the liver.	Galactosamine	26-39	fumarate hydratase	Rattus norvegicus	89-97
7749607-3	1995	Treatment of the rat with galactosamine markedly reduced activities of citrate synthase, fumarase, glutamate dehydrogenase and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, but increased hexokinase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the liver.	Galactosamine	26-39	glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	185-218
7854335-0	1994	Serum release of hepatic calcium-binding protein regucalcin by liver injury with galactosamine administration in rats.	Galactosamine	81-94	regucalcin	Rattus norvegicus	49-59
7927709-2	1994	On the basis of LPS-induced spleen cell mitogenesis, macrophage tumor necrosis factor secretion, and tyrosine phosphorylation in vitro and lethality in galactosamine-sensitized mice in vivo, the C.C3H-Lpsd strain provides a model of LPS hyporesponsiveness that is comparable to that of the parental C3H/HeJ strain.	Galactosamine	152-165	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	16-19
20693081-4	1994	Furthermore, GalN treatment resulted in an increase in the activity of the PB-induced forms of CYP (namely CYP 2B1/2) as measured by 7-pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase (PROD) activity.	Galactosamine	13-17	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily b, polypeptide 12	Rattus norvegicus	107-116
20693081-8	1994	These results suggest that GalN treatment may result in a significant increase in the specific activity of CYP 2B1/2 enzymes (PROD), without an obvious increase in the amount of PB-induced apoenzymes.	Galactosamine	27-31	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily b, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	107-114
7522168-6	1994	Furthermore, IL-6(0/0) mice could be equally well desensitized (by IL-1) to TNF/GalN-induced lethality and tolerized to TNF-induced shock as IL-6+/+ mice.	Galactosamine	80-84	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	13-17
7520172-2	1994	In a previous study, polyclonal anti-LBP IgGs were found to protect D-galactosamine-sensitized mice against a lethal endotoxemic shock induced by a low challenge of LPS or lipid A when administered simultaneously with endotoxin.	Galactosamine	68-83	lipopolysaccharide binding protein	Mus musculus	37-40
7520172-2	1994	In a previous study, polyclonal anti-LBP IgGs were found to protect D-galactosamine-sensitized mice against a lethal endotoxemic shock induced by a low challenge of LPS or lipid A when administered simultaneously with endotoxin.	Galactosamine	68-83	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	165-168
8046244-2	1994	However, TNF-alpha induced a concentration-dependent cell death in hepatocytes that had been pretreated with the transcriptional inhibitors actinomycin D (ActD), D-galactosamine, or alpha-amanitin.	Galactosamine	162-177	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	9-18
7966453-2	1994	An anti-PDI autoantibody was detected with high frequency in rats treated with D-galactosamine, acetaminophen with diethylmaleate, and carbon tetrachloride with diethylmaleate.	Galactosamine	79-94	prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit beta	Rattus norvegicus	8-11
7806345-7	1995	However, two hydrophilic derivatives with low activity as priming agents were capable of decreasing the toxicity of LPS when given after the challenge in galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	154-167	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	116-119
8844494-0	1995	Platelet-activating factor is a mediator in tumor necrosis factor/galactosamine-induced lethality.	Galactosamine	66-79	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	44-65
8844494-1	1995	We here report that administration to mice of WEB2170, a potent platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, prevents both PAF-induced and murine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced lethality in galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	204-217	platelet-activating factor receptor	Mus musculus	64-105
8844494-1	1995	We here report that administration to mice of WEB2170, a potent platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, prevents both PAF-induced and murine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced lethality in galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	204-217	patchy fur	Mus musculus	92-95
8844494-1	1995	We here report that administration to mice of WEB2170, a potent platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, prevents both PAF-induced and murine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced lethality in galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	204-217	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	155-176
8844494-1	1995	We here report that administration to mice of WEB2170, a potent platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, prevents both PAF-induced and murine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced lethality in galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	204-217	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	178-181
8844494-1	1995	We here report that administration to mice of WEB2170, a potent platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, prevents both PAF-induced and murine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced lethality in galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	219-223	platelet-activating factor receptor	Mus musculus	64-105
8844494-1	1995	We here report that administration to mice of WEB2170, a potent platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, prevents both PAF-induced and murine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced lethality in galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	219-223	patchy fur	Mus musculus	92-95
8844494-1	1995	We here report that administration to mice of WEB2170, a potent platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, prevents both PAF-induced and murine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced lethality in galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	219-223	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	155-176
8844494-1	1995	We here report that administration to mice of WEB2170, a potent platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, prevents both PAF-induced and murine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced lethality in galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	219-223	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	178-181
8844494-3	1995	We conclude that PAF is a mediator in TNF/GalN-induced lethal shock, but that the protection conferred by AGP or IL-1 pretreatment is not at the level of scavenging PAF.	Galactosamine	42-46	patchy fur	Mus musculus	17-20
7798795-8	1994	The two lowest concentrations of lipopolysaccharide/galactosamine induced identically low levels of serum TNF, yet in one group all of the animals survived and in the other all died.	Galactosamine	52-65	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	106-109
7798795-10	1994	GI 147404X, a standard phosphodiesterase type IV inhibitor, inhibited lipopolysaccharide/galactosamine-induced elevation of serum TNF by 90% at doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg.	Galactosamine	89-102	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	130-133
7854335-3	1994	Liver regucalcin mRNA levels were clearly reduced at 24 and 48 h after galactosamine administration with estimating for Northern blotting assay.	Galactosamine	71-84	regucalcin	Rattus norvegicus	6-16
7854335-5	1994	Serum regucalcin concentration was markedly elevated at 10 and 24 h after the first administration of galactosamine.	Galactosamine	102-115	regucalcin	Rattus norvegicus	6-16
7854335-6	1994	Serum transaminases (GOT and GPT) activities were significantly increased by galactosamine administration, indicating that liver injury was induced.	Galactosamine	77-90	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Rattus norvegicus	29-32
7854335-7	1994	The present study demonstrates that liver regucalcin is released into the serum by liver injury with galactosamine administration in rats.	Galactosamine	101-114	regucalcin	Rattus norvegicus	42-52
8172892-3	1994	Amino acid analysis showed that AP alpha, but not AP beta and AP gamma, contained galactosamine in addition to glucosamine, thereby suggesting the presence of an O-linked sugar chain(s) in the molecule of AP alpha.	Galactosamine	82-95	glutamyl aminopeptidase	Homo sapiens	32-40
7743600-3	1994	They are resistant to the lethal effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) after sensitization with D-galactosamine (D-GalN) but remain sensitive to very high doses of LPS given alone.	Galactosamine	94-109	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	113-117
8201000-5	1994	Serum GM-CSF was inducible by LPS and peaked at 2 h. GM-CSF pretreatment dramatically potentiated systemic TNF release and hepatotoxicity induced by a subtoxic dose of LPS in galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	175-188	colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)	Mus musculus	6-12
8201000-5	1994	Serum GM-CSF was inducible by LPS and peaked at 2 h. GM-CSF pretreatment dramatically potentiated systemic TNF release and hepatotoxicity induced by a subtoxic dose of LPS in galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	175-188	colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)	Mus musculus	53-59
7982269-1	1994	Hydrazine sulfate pretreatment has previously been shown in our laboratory to protect normal mice against endotoxin and D-galactosamine-sensitized mice against both exogenous tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and endotoxin.	Galactosamine	120-135	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	175-196
7982269-1	1994	Hydrazine sulfate pretreatment has previously been shown in our laboratory to protect normal mice against endotoxin and D-galactosamine-sensitized mice against both exogenous tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and endotoxin.	Galactosamine	120-135	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	198-201
8163930-5	1994	IFN gamma R-/- mice tolerated 100-1,000 times more LPS than the minimum lethal dose for wild-type mice in a D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/LPS model.	Galactosamine	108-123	interferon gamma receptor 1	Mus musculus	0-11
8163930-5	1994	IFN gamma R-/- mice tolerated 100-1,000 times more LPS than the minimum lethal dose for wild-type mice in a D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/LPS model.	Galactosamine	108-123	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	127-131
8142468-9	1994	The catalytic activity was inhibited most by galactosamine in CMB6, and less in alpha-GalB, CMB126, alpha-GalA and CMB12 in decreasing order.	Galactosamine	45-58	alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase	Homo sapiens	80-90
8179009-2	1994	The effects of the hepatotoxin D-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on hepatic and splenic TNF-alpha and MnSOD expression were studied.	Galactosamine	31-46	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	106-115
8179009-2	1994	The effects of the hepatotoxin D-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on hepatic and splenic TNF-alpha and MnSOD expression were studied.	Galactosamine	31-46	superoxide dismutase 2	Rattus norvegicus	120-125
8179009-3	1994	Treatment with GalN and LPS alone or in combination led to equivalent increases in hepatic and splenic TNF-alpha gene expression.	Galactosamine	15-19	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	103-112
8179009-9	1994	MnSOD mRNA levels were increased when GalN treatment was combined with uridine rescue, but again no change in protein was seen.	Galactosamine	38-42	superoxide dismutase 2	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
8168521-3	1994	Synthetic lipid A analogues with monosaccharide backbones, GLA-60, GLA-69 and GLA-58, which exhibit potent, weak and scarce agonistic activities of LPS, respectively, induced tolerance against LPS lethality in galactosamine-(GalN)-sensitized mice while none of them were pyrogenic in rabbits.	Galactosamine	210-223	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	148-151
8168521-3	1994	Synthetic lipid A analogues with monosaccharide backbones, GLA-60, GLA-69 and GLA-58, which exhibit potent, weak and scarce agonistic activities of LPS, respectively, induced tolerance against LPS lethality in galactosamine-(GalN)-sensitized mice while none of them were pyrogenic in rabbits.	Galactosamine	210-223	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	193-196
8299910-6	1994	Passive immunization with anti-TNF-alpha/beta-neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) protected GalN-sensitized mice from the lethal effects of SEB, with less protection with anti-IFN-gamma-neutralizing mAb.	Galactosamine	95-99	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	31-40
8283136-6	1994	After single-dose treatments with the hepatotoxins carbon tetrachloride and galactosamine, MCP-1 mRNA was detectable beginning at 2 and 4 h after treatment, respectively, and was expressed continuously until 60-72 h. During chronic carbon tetrachloride administration, MCP-1 mRNA levels were elevated for the entire 10 weeks of treatment with peak levels of expression occurring early (weeks 1-3) and late (weeks 8-10) in this model.	Galactosamine	76-89	C-C motif chemokine ligand 2	Homo sapiens	269-274
8197603-7	1994	The modulation of cytokine production by mIL-10 was associated with a significant reduction of the toxicity of the 145-2C11 mAb, as assessed by the attenuation of hypothermia and by the reduced lethality in D-galactosamine-sensitize mice.	Galactosamine	207-222	interleukin 10	Mus musculus	41-47
7509141-3	1993	Inhibition of liver protein synthesis with D-galactosamine (GALN) completely inhibited the IL-1-induced synthesis of acute-phase proteins.	Galactosamine	43-58	interleukin 1 complex	Mus musculus	91-95
7509141-3	1993	Inhibition of liver protein synthesis with D-galactosamine (GALN) completely inhibited the IL-1-induced synthesis of acute-phase proteins.	Galactosamine	60-64	interleukin 1 complex	Mus musculus	91-95
7509141-4	1993	GALN pretreatment abolished the protective effect of IL-1 on survival completely (neutropenic mice infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa) or partially (nonneutropenic mice infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae).	Galactosamine	0-4	interleukin 1 complex	Mus musculus	53-57
8244268-9	1993	In contrast, after galactosamine-induced liver injury the expression patterns of transforming growth factor-alpha and hepatocyte growth factor mRNAs differ: hepatocyte growth factor shows a major peak at 24 hr, with a smaller increase at 5 days, whereas transforming growth factor-alpha begins to increase after 2 days, with a single peak occurring at 5 days.	Galactosamine	19-32	hepatocyte growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	118-142
8244268-9	1993	In contrast, after galactosamine-induced liver injury the expression patterns of transforming growth factor-alpha and hepatocyte growth factor mRNAs differ: hepatocyte growth factor shows a major peak at 24 hr, with a smaller increase at 5 days, whereas transforming growth factor-alpha begins to increase after 2 days, with a single peak occurring at 5 days.	Galactosamine	19-32	hepatocyte growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	157-181
8244268-2	1993	In this series of experiments we sought to measure the expression of transforming growth factor-alpha mRNA by hepatocytes in response to toxic liver injury produced by carbon tetrachloride or galactosamine and to perform a more detailed analysis of transforming growth factor-alpha expression after partial hepatectomy.	Galactosamine	192-205	transforming growth factor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	69-101
8244268-9	1993	In contrast, after galactosamine-induced liver injury the expression patterns of transforming growth factor-alpha and hepatocyte growth factor mRNAs differ: hepatocyte growth factor shows a major peak at 24 hr, with a smaller increase at 5 days, whereas transforming growth factor-alpha begins to increase after 2 days, with a single peak occurring at 5 days.	Galactosamine	19-32	transforming growth factor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	81-113
8244268-9	1993	In contrast, after galactosamine-induced liver injury the expression patterns of transforming growth factor-alpha and hepatocyte growth factor mRNAs differ: hepatocyte growth factor shows a major peak at 24 hr, with a smaller increase at 5 days, whereas transforming growth factor-alpha begins to increase after 2 days, with a single peak occurring at 5 days.	Galactosamine	19-32	general transcription factor III A	Rattus norvegicus	101-113
8255934-2	1993	Galactosamine induced increases in the activities of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, acid ribonuclease, acid phosphatase, succinate dehydrogenase and decreases in the activities of Na(+)-K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and glucose-6-phosphatase (reversed by 40-87%).	Galactosamine	0-13	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	75-104
8255934-2	1993	Galactosamine induced increases in the activities of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, acid ribonuclease, acid phosphatase, succinate dehydrogenase and decreases in the activities of Na(+)-K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and glucose-6-phosphatase (reversed by 40-87%).	Galactosamine	0-13	glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Rattus norvegicus	251-272
8245842-3	1993	The envelope fragments exerted lethal effects on mice sensitized with D-galactosamine that were prevented by pretreatment with anti-TNF-alpha serum.	Galactosamine	70-85	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	132-141
8142601-2	1993	Two animal models, the local Shwartzman reaction and galactosamine (GaLN) induced TNF sensitization, were used.	Galactosamine	53-66	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	82-85
8142601-2	1993	Two animal models, the local Shwartzman reaction and galactosamine (GaLN) induced TNF sensitization, were used.	Galactosamine	68-72	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	82-85
8489237-7	1993	The galactosamine-containing glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate, differ from heparin in that they increase the quantity of soluble elastin in the culture medium and decrease the deposition of insoluble elastin in the extracellular matrix.	Galactosamine	4-17	elastin	Rattus norvegicus	157-164
8395024-5	1993	We report here that mice homozygous for a disrupted Tnfr1 allele (Tnfr1(0)) are resistant to the lethal effect of low doses of lipopolysaccharide after sensitization with D-galactosamine, but remain sensitive to high doses of lipopolysaccharide.	Galactosamine	171-186	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1b	Mus musculus	52-57
8283136-6	1994	After single-dose treatments with the hepatotoxins carbon tetrachloride and galactosamine, MCP-1 mRNA was detectable beginning at 2 and 4 h after treatment, respectively, and was expressed continuously until 60-72 h. During chronic carbon tetrachloride administration, MCP-1 mRNA levels were elevated for the entire 10 weeks of treatment with peak levels of expression occurring early (weeks 1-3) and late (weeks 8-10) in this model.	Galactosamine	76-89	C-C motif chemokine ligand 2	Homo sapiens	91-96
7685769-2	1993	The carbohydrate compositional analysis indicated that G-CSF molecule contains sialic acid, galactose and galactosamine.	Galactosamine	106-119	colony stimulating factor 3	Homo sapiens	55-60
8489237-7	1993	The galactosamine-containing glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate, differ from heparin in that they increase the quantity of soluble elastin in the culture medium and decrease the deposition of insoluble elastin in the extracellular matrix.	Galactosamine	4-17	elastin	Rattus norvegicus	228-235
8472545-4	1993	This method is applicable to determine glucosamine and galactosamine not only in the hydrolyzate of purified glycoconjugate such as gastric mucin and ovalbumin but also in crude materials such as rat gastric mucosal extract and powdered bovine nasal cartilage.	Galactosamine	55-68	solute carrier family 13 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	140-145
8478606-7	1993	Adrenalectomy, injection of RU-38486 and priming with GalN per se provoke the programmed death of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.	Galactosamine	54-58	CD4 antigen	Mus musculus	109-112
8425910-5	1993	Instead GalN-induced regeneration led to a delayed, and prolonged c-fos and c-myc activation which peaked 24-48 h after injury.	Galactosamine	8-12	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Homo sapiens	66-71
8454355-0	1993	Protective role of interleukin 6 in the lipopolysaccharide-galactosamine septic shock model.	Galactosamine	59-72	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	19-32
8425910-5	1993	Instead GalN-induced regeneration led to a delayed, and prolonged c-fos and c-myc activation which peaked 24-48 h after injury.	Galactosamine	8-12	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	76-81
8441780-4	1993	It also restored the galactosamine-induced changes in the levels of enzymes (GOT, GPT and alkaline phosphatase) both in isolated hepatic cells as well as in serum.	Galactosamine	21-34	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Rattus norvegicus	82-85
8473568-2	1993	It is proposed that cycloheximide acts as an inhibitor of the endotoxin-induced activation of phospholipase A2, thereby inhibiting the synthesis of leukotrienes which is now known to be a prerequisite for tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) biosynthesis, the latter cytokine being regarded as the terminal mediator of the fatal D-galactosamine and endotoxin-induced syndrome.	Galactosamine	327-342	phospholipase A2, group IB, pancreas	Mus musculus	94-110
1335420-1	1992	Oral pretreatment with E3330, a novel quinone derivative, attenuated liver injury induced with tumor necrosis factor-alpha in galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	126-139	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	95-122
8418160-1	1993	A radiolabeled lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella choleraesuis was as toxic for galactosamine-treated mice as the unlabeled preparation.	Galactosamine	86-99	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	35-38
7505956-7	1993	D-galactosamine (300 mg/kg b.w., i.p., once a week), a hepatotoxin, significantly inhibited the induction of GST-P positive foci, while 4,4"-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDPM, 0.1% in diet), a bile duct proliferator which is itself a hepatocarcinogen, possessed enhancing activity.	Galactosamine	0-15	glutathione S-transferase pi 1	Rattus norvegicus	109-114
1472981-21	1992	These results suggest that suppression of the induction of ODC by GalN may be one cause of the sensitization to LPS, IL-1 or TNF, and that the induction of HDC, i.e. histamine formation, may not be involved in this sensitization.9.	Galactosamine	66-70	ornithine decarboxylase, structural 1	Mus musculus	59-62
1472981-21	1992	These results suggest that suppression of the induction of ODC by GalN may be one cause of the sensitization to LPS, IL-1 or TNF, and that the induction of HDC, i.e. histamine formation, may not be involved in this sensitization.9.	Galactosamine	66-70	interleukin 1 complex	Mus musculus	117-121
1472981-21	1992	These results suggest that suppression of the induction of ODC by GalN may be one cause of the sensitization to LPS, IL-1 or TNF, and that the induction of HDC, i.e. histamine formation, may not be involved in this sensitization.9.	Galactosamine	66-70	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	125-128
1464398-2	1992	A single i.p.-injection of GalN (700 mg/kg) to male Wistar rats caused fulminant hepatitis by 48 hr as assessed by marked increases in the serum aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), alanine aminotransferase (GPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities; decreases in the serum protein and cholesterol levels and the amount of liver microsome P-450; and marked changes in organ weights.	Galactosamine	27-31	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	145-171
1464398-2	1992	A single i.p.-injection of GalN (700 mg/kg) to male Wistar rats caused fulminant hepatitis by 48 hr as assessed by marked increases in the serum aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), alanine aminotransferase (GPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities; decreases in the serum protein and cholesterol levels and the amount of liver microsome P-450; and marked changes in organ weights.	Galactosamine	27-31	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Rattus norvegicus	205-208
1446388-5	1992	), delivered 30 min prior to LPS/D-gal, caused a dramatic reduction in serum TNF (40-90%) and protected the animals from the lethal effects of this treatment.	Galactosamine	33-38	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	77-80
1333078-1	1992	D-Galactosamine (800 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) caused significant decrease in the activities of 5"-nucleotidase, glucose-6-phosphatase and cytochrome P450 and increase in activities of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, succinate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and acid ribonuclease in liver after 24 hr.	Galactosamine	0-15	acid phosphatase 3	Rattus norvegicus	96-111
1333078-1	1992	D-Galactosamine (800 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) caused significant decrease in the activities of 5"-nucleotidase, glucose-6-phosphatase and cytochrome P450 and increase in activities of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, succinate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and acid ribonuclease in liver after 24 hr.	Galactosamine	0-15	glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Rattus norvegicus	113-134
1333078-1	1992	D-Galactosamine (800 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) caused significant decrease in the activities of 5"-nucleotidase, glucose-6-phosphatase and cytochrome P450 and increase in activities of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, succinate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and acid ribonuclease in liver after 24 hr.	Galactosamine	0-15	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	185-214
1330797-2	1992	Acute liver injury was induced by a single administration of D-galactosamine (D-Galn) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).	Galactosamine	61-76	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	80-84
1446373-3	1992	The plasma AGP concentration was unchanged in ethionine-induced liver injury and was markedly decreased in galactosamine-induced injury.	Galactosamine	107-120	orosomucoid 1	Rattus norvegicus	11-14
1459648-2	1992	High TNF-alpha level was observed up to 48 hr in CCl4 and up to 24 hr in D-galactosamine treated animals.	Galactosamine	73-88	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	5-14
1378868-3	1992	Injection of 50 micrograms/kg G-CSF protected galactosamine-sensitized mice against LPS-induced hepatitis.	Galactosamine	46-59	colony stimulating factor 3 (granulocyte)	Mus musculus	30-35
1378868-5	1992	In contrast, when galactosamine-sensitized mice were pretreated with 50 micrograms/kg murine recombinant granulocyte/macrophage CSF instead of G-CSF and subsequently challenged with LPS, serum TNF activity was significantly enhanced and mortality was increased.	Galactosamine	18-31	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	193-196
1644337-4	1992	Both resulted in down regulation of epidermal growth factor receptors, suggesting similar ligand epidermal growth factor receptor binding occurs during the proliferative response after galactosamine administration and after partial hepatectomy.	Galactosamine	185-198	epidermal growth factor receptor	Rattus norvegicus	36-68
1532365-4	1992	Triggering of TNF-R75 is, however, no longer needed when sensitizers such as galactosamine or low doses of LPS or interleukin (IL)-1 are also present.	Galactosamine	77-90	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1b	Mus musculus	14-21
1612727-4	1992	Inhibition was apparent in normal and D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice and occurred at the pretranslational level, as splenic TNF and interleukin-1 beta mRNAs were present in lower amounts in LPS-stimulated mice pretreated with Rs-DPLA.	Galactosamine	38-53	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	140-158
1612727-4	1992	Inhibition was apparent in normal and D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice and occurred at the pretranslational level, as splenic TNF and interleukin-1 beta mRNAs were present in lower amounts in LPS-stimulated mice pretreated with Rs-DPLA.	Galactosamine	55-59	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	132-135
1612727-4	1992	Inhibition was apparent in normal and D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice and occurred at the pretranslational level, as splenic TNF and interleukin-1 beta mRNAs were present in lower amounts in LPS-stimulated mice pretreated with Rs-DPLA.	Galactosamine	55-59	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	140-158
1612727-5	1992	Consistent with its effects in reducing serum TNF levels, Rs-DPLA pretreatment protected GalN-sensitized mice from a lethal ReLPS challenge.	Galactosamine	89-93	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	46-49
1500417-3	1992	LGP85 contains about 22.8% carbohydrate and the carbohydrate moiety is composed of mannose, galactose, fucose, glucosamine, galactosamine, and neuraminic acid, in a molar ratio of 40:20:2:23:3:13.	Galactosamine	124-137	scavenger receptor class B, member 2	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
1563780-1	1992	We have previously shown that malaria parasites liberate exoantigens which, through a phospholipid component, stimulate mouse macrophages to secrete tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which are toxic to D-galactosamine-sensitized mice, and which therefore might be involved in pathology.	Galactosamine	197-212	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	149-170
1563780-1	1992	We have previously shown that malaria parasites liberate exoantigens which, through a phospholipid component, stimulate mouse macrophages to secrete tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which are toxic to D-galactosamine-sensitized mice, and which therefore might be involved in pathology.	Galactosamine	197-212	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	172-175
1563785-1	1992	Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) toxicity was induced in vivo by intravenous administration of 15 micrograms of recombinant murine TNF-alpha per kg to galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	146-159	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	0-21
1563785-1	1992	Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) toxicity was induced in vivo by intravenous administration of 15 micrograms of recombinant murine TNF-alpha per kg to galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	146-159	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	23-26
1563785-1	1992	Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) toxicity was induced in vivo by intravenous administration of 15 micrograms of recombinant murine TNF-alpha per kg to galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	146-159	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	126-135
1563785-8	1992	In LPS-responsive NMRI mice which had been protected against galactosamine-LPS-induced hepatitis by pretreatment with colchicine, TNF was still released into the blood.	Galactosamine	61-74	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	130-133
1472981-0	1992	Ornithine and histidine decarboxylase activities in mice sensitized to endotoxin, interleukin-1 or tumour necrosis factor by D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	125-140	histidine decarboxylase	Mus musculus	14-37
1472981-0	1992	Ornithine and histidine decarboxylase activities in mice sensitized to endotoxin, interleukin-1 or tumour necrosis factor by D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	125-140	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	99-121
1472981-2	1992	An injection of D-galactosamine (GalN) into mice together with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS or endotoxin), interleukin-1 (IL-1) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF), sensitized the mice and induced fulminant hepatitis with severe congestion resulting in rapid death.	Galactosamine	16-31	interleukin 1 complex	Mus musculus	104-117
1472981-2	1992	An injection of D-galactosamine (GalN) into mice together with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS or endotoxin), interleukin-1 (IL-1) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF), sensitized the mice and induced fulminant hepatitis with severe congestion resulting in rapid death.	Galactosamine	16-31	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	128-150
1472981-3	1992	Since LPS and these cytokines induce ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and histidine decarboxylase (HDC) in the liver and spleen of mice, the effects of GalN on the induction of ODC and HDC in these organs were examined.	Galactosamine	149-153	ornithine decarboxylase, structural 1	Mus musculus	174-177
1472981-6	1992	There was good agreement between the degree of hepatic congestion and the suppression of ODC induction by various amounts of GalN.	Galactosamine	125-129	ornithine decarboxylase, structural 1	Mus musculus	89-92
1472981-10	1992	An injection of uridine, the precursor of UTP, diminished the GalN-induced suppression of ODC induction by LPS and prevented the hepatic congestion and death.	Galactosamine	62-66	ornithine decarboxylase, structural 1	Mus musculus	90-93
1569336-3	1992	In vivo, TNF production was induced in mice treated with D-galactosamine and challenged with LPS.	Galactosamine	57-72	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	9-12
1371983-4	1992	Fibronectin was the first extracellular matrix component found to be increased, 12 hr after galactosamine injection, followed by collagen type III, and, in a later phase, collagen type IV, type I and laminin.	Galactosamine	92-105	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-11
1541270-9	1992	Trisulphated disaccharides contained sulphate groups at C-4 and C-6 of the galactosamine and at C-2 or C-3 of the glucuronic acid.	Galactosamine	75-88	complement C6	Homo sapiens	64-67
1537589-2	1992	Blood-stage parasites of human and rodent malarial parasites release serologically related exoantigens which induce the production of TNF in vitro and in vivo and which can kill mice made hypersensitive to TNF by pretreatment with D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	231-246	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	134-137
1727788-7	1992	Furthermore, induction of an a priori acute-phase response protected mice from both D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine/tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced death.	Galactosamine	123-138	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	139-166
1727788-9	1992	Thus we suggest that the acute-phase response protects against death in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice through an interaction with mediators of shock subsequent to tumor necrosis factor-alpha release.	Galactosamine	72-87	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	165-192
1537589-2	1992	Blood-stage parasites of human and rodent malarial parasites release serologically related exoantigens which induce the production of TNF in vitro and in vivo and which can kill mice made hypersensitive to TNF by pretreatment with D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	231-246	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	206-209
1798293-2	1991	As a model for organ failure in septic shock, three alternative experimental approaches with a common pathology are presented: When galactosamine-sensitized mice receive either lipopolysaccharide or leukotriene D4 or tumor necrosis factor alpha they develop fulminant hepatitis within few hours with a lethal outcome within one day.	Galactosamine	132-145	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	199-244
1934597-1	1991	The antitumour antibiotic actinomycin D (Act D) and the aminosugar D-galactosamine both enhance the sensitivity of animals to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	Galactosamine	67-82	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	156-159
1768673-5	1991	The LD50 for MPL was 225 times and that of compound 504, 40 times that of native LPS in the exquisitely sensitive, galactosamine-loaded C57BL/6 murine strain.	Galactosamine	115-128	myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene	Mus musculus	13-16
1818342-3	1991	inhibited the increase of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (s-GOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (s-GPT) levels in D-galactosamine (GalN)- and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute hepatitic rats.	Galactosamine	132-147	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	182-186
1818342-3	1991	inhibited the increase of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (s-GOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (s-GPT) levels in D-galactosamine (GalN)- and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute hepatitic rats.	Galactosamine	149-153	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	182-186
1716205-8	1991	LPS tolerance was also investigated in the galactosamine LPS model which like the adrex model is characterized by a thousandfold increase in the sensitivity of these animals to the lethal effects of LPS.	Galactosamine	43-56	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	0-3
1716205-8	1991	LPS tolerance was also investigated in the galactosamine LPS model which like the adrex model is characterized by a thousandfold increase in the sensitivity of these animals to the lethal effects of LPS.	Galactosamine	43-56	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	57-60
1716205-8	1991	LPS tolerance was also investigated in the galactosamine LPS model which like the adrex model is characterized by a thousandfold increase in the sensitivity of these animals to the lethal effects of LPS.	Galactosamine	43-56	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	57-60
1716205-9	1991	Consistent with the absence of LPS tolerance in adrex mice, galactosamine-sensitized mice were also responsive to a second LPS stimulus and did not become LPS tolerant.	Galactosamine	60-73	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	123-126
1716205-9	1991	Consistent with the absence of LPS tolerance in adrex mice, galactosamine-sensitized mice were also responsive to a second LPS stimulus and did not become LPS tolerant.	Galactosamine	60-73	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	123-126
1716205-10	1991	While LPS-treated adrex mice had no significant increases in serum corticosterone, corticosterone levels in LPS-treated galactosamine-sensitized mice were comparable to LPS-stimulated normals suggesting that LPS tolerance involves both glucocorticoid-dependent and -independent components.	Galactosamine	120-133	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	108-111
1716205-10	1991	While LPS-treated adrex mice had no significant increases in serum corticosterone, corticosterone levels in LPS-treated galactosamine-sensitized mice were comparable to LPS-stimulated normals suggesting that LPS tolerance involves both glucocorticoid-dependent and -independent components.	Galactosamine	120-133	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	108-111
1716205-10	1991	While LPS-treated adrex mice had no significant increases in serum corticosterone, corticosterone levels in LPS-treated galactosamine-sensitized mice were comparable to LPS-stimulated normals suggesting that LPS tolerance involves both glucocorticoid-dependent and -independent components.	Galactosamine	120-133	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	108-111
1716205-11	1991	Finally, prophylactic administration of a monoclonal antibody against murine TNF protected normal and galactosamine-sensitized mice from a lethal dose of LPS and yet had no protective effect in adrex animals.	Galactosamine	102-115	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	77-80
1716205-11	1991	Finally, prophylactic administration of a monoclonal antibody against murine TNF protected normal and galactosamine-sensitized mice from a lethal dose of LPS and yet had no protective effect in adrex animals.	Galactosamine	102-115	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	154-157
1657127-8	1991	We conclude that the strongly enhanced sensitivity of GalN-treated mice towards mTNF-induced or LPS-induced lethality was not reflected in circulating TNF or IL-6 levels, and that dexamethasone and indomethacin both reduce circulating IL-6 concentrations in mice treated with TNF and LPS.	Galactosamine	54-58	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	81-84
1657127-8	1991	We conclude that the strongly enhanced sensitivity of GalN-treated mice towards mTNF-induced or LPS-induced lethality was not reflected in circulating TNF or IL-6 levels, and that dexamethasone and indomethacin both reduce circulating IL-6 concentrations in mice treated with TNF and LPS.	Galactosamine	54-58	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	235-239
1657127-1	1991	In this study, we investigated the influence of D-galactosamine (GalN), indomethacin, and dexamethasone on the pharmacokinetics of injected or induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) after a bolus injection of murine TNF (mTNF) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	Galactosamine	48-63	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	151-172
1657127-1	1991	In this study, we investigated the influence of D-galactosamine (GalN), indomethacin, and dexamethasone on the pharmacokinetics of injected or induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) after a bolus injection of murine TNF (mTNF) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	Galactosamine	65-69	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	151-172
1906919-0	1991	High density lipoprotein subpopulations from galactosamine-treated rats and their transformation by lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase.	Galactosamine	45-58	lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	100-136
1657127-1	1991	In this study, we investigated the influence of D-galactosamine (GalN), indomethacin, and dexamethasone on the pharmacokinetics of injected or induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) after a bolus injection of murine TNF (mTNF) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	Galactosamine	65-69	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	174-177
1932370-4	1991	Using adrenalectomized mice, which are less sensitive to LPS toxicity than galactosamine-treated mice, it was shown that smaller doses of LPS were effective in inducing TNF release in comparison with intact animals, and that larger concentrations of serum TNF were obtained.	Galactosamine	75-88	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	169-172
1932370-4	1991	Using adrenalectomized mice, which are less sensitive to LPS toxicity than galactosamine-treated mice, it was shown that smaller doses of LPS were effective in inducing TNF release in comparison with intact animals, and that larger concentrations of serum TNF were obtained.	Galactosamine	75-88	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	256-259
1906879-6	1991	Glucosamine labeling of biotinylated ASGP-1 was shown to occur on galactosamine residues, which are linked to the polypeptide, establishing the addition of new oligosaccharides to the cell surface molecules.	Galactosamine	66-79	mucin 4, cell surface associated	Rattus norvegicus	37-43
2037372-0	1991	Tumor necrosis factor alpha mediates lethal activity of killed gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria in D-galactosamine-treated mice.	Galactosamine	107-122	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	0-27
2037372-1	1991	Treatment with D-galactosamine increases sensitivity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-responder mice to the lethal effects of LPS, while nonresponder mice remain resistant (M.A.	Galactosamine	15-30	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	76-79
2037372-1	1991	Treatment with D-galactosamine increases sensitivity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-responder mice to the lethal effects of LPS, while nonresponder mice remain resistant (M.A.	Galactosamine	15-30	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	121-124
2037372-5	1991	In the present study it is shown that, in contrast to LPS, killed gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella abortus equi and S. typhimurium) were highly toxic for D-galactosamine-treated LPS-responder (C57BL/10 ScSN and C3H/HeN) and -nonresponder (C57BL/10 ScCR and C3H/HeJ) mice, although to a higher extent in the former strains.	Galactosamine	156-171	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	180-183
1906919-1	1991	It is known that an acute hepatotoxicity is produced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of galactosamine; a consequence of this treatment is a marked deficiency of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in the plasma compartment.	Galactosamine	98-111	lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	171-207
1906919-1	1991	It is known that an acute hepatotoxicity is produced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of galactosamine; a consequence of this treatment is a marked deficiency of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in the plasma compartment.	Galactosamine	98-111	lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	209-213
1906919-8	1991	We conclude that the galactosamine treatment induces a complex mixture of HDL that bears strong similarities to the small, apoA-I rich and large, apoE-rich particles seen in LCAT deficiency or secreted by hepatic cells in culture.	Galactosamine	21-34	apolipoprotein A1	Rattus norvegicus	123-129
1906919-8	1991	We conclude that the galactosamine treatment induces a complex mixture of HDL that bears strong similarities to the small, apoA-I rich and large, apoE-rich particles seen in LCAT deficiency or secreted by hepatic cells in culture.	Galactosamine	21-34	apolipoprotein E	Rattus norvegicus	146-150
1672139-4	1991	Tumor necrosis factor recently has been speculated to be a mediator of several models of liver injury such as that produced by galactosamine.	Galactosamine	127-140	tumor necrosis factor-like	Rattus norvegicus	0-21
1988538-16	1991	Hydrazine sulfate pretreatment also protects D-galactosamine-sensitized mice against the lethal effects of injected tumor necrosis factor/cachectin.	Galactosamine	45-60	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	138-147
1774433-0	1991	Interleukin-1 alpha enhances hepatotoxicity of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	78-91	interleukin 1 alpha	Mus musculus	0-19
1774433-0	1991	Interleukin-1 alpha enhances hepatotoxicity of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	78-91	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	47-74
1774433-5	1991	However, recombinant murine IL-1 alpha enhanced the hepatotoxic effect of recombinant murine TNF in galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	100-113	interleukin 1 alpha	Mus musculus	28-38
1774433-5	1991	However, recombinant murine IL-1 alpha enhanced the hepatotoxic effect of recombinant murine TNF in galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	100-113	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	93-96
2121278-2	1990	D-Galactosamine at a concentration of 4 mM inhibited partially de novo N-glycosylation leading to the formation of alpha 1-antitrypsin lacking one to two and of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein lacking one to five of its carbohydrate side chains.	Galactosamine	0-15	serpin family A member 1	Homo sapiens	115-134
1821414-2	1991	We also observed that in hepatopathy induced in rats by chemical agents such as CCl4 and D-galactosamine, intraperitoneal injection of the bovine small-intestine mucosal extract containing this factor suppressed the increases of GOT, GPT and other enzyme activities in the rats" serum and modified the hepatopathy.	Galactosamine	89-104	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Bos taurus	234-237
2121278-4	1990	D-Galactosamine impaired the secretion of alpha 1-antitrypsin and of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein but did not inhibit the secretion of the unglycosylated albumin.	Galactosamine	0-15	serpin family A member 1	Homo sapiens	42-61
2121278-6	1990	D-Galactosamine impaired the glycosylation of alpha 1-antitrypsin only in hepatocytes, but not in human monocytes.	Galactosamine	0-15	serpin family A member 1	Homo sapiens	46-65
2227812-6	1990	The effects of hHSS in reversing the lethality of D-galactosamine (1.6 gm/kg body weight)-induced hepatic necrosis in rats were further evaluated.	Galactosamine	50-65	growth factor, augmenter of liver regeneration	Homo sapiens	15-19
2227817-0	1990	Involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in development of hepatic injury in galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	79-92	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	15-42
2227817-8	1990	Simultaneous injection of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha, instead of lipopolysaccharide, with 800 mg/kg of D-galactosamine in lipopolysaccharide-resistant C3H/HeJ mice sensitized the animals more than one thousand-fold to the development of hepatic injury.	Galactosamine	122-137	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	44-71
2228245-5	1990	LPS from the phototrophic strain Rhodobacter capsulatus 37b4 elaborated little toxicity in galactosamine-treated mice (10 micrograms of LPS per mouse was the 100% lethal dose [LD100]) and induced IL-1 and IL-6 release only at high concentrations (10 to 50 micrograms of LPS per ml).	Galactosamine	91-104	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	0-3
2400992-1	1990	Both recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rTNF) and recombinant interleukin 1 (rIL-1) are able to mediate vascular collapse and death in a previously described murine model, using galactosamine to enhance the toxicity of these cytokines.	Galactosamine	178-191	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	17-38
2400992-1	1990	Both recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rTNF) and recombinant interleukin 1 (rIL-1) are able to mediate vascular collapse and death in a previously described murine model, using galactosamine to enhance the toxicity of these cytokines.	Galactosamine	178-191	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	40-44
2400992-1	1990	Both recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rTNF) and recombinant interleukin 1 (rIL-1) are able to mediate vascular collapse and death in a previously described murine model, using galactosamine to enhance the toxicity of these cytokines.	Galactosamine	178-191	interleukin 1 complex	Mus musculus	62-75
2079871-7	1990	Mannose and galactosamine contents of apoB were similar in all fractions while contents of both glucosamine and galactose were highest in the least dense fraction.	Galactosamine	12-25	apolipoprotein B	Rattus norvegicus	38-42
2403385-20	1990	We conclude from our findings that changes in leukocyte numbers and composition following D-galactosamine LPS or D-galactosamine/TNF alpha administration is an epiphenomenon rather than a causal event of leukocyte stimulation in the process of inducing a fulminant hepatitis in mice.	Galactosamine	113-128	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	129-138
1710683-4	1990	The biochemical activities of ALP and gamma-GTP in rat liver homogenate increased significantly in comparison with those in the control rats 3 days and 4 days after administration of D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	183-198	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	38-47
1710683-7	1990	AFP was detected in serum by the western blotting method 3 days and 4 days after the administration of D-galactosamine, whereas serum albumin decreased significantly in the same period.	Galactosamine	103-118	alpha-fetoprotein	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
2171727-1	1990	The present study was conducted to observe the effect of platelet activating factor antagonist-WEB 2086 on the galactosamine/endotoxin (GalN/E)-induced rat liver injury.	Galactosamine	111-125	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	136-140
2174282-5	1990	Experimental liver injury in Wistar rats induced by galactosamine (GLN) and LPS produced marked increase of serum TNF level and submassive liver necrosis.	Galactosamine	52-65	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	114-117
2174282-5	1990	Experimental liver injury in Wistar rats induced by galactosamine (GLN) and LPS produced marked increase of serum TNF level and submassive liver necrosis.	Galactosamine	67-70	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	114-117
2174282-6	1990	It is noteworthy that normal serum TNF and markedly ameliorated liver injury were observed in rats that received combined treatment with GLN, LPS and hepatopoietin (HPN), a low molecular peptide extracted from suckling porcine liver.	Galactosamine	137-140	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	35-38
2344657-6	1990	POF was found to inhibit the appearance of TNF in serum of LPS-treated, D-galactosamine-sensitized mice and in the supernatants of LPS-stimulated, thioglycollate-induced mouse peritoneal macrophages.	Galactosamine	72-87	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	43-46
34774873-10	2021	Oral administration of mice with TAK875 suppressed the increase in serum IL-1beta in mice treated with lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine in vivo.	Galactosamine	122-137	interleukin 1 alpha	Mus musculus	73-81
1691009-5	1990	An attempt to increase AFP levels in response to galactosamine-induced liver damage was successful only in Q adult mice.	Galactosamine	49-62	alpha fetoprotein	Mus musculus	23-26
2384298-2	1990	When rats treated with D-galactosamine plus newly isolated intact splenic cells were compared with those treated with D-galactosamine alone, the former showed less atrophy of the liver, a smaller decrease in serum albumin, and lower serum levels of GOT, GPT, LDH, and total bilirubin, suggesting that the escape of these liver components into serum, which occurs when the liver is damaged, was suppressed in the former group.	Galactosamine	23-38	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Rattus norvegicus	254-257
2384298-2	1990	When rats treated with D-galactosamine plus newly isolated intact splenic cells were compared with those treated with D-galactosamine alone, the former showed less atrophy of the liver, a smaller decrease in serum albumin, and lower serum levels of GOT, GPT, LDH, and total bilirubin, suggesting that the escape of these liver components into serum, which occurs when the liver is damaged, was suppressed in the former group.	Galactosamine	118-133	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Rattus norvegicus	254-257
2189059-5	1990	However, the O-polysaccharides of OX2- and OXK-LPS had different chemical compositions which consisted of Glc, GlcN, and quinovosamine, and Glc, uronic acid, and GalN, respectively, while OX19-LPS seemed to lack O-polysaccharide.	Galactosamine	162-166	CD200 molecule	Homo sapiens	34-37
21167184-9	2011	Of interest, oxidative stress was higher in the GalN/LPS challenged ATP8 mutants compared to wild types.	Galactosamine	48-52	ATP synthase 8, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	68-72
21167184-11	2011	As net result, ATP8 mutants showed lower transaminase release and a tendency to better survival rate upon GalN/LPS exposure compared to wild types.	Galactosamine	106-110	ATP synthase 8, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	15-19
16530740-3	2006	Inhibitory doses (ID(50)) of compounds 12, 17b, 19a, and 19b on TNFalpha production induced by co-injection of galactosamine and LPS in C3H/HeN mice in vivo were measured.	Galactosamine	111-124	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	64-72
34861244-2	2022	This study aimed to explore the roles and mechanism of MaR1 in lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN)-induced ALI.	Galactosamine	82-97	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	105-109
34838489-1	2022	BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Oridonin (Ori) has been shown to protect against acute liver injury (ALI) induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	Galactosamine	109-124	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	128-132
34921136-7	2021	This pattern was replicated in a rodent model of ACLF that was induced by administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to bile-duct ligated rats and carbon tetrachloride-induced fibrosis mice administered galactosamine (CCL4/GalN).	Galactosamine	203-216	chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4	Mus musculus	218-222
34921136-7	2021	This pattern was replicated in a rodent model of ACLF that was induced by administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to bile-duct ligated rats and carbon tetrachloride-induced fibrosis mice administered galactosamine (CCL4/GalN).	Galactosamine	203-216	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	223-227
34884691-4	2021	In the model mice of D-galactosamine (D-GalN) plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury, HPS treatment significantly reduced hepatocyte death and inflammation response, and consequently attenuated the development of acute liver failure.	Galactosamine	21-36	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	40-44
34600223-0	2021	Hepatocyte growth factor and fish oil facilitated reversal of D-galactosamine-induced toxicity in primary hepatocyte cultures of albino mice.	Galactosamine	62-77	hepatocyte growth factor	Mus musculus	0-24
34555641-8	2021	In addition, ISL alleviated LPS/D-GalN-induced hepatocytes apoptosis by increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and suppressing the expression of cleaved caspase-3.	Galactosamine	32-38	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	87-92
34555641-8	2021	In addition, ISL alleviated LPS/D-GalN-induced hepatocytes apoptosis by increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and suppressing the expression of cleaved caspase-3.	Galactosamine	32-38	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	93-96
34555641-8	2021	In addition, ISL alleviated LPS/D-GalN-induced hepatocytes apoptosis by increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and suppressing the expression of cleaved caspase-3.	Galactosamine	32-38	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	145-154
34555641-10	2021	In conclusion, ISL improves the ability of anti-oxidative stress, alleviates inflammatory reaction, apoptosis, and inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome to protect lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN)-induced ALF through activating the PGC-1alpha/Nrf2 pathway, which provides the possibility for the treatment of ALF.	Galactosamine	194-200	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	124-129
34722184-4	2021	Methods: D-galactosamine (D-GalN) combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to establish an ALF model.	Galactosamine	9-24	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	28-32
34129898-3	2021	AIM OF THE STUDY: To determine the protective effect of NDD on D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS)-induced ALF and explore the underlying mechanisms.	Galactosamine	63-78	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	101-105
34615538-10	2021	HBx potentiated D-GalN-induced hepatotoxicity and ferroptosis in vitro, and it suppressed SLC7A11 expression through H3K27me3 modification by EZH2.	Galactosamine	16-22	X protein	Hepatitis B virus	0-3
34615538-10	2021	HBx potentiated D-GalN-induced hepatotoxicity and ferroptosis in vitro, and it suppressed SLC7A11 expression through H3K27me3 modification by EZH2.	Galactosamine	16-22	enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit	Homo sapiens	142-146
34615538-11	2021	In addition, EZH2 inhibition or SLC7A11 overexpression attenuated the effects of HBx on D-GalN-induced ferroptosis in primary hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	88-94	enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit	Homo sapiens	13-17
34615538-11	2021	In addition, EZH2 inhibition or SLC7A11 overexpression attenuated the effects of HBx on D-GalN-induced ferroptosis in primary hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	88-94	solute carrier family 7 member 11	Homo sapiens	32-39
34615538-11	2021	In addition, EZH2 inhibition or SLC7A11 overexpression attenuated the effects of HBx on D-GalN-induced ferroptosis in primary hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	88-94	X protein	Hepatitis B virus	81-84
34615538-13	2021	By contrast, HBx exacerbates LPS/D-GalN-induced ALF and ferroptosis in HBx transgenic (HBx-Tg) mice.	Galactosamine	33-39	X protein	Hepatitis B virus	13-16
34490261-5	2021	Furthermore, Zdhhc11 knockout mice had a lower level of serum IL6 upon treatment with LPS and D-galactosamine or HSV-1 infection than control mice.	Galactosamine	94-109	zinc finger, DHHC domain containing 11	Mus musculus	13-20
34651032-10	2021	Western blot analysis revealed a reduced immunoreactivity of PKCepsilon (* p < 0.05) following D-galactosamine treatment in rat cortex and cerebellum.	Galactosamine	95-110	protein kinase C, epsilon	Rattus norvegicus	61-71
34490261-5	2021	Furthermore, Zdhhc11 knockout mice had a lower level of serum IL6 upon treatment with LPS and D-galactosamine or HSV-1 infection than control mice.	Galactosamine	94-109	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	62-65
34471560-3	2021	The levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and malondialdehyde were considerably lower for the oyster extracts and the levels of glutathione, gamma-glutamylcysteinesynthetase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione reductase were higher in the D-GalN induced mice compared with those in the controls.	Galactosamine	273-279	hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase	Mus musculus	201-226
34471560-3	2021	The levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and malondialdehyde were considerably lower for the oyster extracts and the levels of glutathione, gamma-glutamylcysteinesynthetase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione reductase were higher in the D-GalN induced mice compared with those in the controls.	Galactosamine	273-279	glutathione reductase	Mus musculus	232-253
35098406-4	2022	We investigated the expression of Wnt5a and its downstream c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling in a mouse model of ALF established by coinjection of D-galactosamine (D-Gal) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in C57BL/6 mice.	Galactosamine	153-168	wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 5A	Mus musculus	34-39
34060443-1	2021	Objective To establish a novel hepatocyte injury model induced by lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN) in vitro.	Galactosamine	85-100	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	108-112
34162160-0	2021	Lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury could be attenuated by dopamine receptor agonist rotigotine via regulating NF-kappaB signaling pathway.	Galactosamine	19-34	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	137-146
34114594-4	2021	Herein, we reveal how GNRs decorated with galactosamine-terminated polymer ligands display significantly different binding responses in buffer compared to serum, due to biocorona formation, and how biocorona displacement due to lectin binding plays a key role in their optical responses.	Galactosamine	42-55	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	228-234
34114594-5	2021	GNRs were coated with either poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) (PHPMA) or poly(N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide) (PHEA) prepared via reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerisation and end-functionalised with galactosamine (Gal) as the lectin-targeting unit.	Galactosamine	246-249	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	258-264
35484857-4	2022	HPS-50 significantly decreased the levels of ALT, AST, MPO, and MDA, increased the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH, and suppressed the LPS/D-GalN-triggered production of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 (p < .05).	Galactosamine	139-145	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	170-179
35485445-7	2022	Moreover, PEA treatment significantly reduced mortality and serum IL-6 levels in mice injected with CpG-ODN plus D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	113-128	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	66-70
35484857-4	2022	HPS-50 significantly decreased the levels of ALT, AST, MPO, and MDA, increased the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH, and suppressed the LPS/D-GalN-triggered production of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 (p < .05).	Galactosamine	139-145	interleukin 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	181-189
35484857-4	2022	HPS-50 significantly decreased the levels of ALT, AST, MPO, and MDA, increased the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH, and suppressed the LPS/D-GalN-triggered production of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 (p < .05).	Galactosamine	139-145	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	195-199
2795956-4	1989	2) Elevation of plasma GPT and total bilirubin was also observed in rats with D-galactosamine-induced liver injury.	Galactosamine	78-93	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Rattus norvegicus	23-26
35545567-11	2022	Results: Quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence assays result showed that D-GalN/LPS-induced significant upregulation of RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL and/or P-MLKL.	Galactosamine	75-81	receptor (TNFRSF)-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1	Mus musculus	122-127
35545567-11	2022	Results: Quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence assays result showed that D-GalN/LPS-induced significant upregulation of RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL and/or P-MLKL.	Galactosamine	75-81	receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3	Mus musculus	129-134
35545567-11	2022	Results: Quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence assays result showed that D-GalN/LPS-induced significant upregulation of RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL and/or P-MLKL.	Galactosamine	75-81	mixed lineage kinase domain-like	Mus musculus	136-140
35545567-11	2022	Results: Quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence assays result showed that D-GalN/LPS-induced significant upregulation of RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL and/or P-MLKL.	Galactosamine	75-81	mixed lineage kinase domain-like	Mus musculus	150-154
35545567-12	2022	Necroptosis key signal molecules inhibition had significantly reduced D-GalN/LPS-induced liver injury, as manifested by markedly reduced serum ALT and AST levels with improvement in liver histology.	Galactosamine	70-76	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	143-146
35545567-12	2022	Necroptosis key signal molecules inhibition had significantly reduced D-GalN/LPS-induced liver injury, as manifested by markedly reduced serum ALT and AST levels with improvement in liver histology.	Galactosamine	70-76	transmembrane protease, serine 11d	Mus musculus	151-154
35202887-0	2022	Hepatic TGFbetar1 Deficiency Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine-Induced Acute Liver Failure Through Inhibiting GSK3beta-Nrf2-Mediated Hepatocyte Apoptosis and Ferroptosis.	Galactosamine	59-74	glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha	Mus musculus	122-130
35202887-0	2022	Hepatic TGFbetar1 Deficiency Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine-Induced Acute Liver Failure Through Inhibiting GSK3beta-Nrf2-Mediated Hepatocyte Apoptosis and Ferroptosis.	Galactosamine	59-74	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	131-135
35202887-10	2022	We also noticed that liver TGFbetar1 deficiency alleviated LPS/GalN-induced apoptosis and ferroptosis by affecting the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta and Nrf2, a key antioxidant factor, by up-regulating the levels of glutathione peroxidase 4, XCT, DHODH, and FSP1, and down-regulating transferrin receptor, cyclooxygenase 2, CHAC1, and POR expression.	Galactosamine	63-67	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Mus musculus	138-168
35202887-10	2022	We also noticed that liver TGFbetar1 deficiency alleviated LPS/GalN-induced apoptosis and ferroptosis by affecting the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta and Nrf2, a key antioxidant factor, by up-regulating the levels of glutathione peroxidase 4, XCT, DHODH, and FSP1, and down-regulating transferrin receptor, cyclooxygenase 2, CHAC1, and POR expression.	Galactosamine	63-67	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	173-177
35202887-10	2022	We also noticed that liver TGFbetar1 deficiency alleviated LPS/GalN-induced apoptosis and ferroptosis by affecting the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta and Nrf2, a key antioxidant factor, by up-regulating the levels of glutathione peroxidase 4, XCT, DHODH, and FSP1, and down-regulating transferrin receptor, cyclooxygenase 2, CHAC1, and POR expression.	Galactosamine	63-67	glutathione peroxidase 4	Mus musculus	236-260
35202887-10	2022	We also noticed that liver TGFbetar1 deficiency alleviated LPS/GalN-induced apoptosis and ferroptosis by affecting the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta and Nrf2, a key antioxidant factor, by up-regulating the levels of glutathione peroxidase 4, XCT, DHODH, and FSP1, and down-regulating transferrin receptor, cyclooxygenase 2, CHAC1, and POR expression.	Galactosamine	63-67	solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 11	Mus musculus	262-265
35202887-10	2022	We also noticed that liver TGFbetar1 deficiency alleviated LPS/GalN-induced apoptosis and ferroptosis by affecting the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta and Nrf2, a key antioxidant factor, by up-regulating the levels of glutathione peroxidase 4, XCT, DHODH, and FSP1, and down-regulating transferrin receptor, cyclooxygenase 2, CHAC1, and POR expression.	Galactosamine	63-67	dihydroorotate dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	267-272
35202887-10	2022	We also noticed that liver TGFbetar1 deficiency alleviated LPS/GalN-induced apoptosis and ferroptosis by affecting the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta and Nrf2, a key antioxidant factor, by up-regulating the levels of glutathione peroxidase 4, XCT, DHODH, and FSP1, and down-regulating transferrin receptor, cyclooxygenase 2, CHAC1, and POR expression.	Galactosamine	63-67	atlastin GTPase 1	Mus musculus	278-282
35202887-10	2022	We also noticed that liver TGFbetar1 deficiency alleviated LPS/GalN-induced apoptosis and ferroptosis by affecting the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta and Nrf2, a key antioxidant factor, by up-regulating the levels of glutathione peroxidase 4, XCT, DHODH, and FSP1, and down-regulating transferrin receptor, cyclooxygenase 2, CHAC1, and POR expression.	Galactosamine	63-67	transferrin receptor	Mus musculus	304-324
35202887-10	2022	We also noticed that liver TGFbetar1 deficiency alleviated LPS/GalN-induced apoptosis and ferroptosis by affecting the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta and Nrf2, a key antioxidant factor, by up-regulating the levels of glutathione peroxidase 4, XCT, DHODH, and FSP1, and down-regulating transferrin receptor, cyclooxygenase 2, CHAC1, and POR expression.	Galactosamine	63-67	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Mus musculus	326-342
35202887-10	2022	We also noticed that liver TGFbetar1 deficiency alleviated LPS/GalN-induced apoptosis and ferroptosis by affecting the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta and Nrf2, a key antioxidant factor, by up-regulating the levels of glutathione peroxidase 4, XCT, DHODH, and FSP1, and down-regulating transferrin receptor, cyclooxygenase 2, CHAC1, and POR expression.	Galactosamine	63-67	ChaC, cation transport regulator 1	Mus musculus	344-349
35202887-10	2022	We also noticed that liver TGFbetar1 deficiency alleviated LPS/GalN-induced apoptosis and ferroptosis by affecting the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta and Nrf2, a key antioxidant factor, by up-regulating the levels of glutathione peroxidase 4, XCT, DHODH, and FSP1, and down-regulating transferrin receptor, cyclooxygenase 2, CHAC1, and POR expression.	Galactosamine	63-67	cytochrome p450 oxidoreductase	Mus musculus	355-358
34958688-5	2022	Knockout of Gbp5 ameliorates D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (GalN/LPS)-induced liver injury and inflammation.	Galactosamine	29-44	guanylate binding protein 5	Homo sapiens	12-16
34958688-5	2022	Knockout of Gbp5 ameliorates D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (GalN/LPS)-induced liver injury and inflammation.	Galactosamine	65-69	guanylate binding protein 5	Homo sapiens	12-16
35234009-0	2022	Astaxanthin Attenuates D-Galactosamine-Induced Pancreatic Injury by Activating Antioxidant Enzymes and Inhibiting VEGF-C Gene Expression.	Galactosamine	23-38	vascular endothelial growth factor C	Rattus norvegicus	114-120
2512987-4	1989	Heparan sulphate, a compound with the same hexosamine as heparin but with a lower concentration of sulphated iduronic acid, induced a very high release of DAO (3-fold less than heparin), while the other tested GAGs, composed of higher proportions of non sulphated uronic acid and with galactosamine instead of glucosamine, induced a significantly lower release.	Galactosamine	285-298	amine oxidase, copper containing 1	Rattus norvegicus	155-158
2809396-2	1989	Ornithine decarboxylase activity (reflecting initiation of regeneration) was similarly depressed by 65% after 70% hepatectomy, by 58% after acetaminophen, and by 87% after galactosamine.	Galactosamine	172-185	ornithine decarboxylase 1	Homo sapiens	0-23
2674557-2	1989	We have shown that human and rodent blood-stage parasites liberate heat-stable soluble antigens that induce the release of TNF by activated macrophages in vitro and in vivo, and are toxic to mice made hypersensitive to TNF by D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	226-241	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	219-222
2669765-0	1989	Decrease in the number of receptors for epidermal growth factor in the liver of D-galactosamine-intoxicated rats.	Galactosamine	80-95	epidermal growth factor like 1	Rattus norvegicus	40-63
2669765-1	1989	Hepatic transport of epidermal growth factor (EGF) was studied in D-galactosamine-intoxicated rats by the multiple-indicator dilution (MID) method.	Galactosamine	66-81	epidermal growth factor like 1	Rattus norvegicus	21-44
2669765-1	1989	Hepatic transport of epidermal growth factor (EGF) was studied in D-galactosamine-intoxicated rats by the multiple-indicator dilution (MID) method.	Galactosamine	66-81	epidermal growth factor like 1	Rattus norvegicus	46-49
2669765-10	1989	It is concluded that the reduction of EGF receptors cannot be explained by the "intact hepatocyte hypothesis" but rather by the functional change of hepatocytes induced by the administration of D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	194-209	epidermal growth factor like 1	Rattus norvegicus	38-41
2775237-1	1989	Mucin from xenografts of LS174T human colon cancer cells was treated with anhydrous HF for 1 h at 0 degree C to give a product (HFA) with over 80% of the glucosamine and hexose removed, but retaining some galactosamine, and for 3 h at room temperature to give a product (HFB) devoid of carbohydrate.	Galactosamine	205-218	LOC100508689	Homo sapiens	0-5
35198649-4	2022	Methods: Wild-type or RasGRP1-deficient mice were treated with lipopolysaccharide intraperitoneally in combination with D-galactosamine to establish a mouse model of sepsis-associated AKI.	Galactosamine	120-135	RAS guanyl releasing protein 1	Mus musculus	22-29
2692563-1	1989	When experimental hepatitis was induced by administrating rats with hepatotoxins such as CCl4 and D-galactosamine, HGF mRNA increased dramatically in the injured liver.	Galactosamine	98-113	hepatocyte growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	115-118
2692563-4	1989	On the contrary, in D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis, HGF mRNA started to increase from 24 hr after a long lag time.	Galactosamine	20-35	hepatocyte growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	55-58
2611025-4	1989	The human IgG also inhibited the lethality induced by purified LPS in D-galactosamine sensitized C57B1/6 mice.	Galactosamine	70-85	immunoglobulin heavy chain (V7183 family)	Mus musculus	10-13
2813859-2	1989	After the administration of CCl4, GalN or ANIT, serum GPT activity increased significantly with the increase of dose level, and the degree of this increase was in the order: GalN greater than CCl4 greater than ANIT.	Galactosamine	34-38	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Rattus norvegicus	54-57
2813859-2	1989	After the administration of CCl4, GalN or ANIT, serum GPT activity increased significantly with the increase of dose level, and the degree of this increase was in the order: GalN greater than CCl4 greater than ANIT.	Galactosamine	34-38	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	192-196
2813859-2	1989	After the administration of CCl4, GalN or ANIT, serum GPT activity increased significantly with the increase of dose level, and the degree of this increase was in the order: GalN greater than CCl4 greater than ANIT.	Galactosamine	174-178	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	28-32
2813859-2	1989	After the administration of CCl4, GalN or ANIT, serum GPT activity increased significantly with the increase of dose level, and the degree of this increase was in the order: GalN greater than CCl4 greater than ANIT.	Galactosamine	174-178	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Rattus norvegicus	54-57
2575117-8	1989	In the serum, dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV activity was elevated as early as 6 h after galactosamine injection, and the elevated activity persisted until the 7th day.	Galactosamine	87-100	carboxypeptidase Q	Homo sapiens	25-39
2565925-3	1989	24 h after GalN intoxication increases in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase were observed along with decreases in plasma membrane activities of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, and high-affinity Ca2+-ATPase.	Galactosamine	11-15	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	109-137
2731537-7	1989	Furthermore, there is no galactosamine in the natural protein, while small amounts of galactosamine were detected in the oligosaccharides released from PC8- and C127-derived recombinant proteins by N-glycanase.	Galactosamine	86-99	proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 7	Homo sapiens	152-155
2654012-6	1989	Mice made hypersensitive to the lethal action of TNF by pretreatment with D-galactosamine were killed in a dose-related fashion by administration of antigen preparations; addition of specific antiserum or prior vaccination with the antigens protected such mice, but not those given LPS, from death.	Galactosamine	74-89	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	49-52
2565925-3	1989	24 h after GalN intoxication increases in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase were observed along with decreases in plasma membrane activities of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, and high-affinity Ca2+-ATPase.	Galactosamine	11-15	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	228-287
2465008-1	1989	Intravenous injection of murine recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-alpha) to male NMRI albino mice in doses greater than 4 micrograms/kg (specific activity 4 x 10(7) U/mg) resulted in a fulminant hepatitis when animals had been sensitized 1 hr before by intraperitoneal administration of 700 mg/kg galactosamine.	Galactosamine	307-320	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	44-71
2465008-1	1989	Intravenous injection of murine recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-alpha) to male NMRI albino mice in doses greater than 4 micrograms/kg (specific activity 4 x 10(7) U/mg) resulted in a fulminant hepatitis when animals had been sensitized 1 hr before by intraperitoneal administration of 700 mg/kg galactosamine.	Galactosamine	307-320	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	72-81
2698219-5	1989	Identical changes in TNF-alpha and TGF-beta 1 mRNA levels were also seen with D-galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	78-93	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	21-30
2698219-5	1989	Identical changes in TNF-alpha and TGF-beta 1 mRNA levels were also seen with D-galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	78-93	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	35-45
3258889-1	1988	BALB/c mice were sensitized to lethal effects of human rTNF-alpha and of human rIL-1 alpha by simultaneous treatment with sublethal doses of actinomycin D (Act D) or D-galactosamine (GalN).	Galactosamine	183-187	interleukin 1 alpha	Rattus norvegicus	79-90
2465008-0	1989	Tumor necrosis factor is a terminal mediator in galactosamine/endotoxin-induced hepatitis in mice.	Galactosamine	48-61	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	0-21
2460696-0	1988	Cellular analysis of alpha-fetoprotein gene activation during carbon tetrachloride and D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury in rats.	Galactosamine	87-102	alpha-fetoprotein	Rattus norvegicus	21-38
2460696-2	1988	AFP gene activation was studied from rats intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride or D-galactosamine, two toxics inducing different patterns of liver necrosis and regeneration.	Galactosamine	83-98	alpha-fetoprotein	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
3356468-0	1988	Induction of tolerance to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-D-galactosamine lethality by pretreatment with LPS is mediated by macrophages.	Galactosamine	53-66	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	46-49
3356468-0	1988	Induction of tolerance to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-D-galactosamine lethality by pretreatment with LPS is mediated by macrophages.	Galactosamine	53-66	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	98-101
3356468-1	1988	In mice treated with D-galactosamine, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exhibits enhanced toxicity (C. Galanos, M. A. Freudenberg, and W. Reutter, Proc.	Galactosamine	21-36	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	58-61
3356468-6	1988	Pretreatment of mice with LPS before D-galactosamine rendered them tolerant to the enhanced lethal effect of LPS.	Galactosamine	37-52	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	26-29
3356468-12	1988	C3H/HeN macrophages (2 X 10(7], incubated with minute amounts of LPS (0.5 to 0.02 microgram) in vitro and transferred subsequently to C3H/HeJ mice, induced lethality when administered together with or after D-galactosamine and tolerance when injected before D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	207-222	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	65-68
3356468-12	1988	C3H/HeN macrophages (2 X 10(7], incubated with minute amounts of LPS (0.5 to 0.02 microgram) in vitro and transferred subsequently to C3H/HeJ mice, induced lethality when administered together with or after D-galactosamine and tolerance when injected before D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	258-273	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	65-68
3192926-7	1988	This reflects the well-known D-galactosamine sensitization against lipopolysaccharide or TNF.	Galactosamine	29-44	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	89-92
3136108-1	1988	The effects of D-galactosamine on induction of preneoplastic glutathione S-transferase placental form positive liver foci were investigated in F344 rats pretreated with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in an attempt to improve the predictive value of the medium-term bioassay system developed in our laboratory.	Galactosamine	15-30	hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase	Rattus norvegicus	61-86
3136108-4	1988	Measurement and comparison of the numbers and areas of glutathione S-transferase placental form positive (GST-P+) foci per cm2 revealed a positive response to more carcinogens, including non-hepatocarcinogens, than did the same bioassay system without injection of D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	265-280	hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase	Rattus norvegicus	55-80
3136108-4	1988	Measurement and comparison of the numbers and areas of glutathione S-transferase placental form positive (GST-P+) foci per cm2 revealed a positive response to more carcinogens, including non-hepatocarcinogens, than did the same bioassay system without injection of D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	265-280	glutathione S-transferase pi 1	Rattus norvegicus	106-112
2965546-3	1988	The simultaneous presence of UDP-GalN, UDP-GalNAc, UDP-GlcN, and UDP-GlcNAc in concentrations resembling their overall content in livers 6 h after D-galactosamine administration led to an inhibition of the glycolipid galactosyltransferases, GL2 and GM1 synthases of 44 and 64%, respectively.	Galactosamine	147-162	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	33-37
3123586-2	1987	The apoC-III polypeptide contains a carbohydrate chain containing galactosamine, galactose, and sialic acid attached in O-linkage to a threonine residue at position 74.	Galactosamine	66-79	apolipoprotein C3	Homo sapiens	4-12
3349028-12	1988	The ratio of glucosamine to galactosamine is 2:1 in SPO and 3:1 in LPO.	Galactosamine	28-41	lactoperoxidase	Homo sapiens	67-70
3178492-2	1988	Human and animal erythrocytes were agglutinated by lectins SBA, DBA, WFA, VAA II, RCA II, and WGA which have a specificity for the N-acetyl group of galactosamine (NAc-D-Gal) or glucosamine (NAc-D-Gal); this effect was abolished after treatment of erythrocytes with influenza C virus.	Galactosamine	149-162	synuclein alpha	Homo sapiens	164-167
3178492-2	1988	Human and animal erythrocytes were agglutinated by lectins SBA, DBA, WFA, VAA II, RCA II, and WGA which have a specificity for the N-acetyl group of galactosamine (NAc-D-Gal) or glucosamine (NAc-D-Gal); this effect was abolished after treatment of erythrocytes with influenza C virus.	Galactosamine	149-162	synuclein alpha	Homo sapiens	191-194
3064828-1	1988	The galactosamine induced liver failure animal model was used to study the release of hepatic stimulatory substance (HSS) from free and microencapsulated hepatocytes in culture.	Galactosamine	4-17	growth factor, augmenter of liver regeneration	Homo sapiens	117-120
3042250-0	1988	Renin-angiotensin system, blood pressure homeostasis and renal function in galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure in the guinea pig.	Galactosamine	75-88	renin	Cavia porcellus	0-5
3042250-7	1988	Renin substrate depletion following galactosamine-induced fulminant liver failure may represent impaired hepatic biosynthesis as well as increased renin substrate consumption due to excessive renin secretion.	Galactosamine	36-49	renin	Cavia porcellus	0-5
2941420-9	1986	Apo(a) contained 28.1% carbohydrate by weight represented by mannose, galactose, galactosamine, glucosamine, and sialic acid in an approximate molar ratio of 3:7:5:4:7, respectively.	Galactosamine	81-94	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	0-6
3115291-2	1987	Sialophorin is greater than 50% carbohydrate, primarily O-linked units of sialic acid, galactose, and galactosamine.	Galactosamine	102-115	sialophorin	Homo sapiens	0-11
3819645-0	1987	Lethal toxicity of lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor in normal and D-galactosamine-treated mice.	Galactosamine	78-93	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	42-63
3819645-1	1987	The toxic properties of human recombinant tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were investigated in mice made hypersensitive to endotoxin by treatment with D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	147-162	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	65-68
3819645-2	1987	C3H/TifF mice treated with D-galactosamine were rendered sensitive to the lethal effects of submicrogram amounts of TNF.	Galactosamine	27-42	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	116-119
3819645-4	1987	The duration of sensitization to TNF lasted up to 8 h after D-galactosamine administration, that towards LPS, up to 4 h. As with LPS, with TNF sensitization could be inhibited by uridine administered up to 2 h after D-galactosamine/TNF, showing that the early biochemical alterations in the liver known to be necessary for sensitization to LPS are also necessary for sensitization to TNF.	Galactosamine	60-75	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	33-36
3819645-4	1987	The duration of sensitization to TNF lasted up to 8 h after D-galactosamine administration, that towards LPS, up to 4 h. As with LPS, with TNF sensitization could be inhibited by uridine administered up to 2 h after D-galactosamine/TNF, showing that the early biochemical alterations in the liver known to be necessary for sensitization to LPS are also necessary for sensitization to TNF.	Galactosamine	216-231	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	33-36
3819645-4	1987	The duration of sensitization to TNF lasted up to 8 h after D-galactosamine administration, that towards LPS, up to 4 h. As with LPS, with TNF sensitization could be inhibited by uridine administered up to 2 h after D-galactosamine/TNF, showing that the early biochemical alterations in the liver known to be necessary for sensitization to LPS are also necessary for sensitization to TNF.	Galactosamine	216-231	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	139-142
3819645-4	1987	The duration of sensitization to TNF lasted up to 8 h after D-galactosamine administration, that towards LPS, up to 4 h. As with LPS, with TNF sensitization could be inhibited by uridine administered up to 2 h after D-galactosamine/TNF, showing that the early biochemical alterations in the liver known to be necessary for sensitization to LPS are also necessary for sensitization to TNF.	Galactosamine	216-231	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	139-142
3819645-4	1987	The duration of sensitization to TNF lasted up to 8 h after D-galactosamine administration, that towards LPS, up to 4 h. As with LPS, with TNF sensitization could be inhibited by uridine administered up to 2 h after D-galactosamine/TNF, showing that the early biochemical alterations in the liver known to be necessary for sensitization to LPS are also necessary for sensitization to TNF.	Galactosamine	216-231	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	139-142
3819645-5	1987	In contrast to LPS, the toxicity of TNF was expressed also in D-galactosamine-treated endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice.	Galactosamine	62-77	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	36-39
3493700-0	1987	Galactosamine-induced alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency in rats.	Galactosamine	0-13	serpin family A member 1	Rattus norvegicus	22-41
3027978-4	1987	Finally, lectin binding studies suggest that T antigen contains galactose and/or galactosamine, since T antigen is specifically eluted from soybean lectin by 0.2 M galactose.	Galactosamine	81-94	LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lectin	Glycine max	148-154
3793010-0	1986	Protective effects of fibronectin in galactosamine-induced liver failure in rats.	Galactosamine	37-50	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	22-33
3793010-2	1986	In rats with acute liver failure induced by a low dose of galactosamine, supplementation with purified plasma fibronectin at 3 hr after the administration of galactosamine provided significant increase of plasma fibronectin levels and augmentation of reticuloendothelial system function at 4 hr, significantly higher plasma fibronectin levels and significant protection of liver damage with shorter prothrombin times, lower AST and less histological damage at 48 hr as compared to control animals.	Galactosamine	58-71	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	110-121
3793010-2	1986	In rats with acute liver failure induced by a low dose of galactosamine, supplementation with purified plasma fibronectin at 3 hr after the administration of galactosamine provided significant increase of plasma fibronectin levels and augmentation of reticuloendothelial system function at 4 hr, significantly higher plasma fibronectin levels and significant protection of liver damage with shorter prothrombin times, lower AST and less histological damage at 48 hr as compared to control animals.	Galactosamine	158-171	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	110-121
3793010-2	1986	In rats with acute liver failure induced by a low dose of galactosamine, supplementation with purified plasma fibronectin at 3 hr after the administration of galactosamine provided significant increase of plasma fibronectin levels and augmentation of reticuloendothelial system function at 4 hr, significantly higher plasma fibronectin levels and significant protection of liver damage with shorter prothrombin times, lower AST and less histological damage at 48 hr as compared to control animals.	Galactosamine	158-171	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	212-223
3793010-2	1986	In rats with acute liver failure induced by a low dose of galactosamine, supplementation with purified plasma fibronectin at 3 hr after the administration of galactosamine provided significant increase of plasma fibronectin levels and augmentation of reticuloendothelial system function at 4 hr, significantly higher plasma fibronectin levels and significant protection of liver damage with shorter prothrombin times, lower AST and less histological damage at 48 hr as compared to control animals.	Galactosamine	158-171	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	212-223
3793010-5	1986	When rats with liver failure, induced by a high dose of galactosamine, were supplemented with fibronectin at 3 hr, the survival rate was significantly higher than that of control rats.	Galactosamine	56-69	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	94-105
3793010-6	1986	The results indicate that fibronectin supplementation in the early stages of acute liver failure could reduce liver damage and improve the survival of rats with galactosamine-induced liver failure.	Galactosamine	161-174	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	26-37
3099750-7	1986	The 100,000 Mr secreted C1 Inh is sensitive to endoglycosidase F but resistant to endoglycosidase H, and it incorporates [3H]galactose, [3H]glucosamine and [3H]galactosamine, indicating the presence of both N-linked oligosaccharides of the complex type and O-linked oligosaccharides.	Galactosamine	160-173	serpin family G member 1	Homo sapiens	24-30
3529502-5	1986	Among monosaccharides, 2-deoxy-D-ribose, D-galactosamine, L-fucose, N-acetylneuraminic acid and D-ribose decreased insulin release and had no effect on insulin release by D-glucose.	Galactosamine	41-56	insulin	Homo sapiens	115-122
3085511-1	1986	Chronic galactosamine (GalNH2) administration in rats decreases plasma alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) levels to 10-50% of control levels and induces the formation of diastase-resistant, PAS-positive granules, which contain AAT in hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	8-21	serpin family A member 1	Rattus norvegicus	71-90
3085511-1	1986	Chronic galactosamine (GalNH2) administration in rats decreases plasma alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) levels to 10-50% of control levels and induces the formation of diastase-resistant, PAS-positive granules, which contain AAT in hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	8-21	serpin family A member 1	Rattus norvegicus	92-95
3085511-1	1986	Chronic galactosamine (GalNH2) administration in rats decreases plasma alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) levels to 10-50% of control levels and induces the formation of diastase-resistant, PAS-positive granules, which contain AAT in hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	8-21	serpin family A member 1	Rattus norvegicus	218-221
3085511-1	1986	Chronic galactosamine (GalNH2) administration in rats decreases plasma alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) levels to 10-50% of control levels and induces the formation of diastase-resistant, PAS-positive granules, which contain AAT in hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	23-29	serpin family A member 1	Rattus norvegicus	71-90
3085511-1	1986	Chronic galactosamine (GalNH2) administration in rats decreases plasma alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) levels to 10-50% of control levels and induces the formation of diastase-resistant, PAS-positive granules, which contain AAT in hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	23-29	serpin family A member 1	Rattus norvegicus	92-95
3085511-1	1986	Chronic galactosamine (GalNH2) administration in rats decreases plasma alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) levels to 10-50% of control levels and induces the formation of diastase-resistant, PAS-positive granules, which contain AAT in hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	23-29	serpin family A member 1	Rattus norvegicus	218-221
3383434-1	1988	The carbohydrate moiety of human serum amyloid P component was analyzed and found to consist of equal amounts of galactose and mannose (total 4.0%), of glucosamine and galactosamine in a ratio of 7:1 (total 2.7%) and sialic acid (3.9%).	Galactosamine	168-181	amyloid P component, serum	Homo sapiens	33-58
3586415-3	1987	Leakage of GPT and GPT was significantly increased at 18 hr after GalN addition, being saturated at 42-50 hr.	Galactosamine	66-70	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Rattus norvegicus	11-14
3586415-3	1987	Leakage of GPT and GPT was significantly increased at 18 hr after GalN addition, being saturated at 42-50 hr.	Galactosamine	66-70	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Rattus norvegicus	19-22
3493700-2	1987	Administration of D-galactosamine (GalNH2) is known to produce alterations in plasma glycoprotein levels, including alpha 1-antitrypsin.	Galactosamine	18-33	serpin family A member 1	Rattus norvegicus	116-135
3493700-2	1987	Administration of D-galactosamine (GalNH2) is known to produce alterations in plasma glycoprotein levels, including alpha 1-antitrypsin.	Galactosamine	35-41	serpin family A member 1	Rattus norvegicus	116-135
3493700-5	1987	Total plasma protein, albumin, and transferrin levels in the GalNH2-treated rats do not differ significantly from those of control rats.	Galactosamine	61-67	transferrin	Rattus norvegicus	35-46
3493700-8	1987	AAT isolated from the plasma of GalNH2-treated rats contains 2-3 fewer moles of sialic acid, 3 fewer moles of neutral sugar, and 2 fewer moles of amino sugar per mole of antiprotease than AAT isolated from controls.	Galactosamine	32-38	serpin family A member 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
3493700-9	1987	AP2 from GalNH2-treated rats contains 1 fewer mole each of sialic acid, neutral sugar, and amino sugar per mole of antiprotease than AP2 from controls.	Galactosamine	9-15	fatty acid binding protein 4	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
3098740-5	1987	Both labeled glucosamine and galactosamine appeared in ASGP-1 fragments within 5 min, but the amount of labeled galactosamine was less than the amount of labeled glucosamine until after 20 min, when the 1:1 equilibrium ratio was reached.	Galactosamine	29-42	mucin 4, cell surface associated	Rattus norvegicus	55-61
3036613-3	1987	In liver plasma membranes of D-galactosamine-treated rats the exogenous phospholipase A2 activity was enhanced about 2 fold, whereas the endogenous activity was slightly decreased.	Galactosamine	29-44	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	72-88
3780752-10	1986	Three carbohydrate groups (two glucosamine-based and one galactosamine-based) were identified, giving a total of eight carbohydrate groups in the longest splice variant of bovine plasma fibronectin.	Galactosamine	57-70	fibronectin 1	Bos taurus	186-197
3827834-6	1986	Mannose, galactose, glucosamine and galactosamine represent 17%, 21%, 24% and 10% respectively of the sugar content of GPIIb.	Galactosamine	36-49	integrin subunit alpha 2b	Homo sapiens	119-124
3827835-3	1986	The molar percentages (per 100 mol of total amino acids) of neuraminic acid and galactose in the alpha-subunit more than double those in the beta-subunit, whereas galactosamine is present only in GPIIb alpha.	Galactosamine	163-176	integrin subunit alpha 2b	Homo sapiens	196-201
3818560-3	1986	Compositional analysis showed that GPIV contains large amounts of acidic and hydroxy amino acids, but only very small amounts of cystine and methionine, and 28.1% (w/w) carbohydrate consisting of galactose, glucosamine, and sialic acid as the principal sugars with smaller amounts of fucose, mannose, and galactosamine.	Galactosamine	305-318	CD36 molecule	Homo sapiens	35-39
3962728-4	1986	Liver cathepsin B, H and L activities in D-galactosamine-injured rats were decreased concomitantly with an increase in serum cathepsin H activity.	Galactosamine	41-56	cathepsin B	Rattus norvegicus	6-17
6150889-1	1984	The activities of lactase, sucrase, maltase and gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma-GT) were determined in homogenates of rat jejunal mucosa 24 h after acute administrations of D-galactosamine (GALN) (1.855 mmol/kg; i.p.	Galactosamine	175-190	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	76-84
3923242-0	1985	The effect of galactosamine on rat liver cytochrome P-450 activities.	Galactosamine	14-27	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily g, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	41-57
6436431-8	1984	Sucrose density ultracentrifugation analysis showed that the isolated receptor sediments with an apparent rate of 4.2 S. Immunochemical analyses demonstrated that a typical preparation of the C1qR complex consists of approximately 23% uronic acid and approximately 21% galactosamine with a galactosamine-to-glucosamine ratio of 3.2.	Galactosamine	269-282	CD93 molecule	Homo sapiens	192-196
6436431-8	1984	Sucrose density ultracentrifugation analysis showed that the isolated receptor sediments with an apparent rate of 4.2 S. Immunochemical analyses demonstrated that a typical preparation of the C1qR complex consists of approximately 23% uronic acid and approximately 21% galactosamine with a galactosamine-to-glucosamine ratio of 3.2.	Galactosamine	290-303	CD93 molecule	Homo sapiens	192-196
4030729-0	1985	Release of hepatic mitochondrial ornithine transcarbamylase into the circulation in D-galactosamine-treated rats.	Galactosamine	84-99	ornithine transcarbamylase	Rattus norvegicus	33-59
4030729-2	1985	A single injection of D-galactosamine into rats caused acute liver cell injury, and the activity of ornithine transcarbamylase in the serum increased about 600-fold as compared with that in the normal serum.	Galactosamine	22-37	ornithine transcarbamylase	Rattus norvegicus	100-126
2857129-7	1985	A protection of hepatocytes by alpha 2-macroglobulin against the effects of D-galactosamine could be observed neither in vivo nor in vitro.	Galactosamine	76-91	alpha-2-macroglobulin	Rattus norvegicus	31-52
3833542-1	1985	Previous studies have shown that chronic administration of D-galactosamine (GalNH2) in rats produces alpha 1-antiprotease (AAP) deficiency and causes accumulation of aberrantly glycosylated AAP in hepatic granules.	Galactosamine	59-74	serpin family F member 2	Homo sapiens	123-126
3833542-1	1985	Previous studies have shown that chronic administration of D-galactosamine (GalNH2) in rats produces alpha 1-antiprotease (AAP) deficiency and causes accumulation of aberrantly glycosylated AAP in hepatic granules.	Galactosamine	59-74	serpin family F member 2	Homo sapiens	190-193
3833542-1	1985	Previous studies have shown that chronic administration of D-galactosamine (GalNH2) in rats produces alpha 1-antiprotease (AAP) deficiency and causes accumulation of aberrantly glycosylated AAP in hepatic granules.	Galactosamine	76-82	serpin family F member 2	Homo sapiens	123-126
3833542-1	1985	Previous studies have shown that chronic administration of D-galactosamine (GalNH2) in rats produces alpha 1-antiprotease (AAP) deficiency and causes accumulation of aberrantly glycosylated AAP in hepatic granules.	Galactosamine	76-82	serpin family F member 2	Homo sapiens	190-193
6150889-1	1984	The activities of lactase, sucrase, maltase and gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma-GT) were determined in homogenates of rat jejunal mucosa 24 h after acute administrations of D-galactosamine (GALN) (1.855 mmol/kg; i.p.	Galactosamine	192-196	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	76-84
6431622-1	1984	Hepatic neutral serine proteases (including plasminogen activator) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) are induced by the hepatotoxin galactosamine (GALN).	Galactosamine	132-145	ornithine decarboxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	71-94
6431622-1	1984	Hepatic neutral serine proteases (including plasminogen activator) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) are induced by the hepatotoxin galactosamine (GALN).	Galactosamine	132-145	ornithine decarboxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	96-99
6431622-1	1984	Hepatic neutral serine proteases (including plasminogen activator) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) are induced by the hepatotoxin galactosamine (GALN).	Galactosamine	147-151	ornithine decarboxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	71-94
6431622-1	1984	Hepatic neutral serine proteases (including plasminogen activator) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) are induced by the hepatotoxin galactosamine (GALN).	Galactosamine	147-151	ornithine decarboxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	96-99
6440758-7	1984	The polysaccharide chains carry sulphate residues predominantly attached to C-4 of the galactosamine unit.	Galactosamine	87-100	complement component 4B (Chido blood group)	Mus musculus	76-79
6490191-2	1984	We now describe the general amino acid disturbances in plasma, CSF and cerebrum in the galactosamine induced hepatic coma model in rats.	Galactosamine	87-100	colony stimulating factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	63-66
6495268-1	1984	The amino sugars glucosamine, galactosamine and mannosamine (30 mM) inhibited aggregation of human or rabbit platelets induced by ADP, collagen, thrombin, PAF or high concentrations of sodium arachidonate.	Galactosamine	30-43	prothrombin	Oryctolagus cuniculus	145-153
6195967-10	1983	The cyanogen bromide fragment containing the galactosamine-containing carbohydrate in Gc1 was partially sequenced through 20 residues from the amino terminus.	Galactosamine	45-58	solute carrier family 25 member 22	Homo sapiens	86-89
7316960-1	1981	THe beta-galactoside-binding lectin binds to glucosamine, mannosamine and galactosamine in addition to beta-galactoside, as determined by the inhibition of haemagglutination.	Galactosamine	74-87	galectin 1A	Gallus gallus	4-35
6631239-15	1983	GalN fat-infused lymph HDL is enriched in apoE, but unable to transfer apoE to d less than 1.006 g/ml intestinal Lps.	Galactosamine	0-4	apolipoprotein E	Rattus norvegicus	42-46
6411837-5	1983	Glucosamine/galactosamine molar ratios of disc proteoglycan were higher in the L1/L2 disc than the L4/L5 disc.	Galactosamine	12-25	L1 cell adhesion molecule	Homo sapiens	79-84
6401730-4	1983	The amino sugars glucosamine and galactosamine were usually present at levels less than or equal to 0.2 mol/mol of cytochrome P-450, although one preparation of cytochrome P-450b had as much as 0.5 mol of glucosamine/mol of cytochrome P-450.	Galactosamine	33-46	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily g, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	115-131
6824777-2	1983	Such a conclusion may be arrived at on the basis of an analysis of variation in the activity of cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b5, and NADH ferricyanide reductase while comparing normal and galactosamine-treated rats.	Galactosamine	188-201	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily g, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	96-112
6824777-2	1983	Such a conclusion may be arrived at on the basis of an analysis of variation in the activity of cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b5, and NADH ferricyanide reductase while comparing normal and galactosamine-treated rats.	Galactosamine	188-201	cytochrome b5 type A	Rattus norvegicus	114-127
7119568-2	1982	Single intraperitoneal injections of GalN at several dose levels and postinjection exsanguination times resulted in depressed levels of cholesteryl esters, an index of plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, and increased levels of phospholipids, unesterified cholesterol, and triglycerides.	Galactosamine	37-41	lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	175-211
7119568-2	1982	Single intraperitoneal injections of GalN at several dose levels and postinjection exsanguination times resulted in depressed levels of cholesteryl esters, an index of plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, and increased levels of phospholipids, unesterified cholesterol, and triglycerides.	Galactosamine	37-41	lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	213-217
7109714-4	1982	The amount of galactosamine-containing proteoglycosaminoglycans that are extractable with 4 M guanidinium chloride from cartilage is significantly higher in young rats (29.1 +/- 4.8 nmol GalN per mg cartilage wet weight) than in old animals (5.8 +/- 3.0 nmol GalN per mg cartilage wet weight).	Galactosamine	14-27	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	187-191
7109714-4	1982	The amount of galactosamine-containing proteoglycosaminoglycans that are extractable with 4 M guanidinium chloride from cartilage is significantly higher in young rats (29.1 +/- 4.8 nmol GalN per mg cartilage wet weight) than in old animals (5.8 +/- 3.0 nmol GalN per mg cartilage wet weight).	Galactosamine	14-27	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	259-263
6172374-5	1981	Amino acid analysis and specific sugar determination proved that RGCG-PK1 was not a classical mucin because of its comparatively high tyrosine and low galactosamine + glucosamine content, and the absence of glycosidic linkages to serine and threonine.	Galactosamine	151-164	pyruvate kinase L/R	Rattus norvegicus	70-73
7027259-8	1981	In addition, the serum gp70 response to LPS was abolished by simultaneous inoculation of an inhibitor of protein synthesis, D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	124-139	embigin	Mus musculus	23-27
7002931-5	1980	Proteinase A is a glycoprotein containing 7.5% mannose and 1% of glucosamine and galactosamine.	Galactosamine	81-94	proteinase A	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-12
6792085-2	1981	Galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure rats were used for in vivo studies of the removal of tyrosine and total free phenol by means of hemoperfusion over immobilized tyrosinase within artificial cells.	Galactosamine	0-13	tyrosinase	Rattus norvegicus	175-185
6792085-5	1981	In those galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure rats with increased total free phenol levels hemoperfusion over tyrosinase artificial cells significantly lowered the level.	Galactosamine	9-22	tyrosinase	Rattus norvegicus	121-131
7305927-4	1981	The amniotic-fluid fibronectins had similar mannose and sialic acid contents to plasma fibronectin, but greater amounts of glucosamine, galactosamine, galactose and fucose.	Galactosamine	136-149	fibronectin 1	Homo sapiens	19-30
7353028-9	1980	The molar proportions of the main sugar components galactose, fucose, glucosamine and galactosamine were 4 :2 : 4 : 1 (glycoprotein 1) and 3 : 2 : 3 : 1 (glycoprotein 2).	Galactosamine	86-99	glycoprotein 2	Rattus norvegicus	154-168
6169057-5	1980	Following partial hepatectomy or galactosamine-induced live injury, AFP is seen in a few large parenchymal cells usually containing identifiable chromatin Cells which contain AFP almost always contain ALB as well, but for each cell type there are many more ALB containing cells than AFP containing cells.	Galactosamine	33-46	alpha-fetoprotein	Rattus norvegicus	68-71
6169057-5	1980	Following partial hepatectomy or galactosamine-induced live injury, AFP is seen in a few large parenchymal cells usually containing identifiable chromatin Cells which contain AFP almost always contain ALB as well, but for each cell type there are many more ALB containing cells than AFP containing cells.	Galactosamine	33-46	alpha-fetoprotein	Rattus norvegicus	175-178
6169057-5	1980	Following partial hepatectomy or galactosamine-induced live injury, AFP is seen in a few large parenchymal cells usually containing identifiable chromatin Cells which contain AFP almost always contain ALB as well, but for each cell type there are many more ALB containing cells than AFP containing cells.	Galactosamine	33-46	albumin	Rattus norvegicus	201-204
6169057-5	1980	Following partial hepatectomy or galactosamine-induced live injury, AFP is seen in a few large parenchymal cells usually containing identifiable chromatin Cells which contain AFP almost always contain ALB as well, but for each cell type there are many more ALB containing cells than AFP containing cells.	Galactosamine	33-46	alpha-fetoprotein	Rattus norvegicus	175-178
524947-8	1979	Galactokinase activity in the liver increased in the group of animals with experimental cholestasis and was significantly reduced in the galactosamine treated group.	Galactosamine	137-150	galactokinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-13
6244221-5	1980	The same degree of induction of galactokinase and galactotransferase, found when galactose or galactosamine were used as inducers, supports the model of coordinated regulation in the expression of the structural genes for the galactose pathway enzymes in yeast.	Galactosamine	94-107	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	32-68
6162268-0	1980	Correlation of histology and alpha 1-fetoprotein resurgence in rat liver regeneration after experimental injury by galactosamine.	Galactosamine	115-128	alpha-fetoprotein	Rattus norvegicus	29-48
6162268-4	1980	Two days after galactosamine injections, AFP was localized for the first time in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of bile ducts and canaliculi in portal spaces.	Galactosamine	15-28	alpha-fetoprotein	Rattus norvegicus	41-44
446984-4	1979	In contrast, beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase in the liver tissue were found to decrease in V.E deficient rats by the administration of D-galactosamine, indicating that the enzymes in the lysosome were entirely released outside the liver cells as a result of cell destruction.	Galactosamine	143-158	glucuronidase, beta	Rattus norvegicus	13-31
447009-4	1979	The activity of ornithine decarboxylase started to increase 14 hr after administration of galactosamine  and reached 30 times the normal activity at about 25 hr, the time of maximum severity of hepatitis.	Galactosamine	90-103	ornithine decarboxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	16-39
570542-2	1978	A small peak in the amino acid analysis of hog thyroglobulin was observed in the region reported for lysinoalanine and galactosamine.	Galactosamine	119-132	thyroglobulin	Homo sapiens	47-60
570542-5	1978	Approximately 5 moles of galactosamine were found per mole of thyroglobulin.	Galactosamine	25-38	thyroglobulin	Homo sapiens	62-75
704484-7	1978	The activities of cathepsin A and D increased 2-fold in liver homogenate after combined treatment with galactosamine and vitamin A, whereas the activity of acid carboxypeptidase decreased markedly.	Galactosamine	103-116	cathepsin A	Rattus norvegicus	18-35
32125-4	1978	2) gamma-GTP activities in rat liver after chronic administration of GalN were markedly increased in bile canalicular membrane of periportal parenchymal cells, the epithelium of bile duct and ductules, and som inflammatory cells of portal fields.	Galactosamine	69-73	inactive glutathione hydrolase 2	Homo sapiens	3-12
32125-6	1978	On histochemical studies with biopsy specimens from patients with chronic active hepatitis showing elevated gamma-GTP activity, the activity was revealed a similar localization to GalN-treated rats.	Galactosamine	180-184	inactive glutathione hydrolase 2	Homo sapiens	108-117
621970-4	1978	The kinetic studies disclose that GalN produces more severe changes in old than in young animals, represented by the activities of cytoplasmic (glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase) and lysosomal (beta-acetylglucosaminidase beta-glucuronidase, cathepsin D) enzymes.	Galactosamine	34-38	cathepsin D	Rattus norvegicus	272-283
746337-5	1978	Cycloheximide, colchicine, 4-amino-pyrazolopyrimidine, and D-galactosamine depress the secretion of both TG and LCAT.	Galactosamine	59-74	lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	112-116
710383-2	1978	Despite the presence of a marked decrease in liver protein content 48 h after a single injection of D-galactosamine, increased activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, low-Km hexokinase and pyruvate kinase type M2 were observed in the injured liver.	Galactosamine	100-115	glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	141-174
710383-3	1978	Microsomal aniline hydroxylase activity and cytochrome P-450 content in liver decreased significantly in 48 h of galactosamine treatment but not in the first 2 h in contrast with carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) intoxication.	Galactosamine	113-126	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily g, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	44-60
602771-0	1977	The effect of D-galactosamine on LCAT secretion and ultrastructure of isolated rat hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	14-29	lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	33-37
602771-1	1977	The effect of D-galactosamine on secretory activity and morphology of isolated rat hepatocytes was investigated: Galactosamine was found to reduce the secretion of lipoproteins (as indicated by the release of free cholesterol and triacylglycerol) as well as the secretion of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and [14C]-labelled proteins from the isolated cells.	Galactosamine	113-126	lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	314-318
602771-9	1977	The rather selective effect of galactosamine on LCAT secretion suggests the use of this compound for the study of the interrelationship between LCAT and lipoprotein secretion.	Galactosamine	31-44	lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	48-52
812181-0	1975	Lipoprotein and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase changes in galactosamine-induced rat liver injury.	Galactosamine	65-78	lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	16-53
597240-11	1977	The activity of 5"-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5), which has been purified as a sphingomyelin-protein complex, decreased in the total homogenate as well as in the plasma-membrane fraction of livers of rats treated with galactosamine, to about 60% of the control values.	Galactosamine	214-227	5' nucleotidase, ecto	Rattus norvegicus	16-31
902275-3	1977	The major components were identified as chondroitin-4-sulfates by identification of the hexosamine as 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose, and by digestibility with hyaluronidases, chondroitinase AC, and chondro-4-sulfatase.	Galactosamine	102-129	carbohydrate sulfotransferase 11	Mus musculus	40-53
838827-3	1977	The total analysis time was 9.5 h. In this procedure, particularly glucosamine, mannosamine and galactosamine were separated completely from normal "protein" amino acids, and NG-monomethylarginine, NG, NG-dimethylarginine and NG,NG-dimethylarginine, which were present in the myelin basic protein of several species and excreted in human urine, were separated from other basic amino acids.	Galactosamine	96-109	myelin basic protein	Homo sapiens	276-296
838077-0	1977	The phosphorylation of liver ribosomal protein S6 during the development of acute hepatic cell injury induced by D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	113-128	ribosomal protein S6	Homo sapiens	29-49
32125-1	1978	The effects of acute and chronic administration of D-Galactosamine (GalN), Ethanol and Phenobarbital were investigated on the activities of lysosomal enzymes, i.e.; acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and others such as gamma-GTP and adenosine triphosphatase.	Galactosamine	51-66	glucuronidase beta	Homo sapiens	183-201
32125-1	1978	The effects of acute and chronic administration of D-Galactosamine (GalN), Ethanol and Phenobarbital were investigated on the activities of lysosomal enzymes, i.e.; acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and others such as gamma-GTP and adenosine triphosphatase.	Galactosamine	51-66	O-GlcNAcase	Homo sapiens	206-235
62510-2	1976	The serum concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein of rats following experimental galactosamine-induced liver-cell necrosis accurately reflect the severity of preceding liver-cell damage as determined by elevation of serum transaminases.	Galactosamine	77-90	alpha-fetoprotein	Rattus norvegicus	28-45
182183-16	1976	The carbohydrate moiety of ApoB contained mannose, galactose and galactosamine.	Galactosamine	65-78	apolipoprotein B	Homo sapiens	27-31
61145-2	1976	Marked elevation of serum AFP concentrations occurred in rats treated with carbon tetrachloride, thioacetamide, D-galactosamine, allyl alcohol, allyl formate, and ethionine in 4 days of these treatments.	Galactosamine	112-127	alpha-fetoprotein	Rattus norvegicus	26-29
812181-1	1975	Abnormal lipoproteins and drcreased lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity are found in rat plasma following intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	146-161	lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	36-73
4835112-0	1974	Rat alpha 1-fetoprotein: appearance after galactosamine-induced liver injury.	Galactosamine	42-55	alpha-fetoprotein	Rattus norvegicus	4-23
183787-2	1976	In case of D-galactosamine intoxication the GOT, GPT and SDH activity and the lactate and pyruvate concentration in the perfusion medium were less augmented and the glycogen level in hepatic tissue was less diminished in animals treated with aspartic acid, as compared to controls.	Galactosamine	11-26	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Rattus norvegicus	49-52
183787-2	1976	In case of D-galactosamine intoxication the GOT, GPT and SDH activity and the lactate and pyruvate concentration in the perfusion medium were less augmented and the glycogen level in hepatic tissue was less diminished in animals treated with aspartic acid, as compared to controls.	Galactosamine	11-26	serine dehydratase	Rattus norvegicus	57-60
171642-0	1975	Preparation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) containing significantly increased amounts of galactose and galactosamine.	Galactosamine	106-119	CEA cell adhesion molecule 3	Homo sapiens	15-39
171642-0	1975	Preparation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) containing significantly increased amounts of galactose and galactosamine.	Galactosamine	106-119	CEA cell adhesion molecule 3	Homo sapiens	41-44
4441378-11	1974	The physiological substrate of the galactosyltransferase, UDP-galactose, can be replaced by UDP-galactosamine, which accumulates after d-galactosamine administration.	Galactosamine	135-150	glycoprotein alpha-galactosyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	35-56
4441378-20	1974	From the results presented it can be concluded that the disturbed secretion of proteins and glycoproteins was due to a cumulative effect of galactosamine by: (a) inhibition of protein synthesis leading to a diminution of the endogenous acceptor pool of the galactosyltransferase; (b) inhibition of the galactosyltransferase activity by galactosamine metabolites and (c) replacement of UDP-galactose by UDP-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	140-153	glycoprotein alpha-galactosyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	257-278
4441378-20	1974	From the results presented it can be concluded that the disturbed secretion of proteins and glycoproteins was due to a cumulative effect of galactosamine by: (a) inhibition of protein synthesis leading to a diminution of the endogenous acceptor pool of the galactosyltransferase; (b) inhibition of the galactosyltransferase activity by galactosamine metabolites and (c) replacement of UDP-galactose by UDP-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	140-153	glycoprotein alpha-galactosyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	302-323
28603927-5	1971	The urato-binding alpha1-2 globulin contains 12.1% of carbohydrates including galactose, mannoso, galactosamine and sialic acid.	Galactosamine	98-111	adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Homo sapiens	18-26
4655444-18	1972	The results indicate that the conversion of lactate into glucose is decreased in the livers of galactosamine-treated rats and that this decrease may be due to the loss of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from damaged hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	95-108	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	171-202
4974308-19	1969	Determination of the amino acid composition revealed a decreased content of lysine, glucosamine, and galactosamine in abnormal fibrinogen.	Galactosamine	101-114	fibrinogen beta chain	Homo sapiens	127-137
33760163-7	2021	In addition, the expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-myosin light chain (MLC), MLC kinase (MLCK) and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) were significantly increased in the D-GalN/LPS-induced mice compared with those in the control mice, whereas the subsequent inhibition of MLCK or ROCK significantly reduced p-MLC expression levels.	Galactosamine	170-176	myosin light chain kinase 3	Mus musculus	83-93
5938660-10	1966	Galactokinase phosphorylates 2-deoxygalactose and galactosamine in addition to galactose, has a pH optimum of 7.8, a Q(10) of 2, and is stimulated by cysteine and other thiols.	Galactosamine	50-63	galactokinase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-13
34051870-2	2021	We previously reported that the expansion of SHPCs was amplified in Ret/PH-treated rat livers transplanted with Thy1+ cells derived from D-galactosamine-treated injured livers.	Galactosamine	137-152	Thy-1 cell surface antigen	Rattus norvegicus	112-116
34031983-9	2021	Overexpression of NLRP3 via AAV in mouse liver in vivo and in vitro reduced the therapeutic effect of verapamil on LPS/GalN-induced ALF.	Galactosamine	119-123	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	18-23
34031983-10	2021	Taken together, the TXNIP antagonist verapamil could inhibit activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, inflammatory responses and oxidative stress to alleviate LPS/GalN-induced ALF.	Galactosamine	160-164	thioredoxin interacting protein	Mus musculus	20-25
33662432-0	2021	5-((7-Chloro-6-fluoro-1h-indol-3-yl) methyl)-3-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione as a RIP1 inhibitor protects LPS/D-galactosamine-induced liver failure.	Galactosamine	110-125	receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	82-86
33990985-7	2021	This binding interaction is likely glycan-mediated as pre-incubation with galactose, galactosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and fucose reduced mucin adhesion to control levels.	Galactosamine	85-98	mucin 1, cell surface associated	Bos taurus	141-146
33760163-7	2021	In addition, the expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-myosin light chain (MLC), MLC kinase (MLCK) and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) were significantly increased in the D-GalN/LPS-induced mice compared with those in the control mice, whereas the subsequent inhibition of MLCK or ROCK significantly reduced p-MLC expression levels.	Galactosamine	170-176	myosin light chain kinase 3	Mus musculus	95-99
33760163-7	2021	In addition, the expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-myosin light chain (MLC), MLC kinase (MLCK) and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) were significantly increased in the D-GalN/LPS-induced mice compared with those in the control mice, whereas the subsequent inhibition of MLCK or ROCK significantly reduced p-MLC expression levels.	Galactosamine	170-176	myosin light chain kinase 3	Mus musculus	272-276
33760163-8	2021	Conversely, the expression levels of occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were significantly decreased in the D-GalN/LPS-induced mice, and the inhibition of MLCK or ROCK significantly increased occludin and ZO-1 protein expression levels compared with those in the control group.	Galactosamine	112-118	occludin	Mus musculus	37-45
33760163-8	2021	Conversely, the expression levels of occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were significantly decreased in the D-GalN/LPS-induced mice, and the inhibition of MLCK or ROCK significantly increased occludin and ZO-1 protein expression levels compared with those in the control group.	Galactosamine	112-118	tight junction protein 1	Mus musculus	50-68
33760163-8	2021	Conversely, the expression levels of occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were significantly decreased in the D-GalN/LPS-induced mice, and the inhibition of MLCK or ROCK significantly increased occludin and ZO-1 protein expression levels compared with those in the control group.	Galactosamine	112-118	tight junction protein 1	Mus musculus	70-74
33760163-8	2021	Conversely, the expression levels of occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were significantly decreased in the D-GalN/LPS-induced mice, and the inhibition of MLCK or ROCK significantly increased occludin and ZO-1 protein expression levels compared with those in the control group.	Galactosamine	112-118	myosin light chain kinase 3	Mus musculus	159-163
33760163-8	2021	Conversely, the expression levels of occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were significantly decreased in the D-GalN/LPS-induced mice, and the inhibition of MLCK or ROCK significantly increased occludin and ZO-1 protein expression levels compared with those in the control group.	Galactosamine	112-118	occludin	Mus musculus	196-204
33760163-8	2021	Conversely, the expression levels of occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were significantly decreased in the D-GalN/LPS-induced mice, and the inhibition of MLCK or ROCK significantly increased occludin and ZO-1 protein expression levels compared with those in the control group.	Galactosamine	112-118	tight junction protein 1	Mus musculus	209-213
33760163-10	2021	In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggested that in a D-GalN/LPS-induced ALF model, TNF-alpha and IL-6 signaling may increase MLCK and ROCK expression levels, further mediate phosphorylation of MLC, which may result in tight junction dysregulation and intestinal barrier dysfunction.	Galactosamine	69-75	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	99-108
33760163-10	2021	In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggested that in a D-GalN/LPS-induced ALF model, TNF-alpha and IL-6 signaling may increase MLCK and ROCK expression levels, further mediate phosphorylation of MLC, which may result in tight junction dysregulation and intestinal barrier dysfunction.	Galactosamine	69-75	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	113-117
33760163-10	2021	In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggested that in a D-GalN/LPS-induced ALF model, TNF-alpha and IL-6 signaling may increase MLCK and ROCK expression levels, further mediate phosphorylation of MLC, which may result in tight junction dysregulation and intestinal barrier dysfunction.	Galactosamine	69-75	myosin light chain kinase 3	Mus musculus	141-145
33586729-0	2021	The polysaccharides from the Grifola frondosa fruiting body prevent lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury via the miR-122-Nrf2/ARE pathways.	Galactosamine	87-102	microRNA 122	Mus musculus	138-145
33901015-6	2021	Expression of lncRNA NEAT1, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), and PUMA was upregulated, while the expression of miR-139 was downregulated in clinical samples and D-GalN/LPS induced ALF mouse model.	Galactosamine	164-170	microRNA 139	Mus musculus	114-121
33645601-3	2021	To overcome this challenge, a MUC1 glycopeptide mimic has been synthesized with the galactose-galactosamine disaccharide linked with threonine (Thomsen-Friedenreich or Tf antigen) through an unnatural beta-glycosyl bond.	Galactosamine	94-107	mucin 1, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	30-34
33107697-1	2021	d-Galactosamine (d-GalN) is a well-known toxin that causes many metabolic and morphological abnormalities resulting in advanced renal failure and liver damage.	Galactosamine	0-15	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-23
33083887-2	2021	The purpose of this study was to determine the protective effect of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor TAK-242 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced explosive hepatitis and explore in vivo and in vitro mechanisms.	Galactosamine	146-161	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	72-92
33083887-2	2021	The purpose of this study was to determine the protective effect of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor TAK-242 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced explosive hepatitis and explore in vivo and in vitro mechanisms.	Galactosamine	146-161	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	94-98
33083887-2	2021	The purpose of this study was to determine the protective effect of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor TAK-242 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced explosive hepatitis and explore in vivo and in vitro mechanisms.	Galactosamine	163-169	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	72-92
33083887-2	2021	The purpose of this study was to determine the protective effect of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor TAK-242 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced explosive hepatitis and explore in vivo and in vitro mechanisms.	Galactosamine	163-169	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	94-98
33586729-0	2021	The polysaccharides from the Grifola frondosa fruiting body prevent lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury via the miR-122-Nrf2/ARE pathways.	Galactosamine	87-102	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	146-150
33586729-2	2021	However, the underlying mechanism governing how polysaccharides protect against acute liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS/d-GalN) remains unclear.	Galactosamine	129-144	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	152-156
33746949-0	2021	NOD1 Agonist Protects Against Lipopolysaccharide and D-Galactosamine-Induced Fatal Hepatitis Through the Upregulation of A20 Expression in Hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	53-68	tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3	Mus musculus	121-124
33712742-4	2021	Here, we addressed the role of the DUB OTU domain aldehyde binding-1 (OTUB1) in hepatocyte cell death upon both infection with the hepatocyte-infecting bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) and D-Galactosamine (DGal)/Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced sterile inflammation.	Galactosamine	194-209	OTU domain, ubiquitin aldehyde binding 1	Mus musculus	70-75
33746949-3	2021	We found that pretreatment with the NOD1 agonist markedly reduced LPS/D-GalN-induced mortality, elevation of serum ALT levels, and hepatocyte apoptosis.	Galactosamine	70-76	nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1	Mus musculus	36-40
33746949-6	2021	The anti-apoptotic protein A20 expression was more pronounced in NOD1 agonist pretreated mice than in controls, and knockdown of A20 abrogated the protective effect of NOD1 agonist on LPS/D-GalN-induced liver injury and hepatocyte apoptosis.	Galactosamine	188-194	tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3	Mus musculus	27-30
33746949-6	2021	The anti-apoptotic protein A20 expression was more pronounced in NOD1 agonist pretreated mice than in controls, and knockdown of A20 abrogated the protective effect of NOD1 agonist on LPS/D-GalN-induced liver injury and hepatocyte apoptosis.	Galactosamine	188-194	nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1	Mus musculus	65-69
33746949-6	2021	The anti-apoptotic protein A20 expression was more pronounced in NOD1 agonist pretreated mice than in controls, and knockdown of A20 abrogated the protective effect of NOD1 agonist on LPS/D-GalN-induced liver injury and hepatocyte apoptosis.	Galactosamine	188-194	tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3	Mus musculus	129-132
33746949-6	2021	The anti-apoptotic protein A20 expression was more pronounced in NOD1 agonist pretreated mice than in controls, and knockdown of A20 abrogated the protective effect of NOD1 agonist on LPS/D-GalN-induced liver injury and hepatocyte apoptosis.	Galactosamine	188-194	nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1	Mus musculus	168-172
33396223-5	2020	RESULTS: LPS/GalN injection generate distinct molecular processes, which includes increased production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), thus causing apoptosis as evident by increased caspase-3 activity.	Galactosamine	13-17	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	106-133
33746949-0	2021	NOD1 Agonist Protects Against Lipopolysaccharide and D-Galactosamine-Induced Fatal Hepatitis Through the Upregulation of A20 Expression in Hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	53-68	nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1	Mus musculus	0-4
33452411-5	2021	BALB/c mice were treated with D-galactosamine (D-GalN) to induce a murine ALF model.	Galactosamine	30-45	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	49-53
33566377-3	2021	This study examines the role of SphK1 in D-galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALF, which is a well-established experimental mouse model that mimics the fulminant hepatitis.	Galactosamine	41-56	sphingosine kinase 1	Mus musculus	32-37
33566377-3	2021	This study examines the role of SphK1 in D-galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALF, which is a well-established experimental mouse model that mimics the fulminant hepatitis.	Galactosamine	58-62	sphingosine kinase 1	Mus musculus	32-37
33566377-4	2021	Here we report that deletion of SphK1, but not SphK2, dramatically decreased GalN/LPS-induced liver damage, hepatic apoptosis, serum alanine aminotransferase levels, and mortality rate compared to wild-type mice.	Galactosamine	77-81	sphingosine kinase 1	Mus musculus	32-37
33566377-5	2021	Whereas GalN/LPS treatment-induced hepatic activation of NF-kappaB and JNK in wild-type and SphK2-/- mice, these signaling pathways were reduced in SphK1-/- mice.	Galactosamine	8-12	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	57-66
33566377-5	2021	Whereas GalN/LPS treatment-induced hepatic activation of NF-kappaB and JNK in wild-type and SphK2-/- mice, these signaling pathways were reduced in SphK1-/- mice.	Galactosamine	8-12	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	71-74
33566377-5	2021	Whereas GalN/LPS treatment-induced hepatic activation of NF-kappaB and JNK in wild-type and SphK2-/- mice, these signaling pathways were reduced in SphK1-/- mice.	Galactosamine	8-12	sphingosine kinase 2	Mus musculus	92-97
33566377-5	2021	Whereas GalN/LPS treatment-induced hepatic activation of NF-kappaB and JNK in wild-type and SphK2-/- mice, these signaling pathways were reduced in SphK1-/- mice.	Galactosamine	8-12	sphingosine kinase 1	Mus musculus	148-153
33496031-5	2021	In vivo experiments in analbuminemic mice showed that these mice exhibit a more pronounced response to a model of TNFalpha-mediated liver injury induced by the administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine (D-gal).	Galactosamine	207-222	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	114-122
33396223-5	2020	RESULTS: LPS/GalN injection generate distinct molecular processes, which includes increased production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), thus causing apoptosis as evident by increased caspase-3 activity.	Galactosamine	13-17	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	135-144
33396223-5	2020	RESULTS: LPS/GalN injection generate distinct molecular processes, which includes increased production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), thus causing apoptosis as evident by increased caspase-3 activity.	Galactosamine	13-17	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	150-163
33396223-5	2020	RESULTS: LPS/GalN injection generate distinct molecular processes, which includes increased production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), thus causing apoptosis as evident by increased caspase-3 activity.	Galactosamine	13-17	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	165-169
33396223-5	2020	RESULTS: LPS/GalN injection generate distinct molecular processes, which includes increased production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), thus causing apoptosis as evident by increased caspase-3 activity.	Galactosamine	13-17	caspase 3	Mus musculus	219-228
32779617-0	2020	Deficiency of interleukin-19 exacerbates lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure.	Galactosamine	60-75	interleukin 19	Mus musculus	14-28
33377532-4	2021	The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of oridonin on d-galactosamine (d-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI and whether the effect is mediated by NLRP3.	Galactosamine	78-93	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	97-101
33041005-1	2020	The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is involved in various acute and chronic liver diseases, however, it is not clear whether NLRP3 contributes to d-Galactosamine (D-GalN) plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver failure (ALF).	Galactosamine	230-245	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	99-104
33041005-1	2020	The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is involved in various acute and chronic liver diseases, however, it is not clear whether NLRP3 contributes to d-Galactosamine (D-GalN) plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver failure (ALF).	Galactosamine	247-253	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	99-104
33041005-2	2020	This study aims to investigate the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in D-GalN/LPS-induced fatal hepatitis.	Galactosamine	65-71	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	43-48
33041005-3	2020	We found that Nlrp3-/- and WT mice showed similar mortality against a lethal dose of D-GalN/LPS treatment.	Galactosamine	85-91	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	14-19
33041005-6	2020	Besides, Nlrp3-/- mice had reduced IL-1beta levels but similar TNF-alpha, IL-6, and MCP-1 levels compared with WT mice upon D-GalN/LPS administration.	Galactosamine	124-130	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	9-14
33068864-7	2020	Additionally, the protective effect of hesperetin against LPS/D-GalN-induced hepatitis in mice is also dependent on SIRT1.	Galactosamine	62-68	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	116-121
33152913-0	2020	Inhibition of Bruton tyrosine kinase by acalabrutinib dampens lipopolysaccharide/galactosamine-induced hepatic damage.	Galactosamine	81-94	Bruton agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase	Mus musculus	14-36
32473572-3	2020	In the present study, we aimed to evaluate whether GTD treatment could alleviate lipopolysaccharide and d-galactosamine (LPS/GalN)-induced FH in mice and its potential mechanisms.	Galactosamine	104-119	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	125-129
32978373-3	2020	Using the LPS + D-GalN-induced ALF mouse model, we found that the survival rate of PTPN14-deficient mice was higher than that of the control group, while the release of inflammatory factors was significantly lower.	Galactosamine	16-22	protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 14	Mus musculus	83-89
32544505-0	2020	Combination of monoammonium glycyrrhizinate and cysteine hydrochloride ameliorated lipopolysaccharide/galactosamine-induced acute liver injury through Nrf2/ARE pathway.	Galactosamine	102-115	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	151-155
32544505-7	2020	Blockade of Nrf2 abolished the anti-inflammatory effect of MG-CHinduced by LPS/GalN, while inhibition of NFkappaB showed no effect on its anti-oxidative effect, though the inhibited phosphorylation of IkappaB and NFkappaB were detected in liver.	Galactosamine	79-83	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	12-16
32544505-9	2020	All of these results suggested that MG-CH ameliorated LPS/GalN induced ALI through Nrf2/ARE pathway.	Galactosamine	58-62	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	83-87
32701014-0	2020	Pterostilbene Protects Against Lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine-Induced Acute Liver Failure by Upregulating the Nrf2 Pathway and Inhibiting NF-kappaB, MAPK, and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation.	Galactosamine	50-65	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	114-118
32701014-0	2020	Pterostilbene Protects Against Lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine-Induced Acute Liver Failure by Upregulating the Nrf2 Pathway and Inhibiting NF-kappaB, MAPK, and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation.	Galactosamine	50-65	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	163-168
32724151-5	2020	As a result, the inhibition of extracellular gp96 by a specific peptide efficiently mitigated both LPS/D-Galn- and ConA-induced liver injury and immune hyperactivation, whereas exogenous gp96 aggravated the symptoms of hepatic injury in mice but not in Kupffer cells-ablated mice.	Galactosamine	103-109	heat shock protein 90, beta (Grp94), member 1	Mus musculus	45-49
32791799-10	2020	Results: Promoted PPARalpha activation had inhibited liver hemorrhage and inflammation in mice with acute liver failure induced by D-GalN/LPS.	Galactosamine	131-137	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	18-27
32413114-5	2020	ts: Mangiferin improved the liver function, inhibited the oxidative stress and ER stress, and down-regulated the expressions of miR-20a and miR-101a in LPS/D-GalN-induced mice and LPS-induced hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	156-162	microRNA 20a	Mus musculus	128-135
32413114-5	2020	ts: Mangiferin improved the liver function, inhibited the oxidative stress and ER stress, and down-regulated the expressions of miR-20a and miR-101a in LPS/D-GalN-induced mice and LPS-induced hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	156-162	microRNA 101a	Mus musculus	140-148
32939034-13	2021	In D-galactosamine/LPS-induced ALF mice, melittin treatment markedly decreased the expression levels of PKM2 and HIF-1alpha in liver.	Galactosamine	3-18	pyruvate kinase, muscle	Mus musculus	104-108
32842550-4	2020	Administration of the hepatotoxin lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine (LPS/GalN) resulted in marked liver injury in WKY, but not SD rats, with increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) plasma levels, significant histopathological changes, increased hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and caspase-3 activity and expression and reduced Glutathione (GSH) activity.	Galactosamine	53-68	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	74-78
32842550-4	2020	Administration of the hepatotoxin lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine (LPS/GalN) resulted in marked liver injury in WKY, but not SD rats, with increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) plasma levels, significant histopathological changes, increased hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and caspase-3 activity and expression and reduced Glutathione (GSH) activity.	Galactosamine	53-68	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	184-210
32842550-4	2020	Administration of the hepatotoxin lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine (LPS/GalN) resulted in marked liver injury in WKY, but not SD rats, with increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) plasma levels, significant histopathological changes, increased hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and caspase-3 activity and expression and reduced Glutathione (GSH) activity.	Galactosamine	53-68	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	212-215
32842550-4	2020	Administration of the hepatotoxin lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine (LPS/GalN) resulted in marked liver injury in WKY, but not SD rats, with increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) plasma levels, significant histopathological changes, increased hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and caspase-3 activity and expression and reduced Glutathione (GSH) activity.	Galactosamine	53-68	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	365-374
32260486-8	2020	In contrast, Pioglitazone-induced PPARgamma activation exacerbated D-galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) hepatitis associated with an increased production of TNFalpha by Kupffer cells and increased sensitivity of hepatocytes towards TNFalpha after in vivo Pioglitazone administration.	Galactosamine	67-82	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	34-43
31758207-0	2020	Protective effect of apigenin on d-galactosamine/LPS-induced hepatocellular injury by increment of Nrf-2 nucleus translocation.	Galactosamine	33-48	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	99-104
31758207-1	2020	Apigenin has a protective effect on D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse liver injury through the increments of hepatic nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) expressions, but its exact mechanisms are still uncertain.	Galactosamine	36-51	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	55-59
31928774-13	2020	Detection limits of 20 microg L-1 were found for galactosamine and 5 microg L-1 for the remainder of the analytes, comparable to the majority of other methods reported in the literature.	Galactosamine	49-62	immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-16	Homo sapiens	30-33
32431618-7	2020	Our results indicated that Que protects L02 cells from d-galactosamine (d-GaLN)-induced cellular damage by reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptotic responses in the mitochondrial pathway.	Galactosamine	55-70	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	74-78
31643135-7	2020	Results have shown that Glt-HPA-DLM was effective for hepatocytes culture and repaired injured hepatocytes from GaIN, CHCl3 , and CCl4 (albumin synthesis was increased by 219, 108, and 12%, respectively, whereas relative lactate dehydrogenase activity was reduced by 38, 68, and 67%, after 5 days of culture, separately).	Galactosamine	112-116	solute carrier family 1 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	24-27
32260486-8	2020	In contrast, Pioglitazone-induced PPARgamma activation exacerbated D-galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) hepatitis associated with an increased production of TNFalpha by Kupffer cells and increased sensitivity of hepatocytes towards TNFalpha after in vivo Pioglitazone administration.	Galactosamine	84-88	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	34-43
31868940-5	2020	Camp deficiency exacerbated LPS-induced myocardial depression, while the administration of CRAMP (the mature form of mouse cathelicidin) decreased the LPS-induced mortality in a D-galactosamine hydrochloride (D-GalN)-sensitized endotoxin shock model.	Galactosamine	178-207	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	151-154
31868940-5	2020	Camp deficiency exacerbated LPS-induced myocardial depression, while the administration of CRAMP (the mature form of mouse cathelicidin) decreased the LPS-induced mortality in a D-galactosamine hydrochloride (D-GalN)-sensitized endotoxin shock model.	Galactosamine	178-207	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	211-215
32157157-3	2020	Our results revealed that lncRNA NEAT1 was upregulated in cell and animal models of FHF induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	Galactosamine	99-114	nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1	Homo sapiens	33-38
31713877-9	2020	In addition, cilostazol was found to attenuate the TNF-stimulated phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-kappaB) p65 in the aortic vascular smooth muscle cell line, MOVAS-1 and the D-gal plus TNF-challenged heart tissue of mouse.	Galactosamine	271-276	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	51-54
32157157-3	2020	Our results revealed that lncRNA NEAT1 was upregulated in cell and animal models of FHF induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	Galactosamine	99-114	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	118-122
31487267-7	2019	Fulvestrant or p53 knockdown decreased miR34a-5p and increased SAB in females leading to increased injury from APAP and TNF/galactosamine.	Galactosamine	124-137	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	15-18
31548168-7	2020	RESULTS: Tunicamycin or d-galactosamine significantly induced ER stress and necroptosis, as well as eIF2alpha phosphorylation, in mice and LO2 cells (p&lt;0.05).	Galactosamine	24-39	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A	Mus musculus	100-109
31548168-11	2020	TNFR1 expression was reduced in d-galactosamine-treated mice (p&lt;0.05) and cells incubated with tunicamycin for 12 and 24h (p&lt;0.05).	Galactosamine	32-47	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1a	Mus musculus	0-5
32069862-3	2020	Recently, suppression of the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat related (NLR) family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, was shown to alleviate the severity of GalN/LPS-induced liver damage in mice.	Galactosamine	188-192	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	59-126
32069862-3	2020	Recently, suppression of the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat related (NLR) family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, was shown to alleviate the severity of GalN/LPS-induced liver damage in mice.	Galactosamine	188-192	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	128-133
31996423-4	2020	We found that oral gavage of B. longum R0175 markedly reduced the severity of liver injury in d-GalN-treated rats, as evidenced by decreased serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and total bile acids (TBAs) (P &lt; 0.05).	Galactosamine	94-100	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	157-183
31996423-4	2020	We found that oral gavage of B. longum R0175 markedly reduced the severity of liver injury in d-GalN-treated rats, as evidenced by decreased serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and total bile acids (TBAs) (P &lt; 0.05).	Galactosamine	94-100	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	185-188
31926175-5	2020	Chronic liver injury was induced by intraperitoneal injection of carbon (CCl4), D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and thioacetamide (TAA), respectively.	Galactosamine	80-95	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	99-103
32148809-3	2020	In a rat model of d-galactosamine(GalN)/LPS-induced liver injury, the survival was significantly higher in animals treated with D-18-007 than in animals treated with LAFGE.	Galactosamine	18-33	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	34-38
31920708-4	2019	Methods: ACLF model was established by challenging D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/ lipopolysaccharide (LPS) i.p.	Galactosamine	51-66	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	70-74
31623714-1	2019	A polyaminosaccharide (chitosan, CS) and an aminosaccharide (d-galactosamine, GalN) were integrated together via hydrothermal assembly to obtain a bis-aminosaccharides composite (CS-GalN), and a novel and facile chiral sensing platform based on CS-GalN modified glassy carbon electrode (CS-GalN/GCE) was fabricated and used for electrochemical recognition of tyrosine (Tyr) enantiomers.	Galactosamine	61-76	aminomethyltransferase	Homo sapiens	287-298
32257902-6	2019	Mean values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in rats administered galactosamine were significantly higher than in controls.	Galactosamine	104-117	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	15-41
31735662-7	2019	RESULTS: The results showed that propofol significantly prevented d-GalN/LPS-induced liver damage by preventing associated increases of serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) and restoring liver histopathological changes.	Galactosamine	66-72	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	142-162
31735662-7	2019	RESULTS: The results showed that propofol significantly prevented d-GalN/LPS-induced liver damage by preventing associated increases of serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) and restoring liver histopathological changes.	Galactosamine	66-72	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	197-200
31814922-4	2019	RESULTS: GalN/LPS produced acute hepatic injury by a sharp increase in serum AST, ALT, and TNF-alpha levels, increases that were ameliorated in the experimental groups.	Galactosamine	9-13	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	77-80
31814922-4	2019	RESULTS: GalN/LPS produced acute hepatic injury by a sharp increase in serum AST, ALT, and TNF-alpha levels, increases that were ameliorated in the experimental groups.	Galactosamine	9-13	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	82-85
31814922-4	2019	RESULTS: GalN/LPS produced acute hepatic injury by a sharp increase in serum AST, ALT, and TNF-alpha levels, increases that were ameliorated in the experimental groups.	Galactosamine	9-13	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	91-100
31814922-7	2019	Phase II enzymes levels and NF-E2 p45-related factor (Nrf)-2 activation that were decreased by GalN/LPS were increased by luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside administration.	Galactosamine	95-99	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	28-60
31533951-5	2019	In d-galactosamine-pretreated mice challenged by 700-times lower dose of LPS, rapid death through massive apoptosis and hemorrhagic necrosis of the liver was also averted by the importin alpha5-selective peptide.	Galactosamine	3-18	karyopherin (importin) alpha 1	Mus musculus	178-193
31295512-4	2019	Compounds 1, 6-10, 12-13, 16-17 and 21-25 (10 muM) showed some hepatoprotective activity against D-galactosamine-induced HL-7702 cell damage.	Galactosamine	97-112	latexin	Homo sapiens	46-49
31520915-3	2019	Here, this study aimed to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of HCM on Lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN)-induced acute liver injury.	Galactosamine	105-120	heterochromatin, multiple chromosomes	Mus musculus	79-82
31520915-3	2019	Here, this study aimed to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of HCM on Lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN)-induced acute liver injury.	Galactosamine	105-120	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	128-132
31616509-4	2019	The aim of this study was to explore the protective effects of crocetin against lipopolysac  charide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced FHF and the underlying mechanisms in a rat model.	Galactosamine	107-122	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	126-130
31474165-0	2019	Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor dimethyl malonate alleviates LPS/d-galactosamine-induced acute hepatic damage in mice.	Galactosamine	67-82	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	63-66
31637892-7	2019	RESULTS: SEB induced liver injury in D-galactosamine (D-gal)-sensitized mice, as demonstrated by increased serum levels of AST and ALT, elevated release of interferon-gamma (INF-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-2, and promoted infiltrating immune cells into liver.	Galactosamine	37-52	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	123-126
31637892-7	2019	RESULTS: SEB induced liver injury in D-galactosamine (D-gal)-sensitized mice, as demonstrated by increased serum levels of AST and ALT, elevated release of interferon-gamma (INF-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-2, and promoted infiltrating immune cells into liver.	Galactosamine	37-52	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	131-134
31637892-7	2019	RESULTS: SEB induced liver injury in D-galactosamine (D-gal)-sensitized mice, as demonstrated by increased serum levels of AST and ALT, elevated release of interferon-gamma (INF-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-2, and promoted infiltrating immune cells into liver.	Galactosamine	37-52	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	156-172
31637892-7	2019	RESULTS: SEB induced liver injury in D-galactosamine (D-gal)-sensitized mice, as demonstrated by increased serum levels of AST and ALT, elevated release of interferon-gamma (INF-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-2, and promoted infiltrating immune cells into liver.	Galactosamine	37-52	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	186-213
31754401-5	2019	A highly selective catalytic p300/CBP inhibitor A-485 was identified as a potent hit in vitro and administrated to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (GalN)-induced mice in vivo.	Galactosamine	144-159	E1A binding protein p300	Mus musculus	29-33
31754401-5	2019	A highly selective catalytic p300/CBP inhibitor A-485 was identified as a potent hit in vitro and administrated to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (GalN)-induced mice in vivo.	Galactosamine	144-159	CREB binding protein	Mus musculus	34-37
31754401-5	2019	A highly selective catalytic p300/CBP inhibitor A-485 was identified as a potent hit in vitro and administrated to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (GalN)-induced mice in vivo.	Galactosamine	161-165	E1A binding protein p300	Mus musculus	29-33
31754401-5	2019	A highly selective catalytic p300/CBP inhibitor A-485 was identified as a potent hit in vitro and administrated to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (GalN)-induced mice in vivo.	Galactosamine	161-165	CREB binding protein	Mus musculus	34-37
30989463-8	2019	Additionally, LPZ increased survival by 50% and decreased iNOS, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 mRNA expression in the livers of GalN/LPS-treated rats.	Galactosamine	176-180	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1	Rattus norvegicus	97-142
32257902-6	2019	Mean values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in rats administered galactosamine were significantly higher than in controls.	Galactosamine	104-117	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	43-46
32257902-8	2019	Serum concentrations of alpha2M in the galactosamine group were significantly lower than in controls.	Galactosamine	39-52	alpha-2-macroglobulin	Rattus norvegicus	24-31
31032922-1	2019	OBJECTIVES: Aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (MDHB) on d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (d-galN/LPS)-induced acute liver failure (ALF).	Galactosamine	100-115	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	138-142
30981078-0	2019	Saikosaponin a ameliorates lipopolysaccharide and d-galactosamine-induced liver injury via activating LXRalpha.	Galactosamine	50-65	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 3	Mus musculus	102-110
31022331-2	2019	d-Galactosamine (d-GalN)-induced liver toxicity causes damage to brain.	Galactosamine	0-15	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-23
31074668-0	2019	Pretreatment with Salvia miltiorrhiza Polysaccharides Protects from Lipopolysaccharides/d-Galactosamine-Induced Liver Injury in Mice Through Inhibiting TLR4/MyD88 Signaling Pathway.	Galactosamine	88-103	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	152-156
31074668-0	2019	Pretreatment with Salvia miltiorrhiza Polysaccharides Protects from Lipopolysaccharides/d-Galactosamine-Induced Liver Injury in Mice Through Inhibiting TLR4/MyD88 Signaling Pathway.	Galactosamine	88-103	myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88	Mus musculus	157-162
30550845-0	2019	Geraniol protects against lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure by activating PPARgamma.	Galactosamine	49-64	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	113-122
31473044-0	2019	Engeletin inhibits Lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced liver injury in mice through activating PPAR-gamma.	Galactosamine	38-53	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	102-112
31281594-4	2019	A combination of D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS) downregulated SIRT1 expression, while SIRT1 activators, SRT1720, resveratrol, and quercetin, upregulated SIRT1 and alleviated D-GalN/LPS-induced acute hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	17-32	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	59-63
31281594-4	2019	A combination of D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS) downregulated SIRT1 expression, while SIRT1 activators, SRT1720, resveratrol, and quercetin, upregulated SIRT1 and alleviated D-GalN/LPS-induced acute hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	17-32	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	83-88
31281594-4	2019	A combination of D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS) downregulated SIRT1 expression, while SIRT1 activators, SRT1720, resveratrol, and quercetin, upregulated SIRT1 and alleviated D-GalN/LPS-induced acute hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	17-32	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	197-201
31012578-2	2019	on acute liver injury (ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d-galactosamine (d-GalN) in mice.	Galactosamine	64-79	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	83-87
30772394-3	2019	The present study aimed to investigate the effect of obeticholic acid (OCA), a novel synthetic FXR agonist, on D-galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-evoked acute liver injury.	Galactosamine	111-126	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4	Mus musculus	95-98
30772394-3	2019	The present study aimed to investigate the effect of obeticholic acid (OCA), a novel synthetic FXR agonist, on D-galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-evoked acute liver injury.	Galactosamine	128-132	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4	Mus musculus	95-98
30772394-11	2019	These results suggest that FXR agonist OCA differentially regulates hepatic injury and inflammation at different stages of GalN/LPS-evoked acute liver failure.	Galactosamine	123-127	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4	Mus musculus	27-30
31048987-2	2019	In this study its beneficial dietary effect against liver injuries caused by d-galactosamine (d-GalN) was studied ensuring safety to human health using animal model.	Galactosamine	77-92	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	96-100
30952839-8	2019	Our study firstly suggests that Lico A has protective potential against LPS/GalN-induced hepatotoxicity, which may be strongly associated with activation of Nrf2 and autophagy.	Galactosamine	76-80	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	157-161
31602841-1	2019	To study the effects of saikosaponin b2( SS-b2) on inflammatory factors and energy metabolism against lipopolysaccharide/galactosamine( LPS/Gal N) induced acute liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	121-134	nucleic acid binding protein 1	Mus musculus	41-46
31077206-0	2019	Apolipoprotein A5 alleviates LPS/D-GalN-induced fulminant liver failure in mice by inhibiting TLR4-mediated NF-kappaB pathway.	Galactosamine	35-39	apolipoprotein A-V	Mus musculus	0-17
31077206-0	2019	Apolipoprotein A5 alleviates LPS/D-GalN-induced fulminant liver failure in mice by inhibiting TLR4-mediated NF-kappaB pathway.	Galactosamine	35-39	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	29-32
31077206-0	2019	Apolipoprotein A5 alleviates LPS/D-GalN-induced fulminant liver failure in mice by inhibiting TLR4-mediated NF-kappaB pathway.	Galactosamine	35-39	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	94-98
31077206-4	2019	This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of ApoA5 on lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN)-induced fulminant liver failure in mice.	Galactosamine	86-101	apolipoprotein A-V	Mus musculus	58-63
31077206-4	2019	This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of ApoA5 on lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN)-induced fulminant liver failure in mice.	Galactosamine	86-101	interferon regulatory factor 6	Homo sapiens	103-106
31077206-4	2019	This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of ApoA5 on lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN)-induced fulminant liver failure in mice.	Galactosamine	107-113	apolipoprotein A-V	Mus musculus	58-63
31077206-18	2019	CONCLUSION: ApoA5 had a protective effect against LPS/D-GalN-induced fulminant liver failure in mice within a certain range by inhibiting TLR4-mediated NF-kappaB pathway.	Galactosamine	56-60	apolipoprotein A-V	Mus musculus	12-17
31077206-18	2019	CONCLUSION: ApoA5 had a protective effect against LPS/D-GalN-induced fulminant liver failure in mice within a certain range by inhibiting TLR4-mediated NF-kappaB pathway.	Galactosamine	56-60	interferon regulatory factor 6	Homo sapiens	50-53
31077206-18	2019	CONCLUSION: ApoA5 had a protective effect against LPS/D-GalN-induced fulminant liver failure in mice within a certain range by inhibiting TLR4-mediated NF-kappaB pathway.	Galactosamine	56-60	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	138-142
30552777-4	2019	Combined use of lipopolysaccharide and d-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN) can induce acute liver failure in human beings, and there are no reports on the protective effect of CSS against LPS/D-GalN-induced acute liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	39-54	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	62-66
30952839-0	2019	Nrf2 signaling and autophagy are complementary in protecting lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury by licochalcone A.	Galactosamine	80-95	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	0-4
30911280-2	2019	Nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-like receptors (NLRs) Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3(NLRP3) inflammasome contributed to the pathogenesis of D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver failure.	Galactosamine	152-167	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	97-102
30629471-0	2019	AKT activator SC79 protects hepatocytes from TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis and alleviates d-Gal/LPS-induced liver injury.	Galactosamine	89-94	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	0-3
30629471-4	2019	We report here that the Akt activator SC79 protects hepatocytes from TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis and protects mice from d-galactosamine (d-Gal)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-alpha-mediated liver injury and damage.	Galactosamine	120-135	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	24-27
30629471-4	2019	We report here that the Akt activator SC79 protects hepatocytes from TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis and protects mice from d-galactosamine (d-Gal)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-alpha-mediated liver injury and damage.	Galactosamine	137-142	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	24-27
30597306-0	2019	Amygdalin attenuates acute liver injury induced by D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide by regulating the NLRP3, NF-kappaB and Nrf2/NQO1 signalling pathways.	Galactosamine	51-66	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	115-124
30597306-0	2019	Amygdalin attenuates acute liver injury induced by D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide by regulating the NLRP3, NF-kappaB and Nrf2/NQO1 signalling pathways.	Galactosamine	51-66	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	129-133
30597306-0	2019	Amygdalin attenuates acute liver injury induced by D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide by regulating the NLRP3, NF-kappaB and Nrf2/NQO1 signalling pathways.	Galactosamine	51-66	NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1	Mus musculus	134-138
30597306-5	2019	Moreover, AGD significantly inhibited LPS/GalN-induced inflammatory responses in mice with ALI by reducing not only the secretion of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6 but also the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).	Galactosamine	42-46	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	133-167
30597306-5	2019	Moreover, AGD significantly inhibited LPS/GalN-induced inflammatory responses in mice with ALI by reducing not only the secretion of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6 but also the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).	Galactosamine	42-46	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	169-191
30597306-5	2019	Moreover, AGD significantly inhibited LPS/GalN-induced inflammatory responses in mice with ALI by reducing not only the secretion of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6 but also the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).	Galactosamine	42-46	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	197-201
30597306-5	2019	Moreover, AGD significantly inhibited LPS/GalN-induced inflammatory responses in mice with ALI by reducing not only the secretion of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6 but also the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).	Galactosamine	42-46	nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible	Mus musculus	237-268
30597306-5	2019	Moreover, AGD significantly inhibited LPS/GalN-induced inflammatory responses in mice with ALI by reducing not only the secretion of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6 but also the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).	Galactosamine	42-46	nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible	Mus musculus	270-274
30597306-5	2019	Moreover, AGD significantly inhibited LPS/GalN-induced inflammatory responses in mice with ALI by reducing not only the secretion of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6 but also the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).	Galactosamine	42-46	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Mus musculus	280-296
30597306-5	2019	Moreover, AGD significantly inhibited LPS/GalN-induced inflammatory responses in mice with ALI by reducing not only the secretion of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6 but also the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).	Galactosamine	42-46	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Mus musculus	298-303
30597306-8	2019	In summary, our investigations suggested that the ability of AGD to ameliorate LPS/GalN-induced ALI may involve the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-kappaB signalling pathways and the upregulation of the Nrf2/NQO1 signalling pathway.	Galactosamine	83-87	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	134-139
30597306-8	2019	In summary, our investigations suggested that the ability of AGD to ameliorate LPS/GalN-induced ALI may involve the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-kappaB signalling pathways and the upregulation of the Nrf2/NQO1 signalling pathway.	Galactosamine	83-87	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	157-166
30597306-8	2019	In summary, our investigations suggested that the ability of AGD to ameliorate LPS/GalN-induced ALI may involve the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-kappaB signalling pathways and the upregulation of the Nrf2/NQO1 signalling pathway.	Galactosamine	83-87	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	215-219
30597306-8	2019	In summary, our investigations suggested that the ability of AGD to ameliorate LPS/GalN-induced ALI may involve the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-kappaB signalling pathways and the upregulation of the Nrf2/NQO1 signalling pathway.	Galactosamine	83-87	NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1	Mus musculus	220-224
30641432-3	2019	After lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d-galactosamine (d-GalN) administration, five flavonoids inhibited oxidative activities with reducing nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and improving catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1).	Galactosamine	31-46	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	50-54
30641432-3	2019	After lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d-galactosamine (d-GalN) administration, five flavonoids inhibited oxidative activities with reducing nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and improving catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1).	Galactosamine	31-46	catalase	Mus musculus	200-208
30641432-3	2019	After lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d-galactosamine (d-GalN) administration, five flavonoids inhibited oxidative activities with reducing nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and improving catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1).	Galactosamine	31-46	catalase	Mus musculus	210-213
30641432-3	2019	After lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d-galactosamine (d-GalN) administration, five flavonoids inhibited oxidative activities with reducing nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and improving catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1).	Galactosamine	31-46	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	280-331
30641432-3	2019	After lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d-galactosamine (d-GalN) administration, five flavonoids inhibited oxidative activities with reducing nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and improving catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1).	Galactosamine	31-46	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	333-337
30641432-3	2019	After lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d-galactosamine (d-GalN) administration, five flavonoids inhibited oxidative activities with reducing nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and improving catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1).	Galactosamine	31-46	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	343-359
30550845-2	2019	The aim of this study was to assess the protective effects and mechanisms of GOH on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced fulminant hepatic failure (FHF).	Galactosamine	109-124	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	128-132
30583234-0	2019	Short-term use of MyD88 inhibitor TJ-M2010-5 prevents d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	54-69	myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88	Mus musculus	18-23
30809090-2	2019	The aim of this study was to investigate the amelioration efficacy of JDHY in lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN)-induced ALF in rat and explore the possible molecular mechanism underlying the therapeutic efficacy.	Galactosamine	97-112	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	120-124
30597292-0	2019	Rosmarinic acid protects mice from lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury by inhibiting MAPKs/NF-kappaB and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.	Galactosamine	54-69	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	117-126
30597292-0	2019	Rosmarinic acid protects mice from lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury by inhibiting MAPKs/NF-kappaB and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.	Galactosamine	54-69	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	142-146
30455347-11	2019	Additionally, RORgamma inverse agonists reduced mortality in an LPS/d-galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatitis mouse model.	Galactosamine	68-83	RAR-related orphan receptor gamma	Mus musculus	14-22
30597292-0	2019	Rosmarinic acid protects mice from lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury by inhibiting MAPKs/NF-kappaB and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.	Galactosamine	54-69	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	147-151
30597292-2	2019	In our study, we aim to evaluate effects of RA on acute liver injury caused by LPS and d-galactosamine (d-GalN) and its underlying molecular mechanism in mice.	Galactosamine	87-102	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	106-110
30236599-0	2018	Protective effects of Coreopsis tinctoria flowers phenolic extract against D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide -induced acute liver injury by up-regulation of Nrf2, PPARalpha, and PPARgamma.	Galactosamine	75-90	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	158-162
31402229-2	2019	Its inhibitor genistein attenuated D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced liver damage.	Galactosamine	35-50	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	54-58
30689373-5	2019	Moreover, compounds 3 and 4 suppressed increases in the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in d-galactosamine-treated LO2 cells, further confirming the hepatoprotective effects of these compounds.	Galactosamine	129-144	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	97-119
30689373-5	2019	Moreover, compounds 3 and 4 suppressed increases in the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in d-galactosamine-treated LO2 cells, further confirming the hepatoprotective effects of these compounds.	Galactosamine	129-144	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	121-124
30825154-0	2019	The LPS/D-Galactosamine-Induced Fulminant Hepatitis Model to Assess the Role of Ligand-Activated Nuclear Receptors on the NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway In Vivo.	Galactosamine	10-23	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	122-127
30825154-7	2019	Low doses of LPS in combination with the specific hepatotoxic agent D-galactosamine (D-GalN) promote liver injury in mice and induce the production of inflammatory cytokines associated with increased NLRP3 protein and caspase 1 activity, thus recapitulating the clinical picture of FH in humans.	Galactosamine	68-83	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	87-91
30825154-7	2019	Low doses of LPS in combination with the specific hepatotoxic agent D-galactosamine (D-GalN) promote liver injury in mice and induce the production of inflammatory cytokines associated with increased NLRP3 protein and caspase 1 activity, thus recapitulating the clinical picture of FH in humans.	Galactosamine	68-83	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	200-205
30825154-7	2019	Low doses of LPS in combination with the specific hepatotoxic agent D-galactosamine (D-GalN) promote liver injury in mice and induce the production of inflammatory cytokines associated with increased NLRP3 protein and caspase 1 activity, thus recapitulating the clinical picture of FH in humans.	Galactosamine	68-83	caspase 1	Mus musculus	218-227
30603704-3	2018	Galactosamine (Gal) is among the few selective ligands used for targeting HCCs due to its high binding affinity to asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs) overexpressed in HCC.	Galactosamine	0-13	holocytochrome c synthase	Homo sapiens	74-78
30603704-3	2018	Galactosamine (Gal) is among the few selective ligands used for targeting HCCs due to its high binding affinity to asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs) overexpressed in HCC.	Galactosamine	0-3	holocytochrome c synthase	Homo sapiens	74-78
30236599-0	2018	Protective effects of Coreopsis tinctoria flowers phenolic extract against D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide -induced acute liver injury by up-regulation of Nrf2, PPARalpha, and PPARgamma.	Galactosamine	75-90	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	164-173
30236599-0	2018	Protective effects of Coreopsis tinctoria flowers phenolic extract against D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide -induced acute liver injury by up-regulation of Nrf2, PPARalpha, and PPARgamma.	Galactosamine	75-90	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	179-188
30031824-0	2018	Daphnetin alleviates lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure via the inhibition of NLRP3, MAPK and NF-kappaB, and the induction of autophagy.	Galactosamine	40-55	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	106-111
30031824-0	2018	Daphnetin alleviates lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure via the inhibition of NLRP3, MAPK and NF-kappaB, and the induction of autophagy.	Galactosamine	40-55	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	122-131
30031824-3	2018	The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of Daph against lipopolysaccharide and d-galactosamine (LPS/GalN)-induced ALF in mice.	Galactosamine	131-146	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	152-156
30119266-0	2018	Betulin inhibits lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury in mice through activating PPAR-gamma.	Galactosamine	36-51	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	106-116
30134043-0	2018	Deletion of caveolin-1 attenuates LPS/GalN-induced acute liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	38-42	caveolin 1, caveolae protein	Mus musculus	12-22
30134043-3	2018	Hepatic Cav-1 expression was induced post-LPS/GalN treatment in wild-type mice.	Galactosamine	46-50	caveolin 1, caveolae protein	Mus musculus	8-13
30134043-4	2018	LPS/GalN-treated Cav-1-/- mice showed reduced lethality and markedly attenuated liver damage, neutrophil infiltration and hepatocyte apoptosis as compared to wild-type mice.	Galactosamine	4-8	caveolin 1, caveolae protein	Mus musculus	17-22
30134043-5	2018	Cav-1 deletion significantly reduced LPS/GalN-induced caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression.	Galactosamine	41-45	caveolin 1, caveolae protein	Mus musculus	0-5
30134043-5	2018	Cav-1 deletion significantly reduced LPS/GalN-induced caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression.	Galactosamine	41-45	caspase 3	Mus musculus	54-63
30134043-5	2018	Cav-1 deletion significantly reduced LPS/GalN-induced caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression.	Galactosamine	41-45	caspase 8	Mus musculus	65-74
30134043-5	2018	Cav-1 deletion significantly reduced LPS/GalN-induced caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression.	Galactosamine	41-45	caspase 9	Mus musculus	79-88
30134043-7	2018	Cav-1 deletion impeded LPS/GalN-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production and hindered nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation.	Galactosamine	27-31	caveolin 1, caveolae protein	Mus musculus	0-5
30134043-7	2018	Cav-1 deletion impeded LPS/GalN-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production and hindered nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation.	Galactosamine	27-31	nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible	Mus musculus	40-71
30236599-6	2018	In conclusion, results suggested that CTP protected against D-GalN/LPS -induced acute liver injury by up-regulation of Nrf2, PPARalpha, and PPARgamma.	Galactosamine	60-66	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	119-123
30236599-6	2018	In conclusion, results suggested that CTP protected against D-GalN/LPS -induced acute liver injury by up-regulation of Nrf2, PPARalpha, and PPARgamma.	Galactosamine	60-66	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	140-149
29603325-7	2018	Pdk4-/- livers were sensitized to Jo2 and D-(+)-Galactosamine /Lipopolysaccharide (GalN/LPS)-mediated apoptotic injury which was prevented by the inhibition of p65 or TNFR1.	Galactosamine	42-61	pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4	Homo sapiens	0-4
30333475-6	2018	In addition, the inhibition of TFEB with siRNA against TFEB abrogated the increase of mtDNA with CO, markers of mitochondrial biogenesis such as PGC1alpha, NRF1, and TFAM, and the mitochondrial proteins COX II, COX IV, and cytochrome c. To investigate the effects of CO on mitochondrial homeostasis in vivo, mice were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN).	Galactosamine	356-371	transcription factor EB	Mus musculus	31-35
30333475-6	2018	In addition, the inhibition of TFEB with siRNA against TFEB abrogated the increase of mtDNA with CO, markers of mitochondrial biogenesis such as PGC1alpha, NRF1, and TFAM, and the mitochondrial proteins COX II, COX IV, and cytochrome c. To investigate the effects of CO on mitochondrial homeostasis in vivo, mice were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN).	Galactosamine	356-371	transcription factor EB	Mus musculus	55-59
30337815-7	2018	Twenty-four h after the last administration, rats were challenged with D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	Galactosamine	71-86	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	90-94
30253710-1	2018	d-galactosamine (d-GalN) is a well-known hepatotoxic agent that causes liver injury.	Galactosamine	0-15	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-23
30197023-0	2018	AMSC-derived exosomes alleviate lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure by miR-17-mediated reduction of TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages.	Galactosamine	51-66	microRNA 17	Mus musculus	98-104
30197023-0	2018	AMSC-derived exosomes alleviate lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure by miR-17-mediated reduction of TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages.	Galactosamine	51-66	thioredoxin interacting protein	Mus musculus	127-132
30197023-0	2018	AMSC-derived exosomes alleviate lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure by miR-17-mediated reduction of TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages.	Galactosamine	51-66	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	133-138
29603325-7	2018	Pdk4-/- livers were sensitized to Jo2 and D-(+)-Galactosamine /Lipopolysaccharide (GalN/LPS)-mediated apoptotic injury which was prevented by the inhibition of p65 or TNFR1.	Galactosamine	42-61	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	83-87
29603325-7	2018	Pdk4-/- livers were sensitized to Jo2 and D-(+)-Galactosamine /Lipopolysaccharide (GalN/LPS)-mediated apoptotic injury which was prevented by the inhibition of p65 or TNFR1.	Galactosamine	42-61	RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit	Homo sapiens	160-163
29603325-7	2018	Pdk4-/- livers were sensitized to Jo2 and D-(+)-Galactosamine /Lipopolysaccharide (GalN/LPS)-mediated apoptotic injury which was prevented by the inhibition of p65 or TNFR1.	Galactosamine	42-61	TNF receptor superfamily member 1A	Homo sapiens	167-172
29956733-0	2018	GDF-15 prevents LPS and D-galactosamine-induced inflammation and acute liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	24-39	growth differentiation factor 15	Mus musculus	0-6
29956733-3	2018	Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine (D-GalN) were administered to mice to induce acute liver injury.	Galactosamine	29-44	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	48-52
29852455-0	2018	Dendritic cells with increased expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1(SOCS1) gene ameliorate lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure.	Galactosamine	122-137	suppressor of cytokine signaling 1	Mus musculus	45-79
29852455-0	2018	Dendritic cells with increased expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1(SOCS1) gene ameliorate lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure.	Galactosamine	122-137	suppressor of cytokine signaling 1	Mus musculus	80-85
29852455-8	2018	We concluded that DCs transduced with SOCS1 gene exhibit as DCregs through negative regulation of JAK2/STAT1 pathway and ameliorated lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine induced acute liver failure via inhibition of TLR4 pathway.	Galactosamine	152-167	suppressor of cytokine signaling 1	Mus musculus	38-43
30197594-4	2018	Acute hepatic injury was induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN, 400 mg/kg) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mug/kg) administration in mice.	Galactosamine	36-51	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	55-59
29902710-2	2018	This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), a biologically active component in Panax ginseng, on lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN)-induced ALI in mice, and meanwhile explore the molecular mechanism in vivo and in vitro.	Galactosamine	153-168	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	70-73
30134917-4	2018	METHODS: ALF mouse models were generated by treatment with D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or D-GalN and TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	59-74	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	78-82
29902710-0	2018	Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 against lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury in mice through inhibiting toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.	Galactosamine	65-80	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	34-37
29845243-0	2018	Reduction in activating transcription factor 4 promotes carbon tetrachloride and lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-mediated liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	100-115	activating transcription factor 4	Mus musculus	13-46
29845243-7	2018	ATF4 protein was also decreased in acute liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus D-galactosamine (D-GalN).	Galactosamine	95-110	activating transcription factor 4	Mus musculus	0-4
29845243-7	2018	ATF4 protein was also decreased in acute liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus D-galactosamine (D-GalN).	Galactosamine	95-110	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	114-118
31815032-15	2018	Notably, hepatic PDK4 mRNA level was remarkably reduced during acute liver failure induced by GalN/LPS or Jo2 antibody.	Galactosamine	94-98	pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isoenzyme 4	Mus musculus	17-21
29991758-3	2018	Herein, we demonstrated that Eva1a (eva-1 homolog A)/Tmem166 (transmembrane protein 166), an autophagy-related gene, can protect mice from ALF induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via autophagy.	Galactosamine	154-169	eva-1 homolog A (C. elegans)	Mus musculus	29-34
29991758-3	2018	Herein, we demonstrated that Eva1a (eva-1 homolog A)/Tmem166 (transmembrane protein 166), an autophagy-related gene, can protect mice from ALF induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via autophagy.	Galactosamine	154-169	eva-1 homolog A (C. elegans)	Mus musculus	53-60
29991758-3	2018	Herein, we demonstrated that Eva1a (eva-1 homolog A)/Tmem166 (transmembrane protein 166), an autophagy-related gene, can protect mice from ALF induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via autophagy.	Galactosamine	154-169	eva-1 homolog A (C. elegans)	Mus musculus	62-87
29991758-3	2018	Herein, we demonstrated that Eva1a (eva-1 homolog A)/Tmem166 (transmembrane protein 166), an autophagy-related gene, can protect mice from ALF induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via autophagy.	Galactosamine	171-177	eva-1 homolog A (C. elegans)	Mus musculus	29-34
29991758-3	2018	Herein, we demonstrated that Eva1a (eva-1 homolog A)/Tmem166 (transmembrane protein 166), an autophagy-related gene, can protect mice from ALF induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via autophagy.	Galactosamine	171-177	eva-1 homolog A (C. elegans)	Mus musculus	53-60
29991758-3	2018	Herein, we demonstrated that Eva1a (eva-1 homolog A)/Tmem166 (transmembrane protein 166), an autophagy-related gene, can protect mice from ALF induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via autophagy.	Galactosamine	171-177	eva-1 homolog A (C. elegans)	Mus musculus	62-87
29715757-0	2018	Madecassoside prevents acute liver failure in LPS/D-GalN-induced mice by inhibiting p38/NF-kappaB and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.	Galactosamine	50-56	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	84-87
29715757-0	2018	Madecassoside prevents acute liver failure in LPS/D-GalN-induced mice by inhibiting p38/NF-kappaB and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.	Galactosamine	50-56	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	88-97
29715757-0	2018	Madecassoside prevents acute liver failure in LPS/D-GalN-induced mice by inhibiting p38/NF-kappaB and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.	Galactosamine	50-56	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	113-117
29715757-0	2018	Madecassoside prevents acute liver failure in LPS/D-GalN-induced mice by inhibiting p38/NF-kappaB and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.	Galactosamine	50-56	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	118-122
29902710-2	2018	This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), a biologically active component in Panax ginseng, on lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN)-induced ALI in mice, and meanwhile explore the molecular mechanism in vivo and in vitro.	Galactosamine	153-168	protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A	Mus musculus	75-78
30018675-2	2018	Methods: C57 and mdx (dystrophic) mice were treated with a hepatotoxic reagent D-galactosamine (D-GalN).	Galactosamine	79-94	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	98-102
29897151-4	2018	New compounds based on the privileged adenosine triphosphate (ATP) site binder quinoline scaffold conjugated to glucose and galactosamine derivatives, which have significantly low cytotoxicity, but strong mTORC1 inhibitory activity at low micromolar concentrations, have been synthesized.	Galactosamine	124-137	CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1	Mus musculus	205-211
29486613-0	2018	Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate attenuates D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharides induced acute liver injury of rat via regulation of the p38-MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling pathways.	Galactosamine	40-55	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	132-135
29486613-0	2018	Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate attenuates D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharides induced acute liver injury of rat via regulation of the p38-MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling pathways.	Galactosamine	40-55	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	136-140
29604422-0	2018	Isovitexin alleviates liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine by activating Nrf2 and inhibiting NF-kappaB activation.	Galactosamine	65-80	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	95-99
28224477-2	2018	Previously, we demonstrated hepatoprotective effects of genistein in D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced fulminant hepatic failure (FHF).	Galactosamine	69-84	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	88-92
29622518-5	2018	Further, the hepatoprotective effects of Sit and its derivatives were investigated against acute liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS/GalN) in mice and its mechanism was illustrated by western blot analysis and real-time PCR.	Galactosamine	140-155	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	161-165
29366909-4	2018	RESULTS: ALF induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was significantly attenuated in Il1r1Hep-/- mice leading to reduced mortality.	Galactosamine	24-39	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	43-47
29619419-3	2018	To address this question, high-fat diet-fed mice were repeatedly administered D-galactosamine, which increases the sensitivity of hepatocytes to TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis.	Galactosamine	78-93	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	145-154
29619419-4	2018	In mice treated with a high-fat diet plus D-galactosamine, hepatocyte apoptosis and liver fibrosis were induced, whereas both apoptosis and fibrosis were inhibited in these mice following gut sterilization with antimicrobials or knockout of TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	42-57	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	241-250
29253766-0	2018	Protective effect of Coptisine from Rhizoma Coptidis on LPS/D-GalN-induced acute liver failure in mice through up-regulating expression of miR-122.	Galactosamine	62-66	microRNA 122	Mus musculus	139-146
29253766-9	2018	COP attenuated LPS/D-GalN-induced ALF by up-regulating the level of miR-122, synergistically promoting apoptosis, and suggesting COP which showed a potential protective effect on ALF.	Galactosamine	19-25	afamin	Homo sapiens	34-37
29253766-9	2018	COP attenuated LPS/D-GalN-induced ALF by up-regulating the level of miR-122, synergistically promoting apoptosis, and suggesting COP which showed a potential protective effect on ALF.	Galactosamine	19-25	microRNA 122	Homo sapiens	68-75
29253766-9	2018	COP attenuated LPS/D-GalN-induced ALF by up-regulating the level of miR-122, synergistically promoting apoptosis, and suggesting COP which showed a potential protective effect on ALF.	Galactosamine	19-25	afamin	Homo sapiens	179-182
29191769-4	2018	Second, in vivo, BBR pre-treatment attenuated D-Galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver failure, as evidenced by the reduction of mortality, the alleviation of liver pathological changes and the inhibition of alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/aspartate aminotransferase (AST).	Galactosamine	46-61	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	65-69
29317674-0	2018	Spred2 Deficiency Exacerbates D-Galactosamine/Lipopolysaccharide -induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice via Increased Production of TNFalpha.	Galactosamine	30-45	sprouty-related EVH1 domain containing 2	Mus musculus	0-6
29435413-4	2018	Moreover, we show that the level of MuRF2 expression is significantly decreased in hepatic mononuclear cells of mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d-galactosamine-induced hepatitis and negatively correlated with the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in these mice.	Galactosamine	147-162	tripartite motif-containing 55	Mus musculus	36-41
28125915-6	2018	Furthermore, GalN/LPS increased nuclear factor kappa-B activation and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta.	Galactosamine	13-17	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	84-111
28125915-6	2018	Furthermore, GalN/LPS increased nuclear factor kappa-B activation and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta.	Galactosamine	13-17	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	116-133
28796447-5	2017	PFAA-derivatized mannosamine and galactosamine were successfully transformed into cell-surface glycans and efficiently labeled with phosphine-derivatized fluorophore-conjugated bovine serum albumin.	Galactosamine	33-46	albumin	Homo sapiens	184-197
28752362-6	2017	Hepatic RIP1, RIP3 protein expression, their phosphorylation, and RIP1/RIP3 complex formation upregulated in the GalN/LPS group were attenuated by Nec-1.	Galactosamine	113-117	receptor (TNFRSF)-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1	Mus musculus	8-12
28752362-6	2017	Hepatic RIP1, RIP3 protein expression, their phosphorylation, and RIP1/RIP3 complex formation upregulated in the GalN/LPS group were attenuated by Nec-1.	Galactosamine	113-117	receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3	Mus musculus	14-18
28752362-6	2017	Hepatic RIP1, RIP3 protein expression, their phosphorylation, and RIP1/RIP3 complex formation upregulated in the GalN/LPS group were attenuated by Nec-1.	Galactosamine	113-117	receptor (TNFRSF)-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1	Mus musculus	66-70
28752362-6	2017	Hepatic RIP1, RIP3 protein expression, their phosphorylation, and RIP1/RIP3 complex formation upregulated in the GalN/LPS group were attenuated by Nec-1.	Galactosamine	113-117	receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3	Mus musculus	71-75
28752362-6	2017	Hepatic RIP1, RIP3 protein expression, their phosphorylation, and RIP1/RIP3 complex formation upregulated in the GalN/LPS group were attenuated by Nec-1.	Galactosamine	113-117	proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1	Mus musculus	147-152
28752362-7	2017	Nec-1 markedly reduced the increases in mortality and serum alanine aminotransferase activity induced by GalN/LPS.	Galactosamine	105-109	proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1	Mus musculus	0-5
28709622-8	2017	Genipin reduced GalN/LPS-induced increases in RIP3, phosphorylated RIP1 and RIP3 protein expression, and RIP1/RIP3 necrosome complex, similar to the effects of Nec-1.	Galactosamine	16-20	receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3	Mus musculus	46-50
28709622-8	2017	Genipin reduced GalN/LPS-induced increases in RIP3, phosphorylated RIP1 and RIP3 protein expression, and RIP1/RIP3 necrosome complex, similar to the effects of Nec-1.	Galactosamine	16-20	receptor (TNFRSF)-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1	Mus musculus	67-71
28709622-8	2017	Genipin reduced GalN/LPS-induced increases in RIP3, phosphorylated RIP1 and RIP3 protein expression, and RIP1/RIP3 necrosome complex, similar to the effects of Nec-1.	Galactosamine	16-20	receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3	Mus musculus	76-80
28709622-8	2017	Genipin reduced GalN/LPS-induced increases in RIP3, phosphorylated RIP1 and RIP3 protein expression, and RIP1/RIP3 necrosome complex, similar to the effects of Nec-1.	Galactosamine	16-20	receptor (TNFRSF)-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1	Mus musculus	105-109
28709622-8	2017	Genipin reduced GalN/LPS-induced increases in RIP3, phosphorylated RIP1 and RIP3 protein expression, and RIP1/RIP3 necrosome complex, similar to the effects of Nec-1.	Galactosamine	16-20	receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3	Mus musculus	76-80
28709622-9	2017	GalN/LPS significantly increased serum levels of high-mobility group box 1 and interleukin (IL)-33, which were attenuated by genipin and Nec-1.	Galactosamine	0-4	high mobility group box 1	Mus musculus	49-74
28709622-9	2017	GalN/LPS significantly increased serum levels of high-mobility group box 1 and interleukin (IL)-33, which were attenuated by genipin and Nec-1.	Galactosamine	0-4	interleukin 33	Mus musculus	79-98
28709622-10	2017	Moreover, similar to Nec-1, genipin attenuated GalN/LPS-induced increases in the protein expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1, inflammasome components, and levels of liver and serum IL-1beta.	Galactosamine	47-51	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	110-115
28709622-10	2017	Moreover, similar to Nec-1, genipin attenuated GalN/LPS-induced increases in the protein expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1, inflammasome components, and levels of liver and serum IL-1beta.	Galactosamine	47-51	steroid sulfatase	Mus musculus	117-120
28709622-10	2017	Moreover, similar to Nec-1, genipin attenuated GalN/LPS-induced increases in the protein expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1, inflammasome components, and levels of liver and serum IL-1beta.	Galactosamine	47-51	caspase 1	Mus musculus	126-135
28628850-1	2017	BACKGROUND: Exposure of mice to D-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces acute liver failure through elevation of TNF-alpha, which causes liver damage resembling that in humans.	Galactosamine	49-53	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	133-142
29138821-2	2018	The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of oxymatrine against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced acute liver failure and the associated underlying mechanisms.	Galactosamine	109-124	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	128-132
29052963-0	2017	Deficiency of p38alpha in macrophage ameliorates d-galactosamine/TNF-alpha-induced acute liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	49-64	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	14-22
29052963-3	2017	Here, we investigated whether macrophage p38alpha plays a regulatory role in the tissue repair following d-galactosamine (GalN)/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced acute liver injury.	Galactosamine	105-120	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	41-49
29218090-3	2017	In this study, the murine ALF model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS).	Galactosamine	80-95	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	118-122
28867192-2	2017	This study aimed to examine the protective effect of apigenin against d-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse liver injury and to investigate the potential biochemical mechanisms.	Galactosamine	70-85	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	89-93
28963941-2	2017	However, the underlying mechanism of how quercetin to protect against lipopolysaccharides/d-galactosamine (LPS/d-GalN) induced acute liver injury remains unclear.	Galactosamine	90-105	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	107-110
28963941-2	2017	However, the underlying mechanism of how quercetin to protect against lipopolysaccharides/d-galactosamine (LPS/d-GalN) induced acute liver injury remains unclear.	Galactosamine	90-105	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	113-117
28958948-3	2017	This research aims to detect the protective effect of TEN on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and d-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced acute liver injury in mice and to investigate the molecular mechanisms.	Galactosamine	90-105	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	109-113
28887131-3	2017	Acute liver injury was induced by lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS/GalN) in mice.	Galactosamine	53-68	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	70-73
28887131-3	2017	Acute liver injury was induced by lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS/GalN) in mice.	Galactosamine	53-68	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	74-78
29057809-8	2017	Furthermore, KAR inhibits the apoptosis of hepatocytes and reduces the expression of TLR4 and NF-kappaB signaling pathway-related proteins induced by GalN/LPS treatment.	Galactosamine	150-154	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	85-89
29090278-0	2017	Alleviation of lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced liver injury in leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 deficient mice.	Galactosamine	34-49	leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2	Mus musculus	74-109
29090278-3	2017	Lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS/d-GalN)-induced acute liver injury is a known animal model of fulminant hepatic failure.	Galactosamine	19-34	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	42-46
28822324-0	2017	Preventive effects of interleukin-6 in lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine induced acute liver injury via regulating inflammatory response in hepatic macrophages.	Galactosamine	58-73	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	22-35
28822324-1	2017	Lipopolysaccharide/d-Galactosamine (LPS/d-Gal)-induced acute liver injury is characterized by significant inflammatory responses including TNF-alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and is a widely applied experimental model for inflammation research.	Galactosamine	19-34	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	139-148
28822324-1	2017	Lipopolysaccharide/d-Galactosamine (LPS/d-Gal)-induced acute liver injury is characterized by significant inflammatory responses including TNF-alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and is a widely applied experimental model for inflammation research.	Galactosamine	19-34	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	153-166
28822324-1	2017	Lipopolysaccharide/d-Galactosamine (LPS/d-Gal)-induced acute liver injury is characterized by significant inflammatory responses including TNF-alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and is a widely applied experimental model for inflammation research.	Galactosamine	19-34	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	168-172
28885586-7	2017	Additionally, the extract showed a remarkable hepatoprotective activity against d-galactosamine (d-GalN) induced hepatic injury in rats.	Galactosamine	80-95	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	99-103
28814868-7	2017	Nanoparticles of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) with a hydrodynamic diameter of 63 nm, functionalized with galactosamine, showed efficient in vitro CYP3A4 inhibition and the highest accumulation in hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	113-126	cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A member 4	Homo sapiens	154-160
28470665-5	2017	VLX103 decreased GalN/LPS induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) but had no effect on other proinflammatory cytokines.	Galactosamine	17-21	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	39-60
28470665-5	2017	VLX103 decreased GalN/LPS induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) but had no effect on other proinflammatory cytokines.	Galactosamine	17-21	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	62-65
28758404-2	2017	d-Galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (d-GalN/LPS)-induced FHF is a renowned model to evaluate the efficacy of hepatoprotective agents.	Galactosamine	0-15	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	38-42
28577493-0	2017	Inhibition of PI3K/AKt/mTOR signaling pathway protects against d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver failure by chaperone-mediated autophagy in rats.	Galactosamine	63-78	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	19-22
28577493-0	2017	Inhibition of PI3K/AKt/mTOR signaling pathway protects against d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver failure by chaperone-mediated autophagy in rats.	Galactosamine	63-78	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Rattus norvegicus	23-27
28209544-2	2017	We previously reported that Sestrin2 (Sesn2) protects against d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced acute fulminant liver failure.	Galactosamine	62-77	sestrin 2	Mus musculus	28-36
28448872-0	2017	Curcumin attenuates lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury by activating Nrf2 nuclear translocation and inhibiting NF-kB activation.	Galactosamine	39-54	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	96-100
28448872-0	2017	Curcumin attenuates lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury by activating Nrf2 nuclear translocation and inhibiting NF-kB activation.	Galactosamine	39-54	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Rattus norvegicus	138-143
28448872-2	2017	In this study, the hepatoprotective effect of curcumin was investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d-galactosamine (d-GalN)-induced acute liver injury (ALI) in rats.	Galactosamine	100-115	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	119-123
28386045-5	2017	CD38 overexpression protected the liver from LPS/d-galactosamine (GalN)-induced injury, and NAADP administration promoted autophagosome formation and protected hepatocytes from injury induced by LPS/GalN.	Galactosamine	49-64	CD38 antigen	Mus musculus	0-4
28386045-5	2017	CD38 overexpression protected the liver from LPS/d-galactosamine (GalN)-induced injury, and NAADP administration promoted autophagosome formation and protected hepatocytes from injury induced by LPS/GalN.	Galactosamine	66-70	CD38 antigen	Mus musculus	0-4
28659918-7	2017	We further show that in the d-galactosamine (d-galN)/LPS-dependent lethality model, intraperitoneal injection of GBZ promoted mice survival, prevented liver damage, increased IL-10 levels, and inhibited TNF-alpha production.	Galactosamine	28-43	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	47-51
28659918-7	2017	We further show that in the d-galactosamine (d-galN)/LPS-dependent lethality model, intraperitoneal injection of GBZ promoted mice survival, prevented liver damage, increased IL-10 levels, and inhibited TNF-alpha production.	Galactosamine	28-43	interleukin 10	Mus musculus	175-180
28659918-7	2017	We further show that in the d-galactosamine (d-galN)/LPS-dependent lethality model, intraperitoneal injection of GBZ promoted mice survival, prevented liver damage, increased IL-10 levels, and inhibited TNF-alpha production.	Galactosamine	28-43	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	203-212
28461572-7	2017	Furthermore, systemic administration of a PKD inhibitor protects d-galactosamine-sensitized mice from shock-mediated death caused by antibiotic-killed GBS.	Galactosamine	65-80	guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), beta 5	Mus musculus	151-154
28411188-4	2017	Compared with their wild-type counterparts, RKIP-deficient mice produce less IFN-beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in serum and display decreased lethality upon peritoneal Poly(I:C) plus d-galactosamine injection.	Galactosamine	179-194	phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 1	Mus musculus	44-48
28628850-1	2017	BACKGROUND: Exposure of mice to D-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces acute liver failure through elevation of TNF-alpha, which causes liver damage resembling that in humans.	Galactosamine	32-47	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	133-142
28288879-7	2017	The oxidative stress associated with d-galactosamine (Gal) or buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) treatments induces BHMT nuclear translocation, an effect that is prevented by administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and glutathione ethyl ester (EGSH), respectively.	Galactosamine	37-52	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	110-114
28288879-7	2017	The oxidative stress associated with d-galactosamine (Gal) or buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) treatments induces BHMT nuclear translocation, an effect that is prevented by administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and glutathione ethyl ester (EGSH), respectively.	Galactosamine	54-57	betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	110-114
28661486-2	2017	ROS production from mitochondria activates MAP3 kinases, such as MLK3 and ASK1, which continue to activate a pathway to sustain JNK activation, and amplifies the toxic effect of acetaminophen (APAP) and TNF/galactosamine (TNF/GalN).	Galactosamine	207-220	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 11	Mus musculus	65-69
28661486-2	2017	ROS production from mitochondria activates MAP3 kinases, such as MLK3 and ASK1, which continue to activate a pathway to sustain JNK activation, and amplifies the toxic effect of acetaminophen (APAP) and TNF/galactosamine (TNF/GalN).	Galactosamine	207-220	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5	Mus musculus	74-78
28661486-2	2017	ROS production from mitochondria activates MAP3 kinases, such as MLK3 and ASK1, which continue to activate a pathway to sustain JNK activation, and amplifies the toxic effect of acetaminophen (APAP) and TNF/galactosamine (TNF/GalN).	Galactosamine	207-220	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	128-131
28661486-2	2017	ROS production from mitochondria activates MAP3 kinases, such as MLK3 and ASK1, which continue to activate a pathway to sustain JNK activation, and amplifies the toxic effect of acetaminophen (APAP) and TNF/galactosamine (TNF/GalN).	Galactosamine	226-230	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 11	Mus musculus	65-69
28661486-2	2017	ROS production from mitochondria activates MAP3 kinases, such as MLK3 and ASK1, which continue to activate a pathway to sustain JNK activation, and amplifies the toxic effect of acetaminophen (APAP) and TNF/galactosamine (TNF/GalN).	Galactosamine	226-230	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5	Mus musculus	74-78
28661486-2	2017	ROS production from mitochondria activates MAP3 kinases, such as MLK3 and ASK1, which continue to activate a pathway to sustain JNK activation, and amplifies the toxic effect of acetaminophen (APAP) and TNF/galactosamine (TNF/GalN).	Galactosamine	226-230	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	128-131
28465482-0	2017	Andrographolide ameliorates d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury by activating Nrf2 signaling pathway.	Galactosamine	28-43	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	104-108
28465482-3	2017	This study takes an attempt to reveal the protective effects and mechanism of ADH on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced acute liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	114-129	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	133-137
28473659-6	2017	To induce hepatitis with inflammation and liver injury, mice were injected intraperitoneally with D-galactosamine (D-GalN), resulting in rapid increase of A20 in serum and liver tissues.	Galactosamine	98-113	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	117-121
28473659-6	2017	To induce hepatitis with inflammation and liver injury, mice were injected intraperitoneally with D-galactosamine (D-GalN), resulting in rapid increase of A20 in serum and liver tissues.	Galactosamine	98-113	tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3	Mus musculus	155-158
28282579-0	2017	Interleukin-23 mediates the pathogenesis of LPS/GalN-induced liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	48-52	interleukin 23, alpha subunit p19	Mus musculus	0-14
28282579-4	2017	OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the inflammatory cytokine IL-23 in lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS/GalN)-induced acute liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	120-135	interleukin 23, alpha subunit p19	Mus musculus	92-97
28282579-4	2017	OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the inflammatory cytokine IL-23 in lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS/GalN)-induced acute liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	141-145	interleukin 23, alpha subunit p19	Mus musculus	92-97
28282579-9	2017	Serum IL-23 was significantly upregulated in the non-survival group compared with the survival group of ACLF patients, which was consistent with LPS/GalN-induced acute hepatic injury in mice (P&lt;0.05 for both).	Galactosamine	149-153	interleukin 23 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	6-11
28282579-12	2017	CONCLUSION: High serum IL-23 was associated with mortality in ACLF patients and LPS/GalN-induced acute liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	84-88	interleukin 23 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	23-28
28213269-0	2017	Protective effects of morin on lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury by inhibiting TLR4/NF-kappaB and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.	Galactosamine	50-65	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	107-111
28423012-7	2017	These findings suggest that 15-PGDH protects against LPS/GalN-induced liver injury and the effect is mediated via 15-keto-PGE2, which activates PPAR-gamma in Kupffer cells and thus inhibits their ability to produce inflammatory cytokines.	Galactosamine	57-61	hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase 15 (NAD)	Mus musculus	28-35
28423012-7	2017	These findings suggest that 15-PGDH protects against LPS/GalN-induced liver injury and the effect is mediated via 15-keto-PGE2, which activates PPAR-gamma in Kupffer cells and thus inhibits their ability to produce inflammatory cytokines.	Galactosamine	57-61	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	144-154
28423012-8	2017	Accordingly, we observed that the PPAR-gamma antagonist, GW9662, reversed the effect of 15-keto-PGE2 in Kupffer cell in vitro and restored the susceptibility of 15-PGDH Tg mice to LPS/GalN-induced acute liver injury in vivo.	Galactosamine	184-188	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	34-44
28127756-5	2017	Upon injection of d-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide, Dcir1-/- mice showed decreased mortality rates and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase.	Galactosamine	18-33	C-type lectin domain family 4, member a2	Mus musculus	58-63
28213269-0	2017	Protective effects of morin on lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury by inhibiting TLR4/NF-kappaB and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.	Galactosamine	50-65	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	112-121
28213269-0	2017	Protective effects of morin on lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury by inhibiting TLR4/NF-kappaB and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.	Galactosamine	50-65	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	137-141
28213269-0	2017	Protective effects of morin on lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury by inhibiting TLR4/NF-kappaB and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.	Galactosamine	50-65	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	142-146
28213269-2	2017	In this research, we explored the protective effects of morin against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and d-galactosamine (D-GalN) induced acute liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	99-114	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	118-122
27925343-2	2017	When Thy1+ cells isolated from d-galactosamine-treated rat livers were transplanted into the livers of Ret/PH-treated rats, the mass of the recipient liver transiently increased during the first 30 days after transplantation, suggesting that liver regeneration was enhanced.	Galactosamine	31-46	Thy-1 cell surface antigen	Rattus norvegicus	5-9
27832135-7	2016	Flow cytometry analysis showed that the markers CD74, CD83 and CD86 of CD11c+DCs were lower in the D-galactosamine (D-GalN) group and were significantly decreased in the FHF group, while there were no significant changes in the expression of these markers in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group.	Galactosamine	99-114	CD74 antigen (invariant polypeptide of major histocompatibility complex, class II antigen-associated)	Mus musculus	48-52
28386325-3	2017	This study was designed to establish a novel lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced acute lethal liver injury model in nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) transgenic mice.	Galactosamine	70-85	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	89-93
28230758-3	2017	In addition, the principal polyphenols (1, 2, 8, 13-15) exhibited hepatoprotective effects against d-galactosamine (d-galN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury in mice at a dose of 100 or 200 mg/kg, p.o.	Galactosamine	99-114	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	118-122
28145460-3	2017	CGA-JK3 ameliorated E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, MD-2/TLR4 agonist)-induced endotoxic shock, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-challenged septic shock or LPS plus D-galactosamine (GalN)-induced acute liver failure (ALF) in C57BL/6J mice.	Galactosamine	184-188	chromogranin A	Mus musculus	0-3
28197212-2	2017	To investigate the preventative effects of Jiedu Huayu (JDHY) on D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver failure (ALF) and to evaluate the possible mechanisms of action.	Galactosamine	65-80	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	84-88
27876602-3	2017	Previously we demonstrated the protective effects of Genistein in d-Galactosamine (D-GalN) induced fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) in rats.	Galactosamine	66-81	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	85-89
27861739-11	2017	Furthermore, while GalN/LPS significantly increased the level of fission-related protein, dynamin-related protein 1, and decreased the level of fusion-related protein, mitofusin 2; these effects were attenuated by afzelin.	Galactosamine	19-23	dynamin 1-like	Mus musculus	90-115
27861739-11	2017	Furthermore, while GalN/LPS significantly increased the level of fission-related protein, dynamin-related protein 1, and decreased the level of fusion-related protein, mitofusin 2; these effects were attenuated by afzelin.	Galactosamine	19-23	mitofusin 2	Mus musculus	168-179
28479727-4	2017	OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to explore the antioxidant property of (-)-epicatechin isolated from PN in D-Galactosamine (D-GalN) induced hepatitis rats.	Galactosamine	117-132	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	136-140
27836788-2	2016	We previously reported the hepatoprotective effect of Glycine propionyl-l-carnitine (GPLC) against the fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) induced by d-Galactosamine (D-GalN).	Galactosamine	146-161	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	165-169
27878238-0	2016	Nobiletin attenuates lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in mice by activating the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and subsequently inhibiting NF-kappaB-mediated cytokine production.	Galactosamine	40-55	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	103-107
27878238-8	2016	In addition, nobiletin suppressed LPS/GalN-induced phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB (IkappaB)alpha, as well as NF-kappaB p65 translocation into the nucleus.	Galactosamine	38-42	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	99-125
27878238-8	2016	In addition, nobiletin suppressed LPS/GalN-induced phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB (IkappaB)alpha, as well as NF-kappaB p65 translocation into the nucleus.	Galactosamine	38-42	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor, alpha	Mus musculus	127-140
27832135-7	2016	Flow cytometry analysis showed that the markers CD74, CD83 and CD86 of CD11c+DCs were lower in the D-galactosamine (D-GalN) group and were significantly decreased in the FHF group, while there were no significant changes in the expression of these markers in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group.	Galactosamine	99-114	CD83 antigen	Mus musculus	54-58
27832135-7	2016	Flow cytometry analysis showed that the markers CD74, CD83 and CD86 of CD11c+DCs were lower in the D-galactosamine (D-GalN) group and were significantly decreased in the FHF group, while there were no significant changes in the expression of these markers in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group.	Galactosamine	99-114	CD86 antigen	Mus musculus	63-67
27832135-7	2016	Flow cytometry analysis showed that the markers CD74, CD83 and CD86 of CD11c+DCs were lower in the D-galactosamine (D-GalN) group and were significantly decreased in the FHF group, while there were no significant changes in the expression of these markers in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group.	Galactosamine	99-114	integrin alpha X	Mus musculus	71-76
27832135-7	2016	Flow cytometry analysis showed that the markers CD74, CD83 and CD86 of CD11c+DCs were lower in the D-galactosamine (D-GalN) group and were significantly decreased in the FHF group, while there were no significant changes in the expression of these markers in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group.	Galactosamine	99-114	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	118-122
27670746-7	2016	Using a murine LPS/D-galactosamine endotoxaemia model we showed that treatment with B. quintana LPS could improve the survival rate significantly.	Galactosamine	21-34	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	96-99
27666960-0	2016	Protective effect of Xuebijing injection on D-galactosamine- and lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury in rats through the regulation of p38 MAPK, MMP-9 and HO-1 expression by increasing TIPE2 expression.	Galactosamine	44-59	matrix metallopeptidase 9	Rattus norvegicus	155-160
27666960-0	2016	Protective effect of Xuebijing injection on D-galactosamine- and lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury in rats through the regulation of p38 MAPK, MMP-9 and HO-1 expression by increasing TIPE2 expression.	Galactosamine	44-59	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	165-169
27666960-0	2016	Protective effect of Xuebijing injection on D-galactosamine- and lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury in rats through the regulation of p38 MAPK, MMP-9 and HO-1 expression by increasing TIPE2 expression.	Galactosamine	44-59	TNF alpha induced protein 8 like 2	Rattus norvegicus	195-200
27516150-7	2016	The effects were verified in acute hepatic injury mice induced by d-galactosamine (D-GalN): hepatic lesions were restored by AdipoRon or bicyclol (positive reference drug) pretreatment, which were characterized by a significant increase in serological and hepatic biomarkers (AST, ALT, MDA and NOSs).	Galactosamine	66-81	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	85-89
27711079-2	2016	So we conditionally inactivate Sirt1 in murine hepatocytes to determine its role in d-galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver damage, which is a well-established experimental model mimicking septic liver injury and fulminant hepatitis.	Galactosamine	84-99	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	31-36
27711079-2	2016	So we conditionally inactivate Sirt1 in murine hepatocytes to determine its role in d-galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver damage, which is a well-established experimental model mimicking septic liver injury and fulminant hepatitis.	Galactosamine	101-105	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	31-36
27711079-3	2016	Ablation of Sirt1 shows remarkable protection against GalN/LPS-induced liver injury, which is a result of enhanced NF-kappaB response because knockdown of RelA/p65 negates the protective effect of Sirt1 knockout.	Galactosamine	54-58	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	12-17
27711079-3	2016	Ablation of Sirt1 shows remarkable protection against GalN/LPS-induced liver injury, which is a result of enhanced NF-kappaB response because knockdown of RelA/p65 negates the protective effect of Sirt1 knockout.	Galactosamine	54-58	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	59-62
27711079-3	2016	Ablation of Sirt1 shows remarkable protection against GalN/LPS-induced liver injury, which is a result of enhanced NF-kappaB response because knockdown of RelA/p65 negates the protective effect of Sirt1 knockout.	Galactosamine	54-58	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	115-124
27711079-3	2016	Ablation of Sirt1 shows remarkable protection against GalN/LPS-induced liver injury, which is a result of enhanced NF-kappaB response because knockdown of RelA/p65 negates the protective effect of Sirt1 knockout.	Galactosamine	54-58	v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (avian)	Mus musculus	155-159
27711079-3	2016	Ablation of Sirt1 shows remarkable protection against GalN/LPS-induced liver injury, which is a result of enhanced NF-kappaB response because knockdown of RelA/p65 negates the protective effect of Sirt1 knockout.	Galactosamine	54-58	v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (avian)	Mus musculus	160-163
27711079-3	2016	Ablation of Sirt1 shows remarkable protection against GalN/LPS-induced liver injury, which is a result of enhanced NF-kappaB response because knockdown of RelA/p65 negates the protective effect of Sirt1 knockout.	Galactosamine	54-58	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	197-202
26660314-1	2016	D-Galactosamine (D-GalN), which is an established experimental toxin, primarily causes liver injury by the generation of free radicals and depletion of UTP nucleotides.	Galactosamine	0-15	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-23
27733910-0	2016	Sphingosine kinase 1 inhibition improves lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinases pathway.	Galactosamine	60-75	sphingosine kinase 1	Mus musculus	0-20
27733910-13	2016	CONCLUSIONS: SphK1 inhibition improves LPS/GalN-induced liver injury by inhibiting activation of MAPKs signaling.	Galactosamine	43-47	sphingosine kinase 1	Mus musculus	13-18
27646594-2	2016	The current study examines the feasibility of using murine BPI (mBPI) expressed on halophilic Archaeal gas vesicle nanoparticles (GVNPs) for the treatment of endotoxemia in high-risk patients, using a murine model of D-galactosamine-induced endotoxic shock.	Galactosamine	217-232	bactericidal permeablility increasing protein	Mus musculus	59-62
26991125-4	2016	We report that lipopolysaccharide/galactosamine-induced liver injury depends on hepatocyte-intrinsic TNF receptor 1 (p55, TNFR1).	Galactosamine	34-47	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	101-104
27667108-5	2016	Results: In in vivo experiment, the expression levels of ER stress markers, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), were upregulated during the progression of D-GalN/LPS-induced ALF, indicating activation of severe ER stress and increased activity of GSK3beta.	Galactosamine	218-224	heat shock protein 5	Mus musculus	76-104
27667108-5	2016	Results: In in vivo experiment, the expression levels of ER stress markers, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), were upregulated during the progression of D-GalN/LPS-induced ALF, indicating activation of severe ER stress and increased activity of GSK3beta.	Galactosamine	218-224	heat shock protein 5	Mus musculus	106-111
27667108-5	2016	Results: In in vivo experiment, the expression levels of ER stress markers, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), were upregulated during the progression of D-GalN/LPS-induced ALF, indicating activation of severe ER stress and increased activity of GSK3beta.	Galactosamine	218-224	DNA-damage inducible transcript 3	Mus musculus	117-166
27667108-5	2016	Results: In in vivo experiment, the expression levels of ER stress markers, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), were upregulated during the progression of D-GalN/LPS-induced ALF, indicating activation of severe ER stress and increased activity of GSK3beta.	Galactosamine	218-224	DNA-damage inducible transcript 3	Mus musculus	168-172
27667108-5	2016	Results: In in vivo experiment, the expression levels of ER stress markers, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), were upregulated during the progression of D-GalN/LPS-induced ALF, indicating activation of severe ER stress and increased activity of GSK3beta.	Galactosamine	218-224	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Mus musculus	310-318
27667108-9	2016	Conclusion: In ALF induced by D-GalN/LPS, severe ER stress may accelerate the development and progress of ALF by upregulating the activity of GSK3beta.	Galactosamine	30-36	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Mus musculus	142-150
27226100-1	2016	BACKGROUND: Our aim in this study is to investigate the effect of protocatechuic acid (PCA) on lipid profile and DNA damage in D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced hepatotoxic rats.	Galactosamine	127-142	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	146-150
27788709-2	2016	Methods: The C57BL/6 mice were used, and intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was performed to establish the mouse model of ALF.	Galactosamine	70-85	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	89-93
27448985-2	2016	In this study, we confirmed that lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN) induced up-regulation of liver interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) in ALF mice, whereas the UT antagonist urantide inhibited the up-regulated liver IRF3.	Galactosamine	52-67	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	75-79
27448985-2	2016	In this study, we confirmed that lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN) induced up-regulation of liver interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) in ALF mice, whereas the UT antagonist urantide inhibited the up-regulated liver IRF3.	Galactosamine	52-67	interferon regulatory factor 3	Mus musculus	112-142
27448985-2	2016	In this study, we confirmed that lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN) induced up-regulation of liver interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) in ALF mice, whereas the UT antagonist urantide inhibited the up-regulated liver IRF3.	Galactosamine	52-67	interferon regulatory factor 3	Mus musculus	144-148
27448985-2	2016	In this study, we confirmed that lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN) induced up-regulation of liver interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) in ALF mice, whereas the UT antagonist urantide inhibited the up-regulated liver IRF3.	Galactosamine	52-67	interferon regulatory factor 3	Mus musculus	231-235
26991125-4	2016	We report that lipopolysaccharide/galactosamine-induced liver injury depends on hepatocyte-intrinsic TNF receptor 1 (p55, TNFR1).	Galactosamine	34-47	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1a	Mus musculus	117-120
26991125-4	2016	We report that lipopolysaccharide/galactosamine-induced liver injury depends on hepatocyte-intrinsic TNF receptor 1 (p55, TNFR1).	Galactosamine	34-47	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1a	Mus musculus	122-127
26941058-5	2016	In conclusion, silibinin and vitamin E decreased ASK1-p38 MAPK pathway through deactivating the upstream signalling ASK1 molecule via increasing the levels of Trx1 and TrxR1 as well as the PP5 to alleviate in D-GalN/LPS induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	209-215	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5	Homo sapiens	49-53
27337058-6	2016	SEP was a novel polysaccharide from Sepia esculenta ink with a unique primary structure mainly composed of GalN and Ara that accounted for almost half of all monosaccharides: their ratio was nearly one-to-one.	Galactosamine	107-111	epoxide hydrolase 2, cytoplasmic	Mus musculus	0-3
26941058-5	2016	In conclusion, silibinin and vitamin E decreased ASK1-p38 MAPK pathway through deactivating the upstream signalling ASK1 molecule via increasing the levels of Trx1 and TrxR1 as well as the PP5 to alleviate in D-GalN/LPS induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	209-215	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5	Homo sapiens	116-120
26941058-0	2016	Effect of silibinin and vitamin E on the ASK1-p38 MAPK pathway in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	66-81	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5	Homo sapiens	41-45
26941058-5	2016	In conclusion, silibinin and vitamin E decreased ASK1-p38 MAPK pathway through deactivating the upstream signalling ASK1 molecule via increasing the levels of Trx1 and TrxR1 as well as the PP5 to alleviate in D-GalN/LPS induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	209-215	protein phosphatase 5 catalytic subunit	Homo sapiens	189-192
26941058-0	2016	Effect of silibinin and vitamin E on the ASK1-p38 MAPK pathway in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	66-81	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	46-49
26941058-1	2016	Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a redox-sensor mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) that activates p38 MAPK pathways in oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS) model, is a key central pathway in which specific targeting of ASK1 deactivation is of a great therapeutic potential.	Galactosamine	195-210	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5	Homo sapiens	0-36
26941058-1	2016	Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a redox-sensor mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) that activates p38 MAPK pathways in oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS) model, is a key central pathway in which specific targeting of ASK1 deactivation is of a great therapeutic potential.	Galactosamine	195-210	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5	Homo sapiens	38-42
26845758-5	2016	Knockdown or liver-specific knockout of Sab abrogated this effect and markedly inhibited sustained JNK activation and liver injury from acetaminophen or tumor necrosis factor/galactosamine.	Galactosamine	175-188	SH3-domain binding protein 5 (BTK-associated)	Mus musculus	40-43
26941058-1	2016	Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a redox-sensor mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) that activates p38 MAPK pathways in oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS) model, is a key central pathway in which specific targeting of ASK1 deactivation is of a great therapeutic potential.	Galactosamine	195-210	WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 2	Homo sapiens	60-106
26941058-1	2016	Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a redox-sensor mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) that activates p38 MAPK pathways in oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS) model, is a key central pathway in which specific targeting of ASK1 deactivation is of a great therapeutic potential.	Galactosamine	195-210	WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 2	Homo sapiens	108-114
26941058-1	2016	Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a redox-sensor mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) that activates p38 MAPK pathways in oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS) model, is a key central pathway in which specific targeting of ASK1 deactivation is of a great therapeutic potential.	Galactosamine	195-210	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	131-134
26941058-1	2016	Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a redox-sensor mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) that activates p38 MAPK pathways in oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS) model, is a key central pathway in which specific targeting of ASK1 deactivation is of a great therapeutic potential.	Galactosamine	195-210	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5	Homo sapiens	306-310
26941058-1	2016	Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a redox-sensor mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) that activates p38 MAPK pathways in oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS) model, is a key central pathway in which specific targeting of ASK1 deactivation is of a great therapeutic potential.	Galactosamine	231-237	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5	Homo sapiens	0-36
26941058-1	2016	Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a redox-sensor mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) that activates p38 MAPK pathways in oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS) model, is a key central pathway in which specific targeting of ASK1 deactivation is of a great therapeutic potential.	Galactosamine	231-237	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5	Homo sapiens	38-42
26941058-1	2016	Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a redox-sensor mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) that activates p38 MAPK pathways in oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS) model, is a key central pathway in which specific targeting of ASK1 deactivation is of a great therapeutic potential.	Galactosamine	231-237	WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 2	Homo sapiens	60-106
26941058-1	2016	Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a redox-sensor mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) that activates p38 MAPK pathways in oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS) model, is a key central pathway in which specific targeting of ASK1 deactivation is of a great therapeutic potential.	Galactosamine	231-237	WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 2	Homo sapiens	108-114
26941058-1	2016	Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a redox-sensor mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) that activates p38 MAPK pathways in oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS) model, is a key central pathway in which specific targeting of ASK1 deactivation is of a great therapeutic potential.	Galactosamine	231-237	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Homo sapiens	131-134
26941058-1	2016	Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a redox-sensor mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) that activates p38 MAPK pathways in oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS) model, is a key central pathway in which specific targeting of ASK1 deactivation is of a great therapeutic potential.	Galactosamine	231-237	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5	Homo sapiens	306-310
27035642-0	2016	Inhibition of the translocation and extracellular release of high-mobility group box 1 alleviates liver damage in fibrotic mice in response to D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide challenge.	Galactosamine	143-158	high mobility group box 1	Mus musculus	61-86
31289615-2	2019	Hepatic SPARC expression is induced in response to thioacetamide, bile-duct ligation, and acute injuries such as concanavalin A and lipopolysacharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	156-171	secreted acidic cysteine rich glycoprotein	Mus musculus	8-13
27035642-4	2016	To demonstrate the protection of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis against lethal challenge, the present study compared the reactivity to lethal doses of D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) between fibrotic mice and control mice groups.	Galactosamine	148-163	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	167-171
27104518-2	2016	against d-galactosamine (d-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	8-23	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	27-31
27054331-4	2016	Here, we showed that mice lacking the clock gene Per1 (Period1) are more susceptible to LPS/d-galactosamine (LPS/GalN)-induced macrophage-dependent ALF compared with wild-type (WT) mice.	Galactosamine	92-107	period circadian clock 1	Mus musculus	55-62
27054331-4	2016	Here, we showed that mice lacking the clock gene Per1 (Period1) are more susceptible to LPS/d-galactosamine (LPS/GalN)-induced macrophage-dependent ALF compared with wild-type (WT) mice.	Galactosamine	113-117	period circadian clock 1	Mus musculus	55-62
26935645-3	2016	Treatment with D-GalN/LPS significantly increased the GOT, GPT and lipid peroxidation levels, and decreased the antioxidant capacity of the rats.	Galactosamine	15-21	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Rattus norvegicus	59-62
26935645-6	2016	Furthermore, D-GalN/LPS-induced MAPK phosphorylation, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression were downregulated by PYGP.	Galactosamine	13-19	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	91-95
26935645-6	2016	Furthermore, D-GalN/LPS-induced MAPK phosphorylation, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression were downregulated by PYGP.	Galactosamine	13-19	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	119-124
26739386-3	2016	In vitro assay, some of these compounds (10 muM) showed moderate hepatoprotective activities against d-galactosamine-induced HL-7702 cell damage.	Galactosamine	101-116	latexin	Homo sapiens	44-47
27010852-4	2016	In ALF mice model induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), autophagy was repressed compared with normal control, and D-GalN/LPS can directly induce autophagic flux in the progression of ALF mice.	Galactosamine	29-44	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	48-52
27010852-4	2016	In ALF mice model induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), autophagy was repressed compared with normal control, and D-GalN/LPS can directly induce autophagic flux in the progression of ALF mice.	Galactosamine	29-44	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	144-148
25893720-5	2016	RESULTS: LPS/GalN challenge alone resulted in significantly increased production of endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and nitric oxide as compared to the normal control rats.	Galactosamine	13-17	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	95-122
25893720-5	2016	RESULTS: LPS/GalN challenge alone resulted in significantly increased production of endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and nitric oxide as compared to the normal control rats.	Galactosamine	13-17	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	124-133
25893720-5	2016	RESULTS: LPS/GalN challenge alone resulted in significantly increased production of endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and nitric oxide as compared to the normal control rats.	Galactosamine	13-17	interleukin 1 beta	Rattus norvegicus	136-154
25893720-5	2016	RESULTS: LPS/GalN challenge alone resulted in significantly increased production of endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and nitric oxide as compared to the normal control rats.	Galactosamine	13-17	interleukin 1 beta	Rattus norvegicus	156-164
26915320-8	2016	The results showed that LPS/D-gal induced the enhanced expression of TF, elevation of NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation, up-regulation of HIF-1alpha and EPO expressions, and increased LA level.	Galactosamine	28-33	coagulation factor III	Mus musculus	69-71
26915320-8	2016	The results showed that LPS/D-gal induced the enhanced expression of TF, elevation of NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation, up-regulation of HIF-1alpha and EPO expressions, and increased LA level.	Galactosamine	28-33	v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (avian)	Mus musculus	96-99
26915320-8	2016	The results showed that LPS/D-gal induced the enhanced expression of TF, elevation of NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation, up-regulation of HIF-1alpha and EPO expressions, and increased LA level.	Galactosamine	28-33	hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit	Mus musculus	140-150
26915320-8	2016	The results showed that LPS/D-gal induced the enhanced expression of TF, elevation of NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation, up-regulation of HIF-1alpha and EPO expressions, and increased LA level.	Galactosamine	28-33	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	155-158
26325539-9	2016	Cultured hepatic macrophages from GalN/LPS-treated knockout mice had similarly increased IL-1beta production.	Galactosamine	34-38	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	89-97
26983478-1	2016	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Liuwei Wuling tablets on the cytoplasmic translocation and release of high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in hepatocytes in mice with acute live injury induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	Galactosamine	201-216	high mobility group box 1	Mus musculus	110-135
26983478-1	2016	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Liuwei Wuling tablets on the cytoplasmic translocation and release of high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in hepatocytes in mice with acute live injury induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	Galactosamine	201-216	high mobility group box 1	Mus musculus	137-142
26267221-0	2016	Kupffer-cell-expressed transmembrane TNF-alpha is a major contributor to lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine-induced liver injury.	Galactosamine	96-111	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	37-46
28344266-9	2016	Furthermore, asialoglycoprotein receptors are targeted by attaching the galactosamine ligand to the nanocarries which enhances the uptake of nanoparticles by hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells, the major producers of CTGF in fibrosis.	Galactosamine	72-85	cellular communication network factor 2	Homo sapiens	229-233
27627914-7	2016	Additionally, these results highlighted the hepatoprotective and curative effects of Xs-ME in a mouse model of LPS/D-GalN-induced acute liver injury, as assessed by elevated serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and histological damage.	Galactosamine	117-121	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	111-114
25978596-4	2016	Oral administration of isofuranodiene (20 and 50 mg/kg) dramatically inhibited GalN/LPS-induced serum elevation of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and malondialdehyde levels, and significantly ameliorated liver injury as evidenced by the histological improvement in H&amp;E staining.	Galactosamine	79-83	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	115-141
25978596-5	2016	Furthermore, isofuranodiene treatment significantly inhibited GalN/LPS-induced mRNA expression of IL-1beta, IL-6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in liver tissues.	Galactosamine	62-66	interleukin 1 beta	Rattus norvegicus	98-106
25978596-5	2016	Furthermore, isofuranodiene treatment significantly inhibited GalN/LPS-induced mRNA expression of IL-1beta, IL-6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in liver tissues.	Galactosamine	62-66	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	108-112
26494508-0	2015	Protective effects of sea buckthorn polysaccharide extracts against LPS/d-GalN-induced acute liver failure in mice via suppressing TLR4-NF-kappaB signaling.	Galactosamine	72-78	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	131-135
26494508-0	2015	Protective effects of sea buckthorn polysaccharide extracts against LPS/d-GalN-induced acute liver failure in mice via suppressing TLR4-NF-kappaB signaling.	Galactosamine	72-78	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	136-145
26494508-12	2015	CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that pretreatment with HRP protects against LPS/d-GalN-induced liver injury in mice via suppressing the TLR4-NF-kappaB signaling pathway.	Galactosamine	82-88	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	138-142
26494508-12	2015	CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that pretreatment with HRP protects against LPS/d-GalN-induced liver injury in mice via suppressing the TLR4-NF-kappaB signaling pathway.	Galactosamine	82-88	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	143-152
26141869-0	2015	Interleukin 17A plays a role in lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic injury in mice.	Galactosamine	51-66	interleukin 17A	Mus musculus	0-15
26676341-1	2015	AIM: To determine the therapeutic potential of sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1) inhibition and its underlying mechanism in a well-characterized mouse model of D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver failure (ALF).	Galactosamine	155-170	sphingosine kinase 1	Mus musculus	47-67
26676341-1	2015	AIM: To determine the therapeutic potential of sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1) inhibition and its underlying mechanism in a well-characterized mouse model of D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver failure (ALF).	Galactosamine	155-170	sphingosine kinase 1	Mus musculus	69-74
26453923-3	2015	An FHF experimental model was established in mice by intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (d-GalN) (400mg/kg)/lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (10 mug/kg).	Galactosamine	82-97	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	101-105
26712705-0	2015	Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin improved lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure in mice.	Galactosamine	69-84	thrombomodulin	Homo sapiens	26-40
26712705-6	2015	A significant augmentation of plasma high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) was observed 7 h after LPS/GalN administration.	Galactosamine	106-110	high mobility group box 1	Mus musculus	37-62
26712705-6	2015	A significant augmentation of plasma high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) was observed 7 h after LPS/GalN administration.	Galactosamine	106-110	high mobility group box 1	Mus musculus	72-77
26141869-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS/GalN)-induced hepatic injury is an experimental model of fulminant hepatic failure in which tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a pivotal role.	Galactosamine	31-46	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	52-56
26712705-11	2015	Thus, TM-alpha may become a useful treatment strategy for reducing the symptoms of ALF via the attenuation of LPS/GalN-induced HMGB1 levels.	Galactosamine	114-118	high mobility group box 1	Mus musculus	127-132
26141869-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS/GalN)-induced hepatic injury is an experimental model of fulminant hepatic failure in which tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a pivotal role.	Galactosamine	31-46	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	144-171
26141869-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS/GalN)-induced hepatic injury is an experimental model of fulminant hepatic failure in which tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a pivotal role.	Galactosamine	31-46	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	173-182
26459629-0	2015	Ifit1 Protects Against Lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine-Induced Fatal Hepatitis by Inhibiting Activation of the JNK Pathway.	Galactosamine	46-61	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1	Mus musculus	0-5
26459629-0	2015	Ifit1 Protects Against Lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine-Induced Fatal Hepatitis by Inhibiting Activation of the JNK Pathway.	Galactosamine	46-61	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	118-121
26459629-1	2015	Treatment of mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the liver-specific transcriptional inhibitor D-(+)-galactosamine (GalN) induces fatal hepatitis, which is mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and characterized by massive hepatic apoptosis.	Galactosamine	97-116	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	170-197
26459629-1	2015	Treatment of mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the liver-specific transcriptional inhibitor D-(+)-galactosamine (GalN) induces fatal hepatitis, which is mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and characterized by massive hepatic apoptosis.	Galactosamine	97-116	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	199-208
26459629-1	2015	Treatment of mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the liver-specific transcriptional inhibitor D-(+)-galactosamine (GalN) induces fatal hepatitis, which is mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and characterized by massive hepatic apoptosis.	Galactosamine	118-122	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	170-197
26459629-1	2015	Treatment of mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the liver-specific transcriptional inhibitor D-(+)-galactosamine (GalN) induces fatal hepatitis, which is mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and characterized by massive hepatic apoptosis.	Galactosamine	118-122	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	199-208
26459629-3	2015	Here, we report that Ifit1 protects against LPS/GalN-induced fatal hepatitis.	Galactosamine	48-52	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1	Mus musculus	21-26
26459629-5	2015	Moreover, targeted expression of Ifit1 in the liver by recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 8 protected mice from LPS/GalN-induced lethal hepatitis, which was associated with the inhibition of TNF-alpha-mediated activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-Bim cascade.	Galactosamine	125-129	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1	Mus musculus	33-38
26459629-5	2015	Moreover, targeted expression of Ifit1 in the liver by recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 8 protected mice from LPS/GalN-induced lethal hepatitis, which was associated with the inhibition of TNF-alpha-mediated activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-Bim cascade.	Galactosamine	125-129	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	200-209
26459629-7	2015	Together, our data demonstrate that Ifit1 is a novel protective factor that inhibits LPS/GalN-induced (TNF-alpha-mediated) fatal hepatitis, suggesting that Ifit1 is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of inflammatory liver diseases.	Galactosamine	89-93	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1	Mus musculus	36-41
26459629-7	2015	Together, our data demonstrate that Ifit1 is a novel protective factor that inhibits LPS/GalN-induced (TNF-alpha-mediated) fatal hepatitis, suggesting that Ifit1 is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of inflammatory liver diseases.	Galactosamine	89-93	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	85-88
26459629-7	2015	Together, our data demonstrate that Ifit1 is a novel protective factor that inhibits LPS/GalN-induced (TNF-alpha-mediated) fatal hepatitis, suggesting that Ifit1 is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of inflammatory liver diseases.	Galactosamine	89-93	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	103-112
26459629-7	2015	Together, our data demonstrate that Ifit1 is a novel protective factor that inhibits LPS/GalN-induced (TNF-alpha-mediated) fatal hepatitis, suggesting that Ifit1 is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of inflammatory liver diseases.	Galactosamine	89-93	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1	Mus musculus	156-161
26091949-9	2015	In D-galactosamine-sensitized mice CP+Cu(II) increased the LPS-induced lethality from 54 to 100%, while administration of antibodies against MIF prevented the lethal effect.	Galactosamine	3-18	ceruloplasmin	Mus musculus	35-44
26091949-9	2015	In D-galactosamine-sensitized mice CP+Cu(II) increased the LPS-induced lethality from 54 to 100%, while administration of antibodies against MIF prevented the lethal effect.	Galactosamine	3-18	macrophage migration inhibitory factor (glycosylation-inhibiting factor)	Mus musculus	141-144
25797347-8	2015	Our results showed that forsythiaside A protected against LPS/GalN-induced liver injury through activation of Nrf2 and inhibition of NF-kappaB activation.	Galactosamine	62-66	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	110-114
26265045-3	2015	In the present study, the potential modulatory effects of metformin on TNF-alpha-dependent apoptotic liver damage was investigated in mice with TNF-alpha/d-galactosamine (D-Gal)-induced liver injury.	Galactosamine	154-169	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	71-80
26401074-7	2015	In experiments using acute liver injury models, 1000 mg/kg acetaminophen (APAP) or 350 mg/kg D-galactosamine (D-GalN) was used to induce injury.	Galactosamine	93-108	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	112-116
26048627-0	2015	The presence of a galactosamine substituent on the arabinogalactan of Mycobacterium tuberculosis abrogates full maturation of human peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells and increases secretion of IL-10.	Galactosamine	18-31	interleukin 10	Homo sapiens	209-214
25866179-2	2015	In present study, we investigated the potential effects and mechanisms of sesamin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) in d-galactosamine (D-GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	153-168	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	172-176
26420964-0	2015	Recql5 protects against lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	43-58	RecQ protein-like 5	Mus musculus	0-6
26420964-1	2015	AIM: To investigate the effects of Recql5 deficiency on liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-Gal).	Galactosamine	99-114	RecQ protein-like 5	Mus musculus	35-41
26270769-6	2015	In addition, intravenous administration of Man-S-alpha-CDE (G3, DSM4)/sip65 complex had the potential to induce the in vivo RNAi effect by significant suppression of mRNA expression of NF-kappaB p65 and inflammatory cytokines in the liver of fulminant hepatitis model mice induced by LPS/d-galactosamine (d-Gal) without any significant side effects.	Galactosamine	288-303	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	185-194
26270769-6	2015	In addition, intravenous administration of Man-S-alpha-CDE (G3, DSM4)/sip65 complex had the potential to induce the in vivo RNAi effect by significant suppression of mRNA expression of NF-kappaB p65 and inflammatory cytokines in the liver of fulminant hepatitis model mice induced by LPS/d-galactosamine (d-Gal) without any significant side effects.	Galactosamine	288-303	RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit	Homo sapiens	72-75
25982795-1	2015	CONTEXT: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha plays a key role in acute liver injury (ALI) induced by injection of d-galactosamine (D-Gal)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	Galactosamine	112-127	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	9-42
25982795-1	2015	CONTEXT: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha plays a key role in acute liver injury (ALI) induced by injection of d-galactosamine (D-Gal)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	Galactosamine	129-134	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	9-42
25982795-9	2015	CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated that sTNFRII-gAD therapeutically diminished the lethality induced by D-Gal/LPS, possibly through blocking hepatic apoptosis initiated by TNFalpha.	Galactosamine	107-112	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	175-183
25749929-0	2015	Protective role of cannabinoid receptor 2 activation in galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver failure through regulation of macrophage polarization and microRNAs.	Galactosamine	56-69	cannabinoid receptor 2 (macrophage)	Mus musculus	19-41
25749929-11	2015	Together, these data are the first to demonstrate that CB2 activation attenuates GalN/LPS-induced ALF by inducing an M1 to M2 shift in macrophages and by regulating the expression of unique miRs that target key molecules involved in the TLR4 pathway.	Galactosamine	81-85	cannabinoid receptor 2 (macrophage)	Mus musculus	55-58
25749929-11	2015	Together, these data are the first to demonstrate that CB2 activation attenuates GalN/LPS-induced ALF by inducing an M1 to M2 shift in macrophages and by regulating the expression of unique miRs that target key molecules involved in the TLR4 pathway.	Galactosamine	81-85	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	237-241
25387528-6	2015	In the mouse model of galactosamine (GaIN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALF, the hepatocellular injury was accompanied by up-regulated PERK signalling, ATF6 signalling, IRE1 signalling, CHOP and ERO1alpha.	Galactosamine	22-35	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3	Mus musculus	139-143
25984437-6	2015	Catalase activity was significantly upregulated in proline group from 0 to 3 h after GalN-injection, although GP and GR were downregulated during this period, compared with control group.	Galactosamine	85-89	catalase	Homo sapiens	0-8
25859783-3	2015	In in vitro assays, compounds 2-4, 6 and 11 showed significant hepatoprotective activities by lowering the ALT and AST levels in primary rat hepatocytes injured by D-galactosamine (D-GalN).	Galactosamine	164-179	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	183-187
25637945-12	2015	Mice treated with D-galactosamine (Gal)/LPS exhibited enhanced Sesn2 expression in the liver.	Galactosamine	18-33	sestrin 2	Mus musculus	63-68
25637945-12	2015	Mice treated with D-galactosamine (Gal)/LPS exhibited enhanced Sesn2 expression in the liver.	Galactosamine	35-38	sestrin 2	Mus musculus	63-68
25945001-7	2015	RESULTS: In the FHF group [D-galactosamine (D-Galn) + lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group], the mice began to die after 6 h; conversely, in the D-Galn and LPS groups, the activity of mice was poor, but there were no deaths.	Galactosamine	27-42	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	46-50
25521277-5	2015	EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: We investigated the therapeutic potential of DIM in a mouse model of D-galactosamine/Lipopolysaccharide (GalN/LPS)-induced ALF.	Galactosamine	92-107	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	128-132
25805930-2	2015	METHODS: We investigated the time-dependent alteration in UII levels and its effects on TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in liver and blood in the early stage of lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced ALF.	Galactosamine	171-186	urotensin 2	Mus musculus	58-61
25805930-3	2015	RESULTS: After lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine challenge, UII rose very rapidly and reached a maximal level 0.5 h, and the level remained significantly elevated after 2 h (P &lt; 0.05).	Galactosamine	34-49	urotensin 2	Mus musculus	61-64
25387528-6	2015	In the mouse model of galactosamine (GaIN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALF, the hepatocellular injury was accompanied by up-regulated PERK signalling, ATF6 signalling, IRE1 signalling, CHOP and ERO1alpha.	Galactosamine	22-35	endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to nucleus signalling 2	Mus musculus	173-177
25387528-6	2015	In the mouse model of galactosamine (GaIN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALF, the hepatocellular injury was accompanied by up-regulated PERK signalling, ATF6 signalling, IRE1 signalling, CHOP and ERO1alpha.	Galactosamine	22-35	DNA-damage inducible transcript 3	Mus musculus	190-194
25387528-6	2015	In the mouse model of galactosamine (GaIN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALF, the hepatocellular injury was accompanied by up-regulated PERK signalling, ATF6 signalling, IRE1 signalling, CHOP and ERO1alpha.	Galactosamine	22-35	endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductase 1 alpha	Mus musculus	199-208
25499312-3	2015	MATERIAL AND METHODS: Acute liver failure was induced by intraperitoneal injection of d-galactosamine (d-GalN) into specific pathogen-free male Wistar rats.	Galactosamine	86-101	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	105-109
25620059-3	2015	In this study, we evaluated potential therapeutic properties of Genistein against d-Galactosamine (d-GalN) induced inflammation and hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats.	Galactosamine	82-97	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	101-105
25706292-4	2015	Injection of SEB into D-galactosamine-sensitized female C57BL/6 mice resulted in liver injury as indicated by an increase in enzyme aspartate transaminase (AST) levels, induction of inflammatory cytokines, and massive infiltration of immune cells into the liver.	Galactosamine	22-37	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	132-154
25706292-4	2015	Injection of SEB into D-galactosamine-sensitized female C57BL/6 mice resulted in liver injury as indicated by an increase in enzyme aspartate transaminase (AST) levels, induction of inflammatory cytokines, and massive infiltration of immune cells into the liver.	Galactosamine	22-37	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	156-159
25382719-4	2014	GalN/LPS increased serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, while 1 attenuated TNF-alpha levels and further increased IL-6 levels.	Galactosamine	0-4	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	25-52
25689681-7	2015	In addition to the expected activation of PPARalpha by fibrate drugs, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and perfluorinated compounds, PPARalpha was activated by benzofuran, galactosamine, and TCDD and suppressed by hepatotoxins acetaminophen, lipopolysaccharide, silicon dioxide nanoparticles, and trovafloxacin.	Galactosamine	167-180	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	128-137
25311666-7	2014	In addition, linalool increased Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 expression up-regulation by LPS/GalN.	Galactosamine	90-94	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	41-57
25548221-1	2015	Mice lacking the IL-1R-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) are completely resistant to LPS-induced endotoxic disorder or the TLR9 agonist CpG DNA plus d-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury (ALI), whereas wild-type strains succumb.	Galactosamine	143-158	interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4	Mus musculus	17-42
25548221-1	2015	Mice lacking the IL-1R-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) are completely resistant to LPS-induced endotoxic disorder or the TLR9 agonist CpG DNA plus d-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury (ALI), whereas wild-type strains succumb.	Galactosamine	143-158	interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4	Mus musculus	44-49
26381032-0	2015	AP-1-Targeted Inhibition of Macrophage Function and Lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine-Induced Hepatitis by Phyllanthus acidus Methanolic Extract.	Galactosamine	71-86	jun proto-oncogene	Mus musculus	0-4
25085703-6	2015	RESULTS: CT1 caused an increase in Stat3 and Akt phosphorylation and a decrease of DNA fragmentation, calpain activity, and caspase-3 induced by D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	145-160	cardiotrophin 1	Homo sapiens	9-12
25085703-6	2015	RESULTS: CT1 caused an increase in Stat3 and Akt phosphorylation and a decrease of DNA fragmentation, calpain activity, and caspase-3 induced by D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	145-160	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	124-133
25085703-9	2015	CONCLUSIONS: CT1 decreases cell death through a mechanism related to Stat3 and Akt phosphorylation and activation of calpastatin in D-galactosamine-treated hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	132-147	cardiotrophin 1	Homo sapiens	13-16
25085703-9	2015	CONCLUSIONS: CT1 decreases cell death through a mechanism related to Stat3 and Akt phosphorylation and activation of calpastatin in D-galactosamine-treated hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	132-147	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	79-82
25085703-9	2015	CONCLUSIONS: CT1 decreases cell death through a mechanism related to Stat3 and Akt phosphorylation and activation of calpastatin in D-galactosamine-treated hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	132-147	calpastatin	Homo sapiens	117-128
25046541-10	2014	Tipifarnib inhibited GalN/LPS-induced caspase 3 activation, inflammatory cytokine production, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation in the liver.	Galactosamine	21-25	caspase 3	Mus musculus	38-47
25046541-11	2014	On the other hand, tipifarnib upregulated antiapoptotic protein, Bcl-xL, in the liver after GalN/LPS challenge.	Galactosamine	92-96	BCL2-like 1	Mus musculus	65-71
25325613-4	2014	Treatment with GalN/LPS resulted in increased levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and interleukin (IL)-6, as well as increased mortality, all of which were attenuated by treatment with 1.	Galactosamine	15-19	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	20-23
25325613-4	2014	Treatment with GalN/LPS resulted in increased levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and interleukin (IL)-6, as well as increased mortality, all of which were attenuated by treatment with 1.	Galactosamine	15-19	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	88-121
25325613-4	2014	Treatment with GalN/LPS resulted in increased levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and interleukin (IL)-6, as well as increased mortality, all of which were attenuated by treatment with 1.	Galactosamine	15-19	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	127-145
25325613-7	2014	Interestingly, 1 augmented GalN/LPS-mediated increases in the protein expression of IRAK-M, a negative regulator of TLR signaling.	Galactosamine	27-31	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	32-35
25382719-4	2014	GalN/LPS increased serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, while 1 attenuated TNF-alpha levels and further increased IL-6 levels.	Galactosamine	0-4	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	54-63
25382719-4	2014	GalN/LPS increased serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, while 1 attenuated TNF-alpha levels and further increased IL-6 levels.	Galactosamine	0-4	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	69-82
25325613-7	2014	Interestingly, 1 augmented GalN/LPS-mediated increases in the protein expression of IRAK-M, a negative regulator of TLR signaling.	Galactosamine	27-31	interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 3	Mus musculus	84-90
25382719-4	2014	GalN/LPS increased serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, while 1 attenuated TNF-alpha levels and further increased IL-6 levels.	Galactosamine	0-4	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	84-88
25325613-8	2014	Following GalN/LPS treatment, nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB and the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA expression increased, which were attenuated by 1.	Galactosamine	10-14	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	95-104
25325613-8	2014	Following GalN/LPS treatment, nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB and the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA expression increased, which were attenuated by 1.	Galactosamine	10-14	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	109-113
25325613-9	2014	Together, the present findings suggest that lupeol (1) ameliorates GalN/LPS-induced liver injury, which may be due to inhibition of IRAK-mediated TLR inflammatory signaling.	Galactosamine	67-71	interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1	Mus musculus	132-136
25382719-4	2014	GalN/LPS increased serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, while 1 attenuated TNF-alpha levels and further increased IL-6 levels.	Galactosamine	0-4	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	117-126
25382719-4	2014	GalN/LPS increased serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, while 1 attenuated TNF-alpha levels and further increased IL-6 levels.	Galactosamine	0-4	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	156-160
25382719-5	2014	GalN/LPS increased protein expression of toll-like receptor 4, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase, and p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase and increased nuclear protein expression of nuclear factor kappaB; these increases were attenuated by 1.	Galactosamine	0-4	mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	Mus musculus	123-126
25382719-6	2014	GalN/LPS increased Atg5 and Atg7 protein expressions, and these increases were augmented by 1.	Galactosamine	0-4	autophagy related 5	Mus musculus	19-23
25382719-6	2014	GalN/LPS increased Atg5 and Atg7 protein expressions, and these increases were augmented by 1.	Galactosamine	0-4	autophagy related 7	Mus musculus	28-32
25382719-7	2014	GalN/LPS activated autophagic flux as indicated by decreased microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II and sequestosome1/p62 protein expression.	Galactosamine	0-4	sequestosome 1	Mus musculus	115-128
25382719-7	2014	GalN/LPS activated autophagic flux as indicated by decreased microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II and sequestosome1/p62 protein expression.	Galactosamine	0-4	sequestosome 1	Mus musculus	129-132
25382719-9	2014	These findings suggest that 1 protects against GalN/LPS-induced liver injury by suppressing TLR4 signaling and enhancing autophagic flux.	Galactosamine	47-51	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	92-96
25270198-0	2014	[CD38 protein reduces LPS/D-galactosamine-induced acute damage of liver tissues via down-regulating inflammatory cytokine expressions].	Galactosamine	28-41	CD38 antigen	Mus musculus	1-5
25173984-0	2014	Emodin ameliorated lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatic failure by blockade of TLR4/MD2 complex expression in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	118-133	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	87-91
25173984-0	2014	Emodin ameliorated lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatic failure by blockade of TLR4/MD2 complex expression in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	118-133	lymphocyte antigen 96	Mus musculus	92-95
25173984-2	2014	The aim of this study was to explore the effect and mechanism of emodin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) in D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	143-158	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	162-166
24992201-5	2014	MATERIALS AND METHODS: d-Galactosamine (d-GalN)-induced liver injury in mice was used as a model.	Galactosamine	23-38	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	42-46
25270198-1	2014	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of CD38 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced acute hepatic injury in mice and explore the potential mechanism.	Galactosamine	71-86	CD38 antigen	Mus musculus	38-42
25270198-1	2014	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of CD38 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced acute hepatic injury in mice and explore the potential mechanism.	Galactosamine	88-94	CD38 antigen	Mus musculus	38-42
25439027-8	2014	Increases in serum tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10, which were observed in GalN/LPS-treated rats, were significantly reduced after using SFN.	Galactosamine	106-110	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	48-61
25439027-8	2014	Increases in serum tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10, which were observed in GalN/LPS-treated rats, were significantly reduced after using SFN.	Galactosamine	106-110	interleukin 10	Rattus norvegicus	67-81
25439027-9	2014	The GalN/LPS treatment increased the expression of superoxide dismutase-1, glutathione peroxidase 2, catalase, and heme oxygenase-1 genes.	Galactosamine	4-8	glutathione peroxidase 2	Rattus norvegicus	75-99
25439027-9	2014	The GalN/LPS treatment increased the expression of superoxide dismutase-1, glutathione peroxidase 2, catalase, and heme oxygenase-1 genes.	Galactosamine	4-8	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	101-109
25439027-9	2014	The GalN/LPS treatment increased the expression of superoxide dismutase-1, glutathione peroxidase 2, catalase, and heme oxygenase-1 genes.	Galactosamine	4-8	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	115-131
25439027-11	2014	Moreover, SFN inhibited GalN/LPS-induced caspase-3 activation and suppressed FAS and FASL expression.	Galactosamine	24-28	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	41-50
23941578-0	2014	Potential role of catalase in mice with lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced fulminant liver injury.	Galactosamine	59-74	catalase	Mus musculus	18-26
25270198-12	2014	CONCLUSION: CD38 protein effectively reduces the LPS/D-GalN-induced damage of liver tissues via depressing the expressions of inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting the death of liver cells.	Galactosamine	53-59	CD38 antigen	Mus musculus	12-16
25170215-2	2014	METHODS: Acute liver injury in rats was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (D-GalN).	Galactosamine	89-104	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	108-112
25511408-1	2014	OBJECTIVE: To determine the role and mechanism of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) alpha in a mouse model of D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS)-induced acute liver failure (ALF).	Galactosamine	127-142	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	95-99
25400741-3	2014	The current study aimed to investigate the protecting mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance in acute liver failure induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/LPS and possible role of toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway in this phenomenon.	Galactosamine	122-137	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	141-145
24877692-6	2014	After 6h of GalN/LPS injection, the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin-6 and interferon-gamma were significantly elevated.	Galactosamine	12-16	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	106-139
24877692-9	2014	Linarin attenuated the increased expression of Fas-associated death domain and caspase-8 induced by GalN/LPS, reduced the cytosolic release of cytochrome c and caspase-3 cleavage induced by GalN/LPS, and reduced the pro-apoptotic Bim phosphorylation induced by GalN/LPS.	Galactosamine	100-104	caspase 8	Mus musculus	79-88
24877692-9	2014	Linarin attenuated the increased expression of Fas-associated death domain and caspase-8 induced by GalN/LPS, reduced the cytosolic release of cytochrome c and caspase-3 cleavage induced by GalN/LPS, and reduced the pro-apoptotic Bim phosphorylation induced by GalN/LPS.	Galactosamine	190-194	caspase 3	Mus musculus	160-169
24877692-9	2014	Linarin attenuated the increased expression of Fas-associated death domain and caspase-8 induced by GalN/LPS, reduced the cytosolic release of cytochrome c and caspase-3 cleavage induced by GalN/LPS, and reduced the pro-apoptotic Bim phosphorylation induced by GalN/LPS.	Galactosamine	190-194	caspase 3	Mus musculus	160-169
25165185-9	2014	In contrast, mutations in galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetyl-galactosaminyltransferase, responsible for O-glycosylation of FGF23, or in klotho, a cofactor for FGF23 signalling result in hyperphosphatemia.	Galactosamine	26-39	fibroblast growth factor 23	Homo sapiens	123-128
25165185-9	2014	In contrast, mutations in galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetyl-galactosaminyltransferase, responsible for O-glycosylation of FGF23, or in klotho, a cofactor for FGF23 signalling result in hyperphosphatemia.	Galactosamine	26-39	fibroblast growth factor 23	Homo sapiens	159-164
25121610-7	2014	The administration of the ENV TMD in vivo to lipotechoic acid (LTA)/Galactosamine-mediated septic mice resulted in a significant decrease in mortality and in tissue damage, due to the weakening of systemic macrophage activation.	Galactosamine	68-81	melanoma antigen	Mus musculus	26-29
24604240-0	2014	Intraperitoneal administration of fetuin-A attenuates D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced liver failure in mouse.	Galactosamine	54-69	alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein	Mus musculus	34-42
24604240-2	2014	AIMS: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of fetuin-A on D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS)-induced liver failure in mice.	Galactosamine	78-93	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	116-120
24604240-2	2014	AIMS: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of fetuin-A on D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS)-induced liver failure in mice.	Galactosamine	78-93	alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein	Mus musculus	66-74
24887412-6	2014	GFR was reduced by 33% of the controls 12 h after GalN/LPS exposure, accompanied with a decreased serum sodium levels, a marked increase in serum TNF-alpha and ET-1 levels as well as significantly upregulated renal type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R1) expression.	Galactosamine	50-54	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	146-155
24887412-8	2014	Treatments with either TNF-alpha antibodies or 2-APB also significantly improved the compromised GFR, elevated serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, and reversed the decrease in glomerular inulin space and the increase in glomerular calcium content in GalN/LPS-exposed rats.	Galactosamine	257-261	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	23-32
24797709-5	2014	RESULTS: It showed that GalN/LPS treatment produced severe hepatic injury, evidenced by significantly elevated plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and abnormal histological changes such as hepatocyte necrosis or apoptosis, hemorrhage, fatty degeneration, and neutrophil infiltration.	Galactosamine	24-28	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	118-142
24797709-5	2014	RESULTS: It showed that GalN/LPS treatment produced severe hepatic injury, evidenced by significantly elevated plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and abnormal histological changes such as hepatocyte necrosis or apoptosis, hemorrhage, fatty degeneration, and neutrophil infiltration.	Galactosamine	24-28	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	144-147
24887412-6	2014	GFR was reduced by 33% of the controls 12 h after GalN/LPS exposure, accompanied with a decreased serum sodium levels, a marked increase in serum TNF-alpha and ET-1 levels as well as significantly upregulated renal type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R1) expression.	Galactosamine	50-54	endothelin 1	Rattus norvegicus	160-164
24887412-6	2014	GFR was reduced by 33% of the controls 12 h after GalN/LPS exposure, accompanied with a decreased serum sodium levels, a marked increase in serum TNF-alpha and ET-1 levels as well as significantly upregulated renal type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R1) expression.	Galactosamine	50-54	inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, type 1	Rattus norvegicus	215-259
24887412-6	2014	GFR was reduced by 33% of the controls 12 h after GalN/LPS exposure, accompanied with a decreased serum sodium levels, a marked increase in serum TNF-alpha and ET-1 levels as well as significantly upregulated renal type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R1) expression.	Galactosamine	50-54	inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, type 1	Rattus norvegicus	261-266
23989863-3	2014	This study aimed to investigate the effect of agmatine, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, on D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide (GalN/LPS)-induced FHF in mice and explore its possible mechanism(s).	Galactosamine	109-124	nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible	Mus musculus	56-87
24124652-4	2014	Interestingly, galactosamine treatment induced hepatic nuclear accumulation of methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) alpha1 and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase tetramers, their active assemblies.	Galactosamine	15-28	adenosylhomocysteinase	Rattus norvegicus	127-159
24788561-0	2014	Hepatoprotective effects of erythropoietin on D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatic failure in mice.	Galactosamine	46-61	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	28-42
24788561-3	2014	The present study aimed to determine the hepatoprotective effect of EPO and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms using a D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced model of acute liver injury.	Galactosamine	123-138	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	142-146
23989863-3	2014	This study aimed to investigate the effect of agmatine, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, on D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide (GalN/LPS)-induced FHF in mice and explore its possible mechanism(s).	Galactosamine	109-124	nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible	Mus musculus	89-93
24472388-4	2014	injection of GalN (500 mg/kg body weight) in mice treated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 14 d significantly increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations compared with the untreated mice.	Galactosamine	13-17	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	157-160
24714963-3	2014	The aim of this study was to assess D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatocyte apoptotic changes in mice and clarify the mechanisms involved in this process.	Galactosamine	36-51	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	55-59
24476051-0	2014	Synthetic RGDS peptide attenuated lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure in mice.	Galactosamine	53-68	ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator	Mus musculus	10-14
24476051-3	2014	In this study, we investigated the protection effects of RGDS peptide on lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN)-induced FHF and the underlying molecular mechanisms.	Galactosamine	92-107	ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator	Mus musculus	57-61
24472388-4	2014	injection of GalN (500 mg/kg body weight) in mice treated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 14 d significantly increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations compared with the untreated mice.	Galactosamine	13-17	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	129-155
25371573-0	2014	Carvacrol ameliorates the PPAR-A and cytochrome P450 expression on D-galactosamine induced hepatotoxicity rats.	Galactosamine	67-82	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	26-32
24530497-3	2014	INS-2, a novel inositol glycan pseudo-disaccharide containing D-chiro-inositol and galactosamine, has been shown to function as an insulin mimetic and a putative insulin mediator.	Galactosamine	83-96	insulin II	Mus musculus	0-5
24565947-2	2014	The present study evaluated hepatoprotective effect of GPLC in d-Galactosamine (d-GalN) induced fulminant hepatic failure.	Galactosamine	63-78	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	82-86
24895481-0	2014	BRP, a polysaccharide fraction isolated from Boschniakia rossica, protects against galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide induced hepatic failure in mice.	Galactosamine	83-96	growth differentiation factor 5	Mus musculus	0-3
24895481-1	2014	The aim of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of BRP, a polysaccharide fraction isolated from Boschniakia rossica, against galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide induced fulminant hepatic failure.	Galactosamine	146-159	growth differentiation factor 5	Mus musculus	72-75
24895481-5	2014	BRP also reduced hepatic lipid peroxidation, increased potential of hepatic antioxidative defense system, and reduced hepatic nitric oxide level which was elevated by galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide injection.	Galactosamine	167-180	growth differentiation factor 5	Mus musculus	0-3
24895481-6	2014	Immunoblot analysis showed down-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 proteins of liver tissues in BRP pretreated group when compared with galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-challenged group.	Galactosamine	168-181	growth differentiation factor 5	Mus musculus	128-131
24895481-7	2014	Furthermore, treatment with galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide markedly increased toll-like receptor 4, nuclear level of nuclear factor-kappaB, and phosphorylation of both extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase in liver tissues.	Galactosamine	28-41	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	80-100
24895481-9	2014	The results suggest that BRP alleviates galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury by enhancing antioxidative defense system, suppressing inflammatory responses and reducing apoptotic signaling.	Galactosamine	40-53	growth differentiation factor 5	Mus musculus	25-28
25371573-3	2014	The present study investigates the influence of carvacrol on CYP2E1 and PPAR-alpha on D-Galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced hepatotoxic rats.	Galactosamine	86-101	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	72-82
25371573-3	2014	The present study investigates the influence of carvacrol on CYP2E1 and PPAR-alpha on D-Galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced hepatotoxic rats.	Galactosamine	86-101	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	105-109
24509159-5	2014	Fulminant hepatic failure was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN) into mice.	Galactosamine	93-108	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	116-120
24554039-6	2014	Results showed that GalN/LPS induced marked elevations in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT).	Galactosamine	20-24	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	64-90
24625984-7	2014	In animal models of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine challenge as a way to reveal in vivo inflammatory responses, animals lacking PTP1B exhibited a higher rate of death.	Galactosamine	49-64	protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens	142-147
23620140-3	2014	In this study, we investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of syringin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced FHF in mice.	Galactosamine	113-128	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	132-136
24442316-13	2014	CMCS could protect LSECs from injury and maintain the microvasculature integration in acute injured liver of mice induced by LPS/D-GalN.	Galactosamine	129-135	cerebral malaria susceptibility in CBA/N	Mus musculus	0-4
24365491-0	2014	Pseudoephedrine/ephedrine shows potent anti-inflammatory activity against TNF-alpha-mediated acute liver failure induced by lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	143-158	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	74-83
24554039-6	2014	Results showed that GalN/LPS induced marked elevations in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT).	Galactosamine	20-24	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	92-95
24554039-6	2014	Results showed that GalN/LPS induced marked elevations in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT).	Galactosamine	20-24	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	101-125
24554039-6	2014	Results showed that GalN/LPS induced marked elevations in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT).	Galactosamine	20-24	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	127-130
24317376-0	2014	Intrahepatic microcirculatory disorder, parenchymal hypoxia and NOX4 upregulation result in zonal differences in hepatocyte apoptosis following lipopolysaccharide- and D-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure in rats.	Galactosamine	168-183	NADPH oxidase 4	Rattus norvegicus	64-68
23758073-3	2014	Here, we examined the role of cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE, an enzyme produces H2S) in ALF induced by D-Galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	Galactosamine	104-119	cystathionase (cystathionine gamma-lyase)	Mus musculus	30-55
24619896-5	2014	ACLF in rats was induced by D-galactosamine administration following CCl4-induced cirrhosis.	Galactosamine	28-43	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	69-73
23758073-3	2014	Here, we examined the role of cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE, an enzyme produces H2S) in ALF induced by D-Galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	Galactosamine	121-125	cystathionase (cystathionine gamma-lyase)	Mus musculus	57-60
23758073-3	2014	Here, we examined the role of cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE, an enzyme produces H2S) in ALF induced by D-Galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	Galactosamine	104-119	cystathionase (cystathionine gamma-lyase)	Mus musculus	57-60
23758073-5	2014	Congenital deficiency or chemical inhibition of CSE by DL-propargylglycine attenuated GalN/LPS-induced liver injury.	Galactosamine	86-90	cystathionase (cystathionine gamma-lyase)	Mus musculus	48-51
23758073-6	2014	CSE deficiency markedly improved survival rate and attenuated GalN/LPS-induced upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and activation of caspase 3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in the liver.	Galactosamine	62-66	caspase 3	Mus musculus	136-178
23758073-3	2014	Here, we examined the role of cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE, an enzyme produces H2S) in ALF induced by D-Galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	Galactosamine	121-125	cystathionase (cystathionine gamma-lyase)	Mus musculus	30-55
24987711-2	2014	ALF was induced in rats by administration of D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	Galactosamine	45-60	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	64-68
23758073-6	2014	CSE deficiency markedly improved survival rate and attenuated GalN/LPS-induced upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and activation of caspase 3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in the liver.	Galactosamine	62-66	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	180-184
23758073-9	2014	Finally, administration of sodium thiosulfate (STS) attenuated GalN/LPS-induced liver injury via activation of Akt- and Nrf2-dependent signaling and inhibition of GalN/LPS-induced JNK phosphorylation in WT mice.	Galactosamine	63-67	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	111-114
23758073-9	2014	Finally, administration of sodium thiosulfate (STS) attenuated GalN/LPS-induced liver injury via activation of Akt- and Nrf2-dependent signaling and inhibition of GalN/LPS-induced JNK phosphorylation in WT mice.	Galactosamine	63-67	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	120-124
23758073-9	2014	Finally, administration of sodium thiosulfate (STS) attenuated GalN/LPS-induced liver injury via activation of Akt- and Nrf2-dependent signaling and inhibition of GalN/LPS-induced JNK phosphorylation in WT mice.	Galactosamine	163-167	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	180-183
24799907-1	2014	The therapeutic efficacy of interleukin-22 (IL-22) on liver injury and hematological disturbances was studied in rat model of acute liver failure (ALF) induced by D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS).	Galactosamine	163-178	interleukin 22	Rattus norvegicus	44-49
24799907-3	2014	After 48 hours of D-GalN/LPS, the rats exhibited 20% mortality, significant increases in AST, ALT, ALP, TBILI, PT, and aPTT, TNF- alpha , and COX-2 and significant decreases in FIB, WBCs, and RBCs.	Galactosamine	18-24	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	89-92
24799907-3	2014	After 48 hours of D-GalN/LPS, the rats exhibited 20% mortality, significant increases in AST, ALT, ALP, TBILI, PT, and aPTT, TNF- alpha , and COX-2 and significant decreases in FIB, WBCs, and RBCs.	Galactosamine	18-24	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	125-135
24799907-3	2014	After 48 hours of D-GalN/LPS, the rats exhibited 20% mortality, significant increases in AST, ALT, ALP, TBILI, PT, and aPTT, TNF- alpha , and COX-2 and significant decreases in FIB, WBCs, and RBCs.	Galactosamine	18-24	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	142-147
24817287-1	2014	OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of the pretreatment and treatment with recombinant human interleukin-11 (rhIL-11) on acute liver failure induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN).	Galactosamine	150-165	interleukin 11	Homo sapiens	91-105
24817287-1	2014	OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of the pretreatment and treatment with recombinant human interleukin-11 (rhIL-11) on acute liver failure induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN).	Galactosamine	150-165	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	169-173
24799907-4	2014	By contrast, therapy with IL-22 prevented the lethal effect of D-GalN/LPS by 100% and efficiently alleviated all the biochemical and hematological abnormalities that were observed in ALF untreated group.	Galactosamine	63-69	interleukin 22	Rattus norvegicus	26-31
24457951-0	2014	Chymase inhibition attenuates lipopolysaccharide/ d-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure in hamsters.	Galactosamine	50-65	chymase 1	Homo sapiens	0-7
24457951-6	2014	Plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities were significantly increased after LPS/GalN injection in the placebo-treated group, but the increases were significantly attenuated in the TY-51469-treated group.	Galactosamine	113-117	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	38-62
24908092-0	2014	D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity downregulates sirtuin 1 in rat liver: role of sirtuin 1 modulation in hepatoprotection.	Galactosamine	0-15	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	72-81
24457951-9	2014	DISCUSSION: Chymase inhibition could be a useful strategy to attenuate LPS/GalN-induced ALF in hamsters.	Galactosamine	75-79	chymase 1	Homo sapiens	12-19
24908092-0	2014	D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity downregulates sirtuin 1 in rat liver: role of sirtuin 1 modulation in hepatoprotection.	Galactosamine	0-15	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	104-113
23994575-13	2013	GalN/LPS induced expression of the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) gene and the interaction between NLRP3 and TXNIP; again, hemin attenuated these effects.	Galactosamine	0-4	thioredoxin interacting protein	Mus musculus	35-66
24908092-1	2014	D-Galactosamine/Lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS) is a well known model of hepatotoxicity that closely resembles acute liver failure (ALF) seen clinically.	Galactosamine	0-15	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	38-42
24520792-1	2014	OBJECTIVE: To study the protective effect of baicalin solid dispersion (BSD) on D-galactosamine (D-GalN) induced acute hepatic injury in mice, and to compare it with baicalin alone.	Galactosamine	80-95	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	99-103
23994575-0	2013	NLRP3 inflammasome activation in D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver failure: role of heme oxygenase-1.	Galactosamine	33-48	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	0-5
23994575-13	2013	GalN/LPS induced expression of the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) gene and the interaction between NLRP3 and TXNIP; again, hemin attenuated these effects.	Galactosamine	0-4	thioredoxin interacting protein	Mus musculus	68-73
23994575-4	2013	This study examined activation of the NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in GalN/LPS-induced hepatic injury and the role of HO-1 in the signaling pathways of inflammasome.	Galactosamine	110-114	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	87-92
23994575-13	2013	GalN/LPS induced expression of the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) gene and the interaction between NLRP3 and TXNIP; again, hemin attenuated these effects.	Galactosamine	0-4	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	108-113
23994575-6	2013	HO-1 induction with hemin reversed the lethality induced by GalN/LPS administration, and ZnPP pretreatment blocked this change.	Galactosamine	60-64	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	0-4
23994575-13	2013	GalN/LPS induced expression of the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) gene and the interaction between NLRP3 and TXNIP; again, hemin attenuated these effects.	Galactosamine	0-4	thioredoxin interacting protein	Mus musculus	118-123
23994575-9	2013	Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-1beta increased after GalN/LPS treatment; these increases were attenuated by hemin.	Galactosamine	99-103	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	16-43
23994575-9	2013	Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-1beta increased after GalN/LPS treatment; these increases were attenuated by hemin.	Galactosamine	99-103	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	45-54
23994575-15	2013	Our findings suggest that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome leads to a GalN/LPS-induced inflammatory response through TXNIP-NLRP3 interaction.	Galactosamine	74-78	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	44-49
23994575-9	2013	Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-1beta increased after GalN/LPS treatment; these increases were attenuated by hemin.	Galactosamine	99-103	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	60-82
23994575-15	2013	Our findings suggest that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome leads to a GalN/LPS-induced inflammatory response through TXNIP-NLRP3 interaction.	Galactosamine	74-78	thioredoxin interacting protein	Mus musculus	121-126
23994575-10	2013	Hepatic mRNA levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and NLRP3 increased after GalN/LPS treatment, and hemin attenuated increases in TNF-alpha and IL-1beta.	Galactosamine	70-74	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	23-32
23994575-15	2013	Our findings suggest that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome leads to a GalN/LPS-induced inflammatory response through TXNIP-NLRP3 interaction.	Galactosamine	74-78	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	127-132
23994575-10	2013	Hepatic mRNA levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and NLRP3 increased after GalN/LPS treatment, and hemin attenuated increases in TNF-alpha and IL-1beta.	Galactosamine	70-74	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	34-42
23994575-10	2013	Hepatic mRNA levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and NLRP3 increased after GalN/LPS treatment, and hemin attenuated increases in TNF-alpha and IL-1beta.	Galactosamine	70-74	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	48-53
23994575-16	2013	Furthermore, HO-1 overexpression may protect the liver against GalN/LPS-induced inflammation through suppression of the NLRP3 signaling pathway.	Galactosamine	63-67	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	13-17
23994575-11	2013	After GalN/LPS treatment, the hepatic expression of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 (p10) was increased.	Galactosamine	6-10	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	52-57
23994575-16	2013	Furthermore, HO-1 overexpression may protect the liver against GalN/LPS-induced inflammation through suppression of the NLRP3 signaling pathway.	Galactosamine	63-67	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	120-125
23994575-11	2013	After GalN/LPS treatment, the hepatic expression of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 (p10) was increased.	Galactosamine	6-10	PYD and CARD domain containing	Mus musculus	59-62
24195447-3	2013	Compounds 1-3, 5, 6, 8, and 9 (10 muM) showed moderate hepatoprotective activity against d-galactosamine-induced HL-7702 cell damage.	Galactosamine	89-104	latexin	Homo sapiens	34-37
23994575-11	2013	After GalN/LPS treatment, the hepatic expression of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 (p10) was increased.	Galactosamine	6-10	caspase 1	Mus musculus	68-77
23994575-11	2013	After GalN/LPS treatment, the hepatic expression of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 (p10) was increased.	Galactosamine	6-10	S100 calcium binding protein A10 (calpactin)	Mus musculus	79-82
23979840-5	2013	Galactosamine-mediated targeting delivery of anti-cancer drugs in the liver has been tested because its receptor, asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGPR1), is expressed in the liver and not in other human tissues.	Galactosamine	0-13	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	104-143
23979840-5	2013	Galactosamine-mediated targeting delivery of anti-cancer drugs in the liver has been tested because its receptor, asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGPR1), is expressed in the liver and not in other human tissues.	Galactosamine	0-13	asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens	145-151
23564603-4	2013	IL-25 expression was evaluated in patients with FH and in livers of mice with FH induced by D-galactosamine (D-Gal) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	Galactosamine	92-107	interleukin 25	Homo sapiens	0-5
24263103-3	2013	CerS2 null mice were resistant to lipopolysaccharide/galactosamine-mediated fulminant hepatic failure even though TNFalpha secretion from macrophages was unaffected.	Galactosamine	53-66	ceramide synthase 2	Mus musculus	0-5
24021706-3	2013	Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN) treatment showed significant increases of hippocampal and hypothalamic alphaCGRP, POMC, CRH, and ProENK mRNA levels in WT mice, but not ProENK mRNA in the hypothalamus at 6h after on-set of sepsis.	Galactosamine	56-71	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	79-83
24021706-3	2013	Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN) treatment showed significant increases of hippocampal and hypothalamic alphaCGRP, POMC, CRH, and ProENK mRNA levels in WT mice, but not ProENK mRNA in the hypothalamus at 6h after on-set of sepsis.	Galactosamine	56-71	pro-opiomelanocortin-alpha	Mus musculus	167-171
24021706-3	2013	Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN) treatment showed significant increases of hippocampal and hypothalamic alphaCGRP, POMC, CRH, and ProENK mRNA levels in WT mice, but not ProENK mRNA in the hypothalamus at 6h after on-set of sepsis.	Galactosamine	56-71	corticotropin releasing hormone	Mus musculus	173-176
23564603-4	2013	IL-25 expression was evaluated in patients with FH and in livers of mice with FH induced by D-galactosamine (D-Gal) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	Galactosamine	109-114	interleukin 25	Homo sapiens	0-5
24098802-2	2013	We have previously reported that NK cells contribute to Poly I:C/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced fulminant hepatitis.	Galactosamine	65-80	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	84-88
24331634-2	2013	METHODS: Acute hepatic failure was induced in Kunming mice by intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (D-Galn at 600 mg/kg) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS at 5 mug/kg) and mice were divided into groups for injection with saline, recombinant (r)TM-N protein, or recombinant soluble (rs)RAGE protein.	Galactosamine	91-106	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	110-114
24058536-4	2013	The administration of poly(I:C) plus D-galactosamine (D-GalN) in mice led to acute liver injury associated with the induction of IL-33 expression in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) and vascular endothelial cells (VEC), while the administration of poly(I:C) alone led to hepatocyte specific IL-33 expression in addition to vascular IL-33 expression.	Galactosamine	37-52	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	56-60
24058536-4	2013	The administration of poly(I:C) plus D-galactosamine (D-GalN) in mice led to acute liver injury associated with the induction of IL-33 expression in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) and vascular endothelial cells (VEC), while the administration of poly(I:C) alone led to hepatocyte specific IL-33 expression in addition to vascular IL-33 expression.	Galactosamine	37-52	interleukin 33	Mus musculus	129-134
24058536-4	2013	The administration of poly(I:C) plus D-galactosamine (D-GalN) in mice led to acute liver injury associated with the induction of IL-33 expression in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) and vascular endothelial cells (VEC), while the administration of poly(I:C) alone led to hepatocyte specific IL-33 expression in addition to vascular IL-33 expression.	Galactosamine	37-52	interleukin 33	Mus musculus	300-305
24058536-4	2013	The administration of poly(I:C) plus D-galactosamine (D-GalN) in mice led to acute liver injury associated with the induction of IL-33 expression in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) and vascular endothelial cells (VEC), while the administration of poly(I:C) alone led to hepatocyte specific IL-33 expression in addition to vascular IL-33 expression.	Galactosamine	37-52	interleukin 33	Mus musculus	300-305
23864198-0	2013	beta-Nerve growth factor attenuates hepatocyte injury induced by D-galactosamine in vitro via TrkA NGFR.	Galactosamine	65-80	nerve growth factor	Homo sapiens	0-24
23864198-0	2013	beta-Nerve growth factor attenuates hepatocyte injury induced by D-galactosamine in vitro via TrkA NGFR.	Galactosamine	65-80	neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	94-98
23864198-3	2013	This study attempted to investigate the hepatoprotective effect and possible mechanism of beta-NGF on D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-injured human liver L-02 cell lines.	Galactosamine	102-117	nerve growth factor	Homo sapiens	90-98
23864198-3	2013	This study attempted to investigate the hepatoprotective effect and possible mechanism of beta-NGF on D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-injured human liver L-02 cell lines.	Galactosamine	102-117	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	121-125
23583238-4	2013	With the recent observation in our experiment, we found that IL-30 exerted potent anti-inflammatory effects in the RAW 264.7 macrophages and in a lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN)-induced mouse model.	Galactosamine	165-180	interleukin 27	Mus musculus	61-66
23711831-11	2013	RESULTS: It revealed that LHR pretreatment effectively ameliorated the GalN/LPS-induced elevation of serum ALT and AST levels, and attenuated hepatocyte apoptosis in the rat model characterized by the addition of GalN/LPS.	Galactosamine	71-75	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	115-118
23755157-3	2014	Here, we analysed the relationship between UII/UTR expression and ALF in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (GalN)-challenged mice.	Galactosamine	98-113	urotensin 2	Mus musculus	43-46
23755157-3	2014	Here, we analysed the relationship between UII/UTR expression and ALF in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (GalN)-challenged mice.	Galactosamine	115-119	urotensin 2	Mus musculus	43-46
23755157-11	2014	Thus, we conclude that UII/UTR system plays a role in LPS/GalN-induced ALF.	Galactosamine	58-62	urotensin 2	Mus musculus	23-26
23537890-2	2013	Liver insult was induced by in vivo administration of D-galactosamine (d-GalN, 400 mg/kg, i.p.)	Galactosamine	54-69	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	73-77
23874752-6	2013	ACLF was induced with D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) i.p.	Galactosamine	22-37	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	41-45
23535186-1	2013	The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects and molecular mechanisms of scoparone on d-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) in mice.	Galactosamine	109-124	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	128-132
23543762-6	2013	Like WT mice, 100% of LPS-tolerized IL-4Ralpha-deficient mice survived LPS + d-galactosamine-induced lethal toxicity and exhibited decreased serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and AA-MPhi-associated chemokines induced by LPS challenge compared with nontolerized mice.	Galactosamine	77-92	interleukin 4 receptor, alpha	Mus musculus	36-46
24034850-1	2013	OBJECTIVE: To apply an orthogonal design optimization strategy to a mouse model of acute liver failure induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure.	Galactosamine	114-129	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	133-137
23375034-1	2013	OBJECTIVE: To unravel the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of carvacrol in D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced hepatotoxic rats.	Galactosamine	82-97	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	101-105
23482568-8	2013	Moreover, DEFB114 could also rescue the LPS-induced reduction of human sperm motility in vitro and protect d-galactosamine-sensitized C57BL/6 mice from LPS-induced lethality in vivo.	Galactosamine	107-122	defensin beta 114	Homo sapiens	10-17
23482568-9	2013	The protective activity of DEFB114 on RAW264.7, human sperm, and the d-galactosamine-sensitized mice was disulfide bond-dependent because alkylated DEFB114 lost its activity.	Galactosamine	69-84	defensin beta 114	Homo sapiens	27-34
23418359-4	2013	In contrast, the passenger strand miR-17-3p repressed expression of vimentin, an intermediate filament with the ability to modulate metabolism, and GalNT7, an enzyme that regulates metabolism of liver toxin galactosamine.	Galactosamine	207-220	microRNA 17	Mus musculus	34-40
23418359-4	2013	In contrast, the passenger strand miR-17-3p repressed expression of vimentin, an intermediate filament with the ability to modulate metabolism, and GalNT7, an enzyme that regulates metabolism of liver toxin galactosamine.	Galactosamine	207-220	vimentin	Mus musculus	68-76
23418359-4	2013	In contrast, the passenger strand miR-17-3p repressed expression of vimentin, an intermediate filament with the ability to modulate metabolism, and GalNT7, an enzyme that regulates metabolism of liver toxin galactosamine.	Galactosamine	207-220	polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 7	Mus musculus	148-154
23375034-3	2013	RESULTS: We found that the mRNA and protein expressions of TNF-alpha, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2 and NF-kappaB were significantly up-regulated in D-galactosamine induced hepatotoxic rats and treatment with carvacrol significantly down-regulated the expressions of these genes showing the mechanism behind the anti-inflammatory activity of carvacrol.	Galactosamine	137-152	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	59-68
23375034-3	2013	RESULTS: We found that the mRNA and protein expressions of TNF-alpha, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2 and NF-kappaB were significantly up-regulated in D-galactosamine induced hepatotoxic rats and treatment with carvacrol significantly down-regulated the expressions of these genes showing the mechanism behind the anti-inflammatory activity of carvacrol.	Galactosamine	137-152	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	70-74
23375034-3	2013	RESULTS: We found that the mRNA and protein expressions of TNF-alpha, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2 and NF-kappaB were significantly up-regulated in D-galactosamine induced hepatotoxic rats and treatment with carvacrol significantly down-regulated the expressions of these genes showing the mechanism behind the anti-inflammatory activity of carvacrol.	Galactosamine	137-152	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	76-80
23375034-3	2013	RESULTS: We found that the mRNA and protein expressions of TNF-alpha, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2 and NF-kappaB were significantly up-regulated in D-galactosamine induced hepatotoxic rats and treatment with carvacrol significantly down-regulated the expressions of these genes showing the mechanism behind the anti-inflammatory activity of carvacrol.	Galactosamine	137-152	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	82-87
22748804-2	2013	Our objective in this study was to provide scientific evidence for the in vivo efficacy and the underlying mechanisms of action of DET in lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN)-induced fulminant hepatitis.	Galactosamine	157-172	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	180-184
23526264-4	2013	The rat liver triglyceride content increased with the dosage of TNF-alpha/d-galactosamine (GalN), but was suppressed by intake of both tocotrienol (T3) and alpha-tocopherol.	Galactosamine	74-89	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	64-73
23526264-4	2013	The rat liver triglyceride content increased with the dosage of TNF-alpha/d-galactosamine (GalN), but was suppressed by intake of both tocotrienol (T3) and alpha-tocopherol.	Galactosamine	91-95	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	64-73
23295647-0	2013	The inhibitory action of PDCD4 in lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury.	Galactosamine	53-68	programmed cell death 4	Mus musculus	25-30
23991369-9	2013	Interestingly the influence of this polymorphism on the response to stress is context dependent, with P72 showing increased response to liver toxins (lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine), but R72 showing increased response to metabolic stress (high fat diet).	Galactosamine	173-188	DEAD box helicase 17	Mus musculus	102-105
23392803-0	2013	Hepatoprotective effects of cathepsin B inhibitor on acute hepatic failure induced by lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine in mice.	Galactosamine	105-120	cathepsin B	Mus musculus	28-39
23392803-2	2013	This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of a cathepsin B inhibitor (CA-074me) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced acute hepatic failure (AHF) in mice.	Galactosamine	121-136	cathepsin B	Mus musculus	60-71
23392803-2	2013	This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of a cathepsin B inhibitor (CA-074me) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced acute hepatic failure (AHF) in mice.	Galactosamine	138-144	cathepsin B	Mus musculus	60-71
22978659-2	2012	OBJECTIVES: The present investigation was to demonstrate the protective effect of the methanol extract of B. nigra leaves against D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced hepatic and nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats.	Galactosamine	130-145	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	149-153
23232634-0	2012	Inhibiting the expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha attenuates lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure in mice.	Galactosamine	93-108	hepatic nuclear factor 4, alpha	Mus musculus	29-62
23232634-2	2012	This study aimed to investigate the role of HNF4alpha in the development of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) induced by lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN).	Galactosamine	138-153	hepatic nuclear factor 4, alpha	Mus musculus	44-53
22992009-8	2012	RESULTS: D-GalN administration induced hepatotoxicity in rats which was manifested by increased levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, total bilirubin and oxidative stress.	Galactosamine	9-15	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	132-158
22928618-5	2012	The intake of the red grape pomace-supplemented diet was found to suppress the LPS/GalN-induced activation of NF-kappaB and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 proteins.	Galactosamine	83-87	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	174-190
22963044-0	2012	Pretreatment of hepatocyte growth factor gene transfer mediated by octaarginine peptide-modified nanoparticles ameliorates LPS/D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis.	Galactosamine	127-142	hepatocyte growth factor	Mus musculus	16-40
22963044-0	2012	Pretreatment of hepatocyte growth factor gene transfer mediated by octaarginine peptide-modified nanoparticles ameliorates LPS/D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis.	Galactosamine	127-142	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	123-126
22268795-9	2012	The glucosamine and galactosamine were present in carbohydrate structures of acrosin II.	Galactosamine	20-33	acrosin	Meleagris gallopavo	77-84
23206306-2	2012	METHODS: A contact-independent model of aberrant hepatic microenvironment was established by co-culturing BM-MSCs with D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-injured human L02 hepatic cells using a transwell assay platform.	Galactosamine	119-134	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	138-142
23298483-7	2012	We found that PD exerted a protective effect on LPS/D-GalN-induced FHF as evidenced by reducing sera alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, diminishing liver histopathological injury, and lowering mortality in a dose-dependent manner.	Galactosamine	52-58	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	101-125
23298483-7	2012	We found that PD exerted a protective effect on LPS/D-GalN-induced FHF as evidenced by reducing sera alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, diminishing liver histopathological injury, and lowering mortality in a dose-dependent manner.	Galactosamine	52-58	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	127-130
22963044-2	2012	In this study, we report on an examination of whether this gene delivery system exerts potent hepatoprotective effects against lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN)-induced acute liver injury.	Galactosamine	146-161	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	163-166
22094102-6	2012	Down-regulation of TNFalpha in peritoneal CD11b+ monocytes reduced liver damage in C57BL/6 mice and significantly delayed acute mortality in mice treated with low dose LPS plus d-galactosamine (D-GalN).	Galactosamine	177-192	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	19-27
22280552-3	2012	D-Galactosamine (D-GalN), a hepatocyte-specific inhibitor of RNA synthesis, is known to sensitise animals to the lethal effects of LPS.	Galactosamine	0-15	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-23
22893465-1	2012	BACKGROUND: Prior experimentation has shown that loss of the tyrosine kinase (TK) signaling domain of the Ron receptor leads to marked hepatocyte protection in a model of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver failure (ALF) in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	227-242	macrophage stimulating 1 receptor (c-met-related tyrosine kinase)	Mus musculus	106-109
22893465-1	2012	BACKGROUND: Prior experimentation has shown that loss of the tyrosine kinase (TK) signaling domain of the Ron receptor leads to marked hepatocyte protection in a model of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver failure (ALF) in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	244-248	macrophage stimulating 1 receptor (c-met-related tyrosine kinase)	Mus musculus	106-109
22790046-2	2012	LEM has hepatoprotective activities in animals with acute liver injury induced by concanavalin A or D-galactosamine.Moreover, LEM suppresses liver fibrosis and inflammation in mice with chronic liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride.	Galactosamine	100-115	lymphocyte expansion molecule	Homo sapiens	0-3
22094102-6	2012	Down-regulation of TNFalpha in peritoneal CD11b+ monocytes reduced liver damage in C57BL/6 mice and significantly delayed acute mortality in mice treated with low dose LPS plus d-galactosamine (D-GalN).	Galactosamine	177-192	integrin alpha M	Mus musculus	42-47
22094102-6	2012	Down-regulation of TNFalpha in peritoneal CD11b+ monocytes reduced liver damage in C57BL/6 mice and significantly delayed acute mortality in mice treated with low dose LPS plus d-galactosamine (D-GalN).	Galactosamine	177-192	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	196-200
21799119-5	2012	d-galactosamine (d-GalN) is known as a strong sensitizer of poly IC.	Galactosamine	0-15	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	19-23
22563168-3	2012	AT III (50 U/kg body weight) was administrated 1 h after challenge with LPS and GalN.	Galactosamine	80-84	serpin family C member 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-6
22465962-1	2012	TNF alpha plays a central role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and murine acute liver injury induced by injection of D-galactosamine and subsequent LPS.	Galactosamine	159-174	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	0-9
22001939-0	2012	Protective effects of ulinastatin on acute liver failure induced by lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	87-102	alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor	Rattus norvegicus	22-33
22266786-2	2012	An ALF model was induced with D-galactosamine (D-GalN) plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BALB/c mice.	Galactosamine	30-45	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	49-53
22310181-0	2012	Mangiferin exerts hepatoprotective activity against D-galactosamine induced acute toxicity and oxidative/nitrosative stress via Nrf2-NFkappaB pathways.	Galactosamine	52-67	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	128-132
22310181-3	2012	GAL (400 mg/kg body weight) exposed hepatotoxic rats showed elevation in the activities of serum ALP, ALT, levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, lipid-peroxidation and reduction in the levels of serum total proteins, albumin and cellular GSH.	Galactosamine	0-3	PDZ and LIM domain 3	Rattus norvegicus	97-100
22310181-5	2012	Signal transduction studies showed that GAL exposure significantly increased the nuclear translocation of NFkappaB and elevated iNOS protein expression.	Galactosamine	40-43	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	128-132
22271415-0	2012	Gene transfer of c-met confers protection against D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver failure.	Galactosamine	50-65	MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase	Rattus norvegicus	17-22
22271415-10	2012	RESULTS: Compared with control rats, D: -GalN/LPS or PH -treated rats had significantly higher levels of HGF (P &lt; 0.01).	Galactosamine	41-45	hepatocyte growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	105-108
22271415-11	2012	D: -GalN/LPS also led to significantly lower c-met expression in the liver (P &lt; 0.01) than PH.	Galactosamine	4-8	MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase	Rattus norvegicus	45-50
22001939-4	2012	This study evaluates whether ulinastatin can prevent and/or attenuate acute liver failure induced by the combination of lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine (LPS/D-gal).	Galactosamine	143-158	alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor	Rattus norvegicus	29-40
22118634-0	2012	D(+) galactosamine induced oxidative and nitrosative stress-mediated renal damage in rats via NF-kappaB and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) pathways is ameliorated by a polyphenol xanthone, mangiferin.	Galactosamine	5-18	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	108-139
22118634-0	2012	D(+) galactosamine induced oxidative and nitrosative stress-mediated renal damage in rats via NF-kappaB and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) pathways is ameliorated by a polyphenol xanthone, mangiferin.	Galactosamine	5-18	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	141-145
21928088-11	2012	The expression of TNF-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta were increased in the GalN/LPS group.	Galactosamine	77-81	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	18-27
21113080-1	2012	The LPS-mediated lethality of NC/Nga mice, having fewer NKT cells, was examined by using d-galactosamine (d-GalN)-sensitization.	Galactosamine	89-104	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	108-112
21928088-11	2012	The expression of TNF-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta were increased in the GalN/LPS group.	Galactosamine	77-81	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	32-54
21928088-15	2012	In addition, melittin prevented the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) induced by GalN/LPS.	Galactosamine	121-125	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	75-97
21928088-15	2012	In addition, melittin prevented the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) induced by GalN/LPS.	Galactosamine	121-125	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	99-108
21820503-8	2011	As a consequence, young 8 wk old UCP2-/- mice benefited from treatment with recombinant mouse RAGE to block the RAGE/AGE interaction, when challenged with galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide for the induction of acute liver injury.	Galactosamine	155-168	advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor	Mus musculus	94-98
22415073-0	2012	Reduced hepatic injury in Toll-like receptor 4-deficient mice following D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatic failure.	Galactosamine	72-87	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	26-46
22415073-4	2012	The aim of this study was to investigate the role of TLR4 in FHF induced by D-GalN/LPS administration in mice.	Galactosamine	76-82	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	53-57
22844472-5	2012	In the present study, we implanted IL-1Ra-expressing AF-MSCs into injured liver via the portal vein, using D-galactosamine-induced FHF in a rat model.	Galactosamine	107-122	interleukin 1 receptor antagonist	Rattus norvegicus	35-41
21703211-7	2011	The cPLA(2)alpha transgenic mice develop more prominent liver tissue damage than wild-type mice after LPS/d-galactosamine injection.	Galactosamine	106-121	phospholipase A2, group IVA (cytosolic, calcium-dependent)	Mus musculus	4-16
22738964-0	2012	Suppressive effect of modified arabinoxylan from rice bran (MGN-3) on D-galactosamine-induced IL-18 expression and hepatitis in rats.	Galactosamine	70-85	interleukin 18	Rattus norvegicus	94-99
22738964-1	2012	We investigated in this study the effect of modified arabinoxylan from rice bran (MGN-3) and its fractions on D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced IL-18 expression and hepatitis in rats.	Galactosamine	110-125	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	129-133
22738964-1	2012	We investigated in this study the effect of modified arabinoxylan from rice bran (MGN-3) and its fractions on D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced IL-18 expression and hepatitis in rats.	Galactosamine	110-125	interleukin 18	Rattus norvegicus	143-148
23028657-8	2012	However, injection of galactosamine, a hepatic transcription inhibitor, significantly reduced the increased APAP sensitivity in Il15-/- mice but had minor effect on WT mice.	Galactosamine	22-35	interleukin 15	Mus musculus	128-132
22790029-2	2012	To prepare a model animal of hepatitis, a mixture of lipopolysaccharide and galactosamine (LPS/GAlN) was administered intraperitoneally, leading to the impairment of hepatic function.	Galactosamine	76-89	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	95-99
21985290-0	2011	Echinacea alkamides prevent lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced acute hepatic injury through JNK pathway-mediated HO-1 expression.	Galactosamine	47-62	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	100-103
21985290-0	2011	Echinacea alkamides prevent lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced acute hepatic injury through JNK pathway-mediated HO-1 expression.	Galactosamine	47-62	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	121-125
22514887-0	2011	Expression of p53 during apoptosis induced by D-galactosamine and the protective role of PGE1 in cultured rat hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	46-61	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	14-17
21835267-5	2011	Furthermore, CTN significantly increased the survival rate against LPS challenge in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice, which was in line with in vitro results.	Galactosamine	84-99	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	67-70
21843953-0	2011	Hepatoprotective effects of IL-22 on fulminant hepatic failure induced by d-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide in mice.	Galactosamine	74-89	interleukin 22	Mus musculus	28-33
21843953-6	2011	Moreover, IL-22 treatment significantly enhanced activation of STAT3 and up-regulated the expression of Bcl-xL, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and redox factor-1 (Ref-1) in the liver injury induced by GalN/LPS.	Galactosamine	194-198	interleukin 22	Mus musculus	10-15
21843953-6	2011	Moreover, IL-22 treatment significantly enhanced activation of STAT3 and up-regulated the expression of Bcl-xL, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and redox factor-1 (Ref-1) in the liver injury induced by GalN/LPS.	Galactosamine	194-198	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Mus musculus	63-68
21843953-6	2011	Moreover, IL-22 treatment significantly enhanced activation of STAT3 and up-regulated the expression of Bcl-xL, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and redox factor-1 (Ref-1) in the liver injury induced by GalN/LPS.	Galactosamine	194-198	BCL2-like 1	Mus musculus	104-110
21843953-6	2011	Moreover, IL-22 treatment significantly enhanced activation of STAT3 and up-regulated the expression of Bcl-xL, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and redox factor-1 (Ref-1) in the liver injury induced by GalN/LPS.	Galactosamine	194-198	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	112-128
21843953-6	2011	Moreover, IL-22 treatment significantly enhanced activation of STAT3 and up-regulated the expression of Bcl-xL, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and redox factor-1 (Ref-1) in the liver injury induced by GalN/LPS.	Galactosamine	194-198	apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1	Mus musculus	140-154
21843953-6	2011	Moreover, IL-22 treatment significantly enhanced activation of STAT3 and up-regulated the expression of Bcl-xL, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and redox factor-1 (Ref-1) in the liver injury induced by GalN/LPS.	Galactosamine	194-198	apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1	Mus musculus	156-161
21843953-7	2011	Collectively, these data indicate that IL-22 can provide critical protection against GalN/LPS-induced liver injury through anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.	Galactosamine	85-89	interleukin 22	Mus musculus	39-44
22514887-6	2011	We examined the change in the expression level of p53 by western blotting in hepatocytes and its effect on apoptosis as a response of treatment with D-galactosamine, prostaglandin E1 and/or the Proteosome Inhibitor (PSI).	Galactosamine	149-164	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	50-53
22514887-8	2011	The addition of prostaglandin E1 to control and D-galactosamine-treated hepatocytes increased p53 expression in the cytoplasm during 24 h. While the addition of PSI in the absence of prostaglandin E1 decreased p53 expression at 5 mM D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	48-63	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	94-97
22514887-8	2011	The addition of prostaglandin E1 to control and D-galactosamine-treated hepatocytes increased p53 expression in the cytoplasm during 24 h. While the addition of PSI in the absence of prostaglandin E1 decreased p53 expression at 5 mM D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	48-63	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	210-213
22514887-10	2011	The protective action of prostaglandin E1 against the apoptotic effect of D-galactosamine is mediated by NF-kappaB activation, induced nitric oxide synthase and p53 expression.	Galactosamine	74-89	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	161-164
21899269-5	2011	Treatment with GalN/LPS induced an increase in the serum level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and protein expression of TNF-alpha receptor-associated death domain, and these increases were prevented by 1.	Galactosamine	15-19	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	66-93
23024474-0	2011	Effect of Lecithin on d-Galactosamine Induced Hepatotoxicity Through Mitochondrial Pathway Involving Bcl-2 and Bax.	Galactosamine	22-37	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	101-106
23024474-0	2011	Effect of Lecithin on d-Galactosamine Induced Hepatotoxicity Through Mitochondrial Pathway Involving Bcl-2 and Bax.	Galactosamine	22-37	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	111-114
21899269-5	2011	Treatment with GalN/LPS induced an increase in the serum level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and protein expression of TNF-alpha receptor-associated death domain, and these increases were prevented by 1.	Galactosamine	15-19	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	95-104
21899269-5	2011	Treatment with GalN/LPS induced an increase in the serum level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and protein expression of TNF-alpha receptor-associated death domain, and these increases were prevented by 1.	Galactosamine	15-19	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	132-141
21899269-7	2011	After GalN/LPS injection, nuclear phosphorylated c-Jun levels showed a significant increase, which were attenuated by 1.	Galactosamine	6-10	jun proto-oncogene	Mus musculus	49-54
21567435-10	2011	Liver-targeted overexpression of PBEF rendered mice more susceptible to ConA- and D-galactosamine/LPS-induced hepatitis compared with control animals.	Galactosamine	82-97	nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase	Mus musculus	33-37
21741934-8	2011	Similar observations were made in vivo using TNF-alpha with D-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	60-75	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	45-54
21481813-2	2011	We have shown that argininosuccinate synthase (ASS), a hepatic enzyme of the urea cycle, accumulates in circulation within 1h after treatment with both LPS alone and hepatotoxic combination of LPS and D-Galactosamine.	Galactosamine	201-216	argininosuccinate synthetase 1	Mus musculus	19-45
21481813-2	2011	We have shown that argininosuccinate synthase (ASS), a hepatic enzyme of the urea cycle, accumulates in circulation within 1h after treatment with both LPS alone and hepatotoxic combination of LPS and D-Galactosamine.	Galactosamine	201-216	argininosuccinate synthetase 1	Mus musculus	47-50
21613410-6	2011	Hydrodynamic-based transfection of hHSS yielded a 70% survival rate compared with 36.7% for the control group at 24 h after D-gal/LPS treatment.	Galactosamine	124-129	pantothenate kinase 2	Homo sapiens	35-39
21745296-1	2011	BACKGROUND: Acute liver failure (ALF) can be induced in mice by administering Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine (D-GalN), which induce an inflammatory response involving tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production and a hepatocyte-specific transcriptional block.	Galactosamine	124-139	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	143-147
21699244-0	2011	Bioactive phytochemicals of leaf essential oils of Cinnamomum osmophloeum prevent lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN)-induced acute hepatitis in mice.	Galactosamine	101-116	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	124-128
21699244-1	2011	The purpose of this study was to investigate the bioactive phytochemicals of leaf essential oils of Cinnamomum osmophloeum on lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN)-induced acute hepatitis.	Galactosamine	145-160	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	168-172
21516061-0	2011	Erythropoietin increases survival and attenuates fulminant hepatic failure injury induced by D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide in mice.	Galactosamine	93-108	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	0-14
21604090-1	2011	The present study aimed at investigating the effect of carvacrol on hepatic mitochondrial enzyme activities and DNA damage in D: -galactosamine (D: -GalN)-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino Wistar rats.	Galactosamine	126-143	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	149-153
21550386-0	2011	Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment ameliorates liver injury and improves survival in rats with D-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure.	Galactosamine	108-123	colony stimulating factor 3	Rattus norvegicus	0-37
21550386-3	2011	Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of d-galactosamine (d-GalN, 1.4g/kg) to induce ALF.	Galactosamine	86-101	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	105-109
21641398-5	2011	Therefore, they must be artificially rendered susceptible to TSS by using sensitizing agents such as d-galactosamine (d-galN), which skews the disease exclusively to the liver and, hence, is not representative of the disease in humans.	Galactosamine	101-116	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	120-124
21520175-1	2011	UNLABELLED: Previous studies demonstrated that targeted deletion of the Ron receptor tyrosine kinase (TK) domain in mice leads to marked hepatocyte protection in a well-characterized model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver failure in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	248-263	macrophage stimulating 1 receptor (c-met-related tyrosine kinase)	Mus musculus	72-75
21520175-1	2011	UNLABELLED: Previous studies demonstrated that targeted deletion of the Ron receptor tyrosine kinase (TK) domain in mice leads to marked hepatocyte protection in a well-characterized model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver failure in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	265-269	macrophage stimulating 1 receptor (c-met-related tyrosine kinase)	Mus musculus	72-75
21401610-0	2011	Betulinic acid prevention of d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide liver toxicity is triggered by activation of Bcl-2 and antioxidant mechanisms.	Galactosamine	29-44	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	109-114
21063746-5	2011	RESULTS: The results indicated that LPS/D: -GalN administration markedly induced hepatic PKD activation, lethality and liver injury, while pretreatment of the PKD inhibitor Go6976 significantly inhibited LPS-induced PKD activation, improved the survival of LPS/D: -GalN-administered mice and attenuated LPS/D: -GalN-induced liver injury, as evidenced by reduced levels of serum aminotransferases as well as reduced histopathological changes.	Galactosamine	44-48	protein kinase D1	Mus musculus	89-92
21063746-5	2011	RESULTS: The results indicated that LPS/D: -GalN administration markedly induced hepatic PKD activation, lethality and liver injury, while pretreatment of the PKD inhibitor Go6976 significantly inhibited LPS-induced PKD activation, improved the survival of LPS/D: -GalN-administered mice and attenuated LPS/D: -GalN-induced liver injury, as evidenced by reduced levels of serum aminotransferases as well as reduced histopathological changes.	Galactosamine	265-269	protein kinase D1	Mus musculus	159-162
21063746-5	2011	RESULTS: The results indicated that LPS/D: -GalN administration markedly induced hepatic PKD activation, lethality and liver injury, while pretreatment of the PKD inhibitor Go6976 significantly inhibited LPS-induced PKD activation, improved the survival of LPS/D: -GalN-administered mice and attenuated LPS/D: -GalN-induced liver injury, as evidenced by reduced levels of serum aminotransferases as well as reduced histopathological changes.	Galactosamine	265-269	protein kinase D1	Mus musculus	159-162
21063746-5	2011	RESULTS: The results indicated that LPS/D: -GalN administration markedly induced hepatic PKD activation, lethality and liver injury, while pretreatment of the PKD inhibitor Go6976 significantly inhibited LPS-induced PKD activation, improved the survival of LPS/D: -GalN-administered mice and attenuated LPS/D: -GalN-induced liver injury, as evidenced by reduced levels of serum aminotransferases as well as reduced histopathological changes.	Galactosamine	265-269	protein kinase D1	Mus musculus	159-162
21063746-5	2011	RESULTS: The results indicated that LPS/D: -GalN administration markedly induced hepatic PKD activation, lethality and liver injury, while pretreatment of the PKD inhibitor Go6976 significantly inhibited LPS-induced PKD activation, improved the survival of LPS/D: -GalN-administered mice and attenuated LPS/D: -GalN-induced liver injury, as evidenced by reduced levels of serum aminotransferases as well as reduced histopathological changes.	Galactosamine	265-269	protein kinase D1	Mus musculus	159-162
21063746-7	2011	CONCLUSIONS: Our experimental data indicated that Go6976, a PKD inhibitor, could effectively prevent LPS/D: -GalN-induced acute liver injury by inhibition of MAPKs activation to reduce TNF-alpha production.	Galactosamine	109-113	protein kinase D1	Mus musculus	60-63
21063746-7	2011	CONCLUSIONS: Our experimental data indicated that Go6976, a PKD inhibitor, could effectively prevent LPS/D: -GalN-induced acute liver injury by inhibition of MAPKs activation to reduce TNF-alpha production.	Galactosamine	109-113	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	185-194
21966103-0	2010	Protective Role of Catechin on d-Galactosamine Induced Hepatotoxicity Through a p53 Dependent Pathway.	Galactosamine	31-46	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	80-83
21446171-1	2011	AIM: To study toxicity of lipopolysaccharides (LPS28 and LPS 37) of Yersinia pestis for mice sensitized by D-galactosamine (D-GalN).	Galactosamine	107-122	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	126-130
20805039-0	2010	Possible role of LECT2 as an intrinsic regulatory factor in SEA-induced toxicity in d-galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	84-99	leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2	Mus musculus	17-22
20805039-2	2010	Almost all the C57BL/6J (B6) mice survived for 72 h after the injection of 0.1 mug of SEA and 20 mg of d-galactosamine (d-GalN).	Galactosamine	103-118	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	122-126
20023007-8	2011	Further, it reduced the circulating TNF-alpha level, hepatic injury and mortality in mice receiving an injection of D-galactosamine and LPS.	Galactosamine	116-131	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	36-45
21253441-9	2011	injection with lethal dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine markedly reduced the levels of serum TNF-alpha and increased survival rates of animals from septic shock-induced death.	Galactosamine	55-70	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	108-117
22977469-3	2011	Serum HMGB1 levels were markedly elevated after challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-GalN, and RvD1 administration significantly reduced HMGB1 levels.	Galactosamine	88-94	high mobility group box 1	Mus musculus	6-11
20850421-1	2010	The hepatoprotective effects and molecular mechanisms of baicalein on acute liver failure induced by d-galactosamine (d-GalN)/lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were investigated in vivo.	Galactosamine	101-116	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	120-124
20886569-5	2010	Wild-type and NS3/4A-transgenic (Tg) mice were treated with TNFalpha/D-galactosamine (D-galN), acting through the TNF receptor 1 on hepatocytes and macrophages, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galN, acting through Toll-like receptor 4 on sinusoidal endothelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.	Galactosamine	69-84	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	88-92
21966103-1	2010	Objective of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the mechanism responsible for the d-galactosamine (d-GalN) induced hepatotoxicity and to study the effect of catechin against d-GalN induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	98-113	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	117-121
20860438-2	2010	(Amaranthaceae) against d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (d-GalN/LPS)-induced liver injury in rats.	Galactosamine	24-39	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	62-66
20879018-5	2010	In vitro, coculture of MSCs with GalN-induced injured hepatocytes showed efficient differentiation and was evidenced by progressive increase in messenger RNA levels of hepatic markers, including albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, CCAAT-enhancer binding protein alpha, alpha-1-antitryspin, and hepatocyte nuclear factor-3beta.	Galactosamine	33-37	alpha-fetoprotein	Rattus norvegicus	204-221
20879018-5	2010	In vitro, coculture of MSCs with GalN-induced injured hepatocytes showed efficient differentiation and was evidenced by progressive increase in messenger RNA levels of hepatic markers, including albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, CCAAT-enhancer binding protein alpha, alpha-1-antitryspin, and hepatocyte nuclear factor-3beta.	Galactosamine	33-37	CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha	Rattus norvegicus	223-259
20879018-5	2010	In vitro, coculture of MSCs with GalN-induced injured hepatocytes showed efficient differentiation and was evidenced by progressive increase in messenger RNA levels of hepatic markers, including albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, CCAAT-enhancer binding protein alpha, alpha-1-antitryspin, and hepatocyte nuclear factor-3beta.	Galactosamine	33-37	forkhead box A2	Rattus norvegicus	261-317
20615571-1	2010	"Intraperitoneal application of caffeine prevents D-galactosamine induced hepatic expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in the rat" [JHEPAT 50 (2009) 1053-1055].	Galactosamine	50-65	cellular communication network factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	96-127
20615571-1	2010	"Intraperitoneal application of caffeine prevents D-galactosamine induced hepatic expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in the rat" [JHEPAT 50 (2009) 1053-1055].	Galactosamine	50-65	cellular communication network factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	129-133
20938728-8	2010	Western blot of membrane enriched cortical brain tissue showed significantly upregulation of Aqp4 in the GLN+LPS+NH(4)(+) group vs. CONTROL, mean AU (SEM) 100775(14820) vs. 58857(6266) (p &lt; 0.05), and stationary levels for Aqp1.	Galactosamine	105-108	aquaporin 4	Mus musculus	93-97
20855280-1	2010	OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of neurotrophin 3(NT-3)on interdigestive migrating motor complex (MMC) in rats with D-galactosamine induced acute liver injury.	Galactosamine	118-133	neurotrophin 3	Rattus norvegicus	37-51
20597468-3	2010	Hoechst-IR detects necrosis by binding extracellular DNA released from necrotic cells and was able to image necrosis generated from a myocardial infarction and lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS-GalN) induced sepsis.	Galactosamine	179-194	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	200-204
20731881-2	2010	The respective roles of VEGF receptors; namely, Flt-1 (VEGFR-1: R1) and KDR/Flk-1 (VEGFR-2: R2), in the D-galactosamine (Gal-N) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AHF were elucidated with specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody against R1 and R2 (R1-mAb and R2-mAb, respectively).	Galactosamine	104-119	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Mus musculus	24-28
20731881-2	2010	The respective roles of VEGF receptors; namely, Flt-1 (VEGFR-1: R1) and KDR/Flk-1 (VEGFR-2: R2), in the D-galactosamine (Gal-N) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AHF were elucidated with specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody against R1 and R2 (R1-mAb and R2-mAb, respectively).	Galactosamine	104-119	FMS-like tyrosine kinase 1	Mus musculus	48-53
20731881-2	2010	The respective roles of VEGF receptors; namely, Flt-1 (VEGFR-1: R1) and KDR/Flk-1 (VEGFR-2: R2), in the D-galactosamine (Gal-N) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AHF were elucidated with specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody against R1 and R2 (R1-mAb and R2-mAb, respectively).	Galactosamine	104-119	kinase insert domain protein receptor	Mus musculus	72-75
20731881-2	2010	The respective roles of VEGF receptors; namely, Flt-1 (VEGFR-1: R1) and KDR/Flk-1 (VEGFR-2: R2), in the D-galactosamine (Gal-N) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AHF were elucidated with specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody against R1 and R2 (R1-mAb and R2-mAb, respectively).	Galactosamine	104-119	kinase insert domain protein receptor	Mus musculus	76-81
20731881-2	2010	The respective roles of VEGF receptors; namely, Flt-1 (VEGFR-1: R1) and KDR/Flk-1 (VEGFR-2: R2), in the D-galactosamine (Gal-N) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AHF were elucidated with specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody against R1 and R2 (R1-mAb and R2-mAb, respectively).	Galactosamine	121-126	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Mus musculus	24-28
20731881-3	2010	The serum ALT elevation, with a peak at 24 h after Gal-N+LPS intoxication, was markedly augmented by means of the R1-mAb and R2-mAb.	Galactosamine	51-56	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	10-13
20731881-3	2010	The serum ALT elevation, with a peak at 24 h after Gal-N+LPS intoxication, was markedly augmented by means of the R1-mAb and R2-mAb.	Galactosamine	51-56	ribonucleotide reductase M2	Mus musculus	125-131
20731881-6	2010	Our in-vitro study showed that R1-mAb and R2-mAb significantly worsened the Gal-N+LPS-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis of SEC mediated by caspase-3, which were almost of similar magnitude to those in the in-vivo study.	Galactosamine	76-81	ribonucleotide reductase M2	Mus musculus	42-44
20731881-6	2010	Our in-vitro study showed that R1-mAb and R2-mAb significantly worsened the Gal-N+LPS-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis of SEC mediated by caspase-3, which were almost of similar magnitude to those in the in-vivo study.	Galactosamine	76-81	caspase 3	Mus musculus	140-149
20171071-3	2010	The present study was undertaken to investigate whether AS is efficacious against Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) /D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced acute liver injury in mice and its potential mechanisms.	Galactosamine	108-123	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	127-131
20056116-3	2010	d-galactosamine-induced toxicity was manifested by the elevation of serum hepatic marker enzyme activities (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) and the lipid peroxidation process and by decreasing the antioxidant capacity of the plasma, erythrocyte and tissues.	Galactosamine	0-15	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	108-134
20546456-0	2010	Salvage effect of E5564, Toll-like receptor 4 antagonist on d-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver failure in rats.	Galactosamine	60-75	toll-like receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	25-45
20303938-9	2010	After 3h of GalN/LPS injection, nuclear phosphorylated c-Jun (p-c-Jun) level was significantly increased, whereas it was attenuated by genipin.	Galactosamine	12-16	jun proto-oncogene	Mus musculus	55-60
20303938-9	2010	After 3h of GalN/LPS injection, nuclear phosphorylated c-Jun (p-c-Jun) level was significantly increased, whereas it was attenuated by genipin.	Galactosamine	12-16	jun proto-oncogene	Mus musculus	64-69
20102673-2	2010	The present study investigated the protection by dietary Spirulina platensis against d-galactosamine (d-GalN)- and acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatitis in ICR mice.	Galactosamine	85-100	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	104-108
20546456-3	2010	D-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury in rats is an experimental model of fulminant hepatic failure, where TNF-alpha plays a central role in the progression of liver injury.	Galactosamine	0-15	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	142-151
20546456-3	2010	D-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury in rats is an experimental model of fulminant hepatic failure, where TNF-alpha plays a central role in the progression of liver injury.	Galactosamine	17-21	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	142-151
20546456-5	2010	In the present study, we sought to explore the salvage effect of TLR4 antagonist E5564 on GalN+LPS-induced acute liver failure (ALF) in rats.	Galactosamine	90-94	toll-like receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	65-69
20546456-10	2010	CONCLUSIONS: TLR4 antagonist E5564 reduced GalN+LPS-induced acute liver injury in rats and improved the overall survival rate of GalN+LPS-induced ALF rats.	Galactosamine	43-47	toll-like receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	13-17
20546456-10	2010	CONCLUSIONS: TLR4 antagonist E5564 reduced GalN+LPS-induced acute liver injury in rats and improved the overall survival rate of GalN+LPS-induced ALF rats.	Galactosamine	129-133	toll-like receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	13-17
20056116-3	2010	d-galactosamine-induced toxicity was manifested by the elevation of serum hepatic marker enzyme activities (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) and the lipid peroxidation process and by decreasing the antioxidant capacity of the plasma, erythrocyte and tissues.	Galactosamine	0-15	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	187-216
19294511-3	2010	ALF was induced in rats by D-galactosamine (D-GalN).	Galactosamine	27-42	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	46-50
20039932-0	2010	Pim-3 protects against hepatic failure in D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-sensitized rats.	Galactosamine	42-57	Pim-3 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
20039932-0	2010	Pim-3 protects against hepatic failure in D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-sensitized rats.	Galactosamine	42-57	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	61-65
23105905-1	2010	To investigate Lecithin for its hepatoprotective activity against D-galactosamine (D-GalN) induced toxicity in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes and animal models.	Galactosamine	66-81	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	85-89
20419542-0	2010	Involvement of HSP70 in the protection of bicyclol on apoptosis of HepG2 cells intoxicated by d-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	94-109	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 4	Homo sapiens	15-20
20419542-2	2010	In this study, RNAi technology was used to identify whether HSP70 was involved in the protection of bicyclol against d-galactosamine (d-GaIN)-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells.	Galactosamine	117-132	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 4	Homo sapiens	60-65
20034855-2	2010	The result showed that SAT05f could down-regulate TLR7/9-dependent IFN-alpha production in cultured human PBMC stimulated by inactivated Flu virus PR8 or HSV-1 or CpG ODN or imiquimod, protect d-GalN-treated mice from lethal shock induced by TLR9 agonist, not by TLR3/4 agonist.	Galactosamine	195-199	toll like receptor 7	Homo sapiens	50-54
20139905-0	2010	Bicyclol protects HepG2 cells against D-galactosamine-induced apoptosis through inducing heat shock protein 27 and mitochondria associated pathway.	Galactosamine	38-53	heat shock protein family B (small) member 1	Homo sapiens	89-110
20139905-1	2010	AIM: To study the inducing effect of bicyclol on heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) and its role on anti-apoptosis in HepG2 cells intoxicated with D-galactosamine (D-GaIN).	Galactosamine	142-157	heat shock protein family B (small) member 1	Homo sapiens	49-70
20139905-1	2010	AIM: To study the inducing effect of bicyclol on heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) and its role on anti-apoptosis in HepG2 cells intoxicated with D-galactosamine (D-GaIN).	Galactosamine	142-157	heat shock protein family B (small) member 1	Homo sapiens	72-77
20045674-2	2010	We found that amino sugars with a free amino group such as glucosamine, galactosamine and mannosamine induced autophagy via an mTOR-independent pathway.	Galactosamine	72-85	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	127-131
19942815-0	2010	PEGylated lactoferrin enhances its hepatoprotective effects on acute liver injury induced by D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide in rats.	Galactosamine	93-108	lactotransferrin	Rattus norvegicus	10-21
19942815-2	2010	The present study was conducted to examine whether two different sizes of PEGylated bovine lactoferrin (40k- and 20k-PEG-bLf) would enhance the protective effect of native bLf on liver injury induced by D-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats.	Galactosamine	203-218	lactotransferrin	Bos taurus	91-102
19913045-0	2010	The role of osteopontin in d-galactosamine-induced liver injury in genetically obese mice.	Galactosamine	27-42	secreted phosphoprotein 1	Mus musculus	12-23
19913045-4	2010	The ob/ob and db/db mice, which were more sensitive to GalN-induced inflammatory liver injury compared with wild-type mice, had significantly higher plasma and hepatic OPN expression levels.	Galactosamine	55-59	secreted phosphoprotein 1	Mus musculus	168-171
19913045-6	2010	Furthermore, pretreatment with a neutralizing OPN (nOPN) antibody attenuated the GalN-induced inflammatory liver injury in ob/ob and db/db mice, which was accompanied by significantly reduced macrophages recruitment and IL-12 and IL-18 productions.	Galactosamine	81-85	secreted phosphoprotein 1	Mus musculus	46-49
19913045-6	2010	Furthermore, pretreatment with a neutralizing OPN (nOPN) antibody attenuated the GalN-induced inflammatory liver injury in ob/ob and db/db mice, which was accompanied by significantly reduced macrophages recruitment and IL-12 and IL-18 productions.	Galactosamine	81-85	interleukin 18	Mus musculus	230-235
19913045-7	2010	Taken together, these results suggest that up-regulated OPN expression is a contributing factor to increased susceptibility of genetically obese mice to GalN-induced liver injury by promoting inflammation and modulating immune response.	Galactosamine	153-157	secreted phosphoprotein 1	Mus musculus	56-59
19997066-0	2010	The protective role of pregnane X receptor in lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury.	Galactosamine	65-80	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 2	Mus musculus	23-42
19997066-4	2010	LPS/GalN-treated PXR-null mice had greater increases of alanine transaminase (ALT), hepatocyte apoptosis, necrosis, and hemorrhagic liver injury than wild-type mice.	Galactosamine	4-8	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	0-3
19997066-4	2010	LPS/GalN-treated PXR-null mice had greater increases of alanine transaminase (ALT), hepatocyte apoptosis, necrosis, and hemorrhagic liver injury than wild-type mice.	Galactosamine	4-8	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 2	Mus musculus	17-20
19997066-4	2010	LPS/GalN-treated PXR-null mice had greater increases of alanine transaminase (ALT), hepatocyte apoptosis, necrosis, and hemorrhagic liver injury than wild-type mice.	Galactosamine	4-8	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	56-76
19997066-4	2010	LPS/GalN-treated PXR-null mice had greater increases of alanine transaminase (ALT), hepatocyte apoptosis, necrosis, and hemorrhagic liver injury than wild-type mice.	Galactosamine	4-8	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	78-81
19997066-5	2010	LPS/GalN-mediated phosphorylation of JNK1/2 and ERK1/2 was differentially regulated in wild-type and PXR-null mice.	Galactosamine	4-8	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	0-3
19997066-5	2010	LPS/GalN-mediated phosphorylation of JNK1/2 and ERK1/2 was differentially regulated in wild-type and PXR-null mice.	Galactosamine	4-8	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	37-43
19997066-5	2010	LPS/GalN-mediated phosphorylation of JNK1/2 and ERK1/2 was differentially regulated in wild-type and PXR-null mice.	Galactosamine	4-8	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Mus musculus	48-54
19997066-5	2010	LPS/GalN-mediated phosphorylation of JNK1/2 and ERK1/2 was differentially regulated in wild-type and PXR-null mice.	Galactosamine	4-8	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 2	Mus musculus	101-104
19997066-6	2010	Importantly, LPS/GalN-induced hepatic Stat3 survival signaling was impaired and early activation of Jak2 was delayed in PXR-null mice.	Galactosamine	17-21	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	13-16
19997066-6	2010	Importantly, LPS/GalN-induced hepatic Stat3 survival signaling was impaired and early activation of Jak2 was delayed in PXR-null mice.	Galactosamine	17-21	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Mus musculus	38-43
19997066-6	2010	Importantly, LPS/GalN-induced hepatic Stat3 survival signaling was impaired and early activation of Jak2 was delayed in PXR-null mice.	Galactosamine	17-21	Janus kinase 2	Mus musculus	100-104
19997066-6	2010	Importantly, LPS/GalN-induced hepatic Stat3 survival signaling was impaired and early activation of Jak2 was delayed in PXR-null mice.	Galactosamine	17-21	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 2	Mus musculus	120-123
19997066-7	2010	Expression levels of pro-survival proteins Bcl-xL and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which are downstream of Stat3, were substantially lower in PXR-null than wild-type mouse livers after LPS/GalN treatment.	Galactosamine	185-189	BCL2-like 1	Mus musculus	43-49
19997066-7	2010	Expression levels of pro-survival proteins Bcl-xL and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which are downstream of Stat3, were substantially lower in PXR-null than wild-type mouse livers after LPS/GalN treatment.	Galactosamine	185-189	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	54-70
19997066-7	2010	Expression levels of pro-survival proteins Bcl-xL and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which are downstream of Stat3, were substantially lower in PXR-null than wild-type mouse livers after LPS/GalN treatment.	Galactosamine	185-189	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Mus musculus	103-108
19997066-7	2010	Expression levels of pro-survival proteins Bcl-xL and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which are downstream of Stat3, were substantially lower in PXR-null than wild-type mouse livers after LPS/GalN treatment.	Galactosamine	185-189	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 2	Mus musculus	138-141
19997066-12	2010	Increases of LPS/GalN-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury in PXR-null mice are due to deregulated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation as well as delayed Jak2/Stat3 activation, which lead to a compromise in defense mechanisms that involve Bcl-xL-, HO-1, and autophagy-mediated pathways.	Galactosamine	17-21	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	13-16
19997066-12	2010	Increases of LPS/GalN-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury in PXR-null mice are due to deregulated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation as well as delayed Jak2/Stat3 activation, which lead to a compromise in defense mechanisms that involve Bcl-xL-, HO-1, and autophagy-mediated pathways.	Galactosamine	17-21	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 2	Mus musculus	71-74
19997066-12	2010	Increases of LPS/GalN-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury in PXR-null mice are due to deregulated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation as well as delayed Jak2/Stat3 activation, which lead to a compromise in defense mechanisms that involve Bcl-xL-, HO-1, and autophagy-mediated pathways.	Galactosamine	17-21	Janus kinase 2	Mus musculus	177-181
19997066-12	2010	Increases of LPS/GalN-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury in PXR-null mice are due to deregulated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation as well as delayed Jak2/Stat3 activation, which lead to a compromise in defense mechanisms that involve Bcl-xL-, HO-1, and autophagy-mediated pathways.	Galactosamine	17-21	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Mus musculus	182-187
19997066-12	2010	Increases of LPS/GalN-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury in PXR-null mice are due to deregulated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation as well as delayed Jak2/Stat3 activation, which lead to a compromise in defense mechanisms that involve Bcl-xL-, HO-1, and autophagy-mediated pathways.	Galactosamine	17-21	BCL2-like 1	Mus musculus	262-268
20354348-6	2010	Nobiletin suppressed GalN/LPS-induced increases in plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations and hepatic mRNA levels for inducible NO synthase and DNA fragmentation.	Galactosamine	21-25	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	58-91
19818826-5	2010	GalN/LPS increased the mortality and serum aminotransferase activities.	Galactosamine	0-4	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	5-8
19818826-7	2010	GalN/LPS increased hepatic lipid peroxidation and decreased the contents of reduced glutathione.	Galactosamine	0-4	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	5-8
19818826-9	2010	GalN/LPS increased the circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10.	Galactosamine	0-4	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	5-8
19818826-9	2010	GalN/LPS increased the circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10.	Galactosamine	0-4	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	45-78
19818826-9	2010	GalN/LPS increased the circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10.	Galactosamine	0-4	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	80-93
19818826-9	2010	GalN/LPS increased the circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10.	Galactosamine	0-4	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	95-99
19818826-9	2010	GalN/LPS increased the circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10.	Galactosamine	0-4	interleukin 10	Mus musculus	105-110
19818826-11	2010	GalN/LPS treatment also increased the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10 mRNA expression in liver tissue.	Galactosamine	0-4	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	5-8
19818826-11	2010	GalN/LPS treatment also increased the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10 mRNA expression in liver tissue.	Galactosamine	0-4	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	48-57
19818826-11	2010	GalN/LPS treatment also increased the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10 mRNA expression in liver tissue.	Galactosamine	0-4	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	59-63
19818826-11	2010	GalN/LPS treatment also increased the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10 mRNA expression in liver tissue.	Galactosamine	0-4	interleukin 10	Mus musculus	68-73
20354348-6	2010	Nobiletin suppressed GalN/LPS-induced increases in plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations and hepatic mRNA levels for inducible NO synthase and DNA fragmentation.	Galactosamine	21-25	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	157-178
19800905-0	2010	Expression levels of pituitary tumor transforming 1 and glutathione-S-transferase theta 3 are associated with the individual susceptibility to D-galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	143-158	glutathione S-transferase, theta 3	Rattus norvegicus	56-89
19800905-7	2010	Notably, the expression of Pttg1 was significantly correlated with the severity of GalN-induced hepatotoxicity (p&lt;0.01) and the animals with lowest and highest level of Gstt3 turned out to be the most susceptible and resistant, respectively, demonstrating that the expression of Pttg1 and Gstt3 could predict inter-individual susceptibility to GalN-induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	83-87	PTTG1 regulator of sister chromatid separation, securin	Rattus norvegicus	27-32
19800905-7	2010	Notably, the expression of Pttg1 was significantly correlated with the severity of GalN-induced hepatotoxicity (p&lt;0.01) and the animals with lowest and highest level of Gstt3 turned out to be the most susceptible and resistant, respectively, demonstrating that the expression of Pttg1 and Gstt3 could predict inter-individual susceptibility to GalN-induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	347-351	PTTG1 regulator of sister chromatid separation, securin	Rattus norvegicus	27-32
19893024-0	2009	Thy1-positive cells have bipotential ability to differentiate into hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells in galactosamine-induced rat liver regeneration.	Galactosamine	111-124	Thy-1 cell surface antigen	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
19893024-1	2009	In galactosamine (GalN)-induced rat liver injury, hepatic stem/progenitor cells, small hepatocytes (SHs) and oval cells, transiently appear in the initial period of liver regeneration.	Galactosamine	3-16	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	18-22
19470497-9	2009	Inhibition of NF-kappaB in Kupffer cells improved survival and reduced liver injury after GalN/LPS as well as after ConA challenge.	Galactosamine	90-94	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	14-23
19650854-2	2009	This study was designed to investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of carvacrol on D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative damage in male albino Wistar rats.	Galactosamine	103-118	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	122-126
19682082-10	2009	Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was stimulated by LPS/D-GalN exposure and p-methoxyl-diphenyl diselenide, at all doses, protected against this alteration.	Galactosamine	63-69	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	59-62
19682082-11	2009	p-Methoxyl-diphenyl diselenide was effective in ameliorating inhibition of catalase activity induced by LPS/d-GalN exposure.	Galactosamine	108-114	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	104-107
19682082-13	2009	p-Methoxyl-diphenyl diselenide significantly attenuated LPS/D-GalN-induced hepatic histopathological alterations.	Galactosamine	60-66	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	56-59
19523936-0	2009	N-acetylcysteine, coenzyme Q10 and superoxide dismutase mimetic prevent mitochondrial cell dysfunction and cell death induced by d-galactosamine in primary culture of human hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	129-144	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	35-55
19796704-1	2009	The goal of study was directed to investigate the effects of resveratrol (RES) pretreatment on the enhancing action of D-galactosamine (D-GalN; 800 mg/kg) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.5 microg/kg) inducing liver failure in rats.	Galactosamine	119-134	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	138-142
19852690-7	2009	Analysis of intravital fluorescence microscopy revealed that LPS/D-gal caused a strong inflammatory reaction of the venous endothelium with significant induction of platelet and leukocyte tethering, rolling and adhesion.	Galactosamine	65-70	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	61-64
19852690-8	2009	Secondary interactions of platelets to adherent or rolling platelets or leukocytes were also increased after LPS/D-gal-injection.	Galactosamine	113-118	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	109-112
19637283-0	2009	Targeted expression of uncoupling protein 2 to mouse liver increases the susceptibility to lipopolysaccharide/galactosamine-induced acute liver injury.	Galactosamine	110-123	uncoupling protein 2 (mitochondrial, proton carrier)	Mus musculus	23-43
19637283-3	2009	Here we report that targeted expression of UCP2 to mouse liver increases susceptibility to acute liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and galactosamine (GalN).	Galactosamine	150-163	uncoupling protein 2 (mitochondrial, proton carrier)	Mus musculus	43-47
19637283-3	2009	Here we report that targeted expression of UCP2 to mouse liver increases susceptibility to acute liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and galactosamine (GalN).	Galactosamine	165-169	uncoupling protein 2 (mitochondrial, proton carrier)	Mus musculus	43-47
19637283-7	2009	Importantly, we show that inhibition of UCP2 activity by its pharmacological inhibitor genipin prevents LPS/GalN-induced ATP reduction, AMPK activation, and apoptosis.	Galactosamine	108-112	uncoupling protein 2 (mitochondrial, proton carrier)	Mus musculus	40-44
20387497-7	2009	CONCLUSION: By injecting of 50% CCl4 olive solution intraperitoneally, acute-on-chronic liver failure model could be induced by D-gal, LPS/D-gal in rats.	Galactosamine	128-133	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	32-36
19642894-0	2009	Interleukin-6 trans-signaling regulates glycogen consumption after D-galactosamine-induced liver damage.	Galactosamine	67-82	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	0-13
19669999-5	2009	Peroxynitrite-mediated hepatic injury in rats was induced by administration of galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (GalN/LPS).	Galactosamine	79-92	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	113-117
19523936-1	2009	D-Galactosamine (D-GalN) induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cell death in cultured hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	0-15	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	19-23
19904016-0	2009	Erythropoietin inhibits liver gelatinases during galactosamine-induced hepatic damage in rats.	Galactosamine	49-62	erythropoietin	Rattus norvegicus	0-14
19904016-11	2009	These results revealed that Epo decreases MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity, suggesting that it is a hepatoprotective agent against hepatic damage induced by galactosamine injection.	Galactosamine	149-162	erythropoietin	Rattus norvegicus	28-31
19464067-4	2009	Immune-mediated liver injury was induced by administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) to galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice and evaluated by serum transaminase activities and cytokine levels.	Galactosamine	132-145	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	90-117
19556302-0	2009	Antimicrobial cathelicidin polypeptide CAP11 suppresses the production and release of septic mediators in D-galactosamine-sensitized endotoxin shock mice.	Galactosamine	106-121	cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide	Cavia porcellus	39-44
19464067-4	2009	Immune-mediated liver injury was induced by administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) to galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice and evaluated by serum transaminase activities and cytokine levels.	Galactosamine	132-145	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	119-127
19539484-2	2009	In this study, we attempted to use KG6 as a carrier of NFkappaB decoy oligonucleotide to the liver to treat hepatitis, induced by lipopolysaccharide and d-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	153-168	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	55-63
19735179-5	2009	d-Galactosamine induced an increase in serum amino-transaminases, a reduction in the number of blood leukocytes, an enhancement in neutrophil myeloperoxidase activity, a recruitment of leukocytes toward the liver, an increase in cell death, and an alteration in prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and fibrinogen levels.	Galactosamine	0-15	myeloperoxidase	Bos taurus	142-157
19226379-0	2009	Therapeutic approach to regulate innate immune response by Toll-like receptor 4 antagonist E5564 in rats with D-galactosamine-induced acute severe liver injury.	Galactosamine	110-125	toll-like receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	59-79
18642107-1	2009	To elucidate the mechanism by which dietary amino acids suppress the D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced hepatitis, we examined the involvement of Kupffer cells, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and apoptosis in the mechanism.	Galactosamine	69-84	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	88-92
19226379-6	2009	In this study, we seek to explore the effect of TLR4 antagonist E5564 on GalN-induced ALI in rats.	Galactosamine	73-77	toll-like receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	48-52
19226379-13	2009	injection of E5564 reduced the elevation of serum T.Bil, ALT and TNF-alpha levels in rats treated with GalN.	Galactosamine	103-107	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	65-74
19226379-14	2009	The expression level of TNF-alpha mRNA in the whole liver, which was increased at 24 h after GalN injection, was also reduced by i.v.	Galactosamine	93-97	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	24-33
19226379-16	2009	CONCLUSION: TLR4 antagonist E5564 reduced GalN-induced ALI in rats.	Galactosamine	42-46	toll-like receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	12-16
19282658-7	2009	Bach1-deficiency suppressed induction of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities in response to the GalN/LPS-treatment.	Galactosamine	146-150	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	48-72
19324037-0	2009	Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate reduced TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in galactosamine sensitized rat hepatocytes through activation of nitric oxide and cGMP production.	Galactosamine	65-78	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	34-43
19324037-3	2009	In the present study, we examined the intracellular mechanisms involved in the F1,6BP inhibition of the apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha in parenchyma cells of GalN-sensitized rat liver.	Galactosamine	158-162	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	125-134
19264954-3	2009	Although it is well known that hepatocellular apoptosis in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-Gal/LPS)-associated liver failure is mediated by TNF-alpha-dependent Fas/FasL cytotoxicity, there is no information on the role of perforin-mediated mechanisms in vivo.	Galactosamine	59-74	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	146-155
19264954-3	2009	Although it is well known that hepatocellular apoptosis in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-Gal/LPS)-associated liver failure is mediated by TNF-alpha-dependent Fas/FasL cytotoxicity, there is no information on the role of perforin-mediated mechanisms in vivo.	Galactosamine	59-74	Fas ligand (TNF superfamily, member 6)	Mus musculus	170-174
19321219-0	2009	Intraperitoneal application of caffeine prevents D-galactosamine-induced hepatic expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in the rat.	Galactosamine	49-64	cellular communication network factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	95-126
19321219-0	2009	Intraperitoneal application of caffeine prevents D-galactosamine-induced hepatic expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in the rat.	Galactosamine	49-64	cellular communication network factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	128-132
19317920-2	2009	The present study was undertaken to determine whether D-galactosamine (D-GalN) induces ALI via the mitochondrial apoptosis- and proinflammatory cytokine-signaling pathways, and possible mechanism(s) by which green tea (GT) extract modulates the apoptotic and proinflammatory signaling in rat.	Galactosamine	54-69	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	73-77
19136381-10	2009	On the other hand, if animals were treated with galactosamine/endotoxin as positive control for apoptosis, caspase-3 activities were increased by 259%, the number of TUNEL-positive cells with apoptotic morphology was increased 103-fold, and DNA fragmentation was enhanced 6-fold.	Galactosamine	48-61	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	107-116
19249395-4	2009	METHODS: TNF-induced hepatocyte apoptosis was investigated in wild-type, jnk1-/- and jnk2-/- mice in vitro and in the galactosamine/TNF (GalN/TNF) liver injury model.	Galactosamine	118-131	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	9-12
19177594-2	2009	In this study, injection of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) and D-galactosamine (D-GalN) was used to establish a novel murine fulminant hepatitis model: results showed that predepletion of either NK cells or Kupffer cells could completely abolish the liver injury.	Galactosamine	75-90	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	94-98
19282658-7	2009	Bach1-deficiency suppressed induction of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities in response to the GalN/LPS-treatment.	Galactosamine	146-150	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	74-77
19282658-7	2009	Bach1-deficiency suppressed induction of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities in response to the GalN/LPS-treatment.	Galactosamine	146-150	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	83-109
19282658-7	2009	Bach1-deficiency suppressed induction of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities in response to the GalN/LPS-treatment.	Galactosamine	146-150	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	111-114
19601392-2	2009	The present study was designed to investigate the effect of carvacrol on D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.	Galactosamine	73-88	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	92-96
19259882-3	2009	Recently, we also revealed the protective role of UTI against lethal liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN).	Galactosamine	116-131	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	139-143
19087874-0	2009	Protective effects of asiatic acid against D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity in hepatocytes and kupffer cells co-cultured system via redox-regulated leukotriene C4 synthase expression pathway.	Galactosamine	43-58	leukotriene C4 synthase	Homo sapiens	173-196
19087874-2	2009	In this issue, we explored the protective effects of asiatic acid and the relative mechanism in the D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS)-induced hepatotoxicity in hepatocytes and kupffer cells co-cultured system.	Galactosamine	100-115	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	138-142
19119023-2	2009	Injection with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus the transcriptional inhibitor D(+)-galactosamine (GalN) or mitogenic T cell activation causes fatal hepatocyte apoptosis in mice, which is mediated by TNFalpha, but the effector mechanisms remain unclear.	Galactosamine	75-93	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	196-204
19119023-2	2009	Injection with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus the transcriptional inhibitor D(+)-galactosamine (GalN) or mitogenic T cell activation causes fatal hepatocyte apoptosis in mice, which is mediated by TNFalpha, but the effector mechanisms remain unclear.	Galactosamine	95-99	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	196-204
19119023-5	2009	However, combined loss of Bid and another BH3-only protein, Bim, activated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), protected mice from LPS+GalN-induced hepatitis.	Galactosamine	133-137	BH3 interacting domain death agonist	Mus musculus	26-29
19119023-5	2009	However, combined loss of Bid and another BH3-only protein, Bim, activated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), protected mice from LPS+GalN-induced hepatitis.	Galactosamine	133-137	BCL2-like 11 (apoptosis facilitator)	Mus musculus	60-63
19119023-5	2009	However, combined loss of Bid and another BH3-only protein, Bim, activated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), protected mice from LPS+GalN-induced hepatitis.	Galactosamine	133-137	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	103-106
19001362-3	2009	Inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis by pre-treatment with TNFalpha (TNFalpha tolerance) was analyzed in the mouse model of galactosamine/TNFalpha-induced liver injury and in actinomycin D/TNFalpha-treated primary mouse hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	122-135	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	57-65
19001362-3	2009	Inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis by pre-treatment with TNFalpha (TNFalpha tolerance) was analyzed in the mouse model of galactosamine/TNFalpha-induced liver injury and in actinomycin D/TNFalpha-treated primary mouse hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	122-135	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	67-75
19001362-3	2009	Inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis by pre-treatment with TNFalpha (TNFalpha tolerance) was analyzed in the mouse model of galactosamine/TNFalpha-induced liver injury and in actinomycin D/TNFalpha-treated primary mouse hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	122-135	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	67-75
19001362-3	2009	Inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis by pre-treatment with TNFalpha (TNFalpha tolerance) was analyzed in the mouse model of galactosamine/TNFalpha-induced liver injury and in actinomycin D/TNFalpha-treated primary mouse hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	122-135	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	67-75
19001362-8	2009	Accordingly, c-Flip(L/S) protein levels were elevated in livers of TNFalpha-tolerant mice, which correlated to a switch from JNK and ERK to p38 signaling after galactosamine/TNF re-challenge.	Galactosamine	160-173	CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator	Mus musculus	13-19
19001362-8	2009	Accordingly, c-Flip(L/S) protein levels were elevated in livers of TNFalpha-tolerant mice, which correlated to a switch from JNK and ERK to p38 signaling after galactosamine/TNF re-challenge.	Galactosamine	160-173	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	67-75
19001362-8	2009	Accordingly, c-Flip(L/S) protein levels were elevated in livers of TNFalpha-tolerant mice, which correlated to a switch from JNK and ERK to p38 signaling after galactosamine/TNF re-challenge.	Galactosamine	160-173	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	67-70
18946736-5	2008	Livers of galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (Gal/LPS)-exposed Fas wild-type mice highly expressed both Fas and FasL and revealed marked hepatocellular apoptosis that was almost completely blocked by soluble TNFalpha-receptor; this was also almost absent in Gal/LPS-exposed Fas lymphoproliferation mutant mice.	Galactosamine	10-23	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	206-214
19017995-3	2008	injection of low dose of LPS in combination with d-galactosamine (d-GalN)).	Galactosamine	49-64	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	68-72
19125946-9	2008	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, however, induces excessive hepatocyte apoptosis, once cells are sensitized by D-galactosamine or actinomycin D, suggesting that TNF-alpha itself also induces molecules that protect cells from apoptosis by TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	107-122	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	0-27
19125946-9	2008	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, however, induces excessive hepatocyte apoptosis, once cells are sensitized by D-galactosamine or actinomycin D, suggesting that TNF-alpha itself also induces molecules that protect cells from apoptosis by TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	107-122	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	157-166
19141568-4	2008	The decreased activities of enzymic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) as well as glutathione levels were the salient features observed in GalN-induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	201-205	catalase	Homo sapiens	72-80
19141568-4	2008	The decreased activities of enzymic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) as well as glutathione levels were the salient features observed in GalN-induced hepatotoxicity.	Galactosamine	201-205	glutathione-disulfide reductase	Homo sapiens	110-131
18514057-0	2008	L-Gln and L-Ser suppress the D-galactosamine-induced IL-18 expression and hepatitis.	Galactosamine	29-44	interleukin 18	Rattus norvegicus	53-58
18772342-2	2008	We investigated the mechanism of both apoptotic and necrotic hepatocyte cell death as well as the role of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) in the ConA and ConA/D-galactosamine (GalN) models of murine liver injury.	Galactosamine	176-180	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	106-131
18634816-4	2008	When rats were treated with galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (GalN/LPS), mtMGST1 activity was significantly increased, and the increased activity was reduced by the disulfide reducing agent dithiothreitol.	Galactosamine	28-41	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	62-66
18514057-3	2008	The present study shows for the first time that IL-18 reduction is involved in the suppressive actions of L-Gln and L-Ser on GalN-induced hepatitis.	Galactosamine	125-129	interleukin 18	Rattus norvegicus	48-53
18514057-4	2008	Elevation of IL-18 mRNA expression in liver and its concentration in serum in GalN-treated rats were found to be suppressed by preceding ingestion of 10% L-Gln- or 10% L-Ser diets, and resulted in the attenuation of the increase in serum transaminase (ALT and AST) activities, indexes of hepatic injury.	Galactosamine	78-82	interleukin 18	Rattus norvegicus	13-18
18514057-5	2008	These results suggest that suppressive effects of some dietary amino acids on the GalN-induced hepatitis are mediated by IL-18 reduction.	Galactosamine	82-86	interleukin 18	Rattus norvegicus	121-126
18378686-1	2008	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) produced by macrophages in response to CpG DNA induces severe liver injury and subsequent death of D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	139-154	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	0-27
18624303-2	2008	Our results demonstrated that CCR4-deficient mice were resistant to both septic peritonitis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and CpG DNA/D-galactosamine-induced shock.	Galactosamine	151-164	chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 4	Mus musculus	30-34
18346130-2	2008	It is known that surgical removal of SMG (sialoadenectomy) alters cell turnover in the liver and exacerbates liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide/galactosamine (LPS/GalN).	Galactosamine	152-165	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	171-175
18670093-4	2008	The activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in mice indicated the highest peaks at 12 h after D-GalN/LPS injection, then the activities of serum ALT and AST rapidly decreased.	Galactosamine	142-148	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	24-48
18670093-4	2008	The activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in mice indicated the highest peaks at 12 h after D-GalN/LPS injection, then the activities of serum ALT and AST rapidly decreased.	Galactosamine	142-148	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	50-53
18670093-4	2008	The activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in mice indicated the highest peaks at 12 h after D-GalN/LPS injection, then the activities of serum ALT and AST rapidly decreased.	Galactosamine	142-148	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	59-85
18670093-4	2008	The activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in mice indicated the highest peaks at 12 h after D-GalN/LPS injection, then the activities of serum ALT and AST rapidly decreased.	Galactosamine	142-148	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	87-90
18070011-0	2008	Expression of Toll-like receptor 4 in various organs in rats with D-galactosamine-induced acute hepatic failure.	Galactosamine	66-81	toll-like receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	14-34
18070011-3	2008	D-Galactosamine (GalN), a hepatocyte-specific inhibitor of RNA synthesis, is known to sensitize animals to the lethal effects of LPS and TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	0-15	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	137-146
18070011-3	2008	D-Galactosamine (GalN), a hepatocyte-specific inhibitor of RNA synthesis, is known to sensitize animals to the lethal effects of LPS and TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	17-21	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	137-146
18070011-4	2008	In the present study we seek to address TLR4-signaling in the development of GalN-induced acute hepatic failure (AHF) and explore the expression of TLR4 mRNA as compared to TNF-alpha mRNA and CD14 mRNA in the liver, spleen and lung of rats with GalN-induced hepatitis.	Galactosamine	77-81	toll-like receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	40-44
18700189-6	2008	Plasma concentrations of endothelin-1 were elevated 60-fold in the animals receiving galactosamine (p = 0.005).	Galactosamine	85-98	endothelin 1	Rattus norvegicus	25-37
18700189-8	2008	Western blot analysis showed that animals receiving galactosamine had a significantly lower endothelin B receptor concentration in liver and kidney tissue, whereas no differences were detected for endothelin A receptors.	Galactosamine	52-65	endothelin receptor type B	Rattus norvegicus	92-113
18603811-4	2008	The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels were significantly increased after an injection with GalN (P&lt;0.05), but pinitol supplementation at the level of 0.5% reversed these changes to normal levels.	Galactosamine	179-183	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	42-68
18603811-4	2008	The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels were significantly increased after an injection with GalN (P&lt;0.05), but pinitol supplementation at the level of 0.5% reversed these changes to normal levels.	Galactosamine	179-183	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	70-73
18603811-4	2008	The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels were significantly increased after an injection with GalN (P&lt;0.05), but pinitol supplementation at the level of 0.5% reversed these changes to normal levels.	Galactosamine	179-183	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	79-106
18603811-4	2008	The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels were significantly increased after an injection with GalN (P&lt;0.05), but pinitol supplementation at the level of 0.5% reversed these changes to normal levels.	Galactosamine	179-183	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	108-117
18420187-0	2008	Protective effect of baicalin against lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in mice by up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1.	Galactosamine	57-72	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	122-138
18004231-0	2008	Insulin-like growth factor 1 prevents liver injury through the inhibition of TNF-alpha and iNOS induction in D-galactosamine and LPS-treated rats.	Galactosamine	109-124	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-28
18004231-0	2008	Insulin-like growth factor 1 prevents liver injury through the inhibition of TNF-alpha and iNOS induction in D-galactosamine and LPS-treated rats.	Galactosamine	109-124	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	91-95
18378686-1	2008	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) produced by macrophages in response to CpG DNA induces severe liver injury and subsequent death of D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	139-154	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	29-38
18378686-1	2008	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) produced by macrophages in response to CpG DNA induces severe liver injury and subsequent death of D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	139-154	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	158-162
18756972-2	2008	METHODS: One hundred and sixty SD rats underwent intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (D-GalN) 1.4 g/kg so as to establish AFL models and then were randomly divided into 2 equal groups: G-CSF therapy group, injected hypodermically with recombinant human G-CSF 50 microg x kg(-1) x d(-1) 2 hours after D-GalN injection for 3 consecutive days, and placebo control group, injected hypodermically with normal saline for 3 consecutive days.	Galactosamine	78-93	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	97-101
18490660-2	2008	Evidence of poor innate responses in neonates has been shown by using a model that sensitizes the host to Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated inflammation with d-galactosamine (d-GalN).	Galactosamine	158-173	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	177-181
17934810-0	2008	A role of cell apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nonlethal liver injury in D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-sensitized rats.	Galactosamine	87-102	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	106-110
17934810-1	2008	Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is implicated in the pathology of acute liver injury and can induce lethal liver failure when simultaneously administered with D-galactosamine (D-GalN).	Galactosamine	152-167	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	171-175
18507831-6	2008	Further analysis revealed that GalN/LPS induced the downregulation of SMP30 protein levels in liver tissues (by approximately 25% and 16% in the GalN/LPS-treated mice and in the treated mice that survived, respectively; P &lt; 0.01).	Galactosamine	31-35	regucalcin	Mus musculus	70-75
18507831-6	2008	Further analysis revealed that GalN/LPS induced the downregulation of SMP30 protein levels in liver tissues (by approximately 25% and 16% in the GalN/LPS-treated mice and in the treated mice that survived, respectively; P &lt; 0.01).	Galactosamine	145-149	regucalcin	Mus musculus	70-75
18395283-3	2008	The micelles were further surface conjugated with galactosamine to target asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) of HepG2 cells.	Galactosamine	50-63	mucin 4, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	103-107
18395283-5	2008	Through recognition between galactose ligands with ASGP-R of HepG2 cells, cell surface binding and internalization of galactosamine-conjugated micelles were significantly promoted, which were demonstrated by flow cytometric analyses using rhodamine 123 fluorescent dye.	Galactosamine	118-131	mucin 4, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	51-55
18406549-2	2008	The hepatoprotective activity of peptides from Ganoderma lucidum (GLP) was evaluated against d-galactosamine (d-GalN)-induced hepatic injury in mice.	Galactosamine	93-108	euchromatic histone methyltransferase 1	Mus musculus	66-69
17936791-0	2008	Protective effect of neutrophil elastase inhibitor (FR136706) in lethal acute liver failure induced by D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide in rats.	Galactosamine	103-118	elastase, neutrophil expressed	Rattus norvegicus	21-40
18379074-5	2008	These results suggest that acanthoic acid protects against D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant liver failure at least in part by a mechanism associated with the down-regulation of TNF-alpha secretion.	Galactosamine	59-74	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	197-206
18331798-0	2008	Tumor necrosis factor alpha mediates the lethal hepatotoxic effects of poly(I:C) in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	84-99	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	0-27
18331798-2	2008	It has been shown that the liver-specific transcription-blocking d-galactosamine (D-GalN) severely sensitizes to the lethal effects of LPS and CpG DNA.	Galactosamine	65-80	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	84-88
20157398-3	2008	Intra-peritoneal pretreatment of mice with decursinol (50 mg/kg) markedly enhanced the LPS/GalN-induced increase of plasma interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels, without affecting plasma TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12 levels.	Galactosamine	91-95	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	87-90
20157398-3	2008	Intra-peritoneal pretreatment of mice with decursinol (50 mg/kg) markedly enhanced the LPS/GalN-induced increase of plasma interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels, without affecting plasma TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12 levels.	Galactosamine	91-95	interleukin 10	Mus musculus	123-137
20157398-3	2008	Intra-peritoneal pretreatment of mice with decursinol (50 mg/kg) markedly enhanced the LPS/GalN-induced increase of plasma interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels, without affecting plasma TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12 levels.	Galactosamine	91-95	interleukin 10	Mus musculus	139-144
18215436-8	2008	Conversely, PDTC accelerated death and aggravated liver apoptosis in the GalN/LPS model, although it reduced nitric oxide production, attenuated glutathione depletion, and inhibited the expression of TNF-alpha in liver.	Galactosamine	73-77	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	200-209
18289853-1	2008	The methanolic extract from the fruit of Piper chaba (Piperaceae) was found to have a hepatoprotective effect on D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	113-128	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	132-136
18191816-6	2008	In animal model, BA protected mice from endotoxin shock induced by d-galactosamine (D-GalN)/LPS possibly through inhibiting the production of cytokine and NO.	Galactosamine	67-82	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	86-90
17727650-7	2008	RESULTS: In the GalN/LPS-treated rats, a marked elevation in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels was observed.	Galactosamine	16-20	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	67-93
18270473-9	2008	The elevation of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and activation of caspase-3 were observed in the GalN/LPS group, which was attenuated by gomisin A.	Galactosamine	100-104	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	23-50
18270473-9	2008	The elevation of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and activation of caspase-3 were observed in the GalN/LPS group, which was attenuated by gomisin A.	Galactosamine	100-104	caspase 3	Mus musculus	69-78
17727650-7	2008	RESULTS: In the GalN/LPS-treated rats, a marked elevation in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels was observed.	Galactosamine	16-20	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	95-98
17825282-2	2007	Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was markedly increased 6 h to 8 h after administration of LPS/d-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	108-123	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	6-30
18251086-10	2008	The results indicated that MMP-9 played a role in the development of LPS/GalN- induced mouse liver injury, and suggested that an inhibition by glycyrrhizin of the acute liver injury may have been due to a down-regulation of MMP-9.	Galactosamine	73-77	matrix metallopeptidase 9	Mus musculus	27-32
18251086-10	2008	The results indicated that MMP-9 played a role in the development of LPS/GalN- induced mouse liver injury, and suggested that an inhibition by glycyrrhizin of the acute liver injury may have been due to a down-regulation of MMP-9.	Galactosamine	73-77	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	69-72
17825282-5	2007	Increases in ALT levels were reduced by an administration of glycyrrhizin at 10 min and 60 min but not 3 h, even after LPS/d-galactosamine treatment.	Galactosamine	125-138	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	13-16
17825282-7	2007	Exogenous IL-18 further increased the elevation in ALT levels in mice treated with LPS/d-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	87-102	interleukin 18	Mus musculus	10-15
18251086-0	2008	Glycyrrhizin prevents of lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced liver injury through down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in mice.	Galactosamine	44-59	matrix metallopeptidase 9	Mus musculus	108-134
18251086-2	2008	We have examined the involvement of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9 in the development of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine (GalN)-induced liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	119-134	matrix metallopeptidase 9	Mus musculus	36-67
18251086-2	2008	We have examined the involvement of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9 in the development of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine (GalN)-induced liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	136-140	matrix metallopeptidase 9	Mus musculus	36-67
18251086-5	2008	Expression of MMP-9 mRNA and protein was markedly up-regulated in liver tissues 6-8 h after LPS/GalN treatment.	Galactosamine	96-100	matrix metallopeptidase 9	Mus musculus	14-19
18251086-6	2008	Pretreatment with glycyrrhizin (50 mg kg(-1)) and the MMP inhibitor (5 mg kg(-1)) suppressed increases in serum levels of ALT and AST in mice treated with LPS/GalN.	Galactosamine	159-163	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	122-125
20020892-1	2008	ABSTRACT Apoptotic markers and signals produced by xenobiotics as hepatotoxic D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are extensively investigated in vivo.	Galactosamine	78-93	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	97-101
17825282-7	2007	Exogenous IL-18 further increased the elevation in ALT levels in mice treated with LPS/d-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	87-102	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	51-54
17825282-2	2007	Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was markedly increased 6 h to 8 h after administration of LPS/d-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	108-123	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	32-35
17825282-11	2007	These results suggest that glycyrrhizin inhibits the LPS/d-galactosamine-induced liver injury through preventing inflammatory responses and IL-18 production.	Galactosamine	57-72	interleukin 18	Mus musculus	140-145
17982095-3	2007	In this study, these mechanisms were investigated in murine hepatocyte cultures as well as in a mouse model of TNF-dependent apoptotic liver damage (galactosamine/TNF model).	Galactosamine	149-162	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	111-114
17869215-3	2007	Using the SB transposon system in vitro hTERT gene overexpression has protective effects from acute cellular injury by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BH), carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)), and d-galactosamine (d-GalN) in normal human cells IMR-90.	Galactosamine	187-202	telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens	40-45
17916644-2	2007	We tested the hypothesis that Egr-1 is involved in acute liver injury induced by galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (GalN/LPS).	Galactosamine	81-94	early growth response 1	Mus musculus	30-35
17959032-3	2007	In the GalN/LPS model, TNF-alpha is the major mediator leading to apoptotic liver injury.	Galactosamine	7-11	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	23-32
17959032-4	2007	Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in GalN-induced sensitization to TNF-alpha-evoked hepatocyte apoptosis.	Galactosamine	46-50	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	76-85
17959032-9	2007	Furthermore, NAC pretreatment significantly alleviated GalN/LPS-induced hepatic apoptosis, measured by the inhibition of hepatic caspase-3 activity and attenuation of DNA laddering.	Galactosamine	55-59	caspase 3	Mus musculus	129-138
17911593-9	2007	Finally, Emu-miR-155 transgenic mice produced higher levels of TNF-alpha when exposed to LPS and were hypersensitive to LPS/d-galactosamine-induced septic shock.	Galactosamine	126-139	microRNA 155	Mus musculus	13-20
17936189-2	2007	d-Galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced cell death is mediated by nitric oxide in hepatocytes, and it is associated with hepatic steatosis.	Galactosamine	0-15	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	19-23
17293097-6	2007	)-induced hepatotoxicity of rats as seen by an elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities was significantly reduced when the herb extract or corilagin was given intraperitoneally to rats prior to GalN/LPS treatment.	Galactosamine	272-276	hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase	Rattus norvegicus	150-153
17911593-9	2007	Finally, Emu-miR-155 transgenic mice produced higher levels of TNF-alpha when exposed to LPS and were hypersensitive to LPS/d-galactosamine-induced septic shock.	Galactosamine	126-139	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	120-123
17714083-10	2007	In the present study, using a D-galactosamine (GalN)-induced liver failure rat, AT(1)R were localized around the centrilobular region, which was not evident in normal liver.	Galactosamine	30-45	angiotensin II receptor, type 1a	Rattus norvegicus	80-86
17714083-10	2007	In the present study, using a D-galactosamine (GalN)-induced liver failure rat, AT(1)R were localized around the centrilobular region, which was not evident in normal liver.	Galactosamine	47-51	angiotensin II receptor, type 1a	Rattus norvegicus	80-86
17714083-14	2007	Levels of TIMP-1 protein were reduced by 1.5- and 1.56-fold on Days 1 and 3, respectively (both P &lt; 0.05), in the losartan-treated group relative to the GalN-treated group.	Galactosamine	156-160	TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1	Rattus norvegicus	10-16
17714083-17	2007	In conclusion, the AT(1)R blocker losartan suppresses GalN-induced liver injury.	Galactosamine	54-58	angiotensin II receptor, type 1a	Rattus norvegicus	19-25
18079613-2	2007	against D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced hepatopathy.	Galactosamine	8-23	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	27-31
17934244-5	2007	On the basis of body weight changes and serum transaminase activities, the livers were found to be in an injured state 24 and 48 h after galactosamine injection but had recovered by 72 h. The hepatic alpha-TTP mRNA level was reduced throughout the experimental period, and at 48 h after injection the alpha-TTP protein level had begun to decrease.	Galactosamine	137-150	alpha tocopherol transfer protein	Rattus norvegicus	200-209
17934244-0	2007	Galactosamine-induced acute liver injury in rats reduces hepatic alpha-tocopherol transfer protein production.	Galactosamine	0-13	alpha tocopherol transfer protein	Rattus norvegicus	65-98
17934244-7	2007	These results show that galactosamine-induced liver injury decreases hepatic alpha-TTP synthesis in rats.	Galactosamine	24-37	alpha tocopherol transfer protein	Rattus norvegicus	77-86
17602819-9	2007	Results showed that serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were markedly increased 8h after GalN/LPS treatment, massive hemorrhage being observed in histological sections of liver from GalN/LPS-treated mice.	Galactosamine	101-105	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	26-50
17602819-9	2007	Results showed that serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were markedly increased 8h after GalN/LPS treatment, massive hemorrhage being observed in histological sections of liver from GalN/LPS-treated mice.	Galactosamine	101-105	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	52-55
17602819-9	2007	Results showed that serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were markedly increased 8h after GalN/LPS treatment, massive hemorrhage being observed in histological sections of liver from GalN/LPS-treated mice.	Galactosamine	194-198	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	26-50
17587481-0	2007	Upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 with hemin prevents D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced acute hepatic injury in rats.	Galactosamine	53-68	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	16-32
17587481-2	2007	In this study, we examined the functional roles of HO-1 induction in a rat model of d-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury.	Galactosamine	84-99	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	51-55
17602819-9	2007	Results showed that serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were markedly increased 8h after GalN/LPS treatment, massive hemorrhage being observed in histological sections of liver from GalN/LPS-treated mice.	Galactosamine	194-198	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	52-55
17587481-2	2007	In this study, we examined the functional roles of HO-1 induction in a rat model of d-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury.	Galactosamine	101-105	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	51-55
17602819-10	2007	Melatonin significantly attenuated GalN/LPS-induced elevation of serum ALT.	Galactosamine	35-39	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	71-74
17587481-6	2007	These data therefore suggested that HO-1 induction provided critical protection against GalN/LPS-induced liver injury, and the protection seemed to be mediated through the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic functions.	Galactosamine	88-92	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	36-40
17602819-12	2007	Additional experiment showed that melatonin significantly attenuated GalN/LPS-induced hepatic apoptosis, measured by inhibition of caspase-3 activities and attenuation of DNA laddering.	Galactosamine	69-73	caspase 3	Mus musculus	131-140
17570244-3	2007	Histopathologic analysis showed that GalN administration induced marked necrosis (P &lt; .001), steatosis (P &lt; .001), both lobular and portal inflammations (P &lt; .001), overall histopathologic score (P &lt; .001), and activation of caspase-3 in the liver (P &lt; .001).	Galactosamine	37-41	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	237-246
17475277-1	2007	Previously, we demonstrated that signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 1 (STAT1) plays an essential role in liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN); however, the underlying mechanism involved remains unclear.	Galactosamine	175-190	signal transducer and activator of transcription 1	Mus musculus	33-90
17475277-1	2007	Previously, we demonstrated that signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 1 (STAT1) plays an essential role in liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN); however, the underlying mechanism involved remains unclear.	Galactosamine	175-190	signal transducer and activator of transcription 1	Mus musculus	92-97
17475277-1	2007	Previously, we demonstrated that signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 1 (STAT1) plays an essential role in liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN); however, the underlying mechanism involved remains unclear.	Galactosamine	175-190	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	194-198
17463158-4	2007	Mice were treated with murine TNF-alpha via intravenous injection at 20 mug/kg body wt 30 mins after d-galactosamine (d-Gal) sensitization (800 mg/kg body wt).	Galactosamine	101-116	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	30-39
17372587-2	2007	It was recently reported that nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice are less sensitive to TNF-alpha/D-galactosamine (GalN)-induced liver failure than C57BL/6J (B6) mice, whereas both NOD and B6 mice were sensitive to the lethal effect of Jo-2.	Galactosamine	108-112	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	81-90
16850524-1	2007	Cathepsin B is a cysteine proteinase, considered to have an important role in apoptosis, which is activated by D-galactosamine and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (D-GalN/TNF-alpha).	Galactosamine	111-126	cathepsin B	Mus musculus	0-11
17497905-1	2007	The purpose of this study was to characterize the changes in metabolic intermediates and to investigate the metabolic profile of a mouse model of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), induced by D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (GalN/LPS).	Galactosamine	190-205	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	226-230
17353199-8	2007	d-Galactosamine-sensitized mice expressing defective TLR4 or lacking TLR4 expression acquired susceptibility to eLPS-driven toxemia upon IFNgamma priming, whereas double deficient mice did not.	Galactosamine	0-15	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	53-57
17353199-8	2007	d-Galactosamine-sensitized mice expressing defective TLR4 or lacking TLR4 expression acquired susceptibility to eLPS-driven toxemia upon IFNgamma priming, whereas double deficient mice did not.	Galactosamine	0-15	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	69-73
17353199-8	2007	d-Galactosamine-sensitized mice expressing defective TLR4 or lacking TLR4 expression acquired susceptibility to eLPS-driven toxemia upon IFNgamma priming, whereas double deficient mice did not.	Galactosamine	0-15	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	137-145
17463158-4	2007	Mice were treated with murine TNF-alpha via intravenous injection at 20 mug/kg body wt 30 mins after d-galactosamine (d-Gal) sensitization (800 mg/kg body wt).	Galactosamine	118-123	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	30-39
17420605-4	2007	We focused on the sugar fraction containing glucose and ethyl alpha-D-glucoside (alpha-EG), which is a sake-specific sugar, as the major components and demonstrated that only alpha-EG showed significant suppression of the GalN-induced elevation of ALT and AST activities.	Galactosamine	222-226	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	248-251
17616004-1	2007	D-Galactosamine (D-Galn: 300 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to rats.	Galactosamine	0-15	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	19-23
17420605-6	2007	Moreover, CS and alpha-EG suppressed the GalN-induced production of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and liver DNA fragmentation.	Galactosamine	41-45	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	68-81
17420605-6	2007	Moreover, CS and alpha-EG suppressed the GalN-induced production of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and liver DNA fragmentation.	Galactosamine	41-45	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	83-87
17420605-7	2007	Together these results show that CS and its component, alpha-EG, suppressed GalN-induced liver injury by inhibiting IL-6 production.	Galactosamine	76-80	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	116-120
17420605-2	2007	CS significantly suppressed the GalN-induced elevation of ALT and AST activities.	Galactosamine	32-36	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	58-61
17420605-2	2007	CS significantly suppressed the GalN-induced elevation of ALT and AST activities.	Galactosamine	32-36	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	66-69
17420605-3	2007	Each of four concentrated fractions extracted from sake (respectively consisting mainly of basic amino acids, neutral and acidic amino acids, organic acids and sugars) suppressed the GalN-induced elevation of ALT and AST activities.	Galactosamine	183-187	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	209-212
17420605-3	2007	Each of four concentrated fractions extracted from sake (respectively consisting mainly of basic amino acids, neutral and acidic amino acids, organic acids and sugars) suppressed the GalN-induced elevation of ALT and AST activities.	Galactosamine	183-187	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	217-220
17420605-4	2007	We focused on the sugar fraction containing glucose and ethyl alpha-D-glucoside (alpha-EG), which is a sake-specific sugar, as the major components and demonstrated that only alpha-EG showed significant suppression of the GalN-induced elevation of ALT and AST activities.	Galactosamine	222-226	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	256-259
17300814-3	2007	The aim of this study is to assess the role of JNK during D-galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury, an experimental model of FHF, using SP600125, a small molecule JNK-specific inhibitor.	Galactosamine	58-73	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	47-50
17300814-3	2007	The aim of this study is to assess the role of JNK during D-galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury, an experimental model of FHF, using SP600125, a small molecule JNK-specific inhibitor.	Galactosamine	75-79	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	47-50
17300814-5	2007	GalN/LPS treatment induced sustained JNK activation.	Galactosamine	0-4	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	37-40
17300814-9	2007	These results confirm the role of JNK as a critical apoptotic mediator in GalN/LPS-induced FHF.	Galactosamine	74-78	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	34-37
17105872-6	2007	Injection of thioacetamide or lipopolysaccharide plus d-galactosamine increased the F/R ratio in the liver, and this was significantly (P&lt;0.001) inhibited by an intravenous injection of catalase derivatives targeting liver nonparenchymal cells.	Galactosamine	54-69	catalase	Mus musculus	189-197
17379956-4	2007	The results of the reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction indicated that the increase in gene expression of the alpha1 chain of collagen type 1 and transforming growth factor beta-1 in the injured liver 24 h post-injection of galactosamine was suppressed by the administration of green tea.	Galactosamine	239-252	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	125-194
17227754-2	2007	Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase (HS-2OST) transfers the sulfo group from 3"-phosphoadenosine 5"-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to the 2-OH position of the hexauronic acid that is adjacent to N-sulfated glucosamine, whereas chondroitin sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase (CS-2OST) transfers the sulfo group to the hexauronic acid that is adjacent to N-acetylated galactosamine.	Galactosamine	352-365	Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase	Drosophila melanogaster	0-36
17227754-2	2007	Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase (HS-2OST) transfers the sulfo group from 3"-phosphoadenosine 5"-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to the 2-OH position of the hexauronic acid that is adjacent to N-sulfated glucosamine, whereas chondroitin sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase (CS-2OST) transfers the sulfo group to the hexauronic acid that is adjacent to N-acetylated galactosamine.	Galactosamine	352-365	Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase	Drosophila melanogaster	38-45
17081566-5	2007	MATERIALS AND METHODS: We injected an adenoviral vector encoding human IL-1 receptor antagonist (AdIL-1Ra) into the liver of D-galactosamine (GalN) intoxicated rats via the portal vein.	Galactosamine	125-140	interleukin 1 receptor antagonist	Homo sapiens	71-95
17224791-7	2007	In parallel, the levels of hepatic adenosine triphosphate increased significantly and were associated with a marked reduction of TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in the liver of D-galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	173-188	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	129-138
17088249-10	2007	Moreover, in vivo adenoviral gene transfer of ABIN-3 in mice reduced LPS-induced NF-kappaB activity in the liver, thereby partially protecting mice against LPS/D-(+)-galactosamine-induced mortality.	Galactosamine	160-179	TNFAIP3 interacting protein 3	Mus musculus	46-52
17097861-4	2007	Levels of mRNA encoding insulin 1, ICA512, and PC1/3 were increased in the pancreatic islets of GalN-treated rats.	Galactosamine	96-100	insulin 1	Rattus norvegicus	24-33
17097861-4	2007	Levels of mRNA encoding insulin 1, ICA512, and PC1/3 were increased in the pancreatic islets of GalN-treated rats.	Galactosamine	96-100	protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, N	Rattus norvegicus	35-41
17097861-4	2007	Levels of mRNA encoding insulin 1, ICA512, and PC1/3 were increased in the pancreatic islets of GalN-treated rats.	Galactosamine	96-100	proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1	Rattus norvegicus	47-52
17097861-7	2007	The cytosolic fraction obtained from pancreatic islets obtained from GalN-treated rats had an increased PTB level compared to the levels obtained from the pancreatic islets of control rats.	Galactosamine	69-73	polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	104-107
17164178-1	2007	Nitric oxide (NO) participates in the cell death induced by d-Galactosamine (d-GalN) in hepatocytes, and NO-derived reactive oxygen intermediates are critical contributors to protein modification and hepatocellular injury.	Galactosamine	60-75	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	79-83
17081566-5	2007	MATERIALS AND METHODS: We injected an adenoviral vector encoding human IL-1 receptor antagonist (AdIL-1Ra) into the liver of D-galactosamine (GalN) intoxicated rats via the portal vein.	Galactosamine	142-146	interleukin 1 receptor antagonist	Homo sapiens	71-95
17081566-9	2007	Incorporating these cells into the BAL device and testing in a GalN-induced FHF rat model resulted in significant reductions in plasma IL-6 levels and significantly improved animal survival.	Galactosamine	63-67	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	135-139
17081566-10	2007	Incorporating the AdIL-1Ra transfected TTNT cells in the BAL device and testing in the GalN-induced FHF rat model resulted in significantly reduced plasma IL-6 levels, and a trend toward improved survival was seen.	Galactosamine	87-91	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	155-159
17081566-11	2007	CONCLUSION: Hepatocytes producing IL-1Ra are a promising cell source for BAL devices in the treatment of GalN-induced FHF.	Galactosamine	105-109	interleukin 1 receptor antagonist	Rattus norvegicus	34-40
17151479-5	2006	All the mice injected intraperitoneally with LPS and D-galactosamine (LPS+GalN) died within 24 h. However, a peritoneal injection, but no intravenous or oral administration, of SCE (500-1,000 mg/kg) at 3 to 48 h before the LPS+GalN-challenge resulted in a significantly improved survival rate.	Galactosamine	53-68	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	70-73
16584775-2	2007	Treatment of mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine, or of RAW 264.7 cells with LPS/interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), strongly increased iNOS expression while reducing hnRNPI levels and complex formation between hnRNPI/hnRNPL and the 3"-untranslated region (3"-UTR) of iNOS mRNA.	Galactosamine	48-63	nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible	Mus musculus	145-149
16584775-2	2007	Treatment of mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine, or of RAW 264.7 cells with LPS/interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), strongly increased iNOS expression while reducing hnRNPI levels and complex formation between hnRNPI/hnRNPL and the 3"-untranslated region (3"-UTR) of iNOS mRNA.	Galactosamine	48-63	polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1	Mus musculus	176-182
16584775-2	2007	Treatment of mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine, or of RAW 264.7 cells with LPS/interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), strongly increased iNOS expression while reducing hnRNPI levels and complex formation between hnRNPI/hnRNPL and the 3"-untranslated region (3"-UTR) of iNOS mRNA.	Galactosamine	48-63	polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1	Mus musculus	220-226
16584775-2	2007	Treatment of mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine, or of RAW 264.7 cells with LPS/interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), strongly increased iNOS expression while reducing hnRNPI levels and complex formation between hnRNPI/hnRNPL and the 3"-untranslated region (3"-UTR) of iNOS mRNA.	Galactosamine	48-63	heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L	Mus musculus	227-233
16584775-2	2007	Treatment of mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine, or of RAW 264.7 cells with LPS/interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), strongly increased iNOS expression while reducing hnRNPI levels and complex formation between hnRNPI/hnRNPL and the 3"-untranslated region (3"-UTR) of iNOS mRNA.	Galactosamine	48-63	nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible	Mus musculus	277-281
17151479-5	2006	All the mice injected intraperitoneally with LPS and D-galactosamine (LPS+GalN) died within 24 h. However, a peritoneal injection, but no intravenous or oral administration, of SCE (500-1,000 mg/kg) at 3 to 48 h before the LPS+GalN-challenge resulted in a significantly improved survival rate.	Galactosamine	53-68	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	74-78
17151479-5	2006	All the mice injected intraperitoneally with LPS and D-galactosamine (LPS+GalN) died within 24 h. However, a peritoneal injection, but no intravenous or oral administration, of SCE (500-1,000 mg/kg) at 3 to 48 h before the LPS+GalN-challenge resulted in a significantly improved survival rate.	Galactosamine	53-68	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	70-73
17116800-11	2006	D-galactosamine culture induced morphologic damage in a hepatocyte cell line, which was greatly improved by CT-1 administration.	Galactosamine	0-15	cardiotrophin 1	Rattus norvegicus	108-112
17116800-13	2006	CONCLUSION: Cardiotrophin 1 may improve the outcome of D-gal-induced FHF through its effects on antiapoptosis and cell repair.	Galactosamine	55-60	cardiotrophin 1	Rattus norvegicus	12-27
16983719-2	2006	Mutant mice produce physiologically regulated levels of transmembrane TNF (tmTNF), which suffice to support thymocyte proliferation but cannot substitute for the hepatotoxic activities of wild-type TNF following LPS/D-galactosamine challenge in vivo and are not sufficient to support secondary lymphoid organ structure and function.	Galactosamine	216-231	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	70-73
16979778-5	2006	JNK1 and JNK2 function was, therefore, investigated in the TNF-dependent, galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (GalN/LPS) model of liver injury.	Galactosamine	74-87	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	59-62
16901963-5	2006	Administration of a low dose of LPS (100 or 10 ng/g) in association with d-galactosamine induced equivalent mortality rates, hepatotoxicity, and serum IL-6 in WT and APN KO mice.	Galactosamine	73-88	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	151-155
16901963-5	2006	Administration of a low dose of LPS (100 or 10 ng/g) in association with d-galactosamine induced equivalent mortality rates, hepatotoxicity, and serum IL-6 in WT and APN KO mice.	Galactosamine	73-88	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Mus musculus	166-169
17103249-0	2006	Influx of macrophages into livers of rats treated with hepatotoxicants (thioacetamide, allyl alcohol, D-galactosamine) induces expression of HSP25.	Galactosamine	102-117	heat shock protein family B (small) member 1	Rattus norvegicus	141-146
17103249-2	2006	The HSP25 accumulation in hepatocytes adjacent to inflammatory regions was confirmed by identification of positive hepatocytes concentrated at periportal areas after treatment of rats with allyl alcohol (AA) or distributed diffusely throughout liver lobule after treatment with D-galactosamine (D-gal).	Galactosamine	278-293	heat shock protein family B (small) member 1	Rattus norvegicus	4-9
17103249-2	2006	The HSP25 accumulation in hepatocytes adjacent to inflammatory regions was confirmed by identification of positive hepatocytes concentrated at periportal areas after treatment of rats with allyl alcohol (AA) or distributed diffusely throughout liver lobule after treatment with D-galactosamine (D-gal).	Galactosamine	278-283	heat shock protein family B (small) member 1	Rattus norvegicus	4-9
17064618-1	2006	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the situation of hepatocellular apoptosis in D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-sensitized rats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver failure and the mechanisms of liver injury therein.	Galactosamine	71-86	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	90-94
16832353-4	2006	TNF-alpha was injected into D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice that were pretreated with or without HS.	Galactosamine	28-43	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	0-9
16832353-4	2006	TNF-alpha was injected into D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice that were pretreated with or without HS.	Galactosamine	45-49	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	0-9
16951514-0	2006	[Protective effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on acute hepatic failure induced by D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide in mice].	Galactosamine	97-112	colony stimulating factor 3 (granulocyte)	Mus musculus	23-60
16951514-1	2006	OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protective effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) on acute hepatic failure induced by galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice, and to explore its mechanism.	Galactosamine	150-163	colony stimulating factor 3	Homo sapiens	66-103
16626762-2	2006	D-Galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury is an experimental model of fulminant hepatic failure.	Galactosamine	0-15	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	19-23
16580085-9	2006	With GalN-administration, CD44+ hepatocytes appeared around periportal areas at days 3 and 4 and then decreased.	Galactosamine	5-9	CD44 molecule (Indian blood group)	Rattus norvegicus	26-30
16571730-3	2006	JNK1 and JNK2 function was, therefore, investigated in the TNF-dependent, galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (GalN/LPS) model of liver injury.	Galactosamine	74-87	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	59-62
16733851-0	2006	Adiponectin deficiency exacerbates lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in mice.	Galactosamine	54-69	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Mus musculus	0-11
16733851-4	2006	RESULTS: In knockout mice, GalN/LPS injection significantly lowered the survival rate, significantly raised the plasma levels of alanine transaminase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and significantly reduced IL-10 levels compared with wild type mice.	Galactosamine	27-31	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	183-192
16530410-3	2006	Phosphorylated JNK (c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase) and phosphorylated ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) started increasing 3 h after D-Galn treatment and remained at a high level for 6-12 h after the treatment, while phosphorylated p38 MAPK increased significantly 6 h after D-Galn administration.	Galactosamine	139-145	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Rattus norvegicus	15-18
16733851-4	2006	RESULTS: In knockout mice, GalN/LPS injection significantly lowered the survival rate, significantly raised the plasma levels of alanine transaminase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and significantly reduced IL-10 levels compared with wild type mice.	Galactosamine	27-31	interleukin 10	Mus musculus	220-225
16530410-3	2006	Phosphorylated JNK (c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase) and phosphorylated ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) started increasing 3 h after D-Galn treatment and remained at a high level for 6-12 h after the treatment, while phosphorylated p38 MAPK increased significantly 6 h after D-Galn administration.	Galactosamine	139-145	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	66-69
16530410-3	2006	Phosphorylated JNK (c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase) and phosphorylated ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) started increasing 3 h after D-Galn treatment and remained at a high level for 6-12 h after the treatment, while phosphorylated p38 MAPK increased significantly 6 h after D-Galn administration.	Galactosamine	139-145	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	71-108
16619363-4	2006	All the mice injected with LPS and GalN (control group) died of histopathologically congestive and hemorrhagic hepatic insufficiency within 24 h, showing significantly increased activities of plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST; 380 IU/mL) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT; 130 IU/mL).	Galactosamine	35-39	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	199-225
16779785-1	2006	Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a linear heteropolysaccharide consisting of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and galactosamine, which is commonly sulfated at C-4 and/or C-6 of galactosamine.	Galactosamine	187-200	complement C6	Homo sapiens	180-183
16794324-3	2006	Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and asparate aminotranferase (AST) levels increased significantly after injection of GalN, but PPE inhibited GalN-induced alterations in serum TNF-alpha, LDH, ALT, and AST levels.	Galactosamine	193-197	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	6-33
16403638-3	2006	Inhibitory doses (ID50) of compounds 5 and 9 on TNFalpha production induced by coinjection of galactosamine and LPS in C3H/HeN mice in vivo were measured and were 0.55 and &lt;0.20 mg/kg, respectively.	Galactosamine	94-107	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	48-56
16619363-4	2006	All the mice injected with LPS and GalN (control group) died of histopathologically congestive and hemorrhagic hepatic insufficiency within 24 h, showing significantly increased activities of plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST; 380 IU/mL) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT; 130 IU/mL).	Galactosamine	35-39	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	227-230
16619363-4	2006	All the mice injected with LPS and GalN (control group) died of histopathologically congestive and hemorrhagic hepatic insufficiency within 24 h, showing significantly increased activities of plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST; 380 IU/mL) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT; 130 IU/mL).	Galactosamine	35-39	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	247-271
16619363-4	2006	All the mice injected with LPS and GalN (control group) died of histopathologically congestive and hemorrhagic hepatic insufficiency within 24 h, showing significantly increased activities of plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST; 380 IU/mL) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT; 130 IU/mL).	Galactosamine	35-39	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	273-276
16521276-13	2006	In addition, F1,6BP treatment decreased sensitivity to LPS, which reduced the GalN-induced increase in TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	78-82	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	103-112
16802689-5	2006	At 6 h, hepatic caspase-3 activity was elevated by CBH diet alone as high as that of the GalN-injected control-diet group, and the activity was not elevated further by GalN.	Galactosamine	89-93	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	16-25
16647638-1	2006	The pre-administration of PGE(1) reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2) expression and cell death induced by d-galactosamine (d-GalN) in cultured rat hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	118-133	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	74-79
16647638-1	2006	The pre-administration of PGE(1) reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2) expression and cell death induced by d-galactosamine (d-GalN) in cultured rat hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	118-133	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	137-141
16547261-3	2006	In this study, we show that a mAb to TLR4/MD-2 protected mice from acute lethal hepatitis caused by LPS/d-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	104-119	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	37-41
16547261-3	2006	In this study, we show that a mAb to TLR4/MD-2 protected mice from acute lethal hepatitis caused by LPS/d-galactosamine.	Galactosamine	104-119	lymphocyte antigen 96	Mus musculus	42-46
16547261-6	2006	These results demonstrated that an agonistic mAb to TLR4/MD-2 protected mice from LPS/d-galactosamine-induced acute lethal hepatitis by delivering a protective signal activating NF-kappaB through TLR4/MD-2.	Galactosamine	88-101	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	52-56
16547261-6	2006	These results demonstrated that an agonistic mAb to TLR4/MD-2 protected mice from LPS/d-galactosamine-induced acute lethal hepatitis by delivering a protective signal activating NF-kappaB through TLR4/MD-2.	Galactosamine	88-101	lymphocyte antigen 96	Mus musculus	57-61
16547261-6	2006	These results demonstrated that an agonistic mAb to TLR4/MD-2 protected mice from LPS/d-galactosamine-induced acute lethal hepatitis by delivering a protective signal activating NF-kappaB through TLR4/MD-2.	Galactosamine	88-101	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	196-200
16547261-6	2006	These results demonstrated that an agonistic mAb to TLR4/MD-2 protected mice from LPS/d-galactosamine-induced acute lethal hepatitis by delivering a protective signal activating NF-kappaB through TLR4/MD-2.	Galactosamine	88-101	lymphocyte antigen 96	Mus musculus	201-205
16399628-6	2006	All of TNF-alpha-deficient mice challenged with LPS+GalN survived.	Galactosamine	52-56	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	7-16
16310882-6	2006	The serum ALT elevation, with a peak at 24 h after Gal-N+LPS intoxication, was markedly attenuated with VEGF treatment.	Galactosamine	51-56	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	104-108
16310882-9	2006	Our in vitro study showed that VEGF significantly prevented the Gal-N+LPS-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis of SEC.	Galactosamine	64-69	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	31-35
16226032-4	2006	from the roots of Angelica furcijuga protected the liver injury induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice.	Galactosamine	75-90	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	94-98
16168518-0	2006	Transgenic overexpression of interleukin-8 in mouse liver protects against galactosamine/endotoxin toxicity.	Galactosamine	75-88	chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 15	Mus musculus	29-42
16343079-1	2005	BACKGROUND/AIMS: Hepatic injury by d-galactosamine (d-GalN) is a suitable experimental model of hepatocellular injury.	Galactosamine	35-50	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Homo sapiens	54-58
16369191-0	2006	Fibronectin prevents D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced lethal hepatic failure in mice.	Galactosamine	21-36	fibronectin 1	Mus musculus	0-11
16369191-2	2006	In this study, we examined the effects of FN on D-galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fulminant liver failure in mice.	Galactosamine	48-63	fibronectin 1	Mus musculus	42-44
16369191-2	2006	In this study, we examined the effects of FN on D-galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fulminant liver failure in mice.	Galactosamine	65-69	fibronectin 1	Mus musculus	42-44
16369191-5	2006	GalN/LPS induced a marked decrease in plasma FN, which was reversed by FN pretreatment.	Galactosamine	0-4	fibronectin 1	Mus musculus	45-47
16369191-5	2006	GalN/LPS induced a marked decrease in plasma FN, which was reversed by FN pretreatment.	Galactosamine	0-4	fibronectin 1	Mus musculus	71-73
16369191-11	2006	These results suggest that FN protected against GalN/LPS-induced liver failure by a mechanism involving inhibition of NF-kappaB activation, which caused down-regulation of TNF-alpha and involved up-regulation of IL-10, and elevation of Bcl-xL induced a blockage of apoptotic signals, by which apoptosis of hepatocytes caused by GalN/LPS was suppressed.	Galactosamine	48-52	fibronectin 1	Mus musculus	27-29
16369191-11	2006	These results suggest that FN protected against GalN/LPS-induced liver failure by a mechanism involving inhibition of NF-kappaB activation, which caused down-regulation of TNF-alpha and involved up-regulation of IL-10, and elevation of Bcl-xL induced a blockage of apoptotic signals, by which apoptosis of hepatocytes caused by GalN/LPS was suppressed.	Galactosamine	328-332	fibronectin 1	Mus musculus	27-29
16287979-1	2005	This study demonstrates that pretreatment with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) significantly decreased the mortality and liver injury caused by injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence of d-galactosamine (d-GalN) in C57BL/6 mice.	Galactosamine	212-227	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	231-235
16174460-0	2005	[Caspase-12 expression and activation in the pathogenesis of acute hepatic failure induced by lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine].	Galactosamine	117-132	caspase 12	Mus musculus	1-11
16051691-2	2005	The numbers of necrotic and apoptotic hepatocytes in the liver, as well as the levels of serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), were increased significantly by GalN/LPS treatment compared to the appropriate controls.	Galactosamine	188-192	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	95-117
16051691-2	2005	The numbers of necrotic and apoptotic hepatocytes in the liver, as well as the levels of serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), were increased significantly by GalN/LPS treatment compared to the appropriate controls.	Galactosamine	188-192	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	119-122
16051691-2	2005	The numbers of necrotic and apoptotic hepatocytes in the liver, as well as the levels of serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), were increased significantly by GalN/LPS treatment compared to the appropriate controls.	Galactosamine	188-192	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	128-148
16051691-2	2005	The numbers of necrotic and apoptotic hepatocytes in the liver, as well as the levels of serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), were increased significantly by GalN/LPS treatment compared to the appropriate controls.	Galactosamine	188-192	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	150-153
16051691-2	2005	The numbers of necrotic and apoptotic hepatocytes in the liver, as well as the levels of serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), were increased significantly by GalN/LPS treatment compared to the appropriate controls.	Galactosamine	188-192	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	193-196
16025521-0	2005	Adenoviral gene transfer of ABIN-1 protects mice from TNF/galactosamine-induced acute liver failure and lethality.	Galactosamine	58-71	TNFAIP3 interacting protein 1	Mus musculus	28-34
16051691-3	2005	Pretreatment with histamine ameliorated the GalN/LPS-induced necrotic and apoptotic changes in the hepatocytes and inhibited the elevation of serum AST and ALT levels.	Galactosamine	44-48	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	49-52
16025521-6	2005	Here we describe that adenoviral expression of the NF-kappaB inhibitory protein ABIN-1, but not an IkappaBalpha superrepressor (IkappaBalpha(s)), completely prevents lethality in the TNF/D-(+)-galactosamine-induced model of liver failure.	Galactosamine	189-206	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	51-60
16025521-6	2005	Here we describe that adenoviral expression of the NF-kappaB inhibitory protein ABIN-1, but not an IkappaBalpha superrepressor (IkappaBalpha(s)), completely prevents lethality in the TNF/D-(+)-galactosamine-induced model of liver failure.	Galactosamine	189-206	TNFAIP3 interacting protein 1	Mus musculus	80-86
16051691-4	2005	Histamine attenuated the GalN/LPS-induced increases in the levels of TNF-alpha, but augmented those of IL-10 both in the liver and serum.	Galactosamine	25-29	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	30-33
16051691-4	2005	Histamine attenuated the GalN/LPS-induced increases in the levels of TNF-alpha, but augmented those of IL-10 both in the liver and serum.	Galactosamine	25-29	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	69-78
16051691-5	2005	Histamine inhibited the GalN/LPS-induced caspase-3 activity in the liver.	Galactosamine	24-28	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	29-32
16051691-5	2005	Histamine inhibited the GalN/LPS-induced caspase-3 activity in the liver.	Galactosamine	24-28	caspase 3	Mus musculus	41-50
15946935-6	2005	Moreover, NCDase inhibited liver injury and hepatocyte apoptosis in mice treated with D-galactosamine plus TNF-alpha.	Galactosamine	86-101	N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 2	Mus musculus	10-16
16034092-11	2005	BALB/c mice were significantly less susceptible to alpha-GalCer-induced liver injury than C57BL/6 mice, in particular upon pretreatment with d-galactosamine, a hepatocyte-specific sensitizer to TNF-alpha-mediated injury.	Galactosamine	141-156	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	194-203
15852491-2	2005	Co-administration of D-GalN (700 mg[sol ]kg) and LPS (1 microg[sol ]kg) significantly (p &lt; 0.05) raised the plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in mice in the toxin group compared with the values in the control group.	Galactosamine	21-27	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	128-152
15942719-1	2005	BACKGROUND: D-Galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury is an experimental model of fulminant hepatic failure in which tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a pivotal role.	Galactosamine	29-33	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	144-171
15942719-1	2005	BACKGROUND: D-Galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury is an experimental model of fulminant hepatic failure in which tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a pivotal role.	Galactosamine	29-33	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	173-182
15850520-2	2005	METHODS: Liver damage was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/TNFalpha in D-galactosamine (GalN) sensitized BALB/c mice.	Galactosamine	74-89	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	57-60
15850520-2	2005	METHODS: Liver damage was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/TNFalpha in D-galactosamine (GalN) sensitized BALB/c mice.	Galactosamine	74-89	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	62-70
15850520-2	2005	METHODS: Liver damage was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/TNFalpha in D-galactosamine (GalN) sensitized BALB/c mice.	Galactosamine	74-89	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	91-95
15968724-2	2005	METHODS: Liver damage was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/TNF-alpha in D-galactosamine (GalN) sensitized BALB/c mice.	Galactosamine	75-90	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	62-71
15968724-2	2005	METHODS: Liver damage was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/TNF-alpha in D-galactosamine (GalN) sensitized BALB/c mice.	Galactosamine	92-96	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	62-71
15968724-16	2005	IOD level of TNFR1 changed significantly at 6, 9 and 12 h after GalN/LPS and GalN/TNFalpha administration.	Galactosamine	64-68	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1a	Mus musculus	13-18
15968724-17	2005	The expression of TNFR1 protein was significantly higher at 9 h after GalN/LPS and GalN/TNFalpha administration than that in control groups.	Galactosamine	70-74	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1a	Mus musculus	18-23
15942719-1	2005	BACKGROUND: D-Galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury is an experimental model of fulminant hepatic failure in which tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a pivotal role.	Galactosamine	12-27	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	144-171
15942719-1	2005	BACKGROUND: D-Galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury is an experimental model of fulminant hepatic failure in which tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a pivotal role.	Galactosamine	12-27	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	173-182
15702085-3	2005	LIF-/- mice have heightened sensitivity to LPS in a LPS/D-galactosamine (D-Gal) sensitization model compared to wild-type mice (LIF+/+), enhanced thrombocytopenia and leukopenia, with increased hepatic necrosis, neutrophil sequestration in the lung and accelerated mortality.	Galactosamine	56-71	leukemia inhibitory factor	Mus musculus	0-3
15852491-2	2005	Co-administration of D-GalN (700 mg[sol ]kg) and LPS (1 microg[sol ]kg) significantly (p &lt; 0.05) raised the plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in mice in the toxin group compared with the values in the control group.	Galactosamine	21-27	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	154-157
15852491-2	2005	Co-administration of D-GalN (700 mg[sol ]kg) and LPS (1 microg[sol ]kg) significantly (p &lt; 0.05) raised the plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in mice in the toxin group compared with the values in the control group.	Galactosamine	21-27	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	163-189
15852491-2	2005	Co-administration of D-GalN (700 mg[sol ]kg) and LPS (1 microg[sol ]kg) significantly (p &lt; 0.05) raised the plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in mice in the toxin group compared with the values in the control group.	Galactosamine	21-27	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	191-194
15742813-5	2005	Ten of the synthesized chalcone derivatives exhibited inhibitory effects on D-GalN/LPS-induced levels of AST and ALT in mice.	Galactosamine	76-82	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	105-108
15742813-5	2005	Ten of the synthesized chalcone derivatives exhibited inhibitory effects on D-GalN/LPS-induced levels of AST and ALT in mice.	Galactosamine	76-82	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	113-116
15618140-3	2005	Injection of SEB into d-galactosamine-sensitized CD44 wild-type (WT) mice led to a significant increase in CD44 expression on liver T cells, NK cells, and NKT cells.	Galactosamine	22-37	CD44 antigen	Mus musculus	49-53
15635156-3	2005	Galactosamine (GalN, 400 mg/kg) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 microg/kg) induced hepatotoxicity of rats as seen by an elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and of lipid peroxidation in liver homogenates was significantly depressed when the herbal extract was given intraperitoneally 1 and 15 h before GalN and LPS treatment.	Galactosamine	0-13	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	175-201
15635156-3	2005	Galactosamine (GalN, 400 mg/kg) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 microg/kg) induced hepatotoxicity of rats as seen by an elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and of lipid peroxidation in liver homogenates was significantly depressed when the herbal extract was given intraperitoneally 1 and 15 h before GalN and LPS treatment.	Galactosamine	0-13	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	203-206
15635156-3	2005	Galactosamine (GalN, 400 mg/kg) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 microg/kg) induced hepatotoxicity of rats as seen by an elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and of lipid peroxidation in liver homogenates was significantly depressed when the herbal extract was given intraperitoneally 1 and 15 h before GalN and LPS treatment.	Galactosamine	15-19	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	175-201
15635156-3	2005	Galactosamine (GalN, 400 mg/kg) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 microg/kg) induced hepatotoxicity of rats as seen by an elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and of lipid peroxidation in liver homogenates was significantly depressed when the herbal extract was given intraperitoneally 1 and 15 h before GalN and LPS treatment.	Galactosamine	15-19	glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2	Rattus norvegicus	203-206
15618140-3	2005	Injection of SEB into d-galactosamine-sensitized CD44 wild-type (WT) mice led to a significant increase in CD44 expression on liver T cells, NK cells, and NKT cells.	Galactosamine	22-37	CD44 antigen	Mus musculus	107-111
15561270-4	2004	We studied the therapeutic effect of plasma Fn in mice after an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and d-galactosamine (GalN).	Galactosamine	122-137	fibronectin 1	Mus musculus	44-46
15610455-1	2005	BACKGROUND AND AIM: PGE1 reduces in vivo and in vitro D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced cell death in hepatocytes.	Galactosamine	54-69	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	73-77
15607118-5	2004	The level of p65 was increased in the RSW extracts prepared from liver of galactosamine-treated rats infused with a standard amino acid formula, compared with a BCAA-enriched amino acid formula.	Galactosamine	74-87	synaptotagmin 1	Rattus norvegicus	13-16
15577225-4	2004	Pretreatment of animals with protocatechuic acid effectively suppressed LPS/GalN-induced lethality; protocatechuic acid isopropyl ester was the most effective among the various derivatives of protocatechuic acid.	Galactosamine	76-80	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	72-75
15577225-6	2004	Pretreatment with protocatechuic acid isopropyl ester effectively suppressed the LPS/GalN-induced increase in plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha alanine aminotransferase (ALT), nitrite/nitrate levels, and hepatic malondialdehyde levels.	Galactosamine	85-89	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	81-84
15577225-6	2004	Pretreatment with protocatechuic acid isopropyl ester effectively suppressed the LPS/GalN-induced increase in plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha alanine aminotransferase (ALT), nitrite/nitrate levels, and hepatic malondialdehyde levels.	Galactosamine	85-89	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	177-180
15577225-7	2004	In contrast, it markedly enhanced the LPS/GalN-induced increase in plasma interleukin (IL)-10 levels, without any changes in IL-6 plasma levels.	Galactosamine	42-46	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	38-41
15565661-2	2004	We have previously shown that PGE1 preadministration protects against NO-dependent cell death induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) through a rapid increase of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity, inducible NO synthase (NOS-2) expression, and NO production.	Galactosamine	105-120	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	124-128
15461564-5	2004	In mice, D-galactosamine and endotoxin cause apoptotic liver damage, which is mediated by TNF.	Galactosamine	9-24	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	90-93
15561270-7	2004	A single administration of plasma Fn (500 mg/kg) protected in dose-dependent fashion against lethal shock after GalN/LPS challenge.	Galactosamine	112-116	fibronectin 1	Mus musculus	34-36
15561270-8	2004	Plasma Fn significantly reduced the serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, and interleukin-6 levels and significantly increased the serum interleukin-10 levels after GalN/LPS administration.	Galactosamine	180-184	fibronectin 1	Mus musculus	7-9
15561270-8	2004	Plasma Fn significantly reduced the serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, and interleukin-6 levels and significantly increased the serum interleukin-10 levels after GalN/LPS administration.	Galactosamine	180-184	interleukin 10	Mus musculus	152-166
15356173-4	2004	After injection of LPS/2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose (D-gal), CD137-/- mice had reduced serum cytokine levels and substantially impaired liver IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha mRNA levels.	Galactosamine	23-50	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 9	Mus musculus	60-65
15356173-4	2004	After injection of LPS/2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose (D-gal), CD137-/- mice had reduced serum cytokine levels and substantially impaired liver IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha mRNA levels.	Galactosamine	23-50	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	141-150
15356173-4	2004	After injection of LPS/2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose (D-gal), CD137-/- mice had reduced serum cytokine levels and substantially impaired liver IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha mRNA levels.	Galactosamine	23-50	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	155-164
15225726-3	2004	18 and 24h after intraperitoneal administration of D-galactosamine (1g/kg body weight) to rats, fulminant hepatic failure occurred as evidenced by a severe elevation in plasma GOT and GPT.	Galactosamine	51-66	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Rattus norvegicus	184-187
15387909-9	2004	The mortality reached up to 80% at 10 h. TLR2 mRNA was expressed at a low level in liver tissues of normal mice, while it was significantly increased and maintained at a higher level following intraperitoneal injection with D-Gal/LPS.	Galactosamine	224-229	toll-like receptor 2	Mus musculus	41-45
15387909-9	2004	The mortality reached up to 80% at 10 h. TLR2 mRNA was expressed at a low level in liver tissues of normal mice, while it was significantly increased and maintained at a higher level following intraperitoneal injection with D-Gal/LPS.	Galactosamine	224-229	toll-like receptor 4	Mus musculus	230-233
14985352-0	2004	Role of FAN in tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-6 secretion and lethality in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	115-130	neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) activation associated factor	Mus musculus	8-11
15239101-4	2004	GalN/LPS treatment induced significant increases in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in the blood, apoptotic and necrotic changes in hepatocytes, and/or showed a high degree of lethality.	Galactosamine	0-4	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	52-78
15239101-4	2004	GalN/LPS treatment induced significant increases in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in the blood, apoptotic and necrotic changes in hepatocytes, and/or showed a high degree of lethality.	Galactosamine	0-4	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	80-83
15239101-4	2004	GalN/LPS treatment induced significant increases in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in the blood, apoptotic and necrotic changes in hepatocytes, and/or showed a high degree of lethality.	Galactosamine	0-4	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	89-113
15239101-4	2004	GalN/LPS treatment induced significant increases in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in the blood, apoptotic and necrotic changes in hepatocytes, and/or showed a high degree of lethality.	Galactosamine	0-4	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	115-118
15239101-6	2004	Pretreatment with adiponectin ameliorated the GalN/LPS-induced elevation of serum AST and ALT levels and the apoptotic and necrotic changes in hepatocytes, resulting in a reduction in lethality.	Galactosamine	46-50	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Mus musculus	18-29
15239101-6	2004	Pretreatment with adiponectin ameliorated the GalN/LPS-induced elevation of serum AST and ALT levels and the apoptotic and necrotic changes in hepatocytes, resulting in a reduction in lethality.	Galactosamine	46-50	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	82-85
15239101-6	2004	Pretreatment with adiponectin ameliorated the GalN/LPS-induced elevation of serum AST and ALT levels and the apoptotic and necrotic changes in hepatocytes, resulting in a reduction in lethality.	Galactosamine	46-50	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	90-93
15239101-7	2004	In addition, pretreatment with adiponectin attenuated the GalN/LPS-induced increases in serum and hepatic tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) levels and increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha messenger RNA expression in the liver.	Galactosamine	58-62	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Mus musculus	31-42
15239101-7	2004	In addition, pretreatment with adiponectin attenuated the GalN/LPS-induced increases in serum and hepatic tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) levels and increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha messenger RNA expression in the liver.	Galactosamine	58-62	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	106-133
15239101-7	2004	In addition, pretreatment with adiponectin attenuated the GalN/LPS-induced increases in serum and hepatic tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) levels and increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha messenger RNA expression in the liver.	Galactosamine	58-62	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	135-144
15239101-7	2004	In addition, pretreatment with adiponectin attenuated the GalN/LPS-induced increases in serum and hepatic tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) levels and increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha messenger RNA expression in the liver.	Galactosamine	58-62	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	167-222
15169632-10	2004	The survival rate of endotoxemia mice sensitized by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) was 60 % in rhFN polypeptide treated group, while that of endotoxemia mice sensitized by D-GalN was 20 % in the control group (P&lt;0.01).	Galactosamine	52-67	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Mus musculus	71-75
15189274-2	2004	Nitric oxide (NO) mediates PGE1 protection against D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced cell death.	Galactosamine	51-66	galanin and GMAP prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	70-74
15320789-13	2004	Partial hepatectomy and administration of carbon tetrachloride or galactosamine caused the conversion of pro-PHBP to the active form in mouse but administrations of turpentine and mercury chloride did not, suggesting the hepatic injury specific activation of PHBP.	Galactosamine	66-79	hyaluronic acid binding protein 2	Mus musculus	109-113
15320789-13	2004	Partial hepatectomy and administration of carbon tetrachloride or galactosamine caused the conversion of pro-PHBP to the active form in mouse but administrations of turpentine and mercury chloride did not, suggesting the hepatic injury specific activation of PHBP.	Galactosamine	66-79	hyaluronic acid binding protein 2	Mus musculus	259-263
15239103-3	2004	The therapeutic efficacy of EC-SOD gene delivery by polycationic liposomes was determined against the toxicity of superoxide anions and hydroxyethyl radicals in HepG2 cells and in a mouse model of acute liver injury caused by D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide intoxication.	Galactosamine	226-241	superoxide dismutase 3	Homo sapiens	28-34
15239103-10	2004	In conclusion, polycationic liposome-mediated EC-SOD gene delivery protects against reactive oxygen species toxicity in vitro and against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	187-202	superoxide dismutase 3, extracellular	Mus musculus	46-52
14985352-4	2004	We show that after d-galactosamine sensitization, FAN-deficient mice were partially resistant to LPS- and TNFalpha-induced lethality.	Galactosamine	19-34	neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) activation associated factor	Mus musculus	50-53
14985352-8	2004	Finally, we show that d-galactosamine-sensitized IL-6-deficient mice were partially resistant to endotoxin-induced liver apoptosis and lethality.	Galactosamine	22-37	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	49-53
14617692-10	2004	Similar results were obtained when apoptotic liver damage was induced by administration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha to d-galactosamine-sensitized mice.	Galactosamine	122-137	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	91-118
15043992-1	2004	The effects of secoisolariciresinol (1) and isotaxiresinol (2), two major lignans isolated from the wood of Taxus yunnanensis, on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-dependent hepatic apoptosis induced by D-galactosamine (d-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were investigated in mice.	Galactosamine	209-224	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	159-168