PMID-sentid	Pub_year	Sent_text	compound_name	comp_offset	prot_official_name	organism	prot_offset
3651516-8	1987	Milk carnitine concentrations in mothers of premature infants were not different from those in mothers of term infants.	Carnitine	5-14	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	0-4
3624133-7	1987	Carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT) was significantly increased in heart by L-carnitine supplementation, whereas it was reduced by depletion in skeletal muscle.	Carnitine	74-85	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-27
3624133-7	1987	Carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT) was significantly increased in heart by L-carnitine supplementation, whereas it was reduced by depletion in skeletal muscle.	Carnitine	74-85	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	29-32
3665208-5	1987	Two patients given oral carnitine supplements had a substantial decrease in their serum myoglobin levels.	Carnitine	24-33	myoglobin	Homo sapiens	88-97
3827937-18	1987	While MGBG appeared to be competitive with l-carnitine for both CPT and CAT, MGBG also exhibits a number of effects which may be mediated through membrane interaction and which are not reversed by carnitine.	Carnitine	43-54	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	72-75
3827937-18	1987	While MGBG appeared to be competitive with l-carnitine for both CPT and CAT, MGBG also exhibits a number of effects which may be mediated through membrane interaction and which are not reversed by carnitine.	Carnitine	45-54	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	72-75
3651516-0	1987	Carnitine concentrations in the milk of different species and infant formulas.	Carnitine	0-9	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	32-36
3651516-1	1987	Carnitine concentrations were measured in the milk of sheep, cows, goats, and horses, in human milk of term and preterm infants and in European infant formulas.	Carnitine	0-9	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	46-50
3651516-2	1987	There were significant species" differences in carnitine milk content.	Carnitine	47-56	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	57-61
3651516-9	1987	European formulas based on cow"s milk contained somewhat more carnitine than human milk.	Carnitine	62-71	Weaning weight-maternal milk	Bos taurus	33-37
3747835-3	1986	The 3-OHB/AcAc ratios indicate a highly reduced state of the mitochondrial redox carriers in the presence of both fatty acids and carnitine.	Carnitine	130-139	acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha	Rattus norvegicus	10-14
3102372-7	1986	But they could lead to the following conclusions: Carnitine obviously reduces the insulin resistance.	Carnitine	50-59	insulin	Homo sapiens	82-89
2879226-0	1986	[Carnitine in the treatment of methylmalonic aciduria (MMA)].	Carnitine	1-10	monocyte to macrophage differentiation associated	Homo sapiens	31-60
3440448-1	1987	Carnitine status was evaluated in 8 patients with partial ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency and 19 patients with secondary carnitine deficiency, who were used as positive references.	Carnitine	0-9	ornithine transcarbamylase	Homo sapiens	58-84
3440448-1	1987	Carnitine status was evaluated in 8 patients with partial ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency and 19 patients with secondary carnitine deficiency, who were used as positive references.	Carnitine	0-9	ornithine transcarbamylase	Homo sapiens	86-89
3522516-6	1986	A positive correlation was observed between carnitine and alpha-glucosidase activity.	Carnitine	44-53	sucrase-isomaltase	Homo sapiens	58-75
4020097-8	1985	The enrichment of endogenous LCA radioactivity was attributable to the selective extraction of endogenous short-chain and free carnitine.	Carnitine	127-136	clathrin, light chain A	Rattus norvegicus	29-32
3954755-1	1986	The active site of the overt activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT I) in rat liver mitochondria was blocked by the self-catalysed formation of the S-carboxypalmitoyl-CoA ester of (-)-carnitine, followed by washing of the mitochondria.	Carnitine	189-202	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	73-78
3900312-2	1985	Levels of total carnitine (free + acyl) were lower (P less than 0.05) in plasma, heart, soleus, extensor digitorum longus and kidney of rats fed diet 1 compared to those fed diet 2.	Carnitine	16-25	MAM and LDL receptor class A domain containing 1	Rattus norvegicus	145-151
3900312-7	1985	Apparent carnitine biosynthesis (diet 1) showed no difference between nondiabetic and diabetics (31.5 +/- 1.6 and 31.2 +/- 2.2 nmol/g of body weight per day, respectively) suggesting elevated liver levels resulted from redistribution.	Carnitine	9-18	MAM and LDL receptor class A domain containing 1	Rattus norvegicus	33-39
4038262-1	1985	Time courses for the formation of palmitoylcarnitine from palmitoyl-CoA and carnitine, catalysed by the overt activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT I) in rat liver mitochondria, were obtained.	Carnitine	43-52	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	154-159
3977877-4	1985	Estimated Km values of CPT1 and CPT2 (the overt and latent forms respectively of carnitine palmitoyltransferase) for L-carnitine were 80 microM and 326 microM, respectively, and K0.5 values for palmitoyl-CoA were 18.5 microM and 12 microM respectively.	Carnitine	117-128	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Rattus norvegicus	32-36
3997872-9	1985	Free CoASH is also regenerated from S-acetyl-3-mercaptopropionyl-CoA and more rapidly from 3-mercaptopropionyl-CoA as a result of their reactions with carnitine catalyzed by carnitine acetyltransferase.	Carnitine	151-160	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	174-201
6432788-2	1984	The production of carnitine from peptide-bound 6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine (Lys(Me3)) or 4-N-trimethyl-aminobutyrate(gamma-butyrobetaine) perfused through isolated guinea pig livers was investigated.	Carnitine	18-27	NADP-dependent malic enzyme, mitochondrial	Cavia porcellus	75-78
6436243-10	1984	These data indicate that peroxisomal carnitine octanoyltransferase and carnitine acetyltransferase function in vivo in the direction of acylcarnitine formation, and suggest that the concentration of L-carnitine could influence the specificity for different acyl-CoA substrates.	Carnitine	199-210	carnitine acetyltransferase	Mus musculus	71-98
6432788-5	1984	However, Lys(Me3), arising from Lys(Me3)-asialofetuin was converted mostly to gamma-butyrobetaine and carnitine.	Carnitine	102-111	NADP-dependent malic enzyme, mitochondrial	Cavia porcellus	13-16
6432788-5	1984	However, Lys(Me3), arising from Lys(Me3)-asialofetuin was converted mostly to gamma-butyrobetaine and carnitine.	Carnitine	102-111	NADP-dependent malic enzyme, mitochondrial	Cavia porcellus	36-39
6432788-8	1984	Carnitine production from [1,2,3,4-14C]gamma-butyrobetaine and [methyl-3H]Lys(Me3)-asialofetuin was reduced in perfused livers obtained from ascorbate-deficient guinea pigs.	Carnitine	0-9	NADP-dependent malic enzyme, mitochondrial	Cavia porcellus	78-81
6472539-7	1984	Carnitine treatment caused a significant rise in platelet aggregation induced by epinephrine, ADP, and thrombin.	Carnitine	0-9	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	103-111
6504009-5	1984	When carnitine was administrated together with fat emulsion, the energy metabolism returned to approximately normal level.	Carnitine	5-14	FAT atypical cadherin 1	Rattus norvegicus	47-50
18553477-0	1984	Cholinesterase-catalyzed resolution of D,L-carnitine.	Carnitine	39-52	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	0-14
18553477-4	1984	Acetylcholinesterase, covalently attached to alumina, was employed for the resolution of D,L-carnitine; the latter was first chemically acetylated, then stereoselectively hydrolyzed with the immobilized enzyme, and finally the acetyl-L-carnitine and D-carnitine produced were separated by ion-exchange chromatography.	Carnitine	89-102	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	0-20
6712621-3	1984	Inhibition of CPT I by malonyl-CoA was markedly time-dependent, and the increase occurred at the same rate in the presence or absence of palmitoyl-CoA (80 microM), and in the presence of carnitine, such that the time-course of acylcarnitine formation deviated markedly from linearity when CPT I activity was measured in the presence of malonyl-CoA over several minutes.	Carnitine	187-196	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	14-19
6509906-3	1984	Long-chain acylcarnitines (C14-C18) were found to be moderate inhibitors of microsomal acylCoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT, EC 2.3.1.26); short-chain acylcarnitine (C2-C10) and carnitine itself were not inhibitors.	Carnitine	15-24	sterol O-acyltransferase 1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	87-122
6509906-3	1984	Long-chain acylcarnitines (C14-C18) were found to be moderate inhibitors of microsomal acylCoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT, EC 2.3.1.26); short-chain acylcarnitine (C2-C10) and carnitine itself were not inhibitors.	Carnitine	15-24	sterol O-acyltransferase 1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	124-128
6466296-2	1984	The method is based on the quantitative conversion of gamma-butyrobetaine into carnitine by using a 50-60%-satd.-(NH4)2SO4 fraction of rat liver supernatant as the source of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase [4-trimethylaminobutyrate,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.11.1]; the carnitine formed is then measured enzymically.	Carnitine	79-88	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	174-205
6466296-2	1984	The method is based on the quantitative conversion of gamma-butyrobetaine into carnitine by using a 50-60%-satd.-(NH4)2SO4 fraction of rat liver supernatant as the source of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase [4-trimethylaminobutyrate,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.11.1]; the carnitine formed is then measured enzymically.	Carnitine	307-316	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	174-205
6466296-7	1984	The observed high affinity of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase for gamma-butyrobetaine (Km 7 microM), the high activity of this enzyme and the low concentration of gamma-butyrobetaine in liver indicate that gamma-butyrobetaine availability is one of the factors that normally limit carnitine synthesis.	Carnitine	281-290	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	30-61
6722939-3	1984	Type 1 error occurs when endogenous substrates (e.g. L-carnitine) are acetylated by acetyltransferase enzymes (e.g. carnitine acetyltransferase ( CarAc ) ) yielding an acetylated product mistaken for acetylcholine (AcCh).	Carnitine	53-64	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	116-143
6722939-3	1984	Type 1 error occurs when endogenous substrates (e.g. L-carnitine) are acetylated by acetyltransferase enzymes (e.g. carnitine acetyltransferase ( CarAc ) ) yielding an acetylated product mistaken for acetylcholine (AcCh).	Carnitine	53-64	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	146-151
6703040-6	1984	These results demonstrate the presence of lysophospholipase in cardiac myocytes and suggest that the increase in long-chain acyl carnitine, which occurs during myocardial ischemia, may contribute to accumulation of lysophosphatides within cardiac myocytes.	Carnitine	129-138	asparaginase	Rattus norvegicus	42-59
6822312-2	1983	Long-chain fatty acid esters of carnitine were observed to inhibit lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT, EC 2.3.1.43) in plasma from the rat (Rattus sativa) and rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) but not in man (Homo sapiens).	Carnitine	32-41	lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	67-104
6592157-6	1983	The laboratory parameters (cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, VLDL, apolipoprotein A and B) showed that the lipids administered with l-carnitine were more rapidly metabolized than those without.	Carnitine	136-147	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	71-93
6622099-5	1983	red blood cell carnitine concentration (RBC[C]) was significantly higher in preterm than in term neonates (0.24 +/- 0.02 versus 0.14 +/- 0.01 nmole/mg Hgb; P less than 0.001).	Carnitine	15-24	RNA, 7SL, cytoplasmic 263, pseudogene	Homo sapiens	40-46
6622099-9	1983	of carnitine in blood was estimated to be contained in the RBC, and 27.8 +/- 1.1% (mean +/- S.E.)	Carnitine	3-12	RNA, 7SL, cytoplasmic 263, pseudogene	Homo sapiens	59-62
6312001-0	1983	Urinary profile of L-carnitine and its derivatives in starved normal persons and ACTH injected patients with myopathy.	Carnitine	19-30	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	81-85
6312001-1	1983	Effect of starvation or ACTH injection on the urinary level and profile of L-carnitine and its derivatives was studied in four healthy adult men or in a normal child and two patients with myopathy, respectively.	Carnitine	75-86	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	24-28
6312001-9	1983	In a normal child (female, 3.5 yr) and two patients (female, 4.5 yr and male, 23 yr) with myopathy, ACTH injection induced a significant elevation of urinary total L-carnitine levels, being mainly caused by an increased excretion of free-L-carnitine and, in the adult patient, acyl-L-carnitine.	Carnitine	164-175	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	100-104
6312001-12	1983	Starvation and ACTH-induced changes in urinary level and profile of L-carnitine and its derivatives were discussed in relation to carnitine biosynthesis as well as renal regulation of carnitine clearance.	Carnitine	68-79	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	15-19
6312001-12	1983	Starvation and ACTH-induced changes in urinary level and profile of L-carnitine and its derivatives were discussed in relation to carnitine biosynthesis as well as renal regulation of carnitine clearance.	Carnitine	70-79	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	15-19
6312001-12	1983	Starvation and ACTH-induced changes in urinary level and profile of L-carnitine and its derivatives were discussed in relation to carnitine biosynthesis as well as renal regulation of carnitine clearance.	Carnitine	130-139	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	15-19
6822312-2	1983	Long-chain fatty acid esters of carnitine were observed to inhibit lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT, EC 2.3.1.43) in plasma from the rat (Rattus sativa) and rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) but not in man (Homo sapiens).	Carnitine	32-41	lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	106-110
6219439-12	1982	It is known that the rate of carnitine synthesis depends on three factors--the amount of trimethyllysine available, the rate of gamma-butyrobetaine transfer to tissue(s) hydroxylating it and gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity.	Carnitine	29-38	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	191-222
6294916-1	1982	In healthy subjects aged 20 to 50 years, the urinary excretion of carnitine and its serum concentration increased rapidly and markedly after synthetic beta 1-24 ACTH-Z was injected.	Carnitine	66-75	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	161-165
6294916-3	1982	In contrast, healthy subjects older than 70 and patients aged 45 to 50 with atherosclerosis exhibited lower and delayed changes of carnitine excretion and serum concentrations of carnitine and lipid after ACTH injection.	Carnitine	131-140	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	205-209
6294916-3	1982	In contrast, healthy subjects older than 70 and patients aged 45 to 50 with atherosclerosis exhibited lower and delayed changes of carnitine excretion and serum concentrations of carnitine and lipid after ACTH injection.	Carnitine	179-188	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	205-209
7128105-4	1982	Carnitine was present in concentrations of 220, 476, 540, 1880, 3330 and 3820 muM respectively, and acetylcarnitine concentrations were 2, 191, 354, 709, 259 and 2750 muM.	Carnitine	0-9	latexin	Homo sapiens	78-81
7341547-3	1981	The administration of d,1-Carnitine to twenty chronically dialyzed uraemic patients significantly improved distal latency of the M response of the external peroneal nerve at the EDB muscle and the MUP properties suggesting a Carnitine-dependent amelioration of fatty acid oxidative processes both in muscle and Schwann cells.	Carnitine	26-35	vesicle associated membrane protein 8	Homo sapiens	178-181
7341547-3	1981	The administration of d,1-Carnitine to twenty chronically dialyzed uraemic patients significantly improved distal latency of the M response of the external peroneal nerve at the EDB muscle and the MUP properties suggesting a Carnitine-dependent amelioration of fatty acid oxidative processes both in muscle and Schwann cells.	Carnitine	26-35	major urinary protein, pseudogene	Homo sapiens	197-200
7313503-0	1981	The effect of sulfhydryl blocking agents on the uptake of L-carnitine in an established human cell line (CCL 27).	Carnitine	58-69	C-C motif chemokine ligand 27	Homo sapiens	105-111
6259364-2	1980	It was found that using palmitoyl coenzyme A together with carnitine and ATP as substrates that Ca2+ was released gradually from mitochondria by adenosine 3"5" cyclic monophosphate.	Carnitine	59-68	carbonic anhydrase 2	Rattus norvegicus	96-99
7460211-8	1981	The auto-oxidation product of 7,8-dihydroxychlorpromazine (7,8-diOH CPZ) decreased carnitine efflux from myocytes, which were highly permeable to low molecular weight compounds.	Carnitine	83-92	carboxypeptidase Z	Rattus norvegicus	68-71
6773946-0	1980	Significance of renal gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase for carnitine biosynthesis in man.	Carnitine	58-67	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	22-53
6894210-1	1980	A dose of 3 g of carnitine was orally administered through 48 hours to six patients, between the 31st and 35th weeks of pregnancy, in a bid to induce foetal lung maturation.	Carnitine	17-26	BH3 interacting domain death agonist	Homo sapiens	136-139
7359325-0	1980	Effect of carnitine analogs on carnitine acetyltransferase.	Carnitine	10-19	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	31-58
7359325-1	1980	Carnitine analogs with various substituents on the nitrogen were tested for their effect on carnitine acetyltransferase from rat sperm and pigeon breast.	Carnitine	0-9	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	92-119
7421873-3	1980	Transport of long-chain fatty acyl groups into the mitochondria requires esterification and de-esterification with carnitine by the "twin" enzymes carnitine palmityltransferase (CPT) I and II, bound to the outer and inner faces of the inner mitochondrial membrane.	Carnitine	115-124	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	147-191
7370242-0	1980	The efflux of L-carnitine from cells in culture (CCL 27).	Carnitine	14-25	C-C motif chemokine ligand 27	Homo sapiens	49-55
7370283-3	1980	Liver carnitine was nearly doubled by L-thyroxine, 6 mg/kg of diet fed for 10 days, and so was the activity of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase.	Carnitine	6-15	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	111-142
444593-0	1979	Transport of L-carnitine induced by prednisolone in an established cell line (CCL 27).	Carnitine	13-24	C-C motif chemokine ligand 27	Homo sapiens	78-84
836841-4	1977	Carnitine uptake is suppressed 90% by NaF (24MM).	Carnitine	0-9	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8	Homo sapiens	38-41
708732-0	1978	Carnitine-induced uptake of L-cartinine into cells from an established cell line from human heart (CCL 27).	Carnitine	0-9	C-C motif chemokine ligand 27	Homo sapiens	99-105
893675-5	1977	Normal range of carnitine was 55-103 muM.	Carnitine	16-25	latexin	Homo sapiens	37-40
921982-0	1977	Specificity and characteristics of the carnitine transport in human heart cells (CCL 27) in culture.	Carnitine	39-48	C-C motif chemokine ligand 27	Homo sapiens	81-87
191724-0	1977	Urinary excretion of carnitine and serum concentrations of carnitine and lipids in patients with hypofunctional endocrine diseases: involvement of adrenocorticoid and thyroid hormones in ACTH-induced augmentation of carnitine and lipids metabolism.	Carnitine	21-30	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	187-191
191724-0	1977	Urinary excretion of carnitine and serum concentrations of carnitine and lipids in patients with hypofunctional endocrine diseases: involvement of adrenocorticoid and thyroid hormones in ACTH-induced augmentation of carnitine and lipids metabolism.	Carnitine	59-68	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	187-191
191724-0	1977	Urinary excretion of carnitine and serum concentrations of carnitine and lipids in patients with hypofunctional endocrine diseases: involvement of adrenocorticoid and thyroid hormones in ACTH-induced augmentation of carnitine and lipids metabolism.	Carnitine	59-68	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	187-191
191724-1	1977	The promoting effect of ACTH on carnitine and lipid metabolism was studied in patients with various endocrine hypofunctions.	Carnitine	32-41	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	24-28
191724-4	1977	On intramuscular injection of synthetic beta1-24 ACTH-Z urninary excretion of carnitine in normal subjects increased sixfold on the day of the injection and returned to the pretreatment level on the third day.	Carnitine	78-87	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	49-53
191724-8	1977	These findings suggest that the promoting effect of ACTH on carnitine and lipid metabolism requires the presence of intact adrenocortical and thyroid functions.	Carnitine	60-69	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	52-56
1220678-16	1975	Carnitine acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.7) activity measured in the same assay system in response to added l-carnitine was very low in normal rat liver homogenates, owing to the apparent high acetyl-CoA hydrolase activity, but was increased markedly after Sephadex treatment.	Carnitine	105-116	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-27
137518-3	1976	The carnitine concentration correlated positively and statistically significantly with the activities of 3-OH-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and citrate synthase, with the incorporation rate of palmitate-carbon into CO2, and the incorporation rate of glucose-carbon into lactate in the muscle tissue.	Carnitine	4-13	citrate synthase	Homo sapiens	137-153
4549968-0	1974	Analytical application of the stereospecific hydrogen exchange reaction between (R)-carnitine and water, catalyzed by (R)-carnitine dehydrogenase and alpha-lipoamide dehydrogenase (diaphorase).	Carnitine	80-93	dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	181-191
33844974-0	2021	Effect of l-carnitine on cardiotoxicity and apoptosis induced by imatinib through PDGF/ PPARgamma /MAPK pathways.	Carnitine	10-21	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Rattus norvegicus	88-97
16742571-22	1967	Comparison of the acetylation states of carnitine and CoA in perfused hearts suggests that the carnitine acetyltransferase reactants may remain near equilibrium despite wide variations in their steady-state concentrations.	Carnitine	40-49	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	95-122
33844974-10	2021	Conclusion: l-carnitine abrogated IM-induced cardiac damage and apoptosis via PDGF/PPARgamma/MAPK pathways.	Carnitine	12-23	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Rattus norvegicus	83-92
33907825-0	2021	L-carnitine attenuates TGF-beta1-induced EMT in retinal pigment epithelial cells via a PPARgamma-dependent mechanism.	Carnitine	0-11	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	23-32
33907825-0	2021	L-carnitine attenuates TGF-beta1-induced EMT in retinal pigment epithelial cells via a PPARgamma-dependent mechanism.	Carnitine	0-11	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens	87-96
33907825-2	2021	We previously found that L-carnitine (beta-hydroxy-gamma-N-trimethylammonium-butyrate, LC) was significantly lower during the transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1)-induced EMT process in ARPE-19 cells.	Carnitine	25-36	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	126-158
33907825-2	2021	We previously found that L-carnitine (beta-hydroxy-gamma-N-trimethylammonium-butyrate, LC) was significantly lower during the transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1)-induced EMT process in ARPE-19 cells.	Carnitine	25-36	transforming growth factor beta 1	Homo sapiens	160-169
33637945-3	2021	Since transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a potential drug target for improving the outcome of inflammatory/fibrogenic wound healing, we investigated if L-carnitine can mediate inhibition of the fibrotic response through suppression of TRPV1 activation in human corneal keratocytes (HCK).	Carnitine	169-180	transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1	Homo sapiens	252-257
33637945-5	2021	The potential L-carnitine effect on TRPV1-induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation was evaluated by immunocytochemical detection of alpha smooth muscle actin.	Carnitine	14-25	transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1	Homo sapiens	36-41
33637945-7	2021	L-carnitine (1 mmol/l) inhibited either capsaicin (CAP) (10 micromol/l), hypertonic stress (450 mOsmol/l), or thermal increase (>43  C) induced Ca2+ transients and corresponding increases in TRPV1-induced inward and outward whole-cell currents.	Carnitine	0-11	transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1	Homo sapiens	191-196
33637945-9	2021	In conclusion, L-carnitine contributes to inhibit stromal scarring through suppressing an injury-induced intrinsic TRPV1 activity that is linked with induction of myofibroblast transdifferentiation in HCK cells.	Carnitine	15-26	transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1	Homo sapiens	115-120
33637945-9	2021	In conclusion, L-carnitine contributes to inhibit stromal scarring through suppressing an injury-induced intrinsic TRPV1 activity that is linked with induction of myofibroblast transdifferentiation in HCK cells.	Carnitine	15-26	HCK proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	201-204
34037885-8	2021	RESULTS: Oral L-carnitine supplementation led to decreased ApoB levels and ApoB/ApoA1 ratio, but these changes were not significant compared to placebo.	Carnitine	14-25	apolipoprotein B	Homo sapiens	59-63
32777142-8	2021	Baseline fibroblast growth factor-21 and myostatin levels predicted the L-carnitine-associated changes in exercise activities.	Carnitine	72-83	fibroblast growth factor 21	Homo sapiens	9-36
32777142-8	2021	Baseline fibroblast growth factor-21 and myostatin levels predicted the L-carnitine-associated changes in exercise activities.	Carnitine	72-83	myostatin	Homo sapiens	41-50
34037885-8	2021	RESULTS: Oral L-carnitine supplementation led to decreased ApoB levels and ApoB/ApoA1 ratio, but these changes were not significant compared to placebo.	Carnitine	14-25	apolipoprotein B	Homo sapiens	75-79
34037885-8	2021	RESULTS: Oral L-carnitine supplementation led to decreased ApoB levels and ApoB/ApoA1 ratio, but these changes were not significant compared to placebo.	Carnitine	14-25	apolipoprotein A1	Homo sapiens	80-85
33919991-3	2021	In this study, we show that L-carnitine tartrate supplementation in humans and rodents led to significant decreases of key host dependency factors, notably angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), and Furin, which are responsible for viral attachment, viral spike S-protein cleavage, and priming for viral fusion and entry.	Carnitine	28-39	angiotensin converting enzyme 2	Homo sapiens	156-187
33991295-7	2021	Using analysis of variance, the monoacylglycerol factor, cholesterol ester factor, the factor for triacylglycerols that consist mostly of polyunsaturated fatty acids, sphingosine, and free carnitine significantly differed by APOE (p < 0.05, false discovery rate < 0.30).	Carnitine	189-198	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	225-229
33965443-0	2021	L-carnitine extenuates endocrine disruption, inflammatory burst and oxidative stress in carbendazim-challenged male rats via upregulation of testicular StAR and FABP9, and downregulation of P38-MAPK pathways.	Carnitine	0-11	steroidogenic acute regulatory protein	Rattus norvegicus	152-156
33965443-0	2021	L-carnitine extenuates endocrine disruption, inflammatory burst and oxidative stress in carbendazim-challenged male rats via upregulation of testicular StAR and FABP9, and downregulation of P38-MAPK pathways.	Carnitine	0-11	fatty acid binding protein 9	Rattus norvegicus	161-166
33965443-0	2021	L-carnitine extenuates endocrine disruption, inflammatory burst and oxidative stress in carbendazim-challenged male rats via upregulation of testicular StAR and FABP9, and downregulation of P38-MAPK pathways.	Carnitine	0-11	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	190-198
34040533-11	2021	IBC and other carnitine derivatives are endogenous biomarkers of hOCT1 genotype and phenotype.	Carnitine	14-23	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens	65-70
34048689-5	2021	PARK2 KO neurons displayed increased tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity, perturbed mitochondrial ultrastructure, ATP depletion, and dysregulation of glycolysis and carnitine metabolism.	Carnitine	169-178	parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase	Homo sapiens	0-5
34040533-3	2021	In this study, we wanted to confirm the suggested use of IBC as an endogenous biomarker of OCT1 activity and contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the association between blood concentrations of carnitine derivatives and OCT1 genotype.	Carnitine	219-228	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	245-249
33549681-6	2021	Isolation of Perm1-deficient mitochondria revealed significant downregulation of mitochondrial transport proteins for amino acids and carnitines, including SLC25A12/13/29/34 and CPT2.	Carnitine	134-144	PPARGC1 and ESRR induced regulator, muscle 1	Mus musculus	13-18
33900902-9	2021	Treatment with carn or ator alone decreased TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, nitrite/nitrate, MDA and AOPP, and increased GSH, GPx, SOD, and catalase with improvement of neurological functions and histological studies.	Carnitine	15-19	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	44-53
33900902-9	2021	Treatment with carn or ator alone decreased TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, nitrite/nitrate, MDA and AOPP, and increased GSH, GPx, SOD, and catalase with improvement of neurological functions and histological studies.	Carnitine	15-19	interleukin 1 alpha	Rattus norvegicus	55-63
33900902-9	2021	Treatment with carn or ator alone decreased TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, nitrite/nitrate, MDA and AOPP, and increased GSH, GPx, SOD, and catalase with improvement of neurological functions and histological studies.	Carnitine	15-19	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	129-137
33919991-3	2021	In this study, we show that L-carnitine tartrate supplementation in humans and rodents led to significant decreases of key host dependency factors, notably angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), and Furin, which are responsible for viral attachment, viral spike S-protein cleavage, and priming for viral fusion and entry.	Carnitine	28-39	angiotensin converting enzyme 2	Homo sapiens	189-193
33919991-3	2021	In this study, we show that L-carnitine tartrate supplementation in humans and rodents led to significant decreases of key host dependency factors, notably angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), and Furin, which are responsible for viral attachment, viral spike S-protein cleavage, and priming for viral fusion and entry.	Carnitine	28-39	transmembrane serine protease 2	Homo sapiens	196-227
33053185-9	2021	Carnitine metabolites contributed to discrimination between CR groups, which corroborates previous work in the liver and plasma.	Carnitine	0-9	periphilin 1	Mus musculus	60-62
33919991-3	2021	In this study, we show that L-carnitine tartrate supplementation in humans and rodents led to significant decreases of key host dependency factors, notably angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), and Furin, which are responsible for viral attachment, viral spike S-protein cleavage, and priming for viral fusion and entry.	Carnitine	28-39	transmembrane serine protease 2	Homo sapiens	229-236
33919991-3	2021	In this study, we show that L-carnitine tartrate supplementation in humans and rodents led to significant decreases of key host dependency factors, notably angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), and Furin, which are responsible for viral attachment, viral spike S-protein cleavage, and priming for viral fusion and entry.	Carnitine	28-39	furin, paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme	Homo sapiens	243-248
33845545-8	2021	Detection of free carnitine and acyl carnitine by tandem mass spectrometry is helpful for early screening and diagnosis of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A deficiency.	Carnitine	18-27	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	123-156
33368625-9	2021	Acetyl-L-carnitine increased myocardial carnitine content leading to the attenuation of hypoglycaemia-induced oxidative stress, which was evaluated through measurement of the oxidative stress biomarkers such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase-1, heme oxygenase-I, and glutathione S-transferase.	Carnitine	9-18	NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	244-275
33368625-9	2021	Acetyl-L-carnitine increased myocardial carnitine content leading to the attenuation of hypoglycaemia-induced oxidative stress, which was evaluated through measurement of the oxidative stress biomarkers such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase-1, heme oxygenase-I, and glutathione S-transferase.	Carnitine	9-18	glutathione S-transferase kappa 1	Homo sapiens	299-324
33550692-8	2021	CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated elevated (acyl)carnitine metabolism in colon tissue of animals that followed a red meat-based diet, providing mechanistic insights that may aid in explaining the nutritional-physiological correlation between red/processed meat and Western diseases.	Carnitine	50-60	activation-induced cytidine deaminase	Rattus norvegicus	176-179
33790797-4	2021	In addition, we found that dasatinib can inhibit hepatic OCT1 function in mice as evidenced from its ability to modulate levels of isobutyryl L-carnitine, a hepatic OCT1 biomarker identified from a targeted metabolomics analysis.	Carnitine	142-153	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	57-61
33724722-13	2021	The concentrations of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase-C were significantly improved by L-carnitine.	Carnitine	117-128	aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C12	Rattus norvegicus	22-57
33724722-13	2021	The concentrations of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase-C were significantly improved by L-carnitine.	Carnitine	117-128	lactate dehydrogenase C	Rattus norvegicus	62-85
33790797-4	2021	In addition, we found that dasatinib can inhibit hepatic OCT1 function in mice as evidenced from its ability to modulate levels of isobutyryl L-carnitine, a hepatic OCT1 biomarker identified from a targeted metabolomics analysis.	Carnitine	142-153	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	165-169
33422385-11	2021	Caspase1 correlated positively with Isoleucine, GABA, Carnitine, and PC34:2.	Carnitine	54-63	caspase 1	Homo sapiens	0-8
33119931-1	2021	A simple, rapid and selective ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for determination of L-carnitine (LC) and Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) in human serum was developed.	Carnitine	98-100	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	177-180
33422385-12	2021	CONCLUSION: We make the novel observation that the NLRP3 inflammasome activity is correlated with certain metabolites (Isoleucine, GABA, Carnitine and PC34:2) and hypothesize that they could trigger increased NLRP3 Inflammasome activity in MetS.	Carnitine	137-146	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	51-56
33455750-13	2021	A marked decrease of gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase 1 from -10 to 7 d in HighBCS compared with NormBCS cows suggested a decrease in de novo carnitine synthesis that was partly explained by the lower abundance of MAT1A.	Carnitine	141-150	methionine adenosyltransferase 1A	Bos taurus	213-218
32929747-6	2021	We show previously uncharacterized triggers of metabolic crises in TANGO2 patients, such as some anesthetics and possibly L-Carnitine.	Carnitine	122-133	transport and golgi organization 2 homolog	Homo sapiens	67-73
33152336-11	2021	We also found that all oligo-fucoidan, fucoxanthin, and L-carnitine inhibit H2O2-induced apoptosis and activated Akt in rat renal tubular cells.	Carnitine	56-67	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	113-116
32989633-9	2021	Co-treatment with LC and ZnONPs reduced malondialdehyde and carbonyl protein and increased glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities in ovarian tissue compared with the Dia group (P < 0.05).	Carnitine	18-20	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	104-112
33596883-0	2021	The effect of L-Carnitine supplementation on clinical symptoms, C-reactive protein and malondialdehyde in obese women with knee osteoarthritis: a double blind randomized controlled trial.	Carnitine	14-25	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	64-82
33565078-4	2021	RESULTS: Mass spectrometry of blood acylcarnitine indicated increased carnitine 0 (C0) and significantly increased C0/ (C16+C18).	Carnitine	40-49	Bardet-Biedl syndrome 9	Homo sapiens	124-127
32654140-0	2021	Glioma cells survival depends both on fatty acid oxidation and on functional carnitine transport by SLC22A5.	Carnitine	77-86	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	100-107
32654140-3	2021	Fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in mitochondria requires L-carnitine for the formation of acylcarnitines by carnitine palmitoylotransferase 1 (CPT1) and further transport of acyl carnitine esters to mitochondrial matrix.	Carnitine	52-63	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	103-136
32654140-3	2021	Fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in mitochondria requires L-carnitine for the formation of acylcarnitines by carnitine palmitoylotransferase 1 (CPT1) and further transport of acyl carnitine esters to mitochondrial matrix.	Carnitine	52-63	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	138-142
32654140-4	2021	Carnitine can be delivered to the cell by an organic cation/carnitine transporter - SLC22A5/OCTN2.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	84-91
32654140-4	2021	Carnitine can be delivered to the cell by an organic cation/carnitine transporter - SLC22A5/OCTN2.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	92-97
32654140-4	2021	Carnitine can be delivered to the cell by an organic cation/carnitine transporter - SLC22A5/OCTN2.	Carnitine	60-69	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	84-91
32654140-4	2021	Carnitine can be delivered to the cell by an organic cation/carnitine transporter - SLC22A5/OCTN2.	Carnitine	60-69	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	92-97
32654140-6	2021	Research on glioma cells (lines U87MG, LN229, T98G) with various expression levels of SLC22A5 demonstrated a correlation between the FAO rate, the level of the transporter and the carnitine transport.	Carnitine	180-189	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	86-93
32654140-7	2021	Inhibition of carnitine transport by chemotherapeutics, such as vinorelbine and vincristine, led to inhibition of FAO, which was further intensified by etomoxir - a CPT1 inhibitor.	Carnitine	14-23	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	165-169
33464721-2	2021	We hypothesized that increasing muscle total carnitine content in older men would increase fat oxidation and IMCL utilization during exercise, and improve insulin sensitivity.	Carnitine	45-54	insulin	Homo sapiens	155-162
33533968-3	2021	TMAO production results from the fermentation by the gut microbiota of dietary nutrients such as choline and carnitine, which are transformed to trimethylamine (TMA) and converted into TMAO in the liver by flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 and 3 (FMO1 and FMO3).	Carnitine	109-118	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	206-245
33533968-3	2021	TMAO production results from the fermentation by the gut microbiota of dietary nutrients such as choline and carnitine, which are transformed to trimethylamine (TMA) and converted into TMAO in the liver by flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 and 3 (FMO1 and FMO3).	Carnitine	109-118	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	247-251
33533968-3	2021	TMAO production results from the fermentation by the gut microbiota of dietary nutrients such as choline and carnitine, which are transformed to trimethylamine (TMA) and converted into TMAO in the liver by flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 and 3 (FMO1 and FMO3).	Carnitine	109-118	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 3	Homo sapiens	256-260
33181153-1	2021	BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by functional defects in the carnitine transporter OCTN2 due to mutations in SLC22A5.	Carnitine	29-38	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	148-153
32964310-0	2021	Tooth loss and adiposity: possible role of carnitine transporter (OCTN1/2) polymorphisms in women but not in men.	Carnitine	43-52	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	66-73
32794131-0	2021	Treatment of platelet concentrates with the L-carnitine modulates platelets oxidative stress and platelet apoptosis due to mitochondrial reactive oxygen species reduction and reducing cytochrome C release during storage.	Carnitine	44-55	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	184-196
32794131-12	2021	L-carnitine not only decreases mitochondrial ROS but also reduces cytochrome C releasing in PCs during storage.	Carnitine	0-11	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	66-78
33462674-8	2021	Generalised protection from HFD-induced lipid accumulation was observed in CD248 null mice compared to wildtype, with particular reduction noted in the lysophosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylcholines, cholesterol and carnitine.	Carnitine	216-225	CD248 antigen, endosialin	Mus musculus	75-80
32555441-0	2021	L-Carnitine protects against tacrolimus-induced renal injury by attenuating programmed cell death via PI3K/AKT/PTEN signaling.	Carnitine	0-11	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	107-110
32555441-0	2021	L-Carnitine protects against tacrolimus-induced renal injury by attenuating programmed cell death via PI3K/AKT/PTEN signaling.	Carnitine	0-11	phosphatase and tensin homolog	Rattus norvegicus	111-115
32555441-5	2021	Renoprotective effects of LC were assessed in terms of renal function, histopathology, oxidative stress, expression of inflammatory and fibrotic cytokines, programmed cell death (pyroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagy), mitochondrial function, and PI3K/AKT/PTEN signaling.	Carnitine	26-28	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	251-254
32555441-5	2021	Renoprotective effects of LC were assessed in terms of renal function, histopathology, oxidative stress, expression of inflammatory and fibrotic cytokines, programmed cell death (pyroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagy), mitochondrial function, and PI3K/AKT/PTEN signaling.	Carnitine	26-28	phosphatase and tensin homolog	Rattus norvegicus	255-259
32555441-12	2021	In conclusion, LC treatment protects against chronic TAC nephropathy through interfering the PI3K/AKT/PTEN signaling.	Carnitine	15-17	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	98-101
32555441-12	2021	In conclusion, LC treatment protects against chronic TAC nephropathy through interfering the PI3K/AKT/PTEN signaling.	Carnitine	15-17	phosphatase and tensin homolog	Homo sapiens	102-106
33645524-3	2021	At the same time, a long-term deficiency of L-carnitine can theoretically negatively affect the activity of the transcription factor Nrf2, which is extremely important for maintaining mitochondrial balance in cells.	Carnitine	44-55	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	133-137
33953857-0	2021	L-Carnitine ameliorates the liver by regulating alpha-SMA, iNOS, HSP90, HIF-1alpha, and RIP1 expressions of CCL4-toxic rats.	Carnitine	0-11	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	59-63
33953857-0	2021	L-Carnitine ameliorates the liver by regulating alpha-SMA, iNOS, HSP90, HIF-1alpha, and RIP1 expressions of CCL4-toxic rats.	Carnitine	0-11	heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1	Rattus norvegicus	65-70
33953857-0	2021	L-Carnitine ameliorates the liver by regulating alpha-SMA, iNOS, HSP90, HIF-1alpha, and RIP1 expressions of CCL4-toxic rats.	Carnitine	0-11	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Rattus norvegicus	72-82
33953857-0	2021	L-Carnitine ameliorates the liver by regulating alpha-SMA, iNOS, HSP90, HIF-1alpha, and RIP1 expressions of CCL4-toxic rats.	Carnitine	0-11	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	108-112
33435938-0	2021	L-Carnitine ameliorates congenital myopathy in a tropomyosin 3 de novo mutation transgenic zebrafish.	Carnitine	0-11	tropomyosin 3	Danio rerio	49-62
33435938-10	2021	Interestingly, L-carnitine treatment on TPM3(E151G) transgenic larvae significantly improves the muscle endurance by restoring the basal respiration and ATP levels in mitochondria.	Carnitine	15-26	tropomyosin 3	Homo sapiens	40-44
33435938-11	2021	With RNAseq transcriptomic analysis of the expression profiling from the muscle specimens, it surprisingly discloses large downregulation of genes involved in pathways of sodium, potassium, and calcium channels, which can be rescued by L-carnitine treatment, fatty acid metabolism was differentially dysregulated in TPM3(E151G) fish and rescued by L-carnitine treatment.	Carnitine	236-247	tropomyosin 3	Homo sapiens	316-320
33435938-11	2021	With RNAseq transcriptomic analysis of the expression profiling from the muscle specimens, it surprisingly discloses large downregulation of genes involved in pathways of sodium, potassium, and calcium channels, which can be rescued by L-carnitine treatment, fatty acid metabolism was differentially dysregulated in TPM3(E151G) fish and rescued by L-carnitine treatment.	Carnitine	348-359	tropomyosin 3	Homo sapiens	316-320
33613972-6	2021	LCAR significantly declined serum urea and creatinine concentrations, restored oxidant/antioxidant balance, reversed inflammation, and antagonized caspase 3-mediated apoptotic cell death in renal tissues.	Carnitine	0-4	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	147-156
33181153-1	2021	BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by functional defects in the carnitine transporter OCTN2 due to mutations in SLC22A5.	Carnitine	29-38	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	174-181
33453499-5	2021	L-carnitine supplementation to hepatocytes increased the protein activity of multiple nuclear receptors (RAR, RXR, VDR, PPAR, HNF4, ER, LXR).	Carnitine	0-11	retinoic acid receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	105-108
32781271-8	2021	Repeat acylcarnitine profile and total/free carnitine were consistent with CPT1A deficiency.	Carnitine	11-20	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	75-80
33277752-9	2021	A high insulin response was associated with lower arginine (adjusted P-value = .02) and carnitine (adjusted P-value = .03) concentrations.	Carnitine	88-97	INS	Equus caballus	7-14
33277752-12	2021	Plasma arginine and carnitine concentrations were lower in horses with high insulin response and could constitute potential therapeutic targets.	Carnitine	20-29	INS	Equus caballus	76-83
33453499-5	2021	L-carnitine supplementation to hepatocytes increased the protein activity of multiple nuclear receptors (RAR, RXR, VDR, PPAR, HNF4, ER, LXR).	Carnitine	0-11	retinoid X receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	110-113
33453499-5	2021	L-carnitine supplementation to hepatocytes increased the protein activity of multiple nuclear receptors (RAR, RXR, VDR, PPAR, HNF4, ER, LXR).	Carnitine	0-11	vitamin D receptor	Homo sapiens	115-118
33453499-5	2021	L-carnitine supplementation to hepatocytes increased the protein activity of multiple nuclear receptors (RAR, RXR, VDR, PPAR, HNF4, ER, LXR).	Carnitine	0-11	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	120-124
33453499-5	2021	L-carnitine supplementation to hepatocytes increased the protein activity of multiple nuclear receptors (RAR, RXR, VDR, PPAR, HNF4, ER, LXR).	Carnitine	0-11	hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha	Homo sapiens	126-130
33453499-5	2021	L-carnitine supplementation to hepatocytes increased the protein activity of multiple nuclear receptors (RAR, RXR, VDR, PPAR, HNF4, ER, LXR).	Carnitine	0-11	epiregulin	Homo sapiens	132-134
33453499-7	2021	mRNA levels of PPAR-alpha, a key regulator of lipolysis and beta-oxidation, were significantly upregulated, emphasizing a role of L-carnitine as a promoter of lipid catabolism.	Carnitine	130-141	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	15-25
33453499-8	2021	L-carnitine administration to hepatocytes modulated the transcription of key nuclear receptor target genes, including ALDH1A1, a promoter of adipogenesis, and OGT, a contributor to insulin resistance.	Carnitine	0-11	aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1	Homo sapiens	118-125
33453499-8	2021	L-carnitine administration to hepatocytes modulated the transcription of key nuclear receptor target genes, including ALDH1A1, a promoter of adipogenesis, and OGT, a contributor to insulin resistance.	Carnitine	0-11	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	159-162
33453499-8	2021	L-carnitine administration to hepatocytes modulated the transcription of key nuclear receptor target genes, including ALDH1A1, a promoter of adipogenesis, and OGT, a contributor to insulin resistance.	Carnitine	0-11	insulin	Homo sapiens	181-188
33453499-10	2021	Overall, these findings indicate that L-carnitine modulates the activity and expression of nuclear receptors, thereby promoting lipolytic gene expression and decreasing transcription of target genes linked to adipogenesis and insulin resistance.	Carnitine	38-49	insulin	Homo sapiens	226-233
33391503-9	2021	Carnitine-targeted metabolomic profiling identified 40 significantly altered carnitines, 14 of which included palmitoylcarnitine (C16) and were markedly downregulated in psoriasis, whereas hexanoylcarnitine (C6) and 3-OH-octadecenoylcarnitine (C18:1-OH) were significantly upregulated.	Carnitine	0-9	Bardet-Biedl syndrome 9	Homo sapiens	244-247
33353134-10	2020	Transcriptomic and miRomic data, as well as their integrated analysis, revealed significant downregulation in metabolic and hypertrophic related pathways in DEB1 when compared to DEB2 group, including fatty acid beta-oxidation, mitochondria L-carnitine shuttle, and nuclear factor of activated T-cells pathways.	Carnitine	241-252	SS18, nBAF chromatin remodeling complex subunit like 2	Mus musculus	157-161
33334877-0	2021	Cholesterol stimulates the cellular uptake of L-carnitine by the carnitine/organic cation transporter novel 2 (OCTN2).	Carnitine	46-57	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	111-116
33334877-0	2021	Cholesterol stimulates the cellular uptake of L-carnitine by the carnitine/organic cation transporter novel 2 (OCTN2).	Carnitine	48-57	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	111-116
33334877-1	2021	The carnitine/organic cation transporter novel 2 (OCTN2) is responsible for the cellular uptake of carnitine in most tissues.	Carnitine	4-13	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	50-55
33334877-1	2021	The carnitine/organic cation transporter novel 2 (OCTN2) is responsible for the cellular uptake of carnitine in most tissues.	Carnitine	99-108	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	50-55
33334877-4	2021	This work describes how plasma membrane cholesterol modulates OCTN2 transport of L-carnitine in human embryonic kidney 293 cells overexpressing OCTN2 (OCTN2-HEK293) and in proteoliposomes harboring human OCTN2.	Carnitine	81-92	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	62-67
33334877-4	2021	This work describes how plasma membrane cholesterol modulates OCTN2 transport of L-carnitine in human embryonic kidney 293 cells overexpressing OCTN2 (OCTN2-HEK293) and in proteoliposomes harboring human OCTN2.	Carnitine	81-92	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	144-149
33334877-4	2021	This work describes how plasma membrane cholesterol modulates OCTN2 transport of L-carnitine in human embryonic kidney 293 cells overexpressing OCTN2 (OCTN2-HEK293) and in proteoliposomes harboring human OCTN2.	Carnitine	81-92	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	144-149
33334877-4	2021	This work describes how plasma membrane cholesterol modulates OCTN2 transport of L-carnitine in human embryonic kidney 293 cells overexpressing OCTN2 (OCTN2-HEK293) and in proteoliposomes harboring human OCTN2.	Carnitine	81-92	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	144-149
33334877-8	2021	Analogously, the insertion of cholesterol in OCTN2-proteoliposomes stimulated L-carnitine uptake in a dose-dependent manner.	Carnitine	78-89	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	45-50
33334877-9	2021	Carnitine uptake in cells incubated with empty mbetacd and cholesterol-saturated mbetacd to preserve cholesterol content was comparable to controls, suggesting that the mbetacd effect on OCTN2 was cholesterol dependent.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	187-192
33278072-0	2020	L-carnitine improves metabolic disorders and regulates apelin and apelin receptor genes expression in adipose tissue in diabetic rats.	Carnitine	0-11	apelin	Rattus norvegicus	55-61
33290254-4	2020	L-carnitine promotes recovery from oxidative stress induced by paraquat or juglone and improves mobility and survival in response to H2O2 and human amyloid (Abeta) toxicity.	Carnitine	0-11	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	157-162
33290254-5	2020	L-carnitine also alleviates the oxidative stress during aging, resulting in moderate but significant lifespan extension, which was dependent on SKN-1 and DAF-16.	Carnitine	0-11	BZIP domain-containing protein;Protein skinhead-1	Caenorhabditis elegans	144-149
33290254-5	2020	L-carnitine also alleviates the oxidative stress during aging, resulting in moderate but significant lifespan extension, which was dependent on SKN-1 and DAF-16.	Carnitine	0-11	Fork-head domain-containing protein;Forkhead box protein O	Caenorhabditis elegans	154-160
33290254-7	2020	A new gene, T08B1.1, aligned to a known carnitine transporter OCTN1 in humans, is required for L-carnitine uptake in C. elegans.	Carnitine	40-49	MFS domain-containing protein	Caenorhabditis elegans	12-19
33290254-7	2020	A new gene, T08B1.1, aligned to a known carnitine transporter OCTN1 in humans, is required for L-carnitine uptake in C. elegans.	Carnitine	40-49	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	62-67
33290254-7	2020	A new gene, T08B1.1, aligned to a known carnitine transporter OCTN1 in humans, is required for L-carnitine uptake in C. elegans.	Carnitine	95-106	MFS domain-containing protein	Caenorhabditis elegans	12-19
33290254-7	2020	A new gene, T08B1.1, aligned to a known carnitine transporter OCTN1 in humans, is required for L-carnitine uptake in C. elegans.	Carnitine	95-106	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	62-67
33290254-8	2020	T08B1.1 expression is elevated in daf-2 and glp-1 mutants and its knockdown prevents L-carnitine from improving oxidative stress recovery and prolonging lifespan.	Carnitine	85-96	MFS domain-containing protein	Caenorhabditis elegans	0-7
33290254-8	2020	T08B1.1 expression is elevated in daf-2 and glp-1 mutants and its knockdown prevents L-carnitine from improving oxidative stress recovery and prolonging lifespan.	Carnitine	85-96	glp-1/Notch intracellular domain	Caenorhabditis elegans	44-49
33149909-9	2020	Changes in serum carnitine concentrations were positively correlated with changes in serum albumin levels (R2=0.369; P=0.012), but not with changes in serum ammonia levels (R2= 0.005; P=0.78).	Carnitine	17-26	albumin	Homo sapiens	91-98
31913724-3	2020	Here we developed L-carnitine-conjugated nanoparticles targeting the carnitine transporter OCTN2 on enterocytes for improved oral absorption.	Carnitine	18-29	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	91-96
31913724-3	2020	Here we developed L-carnitine-conjugated nanoparticles targeting the carnitine transporter OCTN2 on enterocytes for improved oral absorption.	Carnitine	20-29	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	91-96
33271927-1	2020	Organic cation transporters (OCT) 1, 2 and 3 and novel organic cation transporters (OCTN) 1 and 2 of the solute carrier 22 (SLC22) family are involved in the cellular transport of endogenous compounds such as neurotransmitters, l-carnitine and ergothioneine.	Carnitine	228-239	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens	0-44
32306775-1	2020	A delivery system based on l-carnitine (LC) conjugated chitosan (CS)-stearic acid polymeric micelles has been developed for improving the oral bioavailability of paclitaxel (PTX) through targeting intestinal organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2).	Carnitine	27-38	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	208-246
32306775-1	2020	A delivery system based on l-carnitine (LC) conjugated chitosan (CS)-stearic acid polymeric micelles has been developed for improving the oral bioavailability of paclitaxel (PTX) through targeting intestinal organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2).	Carnitine	27-38	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	248-253
32306775-1	2020	A delivery system based on l-carnitine (LC) conjugated chitosan (CS)-stearic acid polymeric micelles has been developed for improving the oral bioavailability of paclitaxel (PTX) through targeting intestinal organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2).	Carnitine	40-42	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	208-246
32306775-1	2020	A delivery system based on l-carnitine (LC) conjugated chitosan (CS)-stearic acid polymeric micelles has been developed for improving the oral bioavailability of paclitaxel (PTX) through targeting intestinal organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2).	Carnitine	40-42	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	248-253
33124720-7	2020	We identified eight zwitterions, including ergothioneine, carnitine, carnosine, gabapentin, as well as four cations, including MPP+ , thiamine, and cimetidine, as substrates of SLC22A15.	Carnitine	58-67	solute carrier family 22 member 15	Homo sapiens	177-185
33124720-9	2020	SLC22A15 transport of several substrates was sodium-dependent and exhibited a higher Km for ergothioneine, carnitine, and carnosine compared to previously identified transporters for these ligands.	Carnitine	107-116	solute carrier family 22 member 15	Homo sapiens	0-8
33277455-13	2020	CONCLUSION: Significant differences between our groups showed that L-Carnitine could help hemodialysis patients with cardiopulmonary problems to suffer lower rate of inflammation and poor life quality as shown at least in comparison of the two factors including CRP and PETCO2 at rest.	Carnitine	67-78	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	262-265
33278072-0	2020	L-carnitine improves metabolic disorders and regulates apelin and apelin receptor genes expression in adipose tissue in diabetic rats.	Carnitine	0-11	apelin	Rattus norvegicus	66-72
33278072-2	2020	This study aimed to investigate the effects of oral administration of L-carnitine (LC) on the expression of Apelin and APJ in adipose tissue of experimentally induced insulin-resistant and type 2 diabetic rats.	Carnitine	70-81	apelin	Rattus norvegicus	108-114
33278072-2	2020	This study aimed to investigate the effects of oral administration of L-carnitine (LC) on the expression of Apelin and APJ in adipose tissue of experimentally induced insulin-resistant and type 2 diabetic rats.	Carnitine	70-81	apelin receptor	Rattus norvegicus	119-122
33278072-2	2020	This study aimed to investigate the effects of oral administration of L-carnitine (LC) on the expression of Apelin and APJ in adipose tissue of experimentally induced insulin-resistant and type 2 diabetic rats.	Carnitine	83-85	apelin	Rattus norvegicus	108-114
33278072-2	2020	This study aimed to investigate the effects of oral administration of L-carnitine (LC) on the expression of Apelin and APJ in adipose tissue of experimentally induced insulin-resistant and type 2 diabetic rats.	Carnitine	83-85	apelin receptor	Rattus norvegicus	119-122
33278072-9	2020	Treatment with LC for 14 days caused a reduction in apelin and APJ expressions in adipose tissue of diabetic rats.	Carnitine	15-17	apelin	Rattus norvegicus	52-58
33278072-9	2020	Treatment with LC for 14 days caused a reduction in apelin and APJ expressions in adipose tissue of diabetic rats.	Carnitine	15-17	apelin receptor	Rattus norvegicus	63-66
33278072-10	2020	TNF-alpha and IL1-beta levels were reduced in diabetic rats 14 days after their treatment with LC.	Carnitine	95-97	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	0-9
33278072-10	2020	TNF-alpha and IL1-beta levels were reduced in diabetic rats 14 days after their treatment with LC.	Carnitine	95-97	interleukin 1 alpha	Rattus norvegicus	14-22
33278072-11	2020	The study results show that L-carnitine could act as a new regulator in apelin gene expression in adipose tissue, improving the metabolic disorders in diabetic patients.	Carnitine	28-39	apelin	Homo sapiens	72-78
33268576-2	2020	This study aims to analyze carnitine levels and detect SLC22A5 gene in newborns with carnitine deficiency, to provide a basis for early diagnosis of PCD, and to explore the relationship between carnitine in blood and SLC22A5 genotype.	Carnitine	85-94	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	55-62
33038824-9	2020	In cumulus cells, gene expression of ACACA, SCD and FASN was upregulated in COCs matured in the presence of BSA-FAF + L-carnitine, while all genes in oocytes were significantly expressed upregulated by COCs matured in vivo, and only BSA-FAF + L-carnitine group showed similar expression of the FASN gene.	Carnitine	118-129	acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha	Homo sapiens	37-42
33038824-9	2020	In cumulus cells, gene expression of ACACA, SCD and FASN was upregulated in COCs matured in the presence of BSA-FAF + L-carnitine, while all genes in oocytes were significantly expressed upregulated by COCs matured in vivo, and only BSA-FAF + L-carnitine group showed similar expression of the FASN gene.	Carnitine	118-129	fatty acid synthase	Homo sapiens	52-56
33038824-9	2020	In cumulus cells, gene expression of ACACA, SCD and FASN was upregulated in COCs matured in the presence of BSA-FAF + L-carnitine, while all genes in oocytes were significantly expressed upregulated by COCs matured in vivo, and only BSA-FAF + L-carnitine group showed similar expression of the FASN gene.	Carnitine	243-254	acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha	Homo sapiens	37-42
33038824-9	2020	In cumulus cells, gene expression of ACACA, SCD and FASN was upregulated in COCs matured in the presence of BSA-FAF + L-carnitine, while all genes in oocytes were significantly expressed upregulated by COCs matured in vivo, and only BSA-FAF + L-carnitine group showed similar expression of the FASN gene.	Carnitine	243-254	fatty acid synthase	Homo sapiens	52-56
33312389-13	2020	There were significant increase in the contents of several phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholine, free fatty acids and carnitine in AR rats which detected by HPLC/MS.	Carnitine	127-136	ferredoxin reductase	Rattus norvegicus	140-142
33312389-15	2020	Metabolomic studies indicated a significant increase in AR rats in the contents of several metabolites, such as phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholine, free fatty acids and carnitine, suggesting an increasein phospholipase activity and leading to an energy metabolism imbalance with intensification of beta-oxidation.	Carnitine	180-189	ferredoxin reductase	Rattus norvegicus	56-58
33174793-0	2020	Expression of concern: Oral carnitine supplementation influences mental health parameters and biomarkers of oxidative stress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial and The effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on gene expression related to insulin, lipid and inflammation in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.	Carnitine	28-37	insulin	Homo sapiens	297-304
33194920-0	2020	Late-Onset Carnitine-Acylcarnitine Translocase Deficiency With SLC25A20 c.199-10T>G Variation: Case Report and Pathologic Analysis of Liver Biopsy.	Carnitine	11-20	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	63-71
33194920-1	2020	Introduction: Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency (CACTD) is a rare and life-threatening autosomal recessive disorder of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation caused by variation of the Solute carrier family 25 member 20 (SLC25A20) gene.	Carnitine	14-23	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	194-228
33194920-1	2020	Introduction: Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency (CACTD) is a rare and life-threatening autosomal recessive disorder of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation caused by variation of the Solute carrier family 25 member 20 (SLC25A20) gene.	Carnitine	14-23	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	230-238
32861877-0	2020	L-carnitine Extends the Telomere Length of the Cardiac Differentiated CD117+- Expressing Stem Cells.	Carnitine	0-11	KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	70-75
32861877-4	2020	Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the In -vitro effect of L-carnitine (LC) on the telomere length and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene expression in the cardiac differentiated bone marrow resident CD117+ stem cells through Wnt3/beta-catenin and ERK1/2 pathways.	Carnitine	82-93	KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	240-245
32861877-4	2020	Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the In -vitro effect of L-carnitine (LC) on the telomere length and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene expression in the cardiac differentiated bone marrow resident CD117+ stem cells through Wnt3/beta-catenin and ERK1/2 pathways.	Carnitine	95-97	telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens	132-164
33658919-6	2020	Subsequently, metabolomic results of cells and serum analyses demonstrated an aberrant level of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1A).	Carnitine	96-105	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	130-135
32645248-1	2020	The current study evaluated the potential ameliorative and protective impacts of l-carnitine (L-CAR) against gamma-irradiation (RAD)-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in mice testes.	Carnitine	81-92	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3	Mus musculus	96-99
32645248-1	2020	The current study evaluated the potential ameliorative and protective impacts of l-carnitine (L-CAR) against gamma-irradiation (RAD)-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in mice testes.	Carnitine	81-92	Ras-related associated with diabetes	Mus musculus	128-131
32844295-2	2020	The carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4 is expressed in brain neurons and transports food-derived antioxidant ergothioneine (ERGO), L-carnitine, and spermine, all of which may be associated with epilepsy.	Carnitine	4-13	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	41-46
32844295-2	2020	The carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4 is expressed in brain neurons and transports food-derived antioxidant ergothioneine (ERGO), L-carnitine, and spermine, all of which may be associated with epilepsy.	Carnitine	4-13	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	47-54
32844295-2	2020	The carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4 is expressed in brain neurons and transports food-derived antioxidant ergothioneine (ERGO), L-carnitine, and spermine, all of which may be associated with epilepsy.	Carnitine	147-158	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	41-46
32844295-2	2020	The carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4 is expressed in brain neurons and transports food-derived antioxidant ergothioneine (ERGO), L-carnitine, and spermine, all of which may be associated with epilepsy.	Carnitine	147-158	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	47-54
33268576-4	2020	SLC22A5 gene was detected by Sanger sequencing to analyze the value of carnitine, the results of gene test and their relationship.	Carnitine	71-80	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	0-7
31944172-11	2020	This study shows that sustained high autophagic flux by RUBCN deficiency in PTECs leads to metabolic syndrome concomitantly with an accelerated mobilization of phospholipids from cellular membranes to lysosomes.Abbreviations: ABC: ATP binding cassette; ACADM: acyl-CoA dehydrogenase medium chain; ACTB: actin, beta; ATG: autophagy related; AUC: area under the curve; Baf: bafilomycin A1; BAT: brown adipose tissue; BODIPY: boron-dipyrromethene; BSA: bovine serum albumin; BW: body weight; CAT: chloramphenicol acetyltransferase; CM: complete medium; CPT1A: carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a, liver; CQ: chloroquine; CTRL: control; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; CTSD: cathepsin D; EAT: epididymal adipose tissue; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; EIF4EBP1: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1; FA: fatty acid; FBS: fetal bovine serum; GTT: glucose tolerance test; HE: hematoxylin and eosin; HFD: high-fat diet; I/R: ischemia-reperfusion; ITT: insulin tolerance test; KAP: kidney androgen regulated protein; KO: knockout; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LD: lipid droplet; LRP2: low density lipoprotein receptor related protein 2; MAP1LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAT: mesenteric adipose tissue; MS: mass spectrometry; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MTORC1: MTOR complex 1; NDRG1: N-myc downstream regulated 1; NDUFB5: NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B5; NEFA: non-esterified fatty acid; OA: oleic acid; OCT: optimal cutting temperature; ORO: Oil Red O; PAS: Periodic-acid Schiff; PFA: paraformaldehyde; PIK3C3: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PPARA: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha; PPARGC1A: PPARG coactivator 1 alpha; PTEC: proximal tubular epithelial cell; RAB7A: RAB7A, member RAS oncogene family; RPS6: ribosomal protein S6; RPS6KB1: ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1; RT: reverse transcription; RUBCN: rubicon autophagy regulator; SAT: subcutaneous adipose tissue; SFC: supercritical fluid chromatography; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; SREBF1: sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1; SV-40: simian virus-40; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TG: triglyceride; TS: tissue specific; TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling; UN: urea nitrogen; UQCRB: ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase binding protein; UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated; VPS: vacuolar protein sorting; WAT: white adipose tissue.	Carnitine	557-566	RUN domain and cysteine-rich domain containing, Beclin 1-interacting protein	Mus musculus	56-61
33020535-6	2020	The membrane permeability of our probe improved in aqueous environments which led to increased accumulation in the liver and interaction of EDA-PROXYL with the carnitine transporter via the amine (NH3+) group further increased accumulation.	Carnitine	160-169	ectodysplasin A	Homo sapiens	140-143
32723846-4	2020	Using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting, we found that uptake transporters expressed in the mouse heart include organic cation transporter 1/3 (OCT1/3) and carnitine/organic cation transporter 1/2 (OCTN1/2).	Carnitine	180-189	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	222-229
32710884-1	2020	Mammalian carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to carnitine.	Carnitine	10-19	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	39-43
32717224-1	2020	Aldehyde dehydrogenase 9A1 (ALDH9A1) is a human enzyme that catalyzes the NAD+-dependent oxidation of the carnitine precursor 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde to 4-N-trimethylaminobutyrate.	Carnitine	106-115	aldehyde dehydrogenase 9 family member A1	Homo sapiens	0-26
32717224-1	2020	Aldehyde dehydrogenase 9A1 (ALDH9A1) is a human enzyme that catalyzes the NAD+-dependent oxidation of the carnitine precursor 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde to 4-N-trimethylaminobutyrate.	Carnitine	106-115	aldehyde dehydrogenase 9 family member A1	Homo sapiens	28-35
32976523-1	2020	BACKGROUND: Low carnitine status may underlie the development of insulin resistance and metabolic inflexibility.	Carnitine	16-25	insulin	Homo sapiens	65-72
32976523-3	2020	Here, we hypothesized that co-infusion of L-carnitine may alleviate lipid-induced insulin resistance and metabolic inflexibility.	Carnitine	42-53	insulin	Homo sapiens	82-89
32976523-10	2020	Possibly, lipid-induced insulin resistance may also have affected carnitine uptake and may have blunted the insulin-induced carnitine storage in muscle.	Carnitine	66-75	insulin	Homo sapiens	24-31
32976523-10	2020	Possibly, lipid-induced insulin resistance may also have affected carnitine uptake and may have blunted the insulin-induced carnitine storage in muscle.	Carnitine	124-133	insulin	Homo sapiens	24-31
32976523-10	2020	Possibly, lipid-induced insulin resistance may also have affected carnitine uptake and may have blunted the insulin-induced carnitine storage in muscle.	Carnitine	124-133	insulin	Homo sapiens	108-115
32554303-5	2020	TGF-beta1 induced mitochondrial dysfunction was linked to a nitration-mediated activation of Akt1 and the subsequent mitochondrial translocation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) resulting in the nitration of carnitine acetyl transferase (CrAT) and the disruption of carnitine homeostasis.	Carnitine	209-218	nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Ovis aries	148-171
33520867-13	2020	Conclusions: L-carnitine supplementation was associated with lowering of CRP, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and MDA, and increasing SOD levels, but did not affect other inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers.	Carnitine	13-24	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	73-76
33520867-13	2020	Conclusions: L-carnitine supplementation was associated with lowering of CRP, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and MDA, and increasing SOD levels, but did not affect other inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers.	Carnitine	13-24	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	78-82
33520867-13	2020	Conclusions: L-carnitine supplementation was associated with lowering of CRP, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and MDA, and increasing SOD levels, but did not affect other inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers.	Carnitine	13-24	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	84-93
33520867-13	2020	Conclusions: L-carnitine supplementation was associated with lowering of CRP, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and MDA, and increasing SOD levels, but did not affect other inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers.	Carnitine	13-24	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	119-122
32911587-0	2020	Effect of L-carnitine on the expression of the apoptotic genes Bcl-2 and Bax.	Carnitine	10-21	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	63-68
32911587-0	2020	Effect of L-carnitine on the expression of the apoptotic genes Bcl-2 and Bax.	Carnitine	10-21	BCL2-associated X protein	Mus musculus	73-76
32911587-4	2020	In this study, we examined the levels of expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in mice treated with formalin and L-carnitine.	Carnitine	103-114	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	55-60
32911587-4	2020	In this study, we examined the levels of expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in mice treated with formalin and L-carnitine.	Carnitine	103-114	BCL2-associated X protein	Mus musculus	65-68
32911587-10	2020	Additionally, relative to control mice, Bcl-2 expression increased and Bax expression decreased in the mice administered both formalin and L-carnitine.	Carnitine	139-150	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	40-45
32911587-10	2020	Additionally, relative to control mice, Bcl-2 expression increased and Bax expression decreased in the mice administered both formalin and L-carnitine.	Carnitine	139-150	BCL2-associated X protein	Mus musculus	71-74
32911587-11	2020	CONCLUSION: In this study, L-carnitine was shown to augment Bcl-2 expression and to reduce Bax expression, indicating that this compound may inhibit apoptosis.	Carnitine	27-38	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	60-65
32911587-11	2020	CONCLUSION: In this study, L-carnitine was shown to augment Bcl-2 expression and to reduce Bax expression, indicating that this compound may inhibit apoptosis.	Carnitine	27-38	BCL2-associated X protein	Mus musculus	91-94
32554303-0	2020	TGF-beta1 attenuates mitochondrial bioenergetics in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells via the disruption of carnitine homeostasis.	Carnitine	111-120	transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein	Ovis aries	0-9
32554303-5	2020	TGF-beta1 induced mitochondrial dysfunction was linked to a nitration-mediated activation of Akt1 and the subsequent mitochondrial translocation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) resulting in the nitration of carnitine acetyl transferase (CrAT) and the disruption of carnitine homeostasis.	Carnitine	209-218	transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein	Ovis aries	0-9
32554303-5	2020	TGF-beta1 induced mitochondrial dysfunction was linked to a nitration-mediated activation of Akt1 and the subsequent mitochondrial translocation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) resulting in the nitration of carnitine acetyl transferase (CrAT) and the disruption of carnitine homeostasis.	Carnitine	209-218	nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Ovis aries	173-177
32554303-5	2020	TGF-beta1 induced mitochondrial dysfunction was linked to a nitration-mediated activation of Akt1 and the subsequent mitochondrial translocation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) resulting in the nitration of carnitine acetyl transferase (CrAT) and the disruption of carnitine homeostasis.	Carnitine	209-218	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Ovis aries	239-243
32554303-8	2020	Together, our studies reveal for the first time, that TGF-beta1 can disrupt mitochondrial function through the disruption of cellular carnitine homeostasis and suggest that stimulating carinitine homeostasis may be an avenue to treat pulmonary vascular disease.	Carnitine	134-143	transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein	Ovis aries	54-63
32812526-5	2020	However, the supplementation of 800 mg/kg L-carnitine in the 75% TO diet repressed hepatic lipid content, serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level and the mRNA expression of tnfalpha and ifngamma in fish compared to fish fed the diet with 75% TO.	Carnitine	42-53	tumor necrosis factor b (TNF superfamily, member 2)	Larimichthys crocea	181-189
32810864-2	2020	Prior studies using the limb-specific Nf1 knockout mouse (Nf1Prx1-/-) revealed an accumulation of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) that could be rescued by a diet supplemented with L-carnitine and enriched for medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs).	Carnitine	178-189	neurofibromin 1	Mus musculus	38-41
32810864-2	2020	Prior studies using the limb-specific Nf1 knockout mouse (Nf1Prx1-/-) revealed an accumulation of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) that could be rescued by a diet supplemented with L-carnitine and enriched for medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs).	Carnitine	178-189	paired related homeobox 1	Mus musculus	61-65
32459525-8	2020	Growing cells in carnitine-free media abolished differences between WT and CPT2 KO, but this did not fully rescue PA-induced insulin resistance.	Carnitine	17-26	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Mus musculus	75-79
32764334-0	2020	l-Carnitine Supplementation during In Vitro Maturation and In Vitro Culture Does not Affect the Survival Rates after Vitrification and Warming but Alters Inf-T and ptgs2 Gene Expression.	Carnitine	0-11	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Bos taurus	164-169
32764334-7	2020	l-carnitine added in the late in vitro culture significantly reduced mitochondrial activity and lipid content, and upregulated ifn-tau and ptgs2 gene expression compared to controls (p < 0.05).	Carnitine	0-11	interferon-tau-like	Bos taurus	127-134
32764334-7	2020	l-carnitine added in the late in vitro culture significantly reduced mitochondrial activity and lipid content, and upregulated ifn-tau and ptgs2 gene expression compared to controls (p < 0.05).	Carnitine	0-11	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Bos taurus	139-144
32417275-0	2020	Anxiolytic like effect of L-Carnitine in mice: Evidences for the involvement of NO-sGC-cGMP signaling pathway.	Carnitine	26-37	serglycin	Mus musculus	83-86
32417275-17	2020	Thus, LC exerted anxiolytic like effect in mice and NO-sGC-cGMP signaling pathway influences the anxiolytic like effect of LC in mice.	Carnitine	123-125	serglycin	Mus musculus	55-58
32774172-8	2020	Maternal L-Carnitine supplementation significantly reduced NLRP3 level.	Carnitine	9-20	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Mus musculus	59-64
32774172-9	2020	In contrast, maternal SE only increased IL1-beta in female offspring, which was reversed by maternal L-Carnitine supplementation.	Carnitine	101-112	interleukin 1 alpha	Mus musculus	40-48
32774172-10	2020	At 13 weeks, there was an increase in LC3A/B-II and p- NF-kappaB in the male SE offspring with reduced p-JNK1,2, which were partially normalised by maternal L-Carnitine treatment.	Carnitine	157-168	microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha	Mus musculus	38-42
32774172-10	2020	At 13 weeks, there was an increase in LC3A/B-II and p- NF-kappaB in the male SE offspring with reduced p-JNK1,2, which were partially normalised by maternal L-Carnitine treatment.	Carnitine	157-168	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	55-64
32774172-10	2020	At 13 weeks, there was an increase in LC3A/B-II and p- NF-kappaB in the male SE offspring with reduced p-JNK1,2, which were partially normalised by maternal L-Carnitine treatment.	Carnitine	157-168	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	105-109
32220594-9	2020	In 5 mM LC-treated group, Bax was down-regulated (P < 0.05) while Bcl-2 was up-regulated (P < 0.001) compared to the untreated group.	Carnitine	8-10	BCL2-associated X protein	Mus musculus	26-29
32579962-2	2020	OCTN2 (SLC22A5) and its substrate l-carnitine (l-Car) play crucial roles in maintaining normal intestinal function.	Carnitine	34-45	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	0-5
32579962-2	2020	OCTN2 (SLC22A5) and its substrate l-carnitine (l-Car) play crucial roles in maintaining normal intestinal function.	Carnitine	34-45	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	7-14
32579962-2	2020	OCTN2 (SLC22A5) and its substrate l-carnitine (l-Car) play crucial roles in maintaining normal intestinal function.	Carnitine	47-52	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	0-5
32579962-2	2020	OCTN2 (SLC22A5) and its substrate l-carnitine (l-Car) play crucial roles in maintaining normal intestinal function.	Carnitine	47-52	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	7-14
32579962-9	2020	In conclusion, OCTN2 was downregulated in IBD by proinflammatory cytokines via the PPARgamma/RXRalpha pathways, which reduced l-Car concentration and subsequently induced IBD deterioration.	Carnitine	126-131	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	15-20
32579962-9	2020	In conclusion, OCTN2 was downregulated in IBD by proinflammatory cytokines via the PPARgamma/RXRalpha pathways, which reduced l-Car concentration and subsequently induced IBD deterioration.	Carnitine	126-131	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	83-92
32579962-9	2020	In conclusion, OCTN2 was downregulated in IBD by proinflammatory cytokines via the PPARgamma/RXRalpha pathways, which reduced l-Car concentration and subsequently induced IBD deterioration.	Carnitine	126-131	retinoid X receptor alpha	Mus musculus	93-101
32220594-9	2020	In 5 mM LC-treated group, Bax was down-regulated (P < 0.05) while Bcl-2 was up-regulated (P < 0.001) compared to the untreated group.	Carnitine	8-10	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	66-71
32708036-4	2020	Furthermore, studies suggest that supplementation with L-carnitine may reduce liver fat and the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD).	Carnitine	55-66	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	169-172
32952950-7	2020	Results: Treatment with Dic and/or LC significantly reduced knee swelling, improved pain-related behaviors, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, attenuated the MIA-mediated histopathological alteration in the knee joint, and down-regulated expression of MMP-13 and COX-2 in the knee joint.	Carnitine	35-37	matrix metallopeptidase 13	Rattus norvegicus	260-266
32952950-7	2020	Results: Treatment with Dic and/or LC significantly reduced knee swelling, improved pain-related behaviors, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, attenuated the MIA-mediated histopathological alteration in the knee joint, and down-regulated expression of MMP-13 and COX-2 in the knee joint.	Carnitine	35-37	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	271-276
32708036-4	2020	Furthermore, studies suggest that supplementation with L-carnitine may reduce liver fat and the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD).	Carnitine	55-66	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	110-134
31385062-3	2020	The current systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) were performed to assess the effect of L-carnitine supplementation on serum levels of enzymes mainly produced by liver [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP)].	Carnitine	135-146	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	216-240
31385062-3	2020	The current systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) were performed to assess the effect of L-carnitine supplementation on serum levels of enzymes mainly produced by liver [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP)].	Carnitine	135-146	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	248-274
31385062-3	2020	The current systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) were performed to assess the effect of L-carnitine supplementation on serum levels of enzymes mainly produced by liver [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP)].	Carnitine	135-146	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	276-279
31385062-3	2020	The current systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) were performed to assess the effect of L-carnitine supplementation on serum levels of enzymes mainly produced by liver [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP)].	Carnitine	135-146	inactive glutathione hydrolase 2	Homo sapiens	286-315
31385062-3	2020	The current systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) were performed to assess the effect of L-carnitine supplementation on serum levels of enzymes mainly produced by liver [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP)].	Carnitine	135-146	inactive glutathione hydrolase 2	Homo sapiens	317-321
31385062-9	2020	L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced serum ALT (MD = - 8.65 IU/L, 95% CI - 13.40, - 3.90), AST (MD = - 8.52 IU/L, 95% CI - 12.16, - 4.89), and GGTP (MD = - 8.80 IU/L, 95% CI - 13.67, - 3.92) levels.	Carnitine	0-11	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	104-107
31385062-9	2020	L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced serum ALT (MD = - 8.65 IU/L, 95% CI - 13.40, - 3.90), AST (MD = - 8.52 IU/L, 95% CI - 12.16, - 4.89), and GGTP (MD = - 8.80 IU/L, 95% CI - 13.67, - 3.92) levels.	Carnitine	0-11	inactive glutathione hydrolase 2	Homo sapiens	156-160
31385062-12	2020	CONCLUSION: L-carnitine supplementation significantly improves circulating ALT, AST and GGTP levels; therefore, it might positively affect liver function, especially among patients with liver diseases.	Carnitine	12-23	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	80-83
31385062-12	2020	CONCLUSION: L-carnitine supplementation significantly improves circulating ALT, AST and GGTP levels; therefore, it might positively affect liver function, especially among patients with liver diseases.	Carnitine	12-23	inactive glutathione hydrolase 2	Homo sapiens	88-92
32708036-4	2020	Furthermore, studies suggest that supplementation with L-carnitine may reduce liver fat and the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD).	Carnitine	55-66	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	145-167
32708036-5	2020	L-carnitine has also been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and elevate pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) flux.	Carnitine	0-11	pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Homo sapiens	75-97
32708036-5	2020	L-carnitine has also been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and elevate pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) flux.	Carnitine	0-11	pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Homo sapiens	99-102
31599019-6	2020	The restoration of serum ammonia levels, prothrombin time, and peripheral neutrophil count at 3 days after the operation was significantly faster in the carnitine group than in the control group.	Carnitine	153-162	coagulation factor II, thrombin	Homo sapiens	41-52
32733282-8	2020	The first component of this system is the carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) responsible for transfer acyl moieties to carnitine.	Carnitine	42-51	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	76-80
32115853-10	2020	The combination of metabolites and transcripts identified four enriched pathways that were affected by dapagliflozin and associated with eGFR: Glycine Degradation [mitochondrial function]; TCA Cycle II [energy metabolism]; L-carnitine Biosynthesis [energy metabolism] and Superpathway of Citrulline Metabolism [nitric oxide synthase and endothelial function].	Carnitine	223-234	epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens	137-141
32842402-13	2020	The serum content of total protein and albumin of rats in scald alone group and scald+ carnitine group showed a trend of decrease followed by an increase, with the lowest value at PIH 24.	Carnitine	87-96	albumin	Rattus norvegicus	39-46
32842402-19	2020	At PIH 24, the serum content of cystatin C of rats in scald+ carnitine group was (0.210+-0.040) mg/L, which was significantly lower than that of scald alone group (P<0.05).	Carnitine	61-70	cystatin C	Rattus norvegicus	32-42
32842402-20	2020	The serum content of cystatin C of rats in scald alone group and scald+ carnitine group showed a trend of increase followed by a decrease, with the peak value at PIH 12.	Carnitine	72-81	cystatin C	Rattus norvegicus	21-31
32842402-24	2020	Conclusions: Early supplement of L-carnitine in severely scalded rats can reduce the damage of renal cells, accelerate the restoration of the content of total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and cystatin C, thereby maintaining the stability of renal function metabolism level.	Carnitine	33-44	albumin	Rattus norvegicus	168-175
32842402-24	2020	Conclusions: Early supplement of L-carnitine in severely scalded rats can reduce the damage of renal cells, accelerate the restoration of the content of total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and cystatin C, thereby maintaining the stability of renal function metabolism level.	Carnitine	33-44	cystatin C	Rattus norvegicus	208-218
32620667-3	2020	It also inhibits the absorption of carnitine by down-regulating the human organic cationic transporter OCTN2 located largely in the small intestinal mucosa and skeletal muscle.	Carnitine	35-44	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	103-108
32154768-10	2020	Also, pooled data indicated that L-Carnitine significantly reduced creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin (Mb), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels at one follow-up period (24 h).	Carnitine	33-44	myoglobin	Homo sapiens	89-98
32154768-10	2020	Also, pooled data indicated that L-Carnitine significantly reduced creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin (Mb), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels at one follow-up period (24 h).	Carnitine	33-44	myoglobin	Homo sapiens	100-102
32538173-4	2020	We observed that resveratrol, L-carnitine, and apelin treatments altered mitochondrial (QC) related protein levels (Pink1, Parkin, BNIP-3, Drp1, and PGC1alpha), decreased intra-renal RAS parameters, increased ATP level and upregulated Na+-K+ ATPase gene expression in renal tissue.	Carnitine	30-41	BCL2 interacting protein 3	Rattus norvegicus	131-137
32490516-7	2020	The results of the random-effects model indicated that L-carnitine treatment improved the albumin level in patients on maintenance hemodialysis patients.	Carnitine	55-66	albumin	Homo sapiens	90-97
32490516-14	2020	The present meta-analysis indicated that L-carnitine can have a favorable effect on malnutrition biomarkers in patients on maintenance hemodialysis, including the increase in albumin, total protein, transferrin, and prealbumin levels.	Carnitine	41-52	albumin	Homo sapiens	175-182
32490516-14	2020	The present meta-analysis indicated that L-carnitine can have a favorable effect on malnutrition biomarkers in patients on maintenance hemodialysis, including the increase in albumin, total protein, transferrin, and prealbumin levels.	Carnitine	41-52	transferrin	Homo sapiens	199-210
32538173-4	2020	We observed that resveratrol, L-carnitine, and apelin treatments altered mitochondrial (QC) related protein levels (Pink1, Parkin, BNIP-3, Drp1, and PGC1alpha), decreased intra-renal RAS parameters, increased ATP level and upregulated Na+-K+ ATPase gene expression in renal tissue.	Carnitine	30-41	PTEN induced kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	116-121
32538173-4	2020	We observed that resveratrol, L-carnitine, and apelin treatments altered mitochondrial (QC) related protein levels (Pink1, Parkin, BNIP-3, Drp1, and PGC1alpha), decreased intra-renal RAS parameters, increased ATP level and upregulated Na+-K+ ATPase gene expression in renal tissue.	Carnitine	30-41	PPARG coactivator 1 alpha	Rattus norvegicus	149-158
32544852-5	2020	The HPD induced increases in serum levels of l-carnitine, indoxyl sulfate, and phenylacetylglutamine but not TMAO or p-cresyl sulfate.	Carnitine	45-56	4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	4-7
32105727-17	2020	We found TMAVA to bind and inhibit BBOX, reducing synthesis of carnitine.	Carnitine	63-72	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	35-39
32544852-6	2020	Urinary excretion of l-carnitine, indoxyl sulfate, phenylacetylglutamine, and TMA increased with the HPD but not TMAO or p-cresyl sulfate.	Carnitine	21-32	4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase	Homo sapiens	101-104
32070725-0	2020	Expression of the organic cation/carnitine transporter family (Octn1,-2 and-3) in mdx muscle and heart: Implications for early carnitine therapy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy to improve cellular carnitine homeostasis.	Carnitine	33-42	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	63-77
32070725-0	2020	Expression of the organic cation/carnitine transporter family (Octn1,-2 and-3) in mdx muscle and heart: Implications for early carnitine therapy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy to improve cellular carnitine homeostasis.	Carnitine	127-136	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	63-77
32070725-0	2020	Expression of the organic cation/carnitine transporter family (Octn1,-2 and-3) in mdx muscle and heart: Implications for early carnitine therapy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy to improve cellular carnitine homeostasis.	Carnitine	127-136	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	63-77
32070725-8	2020	DISCUSSION: Dystrophin deficiency likely disrupts Octn2 expression decreasing muscle carnitine uptake thus contributing to membranotoxic long-chain acyl-CoAs with sarcolemmal and organellar membrane oxidative injury providing a treatment rationale for early L-carnitine in DMD.	Carnitine	85-94	dystrophin, muscular dystrophy	Mus musculus	12-22
32070725-8	2020	DISCUSSION: Dystrophin deficiency likely disrupts Octn2 expression decreasing muscle carnitine uptake thus contributing to membranotoxic long-chain acyl-CoAs with sarcolemmal and organellar membrane oxidative injury providing a treatment rationale for early L-carnitine in DMD.	Carnitine	85-94	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	50-55
32070725-8	2020	DISCUSSION: Dystrophin deficiency likely disrupts Octn2 expression decreasing muscle carnitine uptake thus contributing to membranotoxic long-chain acyl-CoAs with sarcolemmal and organellar membrane oxidative injury providing a treatment rationale for early L-carnitine in DMD.	Carnitine	258-269	dystrophin, muscular dystrophy	Mus musculus	12-22
32070725-8	2020	DISCUSSION: Dystrophin deficiency likely disrupts Octn2 expression decreasing muscle carnitine uptake thus contributing to membranotoxic long-chain acyl-CoAs with sarcolemmal and organellar membrane oxidative injury providing a treatment rationale for early L-carnitine in DMD.	Carnitine	258-269	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	50-55
32342686-3	2020	High intake of L-carnitine also induced liver injury, which was proved by the increases in the serum AST and ALT activities, production of inflammatory liver cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha and TNF-beta), lipid metabolism (TC, TG, HDL and LDL) disorder, and the decline in antioxidant ability (SOD, GSH-Px, MDA and RAHFR).	Carnitine	15-26	interleukin 1 complex	Mus musculus	169-173
32641979-8	2020	CPT 1A, CPT 2, and CRAT, which are extensively involved in carnitine system-mediated fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway were also found to be abnormally expressed in breast cancer.	Carnitine	59-68	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	0-6
32641979-8	2020	CPT 1A, CPT 2, and CRAT, which are extensively involved in carnitine system-mediated fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway were also found to be abnormally expressed in breast cancer.	Carnitine	59-68	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	8-13
32641979-8	2020	CPT 1A, CPT 2, and CRAT, which are extensively involved in carnitine system-mediated fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway were also found to be abnormally expressed in breast cancer.	Carnitine	59-68	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	19-23
32452468-0	2020	L-Carnitine Reduces Myocardial Oxidative Stress and Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Activating Nuclear Transcription-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2)/Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) Signaling Pathway.	Carnitine	0-11	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	116-154
32452468-0	2020	L-Carnitine Reduces Myocardial Oxidative Stress and Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Activating Nuclear Transcription-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2)/Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) Signaling Pathway.	Carnitine	0-11	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	156-160
32452468-0	2020	L-Carnitine Reduces Myocardial Oxidative Stress and Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Activating Nuclear Transcription-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2)/Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) Signaling Pathway.	Carnitine	0-11	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	162-178
32452468-0	2020	L-Carnitine Reduces Myocardial Oxidative Stress and Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Activating Nuclear Transcription-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2)/Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) Signaling Pathway.	Carnitine	0-11	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	180-184
32452468-6	2020	The effect of LC on oxidative stress, apoptosis, and nuclear transcription-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) signaling pathway of H9c2 cells were detected by Western blot, RT-PCR, and flow cytometry.	Carnitine	14-16	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	53-108
32452468-10	2020	Moreover, inhibition of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway attenuated the protective effect of LC on H9c2 cells.	Carnitine	92-94	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	28-32
32452468-10	2020	Moreover, inhibition of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway attenuated the protective effect of LC on H9c2 cells.	Carnitine	92-94	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	33-37
32342686-3	2020	High intake of L-carnitine also induced liver injury, which was proved by the increases in the serum AST and ALT activities, production of inflammatory liver cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha and TNF-beta), lipid metabolism (TC, TG, HDL and LDL) disorder, and the decline in antioxidant ability (SOD, GSH-Px, MDA and RAHFR).	Carnitine	15-26	solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	101-104
32342686-3	2020	High intake of L-carnitine also induced liver injury, which was proved by the increases in the serum AST and ALT activities, production of inflammatory liver cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha and TNF-beta), lipid metabolism (TC, TG, HDL and LDL) disorder, and the decline in antioxidant ability (SOD, GSH-Px, MDA and RAHFR).	Carnitine	15-26	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	109-112
32528464-7	2020	Incubation of healthy and SSc dendritic cells with etoposide, a carnitine transporter inhibitor, inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 through inhibition of fatty acid oxidation.	Carnitine	64-73	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	160-164
32342686-3	2020	High intake of L-carnitine also induced liver injury, which was proved by the increases in the serum AST and ALT activities, production of inflammatory liver cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha and TNF-beta), lipid metabolism (TC, TG, HDL and LDL) disorder, and the decline in antioxidant ability (SOD, GSH-Px, MDA and RAHFR).	Carnitine	15-26	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	175-179
32342686-3	2020	High intake of L-carnitine also induced liver injury, which was proved by the increases in the serum AST and ALT activities, production of inflammatory liver cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha and TNF-beta), lipid metabolism (TC, TG, HDL and LDL) disorder, and the decline in antioxidant ability (SOD, GSH-Px, MDA and RAHFR).	Carnitine	15-26	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	181-190
32342686-3	2020	High intake of L-carnitine also induced liver injury, which was proved by the increases in the serum AST and ALT activities, production of inflammatory liver cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha and TNF-beta), lipid metabolism (TC, TG, HDL and LDL) disorder, and the decline in antioxidant ability (SOD, GSH-Px, MDA and RAHFR).	Carnitine	15-26	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	195-203
32443550-7	2020	The most important features calculated in PLS-DA according to VIP score were free carnitine (C0), tyrosine (Tyr), and acylcarnitine C5-OH.	Carnitine	82-91	vasoactive intestinal peptide	Rattus norvegicus	62-65
32429274-8	2020	The effect of CyC (20 mg/kg) was also associated to enhanced expression of both OCTN1 and OCTN2 carnitine-linked transporters.	Carnitine	96-105	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	90-95
31849123-0	2020	The effect of l-carnitine supplementation on serum levels of omentin-1, visfatin and SFRP5 and glycemic indices in patients with pemphigus vulgaris: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.	Carnitine	14-25	intelectin 1	Homo sapiens	61-68
31845336-3	2020	The long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) KO mouse is a model for long-chain FAO disorders and is characterized by decreased levels of tissue and plasma free carnitine.	Carnitine	161-170	acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, long-chain	Mus musculus	4-37
31845336-3	2020	The long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) KO mouse is a model for long-chain FAO disorders and is characterized by decreased levels of tissue and plasma free carnitine.	Carnitine	161-170	acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, long-chain	Mus musculus	39-43
31845336-4	2020	Tissue levels of carnitine are controlled by the SLC22A5, the plasmalemmal carnitine transporter.	Carnitine	17-26	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	49-56
31845336-4	2020	Tissue levels of carnitine are controlled by the SLC22A5, the plasmalemmal carnitine transporter.	Carnitine	75-84	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	49-56
31845336-5	2020	Here, we have further decreased carnitine availability in the LCAD KO mouse through a genetic intervention by introducing one defective Slc22a5 allele (jvs).	Carnitine	32-41	acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, long-chain	Mus musculus	62-66
31845336-5	2020	Here, we have further decreased carnitine availability in the LCAD KO mouse through a genetic intervention by introducing one defective Slc22a5 allele (jvs).	Carnitine	32-41	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	136-143
31845336-6	2020	Slc22a5 haploinsufficiency decreased free carnitine levels in liver, kidney and heart of LCAD KO animals.	Carnitine	42-51	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	0-7
31845336-8	2020	Levels of cardiac deoxycarnitine, a carnitine biosynthesis intermediate, were elevated due to Slc22a5 haploinsufficiency in LCAD KO mice.	Carnitine	23-32	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	94-101
31845336-8	2020	Levels of cardiac deoxycarnitine, a carnitine biosynthesis intermediate, were elevated due to Slc22a5 haploinsufficiency in LCAD KO mice.	Carnitine	23-32	acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, long-chain	Mus musculus	124-128
32724594-0	2020	L-carnitine increases cell proliferation and amino acid transporter expression via the activation of insulin-like growth factor I signaling pathway in rat trophoblast cells.	Carnitine	0-11	solute carrier family 38, member 7	Rattus norvegicus	45-67
32724594-0	2020	L-carnitine increases cell proliferation and amino acid transporter expression via the activation of insulin-like growth factor I signaling pathway in rat trophoblast cells.	Carnitine	0-11	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	101-129
32724594-7	2020	Compared with the control treatment, the mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-1R) was higher in rat placenta trophoblasts treated with either 10 mM or 50 mM L-carnitine (p < .05).	Carnitine	223-234	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	60-88
32724594-7	2020	Compared with the control treatment, the mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-1R) was higher in rat placenta trophoblasts treated with either 10 mM or 50 mM L-carnitine (p < .05).	Carnitine	223-234	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	90-95
32724594-7	2020	Compared with the control treatment, the mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-1R) was higher in rat placenta trophoblasts treated with either 10 mM or 50 mM L-carnitine (p < .05).	Carnitine	223-234	insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor	Rattus norvegicus	101-138
32724594-7	2020	Compared with the control treatment, the mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-1R) was higher in rat placenta trophoblasts treated with either 10 mM or 50 mM L-carnitine (p < .05).	Carnitine	223-234	insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor	Rattus norvegicus	140-146
32724594-8	2020	Similarly, sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT)-1 and SNAT2 were up-regulated in both mRNA and protein levels when trophoblast cells were treated with 50 mM L-carnitine (p < .05).	Carnitine	175-186	solute carrier family 38, member 2	Rattus norvegicus	72-77
32724594-9	2020	Inhibiting downstream targets (Akt or ERK signaling pathways) of IGF-1 signaling pathway partially blocked the effect the L-carnitine-induced increase in protein abundances of SNAT1 and SNAT2.	Carnitine	122-133	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	31-34
32724594-9	2020	Inhibiting downstream targets (Akt or ERK signaling pathways) of IGF-1 signaling pathway partially blocked the effect the L-carnitine-induced increase in protein abundances of SNAT1 and SNAT2.	Carnitine	122-133	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	38-41
32724594-9	2020	Inhibiting downstream targets (Akt or ERK signaling pathways) of IGF-1 signaling pathway partially blocked the effect the L-carnitine-induced increase in protein abundances of SNAT1 and SNAT2.	Carnitine	122-133	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	65-70
32724594-9	2020	Inhibiting downstream targets (Akt or ERK signaling pathways) of IGF-1 signaling pathway partially blocked the effect the L-carnitine-induced increase in protein abundances of SNAT1 and SNAT2.	Carnitine	122-133	solute carrier family 38, member 2	Rattus norvegicus	186-191
32724594-10	2020	Collectively, our data showed protective role of L-carnitine on placenta trophoblast cells through the involvement of IGF-1 signaling pathway.	Carnitine	49-60	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	118-123
32144120-6	2020	MCT8 and MCT10 transport thyroid hormones, and recently, MCT9 has been characterized as a carnitine efflux transporter and MCT12 as a creatine transporter.	Carnitine	90-99	solute carrier family 16 member 9	Homo sapiens	57-61
32057943-1	2020	Carnitine plays an essential role in mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation as a part of a cycle that transfers long-chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane and involves two carnitine palmitoyltransferases (CPT1 and CPT2).	Carnitine	0-9	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	220-224
32057943-1	2020	Carnitine plays an essential role in mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation as a part of a cycle that transfers long-chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane and involves two carnitine palmitoyltransferases (CPT1 and CPT2).	Carnitine	0-9	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	229-233
32365864-12	2020	Increased expression of OCTN2 with HFHS feeding suggests that renal uptake was stimulated to prevent carnitine loss.	Carnitine	101-110	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	24-29
32337051-1	2020	Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) deficiency is a fatty acid ss-oxidation disorder of the carnitine shuttle in mitochondria, with a high mortality rate in childhood.	Carnitine	14-23	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	37-41
33455346-2	2020	Based on the specific transporters located on the apical membrane of the intestinal epithelium, the carnitine-conjugated polymeric micelles targeting to the carnitine/organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) were developed by combining carnitine-conjugated poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-poly(d,l-lactide) with monomethoxy poly(ethylene-glycol)-poly(d,l-lactide).	Carnitine	100-109	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	157-195
33455346-2	2020	Based on the specific transporters located on the apical membrane of the intestinal epithelium, the carnitine-conjugated polymeric micelles targeting to the carnitine/organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) were developed by combining carnitine-conjugated poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-poly(d,l-lactide) with monomethoxy poly(ethylene-glycol)-poly(d,l-lactide).	Carnitine	100-109	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	197-202
33455346-2	2020	Based on the specific transporters located on the apical membrane of the intestinal epithelium, the carnitine-conjugated polymeric micelles targeting to the carnitine/organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) were developed by combining carnitine-conjugated poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-poly(d,l-lactide) with monomethoxy poly(ethylene-glycol)-poly(d,l-lactide).	Carnitine	157-166	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	197-202
33455346-5	2020	Additionally, identification of the carnitine-conjugated micelles by OCTN2 was detected to facilitate cellular uptake of the micelles via fluorescence immunoassay.	Carnitine	36-45	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	69-74
31811407-5	2020	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b (CPT1b), a rate-limiting enzyme of mitochondrial beta-oxidation in adult heart, was sharply decreased in LRP6 deficiency hearts, coincident with the activation of Drp1.	Carnitine	0-9	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	35-40
31811407-5	2020	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b (CPT1b), a rate-limiting enzyme of mitochondrial beta-oxidation in adult heart, was sharply decreased in LRP6 deficiency hearts, coincident with the activation of Drp1.	Carnitine	0-9	low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6	Mus musculus	139-143
31811407-5	2020	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b (CPT1b), a rate-limiting enzyme of mitochondrial beta-oxidation in adult heart, was sharply decreased in LRP6 deficiency hearts, coincident with the activation of Drp1.	Carnitine	0-9	dynamin 1-like	Mus musculus	197-201
31849123-7	2020	LC supplementation decreased visfatin serum level and increased omentin-1 and SFRP5 serum levels in patients with PV.	Carnitine	0-2	secreted frizzled related protein 5	Homo sapiens	78-83
31849123-0	2020	The effect of l-carnitine supplementation on serum levels of omentin-1, visfatin and SFRP5 and glycemic indices in patients with pemphigus vulgaris: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.	Carnitine	14-25	secreted frizzled related protein 5	Homo sapiens	85-90
31849123-2	2020	The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of l-carnitine (LC) on secreted frizzled-related protein-5 (SFRP5), omentin, visfatin, and glycemic indices in PV patients under corticosteroid treatment.	Carnitine	68-70	secreted frizzled related protein 5	Homo sapiens	75-110
31849123-2	2020	The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of l-carnitine (LC) on secreted frizzled-related protein-5 (SFRP5), omentin, visfatin, and glycemic indices in PV patients under corticosteroid treatment.	Carnitine	68-70	secreted frizzled related protein 5	Homo sapiens	112-117
31849123-5	2020	LC supplementation significantly decreased the serum level of visfatin (95% CI [-14.718, -0.877], p = .05) and increased the serum levels of SFRP5 (95%CI [1.637, 11.380], p &lt; .006) and omentin (95% CI [9.014, 65.286], p &lt; .01).	Carnitine	0-2	nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens	62-70
31849123-5	2020	LC supplementation significantly decreased the serum level of visfatin (95% CI [-14.718, -0.877], p = .05) and increased the serum levels of SFRP5 (95%CI [1.637, 11.380], p &lt; .006) and omentin (95% CI [9.014, 65.286], p &lt; .01).	Carnitine	0-2	secreted frizzled related protein 5	Homo sapiens	141-146
31849123-5	2020	LC supplementation significantly decreased the serum level of visfatin (95% CI [-14.718, -0.877], p = .05) and increased the serum levels of SFRP5 (95%CI [1.637, 11.380], p &lt; .006) and omentin (95% CI [9.014, 65.286], p &lt; .01).	Carnitine	0-2	intelectin 1	Homo sapiens	188-195
31849123-7	2020	LC supplementation decreased visfatin serum level and increased omentin-1 and SFRP5 serum levels in patients with PV.	Carnitine	0-2	nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens	29-37
31849123-7	2020	LC supplementation decreased visfatin serum level and increased omentin-1 and SFRP5 serum levels in patients with PV.	Carnitine	0-2	intelectin 1	Homo sapiens	64-71
31665391-13	2020	The associations may involve pathways of phospholipid metabolism, carnitine metabolism, and development of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.	Carnitine	66-75	insulin	Homo sapiens	107-114
31497857-10	2020	Modulation of carnitine identified a novel role for FAO in the production of CCL20 in response to LPS.	Carnitine	14-23	C-C motif chemokine ligand 20	Homo sapiens	77-82
31497857-12	2020	In vitro analysis of monocytes showed that RA-SF increases carnitine abundance and CCL20 production in hypoxia, which was exacerbated by exogenous carnitine.	Carnitine	147-156	C-C motif chemokine ligand 20	Homo sapiens	83-88
31986302-3	2020	The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of l-carnitine (LC), an enhancer of mitochondrial activity and free radical scavenger, in culture media on early embryo competence and expression of ErbB1 and ErbB4 implantation related genes.	Carnitine	53-64	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4	Mus musculus	209-214
31986302-3	2020	The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of l-carnitine (LC), an enhancer of mitochondrial activity and free radical scavenger, in culture media on early embryo competence and expression of ErbB1 and ErbB4 implantation related genes.	Carnitine	66-68	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4	Mus musculus	209-214
31986302-12	2020	Our data reveal that LC significantly increases ErbB1 and ErbB4 gene and protein expression with intracellular ROS levels and Sirt3 gene expression significantly decreased after LC treatment.	Carnitine	21-23	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4	Mus musculus	58-63
31986302-12	2020	Our data reveal that LC significantly increases ErbB1 and ErbB4 gene and protein expression with intracellular ROS levels and Sirt3 gene expression significantly decreased after LC treatment.	Carnitine	178-180	sirtuin 3	Mus musculus	126-131
32256846-2	2020	In particular, intestinal carnitine/organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) and mono-carboxylate transporter protein 1 (MCT1) possess high transport capacities and complementary distributions.	Carnitine	26-35	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	66-71
32256846-2	2020	In particular, intestinal carnitine/organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) and mono-carboxylate transporter protein 1 (MCT1) possess high transport capacities and complementary distributions.	Carnitine	26-35	solute carrier family 16 member 1	Homo sapiens	77-115
32256846-2	2020	In particular, intestinal carnitine/organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) and mono-carboxylate transporter protein 1 (MCT1) possess high transport capacities and complementary distributions.	Carnitine	26-35	solute carrier family 16 member 1	Homo sapiens	117-121
32027707-6	2020	In both cell models, L-carnitine uptake on the apical side was significantly inhibited by the bronchodilators glycopyrrolate and tiotropium, that hence can be considered substrates of ATB0,+; ipratropium was instead effective on the basolateral side, indicating its interaction with OCTN2.	Carnitine	21-32	solute carrier family 1 member 5	Homo sapiens	184-188
31864849-1	2020	Carnitine Uptake Defect (CUD) is an autosomal recessive disorder due to mutations in the SLC22A5 gene.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	89-96
32027707-1	2020	In human, OCTN2 (SLC22A5) and ATB0,+ (SLC6A14) transporters mediate the uptake of L-carnitine, essential for the transport of fatty acids into mitochondria and the subsequent degradation by beta-oxidation.	Carnitine	82-93	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	10-15
32027707-6	2020	In both cell models, L-carnitine uptake on the apical side was significantly inhibited by the bronchodilators glycopyrrolate and tiotropium, that hence can be considered substrates of ATB0,+; ipratropium was instead effective on the basolateral side, indicating its interaction with OCTN2.	Carnitine	21-32	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	283-288
32027707-1	2020	In human, OCTN2 (SLC22A5) and ATB0,+ (SLC6A14) transporters mediate the uptake of L-carnitine, essential for the transport of fatty acids into mitochondria and the subsequent degradation by beta-oxidation.	Carnitine	82-93	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	17-24
32027707-7	2020	Inflammatory stimuli, such as LPS or TNFalpha, caused an induction of SLC6A14/ATB0,+ expression in Calu-3 cells, along with a 2-fold increase of L-carnitine uptake only at the apical side; on the contrary SLC22A5/OCTN2 was not affected.	Carnitine	145-156	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	37-45
32027707-1	2020	In human, OCTN2 (SLC22A5) and ATB0,+ (SLC6A14) transporters mediate the uptake of L-carnitine, essential for the transport of fatty acids into mitochondria and the subsequent degradation by beta-oxidation.	Carnitine	82-93	solute carrier family 1 member 5	Homo sapiens	30-34
32027707-1	2020	In human, OCTN2 (SLC22A5) and ATB0,+ (SLC6A14) transporters mediate the uptake of L-carnitine, essential for the transport of fatty acids into mitochondria and the subsequent degradation by beta-oxidation.	Carnitine	82-93	solute carrier family 6 member 14	Homo sapiens	38-45
32027707-7	2020	Inflammatory stimuli, such as LPS or TNFalpha, caused an induction of SLC6A14/ATB0,+ expression in Calu-3 cells, along with a 2-fold increase of L-carnitine uptake only at the apical side; on the contrary SLC22A5/OCTN2 was not affected.	Carnitine	145-156	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	205-212
32027707-7	2020	Inflammatory stimuli, such as LPS or TNFalpha, caused an induction of SLC6A14/ATB0,+ expression in Calu-3 cells, along with a 2-fold increase of L-carnitine uptake only at the apical side; on the contrary SLC22A5/OCTN2 was not affected.	Carnitine	145-156	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	213-218
32027707-8	2020	As both OCTN2 and ATB0,+, beyond transporting L-carnitine, have a significant potential as delivery systems for drugs, the identification of these transporters in EpiAirway  can open new fields of investigation in the study of drug inhalation and pulmonary delivery.	Carnitine	46-57	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	8-13
32027707-8	2020	As both OCTN2 and ATB0,+, beyond transporting L-carnitine, have a significant potential as delivery systems for drugs, the identification of these transporters in EpiAirway  can open new fields of investigation in the study of drug inhalation and pulmonary delivery.	Carnitine	46-57	solute carrier family 1 member 5	Homo sapiens	18-22
32033285-7	2020	TMAO levels after 6 months of l-carnitine supplementation were associated with higher low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) (Spearman Rho = 0.518, p = 0.003) and total cholesterol (TC) (Spearman Rho = 0.407, p = 0.026) levels.	Carnitine	30-41	component of oligomeric golgi complex 2	Homo sapiens	123-129
30977089-5	2020	Overall, chromium and carnitine co-supplementation for 12 weeks to overweight women with PCOS had beneficial effects on body weight, glycemic control, lipid profiles except HDL cholesterol levels, and gene expression of PPAR-gamma and LDLR.	Carnitine	22-31	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens	220-230
31749176-5	2020	The present study demonstrated that hsa-miR-27b-3p, hsa-miR-151a-5p and hsa-miR-206 play an important role in the effects of l-carnitine treatment of the spermatozoa in asthenospermia patients.	Carnitine	125-136	microRNA 151a	Homo sapiens	52-64
31749176-5	2020	The present study demonstrated that hsa-miR-27b-3p, hsa-miR-151a-5p and hsa-miR-206 play an important role in the effects of l-carnitine treatment of the spermatozoa in asthenospermia patients.	Carnitine	125-136	microRNA 206	Homo sapiens	72-83
30977089-5	2020	Overall, chromium and carnitine co-supplementation for 12 weeks to overweight women with PCOS had beneficial effects on body weight, glycemic control, lipid profiles except HDL cholesterol levels, and gene expression of PPAR-gamma and LDLR.	Carnitine	22-31	low density lipoprotein receptor	Homo sapiens	235-239
31914600-10	2020	Finally, loss of gpr27 increased the expression of key enzymes in carnitine shuttle complex, in particular the homolog to the brain-specific isoform of CPT1C which functions as a hypothalamic energy senor.	Carnitine	66-75	G protein-coupled receptor 27	Danio rerio	17-22
31987257-9	2020	The results demonstrated that carnitine supplementation significantly reduced homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD: -0.91; 95 % CI: -1.11, -0.72; p &lt; 0.001, I2 = 0.0 %) and the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (WMD: -16.62; 95 % CI: -28.11, -5.14; IU/l; p = 0.005, I2 = 93.5 %), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (WMD: -33.39; 95 % CI: -45.13, -21.66; IU/l; p &lt; 0.001, I2 = 93.4 %), and triglycerides (TG) (WMD: -22.13; 95 % CI: -38.91, -5.34; mg/dl; p = 0.01; I2 = 0.0 %).	Carnitine	30-39	insulin	Homo sapiens	110-117
31987257-9	2020	The results demonstrated that carnitine supplementation significantly reduced homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD: -0.91; 95 % CI: -1.11, -0.72; p &lt; 0.001, I2 = 0.0 %) and the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (WMD: -16.62; 95 % CI: -28.11, -5.14; IU/l; p = 0.005, I2 = 93.5 %), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (WMD: -33.39; 95 % CI: -45.13, -21.66; IU/l; p &lt; 0.001, I2 = 93.4 %), and triglycerides (TG) (WMD: -22.13; 95 % CI: -38.91, -5.34; mg/dl; p = 0.01; I2 = 0.0 %).	Carnitine	30-39	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	219-245
31987257-9	2020	The results demonstrated that carnitine supplementation significantly reduced homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD: -0.91; 95 % CI: -1.11, -0.72; p &lt; 0.001, I2 = 0.0 %) and the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (WMD: -16.62; 95 % CI: -28.11, -5.14; IU/l; p = 0.005, I2 = 93.5 %), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (WMD: -33.39; 95 % CI: -45.13, -21.66; IU/l; p &lt; 0.001, I2 = 93.4 %), and triglycerides (TG) (WMD: -22.13; 95 % CI: -38.91, -5.34; mg/dl; p = 0.01; I2 = 0.0 %).	Carnitine	30-39	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	247-250
31987257-9	2020	The results demonstrated that carnitine supplementation significantly reduced homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD: -0.91; 95 % CI: -1.11, -0.72; p &lt; 0.001, I2 = 0.0 %) and the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (WMD: -16.62; 95 % CI: -28.11, -5.14; IU/l; p = 0.005, I2 = 93.5 %), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (WMD: -33.39; 95 % CI: -45.13, -21.66; IU/l; p &lt; 0.001, I2 = 93.4 %), and triglycerides (TG) (WMD: -22.13; 95 % CI: -38.91, -5.34; mg/dl; p = 0.01; I2 = 0.0 %).	Carnitine	30-39	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	321-345
31987257-11	2020	CONCLUSIONS: This analysis shows that carnitine supplementation for patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates a reduction in AST, ALT, TG levels and HOMA-IR.	Carnitine	38-47	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	143-146
32005798-5	2020	Within mild differences in energy metabolism, urine metabolomics uncover increased secretion of acyl-carnitines in UCP1 KOs, suggesting metabolic reprogramming.	Carnitine	96-111	uncoupling protein 1 (mitochondrial, proton carrier)	Mus musculus	115-119
31735087-0	2020	Transcribed Ultraconserved Regions, Uc.323, Ameliorates Cardiac Hypertrophy by Regulating the Transcription of CPT1b (Carnitine Palmitoyl transferase 1b).	Carnitine	118-137	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	111-116
30195728-11	2020	CONCLUSION: Levocarnitine can effectively improve ALB, hs-CRP, BNP, troponin, and LVDD levels to improve cardiac function rating and thus improve cardiac function.	Carnitine	12-25	albumin	Homo sapiens	50-53
30195728-11	2020	CONCLUSION: Levocarnitine can effectively improve ALB, hs-CRP, BNP, troponin, and LVDD levels to improve cardiac function rating and thus improve cardiac function.	Carnitine	12-25	natriuretic peptide B	Homo sapiens	63-66
31735087-7	2020	We further mapped the possible target genes of uc.323 through global microarray mRNA expression analysis after uc.323 knockdown and found that uc.323 regulated the expression of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes such as CPT1b (Carnitine Palmitoyl transferase 1b).	Carnitine	227-246	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	220-225
32922474-12	2020	In the GEE model, it was found that S100B levels in the L-carnitine plus fat emulsion group decreased more than the control group and this decline has been statistically significant [P = 0.02, 20.47 (CI 95%: 6.25-34.41)], but in comparison of L-carnitine and fat emulsion group with control group, did not reached statistical significance (P > 0.05).	Carnitine	56-67	S100 calcium binding protein B	Homo sapiens	36-41
32922474-13	2020	Based on the results obtained from this study, it seems that L-carnitine with fat emulsion could lead to neuroprotective effects with a significant reduction in the S100B biomarker.	Carnitine	61-72	S100 calcium binding protein B	Homo sapiens	165-170
31861504-0	2019	SLC22A5 (OCTN2) Carnitine Transporter-Indispensable for Cell Metabolism, a Jekyll and Hyde of Human Cancer.	Carnitine	16-25	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	0-7
31544992-5	2020	l-carnitine supplementation increased (p < .05) erythrocyte SOD, CAT and GPx activities, and decreased (p <.05) MDA and NO level in high stocking densities.	Carnitine	0-11	catalase	Gallus gallus	65-68
31908419-10	2019	Furthermore, while no change was observed in GSH, GSSG, GPx, catalase, and SOD, L-carnitine normalized STS-induced reduction in the hippocampal BDNF levels and increase in TBARS levels.	Carnitine	80-91	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	144-148
31908419-11	2019	Discussion: Chronic psychosocial stress-induced memory impairment was prevented via L-CAR administration, which could have been achieved via normalizing changes in lipid peroxidation (TBARs) and BDNF levels in the hippocampus.	Carnitine	84-89	brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rattus norvegicus	195-199
31861504-5	2019	Transporter delivery to the cell surface, as well as transport activity are controlled by OCTN2 interaction with other proteins, such as PDZ-domain containing proteins, protein phosphatase PP2A, caveolin-1, protein kinase C. SLC22A5 expression is altered in many types of cancer, giving an advantage to some of them by supplying carnitine for beta-oxidation, thus providing an alternative to glucose source of energy for growth and proliferation.	Carnitine	329-338	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	225-232
32713855-0	2020	Cardiac differentiation of bone-marrow-resident c-kit+ stem cells by L-carnitine increases through secretion of VEGF, IL6, IGF-1, and TGF- beta as clinical agents in cardiac regeneration.	Carnitine	69-80	KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	48-53
32713855-0	2020	Cardiac differentiation of bone-marrow-resident c-kit+ stem cells by L-carnitine increases through secretion of VEGF, IL6, IGF-1, and TGF- beta as clinical agents in cardiac regeneration.	Carnitine	69-80	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Homo sapiens	112-116
32713855-0	2020	Cardiac differentiation of bone-marrow-resident c-kit+ stem cells by L-carnitine increases through secretion of VEGF, IL6, IGF-1, and TGF- beta as clinical agents in cardiac regeneration.	Carnitine	69-80	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	118-121
32713855-0	2020	Cardiac differentiation of bone-marrow-resident c-kit+ stem cells by L-carnitine increases through secretion of VEGF, IL6, IGF-1, and TGF- beta as clinical agents in cardiac regeneration.	Carnitine	69-80	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	123-128
32713855-0	2020	Cardiac differentiation of bone-marrow-resident c-kit+ stem cells by L-carnitine increases through secretion of VEGF, IL6, IGF-1, and TGF- beta as clinical agents in cardiac regeneration.	Carnitine	69-80	transforming growth factor alpha	Homo sapiens	134-143
32713855-5	2020	The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effect of L-carnitine (LC) on cardiac differentiation of c-kit+ cells using a cytokines secretion assay.	Carnitine	71-82	KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	118-123
32713855-5	2020	The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effect of L-carnitine (LC) on cardiac differentiation of c-kit+ cells using a cytokines secretion assay.	Carnitine	84-86	KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	118-123
31836396-12	2020	DISCUSSION: Homozygosity for the common ACADM p.Lys329Glu pathogenic variant was associated with increased levels of C8-carnitine and transaminases.	Carnitine	117-129	acyl-CoA dehydrogenase medium chain	Homo sapiens	40-45
31861504-0	2019	SLC22A5 (OCTN2) Carnitine Transporter-Indispensable for Cell Metabolism, a Jekyll and Hyde of Human Cancer.	Carnitine	16-25	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	9-14
31861504-3	2019	The majority of carnitine comes from the diet and is transported to the cell by ubiquitously expressed organic cation transporter novel family member 2 (OCTN2)/solute carrier family 22 member 5 (SLC22A5).	Carnitine	16-25	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	153-158
31861504-3	2019	The majority of carnitine comes from the diet and is transported to the cell by ubiquitously expressed organic cation transporter novel family member 2 (OCTN2)/solute carrier family 22 member 5 (SLC22A5).	Carnitine	16-25	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	160-193
31861504-3	2019	The majority of carnitine comes from the diet and is transported to the cell by ubiquitously expressed organic cation transporter novel family member 2 (OCTN2)/solute carrier family 22 member 5 (SLC22A5).	Carnitine	16-25	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	195-202
31861504-5	2019	Transporter delivery to the cell surface, as well as transport activity are controlled by OCTN2 interaction with other proteins, such as PDZ-domain containing proteins, protein phosphatase PP2A, caveolin-1, protein kinase C. SLC22A5 expression is altered in many types of cancer, giving an advantage to some of them by supplying carnitine for beta-oxidation, thus providing an alternative to glucose source of energy for growth and proliferation.	Carnitine	329-338	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	90-95
31823799-3	2019	It is known that carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1-a (CPT1a) gene encodes an enzyme involved in fatty acid oxidation and, therefore, lipid content.	Carnitine	17-36	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a, liver	Mus musculus	54-59
31908508-7	2019	Reduced level of carnitine in T2D patients is known to participate in the impaired insulin-stimulated glucose utilization, while reduced betaine level in T2D patients is known as a common feature of this metabolic syndrome and can result in the reduced glycine production and the occurrence of insulin resistance.	Carnitine	17-26	insulin	Homo sapiens	83-90
31735033-10	2019	On the other hand, CPT1 (Carnitine palmitoyltransferase) was found to be significantly activated at lower concentrations of oxyresveratrol up to 1.89 +- 0.04 fold as compared to HFD, and it could be a leading reason for UCP1 activation.	Carnitine	25-34	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	19-23
31735033-10	2019	On the other hand, CPT1 (Carnitine palmitoyltransferase) was found to be significantly activated at lower concentrations of oxyresveratrol up to 1.89 +- 0.04 fold as compared to HFD, and it could be a leading reason for UCP1 activation.	Carnitine	25-34	uncoupling protein 1 (mitochondrial, proton carrier)	Mus musculus	220-224
32038730-8	2019	Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase were lower in L-carnitine group at day 3 after transplantation.	Carnitine	76-87	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	0-24
31702759-1	2019	The final step in the biosynthesis of l-carnitine in humans is catalysed by the 2-oxoglutarate and ferrous iron dependent oxygenase, gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX).	Carnitine	38-49	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	133-164
31832001-11	2019	In addition, LB100 significantly downregulated the protein levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 and its lipogenesis target genes, including stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and fatty acid synthase, and upregulated the levels of proteins involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1alpha, acyl-CoA oxidase 1 and uncoupling protein 2, as well as the upstream mediators Sirt1 and AMPKalpha in the livers of HFD-fed mice.	Carnitine	462-471	sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1	Mus musculus	93-136
31702759-1	2019	The final step in the biosynthesis of l-carnitine in humans is catalysed by the 2-oxoglutarate and ferrous iron dependent oxygenase, gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX).	Carnitine	38-49	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	166-170
31589831-3	2019	While exogenous application of carnitine has a similar promoting effect with cold stress on lipase activity, it resulted in further increases in the activity of carnitine acyltransferases compared to cold stress.	Carnitine	31-40	lipase	Zea mays	92-98
31589831-7	2019	On the other hand, carnitine with and without cold stress significantly upregulated the expression level of citrate synthase, which is responsible for catalysing the first reaction of the citric acid cycle, and cytochrome oxidase, which is the membrane-bound terminal enzyme in the electron transfer chain, as well as lipase.	Carnitine	19-28	lipase	Zea mays	318-324
31589831-8	2019	All these results revealed that on the one hand, carnitine enhanced transport of fatty acids into mitochondria by increasing the activities of lipase and carnitine acyltransferases, and, on the other hand, stimulated mitochondrial respiration in the leaves of maize seedlings grown under normal and cold conditions.	Carnitine	49-58	lipase	Zea mays	143-149
31828538-1	2019	BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials was performed to assess effects of carnitine supplementation on serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels.	Carnitine	111-120	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	146-170
31254469-8	2019	Furthermore, our results indicated that L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced blood levels of bilirubin, AST, BUN, and Cr in patients with HE.	Carnitine	40-51	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	117-120
31254469-11	2019	CONCLUSIONS: Present systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced blood levels of ammonia, bilirubin, AST, BUN, and Cr in HE patients.	Carnitine	71-82	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	157-160
31828538-1	2019	BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials was performed to assess effects of carnitine supplementation on serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels.	Carnitine	111-120	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	181-207
31828538-3	2019	From a total of 2012 articles identified initially, only 17 articles were included in the final meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of carnitine supplementation on serum levels of ALT and AST enzymes.	Carnitine	137-146	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	190-193
31699650-5	2019	At DOL 20, aldh5a1-/- mice had elevated C6 dicarboxylic (adipic acid) and C14 carnitines and threonine, combined with a significantly elevated ratio of threonine/[aspartic acid + alanine], in comparison to aldh5a1+/+ mice.	Carnitine	78-88	aldhehyde dehydrogenase family 5, subfamily A1	Mus musculus	11-18
31828538-4	2019	RESULTS: Random effects model meta-analysis showed that carnitine supplementation led to reduction in serum ALT (weighted mean difference [WMD] - 10.25 IU/L; 95% CI = - 15.73, - 4.77; p < 0.001) and AST levels (WMD - 7.85 IU/L; 95% CI = - 11.85, - 3.86; p < 0.001).	Carnitine	56-65	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	199-202
31828538-5	2019	The results of subgroup analysis showed that carnitine could reduce serum AST levels at dosages equal to 2000 mg/day (p = 0.014) or more than 2000 mg/day (p < 0.001).	Carnitine	45-54	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	74-77
31828538-7	2019	Carnitine exerts its reducing effect on serum ALT and AST levels only when these aminotransferases are raised or when the duration of supplementation lasts at least 3 months.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	54-57
31828538-8	2019	CONCLUSION: Results of the current meta-analysis showed that carnitine supplementation can decrease serum AST and ALT levels significantly, especially when supplementation lasts 3 months or more in patients with elevated serum aminotransferase levels.	Carnitine	61-70	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	106-109
31393619-7	2019	L-carnitine decreased serum markers of myocardial injury including CK-MB, cTnI, hs-cTnT and IMA.	Carnitine	0-11	troponin T2, cardiac type	Homo sapiens	83-87
31788014-0	2019	Inhibition of androgen receptor can decrease fat metabolism by decreasing carnitine palmitoyltransferase I levels in skeletal muscles of trained mice.	Carnitine	74-83	androgen receptor	Mus musculus	14-31
31393619-0	2019	The protective effects of L-carnitine on myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in patients with rheumatic valvular heart disease undergoing CPB surgery are associated with the suppression of NF-kappaB pathway and the activation of Nrf2 pathway.	Carnitine	26-37	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	193-202
31803610-3	2019	In this study, we found that CPT1 (Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I) and CPT2 (Carnitine palmitoyl transferase II), a pair of rate-limiting enzymes for mitochondrial fatty acid transportation, play a critical role in increasing fatty acid oxidation (FAO) required for the cellular fuel demands in radioresistant breast cancer cells (RBCs) and radiation-derived breast cancer stem cells (RD-BCSCs).	Carnitine	35-54	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	29-33
31803610-3	2019	In this study, we found that CPT1 (Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I) and CPT2 (Carnitine palmitoyl transferase II), a pair of rate-limiting enzymes for mitochondrial fatty acid transportation, play a critical role in increasing fatty acid oxidation (FAO) required for the cellular fuel demands in radioresistant breast cancer cells (RBCs) and radiation-derived breast cancer stem cells (RD-BCSCs).	Carnitine	35-54	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	74-78
31803610-3	2019	In this study, we found that CPT1 (Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I) and CPT2 (Carnitine palmitoyl transferase II), a pair of rate-limiting enzymes for mitochondrial fatty acid transportation, play a critical role in increasing fatty acid oxidation (FAO) required for the cellular fuel demands in radioresistant breast cancer cells (RBCs) and radiation-derived breast cancer stem cells (RD-BCSCs).	Carnitine	80-99	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	29-33
31803610-3	2019	In this study, we found that CPT1 (Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I) and CPT2 (Carnitine palmitoyl transferase II), a pair of rate-limiting enzymes for mitochondrial fatty acid transportation, play a critical role in increasing fatty acid oxidation (FAO) required for the cellular fuel demands in radioresistant breast cancer cells (RBCs) and radiation-derived breast cancer stem cells (RD-BCSCs).	Carnitine	80-99	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	74-78
31676389-3	2019	Here, we investigated whether carnitine supplementation improves metabolic flexibility and insulin sensitivity in impaired glucose tolerant (IGT) volunteers.	Carnitine	30-39	insulin	Homo sapiens	91-98
31393619-0	2019	The protective effects of L-carnitine on myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in patients with rheumatic valvular heart disease undergoing CPB surgery are associated with the suppression of NF-kappaB pathway and the activation of Nrf2 pathway.	Carnitine	26-37	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	233-237
31393619-9	2019	L-carnitine also inhibited myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and inflammatory cytokines in the myocardium of patients after unclamping the aorta.	Carnitine	0-11	myeloperoxidase	Homo sapiens	27-42
31393619-7	2019	L-carnitine decreased serum markers of myocardial injury including CK-MB, cTnI, hs-cTnT and IMA.	Carnitine	0-11	troponin I3, cardiac type	Homo sapiens	74-78
31393619-9	2019	L-carnitine also inhibited myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and inflammatory cytokines in the myocardium of patients after unclamping the aorta.	Carnitine	0-11	myeloperoxidase	Homo sapiens	44-47
31393619-10	2019	Additionally, L-carnitine increased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) while decreased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl content in the myocardium of patients after unclamping the aorta.	Carnitine	14-25	catalase	Homo sapiens	77-85
31393619-10	2019	Additionally, L-carnitine increased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) while decreased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl content in the myocardium of patients after unclamping the aorta.	Carnitine	14-25	catalase	Homo sapiens	87-90
31393619-11	2019	Moreover, L-carnitine suppressed the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and activated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2).	Carnitine	10-21	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	51-73
31393619-11	2019	Moreover, L-carnitine suppressed the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and activated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2).	Carnitine	10-21	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	75-84
31393619-11	2019	Moreover, L-carnitine suppressed the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and activated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2).	Carnitine	10-21	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	100-143
31393619-11	2019	Moreover, L-carnitine suppressed the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and activated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2).	Carnitine	10-21	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	145-149
31393619-13	2019	Taken together, L-carnitine had a protective effect against CPB-induced MIRI in patients with RVHD, which might be related to its modulation of NF-kappaB and Nrf2 activities.	Carnitine	16-27	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	144-153
31393619-13	2019	Taken together, L-carnitine had a protective effect against CPB-induced MIRI in patients with RVHD, which might be related to its modulation of NF-kappaB and Nrf2 activities.	Carnitine	16-27	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	158-162
31797710-6	2019	In contrast, pretreatment with carnitine prevented the increase in urinary NGAL and reduced SCr below basal levels.	Carnitine	31-40	lipocalin 2	Homo sapiens	75-79
31797710-7	2019	Similarly, tadalafil administration diminished the elevation of CM-induced urinary NGAL.Conclusions: These results indicate that carnitine and PDE-5 inhibitors may comprise potential therapeutic maneuvers for CIN.	Carnitine	129-138	lipocalin 2	Homo sapiens	83-87
31635390-5	2019	The administration of VPA (300 mg/kg/day) together with L-carnitine (30 mg/kg/day) from day 8 to day 14 after birth increased Gad1 mRNA expression in the RVLM and reduced apnea counts in Mecp2-/y mice on postnatal day 15.	Carnitine	56-67	methyl CpG binding protein 2	Mus musculus	187-192
32233230-1	2019	Objective: To investigate the expression of the sperm-specific cation channel (CatSper1) in the epididymal sperm of varicocele (VC) rats and the effect of L-carnitine (LC) on the CatSper1 level.	Carnitine	155-166	cation channel, sperm associated 1	Rattus norvegicus	179-187
32233230-1	2019	Objective: To investigate the expression of the sperm-specific cation channel (CatSper1) in the epididymal sperm of varicocele (VC) rats and the effect of L-carnitine (LC) on the CatSper1 level.	Carnitine	168-170	cation channel, sperm associated 1	Rattus norvegicus	179-187
31603853-4	2019	The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two biologically active compounds: 2-aminoethane-sulfonic acid (taurine) and 3-hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyrate (L-carnitine) on urinary 6beta-hydroxycortisol/cortisol (6beta-OHC/cortisol) metabolic ratio as a biomarker of the CYP3A4 activity of healthy volunteers.	Carnitine	169-180	cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A member 4	Homo sapiens	283-289
31603853-13	2019	Results The ratio of 6-6beta-OHC/cortisol was used as a biomarker to study the taurine and L-carnitine influence on CYP3A4 metabolism of cortisol.	Carnitine	91-102	cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A member 4	Homo sapiens	116-122
31368236-9	2019	CONCLUSION: These data suggest that amelioration of carnitine-induced vascular inflammation after consumption of pterostilbene is partially mediated via modulation of gut microbiota composition and hepatic enzyme FMO3 gene expression.	Carnitine	52-61	flavin containing monooxygenase 3	Mus musculus	213-217
31187905-1	2019	Primary carnitine deficiency is caused by a defect in the active cellular uptake of carnitine by Na+ -dependent organic cation transporter novel 2 (OCTN2).	Carnitine	8-17	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	148-153
31481697-2	2019	We aimed to assess the effects of L-carnitine supplementation on systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP).	Carnitine	34-45	selenium binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	75-78
31481697-4	2019	A meta-analysis was conducted on a total of ten eligible randomized controlled trials using a random-effects model to estimate the pooled effect sizes of L-carnitine supplementation on SBP and DBP levels.	Carnitine	154-165	selenium binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	185-188
31422179-0	2019	L-carnitine regulated Nrf2/Keap1 activation in vitro and in vivo and protected oxidized fish oil-induced inflammation response by inhibiting the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in Rhynchocypris lagowski Dybowski.	Carnitine	0-11	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	22-26
31422179-0	2019	L-carnitine regulated Nrf2/Keap1 activation in vitro and in vivo and protected oxidized fish oil-induced inflammation response by inhibiting the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in Rhynchocypris lagowski Dybowski.	Carnitine	0-11	kelch like ECH associated protein 1	Homo sapiens	27-32
31422179-0	2019	L-carnitine regulated Nrf2/Keap1 activation in vitro and in vivo and protected oxidized fish oil-induced inflammation response by inhibiting the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in Rhynchocypris lagowski Dybowski.	Carnitine	0-11	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	145-154
31422179-5	2019	Thus, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (T-SOD, CAT, GSH-PX) and the level of antioxidant substance (GSH) and the level of MDA showed that Nrf2-siRNA pretreatment weakened the protective effect of l-carnitine.	Carnitine	201-212	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	143-147
31422179-6	2019	Moreover, the mRNA levels of Keap1, Nrf2, Maf and HO-1 indicated that l-carnitine regulated Nrf2/Keap1 activation.	Carnitine	70-81	kelch like ECH associated protein 1	Homo sapiens	29-34
31422179-6	2019	Moreover, the mRNA levels of Keap1, Nrf2, Maf and HO-1 indicated that l-carnitine regulated Nrf2/Keap1 activation.	Carnitine	70-81	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	36-40
31422179-6	2019	Moreover, the mRNA levels of Keap1, Nrf2, Maf and HO-1 indicated that l-carnitine regulated Nrf2/Keap1 activation.	Carnitine	70-81	MAF bZIP transcription factor	Homo sapiens	42-45
31422179-6	2019	Moreover, the mRNA levels of Keap1, Nrf2, Maf and HO-1 indicated that l-carnitine regulated Nrf2/Keap1 activation.	Carnitine	70-81	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	50-54
31422179-6	2019	Moreover, the mRNA levels of Keap1, Nrf2, Maf and HO-1 indicated that l-carnitine regulated Nrf2/Keap1 activation.	Carnitine	70-81	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	92-96
31422179-6	2019	Moreover, the mRNA levels of Keap1, Nrf2, Maf and HO-1 indicated that l-carnitine regulated Nrf2/Keap1 activation.	Carnitine	70-81	kelch like ECH associated protein 1	Homo sapiens	97-102
31422179-10	2019	In conclusion, l-carnitine regulated Nrf2/Keap1 activation in vitro and in vivo and protected oxidized fish oil-induced inflammation response by inhibiting the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in Rhynchocypris lagowski Dybowski.	Carnitine	15-26	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	37-41
31422179-10	2019	In conclusion, l-carnitine regulated Nrf2/Keap1 activation in vitro and in vivo and protected oxidized fish oil-induced inflammation response by inhibiting the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in Rhynchocypris lagowski Dybowski.	Carnitine	15-26	kelch like ECH associated protein 1	Homo sapiens	42-47
31422179-10	2019	In conclusion, l-carnitine regulated Nrf2/Keap1 activation in vitro and in vivo and protected oxidized fish oil-induced inflammation response by inhibiting the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in Rhynchocypris lagowski Dybowski.	Carnitine	15-26	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	160-169
31500110-6	2019	OCTN2 (organic cation/carnitine transporter novel type 2) transports carnitine into the cells.	Carnitine	22-31	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	0-5
31041669-6	2019	The organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2), transports ALCAR and functions to reabsorb carnitine and acylcarnitines from urine.	Carnitine	19-28	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	44-49
31041669-11	2019	Protection of PDH and OCTN2 after HI would improve energy metabolism in kidney, maintain tissue carnitine levels and overall carnitine homeostasis which is essential for neonatal health.	Carnitine	96-105	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	22-27
31041669-11	2019	Protection of PDH and OCTN2 after HI would improve energy metabolism in kidney, maintain tissue carnitine levels and overall carnitine homeostasis which is essential for neonatal health.	Carnitine	125-134	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	22-27
31369185-7	2019	In addition, at the end of the trial, LC supplementation significantly decreased serum BMP4 (p = .003), OPN (p = .03), and cystatin C (p = .001) levels.	Carnitine	38-40	bone morphogenetic protein 4	Homo sapiens	87-91
31547031-7	2019	Serum triglyceride levels were also lowered by AHR, likely as a result of the upregulating gene involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a, in the liver.	Carnitine	135-144	aryl-hydrocarbon receptor	Mus musculus	47-50
31255604-8	2019	Our results indicated that L-carnitine supplementation has a non-significant effect on Apo B100 (mean difference (MD): 1.820 mg/dl; 95% CI: -3.367 to 7.006, p = 0.492) and Apo AI (MD: -0.119 mg/dl; 95% CI: -4.425 to 4.186, p = 0.957).	Carnitine	27-38	apolipoprotein B	Homo sapiens	87-95
31255604-8	2019	Our results indicated that L-carnitine supplementation has a non-significant effect on Apo B100 (mean difference (MD): 1.820 mg/dl; 95% CI: -3.367 to 7.006, p = 0.492) and Apo AI (MD: -0.119 mg/dl; 95% CI: -4.425 to 4.186, p = 0.957).	Carnitine	27-38	apolipoprotein A1	Homo sapiens	172-178
31369185-7	2019	In addition, at the end of the trial, LC supplementation significantly decreased serum BMP4 (p = .003), OPN (p = .03), and cystatin C (p = .001) levels.	Carnitine	38-40	secreted phosphoprotein 1	Homo sapiens	104-107
31369185-7	2019	In addition, at the end of the trial, LC supplementation significantly decreased serum BMP4 (p = .003), OPN (p = .03), and cystatin C (p = .001) levels.	Carnitine	38-40	cystatin C	Homo sapiens	123-133
31369185-10	2019	These findings indicate that LC supplementation significantly leads to favorable changes in OPN, BMP4, and cystatin C in PV patients under corticosteroid therapy.	Carnitine	29-31	secreted phosphoprotein 1	Homo sapiens	92-95
31369185-10	2019	These findings indicate that LC supplementation significantly leads to favorable changes in OPN, BMP4, and cystatin C in PV patients under corticosteroid therapy.	Carnitine	29-31	bone morphogenetic protein 4	Homo sapiens	97-101
31369185-10	2019	These findings indicate that LC supplementation significantly leads to favorable changes in OPN, BMP4, and cystatin C in PV patients under corticosteroid therapy.	Carnitine	29-31	cystatin C	Homo sapiens	107-117
31108048-1	2019	Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency (CACTD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation that occurs due to mutations in the SLC25A20 gene.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	168-176
31599449-0	2019	Effect of levocarnitine on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats via activating Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.	Carnitine	10-23	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	77-81
31599449-6	2019	Furthermore, the impacts of Levocarnitine on the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant responsive element (ARE) signaling pathway and neuronal apoptosis in rats were detected.	Carnitine	28-41	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	85-89
31599449-10	2019	Additionally, in I/R + Levocarnitine group, the protein expressions of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) were significantly up-regulated, whereas cleaved Caspase-3 (c-Caspase-3) was notably down-regulated.	Carnitine	23-36	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	71-75
31599449-10	2019	Additionally, in I/R + Levocarnitine group, the protein expressions of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) were significantly up-regulated, whereas cleaved Caspase-3 (c-Caspase-3) was notably down-regulated.	Carnitine	23-36	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	77-93
31599449-10	2019	Additionally, in I/R + Levocarnitine group, the protein expressions of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) were significantly up-regulated, whereas cleaved Caspase-3 (c-Caspase-3) was notably down-regulated.	Carnitine	23-36	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	106-123
31599449-10	2019	Additionally, in I/R + Levocarnitine group, the protein expressions of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) were significantly up-regulated, whereas cleaved Caspase-3 (c-Caspase-3) was notably down-regulated.	Carnitine	23-36	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	125-130
31599449-12	2019	CONCLUSIONS: Levocarnitine alleviates brain injury and neuronal apoptosis in cerebral I/R rats by activating the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.	Carnitine	13-26	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	113-117
31364285-1	2019	BACKGROUND: Primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of carnitine transportation caused by mutations in the SLC22A5 that lead to low serum carnitine levels and decreased intracellular carnitine accumulation.	Carnitine	20-29	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	137-144
31001634-0	2019	The capability of L-carnitine-mediated antioxidant on cock during aging: evidence for the improved semen quality and enhanced testicular expressions of GnRH1, GnRHR, and melatonin receptors MT 1/2.	Carnitine	18-29	gonadotropin releasing hormone 1	Homo sapiens	152-157
31001634-0	2019	The capability of L-carnitine-mediated antioxidant on cock during aging: evidence for the improved semen quality and enhanced testicular expressions of GnRH1, GnRHR, and melatonin receptors MT 1/2.	Carnitine	18-29	gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor	Homo sapiens	159-164
30957255-2	2019	Confirmation diagnostics are mostly based on molecular sequencing of the CPT2 gene, especially to distinguish CPT2 and carnitine:aclycarnitine translocase deficiencies, which present with identical acylcarnitine profiles on newborn screening (NBS).	Carnitine	119-128	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	73-77
31364285-1	2019	BACKGROUND: Primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of carnitine transportation caused by mutations in the SLC22A5 that lead to low serum carnitine levels and decreased intracellular carnitine accumulation.	Carnitine	85-94	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	137-144
31364285-1	2019	BACKGROUND: Primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of carnitine transportation caused by mutations in the SLC22A5 that lead to low serum carnitine levels and decreased intracellular carnitine accumulation.	Carnitine	85-94	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	137-144
31450550-1	2019	l-carnitine is an important co-factor in fatty-acid metabolism, and its deficiency is associated with insulin resistance, which is independently associated with arterial stiffness.	Carnitine	0-11	insulin	Homo sapiens	102-109
31611746-5	2019	L-carnitine supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (WMD: -4.57; 95 % CI: -6.88, -2.25), insulin (WMD: -1.21; 95 % CI: -1.85, -0.57), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD: -0.67; 95 % CI: -0.90, -0.44) and HbA1C concentrations (WMD: -0.30; 95 % CI: -0.47, -0.13).	Carnitine	0-11	insulin	Homo sapiens	133-140
31611746-5	2019	L-carnitine supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (WMD: -4.57; 95 % CI: -6.88, -2.25), insulin (WMD: -1.21; 95 % CI: -1.85, -0.57), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD: -0.67; 95 % CI: -0.90, -0.44) and HbA1C concentrations (WMD: -0.30; 95 % CI: -0.47, -0.13).	Carnitine	0-11	insulin	Homo sapiens	211-218
31611746-6	2019	L-Carnitine supplementation significantly reduced FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c levels.	Carnitine	0-11	insulin	Homo sapiens	55-62
31394757-4	2019	Uptake inhibition was more pronounced by OCTN2 modulators, such as l-Carnitine and verapamil, in ATI-like primary epithelial cells compared to NCl-H441 and Calu-3 epithelial cells.	Carnitine	67-78	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	41-46
30644033-0	2019	Carnitine Supplementation Attenuates Sunitinib-Induced Inhibition of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Downstream Signals in Cardiac Tissues.	Carnitine	0-9	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Rattus norvegicus	69-97
30915521-2	2019	Our aim in this meta-analysis was to determine the effect of L-carnitine on inflammatory mediators including C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-6 (IL-6).	Carnitine	61-72	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	109-127
30915521-10	2019	The results of the meta-analysis indicated that L-carnitine supplementation was significantly associated with lower levels of CRP in comparison to controls (WMD = -1.23 mg/L; 95% CI: -1.73, -0.72 mg/dL; P &lt; 0.0001).	Carnitine	48-59	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	126-129
31360336-1	2019	Background: This study was performed to evaluate the effects of carnitine administration on carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and inflammatory markers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).	Carnitine	64-73	CIMT	Homo sapiens	124-128
30806102-9	2019	l-Carnitine may act synergistically with metformin for improvement of reproductive performance, insulin resistance, and lipid profile in clomiphene-resistant obese PCOS women.	Carnitine	0-11	insulin	Homo sapiens	96-103
30637725-5	2019	In several preclinical and clinical studies as well as meta-analyses, natural products, including l-carnitine, coenzyme Q 10 , and xuezhikang were shown to significantly decrease Lp(a) levels in patients with Lp(a) hyperlipoproteinemia.	Carnitine	98-109	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	179-184
30637725-5	2019	In several preclinical and clinical studies as well as meta-analyses, natural products, including l-carnitine, coenzyme Q 10 , and xuezhikang were shown to significantly decrease Lp(a) levels in patients with Lp(a) hyperlipoproteinemia.	Carnitine	98-109	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	209-214
31279622-12	2019	End concentrations of C6-, C12:1-, C12-, C14:1-, C14-, C16:1-, C16- and C18:1-carnitine were significantly lower in children &gt;=85 months compared to younger children.	Carnitine	78-87	Bardet-Biedl syndrome 9	Homo sapiens	72-75
31337282-12	2019	VK2809 also increased the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT1alpha) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), as well as mitochondrial biogenesis to promote mitochondrial beta-oxidation.	Carnitine	40-49	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a, liver	Mus musculus	75-84
30418544-11	2019	We, thus, studied the therapeutic potential of OCTN2 (Organic Cation/Carnitine Transporter 2), an important factor for carnitine transportation.	Carnitine	119-128	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	47-52
30418544-11	2019	We, thus, studied the therapeutic potential of OCTN2 (Organic Cation/Carnitine Transporter 2), an important factor for carnitine transportation.	Carnitine	119-128	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	54-92
30278111-1	2019	BACKGROUND AND AIM: L-carnitine (L-CA) has been used therapeutically to treat hepatic encephalopathy with hyperammonemia, but the mechanism by which L-CA contributes to ammonia detoxification in the brain is still unclear.	Carnitine	20-31	protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C	Homo sapiens	33-37
30278111-1	2019	BACKGROUND AND AIM: L-carnitine (L-CA) has been used therapeutically to treat hepatic encephalopathy with hyperammonemia, but the mechanism by which L-CA contributes to ammonia detoxification in the brain is still unclear.	Carnitine	20-31	protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C	Homo sapiens	149-153
31200524-1	2019	Systemic primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) is a genetic disorder caused by decreased or absent organic cation transporter type 2 (OCTN2) carnitine transporter activity, resulting in low serum carnitine levels and decreased carnitine accumulation inside cells.	Carnitine	17-26	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	131-136
31200524-1	2019	Systemic primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) is a genetic disorder caused by decreased or absent organic cation transporter type 2 (OCTN2) carnitine transporter activity, resulting in low serum carnitine levels and decreased carnitine accumulation inside cells.	Carnitine	138-147	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	131-136
31308847-6	2019	Treatment with the PPARalpha agonist was associated with higher liver mass relative to body weight (liver index), lower plasma, and hepatic total cholesterol, as well as lower plasma carnitine and acylcarnitines, compared with control.	Carnitine	183-192	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	19-28
31579338-2	2019	The present study aimed to examine the possible effects of polymorphisms in CPT1B and CPT2 (CPT1B G320D, S427C, c.282-18 C>T, and p.E531K, and CPT2 V368I) on the plasma concentration of carnitine in humans.	Carnitine	186-195	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	76-81
31579338-2	2019	The present study aimed to examine the possible effects of polymorphisms in CPT1B and CPT2 (CPT1B G320D, S427C, c.282-18 C>T, and p.E531K, and CPT2 V368I) on the plasma concentration of carnitine in humans.	Carnitine	186-195	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	86-90
30994244-6	2019	The expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) genes was decreased in the SO groups with l-carnitine compared to that of the other dietary treatments.	Carnitine	86-97	fatty acid synthase	Homo sapiens	18-37
30994244-6	2019	The expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) genes was decreased in the SO groups with l-carnitine compared to that of the other dietary treatments.	Carnitine	86-97	fatty acid synthase	Homo sapiens	39-42
31360336-8	2019	Conclusions: Overall, carnitine administration for 12 weeks to participants with PCOS had beneficial effects on CIMT and plasma NO, but did not affect serum hs-CRP levels.	Carnitine	22-31	CIMT	Homo sapiens	112-116
30670496-0	2019	L-Carnitine-Mediated Tumor Cell Protection and Poor Patient Survival Associated with OCTN2 Overexpression in Glioblastoma Multiforme.	Carnitine	0-11	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	85-90
30571144-7	2019	Genetic deletion of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (Cpt1a), a rate-limiting enzyme for carnitine shuttle, further augmented O2/rec-induced apoptosis.	Carnitine	20-29	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a, liver	Mus musculus	55-60
30918014-0	2019	Maternal Plasma l-Carnitine Reduction During Pregnancy Is Mainly Attributed to OCTN2-Mediated Placental Uptake and Does Not Result in Maternal Hepatic Fatty Acid beta-Oxidation Decline.	Carnitine	16-27	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	79-84
30917915-2	2019	Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) is an acetyl ester of L-carnitine that easily crosses the blood-brain barrier and was recently found to be decreased in patients with major depressive disorder.	Carnitine	7-18	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	20-23
30670496-2	2019	Commonly known as crucial factors in energy metabolism, OCTN2 (SLC22A5) and its substrate L-carnitine (LC) are increasingly recognized as actors in cytoprotection.	Carnitine	90-101	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	56-61
30670496-2	2019	Commonly known as crucial factors in energy metabolism, OCTN2 (SLC22A5) and its substrate L-carnitine (LC) are increasingly recognized as actors in cytoprotection.	Carnitine	90-101	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	63-70
30670496-2	2019	Commonly known as crucial factors in energy metabolism, OCTN2 (SLC22A5) and its substrate L-carnitine (LC) are increasingly recognized as actors in cytoprotection.	Carnitine	64-66	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	56-61
31035375-5	2019	Given the efficacy of carnitine in the treatment of male infertility, a topic that merits further investigation is its role in the treatment of infertile patients with DM1.	Carnitine	22-31	immunoglobulin heavy diversity 1-7	Homo sapiens	168-171
30735773-6	2019	Recombinant protein rCPT1A showed catalytic activity, with Michaelis constant (km) ( 1.38 mM) and maximal reaction rates (Vmax) for carnitine ( 12.66 nmols/min/mg protein).	Carnitine	132-141	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Rattus norvegicus	20-26
31035375-7	2019	To investigate the efficacy of carnitines for the treatment of asthenozoospermia in DM1 patients.	Carnitine	31-41	immunoglobulin heavy diversity 1-7	Homo sapiens	84-87
30898847-2	2019	The first step in carnitine biosynthesis is catalyzed by trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH), a non-heme Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenase, which catalyzes the stereospecific hydroxylation of (2S)-N epsilon-trimethyllysine to (2S,3S)-3-hydroxy-N epsilon-trimethyllysine.	Carnitine	18-27	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	57-84
30898847-2	2019	The first step in carnitine biosynthesis is catalyzed by trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH), a non-heme Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenase, which catalyzes the stereospecific hydroxylation of (2S)-N epsilon-trimethyllysine to (2S,3S)-3-hydroxy-N epsilon-trimethyllysine.	Carnitine	18-27	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	86-90
30519860-0	2019	L-Carnitine inhibits the senescence-associated secretory phenotype of aging adipose tissue by JNK/p53 pathway.	Carnitine	0-11	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Rattus norvegicus	94-97
30519860-0	2019	L-Carnitine inhibits the senescence-associated secretory phenotype of aging adipose tissue by JNK/p53 pathway.	Carnitine	0-11	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	98-101
30519860-3	2019	In this study, we investigated the effects of L-carnitine, an inhibitor of the JNK/p53 pathway in adipose tissue SASP and dysfunction.	Carnitine	46-57	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Rattus norvegicus	79-82
30519860-3	2019	In this study, we investigated the effects of L-carnitine, an inhibitor of the JNK/p53 pathway in adipose tissue SASP and dysfunction.	Carnitine	46-57	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	83-86
30519860-11	2019	Further, L-carnitine inhibited SASP by inhibiting JNK/p53 pathway.	Carnitine	9-20	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Rattus norvegicus	50-53
30519860-11	2019	Further, L-carnitine inhibited SASP by inhibiting JNK/p53 pathway.	Carnitine	9-20	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	54-57
30519860-12	2019	L-Carnitine inhibited SASP by JNK/p53 pathway and attenuated adipose tissue dysfunction of aging.	Carnitine	0-11	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Rattus norvegicus	30-33
30519860-12	2019	L-Carnitine inhibited SASP by JNK/p53 pathway and attenuated adipose tissue dysfunction of aging.	Carnitine	0-11	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	34-37
30735677-4	2019	Due to limited fetal and placental synthesis, carnitine supply is maintained through the placental carnitine uptake from maternal blood by the organic cation/carnitine transporters OCTN1 and OCTN2 (SLC22A4 and SLC22A5, respectively).	Carnitine	46-55	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	181-186
30735677-6	2019	Studies in choriocarcinoma BeWo cells and human placenta-derived models confirmed predominant expression and function of OCTN2 above OCTN1 in l-carnitine transport.	Carnitine	142-153	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	121-126
30735677-4	2019	Due to limited fetal and placental synthesis, carnitine supply is maintained through the placental carnitine uptake from maternal blood by the organic cation/carnitine transporters OCTN1 and OCTN2 (SLC22A4 and SLC22A5, respectively).	Carnitine	46-55	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	191-196
30735677-7	2019	Subsequent screenings in BeWo cells and isolated MVM vesicles revealed seven antiretroviral drugs as inhibitors of the Na+-dependent l-carnitine uptake, corresponding to OCTN2.	Carnitine	133-144	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	170-175
30735677-4	2019	Due to limited fetal and placental synthesis, carnitine supply is maintained through the placental carnitine uptake from maternal blood by the organic cation/carnitine transporters OCTN1 and OCTN2 (SLC22A4 and SLC22A5, respectively).	Carnitine	46-55	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	198-205
30735677-4	2019	Due to limited fetal and placental synthesis, carnitine supply is maintained through the placental carnitine uptake from maternal blood by the organic cation/carnitine transporters OCTN1 and OCTN2 (SLC22A4 and SLC22A5, respectively).	Carnitine	46-55	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	210-217
30735677-4	2019	Due to limited fetal and placental synthesis, carnitine supply is maintained through the placental carnitine uptake from maternal blood by the organic cation/carnitine transporters OCTN1 and OCTN2 (SLC22A4 and SLC22A5, respectively).	Carnitine	99-108	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	181-186
30735677-4	2019	Due to limited fetal and placental synthesis, carnitine supply is maintained through the placental carnitine uptake from maternal blood by the organic cation/carnitine transporters OCTN1 and OCTN2 (SLC22A4 and SLC22A5, respectively).	Carnitine	99-108	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	191-196
30735677-4	2019	Due to limited fetal and placental synthesis, carnitine supply is maintained through the placental carnitine uptake from maternal blood by the organic cation/carnitine transporters OCTN1 and OCTN2 (SLC22A4 and SLC22A5, respectively).	Carnitine	99-108	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	198-205
30735677-4	2019	Due to limited fetal and placental synthesis, carnitine supply is maintained through the placental carnitine uptake from maternal blood by the organic cation/carnitine transporters OCTN1 and OCTN2 (SLC22A4 and SLC22A5, respectively).	Carnitine	99-108	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	210-217
30635360-5	2019	In contrast, CPT-I sensitivity to l-carnitine was only altered following HI, as HI exercise attenuated l-carnitine sensitivity by ~40%.	Carnitine	34-45	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	13-18
30972022-6	2019	Results: Serum L-carnitine level was positively correlated with serum triglyceride (TG), serum insulin, IR in males with normal fasting glucose (p &lt; 0.05 for all) and positively correlated with only serum TG (p &lt; 0.05) in those with hyperglycemia.	Carnitine	15-26	insulin	Homo sapiens	95-102
30972022-7	2019	In females, significant positive correlations were identified between serum L-carnitine level with obesity, serum total cholesterol, glucose, insulin, and IR in those with normal fasting glucose level (p &lt; 0.05 for all), while none was found in those with hyperglycemia.	Carnitine	76-87	insulin	Homo sapiens	142-149
30663479-9	2019	It is noteworthy that acetyl-l-carnitine (ALCAR) (p = 6.79E - 04) and l-carnitine (p = 1.43E - 03) were identified with minimal p values, the relationship between the two counter-balance was regulated by acetyltransferase (crata).	Carnitine	29-40	carnitine O-acetyltransferase a	Danio rerio	223-228
30635360-0	2019	High intensity exercise inhibits carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I sensitivity to l-carnitine.	Carnitine	81-92	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	33-65
30971884-11	2019	In addition, combined administration of levocarnitine and AlCl3 significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lowered the MDA, AOPP, GSH and NO levels in mice.	Carnitine	40-53	peroxiredoxin 5	Mus musculus	109-113
30835597-6	2019	Moreover, carnitine and chromium co-supplementation upregulated gene expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) (p = 0.02) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) (p = 0.02) compared with the placebo.	Carnitine	10-19	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	83-96
30835597-6	2019	Moreover, carnitine and chromium co-supplementation upregulated gene expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) (p = 0.02) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) (p = 0.02) compared with the placebo.	Carnitine	10-19	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	98-102
30835597-6	2019	Moreover, carnitine and chromium co-supplementation upregulated gene expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) (p = 0.02) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) (p = 0.02) compared with the placebo.	Carnitine	10-19	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	119-146
30835597-6	2019	Moreover, carnitine and chromium co-supplementation upregulated gene expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) (p = 0.02) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) (p = 0.02) compared with the placebo.	Carnitine	10-19	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	148-157
30835597-7	2019	CONCLUSION: Overall, the co-administration of carnitine and chromium for 12 weeks to women with PCOS had beneficial effects on mental health parameters, serum total testosterone, mF-G scores, hs-CRP, TAC and MDA levels, and gene expression of IL-6 and TNF-alpha.	Carnitine	46-55	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	243-247
30835597-7	2019	CONCLUSION: Overall, the co-administration of carnitine and chromium for 12 weeks to women with PCOS had beneficial effects on mental health parameters, serum total testosterone, mF-G scores, hs-CRP, TAC and MDA levels, and gene expression of IL-6 and TNF-alpha.	Carnitine	46-55	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	252-261
30540494-3	2019	Depletion of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)2 activity through pharmacological inhibition or knockout (KO) uncovered a significant residual peroxisomal oxidation of lauric and palmitic acid, leading to the production of peroxisomal acylcarnitine intermediates.	Carnitine	13-22	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	45-50
30863740-1	2019	Background: Primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) is attributed to a variation in the SLC22A5 (OCTN2) gene which encodes the key protein of the carnitine cycle, the OCTN2 carnitine transporter.	Carnitine	20-29	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	83-90
30863740-1	2019	Background: Primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) is attributed to a variation in the SLC22A5 (OCTN2) gene which encodes the key protein of the carnitine cycle, the OCTN2 carnitine transporter.	Carnitine	20-29	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	92-97
30863740-1	2019	Background: Primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) is attributed to a variation in the SLC22A5 (OCTN2) gene which encodes the key protein of the carnitine cycle, the OCTN2 carnitine transporter.	Carnitine	20-29	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	162-167
30635360-5	2019	In contrast, CPT-I sensitivity to l-carnitine was only altered following HI, as HI exercise attenuated l-carnitine sensitivity by ~40%.	Carnitine	103-114	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	13-18
30635360-6	2019	Moreover, modeling the in vivo concentrations of l-carnitine and P-CoA during exercise suggests that CPT-I flux is ~25% lower following HI, attributed equally to reductions in l-carnitine content and l-carnitine sensitivity.	Carnitine	49-60	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	101-106
30635360-6	2019	Moreover, modeling the in vivo concentrations of l-carnitine and P-CoA during exercise suggests that CPT-I flux is ~25% lower following HI, attributed equally to reductions in l-carnitine content and l-carnitine sensitivity.	Carnitine	176-187	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	101-106
30635360-6	2019	Moreover, modeling the in vivo concentrations of l-carnitine and P-CoA during exercise suggests that CPT-I flux is ~25% lower following HI, attributed equally to reductions in l-carnitine content and l-carnitine sensitivity.	Carnitine	176-187	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	101-106
30635360-7	2019	Altogether, these data further implicate CPT-I flux as a key event influencing metabolic interactions during exercise, as a decline in l-carnitine sensitivity in addition to availability at higher power outputs could impair mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation.	Carnitine	135-146	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	41-46
29860242-5	2019	RESULTS: Greater decreases in choline and L-carnitine were significantly (p&lt;0.05) associated with greater improvements in fasting insulin concentrations and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) at 6 months.	Carnitine	42-53	insulin	Homo sapiens	133-140
29860242-5	2019	RESULTS: Greater decreases in choline and L-carnitine were significantly (p&lt;0.05) associated with greater improvements in fasting insulin concentrations and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) at 6 months.	Carnitine	42-53	insulin	Homo sapiens	192-199
29860242-10	2019	CONCLUSION: Our findings underscore the importance of changes in TMAO, choline and L-carnitine in improving insulin sensitivity during a weight-loss intervention for obese patients.	Carnitine	83-94	insulin	Homo sapiens	108-115
31039949-11	2019	In the PCOS+l-carnitine group, serum concentrations of FSH and FRAP increased significantly, whereas there were significant decreases in serum concentrations of testosterone, LH, MDA, IL-6 and TNF-alpha, as well as in the percentage of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells, compared with the PCOS group.	Carnitine	12-23	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	184-188
30401918-7	2019	Although L-carnitine therapy for VLCAD/TFP deficiency has been controversial, supplementation with L-carnitine may be accepted for CPT2/CACT and multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencies.	Carnitine	99-110	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	131-135
30401918-7	2019	Although L-carnitine therapy for VLCAD/TFP deficiency has been controversial, supplementation with L-carnitine may be accepted for CPT2/CACT and multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencies.	Carnitine	99-110	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	136-140
30800672-11	2019	Additionally, L-C induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT and the main kinases involved in osteoblastic differentiation and upregulated the expression of osteogenic related genes, RUNX2, osterix (OSX), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN) as well as OPN protein synthesis, suggesting that L-C exerts a positive modulation of key osteogenic factors.	Carnitine	14-17	mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	Homo sapiens	49-55
30800672-11	2019	Additionally, L-C induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT and the main kinases involved in osteoblastic differentiation and upregulated the expression of osteogenic related genes, RUNX2, osterix (OSX), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN) as well as OPN protein synthesis, suggesting that L-C exerts a positive modulation of key osteogenic factors.	Carnitine	14-17	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	60-63
30800672-11	2019	Additionally, L-C induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT and the main kinases involved in osteoblastic differentiation and upregulated the expression of osteogenic related genes, RUNX2, osterix (OSX), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN) as well as OPN protein synthesis, suggesting that L-C exerts a positive modulation of key osteogenic factors.	Carnitine	14-17	RUNX family transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	186-191
30800672-11	2019	Additionally, L-C induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT and the main kinases involved in osteoblastic differentiation and upregulated the expression of osteogenic related genes, RUNX2, osterix (OSX), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN) as well as OPN protein synthesis, suggesting that L-C exerts a positive modulation of key osteogenic factors.	Carnitine	14-17	Sp7 transcription factor	Homo sapiens	193-200
30800672-11	2019	Additionally, L-C induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT and the main kinases involved in osteoblastic differentiation and upregulated the expression of osteogenic related genes, RUNX2, osterix (OSX), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN) as well as OPN protein synthesis, suggesting that L-C exerts a positive modulation of key osteogenic factors.	Carnitine	14-17	Sp7 transcription factor	Homo sapiens	202-205
30800672-11	2019	Additionally, L-C induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT and the main kinases involved in osteoblastic differentiation and upregulated the expression of osteogenic related genes, RUNX2, osterix (OSX), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN) as well as OPN protein synthesis, suggesting that L-C exerts a positive modulation of key osteogenic factors.	Carnitine	14-17	integrin binding sialoprotein	Homo sapiens	208-225
30800672-11	2019	Additionally, L-C induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT and the main kinases involved in osteoblastic differentiation and upregulated the expression of osteogenic related genes, RUNX2, osterix (OSX), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN) as well as OPN protein synthesis, suggesting that L-C exerts a positive modulation of key osteogenic factors.	Carnitine	14-17	integrin binding sialoprotein	Homo sapiens	227-230
30800672-11	2019	Additionally, L-C induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT and the main kinases involved in osteoblastic differentiation and upregulated the expression of osteogenic related genes, RUNX2, osterix (OSX), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN) as well as OPN protein synthesis, suggesting that L-C exerts a positive modulation of key osteogenic factors.	Carnitine	14-17	secreted phosphoprotein 1	Homo sapiens	237-248
30800672-11	2019	Additionally, L-C induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT and the main kinases involved in osteoblastic differentiation and upregulated the expression of osteogenic related genes, RUNX2, osterix (OSX), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN) as well as OPN protein synthesis, suggesting that L-C exerts a positive modulation of key osteogenic factors.	Carnitine	14-17	secreted phosphoprotein 1	Homo sapiens	250-253
30800672-11	2019	Additionally, L-C induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT and the main kinases involved in osteoblastic differentiation and upregulated the expression of osteogenic related genes, RUNX2, osterix (OSX), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN) as well as OPN protein synthesis, suggesting that L-C exerts a positive modulation of key osteogenic factors.	Carnitine	14-17	secreted phosphoprotein 1	Homo sapiens	266-269
30106462-6	2019	RESULTS: Treating rats with vitamin E and L-carnitine could alleviate ISO-induced changes as it significantly reduced the serum level cardiac enzymes, MDA and IL-6, TNF-a and improved the antioxidants enzymes (SOD, GSPxase and GSRase).	Carnitine	42-53	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	159-163
30106462-6	2019	RESULTS: Treating rats with vitamin E and L-carnitine could alleviate ISO-induced changes as it significantly reduced the serum level cardiac enzymes, MDA and IL-6, TNF-a and improved the antioxidants enzymes (SOD, GSPxase and GSRase).	Carnitine	42-53	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	165-170
30431101-0	2019	L-carnitine ameliorates peripheral neuropathy in diabetic mice with a corresponding increase in insulin-like growth factor-1 level.	Carnitine	0-11	insulin-like growth factor 1	Mus musculus	96-124
30431101-7	2019	When diabetic mice were treated with LC, the levels of IGF-1 in the plasma and pancreas were increased.	Carnitine	37-39	insulin-like growth factor 1	Mus musculus	55-60
30858625-2	2019	An important component of the carnitine system is the plasma membrane carnitine transporters, also called organic cation transporters, i.e. OCTN1 and OCTN2 encoded by the SLC22A4 and SLC22A5 genes, respectively.	Carnitine	30-39	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	140-145
30858625-2	2019	An important component of the carnitine system is the plasma membrane carnitine transporters, also called organic cation transporters, i.e. OCTN1 and OCTN2 encoded by the SLC22A4 and SLC22A5 genes, respectively.	Carnitine	30-39	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	150-155
30858625-2	2019	An important component of the carnitine system is the plasma membrane carnitine transporters, also called organic cation transporters, i.e. OCTN1 and OCTN2 encoded by the SLC22A4 and SLC22A5 genes, respectively.	Carnitine	30-39	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	171-178
30858625-2	2019	An important component of the carnitine system is the plasma membrane carnitine transporters, also called organic cation transporters, i.e. OCTN1 and OCTN2 encoded by the SLC22A4 and SLC22A5 genes, respectively.	Carnitine	30-39	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	183-190
30523710-3	2019	OCTN2 plays a crucial role in the absorption of carnitine from diet and in its distribution to tissues, as demonstrated by the occurrence of severe pathologies caused by malfunctioning or altered expression of this transporter.	Carnitine	48-57	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	0-5
30523710-5	2019	Other roles of OCTN2 are related to the traffic of carnitine derivatives in many tissues.	Carnitine	51-60	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	15-20
30641691-0	2019	Comparative study to evaluate the effect of l-carnitine plus glimepiride versus glimepiride alone on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients.	Carnitine	44-55	insulin	Homo sapiens	101-108
30641691-7	2019	RESULTS: The obtained data suggested that adding l-carnitine to glimepiride has a significantly beneficial effect on FBG, PPBG, HbA1c, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR index, IRAPe, TNF-alpha, visfatin and lipid panel parameters but doesn"t have effect on BMI and blood pressure.	Carnitine	49-60	insulin	Homo sapiens	143-150
30641691-7	2019	RESULTS: The obtained data suggested that adding l-carnitine to glimepiride has a significantly beneficial effect on FBG, PPBG, HbA1c, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR index, IRAPe, TNF-alpha, visfatin and lipid panel parameters but doesn"t have effect on BMI and blood pressure.	Carnitine	49-60	leucyl and cystinyl aminopeptidase	Homo sapiens	167-172
30641691-7	2019	RESULTS: The obtained data suggested that adding l-carnitine to glimepiride has a significantly beneficial effect on FBG, PPBG, HbA1c, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR index, IRAPe, TNF-alpha, visfatin and lipid panel parameters but doesn"t have effect on BMI and blood pressure.	Carnitine	49-60	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	174-183
30641691-7	2019	RESULTS: The obtained data suggested that adding l-carnitine to glimepiride has a significantly beneficial effect on FBG, PPBG, HbA1c, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR index, IRAPe, TNF-alpha, visfatin and lipid panel parameters but doesn"t have effect on BMI and blood pressure.	Carnitine	49-60	nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens	185-193
30641691-8	2019	CONCLUSION: The co-administration of l-carnitine with glimepiride represents a new therapeutic strategy for better controlling diabetic patients as it resulted in more beneficial effects on direct and indirect biomarkers of insulin resistance than glimepiride alone.	Carnitine	37-48	insulin	Homo sapiens	224-231
30605289-5	2018	In contrast, caspase 3/7 level was increased but GU was decreased in erythrocytes treated with 100 microg/mL of L-CAR when compared to the control.	Carnitine	112-117	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	13-22
31155524-9	2019	The carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4 is expressed at much higher levels in neural stem cells compared with other OCTs, and promotes their differentiation into neurons through the uptake of the food-derived hydrophilic antioxidant ergothioneine after oral administration.	Carnitine	4-13	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	41-46
31155524-9	2019	The carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4 is expressed at much higher levels in neural stem cells compared with other OCTs, and promotes their differentiation into neurons through the uptake of the food-derived hydrophilic antioxidant ergothioneine after oral administration.	Carnitine	4-13	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	47-54
28974108-0	2018	L-Carnitine-conjugated nanoparticles to promote permeation across blood-brain barrier and to target glioma cells for drug delivery via the novel organic cation/carnitine transporter OCTN2.	Carnitine	0-11	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	182-187
28974108-2	2018	By taking advantage of the specific expression of Na+-coupled carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2) on both brain capillary endothelial cells and glioma cells, l-carnitine conjugated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (LC-PLGA NPs) were prepared to enable enhanced BBB permeation and glioma-cell targeting.	Carnitine	154-165	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	87-92
28974108-4	2018	The uptake was dependent on Na+ and inhibited by the excessive free l-carnitine, suggesting involvement of OCTN2 in the process.	Carnitine	68-79	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	107-112
28974108-8	2018	We conclude that l-carnitine-mediated cellular recognition and internalization via OCTN2 significantly facilitate the transcytosis of nanoparticles across BBB and the uptake of nanoparticles in glioma cells, resulting in improved anti-glioma efficacy.	Carnitine	17-28	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	83-88
30219858-9	2018	Results: Total fatty acid oxidation rate was higher in patients with l-carnitine treatment during exercise than without treatment [12.3 (SD, 3.7) vs 8.5 (SD, 4.6) micromol x kg-1 x min-1; P = 0.008].	Carnitine	69-80	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	181-186
30219858-10	2018	However, the fatty acid oxidation rate was still lower in patients treated with l-carnitine than in the healthy controls [29.5 (SD, 10.1) micromol x kg-1 x min-1; P &lt; 0.001] and in the l-carnitine group without treatment it was less than one third of that in the healthy controls (P &lt; 0.001).	Carnitine	80-91	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	156-161
31233687-15	2019	The biomarkers of the immunotropic effect of L-carnitine and coenzyme Q10 are a decrease in the expression of the apoptotic marker CD95/Fas on peripheral blood lymphocytes and suppression of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines synthesized by Th1-lymphocytes with switching the response to humoral immunity.	Carnitine	45-56	Fas cell surface death receptor	Homo sapiens	131-135
30433876-12	2018	Insulin resistance was not related to lipid phenotypes, but to Apo B levels and carnitine levels.	Carnitine	80-89	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
29677453-0	2018	l-Carnitine-induced amelioration of HFD-induced hepatic dysfunction is accompanied by a reduction in hepatic TNF-alpha and TGF-beta1.	Carnitine	0-11	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	109-118
29677453-0	2018	l-Carnitine-induced amelioration of HFD-induced hepatic dysfunction is accompanied by a reduction in hepatic TNF-alpha and TGF-beta1.	Carnitine	0-11	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	123-132
29677453-15	2018	This study indicated that l-carnitine had protective and curative effects against HFD-induced hepatosteatosis by reducing hepatic oxidative stress and protein expression of TNF-alpha and TGF-beta1.	Carnitine	26-37	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	173-182
29677453-15	2018	This study indicated that l-carnitine had protective and curative effects against HFD-induced hepatosteatosis by reducing hepatic oxidative stress and protein expression of TNF-alpha and TGF-beta1.	Carnitine	26-37	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	187-196
30290084-9	2018	CONCLUSIONS: The high-fat diet induces patent changes in carnitine and lipid metabolism in adipose tissue.	Carnitine	57-66	WD and tetratricopeptide repeats 1	Mus musculus	91-98
30441777-4	2018	The host-guest mechanism between PP5 and L-carnitine was studied by 1H NMR and molecular docking, indicating that more affinity binding force of CP5 with L-carnitine.	Carnitine	41-52	protein phosphatase 5 catalytic subunit	Homo sapiens	33-36
30098466-6	2018	The complete microsystem, consisting of a packaged chip, an immobilized enzyme and a microfluidic channel, detected L-carnitine at a range of 0.2-100 muM with a LOD of 0.2 muM.	Carnitine	116-127	latexin	Homo sapiens	150-153
30098466-6	2018	The complete microsystem, consisting of a packaged chip, an immobilized enzyme and a microfluidic channel, detected L-carnitine at a range of 0.2-100 muM with a LOD of 0.2 muM.	Carnitine	116-127	latexin	Homo sapiens	172-175
30098466-7	2018	The biosensor response was linear in the range of 0.2-50 muM of L-carnitine with sensitivity 18.0 +- 1.7 mV/muM.	Carnitine	64-75	latexin	Homo sapiens	57-60
30098466-7	2018	The biosensor response was linear in the range of 0.2-50 muM of L-carnitine with sensitivity 18.0 +- 1.7 mV/muM.	Carnitine	64-75	latexin	Homo sapiens	108-111
30098466-8	2018	An experiment with artificial urine containing 1.3 muM L-carnitine showed that the proposed biosensor could be used on a real sample.	Carnitine	55-66	latexin	Homo sapiens	51-54
32212483-0	2018	[L-carnitine improves sperm acrosin activity in male infertility patients].	Carnitine	1-12	acrosin	Homo sapiens	28-35
32212483-1	2018	Objective: To evaluate the effect of L-carnitine (LC) on low sperm acrosin activity in infertile man.	Carnitine	37-48	acrosin	Homo sapiens	67-74
32212483-1	2018	Objective: To evaluate the effect of L-carnitine (LC) on low sperm acrosin activity in infertile man.	Carnitine	50-52	acrosin	Homo sapiens	67-74
32212483-10	2018	CONCLUSIONS: L-carnitine can effectively elevate sperm acrosin activity in male infertility patients, particularly in those with asthenozoospermia.	Carnitine	13-24	acrosin	Homo sapiens	55-62
30441777-4	2018	The host-guest mechanism between PP5 and L-carnitine was studied by 1H NMR and molecular docking, indicating that more affinity binding force of CP5 with L-carnitine.	Carnitine	154-165	protein phosphatase 5 catalytic subunit	Homo sapiens	33-36
30424791-14	2018	CONCLUSION: This case report extends the spectrum of ETFDH mutations in MADD, providing further evidence that patients presenting at least one missense mutation in the FAD-binding domain may respond to either carnitine or riboflavin treatment, due to the recovery of some enzymatic activity.	Carnitine	209-218	electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	53-58
30280275-1	2018	PURPOSE: Solute carrier SLC22A4 encodes the carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1 and is associated with inflammatory bowel disease, although little is known about how this gene is linked to pathogenesis.	Carnitine	44-53	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	24-31
30256492-0	2018	Improvement of insulin resistance via increase of GLUT4 and PPARgamma in metabolic syndrome-induced rats treated with omega-3 fatty acid or l-carnitine.	Carnitine	140-151	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	50-55
30256492-0	2018	Improvement of insulin resistance via increase of GLUT4 and PPARgamma in metabolic syndrome-induced rats treated with omega-3 fatty acid or l-carnitine.	Carnitine	140-151	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Rattus norvegicus	60-69
30256492-10	2018	CONCLUSION: Omega-3 and l-carnitine improve features of MS via increased GLUT4 and PPARgamma expression.	Carnitine	24-35	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	73-78
30256492-10	2018	CONCLUSION: Omega-3 and l-carnitine improve features of MS via increased GLUT4 and PPARgamma expression.	Carnitine	24-35	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Rattus norvegicus	83-92
30347638-2	2018	Gut microbial metabolism of choline and l-carnitine results in the formation of trimethylamine (TMA) and concomitant conversion into trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) by liver flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3).	Carnitine	40-51	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 3	Homo sapiens	172-194
30347638-2	2018	Gut microbial metabolism of choline and l-carnitine results in the formation of trimethylamine (TMA) and concomitant conversion into trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) by liver flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3).	Carnitine	40-51	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 3	Homo sapiens	196-200
30280275-1	2018	PURPOSE: Solute carrier SLC22A4 encodes the carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1 and is associated with inflammatory bowel disease, although little is known about how this gene is linked to pathogenesis.	Carnitine	44-53	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	81-86
29431566-0	2018	Levocarnitine for asparaginase-induced hepatic injury: a multi-institutional case series and review of the literature.	Carnitine	0-13	asparaginase	Homo sapiens	18-30
29431566-2	2018	Levocarnitine is a mitochondrial co-factor that can potentially ameliorate the mitochondrial toxicity of asparaginase.	Carnitine	0-13	asparaginase	Homo sapiens	105-117
30324111-14	2018	Regarding inflammatory cytokines, genistein and L-carnitine had less effect on TNF-alpha than on IL-6.	Carnitine	48-59	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	79-88
30324111-14	2018	Regarding inflammatory cytokines, genistein and L-carnitine had less effect on TNF-alpha than on IL-6.	Carnitine	48-59	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	97-101
30309499-0	2018	Anti-aging protective effect of L-carnitine as clinical agent in regenerative medicine through increasing telomerase activity and change in the hTERT promoter CpG island methylation status of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells.	Carnitine	32-43	telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens	144-149
30309499-8	2018	In addition, the percentage of senescent cells had significantly decreased and changes in the methylation status of the CpG islands in the hTERT promoter region under treatment with LC were seen.	Carnitine	182-184	telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens	139-144
30213487-4	2018	Placental levels of l-carnitine are reduced to &lt;10% of normal and deficiency of l-carnitine is associated with markedly reduced expression of several growth factors and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) genes.	Carnitine	20-31	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Mus musculus	205-213
30213487-4	2018	Placental levels of l-carnitine are reduced to &lt;10% of normal and deficiency of l-carnitine is associated with markedly reduced expression of several growth factors and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) genes.	Carnitine	83-94	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Mus musculus	205-213
30158657-7	2018	Reduced L-carnitine levels are at least partly mediated by the inhibition of cell membrane carnitine transporter (OCTN2) as evaluated by in silico docking, and by siRNA mediated silencing of OCTN2 in cultured cardiomyocytes.	Carnitine	8-19	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	114-119
30158657-7	2018	Reduced L-carnitine levels are at least partly mediated by the inhibition of cell membrane carnitine transporter (OCTN2) as evaluated by in silico docking, and by siRNA mediated silencing of OCTN2 in cultured cardiomyocytes.	Carnitine	8-19	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	191-196
29812957-7	2018	L-carnitine-treated sows had greater plasma concentrations of triglyceride and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and lesser plasma concentrations of glucose and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP-3) on day 60 of pregnancy (p &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	0-11	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	79-113
29812957-7	2018	L-carnitine-treated sows had greater plasma concentrations of triglyceride and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and lesser plasma concentrations of glucose and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP-3) on day 60 of pregnancy (p &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	0-11	insulin like growth factor binding protein 3	Homo sapiens	183-190
29812957-9	2018	The protein abundance of IGF-1 and IGF-2 in placental chorions was greater in L-carnitine-treated sows compared with control sows (p &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	78-89	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	25-30
29812957-9	2018	The protein abundance of IGF-1 and IGF-2 in placental chorions was greater in L-carnitine-treated sows compared with control sows (p &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	78-89	insulin like growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	35-40
30271477-17	2018	Our patient is a case of MADD presenting as Reye"s syndrome like features and showed excellent response to riboflavin, carnitine, dietary and life style changes.	Carnitine	119-128	MAP kinase activating death domain	Homo sapiens	25-29
30016594-3	2018	OCTN2 is a Na+-dependent high-affinity transporter for L-carnitine and a Na+-independent transporter for organic cations.	Carnitine	55-66	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	0-5
30016594-4	2018	OCTN2 is expressed in the blood-brain barrier, heart, liver, kidney, intestinal tract and placenta and plays an essential role in L-carnitine homeostasis in the body.	Carnitine	130-141	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	0-5
30016594-6	2018	Here we summarize the salient features of OCTN2 in terms of its role in the cellular uptake of its physiological substrate L-carnitine in physiological and pathological context; the structural requirements for recognition and the recent advances in OCTN2-targeted drug delivery systems, including prodrugs and nanoparticles, are discussed.	Carnitine	123-134	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	42-47
29800642-6	2018	l-carnitine exposure alleviated the BMP2-silencing induced changes as well.	Carnitine	0-11	bone morphogenetic protein 2	Gallus gallus	36-40
29800642-10	2018	Protection of BMP2 signaling might contribute to l-carnitine mediated protection against PFOA-induced developmental cardiotoxicity.	Carnitine	49-60	bone morphogenetic protein 2	Gallus gallus	14-18
30111472-0	2018	[Effects of L-carnitine on serum levels of brain natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and cardiac function in children with severe hand-foot-mouth disease].	Carnitine	12-23	natriuretic peptide B	Homo sapiens	43-68
30111472-0	2018	[Effects of L-carnitine on serum levels of brain natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and cardiac function in children with severe hand-foot-mouth disease].	Carnitine	12-23	natriuretic peptide B	Homo sapiens	88-113
30111472-1	2018	OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of L-carnitine treatment on serum levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) and cardiac function in children with heart dysfunction and severe hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD).	Carnitine	37-48	natriuretic peptide B	Homo sapiens	78-103
30111472-1	2018	OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of L-carnitine treatment on serum levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) and cardiac function in children with heart dysfunction and severe hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD).	Carnitine	37-48	natriuretic peptide B	Homo sapiens	105-108
30111472-1	2018	OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of L-carnitine treatment on serum levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) and cardiac function in children with heart dysfunction and severe hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD).	Carnitine	37-48	natriuretic peptide B	Homo sapiens	129-132
30111472-12	2018	CONCLUSIONS: As an adjuvant therapy for severe HFMD, L-carnitine treatment has satisfactory short-term efficacy in reducing the serum levels of BNP and NT-proBNP and improving cardiac function, thus improving clinical outcomes.	Carnitine	53-64	natriuretic peptide B	Homo sapiens	144-147
29538301-0	2018	l-Carnitine Modulates Epileptic Seizures in Pentylenetetrazole-Kindled Rats via Suppression of Apoptosis and Autophagy and Upregulation of Hsp70.	Carnitine	0-11	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	139-144
30149425-11	2018	Protein level of porin was the greatest in myotubes conditioned with the mixture, followed by that of individually treated myotubes with oleate and L-carnitine.	Carnitine	148-159	voltage dependent anion channel 1	Homo sapiens	17-22
29549974-4	2018	We found that either L-carnitine or piracetam can promote gene transfection without reducing cell viability, possibly by reducing cavitation-induced reactive oxygen species generation, reversing alterations of mitochondrial membrane potential, preventing caspase-3/7 activity and facilitating mitochondrial ATP production.	Carnitine	21-32	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	255-264
29904341-0	2018	Medium-Chain Fatty Acids, Beta-Hydroxybutyric Acid and Genetic Modulation of the Carnitine Shuttle Are Protective in a Drosophila Model of ALS Based on TDP-43.	Carnitine	81-90	TAR DNA-binding protein-43 homolog	Drosophila melanogaster	152-158
29904341-8	2018	Our findings indicate that components of the carnitine shuttle are misexpressed in the context of TDP-43 proteinopathy and that genetic modulation of CPT1 or CPT2 expression, two core components of the carnitine shuttle, mitigates TDP-43 dependent locomotor dysfunction, in a variant dependent manner.	Carnitine	45-54	TAR DNA-binding protein-43 homolog	Drosophila melanogaster	98-104
29904341-8	2018	Our findings indicate that components of the carnitine shuttle are misexpressed in the context of TDP-43 proteinopathy and that genetic modulation of CPT1 or CPT2 expression, two core components of the carnitine shuttle, mitigates TDP-43 dependent locomotor dysfunction, in a variant dependent manner.	Carnitine	202-211	withered	Drosophila melanogaster	150-154
29904341-8	2018	Our findings indicate that components of the carnitine shuttle are misexpressed in the context of TDP-43 proteinopathy and that genetic modulation of CPT1 or CPT2 expression, two core components of the carnitine shuttle, mitigates TDP-43 dependent locomotor dysfunction, in a variant dependent manner.	Carnitine	202-211	TAR DNA-binding protein-43 homolog	Drosophila melanogaster	231-237
29943523-8	2018	Carnitine analysis showed that the free carnitine to acylcarnitine ratio (C0/AC ratio) was significantly lower in COPD (0.58 muM/L) compared to the controls (0.73 muM/L; p = 0.002).	Carnitine	40-49	latexin	Homo sapiens	125-128
29499191-0	2018	L-carnitine mitigates UVA-induced skin tissue injury in rats through downregulation of oxidative stress, p38/c-Fos signaling, and the proinflammatory cytokines.	Carnitine	0-11	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	105-108
29499191-0	2018	L-carnitine mitigates UVA-induced skin tissue injury in rats through downregulation of oxidative stress, p38/c-Fos signaling, and the proinflammatory cytokines.	Carnitine	0-11	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	109-114
29499191-7	2018	L-carnitine significantly attenuated UVA-induced elevation of the DNA damage markers 8-oxo-2"-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) as well as decreased DNA fragmentation and the activity of the apoptotic marker caspase-3.	Carnitine	0-11	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	241-250
29499191-9	2018	Interestingly, L-carnitine upregulated the level of the DNA repair protein proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA).	Carnitine	15-26	proliferating cell nuclear antigen	Rattus norvegicus	111-115
29499191-11	2018	Moreover, L-carnitine significantly downregulated the levels of the early response proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta.	Carnitine	10-21	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	109-118
29499191-11	2018	Moreover, L-carnitine significantly downregulated the levels of the early response proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta.	Carnitine	10-21	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	120-124
29499191-11	2018	Moreover, L-carnitine significantly downregulated the levels of the early response proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta.	Carnitine	10-21	interleukin 1 beta	Rattus norvegicus	130-138
28982550-12	2018	Inflammation as measured by CRP was also reduced in the carnitine group, compared with the control group.	Carnitine	56-65	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	28-31
29453657-0	2018	The effect of L-carnitine supplementation on serum leptin concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.	Carnitine	14-25	leptin	Homo sapiens	51-57
29453657-1	2018	PURPOSE: The actual effects of L-carnitine administration on leptin serum level is inconsistent.	Carnitine	31-42	leptin	Homo sapiens	61-67
29453657-2	2018	In order to assess the efficacy of L-carnitine supplementation on serum leptin we conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).	Carnitine	35-46	leptin	Homo sapiens	72-78
29454227-1	2018	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of l-Carnitine on neuron specific enolase (NSE) as a marker of inflammation in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).	Carnitine	41-52	enolase 2	Homo sapiens	56-79
29454227-1	2018	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of l-Carnitine on neuron specific enolase (NSE) as a marker of inflammation in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).	Carnitine	41-52	enolase 2	Homo sapiens	81-84
29614331-3	2018	OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether low carnitine levels and mutations in the SLC22A5 gene encoding the carnitine transporter are associates with PD risk in the Faroe Islands where the prevalence of both PD and carnitine transporter deficiency (CTD) is high.	Carnitine	102-111	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	76-83
29668463-12	2018	L-carnitine correlated significantly with soluble tumor necrosis factor 1 (sTNFR1) and leptin, and inversely to adiponectin.	Carnitine	0-11	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Homo sapiens	112-123
29538301-11	2018	Moreover, l-Car significantly reduced PTZ-induced elevation in protein expression of caspase-3 (p &lt; 0.0001) and beta-catenin (p &lt; 0.0001).	Carnitine	10-15	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	85-94
29538301-11	2018	Moreover, l-Car significantly reduced PTZ-induced elevation in protein expression of caspase-3 (p &lt; 0.0001) and beta-catenin (p &lt; 0.0001).	Carnitine	10-15	catenin beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	115-127
29241711-9	2018	Additionally, carnitine reduces hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycemia, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, obesity, etc.	Carnitine	14-23	insulin	Homo sapiens	100-107
29405165-7	2018	A new epididymal luminal protein, the caput-enriched PDZ domain containing 1 (Pdzk1), also named Na+/H+ exchange regulatory cofactor 3 (NHERF3), which plays a critical role in cholesterol metabolism and carnitine transport, was found in the lipid metabolism.	Carnitine	203-212	PDZ domain containing 1	Homo sapiens	78-83
29405165-7	2018	A new epididymal luminal protein, the caput-enriched PDZ domain containing 1 (Pdzk1), also named Na+/H+ exchange regulatory cofactor 3 (NHERF3), which plays a critical role in cholesterol metabolism and carnitine transport, was found in the lipid metabolism.	Carnitine	203-212	PDZ domain containing 1	Homo sapiens	97-134
29405165-7	2018	A new epididymal luminal protein, the caput-enriched PDZ domain containing 1 (Pdzk1), also named Na+/H+ exchange regulatory cofactor 3 (NHERF3), which plays a critical role in cholesterol metabolism and carnitine transport, was found in the lipid metabolism.	Carnitine	203-212	PDZ domain containing 1	Homo sapiens	136-142
29226520-6	2018	Blood and CSF lactate were elevated with normal levels of plasma amino acids and free carnitine and increased 2-OH-glutaric acid urinary exertion.	Carnitine	86-95	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	10-13
28921605-7	2018	The limits of detection were 0.15 mug mL-1 for betaine, 0.20 mug mL-1 for l-carnitine and 0.09 mug mL-1 for choline.	Carnitine	74-85	L1 cell adhesion molecule	Mus musculus	65-69
28921605-7	2018	The limits of detection were 0.15 mug mL-1 for betaine, 0.20 mug mL-1 for l-carnitine and 0.09 mug mL-1 for choline.	Carnitine	74-85	L1 cell adhesion molecule	Mus musculus	65-69
29178259-0	2018	The Effect of Different l-Carnitine Administration Routes on the Development of Atherosclerosis in ApoE Knockout Mice.	Carnitine	24-35	apolipoprotein E	Mus musculus	99-103
29473908-3	2018	l-carnitine possesses anti-inflammatory properties and increases plasma IGF-1 concentration, leading to the regulation of the genes responsible for protein catabolism and anabolism.	Carnitine	0-11	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	72-77
29473908-4	2018	The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a 24-week l-carnitine supplementation on serum inflammatory markers, IGF-1, body composition and skeletal muscle strength in healthy human subjects over 65 years of age.	Carnitine	73-84	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	132-137
29408889-6	2018	Further, cardiac specific Klf15-null mice display a fasting-dependent accumulation of long chain acylcarnitine species along with a decrease in expression of the carnitine translocase Slc25a20.	Carnitine	101-110	Kruppel-like factor 15	Mus musculus	26-31
28534301-2	2018	Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) is a molecule derived from the acetylation of carnitine in the mitochondria that has an essential role in energy production.	Carnitine	9-18	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	20-23
29096289-5	2018	l-Carnitine increased the mRNA expression of CPT1A, HSL, FABP4 and CRAT; and reduced the mRNA expression of FAS and ACCalpha in subcutaneous fat.	Carnitine	0-11	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Sus scrofa	45-50
29096289-5	2018	l-Carnitine increased the mRNA expression of CPT1A, HSL, FABP4 and CRAT; and reduced the mRNA expression of FAS and ACCalpha in subcutaneous fat.	Carnitine	0-11	lipase E, hormone sensitive type	Sus scrofa	52-55
29096289-5	2018	l-Carnitine increased the mRNA expression of CPT1A, HSL, FABP4 and CRAT; and reduced the mRNA expression of FAS and ACCalpha in subcutaneous fat.	Carnitine	0-11	fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte	Sus scrofa	57-62
30338731-0	2018	Inexpensive Weight-Reducing Aid (L-Carnitine) as An Efficient Catalyst for Synthesis of Benzimidazoles.	Carnitine	33-44	activation induced cytidine deaminase	Homo sapiens	28-31
29096289-5	2018	l-Carnitine increased the mRNA expression of CPT1A, HSL, FABP4 and CRAT; and reduced the mRNA expression of FAS and ACCalpha in subcutaneous fat.	Carnitine	0-11	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Sus scrofa	67-71
28981442-7	2018	L-carnitine decreased malondialdehyde, glucose, insulin, HbA1c and MuRF1 and increased ISI and antioxidants.	Carnitine	0-11	tripartite motif containing 63	Rattus norvegicus	67-72
29412788-0	2018	L-Carnitine supplementation increases expression of PPAR-gamma and glucose transporters in skeletal muscle of chronically and acutely exercised rats.	Carnitine	0-11	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Rattus norvegicus	52-62
29412788-1	2018	In this study, the effects of L-Carnitine supplementation on the lipid peroxidation and expression of PPAR-gamma and glucose transporters in the liver and muscles of chronically and acutely exercised rats were investigated.	Carnitine	30-41	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Rattus norvegicus	102-112
29412788-11	2018	Both chronic exercise and supplemental L-Carnitine increased liver and muscle PPAR-gamma, GLUT-2 and GLUT-4 mRNA expression (P &amp;lt;0.05).	Carnitine	39-50	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Rattus norvegicus	78-88
29412788-11	2018	Both chronic exercise and supplemental L-Carnitine increased liver and muscle PPAR-gamma, GLUT-2 and GLUT-4 mRNA expression (P &amp;lt;0.05).	Carnitine	39-50	solute carrier family 2 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	90-96
29412788-11	2018	Both chronic exercise and supplemental L-Carnitine increased liver and muscle PPAR-gamma, GLUT-2 and GLUT-4 mRNA expression (P &amp;lt;0.05).	Carnitine	39-50	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	101-107
29412788-13	2018	L-Carnitine supplementation decreased oxidative stress and improved glucose and lipid metabolism by regulation of PPAR-gamma, GLUT-2 and GLUT-4 mRNA expression in rats.	Carnitine	0-11	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Rattus norvegicus	114-124
29412788-13	2018	L-Carnitine supplementation decreased oxidative stress and improved glucose and lipid metabolism by regulation of PPAR-gamma, GLUT-2 and GLUT-4 mRNA expression in rats.	Carnitine	0-11	solute carrier family 2 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	126-132
29412788-13	2018	L-Carnitine supplementation decreased oxidative stress and improved glucose and lipid metabolism by regulation of PPAR-gamma, GLUT-2 and GLUT-4 mRNA expression in rats.	Carnitine	0-11	solute carrier family 2 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	137-143
29373970-1	2018	BACKGROUND: L-carnitine (LC), and its acetylated form, acetyl L-carnitine (ALC), have immense functional capabilities to regulate the oxidative and metabolic status of the female reproductive system.	Carnitine	12-23	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	75-78
29373970-1	2018	BACKGROUND: L-carnitine (LC), and its acetylated form, acetyl L-carnitine (ALC), have immense functional capabilities to regulate the oxidative and metabolic status of the female reproductive system.	Carnitine	25-27	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	75-78
30408788-1	2018	BACKGROUND: The use of L-carnitine has been proposed in haemodialysis (HD) when deficiency is present to improve anaemia resistant to erythropoietin stimulating agent, intradialytic hypotension or cardiac failure.	Carnitine	23-34	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	134-148
30338731-1	2018	AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The benzimidazole derivatives have been obtained via weightreducing aid (L-Carnitine) as a cheap catalyst.	Carnitine	92-103	activation induced cytidine deaminase	Homo sapiens	87-90
30338731-14	2018	Meanwhile, the catalyst L-Carnitine is a kind of weightreducing aid, which might be applied to broad green catalyzed system.	Carnitine	24-35	activation induced cytidine deaminase	Homo sapiens	64-67
28986476-7	2017	When endogenous OCTN2-mediated colistin transport was inhibited by co-incubation with L-carnitine, primary mouse proximal tubular cells were fully protected from colistin toxicity, suggesting that colistin toxicity occurred upon intracellular accumulation.	Carnitine	86-97	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	16-21
28688036-0	2018	Carnitine/Organic Cation Transporter OCTN1 Negatively Regulates Activation in Murine Cultured Microglial Cells.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	37-42
28688036-3	2018	The aim of the present study was to clarify the functional expression of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4, which recognizes the naturally occurring food-derived antioxidant ergothioneine (ERGO) as a substrate in vivo, in microglia and its role in regulation of microglial activation.	Carnitine	73-82	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	110-115
28688036-3	2018	The aim of the present study was to clarify the functional expression of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4, which recognizes the naturally occurring food-derived antioxidant ergothioneine (ERGO) as a substrate in vivo, in microglia and its role in regulation of microglial activation.	Carnitine	73-82	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	116-123
29065368-2	2018	Gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX 1) is an enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of l-carnitine, a key molecule in fatty acid metabolism.	Carnitine	90-101	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	0-31
29065368-2	2018	Gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX 1) is an enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of l-carnitine, a key molecule in fatty acid metabolism.	Carnitine	90-101	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	33-39
28966077-6	2018	High-fat diet decreased LC3B-II, a marker of autophagosome formation, and increased sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1), expression of which was reversed after carnitine treatment.	Carnitine	148-157	sequestosome 1	Mus musculus	84-98
28966077-6	2018	High-fat diet decreased LC3B-II, a marker of autophagosome formation, and increased sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1), expression of which was reversed after carnitine treatment.	Carnitine	148-157	sequestosome 1	Mus musculus	100-106
28966077-9	2018	CONCLUSION: We conclude that the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria by induction of autophagy through PPARgamma may be a novel mechanism by which carnitine improves insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction in obesity.	Carnitine	149-158	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	105-114
28965027-0	2018	l-carnitine supplementation during vitrification or warming of in vivo-produced ovine embryos does not affect embryonic survival rates, but alters CrAT and PRDX1 expression.	Carnitine	0-11	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	147-151
28965027-0	2018	l-carnitine supplementation during vitrification or warming of in vivo-produced ovine embryos does not affect embryonic survival rates, but alters CrAT and PRDX1 expression.	Carnitine	0-11	peroxiredoxin 1	Homo sapiens	156-161
29067388-3	2017	The mice fed with 3% l-carnitine water for 12 weeks experienced a disturbance of the hepatic lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation, which was evidenced by abnormal TC, LDL, RAHFR and MDA levels, unusual AST, ALT, ALP, SOD and GSP-Px activities, and increased IF-1, IF-6 and TNF-alpha expressions.	Carnitine	21-32	transmembrane protease, serine 11d	Mus musculus	217-220
29067388-3	2017	The mice fed with 3% l-carnitine water for 12 weeks experienced a disturbance of the hepatic lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation, which was evidenced by abnormal TC, LDL, RAHFR and MDA levels, unusual AST, ALT, ALP, SOD and GSP-Px activities, and increased IF-1, IF-6 and TNF-alpha expressions.	Carnitine	21-32	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	222-225
29067388-3	2017	The mice fed with 3% l-carnitine water for 12 weeks experienced a disturbance of the hepatic lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation, which was evidenced by abnormal TC, LDL, RAHFR and MDA levels, unusual AST, ALT, ALP, SOD and GSP-Px activities, and increased IF-1, IF-6 and TNF-alpha expressions.	Carnitine	21-32	NDV-induced circulating interferon	Mus musculus	273-283
29067388-3	2017	The mice fed with 3% l-carnitine water for 12 weeks experienced a disturbance of the hepatic lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation, which was evidenced by abnormal TC, LDL, RAHFR and MDA levels, unusual AST, ALT, ALP, SOD and GSP-Px activities, and increased IF-1, IF-6 and TNF-alpha expressions.	Carnitine	21-32	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	288-297
28926871-4	2017	The results demonstrated that sulpiride was a substrate of human carnitine/organic cation transporter 1 (hOCTN1) and 2 (hOCTN2), human organic cation transporter 2 (hOCT2), human multidrug and toxin efflux extrusion protein 1 (hMATE1) and 2-K (hMATE2-K).	Carnitine	65-74	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens	75-103
28926871-4	2017	The results demonstrated that sulpiride was a substrate of human carnitine/organic cation transporter 1 (hOCTN1) and 2 (hOCTN2), human organic cation transporter 2 (hOCT2), human multidrug and toxin efflux extrusion protein 1 (hMATE1) and 2-K (hMATE2-K).	Carnitine	65-74	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	105-111
28573875-4	2017	Since carnitine, namely l-acetyl-carnitine (LAC), has been demonstrated to be effective in the modulation of the central hypothalamic control of GnRH secretion, we aimed to evaluate whether a combined integrative treatment for 12 weeks of LAC (250 mg/die) and l-carnitine (500 mg/die) was effective in improving the endocrine and metabolic pathways in a group of patients (n = 27) with FHA.	Carnitine	6-15	lactase	Homo sapiens	24-48
28973641-5	2017	l-carnitine reversed the EMT induction caused by PFOS and alleviated PFOS-mediated increases in cell migration by reactivating PPARgamma through the inhibition of Sirt1 activity.	Carnitine	0-11	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	127-136
28973678-10	2017	Thus, the cardioprotective effects of LC against myocardial ischemic damage and its effect on single cardiomyocyte under hypoxia may be associated with the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.	Carnitine	38-40	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	161-164
28973641-0	2017	From the Cover: l-Carnitine via PPARgamma- and Sirt1-Dependent Mechanisms Attenuates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Renal Fibrosis Caused by Perfluorooctanesulfonate.	Carnitine	16-27	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	32-41
28973641-5	2017	l-carnitine reversed the EMT induction caused by PFOS and alleviated PFOS-mediated increases in cell migration by reactivating PPARgamma through the inhibition of Sirt1 activity.	Carnitine	0-11	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	163-168
28973641-0	2017	From the Cover: l-Carnitine via PPARgamma- and Sirt1-Dependent Mechanisms Attenuates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Renal Fibrosis Caused by Perfluorooctanesulfonate.	Carnitine	16-27	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	47-52
28973641-11	2017	Accordingly, l-carnitine alleviated EMT-associated renal fibrosis caused by PFOS through a Sirt1- and PPARgamma-dependent mechanism.	Carnitine	13-24	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	91-96
28973641-11	2017	Accordingly, l-carnitine alleviated EMT-associated renal fibrosis caused by PFOS through a Sirt1- and PPARgamma-dependent mechanism.	Carnitine	13-24	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	102-111
28973678-0	2017	L-Carnitine Attenuates Cardiac Dysfunction by Ischemic Insults Through Akt Signaling Pathway.	Carnitine	0-11	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	71-74
29132460-3	2017	The SLC22A5 gene was sequenced and analyzed in neonates with free carnitine (C0) levels lower than 10 mumol/L as well as their parents.	Carnitine	66-75	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	4-11
29186614-0	2017	L-Carnitine Attenuates Cardiac Dysfunction by Ischemic Insults Through Akt Signaling Pathway.	Carnitine	0-11	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	71-74
29116185-7	2017	We found that systemic ablation of BCO2 led to perturbations in mitochondrial function and metabolism in the TCA cycle, amino acids, carnitine, lipids, and bile acids.	Carnitine	133-142	beta-carotene oxygenase 2	Mus musculus	35-39
28711408-1	2017	Carnitine transporter defect (CTD; also known as systemic primary carnitine deficiency; MIM 212140) is due to mutations in the SLC22A5 gene and leads to extremely low carnitine levels in blood and tissues.	Carnitine	66-75	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	127-134
28730830-6	2017	More importantly, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that L-Carnitine supplementation would effectively counteract the negative alterations in gene expression which related to lipid metabolism (Srebp1, Acaca, Fasn, and Scd1), metabolic regulator (mTOR) and circadian rhythm (Bmal1, Per1, Cry1 and Dec1) in the liver of mice subjected to the chronic jet-lag.	Carnitine	101-112	sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1	Mus musculus	237-243
28730830-6	2017	More importantly, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that L-Carnitine supplementation would effectively counteract the negative alterations in gene expression which related to lipid metabolism (Srebp1, Acaca, Fasn, and Scd1), metabolic regulator (mTOR) and circadian rhythm (Bmal1, Per1, Cry1 and Dec1) in the liver of mice subjected to the chronic jet-lag.	Carnitine	101-112	acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase alpha	Mus musculus	245-250
28730830-6	2017	More importantly, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that L-Carnitine supplementation would effectively counteract the negative alterations in gene expression which related to lipid metabolism (Srebp1, Acaca, Fasn, and Scd1), metabolic regulator (mTOR) and circadian rhythm (Bmal1, Per1, Cry1 and Dec1) in the liver of mice subjected to the chronic jet-lag.	Carnitine	101-112	fatty acid synthase	Mus musculus	252-256
28730830-6	2017	More importantly, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that L-Carnitine supplementation would effectively counteract the negative alterations in gene expression which related to lipid metabolism (Srebp1, Acaca, Fasn, and Scd1), metabolic regulator (mTOR) and circadian rhythm (Bmal1, Per1, Cry1 and Dec1) in the liver of mice subjected to the chronic jet-lag.	Carnitine	101-112	stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase 1	Mus musculus	262-266
28730830-6	2017	More importantly, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that L-Carnitine supplementation would effectively counteract the negative alterations in gene expression which related to lipid metabolism (Srebp1, Acaca, Fasn, and Scd1), metabolic regulator (mTOR) and circadian rhythm (Bmal1, Per1, Cry1 and Dec1) in the liver of mice subjected to the chronic jet-lag.	Carnitine	101-112	aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like	Mus musculus	318-323
28730830-6	2017	More importantly, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that L-Carnitine supplementation would effectively counteract the negative alterations in gene expression which related to lipid metabolism (Srebp1, Acaca, Fasn, and Scd1), metabolic regulator (mTOR) and circadian rhythm (Bmal1, Per1, Cry1 and Dec1) in the liver of mice subjected to the chronic jet-lag.	Carnitine	101-112	cryptochrome 1 (photolyase-like)	Mus musculus	331-335
28730830-6	2017	More importantly, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that L-Carnitine supplementation would effectively counteract the negative alterations in gene expression which related to lipid metabolism (Srebp1, Acaca, Fasn, and Scd1), metabolic regulator (mTOR) and circadian rhythm (Bmal1, Per1, Cry1 and Dec1) in the liver of mice subjected to the chronic jet-lag.	Carnitine	101-112	basic helix-loop-helix family, member e40	Mus musculus	340-344
28911246-0	2017	Dual targeting of l-carnitine-conjugated nanoparticles to OCTN2 and ATB0,+ to deliver chemotherapeutic agents for colon cancer therapy.	Carnitine	18-29	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	58-63
28911246-0	2017	Dual targeting of l-carnitine-conjugated nanoparticles to OCTN2 and ATB0,+ to deliver chemotherapeutic agents for colon cancer therapy.	Carnitine	18-29	solute carrier family 1 member 5	Homo sapiens	68-72
28911246-1	2017	l-Carnitine, obligatory for oxidation of fatty acids, is transported into cells by the Na+-coupled transporter OCTN2 and the Na+/Cl--coupled transporter ATB0,+.	Carnitine	0-11	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	111-116
28911246-1	2017	l-Carnitine, obligatory for oxidation of fatty acids, is transported into cells by the Na+-coupled transporter OCTN2 and the Na+/Cl--coupled transporter ATB0,+.	Carnitine	0-11	solute carrier family 1 member 5	Homo sapiens	153-157
28911246-2	2017	Here we investigated the potential of L-carnitine-conjugated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (LC-PLGA NPs) to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs into cancer cells by targeting the nanoparticles to both OCTN2 and ATB0,+.	Carnitine	38-49	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	217-222
28911246-2	2017	Here we investigated the potential of L-carnitine-conjugated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (LC-PLGA NPs) to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs into cancer cells by targeting the nanoparticles to both OCTN2 and ATB0,+.	Carnitine	38-49	solute carrier family 1 member 5	Homo sapiens	227-231
28993647-4	2017	Uptake of ergothioneine, carnitine and methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, which are substrates of apical Octn1, Octn2, and Sglt1/2, respectively, by mice kidney slices showed clear Na+ dependence and reduction by selective inhibitors.	Carnitine	25-34	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	102-107
28719824-5	2017	The proportion of oocytes at metaphase II was significantly higher in the l-carnitine-treated MMC than that in the l-carnitine-treated MLC oocytes.	Carnitine	115-126	MLC	Bos taurus	135-138
28719824-6	2017	However in comparison with the untreated controls, the proportion of MII oocytes with mitochondrial clusters was significantly higher only in the l-carnitine-treated MLC oocytes, which also showed a significantly lower mean lipid content.	Carnitine	146-157	MLC	Bos taurus	166-169
28719824-7	2017	The l-carnitine-treated MLC oocytes showed significantly higher fertilization and syngamy rates than the untreated MLC oocytes.	Carnitine	4-15	MLC	Bos taurus	24-27
28719824-9	2017	Although no significant differences in cleavage on Day 2 were found among all oocyte categories, l-carnitine treatment resulted in a significantly higher blastocyst yield in the MLC oocytes on Day 7 and Day 8 and a significantly higher proportion of expanded blastocysts in relation to the total number of blastocysts in MMC oocytes on Day 8.	Carnitine	97-108	MLC	Bos taurus	178-181
28993647-4	2017	Uptake of ergothioneine, carnitine and methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, which are substrates of apical Octn1, Octn2, and Sglt1/2, respectively, by mice kidney slices showed clear Na+ dependence and reduction by selective inhibitors.	Carnitine	25-34	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	109-114
28993647-4	2017	Uptake of ergothioneine, carnitine and methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, which are substrates of apical Octn1, Octn2, and Sglt1/2, respectively, by mice kidney slices showed clear Na+ dependence and reduction by selective inhibitors.	Carnitine	25-34	solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 1	Mus musculus	120-127
28961260-9	2017	Moreover, low levels of free carnitine were present suggesting its consumption in GLUT1-DS on ketogenic diet.	Carnitine	29-38	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Homo sapiens	82-90
28770317-9	2017	Mechanistically, IF1 altered cellular levels of alpha-ketoglutarate and L-carnitine metabolism in the myotubes of obese (84% of control) and diabetic (76% of control) individuals, leading to limited beta-oxidation of fatty acids (60% of control) and their cytosolic accumulation (164% of control).	Carnitine	72-83	ATP synthase inhibitory factor subunit 1	Homo sapiens	17-20
28653367-4	2017	The organic cation transporter-2 facilitates l-carnitine uptake inside cells.	Carnitine	45-56	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	4-32
28661032-0	2017	Cotransporting Ion is a Trigger for Cellular Endocytosis of Transporter-Targeting Nanoparticles: A Case Study of High-Efficiency SLC22A5 (OCTN2)-Mediated Carnitine-Conjugated Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery of Therapeutic Drugs.	Carnitine	154-163	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	129-136
28661032-0	2017	Cotransporting Ion is a Trigger for Cellular Endocytosis of Transporter-Targeting Nanoparticles: A Case Study of High-Efficiency SLC22A5 (OCTN2)-Mediated Carnitine-Conjugated Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery of Therapeutic Drugs.	Carnitine	154-163	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	138-143
28661032-1	2017	OCTN2 (SLC22A5) is a Na+ -coupled absorption transporter for l-carnitine in small intestine.	Carnitine	61-72	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
28661032-1	2017	OCTN2 (SLC22A5) is a Na+ -coupled absorption transporter for l-carnitine in small intestine.	Carnitine	61-72	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	7-14
28317735-0	2017	l-Carnitine ameliorates the oxidative stress response to angiotensin II by modulating NADPH oxidase through a reduction in protein kinase c activity and NF-kappaB translocation to the nucleus.	Carnitine	0-11	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	57-71
28666211-1	2017	Carnitine/organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) is localized at the basolateral membrane of epididymal epithelial cells, and mainly serves to reabsorb carnitine as an essential factor for sperm maturation; however, its functional features in epididymal epithelial cells have remained unclear.	Carnitine	150-159	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	0-38
28666211-1	2017	Carnitine/organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) is localized at the basolateral membrane of epididymal epithelial cells, and mainly serves to reabsorb carnitine as an essential factor for sperm maturation; however, its functional features in epididymal epithelial cells have remained unclear.	Carnitine	150-159	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	40-45
28703319-3	2017	That brain carnitine deficiency might cause autism is suggested by reports of severe carnitine deficiency in autism and by evidence that TMLHE deficiency - a defect in carnitine biosynthesis - is a risk factor for autism.	Carnitine	11-20	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	137-142
28703319-4	2017	A gene on the X chromosome (SLC6A14) likely escapes random X-inactivation (a mixed epigenetic and genetic regulation) and could limit carnitine transport across the blood-brain barrier in boys compared to girls.	Carnitine	134-143	solute carrier family 6 member 14	Homo sapiens	28-35
28774367-8	2017	Before treatment, the L-carnitine group and the fructose group had significantly higher indices of myocardial zymogram and levels of MDA, sFas, and sFasL and a significantly lower level of SOD than the control group (P&lt;0.05), while there were no significant differences in these indices between the L-carnitine group and the fructose group (P&gt;0.05).	Carnitine	22-33	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	189-192
28512781-2	2017	The brain expresses the carnitine palmitoyltransferases (CPTs) that mediate carnitine-dependent entry of long-chain acyl-CoAs into the mitochondrial matrix for beta-oxidation - CPT1a and CPT2 located on the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes, respectively.	Carnitine	24-33	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Rattus norvegicus	177-182
28512781-2	2017	The brain expresses the carnitine palmitoyltransferases (CPTs) that mediate carnitine-dependent entry of long-chain acyl-CoAs into the mitochondrial matrix for beta-oxidation - CPT1a and CPT2 located on the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes, respectively.	Carnitine	24-33	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Rattus norvegicus	187-191
28807226-8	2017	The results suggested that the potential hepatoprotective effects of PUL in attenuating CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity could be partially attributed to regulating L-carnitine, taurocholic acid, and amino acids metabolism, which may become promising targets for treatment of liver toxicity.	Carnitine	160-171	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	88-92
28392465-12	2017	Our study showed that L-carnitine administration activated p38MAPK/Nrf2 signalling, initiating the expression of HO1 and NQO1, which have anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative effects, respectively.	Carnitine	22-33	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	67-71
28730178-5	2017	Carnitine level showed a negative correlation with APN level in the patients after RT (r= -0.626, p= 0.001).	Carnitine	0-9	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Homo sapiens	51-54
28730178-9	2017	Carnitine level showed a negative correlation with APN level in the patient with breast cancer after RT.	Carnitine	0-9	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Homo sapiens	51-54
28730178-11	2017	In addition, serum APN concentration was inversely correlated with serum carnitine levels.	Carnitine	73-82	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Homo sapiens	19-22
28139067-6	2017	S1P, sphingomyelin and L-carnitine were negatively correlated with body mass, leptin, insulin-like growth factor- 1 (IGF-1) and major urinary proteins (MUPs).	Carnitine	23-34	leptin	Mus musculus	78-84
28139067-6	2017	S1P, sphingomyelin and L-carnitine were negatively correlated with body mass, leptin, insulin-like growth factor- 1 (IGF-1) and major urinary proteins (MUPs).	Carnitine	23-34	insulin-like growth factor 1	Mus musculus	86-115
28139067-6	2017	S1P, sphingomyelin and L-carnitine were negatively correlated with body mass, leptin, insulin-like growth factor- 1 (IGF-1) and major urinary proteins (MUPs).	Carnitine	23-34	insulin-like growth factor 1	Mus musculus	117-122
28298333-1	2017	Mutations in the gene that encodes the principal l-carnitine transporter, OCTN2, can lead to a reduced intracellular l-carnitine pool and the disease Primary Carnitine Deficiency.	Carnitine	49-60	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	74-79
29903171-0	2017	[Role of NF-kappaB in the protective effects of L-carnitine against oxidative injury in hepatocytes].	Carnitine	48-59	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	9-18
28392465-12	2017	Our study showed that L-carnitine administration activated p38MAPK/Nrf2 signalling, initiating the expression of HO1 and NQO1, which have anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative effects, respectively.	Carnitine	22-33	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	113-116
28392465-12	2017	Our study showed that L-carnitine administration activated p38MAPK/Nrf2 signalling, initiating the expression of HO1 and NQO1, which have anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative effects, respectively.	Carnitine	22-33	NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1	Homo sapiens	121-125
28392465-14	2017	The cardioprotective effects of L-carnitine were mediated by p38MAPK/Nrf2 signalling.	Carnitine	32-43	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	69-73
28365301-1	2017	The purpose of this study was to characterize the uptake of carnitine, the physiological substrate, and the uptake of 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazinium)propionate, a consensus substrate by rat Octn2 and human OCTN2 transporters as well as to characterize drug-mediated inhibition of l-carnitine uptake by the rat and human orthologs overexpressed in CHO-K1 cells.	Carnitine	60-69	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	189-194
28365301-2	2017	l-carnitine and 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazinium)propionate were found to be a lower affinity substrate for rat Octn2 (KM = 32.66 +- 5.11 muM and 23.62 +- 4.99 muM respectively) than for human OCTN2 (KM = 3.08 +- 0.74 muM and 7.98 +- 0.63 muM).	Carnitine	0-11	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	109-114
28365301-5	2017	Furthermore, many pharmacologically important drugs were shown to affect l-carnitine transport by Octn2/OCTN2.	Carnitine	73-84	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	104-109
28365301-2	2017	l-carnitine and 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazinium)propionate were found to be a lower affinity substrate for rat Octn2 (KM = 32.66 +- 5.11 muM and 23.62 +- 4.99 muM respectively) than for human OCTN2 (KM = 3.08 +- 0.74 muM and 7.98 +- 0.63 muM).	Carnitine	0-11	latexin	Homo sapiens	135-138
28365301-2	2017	l-carnitine and 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazinium)propionate were found to be a lower affinity substrate for rat Octn2 (KM = 32.66 +- 5.11 muM and 23.62 +- 4.99 muM respectively) than for human OCTN2 (KM = 3.08 +- 0.74 muM and 7.98 +- 0.63 muM).	Carnitine	0-11	latexin	Homo sapiens	157-160
28365301-2	2017	l-carnitine and 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazinium)propionate were found to be a lower affinity substrate for rat Octn2 (KM = 32.66 +- 5.11 muM and 23.62 +- 4.99 muM respectively) than for human OCTN2 (KM = 3.08 +- 0.74 muM and 7.98 +- 0.63 muM).	Carnitine	0-11	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	190-195
28365301-2	2017	l-carnitine and 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazinium)propionate were found to be a lower affinity substrate for rat Octn2 (KM = 32.66 +- 5.11 muM and 23.62 +- 4.99 muM respectively) than for human OCTN2 (KM = 3.08 +- 0.74 muM and 7.98 +- 0.63 muM).	Carnitine	0-11	latexin	Homo sapiens	157-160
28365301-2	2017	l-carnitine and 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazinium)propionate were found to be a lower affinity substrate for rat Octn2 (KM = 32.66 +- 5.11 muM and 23.62 +- 4.99 muM respectively) than for human OCTN2 (KM = 3.08 +- 0.74 muM and 7.98 +- 0.63 muM).	Carnitine	0-11	latexin	Homo sapiens	157-160
28365301-5	2017	Furthermore, many pharmacologically important drugs were shown to affect l-carnitine transport by Octn2/OCTN2.	Carnitine	73-84	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	98-103
28295041-6	2017	Targeted carnitine tandem mass spectrometry analysis in the patient revealed complete absence of plasma-free carnitine and only trace levels of total carnitine, further supporting the causality of the SLC22A5 variant.	Carnitine	9-18	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	201-208
28410798-6	2017	CoQ10 or L-carnitine showed a noticeable effects in improving cardiac functions evidenced reducing serum enzymes as serum interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), leptin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Cardiotrophin-1, Troponin-I and Troponin-T. Also, alleviate oxidative stress, decrease of cardiac Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO) and restoring cardiac reduced glutathione levels to normal levels.	Carnitine	9-20	interleukin 1 beta	Rattus norvegicus	122-140
27064025-0	2017	Carnitine-mediated antioxidant enzyme activity and Bcl2 expression involves peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha in mouse testis.	Carnitine	0-9	peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha	Mus musculus	76-143
27064025-2	2017	Carnitine also increases mitochondrial biogenesis via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC1alpha).	Carnitine	0-9	peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha	Mus musculus	54-121
27064025-2	2017	Carnitine also increases mitochondrial biogenesis via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC1alpha).	Carnitine	0-9	peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha	Mus musculus	123-132
27064025-3	2017	The role of carnitine in testicular PGC1alpha expression has not been documented.	Carnitine	12-21	peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha	Mus musculus	36-45
27064025-4	2017	We hypothesised that the effects of carnitine as an antioxidant, inhibitor of apoptosis and controller of steroidogenesis in mouse testis may involve PGC1alpha as a regulator.	Carnitine	36-45	peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha	Mus musculus	150-159
27064025-5	2017	The present study was designed to evaluate the localisation of PGC1alpha and the effects of carnitine treatment on the expression of PGC1alpha, Bcl2 and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) in mouse testis and serum testosterone concentrations.	Carnitine	92-101	peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha	Mus musculus	133-142
27064025-5	2017	The present study was designed to evaluate the localisation of PGC1alpha and the effects of carnitine treatment on the expression of PGC1alpha, Bcl2 and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) in mouse testis and serum testosterone concentrations.	Carnitine	92-101	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	144-148
27064025-5	2017	The present study was designed to evaluate the localisation of PGC1alpha and the effects of carnitine treatment on the expression of PGC1alpha, Bcl2 and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) in mouse testis and serum testosterone concentrations.	Carnitine	92-101	catalase	Mus musculus	202-210
27064025-7	2017	Western blot analysis showed that carnitine (50mgkg-1 and 100mgkg-1 for 7 days) significantly increased PGC1alpha and Bcl2 expression in the testis in a dose-dependent manner.	Carnitine	34-43	peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha	Mus musculus	104-113
27064025-7	2017	Western blot analysis showed that carnitine (50mgkg-1 and 100mgkg-1 for 7 days) significantly increased PGC1alpha and Bcl2 expression in the testis in a dose-dependent manner.	Carnitine	34-43	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	118-122
27064025-9	2017	The carnitine-induced changes in PGC1alpha in the testis were significantly correlated with changes in serum testosterone concentrations, as well as with changes in Bcl2 expression and antioxidant enzyme activity in the testis, as evaluated by electrophoresis.	Carnitine	4-13	peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha	Mus musculus	33-42
27064025-9	2017	The carnitine-induced changes in PGC1alpha in the testis were significantly correlated with changes in serum testosterone concentrations, as well as with changes in Bcl2 expression and antioxidant enzyme activity in the testis, as evaluated by electrophoresis.	Carnitine	4-13	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	165-169
27064025-10	2017	Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that carnitine treatment of mice increases PGC1alpha levels in the testis, which may, in turn, regulate steroidogenesis by increasing expression of Bcl2 and antioxidant enzymes.	Carnitine	57-66	peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha	Mus musculus	95-104
27064025-10	2017	Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that carnitine treatment of mice increases PGC1alpha levels in the testis, which may, in turn, regulate steroidogenesis by increasing expression of Bcl2 and antioxidant enzymes.	Carnitine	57-66	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	200-204
28410798-6	2017	CoQ10 or L-carnitine showed a noticeable effects in improving cardiac functions evidenced reducing serum enzymes as serum interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), leptin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Cardiotrophin-1, Troponin-I and Troponin-T. Also, alleviate oxidative stress, decrease of cardiac Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO) and restoring cardiac reduced glutathione levels to normal levels.	Carnitine	9-20	interleukin 1 beta	Rattus norvegicus	142-151
28410798-6	2017	CoQ10 or L-carnitine showed a noticeable effects in improving cardiac functions evidenced reducing serum enzymes as serum interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), leptin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Cardiotrophin-1, Troponin-I and Troponin-T. Also, alleviate oxidative stress, decrease of cardiac Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO) and restoring cardiac reduced glutathione levels to normal levels.	Carnitine	9-20	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	154-181
28410798-6	2017	CoQ10 or L-carnitine showed a noticeable effects in improving cardiac functions evidenced reducing serum enzymes as serum interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), leptin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Cardiotrophin-1, Troponin-I and Troponin-T. Also, alleviate oxidative stress, decrease of cardiac Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO) and restoring cardiac reduced glutathione levels to normal levels.	Carnitine	9-20	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	183-192
28410798-6	2017	CoQ10 or L-carnitine showed a noticeable effects in improving cardiac functions evidenced reducing serum enzymes as serum interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), leptin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Cardiotrophin-1, Troponin-I and Troponin-T. Also, alleviate oxidative stress, decrease of cardiac Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO) and restoring cardiac reduced glutathione levels to normal levels.	Carnitine	9-20	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	195-201
28410798-6	2017	CoQ10 or L-carnitine showed a noticeable effects in improving cardiac functions evidenced reducing serum enzymes as serum interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), leptin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Cardiotrophin-1, Troponin-I and Troponin-T. Also, alleviate oxidative stress, decrease of cardiac Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO) and restoring cardiac reduced glutathione levels to normal levels.	Carnitine	9-20	cardiotrophin 1	Rattus norvegicus	232-247
28433816-9	2017	Furthermore, L-carnitine normalized chronic REM-sleep deprivation induced reduction in the hippocampus ratio of GSH/GSSG, activity of catalase, GPx, and SOD.	Carnitine	13-24	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	153-156
27983775-0	2017	Carnitine and gamma-Butyrobetaine Stimulate Elimination of Meldonium due to Competition for OCTN2-mediated Transport.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	92-97
27983775-2	2017	Inhibition of OCTN2 leads to a decrease in carnitine and acylcarnitine contents in tissues and energy metabolism optimization-related cardioprotective effects.	Carnitine	43-52	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	14-19
27983775-6	2017	GBB induced a more pronounced effect on meldonium elimination than carnitine due to the higher affinity of GBB for OCTN2.	Carnitine	67-76	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	115-120
27983775-8	2017	In conclusion, the competition of meldonium, carnitine and GBB for OCTN2-mediated transport determines the pharmacokinetic properties of meldonium.	Carnitine	45-54	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	67-72
28150739-6	2017	Moreover, the carnitine system was imbalanced in Mecp2+/- LQTc mice due to decreased carnitine acylcarnitine transferase expression.	Carnitine	14-23	methyl CpG binding protein 2	Mus musculus	49-54
28540882-0	2017	Carnitine reduced erythropoietin dose required and improved cardiac function of patients on maintenance hemodialysis.	Carnitine	0-9	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	18-32
28620483-8	2017	Carnitine dogs had lower myoglobin at 6 69 ng/ml following intensive exercise compared with controls at 24 02 ng/ml (P = 0 0295).	Carnitine	0-9	myoglobin	Canis lupus familiaris	25-34
28620483-12	2017	Myoglobin levels were lower in carnitine v. control dogs both 1 h post-run (P = 0 0157; 23 83 v. 37 91 ng/ml) and 24 h post-run (P = 0 0189; 6 25 v.13 5 ng/ml).	Carnitine	31-40	myoglobin	Canis lupus familiaris	0-9
28234466-0	2017	Combination of l-Carnitine with Lipophilic Linkage-Donating Gemcitabine Derivatives as Intestinal Novel Organic Cation Transporter 2-Targeting Oral Prodrugs.	Carnitine	15-26	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	104-132
28234466-1	2017	Novel organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2, SLC22A5) is responsible for the uptake of carnitine through the intestine and, therefore, might be a promising molecular target for designing oral prodrugs.	Carnitine	85-94	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	6-34
28234466-1	2017	Novel organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2, SLC22A5) is responsible for the uptake of carnitine through the intestine and, therefore, might be a promising molecular target for designing oral prodrugs.	Carnitine	85-94	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	36-41
28234466-1	2017	Novel organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2, SLC22A5) is responsible for the uptake of carnitine through the intestine and, therefore, might be a promising molecular target for designing oral prodrugs.	Carnitine	85-94	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	43-50
28234466-3	2017	We here describe the design of intestinal OCTN2-targeting prodrugs of gemcitabine by covalent coupling of l-carnitine to its N4-amino group via different lipophilic linkages.	Carnitine	106-117	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	42-47
28791854-0	2017	L-carnitine treatment of insulin resistance: A systematic review and meta-analysis.	Carnitine	0-11	insulin	Homo sapiens	25-32
28791854-1	2017	BACKGROUND: L-carnitine has been used for several years as an adjuvant therapy in oxidative stress, blood sugar, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), anemia, etc.	Carnitine	12-23	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	130-148
28791854-1	2017	BACKGROUND: L-carnitine has been used for several years as an adjuvant therapy in oxidative stress, blood sugar, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), anemia, etc.	Carnitine	12-23	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	150-153
28791854-2	2017	However, the efficacy of L-carnitine treating insulin resistance (IR) remains controversial.	Carnitine	25-36	insulin	Homo sapiens	46-53
28056548-0	2017	L-carnitine contributes to enhancement of neurogenesis from mesenchymal stem cells through Wnt/beta-catenin and PKA pathway.	Carnitine	0-11	Wnt family member 2	Rattus norvegicus	91-94
28056548-0	2017	L-carnitine contributes to enhancement of neurogenesis from mesenchymal stem cells through Wnt/beta-catenin and PKA pathway.	Carnitine	0-11	catenin beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	95-107
28056548-18	2017	The results of this study showed that 200 microM LC promoted ADSCs neurogenic differentiation, and that it was correlated with the PKA and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathways.	Carnitine	49-51	Wnt family member 2	Rattus norvegicus	139-142
28056548-18	2017	The results of this study showed that 200 microM LC promoted ADSCs neurogenic differentiation, and that it was correlated with the PKA and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathways.	Carnitine	49-51	catenin beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	143-155
27733576-0	2017	Human macrophage differentiation induces OCTN2-mediated L-carnitine transport through stimulation of mTOR-STAT3 axis.	Carnitine	56-67	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	41-46
27733576-0	2017	Human macrophage differentiation induces OCTN2-mediated L-carnitine transport through stimulation of mTOR-STAT3 axis.	Carnitine	56-67	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	101-105
27733576-0	2017	Human macrophage differentiation induces OCTN2-mediated L-carnitine transport through stimulation of mTOR-STAT3 axis.	Carnitine	56-67	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Homo sapiens	106-111
27733576-3	2017	Whereas monocytes display a modest uptake of l-carnitine, GM-CSF-induced differentiation massively increased the saturable Na+-dependent uptake of l-carnitine.	Carnitine	147-158	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	58-64
27733576-4	2017	Kinetic and inhibition analyses demonstrate that in macrophage l-carnitine transport is mediated by a high-affinity component (Km ~4 microM) that is identifiable with the operation of OCTN2 transporter and a low-affinity component (Km &gt; 10 mM) that is identifiable with system A for neutral amino acids.	Carnitine	63-74	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	184-189
28116387-1	2017	Trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH) catalyses C-3 hydroxylation of Nepsilon-trimethyllysine in the first step of carnitine biosynthesis in humans.	Carnitine	112-121	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	0-27
28116387-1	2017	Trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH) catalyses C-3 hydroxylation of Nepsilon-trimethyllysine in the first step of carnitine biosynthesis in humans.	Carnitine	112-121	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	29-33
28141959-5	2017	In addition, this study hypothesised that low L-carnitine levels in PCOS patients were associated with obesity and/or insulin resistance.	Carnitine	46-57	insulin	Homo sapiens	118-125
28141959-7	2017	This study implied that L-carnitine could be used as an adjunctive therapy in the management of insulin resistance or obesity in women who have PCOS.	Carnitine	24-35	insulin	Homo sapiens	96-103
28141959-8	2017	Further research might be planned to clarify the clinical effects of L-carnitine administration in PCOS patients with insulin resistance and/or obesity.	Carnitine	69-80	insulin	Homo sapiens	118-125
28828020-8	2017	Conclusion: Our results showed that oral L-carnitine was able to prevent an increase in NGAL following contrast medium administration in patients undergoing PCI.	Carnitine	41-52	lipocalin 2	Homo sapiens	88-92
28828020-8	2017	Conclusion: Our results showed that oral L-carnitine was able to prevent an increase in NGAL following contrast medium administration in patients undergoing PCI.	Carnitine	41-52	serpin family A member 5	Homo sapiens	157-160
28076827-4	2017	Finally, we investigated the effects of (R)-1, (S)-1 and (R,S)-2 on mitochondrial function and demonstrated that they activate the carnitine shuttle system through upregulation of carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (CAC) and carnitine-palmitoyl-transferase 1 (CPT1) genes.	Carnitine	131-140	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	222-255
28076827-4	2017	Finally, we investigated the effects of (R)-1, (S)-1 and (R,S)-2 on mitochondrial function and demonstrated that they activate the carnitine shuttle system through upregulation of carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (CAC) and carnitine-palmitoyl-transferase 1 (CPT1) genes.	Carnitine	131-140	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	257-261
28076827-4	2017	Finally, we investigated the effects of (R)-1, (S)-1 and (R,S)-2 on mitochondrial function and demonstrated that they activate the carnitine shuttle system through upregulation of carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (CAC) and carnitine-palmitoyl-transferase 1 (CPT1) genes.	Carnitine	180-189	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	222-255
28076827-4	2017	Finally, we investigated the effects of (R)-1, (S)-1 and (R,S)-2 on mitochondrial function and demonstrated that they activate the carnitine shuttle system through upregulation of carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (CAC) and carnitine-palmitoyl-transferase 1 (CPT1) genes.	Carnitine	180-189	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	257-261
28159969-8	2017	The Opa1delTTAG/+ versus wild-type optic nerve signature was characterized by the decreased concentrations of 10 sphingomyelins and 10 lysophosphatidylcholines, suggestive of myelin sheath alteration, and by alteration in the concentrations of metabolites involved in neuroprotection, such as dimethylarginine, carnitine, spermine, spermidine, carnosine, and glutamate, suggesting a concomitant axonal metabolic dysfunction.	Carnitine	311-320	OPA1, mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase	Mus musculus	4-8
28102299-8	2017	L-carnitine also increased the hepatic expression of mTOR in the feeding state.	Carnitine	0-11	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Danio rerio	53-57
27864727-1	2017	The carnitine/acylcarnitine transporter (CACT; SLC25A20) mediates an antiport reaction allowing entry of acyl moieties in the form of acylcarnitines into the mitochondrial matrix and exit of free carnitine.	Carnitine	4-13	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Rattus norvegicus	47-55
28045275-1	2017	Trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH) is an Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenase involved in the biomedically important carnitine biosynthesis pathway.	Carnitine	132-141	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	0-27
28045275-1	2017	Trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH) is an Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenase involved in the biomedically important carnitine biosynthesis pathway.	Carnitine	132-141	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	29-33
27494173-10	2017	The reduction of the serum adiponectin level was significantly increased after administration of CAR and ALA.	Carnitine	97-100	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Rattus norvegicus	27-38
28115977-13	2017	Total mTOR protein expression was increased in participants in the L-Carnitine-combination group at the end of the study compared to the baseline (P = 0.017).	Carnitine	67-78	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	6-10
27581592-1	2017	Systemic primary carnitine deficiency (CDSP) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defect in plasma membrane uptake of carnitine due to SLC22A5 gene mutations.	Carnitine	17-26	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	39-43
28768995-0	2017	Physiological Roles of Carnitine/Organic Cation Transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4 in Neural Cells.	Carnitine	23-32	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	60-65
28768995-7	2017	Carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4 is functionally expressed in neurons and neural stem cells.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	37-42
28768995-7	2017	Carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4 is functionally expressed in neurons and neural stem cells.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	43-50
28497060-13	2017	L-C treatment is effective for CHF patients in improving clinical symptoms and cardiac functions, decreasing serum levels of BNP and NT-proBNP.	Carnitine	0-3	natriuretic peptide B	Homo sapiens	125-128
27581592-1	2017	Systemic primary carnitine deficiency (CDSP) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defect in plasma membrane uptake of carnitine due to SLC22A5 gene mutations.	Carnitine	17-26	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	149-156
28668962-9	2017	Rapid return of free carnitine to control levels during recovery was associated with increased gamma-BBH expression.	Carnitine	21-30	butyrobetaine (gamma), 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase 1 (gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase)	Mus musculus	95-104
27569824-13	2016	CONCLUSION: L-carnitine may reduce cardiopulmonary bypass-induced myocardial apoptosis through modulating the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax, resulting in a protective effect from MIRI.	Carnitine	12-23	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	125-130
27914033-3	2017	L-Carnitine has been reported to reduce Lp(a) levels.	Carnitine	0-11	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	40-45
27914033-4	2017	The aim of this study was to compare the effect of L-carnitine/simvastatin co-administration with that of simvastatin monotherapy on Lp(a) levels in subjects with mixed hyperlipidemia and elevated Lp(a) concentration.	Carnitine	51-62	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	133-138
27914033-7	2017	Lp(a) was significantly reduced in the L-carnitine/simvastatin group [-19.4%, from 52 (20-171) to 42 (15-102) mg/dL; p = 0.01], but not in the placebo/simvastatin group [-6.7%, from 56 (26-108) to 52 (27-93) mg/dL, p = NS versus baseline and p = 0.016 for the comparison between groups].	Carnitine	39-50	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	0-5
27914033-9	2017	Co-administration of L-carnitine with simvastatin was associated with a significant, albeit modest, reduction in Lp(a) compared with simvastatin monotherapy in subjects with mixed hyperlipidemia and elevated baseline Lp(a) levels.	Carnitine	21-32	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	113-118
27914033-9	2017	Co-administration of L-carnitine with simvastatin was associated with a significant, albeit modest, reduction in Lp(a) compared with simvastatin monotherapy in subjects with mixed hyperlipidemia and elevated baseline Lp(a) levels.	Carnitine	21-32	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	217-222
28745680-5	2017	Level of free plasma carnitine &lt;20 micromol/l (syn.	Carnitine	21-30	synemin	Homo sapiens	50-53
28070495-1	2017	Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 9 (ACAD9), linked to chromosome 3q21.3, is one of a family of multimeric mitochondrial flavoenzymes that catalyze the degradation of fatty acyl-CoA from the carnitine shuttle via beta-oxidation (He et al.	Carnitine	180-189	acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family member 9	Homo sapiens	0-24
28070495-1	2017	Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 9 (ACAD9), linked to chromosome 3q21.3, is one of a family of multimeric mitochondrial flavoenzymes that catalyze the degradation of fatty acyl-CoA from the carnitine shuttle via beta-oxidation (He et al.	Carnitine	180-189	acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family member 9	Homo sapiens	26-31
27965989-1	2016	Nepsilon-Trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH) catalyses the first step in mammalian biosynthesis of carnitine, which plays a crucial role in fatty acid metabolism.	Carnitine	98-107	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	0-36
27965989-1	2016	Nepsilon-Trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH) catalyses the first step in mammalian biosynthesis of carnitine, which plays a crucial role in fatty acid metabolism.	Carnitine	98-107	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	38-42
27648961-8	2016	C8-, C10-, C10:1-, C12-, and C12:1-carnitines were released from the exercising leg and simultaneously; C6, C8, C10, C10:1, C14, and C16:1 were taken up by the hepato-splanchnic.	Carnitine	35-45	homeobox C8	Homo sapiens	0-16
27648961-8	2016	C8-, C10-, C10:1-, C12-, and C12:1-carnitines were released from the exercising leg and simultaneously; C6, C8, C10, C10:1, C14, and C16:1 were taken up by the hepato-splanchnic.	Carnitine	35-45	chromosome 12 open reading frame 57	Homo sapiens	5-8
27648961-8	2016	C8-, C10-, C10:1-, C12-, and C12:1-carnitines were released from the exercising leg and simultaneously; C6, C8, C10, C10:1, C14, and C16:1 were taken up by the hepato-splanchnic.	Carnitine	35-45	chromosome 12 open reading frame 57	Homo sapiens	11-14
28161696-0	2017	L-Carnitine Ameliorates the Decrease of Aquaporin 2 Levels in Rats with Cisplatin-Induced Kidney Injury.	Carnitine	0-11	aquaporin 2	Rattus norvegicus	40-51
28161696-8	2017	AQP2 expression, which decreased after cisplatin treatment, was improved by L-carnitine in different regions of the kidney.	Carnitine	76-87	aquaporin 2	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
28161696-9	2017	Moreover, our data indicated that L-carnitine could increase AQP2 accumulation at the apical plasma membranes of the renal-collecting ducts.	Carnitine	34-45	aquaporin 2	Rattus norvegicus	61-65
28161696-10	2017	Finally, intervention with L-carnitine effectively improved the expression of AQP2 upstream signaling proteins, such as GSalpha protein, adenylyl cyclase, and serum AVP levels in rats with cisplatin-induced AKI.	Carnitine	27-38	aquaporin 2	Rattus norvegicus	78-82
28161696-10	2017	Finally, intervention with L-carnitine effectively improved the expression of AQP2 upstream signaling proteins, such as GSalpha protein, adenylyl cyclase, and serum AVP levels in rats with cisplatin-induced AKI.	Carnitine	27-38	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	165-168
28161696-11	2017	CONCLUSION: L-carnitine resolves the cisplatin-induced urinary concentration defect, which may occur by increasing AVP/cyclic adenosine monophosphate/AQP2 levels, indicating the potential use of L-carnitine to ameliorate the renal urinary concentration effect in cancer patients treated with cisplatin.	Carnitine	12-23	arginine vasopressin	Homo sapiens	115-118
28161696-11	2017	CONCLUSION: L-carnitine resolves the cisplatin-induced urinary concentration defect, which may occur by increasing AVP/cyclic adenosine monophosphate/AQP2 levels, indicating the potential use of L-carnitine to ameliorate the renal urinary concentration effect in cancer patients treated with cisplatin.	Carnitine	12-23	aquaporin 2	Homo sapiens	150-154
27841025-1	2016	l-Carnitine was recently found to downregulate the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP) and increase insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations in animal models.	Carnitine	0-11	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	99-127
27841025-3	2016	Thus, we hypothesized that l-carnitine may have a protective effect on muscle atrophy induced by hindlimb suspension via the Akt1/mTOR and/or UPP.	Carnitine	27-38	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	125-129
27841025-3	2016	Thus, we hypothesized that l-carnitine may have a protective effect on muscle atrophy induced by hindlimb suspension via the Akt1/mTOR and/or UPP.	Carnitine	27-38	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Rattus norvegicus	130-134
27841025-6	2016	In addition, l-carnitine suppressed atrogin-1 mRNA expression, which has been reported to play a pivotal role in muscle atrophy.	Carnitine	13-24	F-box protein 32	Rattus norvegicus	36-45
27569824-13	2016	CONCLUSION: L-carnitine may reduce cardiopulmonary bypass-induced myocardial apoptosis through modulating the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax, resulting in a protective effect from MIRI.	Carnitine	12-23	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	135-138
27696553-7	2016	L-carnitine supplementation during IVM significantly (p &lt; .05) upregulated the expression of Bcl2 and PCNA genes in majority of the developmental stages.	Carnitine	0-11	proliferating cell nuclear antigen	Ovis aries	105-109
27696553-8	2016	Although L-carnitine upregulated the expression of Bax in initial developmental stages but downregulated at latter part, whereas the expression of Casp3 was upregulated upto 16-cell stage but after that there was no difference in expression.	Carnitine	9-20	apoptosis regulator BAX	Ovis aries	51-54
27696553-2	2016	Subsequent objective was to observe the L-carnitine-mediated alteration in expression of apoptotic genes (Bcl2, Bax, Casp3 and PCNA) in sheep oocytes and developing embryos produced in vitro.	Carnitine	40-51	apoptosis regulator Bcl-2	Ovis aries	106-110
27895387-3	2016	It is known that an increase in the mitochondrial acetyl-CoA (AcCoA)/CoA ratio causes insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, and this ratio is regulated by carnitine acetyltransferase that exchanges acetyl moiety between CoA and carnitine.	Carnitine	156-165	insulin	Homo sapiens	86-93
27696553-2	2016	Subsequent objective was to observe the L-carnitine-mediated alteration in expression of apoptotic genes (Bcl2, Bax, Casp3 and PCNA) in sheep oocytes and developing embryos produced in vitro.	Carnitine	40-51	apoptosis regulator BAX	Ovis aries	112-115
27696553-2	2016	Subsequent objective was to observe the L-carnitine-mediated alteration in expression of apoptotic genes (Bcl2, Bax, Casp3 and PCNA) in sheep oocytes and developing embryos produced in vitro.	Carnitine	40-51	caspase-3	Ovis aries	117-122
27696553-2	2016	Subsequent objective was to observe the L-carnitine-mediated alteration in expression of apoptotic genes (Bcl2, Bax, Casp3 and PCNA) in sheep oocytes and developing embryos produced in vitro.	Carnitine	40-51	proliferating cell nuclear antigen	Ovis aries	127-131
27696553-5	2016	Antiapoptotic and proliferative effects of L-carnitine were confirmed by inducing culture medium with actinomycin D (apoptotic agent) and TNFalpha (antiproliferative agent), respectively, with and without L-carnitine.	Carnitine	43-54	tumor necrosis factor	Ovis aries	138-146
27696553-6	2016	Oocytes and embryos cultured with actinomycin D and TNFalpha showed developmental arrest with significant (p &lt; .05) decrease in morula and blastocysts percentage but supplementation of L-carnitine to actinomycin D and TNFalpha induced culture medium showed similar result as that of control.	Carnitine	188-199	tumor necrosis factor	Ovis aries	52-60
27696553-6	2016	Oocytes and embryos cultured with actinomycin D and TNFalpha showed developmental arrest with significant (p &lt; .05) decrease in morula and blastocysts percentage but supplementation of L-carnitine to actinomycin D and TNFalpha induced culture medium showed similar result as that of control.	Carnitine	188-199	tumor necrosis factor	Ovis aries	221-229
27696553-7	2016	L-carnitine supplementation during IVM significantly (p &lt; .05) upregulated the expression of Bcl2 and PCNA genes in majority of the developmental stages.	Carnitine	0-11	apoptosis regulator Bcl-2	Ovis aries	96-100
22420015-0	1993	Systemic Primary Carnitine Deficiency CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS: Systemic primary carnitine deficiency (CDSP) is a disorder of the carnitine cycle that results in defective fatty acid oxidation.	Carnitine	81-90	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	103-107
22420015-2	1993	The latter two categories often include mothers diagnosed with CDSP after newborn screening has identified low carnitine levels in their infants.	Carnitine	111-120	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	63-67
22420015-3	1993	DIAGNOSIS/TESTING: Plasma carnitine levels are extremely reduced in CDSP.	Carnitine	26-35	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	68-72
22420015-13	1993	Pregnancy management: Pregnant women with CDSP require close monitoring of plasma carnitine levels and increased carnitine supplementation as needed to maintain normal plasma carnitine levels.	Carnitine	82-91	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	42-46
22420015-13	1993	Pregnancy management: Pregnant women with CDSP require close monitoring of plasma carnitine levels and increased carnitine supplementation as needed to maintain normal plasma carnitine levels.	Carnitine	113-122	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	42-46
22420015-13	1993	Pregnancy management: Pregnant women with CDSP require close monitoring of plasma carnitine levels and increased carnitine supplementation as needed to maintain normal plasma carnitine levels.	Carnitine	113-122	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	42-46
26828774-4	2016	Carnitine is accumulated by the cells and retained by kidneys using OCTN2, a high affinity organic cation transporter specific for carnitine.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	68-73
26850121-2	2016	l-Carnitine biosynthesis enzyme gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase and carnitine/organic cation transporter type 2 (OCTN2) are the main known drug targets of meldonium, and through inhibition of these activities meldonium induces adaptive changes in the cellular energy homeostasis.	Carnitine	0-11	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	32-63
26850121-2	2016	l-Carnitine biosynthesis enzyme gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase and carnitine/organic cation transporter type 2 (OCTN2) are the main known drug targets of meldonium, and through inhibition of these activities meldonium induces adaptive changes in the cellular energy homeostasis.	Carnitine	0-11	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	68-111
26850121-2	2016	l-Carnitine biosynthesis enzyme gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase and carnitine/organic cation transporter type 2 (OCTN2) are the main known drug targets of meldonium, and through inhibition of these activities meldonium induces adaptive changes in the cellular energy homeostasis.	Carnitine	0-11	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	113-118
27730239-1	2016	Trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH) is a non-haem Fe(ii) and 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenase that catalyses the C-3 hydroxylation of an unactivated C-H bond in l-trimethyllysine in the first step of carnitine biosynthesis.	Carnitine	201-210	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	0-27
27730239-1	2016	Trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH) is a non-haem Fe(ii) and 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenase that catalyses the C-3 hydroxylation of an unactivated C-H bond in l-trimethyllysine in the first step of carnitine biosynthesis.	Carnitine	201-210	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	29-33
26828774-4	2016	Carnitine is accumulated by the cells and retained by kidneys using OCTN2, a high affinity organic cation transporter specific for carnitine.	Carnitine	131-140	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	68-73
26828774-5	2016	Defects in the OCTN2 carnitine transporter results in autosomal recessive primary carnitine deficiency characterized by decreased intracellular carnitine accumulation, increased losses of carnitine in the urine, and low serum carnitine levels.	Carnitine	21-30	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	15-20
26828774-5	2016	Defects in the OCTN2 carnitine transporter results in autosomal recessive primary carnitine deficiency characterized by decreased intracellular carnitine accumulation, increased losses of carnitine in the urine, and low serum carnitine levels.	Carnitine	82-91	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	15-20
26828774-5	2016	Defects in the OCTN2 carnitine transporter results in autosomal recessive primary carnitine deficiency characterized by decreased intracellular carnitine accumulation, increased losses of carnitine in the urine, and low serum carnitine levels.	Carnitine	82-91	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	15-20
27240720-1	2016	Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency is biochemically characterized by tissue accumulation of octanoic (OA), decanoic (DA) and cis-4-decenoic (cDA) acids, as well as by their carnitine by-products.	Carnitine	192-201	cytidine deaminase	Rattus norvegicus	160-163
26888052-0	2016	l-carnitine protects rat hepatocytes from oxidative stress induced by T-2 toxin.	Carnitine	0-11	brachyury 2	Rattus norvegicus	70-73
26888052-4	2016	OBJECTIVE: In this study we tested whether L-carnitine, an antioxidant and a facilitator for long-chain fatty acid transportation across mitochondrial membranes, could protect rat hepatocytes against toxicity induced by T-2 toxin.	Carnitine	43-54	brachyury 2	Rattus norvegicus	220-223
26888052-8	2016	Pretreatment with L-carnitine particularly at high-dose reduced toxicity and prevented the hepatocytes from abnormal caspase-3 activity and apoptosis.	Carnitine	18-29	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	117-126
26888052-9	2016	CONCLUSION: Low toxicity of L-carnitine and its mitochondrial protective effects promises an effective way to reduce or prevent the toxicity induced by certain environmental pollutants, including T-2 toxin.	Carnitine	28-39	brachyury 2	Rattus norvegicus	196-199
26918530-0	2016	Leptin Induces Oxidative Stress Through Activation of NADPH Oxidase in Renal Tubular Cells: Antioxidant Effect of L-Carnitine.	Carnitine	114-125	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	0-6
26918530-4	2016	The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of L-carnitine (LC) in rat renal epithelial cells (NRK-52E) exposed to leptin in order to generate a state of oxidative stress characteristic of obesity.	Carnitine	52-63	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	120-126
26918530-4	2016	The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of L-carnitine (LC) in rat renal epithelial cells (NRK-52E) exposed to leptin in order to generate a state of oxidative stress characteristic of obesity.	Carnitine	65-67	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	120-126
26847429-7	2016	Treatment with a low-lysine dietary regimen and carnitine supplementation was started and resulted in an improvement in metabolic control and a reduction of hypoglycemic episodes along with an increasing in insulin daily dose.	Carnitine	48-57	insulin	Homo sapiens	207-214
26933897-6	2016	L-Carnitine supplementation decreased serum IL-1beta and MMP-1 levels significantly (p = 0.001 and p = 0.021, respectively); however, serum hs-CRP and MMP-13 levels did not change significantly (p &gt; 0.05).	Carnitine	0-11	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	44-52
26933897-6	2016	L-Carnitine supplementation decreased serum IL-1beta and MMP-1 levels significantly (p = 0.001 and p = 0.021, respectively); however, serum hs-CRP and MMP-13 levels did not change significantly (p &gt; 0.05).	Carnitine	0-11	matrix metallopeptidase 1	Homo sapiens	57-62
27112275-2	2016	Elevated acylcarnitine levels are found in obese, insulin resistant humans and rodents, and coincide with lower free carnitine.	Carnitine	13-22	insulin	Homo sapiens	50-57
27112275-3	2016	We hypothesized that increasing free carnitine levels by administration of the carnitine precursor gamma-butyrobetaine (gammaBB) could facilitate FAO, thereby improving insulin sensitivity.	Carnitine	37-46	insulin	Homo sapiens	169-176
27112275-3	2016	We hypothesized that increasing free carnitine levels by administration of the carnitine precursor gamma-butyrobetaine (gammaBB) could facilitate FAO, thereby improving insulin sensitivity.	Carnitine	79-88	insulin	Homo sapiens	169-176
26994919-2	2016	The novel organic cation transporter 1 (OCTN1) and 2 (OCTN2) transport ergothioneine and carnitine, respectively.	Carnitine	89-98	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens	10-38
27021847-11	2016	l-carnitine administration improved intestinal microbiome and biliary acid balance, upregulated the hepatic mitochondrial membrane uptake related gene Cpt1 in non-cancerous tissue, and did not alter stem-like cell numbers.	Carnitine	0-11	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	151-155
26994919-2	2016	The novel organic cation transporter 1 (OCTN1) and 2 (OCTN2) transport ergothioneine and carnitine, respectively.	Carnitine	89-98	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	40-45
26994919-2	2016	The novel organic cation transporter 1 (OCTN1) and 2 (OCTN2) transport ergothioneine and carnitine, respectively.	Carnitine	89-98	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	54-59
26994919-3	2016	Mutations in the SLC22A5 gene encoding OCTN2 cause primary carnitine deficiency, a recessive disorders resulting in low carnitine levels and defective fatty acid oxidation.	Carnitine	59-68	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	17-24
26994919-3	2016	Mutations in the SLC22A5 gene encoding OCTN2 cause primary carnitine deficiency, a recessive disorders resulting in low carnitine levels and defective fatty acid oxidation.	Carnitine	59-68	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	39-44
26994919-11	2016	This is in sharp contrast to the OCTN2 carnitine transporter that has been selected for high functional activity through evolution, with almost all substitutions reducing carnitine transport activity.	Carnitine	39-48	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	33-38
27426092-0	2016	L-carnitine Effectively Induces hTERT Gene Expression of Human Adipose Tissue-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Obtained from the Aged Subjects.	Carnitine	0-11	telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens	32-37
26666519-0	2016	Oral carnitine supplementation reduces body weight and insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.	Carnitine	5-14	insulin	Homo sapiens	55-62
27171144-7	2016	Furthermore, Sirt1 also deacetylated p53 and then increased the binding of p53 to Bax, resulting in increased cytosolic cytochrome C. The effect of PPARgamma inactivation by PFOS was validated using the PPARgamma antagonist GW9662, whereas the adverse effects of PFOS were prevented by PPARgamma overexpression and activators, rosiglitozone and L-carnitine, in RTCs.	Carnitine	345-356	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	13-18
27171144-7	2016	Furthermore, Sirt1 also deacetylated p53 and then increased the binding of p53 to Bax, resulting in increased cytosolic cytochrome C. The effect of PPARgamma inactivation by PFOS was validated using the PPARgamma antagonist GW9662, whereas the adverse effects of PFOS were prevented by PPARgamma overexpression and activators, rosiglitozone and L-carnitine, in RTCs.	Carnitine	345-356	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	148-157
27171144-9	2016	Altogether, we provide in vivo and in vitro evidence for the protective mechanism of L-carnitine in eliminating PFOS-mediated renal injury, at least partially, through PPARgamma activation.	Carnitine	85-96	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	168-177
26889770-4	2016	Analysis using Nrf2 siRNA demonstrated that Nrf2 activation was involved in l-carnitine-induced HO-1 expression.	Carnitine	76-87	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	96-100
26889770-5	2016	In addition, l-carnitine-mediated protection against H2O2 toxicity was abrogated by Nrf2 siRNA, indicating the important role of Nrf2 in l-carnitine-induced cytoprotection.	Carnitine	13-24	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	84-88
26889770-0	2016	l-carnitine protects human hepatocytes from oxidative stress-induced toxicity through Akt-mediated activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway.	Carnitine	0-11	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	86-89
26889770-5	2016	In addition, l-carnitine-mediated protection against H2O2 toxicity was abrogated by Nrf2 siRNA, indicating the important role of Nrf2 in l-carnitine-induced cytoprotection.	Carnitine	13-24	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	129-133
26889770-0	2016	l-carnitine protects human hepatocytes from oxidative stress-induced toxicity through Akt-mediated activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway.	Carnitine	0-11	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	113-117
26889770-5	2016	In addition, l-carnitine-mediated protection against H2O2 toxicity was abrogated by Nrf2 siRNA, indicating the important role of Nrf2 in l-carnitine-induced cytoprotection.	Carnitine	137-148	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	84-88
26889770-5	2016	In addition, l-carnitine-mediated protection against H2O2 toxicity was abrogated by Nrf2 siRNA, indicating the important role of Nrf2 in l-carnitine-induced cytoprotection.	Carnitine	137-148	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	129-133
26889770-2	2016	The aim of this study was to investigate whether the protective effect of l-carnitine was associated with the nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway.	Carnitine	74-85	nuclear factor, erythroid 2	Homo sapiens	110-136
26889770-2	2016	The aim of this study was to investigate whether the protective effect of l-carnitine was associated with the nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway.	Carnitine	74-85	nuclear factor, erythroid 2	Homo sapiens	138-160
26889770-6	2016	Further experiments revealed that l-carnitine pretreatment enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt in H2O2-treated cells.	Carnitine	34-45	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	91-94
26889770-2	2016	The aim of this study was to investigate whether the protective effect of l-carnitine was associated with the nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway.	Carnitine	74-85	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	162-166
26889770-3	2016	Our results showed that pretreatment with l-carnitine augmented Nrf2 nuclear translocation, DNA binding activity and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in H2O2-treated HL7702 cells, although l-carnitine treatment alone had no effect on them.	Carnitine	42-53	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	64-68
26889770-7	2016	Blocking Akt pathway with inhibitor partly abrogated the protective effect of l-carnitine.	Carnitine	78-89	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	9-12
26889770-8	2016	Moreover, our finding demonstrated that the induction of Nrf2 translocation and HO-1 expression by l-carnitine directly correlated with the Akt pathway because Akt inhibitor showed inhibitory effects on the Nrf2 translocation and HO-1 expression.	Carnitine	99-110	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	57-61
26889770-3	2016	Our results showed that pretreatment with l-carnitine augmented Nrf2 nuclear translocation, DNA binding activity and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in H2O2-treated HL7702 cells, although l-carnitine treatment alone had no effect on them.	Carnitine	42-53	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	117-133
26889770-3	2016	Our results showed that pretreatment with l-carnitine augmented Nrf2 nuclear translocation, DNA binding activity and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in H2O2-treated HL7702 cells, although l-carnitine treatment alone had no effect on them.	Carnitine	42-53	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	135-139
26889770-8	2016	Moreover, our finding demonstrated that the induction of Nrf2 translocation and HO-1 expression by l-carnitine directly correlated with the Akt pathway because Akt inhibitor showed inhibitory effects on the Nrf2 translocation and HO-1 expression.	Carnitine	99-110	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	80-84
26889770-4	2016	Analysis using Nrf2 siRNA demonstrated that Nrf2 activation was involved in l-carnitine-induced HO-1 expression.	Carnitine	76-87	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	15-19
26889770-8	2016	Moreover, our finding demonstrated that the induction of Nrf2 translocation and HO-1 expression by l-carnitine directly correlated with the Akt pathway because Akt inhibitor showed inhibitory effects on the Nrf2 translocation and HO-1 expression.	Carnitine	99-110	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	140-143
26889770-4	2016	Analysis using Nrf2 siRNA demonstrated that Nrf2 activation was involved in l-carnitine-induced HO-1 expression.	Carnitine	76-87	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	44-48
26889770-8	2016	Moreover, our finding demonstrated that the induction of Nrf2 translocation and HO-1 expression by l-carnitine directly correlated with the Akt pathway because Akt inhibitor showed inhibitory effects on the Nrf2 translocation and HO-1 expression.	Carnitine	99-110	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	160-163
26889770-8	2016	Moreover, our finding demonstrated that the induction of Nrf2 translocation and HO-1 expression by l-carnitine directly correlated with the Akt pathway because Akt inhibitor showed inhibitory effects on the Nrf2 translocation and HO-1 expression.	Carnitine	99-110	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	207-211
26889770-8	2016	Moreover, our finding demonstrated that the induction of Nrf2 translocation and HO-1 expression by l-carnitine directly correlated with the Akt pathway because Akt inhibitor showed inhibitory effects on the Nrf2 translocation and HO-1 expression.	Carnitine	99-110	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	230-234
26889770-9	2016	Altogether, these results demonstrate that l-carnitine protects HL7702 cells against H2O2-induced cell damage through Akt-mediated activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway.	Carnitine	43-54	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	118-121
26889770-9	2016	Altogether, these results demonstrate that l-carnitine protects HL7702 cells against H2O2-induced cell damage through Akt-mediated activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway.	Carnitine	43-54	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	145-149
27225722-0	2016	Effects of Oral L-Carnitine Supplementation on Leptin and Adiponectin Levels and Body Weight of Hemodialysis Patients: a Randomized Clinical Trial.	Carnitine	16-27	leptin	Homo sapiens	47-53
27225722-0	2016	Effects of Oral L-Carnitine Supplementation on Leptin and Adiponectin Levels and Body Weight of Hemodialysis Patients: a Randomized Clinical Trial.	Carnitine	16-27	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Homo sapiens	58-69
27225722-2	2016	The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of L-carnitine supplementation on leptin levels, adiponectin levels, and body weight of hemodialysis patients.	Carnitine	55-66	leptin	Homo sapiens	86-92
27225722-7	2016	The mean change of leptin concentration were, -1.7 +- 19.0 microg/mL and -7.1 +- 20.0 microg/mL in the carnitine group and the control group, respectively (P = .39).	Carnitine	103-112	leptin	Homo sapiens	19-25
26934867-1	2016	The objective of this study was to find out the effect of L-carnitine on oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo development, with L-carnitine-mediated alteration if any in transcript level of antioxidant enzymes (GPx, Cu/Zn-SOD (SOD1) and Mn-SOD (SOD2) in oocytes and developing sheep embryos produced in vitro.	Carnitine	131-142	superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]	Ovis aries	230-234
27040643-6	2016	Our results explained the role of the upregulated expression of BCAT1, PLOD3 and six other methyltransferase genes involved in carnitine biosynthesis and S-adenosylmethionine metabolism in the early and advanced HCC stages.	Carnitine	127-136	branched chain amino acid transaminase 1	Homo sapiens	64-69
27040643-6	2016	Our results explained the role of the upregulated expression of BCAT1, PLOD3 and six other methyltransferase genes involved in carnitine biosynthesis and S-adenosylmethionine metabolism in the early and advanced HCC stages.	Carnitine	127-136	procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 3	Homo sapiens	71-76
27134772-4	2016	ERGO is a typical substrate of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4, which is expressed in the brain and neuronal stem cells, although little is known about its permeation through the BBB (blood-brain barrier) or its neurological activity.	Carnitine	31-40	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	68-73
27134772-4	2016	ERGO is a typical substrate of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4, which is expressed in the brain and neuronal stem cells, although little is known about its permeation through the BBB (blood-brain barrier) or its neurological activity.	Carnitine	31-40	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	74-81
26148146-5	2016	Additionally, the levels of sialic acid and carnitine were lower in the experimental group than that in either the sham or the control group (P &lt; 0.05) and were significantly negatively correlated with HIF-1alpha expression (r = -0.620, P = 0.014, and r = -0.610, P = 0.016 respectively).	Carnitine	44-53	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Rattus norvegicus	205-215
26934867-1	2016	The objective of this study was to find out the effect of L-carnitine on oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo development, with L-carnitine-mediated alteration if any in transcript level of antioxidant enzymes (GPx, Cu/Zn-SOD (SOD1) and Mn-SOD (SOD2) in oocytes and developing sheep embryos produced in vitro.	Carnitine	131-142	superoxide dismutase [Mn], mitochondrial	Ovis aries	248-252
26934867-8	2016	L-carnitine supplementation significantly (p &lt; 0.05) upregulated the expression of GPx and downregulated the expression of SOD2 genes, whereas the expression pattern of SOD1 and GAPDH (housekeeping gene) genes was unaffected in oocytes and embryos.	Carnitine	0-11	superoxide dismutase [Mn], mitochondrial	Ovis aries	126-130
26934867-8	2016	L-carnitine supplementation significantly (p &lt; 0.05) upregulated the expression of GPx and downregulated the expression of SOD2 genes, whereas the expression pattern of SOD1 and GAPDH (housekeeping gene) genes was unaffected in oocytes and embryos.	Carnitine	0-11	superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]	Ovis aries	172-176
26934867-8	2016	L-carnitine supplementation significantly (p &lt; 0.05) upregulated the expression of GPx and downregulated the expression of SOD2 genes, whereas the expression pattern of SOD1 and GAPDH (housekeeping gene) genes was unaffected in oocytes and embryos.	Carnitine	0-11	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Ovis aries	181-186
26972400-0	2016	Effect of levocarnitine on TIMP-1, ICAM-1 expression of rats with coronary heart disease and its myocardial protection effect.	Carnitine	10-23	TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1	Rattus norvegicus	27-33
26972400-0	2016	Effect of levocarnitine on TIMP-1, ICAM-1 expression of rats with coronary heart disease and its myocardial protection effect.	Carnitine	10-23	intercellular adhesion molecule 1	Rattus norvegicus	35-41
26972400-1	2016	OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of levocarnitine (L-CN) on tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression of rats with coronary heart disease and evaluate the protective effect of L-CN on myocardial cells.	Carnitine	49-53	intercellular adhesion molecule 1	Rattus norvegicus	111-144
26972400-1	2016	OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of levocarnitine (L-CN) on tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression of rats with coronary heart disease and evaluate the protective effect of L-CN on myocardial cells.	Carnitine	49-53	intercellular adhesion molecule 1	Rattus norvegicus	146-152
26972400-1	2016	OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of levocarnitine (L-CN) on tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression of rats with coronary heart disease and evaluate the protective effect of L-CN on myocardial cells.	Carnitine	34-47	TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1	Rattus norvegicus	58-97
26972400-1	2016	OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of levocarnitine (L-CN) on tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression of rats with coronary heart disease and evaluate the protective effect of L-CN on myocardial cells.	Carnitine	34-47	TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1	Rattus norvegicus	99-105
26972400-1	2016	OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of levocarnitine (L-CN) on tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression of rats with coronary heart disease and evaluate the protective effect of L-CN on myocardial cells.	Carnitine	49-53	TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1	Rattus norvegicus	58-97
26972400-1	2016	OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of levocarnitine (L-CN) on tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression of rats with coronary heart disease and evaluate the protective effect of L-CN on myocardial cells.	Carnitine	49-53	TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1	Rattus norvegicus	99-105
26716645-4	2016	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) is a rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid beta-oxidation (FAO) that catalyzes the transfer of long-chain acyl group of the acyl-CoA ester to carnitine, thereby shuttling fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix for beta-oxidation.	Carnitine	179-188	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	0-32
26508680-12	2016	Levocarnitine therapy reduced N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels and improved the erythropoietin responsiveness index, whereas no such effects were observed in the control group.	Carnitine	0-13	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	107-121
26607009-2	2016	Distribution of carnitine within the body tissues is mainly performed by novel organic cation transporter (OCTN) family, including the isoforms OCTN1 (SLC22A4) and OCTN2 (SLC22A5) expressed in human.	Carnitine	16-25	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	144-149
26607009-2	2016	Distribution of carnitine within the body tissues is mainly performed by novel organic cation transporter (OCTN) family, including the isoforms OCTN1 (SLC22A4) and OCTN2 (SLC22A5) expressed in human.	Carnitine	16-25	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	151-158
26607009-2	2016	Distribution of carnitine within the body tissues is mainly performed by novel organic cation transporter (OCTN) family, including the isoforms OCTN1 (SLC22A4) and OCTN2 (SLC22A5) expressed in human.	Carnitine	16-25	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	164-169
26607009-2	2016	Distribution of carnitine within the body tissues is mainly performed by novel organic cation transporter (OCTN) family, including the isoforms OCTN1 (SLC22A4) and OCTN2 (SLC22A5) expressed in human.	Carnitine	16-25	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	171-178
26607009-3	2016	We performed here a characterization of carnitine transport in human airway epithelial cells A549, Calu-3, NCl-H441, and BEAS-2B, by means of an integrated approach combining data of mRNA/protein expression with the kinetic and inhibition analyses of L-[(3)H]carnitine transport.	Carnitine	40-49	nucleolin	Homo sapiens	107-110
26607009-5	2016	In A549 and BEAS-2B cells, carnitine uptake was mediated by one high-affinity component (Km&lt;2 muM) identifiable with OCTN2.	Carnitine	27-36	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	120-125
26607009-6	2016	In both these cell models, indeed, carnitine uptake was maximally inhibited by betaine and strongly reduced by SLC22A5/OCTN2 silencing.	Carnitine	35-44	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	111-118
26607009-6	2016	In both these cell models, indeed, carnitine uptake was maximally inhibited by betaine and strongly reduced by SLC22A5/OCTN2 silencing.	Carnitine	35-44	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	119-124
26672496-2	2016	The main treatment for MMA patients is the dietary restriction of propiogenic amino acids and carnitine supplementation.	Carnitine	94-103	monocyte to macrophage differentiation associated	Homo sapiens	23-26
26939401-9	2016	The Nrf2 mRNA expression was significantly reduced in the models as compared with the normal rats (P &lt; 0.05) but remarkably increased in the Huangingzanyu, Qiangjing and levocarnitine groups as compared with the model and normal animals (P &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	173-186	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	4-8
26939401-10	2016	The SDH mRNA expression was significantly lower in the model than in the normal rats (P &lt; 0.05) but markedly elevated in the Huangjingzanyu, Qiangjing and levocarnitine groups as compared with the model and normal animals (P &lt; 0.05), remarkably higher in the Qiangjing than in the Huangjingzanyu group (P &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	158-171	serine dehydratase	Rattus norvegicus	4-7
26832401-3	2016	We now report that neural stem cell (NSC)-autonomous insufficiencies in the activity of TMLHE (an autism risk factor that supports long-chain FAO by catalyzing carnitine biosynthesis), of CPT1A (an enzyme required for long-chain FAO transport into mitochondria), or of fatty acid mobilization from lipid droplets reduced NSC pools in the mouse embryonic neocortex.	Carnitine	160-169	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Mus musculus	88-93
26607009-9	2016	The presence of this transporter leads to a massive accumulation of carnitine inside the cells and may be of peculiar relevance in pathologic conditions of carnitine deficiency, such as those associated to OCTN2 defects.	Carnitine	68-77	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	206-211
26501493-4	2016	The aim of the study was to investigate the role of MMPs and their inhibitors (TIMPs), in the pathogenesis of choline deficiency-induced cardiomyopathy, and the way they are affected by carnitine supplementation.	Carnitine	186-195	matrix metallopeptidase 2	Rattus norvegicus	52-56
26647854-0	2016	L-carnitine ameliorates the liver inflammatory response by regulating carnitine palmitoyltransferase I-dependent PPARgamma signaling.	Carnitine	0-11	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	113-122
26647854-4	2016	The aim of the present study was to examine the role of the CPT I-dependent peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma signaling pathway in the ameliorative effect of L-carnitine on the liver inflammatory response.	Carnitine	179-190	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	60-65
26647854-4	2016	The aim of the present study was to examine the role of the CPT I-dependent peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma signaling pathway in the ameliorative effect of L-carnitine on the liver inflammatory response.	Carnitine	179-190	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	120-124
26647854-7	2016	The results showed that oral administration of L-carnitine in these mice improved hepatocyte necrosis, liver cell cord derangement and hydropic or fatty degeneration of the liver cells in the liver tissues, decreased serum levels of malondialdehyde, increased serum levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and elevated the expression levels of PPARalpha and PPARgamma at the mRNA and protein levels.	Carnitine	47-58	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	363-372
26647854-7	2016	The results showed that oral administration of L-carnitine in these mice improved hepatocyte necrosis, liver cell cord derangement and hydropic or fatty degeneration of the liver cells in the liver tissues, decreased serum levels of malondialdehyde, increased serum levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and elevated the expression levels of PPARalpha and PPARgamma at the mRNA and protein levels.	Carnitine	47-58	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	377-386
26647854-8	2016	These changes induced by L-carnitine were reversed by treatment with etomoxir, an inhibitor of CPT I.	Carnitine	25-36	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	95-100
26647854-9	2016	The inhibitory effect of L-carnitine on the increased expression level of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB p65 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells was markedly weakened by GW9662, a selective inhibitor of PPAR-gamma.	Carnitine	25-36	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	74-100
26647854-9	2016	The inhibitory effect of L-carnitine on the increased expression level of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB p65 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells was markedly weakened by GW9662, a selective inhibitor of PPAR-gamma.	Carnitine	25-36	v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (avian)	Mus musculus	101-104
26647854-9	2016	The inhibitory effect of L-carnitine on the increased expression level of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB p65 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells was markedly weakened by GW9662, a selective inhibitor of PPAR-gamma.	Carnitine	25-36	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	205-215
26647854-10	2016	GW9662 also eliminated the inhibitory effect of L-carnitine on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) in the liver, and on the serum expression levels of pro-inflammatory prostaglandin E2, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in the cancer cachexia model mice.	Carnitine	48-59	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Mus musculus	81-97
26647854-10	2016	GW9662 also eliminated the inhibitory effect of L-carnitine on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) in the liver, and on the serum expression levels of pro-inflammatory prostaglandin E2, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in the cancer cachexia model mice.	Carnitine	48-59	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Mus musculus	99-104
26647854-10	2016	GW9662 also eliminated the inhibitory effect of L-carnitine on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) in the liver, and on the serum expression levels of pro-inflammatory prostaglandin E2, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in the cancer cachexia model mice.	Carnitine	48-59	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	245-258
26647854-12	2016	Taken together, these results demonstrated that L-carnitine ameliorated liver inflammation and serum pro-inflammatory markers in cancer cachexia through regulating CPT I-dependent PPARgamma signaling, including the downstream molecules of NF-kappaB p65 and Cox-2.	Carnitine	48-59	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	164-169
26647854-12	2016	Taken together, these results demonstrated that L-carnitine ameliorated liver inflammation and serum pro-inflammatory markers in cancer cachexia through regulating CPT I-dependent PPARgamma signaling, including the downstream molecules of NF-kappaB p65 and Cox-2.	Carnitine	48-59	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	180-189
26647854-12	2016	Taken together, these results demonstrated that L-carnitine ameliorated liver inflammation and serum pro-inflammatory markers in cancer cachexia through regulating CPT I-dependent PPARgamma signaling, including the downstream molecules of NF-kappaB p65 and Cox-2.	Carnitine	48-59	v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (avian)	Mus musculus	249-252
26647854-12	2016	Taken together, these results demonstrated that L-carnitine ameliorated liver inflammation and serum pro-inflammatory markers in cancer cachexia through regulating CPT I-dependent PPARgamma signaling, including the downstream molecules of NF-kappaB p65 and Cox-2.	Carnitine	48-59	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Mus musculus	257-262
26716645-4	2016	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) is a rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid beta-oxidation (FAO) that catalyzes the transfer of long-chain acyl group of the acyl-CoA ester to carnitine, thereby shuttling fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix for beta-oxidation.	Carnitine	179-188	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	34-38
26675771-0	2016	Protein ingestion acutely inhibits insulin-stimulated muscle carnitine uptake in healthy young men.	Carnitine	61-70	insulin	Homo sapiens	35-42
26660433-1	2016	gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX) is a non-heme Fe(II) - and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenase that catalyzes the stereoselective hydroxylation of an unactivated C-H bond of gamma-butyrobetaine (gammaBB) in the final step of carnitine biosynthesis.	Carnitine	231-240	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	0-31
26660433-1	2016	gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX) is a non-heme Fe(II) - and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenase that catalyzes the stereoselective hydroxylation of an unactivated C-H bond of gamma-butyrobetaine (gammaBB) in the final step of carnitine biosynthesis.	Carnitine	231-240	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	33-37
26675771-2	2016	OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether whey protein ingestion could reduce the carbohydrate load required to stimulate insulin-mediated muscle carnitine accretion.	Carnitine	139-148	insulin	Homo sapiens	115-122
26675771-8	2016	CONCLUSIONS: The insulin-mediated increase in forearm carnitine balance with carbohydrate consumption was acutely blunted by a carbohydrate+protein beverage, which suggests that carbohydrate+protein could inhibit chronic muscle carnitine accumulation.	Carnitine	54-63	insulin	Homo sapiens	17-24
26675771-8	2016	CONCLUSIONS: The insulin-mediated increase in forearm carnitine balance with carbohydrate consumption was acutely blunted by a carbohydrate+protein beverage, which suggests that carbohydrate+protein could inhibit chronic muscle carnitine accumulation.	Carnitine	228-237	insulin	Homo sapiens	17-24
27931018-3	2016	Defects in carnitine transport such as those caused by defective activity of the OCTN2 transporter encoded by the SLC22A5 gene result in primary carnitine deficiency, and newborn screening programmes can identify patients at risk for this condition before irreversible damage.	Carnitine	11-20	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	81-86
27931018-3	2016	Defects in carnitine transport such as those caused by defective activity of the OCTN2 transporter encoded by the SLC22A5 gene result in primary carnitine deficiency, and newborn screening programmes can identify patients at risk for this condition before irreversible damage.	Carnitine	11-20	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	114-121
27931032-6	2016	Carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) has an essential role in the cardiomyocyte because of its need for large amounts of carnitine.	Carnitine	119-128	carnitine acetyltransferase	Mus musculus	0-27
27931032-6	2016	Carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) has an essential role in the cardiomyocyte because of its need for large amounts of carnitine.	Carnitine	119-128	carnitine acetyltransferase	Mus musculus	29-33
27931032-8	2016	This carnitine-induced switch in fatty acid oxidation to glucose oxidation is due to the presence of cytosolic CrAT and reverse CrAT activity.	Carnitine	5-14	carnitine acetyltransferase	Mus musculus	111-115
27931032-8	2016	This carnitine-induced switch in fatty acid oxidation to glucose oxidation is due to the presence of cytosolic CrAT and reverse CrAT activity.	Carnitine	5-14	carnitine acetyltransferase	Mus musculus	128-132
26822979-8	2016	The results achieved meet the requirements of SMPR 2012.010 and 2012.013 for L-carnitine and total choline, respectively.	Carnitine	77-88	mannose-6-phosphate receptor, cation dependent	Homo sapiens	46-50
26584136-0	2016	L-Carnitine intake and high trimethylamine N-oxide plasma levels correlate with low aortic lesions in ApoE(-/-) transgenic mice expressing CETP.	Carnitine	0-11	apolipoprotein E	Mus musculus	102-106
26584136-0	2016	L-Carnitine intake and high trimethylamine N-oxide plasma levels correlate with low aortic lesions in ApoE(-/-) transgenic mice expressing CETP.	Carnitine	0-11	cholesteryl ester transfer protein	Homo sapiens	139-143
26584136-8	2016	In ApoE(-/-)mice expressing hCETP, high doses of l-carnitine resulted in a significant increase in plasma TMAO levels.	Carnitine	49-60	apolipoprotein E	Mus musculus	3-7
26584136-8	2016	In ApoE(-/-)mice expressing hCETP, high doses of l-carnitine resulted in a significant increase in plasma TMAO levels.	Carnitine	49-60	cholesteryl ester transfer protein	Homo sapiens	28-33
26136110-7	2016	Apoptosis markers such as DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activity were also inhibited by 5 mM LC in caffeine-treated cells.	Carnitine	95-97	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	48-57
28132459-4	2016	Carnitine is necessary for transfer of fatty acids to mitochondria: in functioning of the so-called carnitine shuttle an essential role is fulfilled by palmitoylcarnitine transferase 1, carnitine carrier (SLC25A20) in the inner mitochondrial membrane and palmitoylcarnitine transferase 2.	Carnitine	100-109	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	205-213
26608419-0	2016	Isolation of soluble scFv antibody fragments specific for small biomarker molecule, L-Carnitine, using phage display.	Carnitine	84-95	immunglobulin heavy chain variable region	Homo sapiens	21-25
26608419-1	2016	Isolation of single chain antibody fragment (scFv) clones from naive Tomlinson I+J phage display libraries that specifically bind a small biomarker molecule, L-Carnitine, was performed using iterative affinity selection procedures.	Carnitine	158-169	immunglobulin heavy chain variable region	Homo sapiens	45-49
28132459-4	2016	Carnitine is necessary for transfer of fatty acids to mitochondria: in functioning of the so-called carnitine shuttle an essential role is fulfilled by palmitoylcarnitine transferase 1, carnitine carrier (SLC25A20) in the inner mitochondrial membrane and palmitoylcarnitine transferase 2.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	205-213
26708865-3	2016	Although CPT1C exhibits high sequence similarity to CPT1A and CPT1B, it is specifically expressed in neurons (a cell-type that does not use fatty acids as fuel to any major extent), it is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells, and it has minimal CPT1 catalytic activity with l-carnitine and acyl-CoA esters.	Carnitine	285-296	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1C	Homo sapiens	9-14
26708865-3	2016	Although CPT1C exhibits high sequence similarity to CPT1A and CPT1B, it is specifically expressed in neurons (a cell-type that does not use fatty acids as fuel to any major extent), it is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells, and it has minimal CPT1 catalytic activity with l-carnitine and acyl-CoA esters.	Carnitine	285-296	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	9-13
28132459-4	2016	Carnitine is necessary for transfer of fatty acids to mitochondria: in functioning of the so-called carnitine shuttle an essential role is fulfilled by palmitoylcarnitine transferase 1, carnitine carrier (SLC25A20) in the inner mitochondrial membrane and palmitoylcarnitine transferase 2.	Carnitine	161-170	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	205-213
26359931-5	2015	During post-exercise recovery, a lower lipid oxidation (P &lt; 0.05) and higher glucose oxidation were observed in AMPKalpha2 KO (respiratory exchange ratio (RER) = 0.84 +- 0.02) than in WT and AMPKalpha1 KO (average RER = 0.80 +- 0.01) without genotype differences in muscle malonyl-CoA or free-carnitine concentrations.	Carnitine	296-305	protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 2 catalytic subunit	Mus musculus	115-125
26694920-7	2015	Enhanced PPARbeta/delta and PPARalpha expression and DNA binding induces expression of FA oxidation enzymes, increasing muscle carnitine and lowering tissue malonyl-CoA concentrations, thereby supporting intra-mitochondrial pathways of FA oxidation and enhancing mitochondrial respiration.	Carnitine	127-136	peroxisome proliferator activator receptor delta	Mus musculus	9-17
26694920-7	2015	Enhanced PPARbeta/delta and PPARalpha expression and DNA binding induces expression of FA oxidation enzymes, increasing muscle carnitine and lowering tissue malonyl-CoA concentrations, thereby supporting intra-mitochondrial pathways of FA oxidation and enhancing mitochondrial respiration.	Carnitine	127-136	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	28-37
26261054-7	2015	In terms of nutrient regulation, carnitine metabolism regulates hypothalamic fatty acid sensing through the actions of CPT1 and has an underappreciated role in glucose sensing since carnitine metabolism also buffers mitochondrial matrix levels of acetyl-CoA, an allosteric inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase and hence glucose metabolism.	Carnitine	33-42	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	119-123
25669660-5	2015	Moreover, l-carnitine accelerated reactive oxygen species production in serum and liver, thereby triggering hepatic NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation to elevate serum interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-18 levels in rats.	Carnitine	10-21	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Rattus norvegicus	116-135
25669660-5	2015	Moreover, l-carnitine accelerated reactive oxygen species production in serum and liver, thereby triggering hepatic NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation to elevate serum interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-18 levels in rats.	Carnitine	10-21	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3	Rattus norvegicus	137-142
26329338-6	2015	RESULTS: The metabolic pathways for carnitine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, arachidonic acid, and glycophospholipid were significantly upregulated in OA SF.	Carnitine	36-45	OAP	Homo sapiens	148-153
26261054-11	2015	Indeed, the metabolic action of ghrelin, leptin or insulin at POMC or NPY neurons may depend on appropriate nutrient-sensing in these neurons and we hypothesize carnitine metabolism is critical in the integrative processing.	Carnitine	161-170	insulin	Homo sapiens	51-58
26261054-11	2015	Indeed, the metabolic action of ghrelin, leptin or insulin at POMC or NPY neurons may depend on appropriate nutrient-sensing in these neurons and we hypothesize carnitine metabolism is critical in the integrative processing.	Carnitine	161-170	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	62-66
26261054-11	2015	Indeed, the metabolic action of ghrelin, leptin or insulin at POMC or NPY neurons may depend on appropriate nutrient-sensing in these neurons and we hypothesize carnitine metabolism is critical in the integrative processing.	Carnitine	161-170	neuropeptide Y	Homo sapiens	70-73
26261054-12	2015	Future research is required to examine the neuron-specific effects of carnitine metabolism on concurrent nutrient- and hormonal-sensing in AgRP and POMC neurons.	Carnitine	70-79	agouti related neuropeptide	Homo sapiens	139-143
26261054-12	2015	Future research is required to examine the neuron-specific effects of carnitine metabolism on concurrent nutrient- and hormonal-sensing in AgRP and POMC neurons.	Carnitine	70-79	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	148-152
25669660-5	2015	Moreover, l-carnitine accelerated reactive oxygen species production in serum and liver, thereby triggering hepatic NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation to elevate serum interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-18 levels in rats.	Carnitine	10-21	interleukin 1 beta	Rattus norvegicus	185-207
25669660-5	2015	Moreover, l-carnitine accelerated reactive oxygen species production in serum and liver, thereby triggering hepatic NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation to elevate serum interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-18 levels in rats.	Carnitine	10-21	interleukin 18	Rattus norvegicus	212-217
25600905-7	2015	Serum free L-carnitine concentration increased significantly after interventions in CAR and CAR+EXR groups.	Carnitine	11-22	CXADR pseudogene 1	Homo sapiens	84-87
25600905-7	2015	Serum free L-carnitine concentration increased significantly after interventions in CAR and CAR+EXR groups.	Carnitine	11-22	CXADR pseudogene 1	Homo sapiens	92-99
25600905-9	2015	L-carnitine supplementation plus aerobic training led to significant decrease of serum Hs-CRP levels in CAR+EXR group compared with baseline values.	Carnitine	0-11	CXADR pseudogene 1	Homo sapiens	104-111
26451842-5	2015	In contrast, compared with CON and C50, 100 g/d L-carnitine (C100) resulted in lower FGF21, KLB, ANGPTL4, and ARNTL expression on d 10.	Carnitine	48-59	aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator like	Bos taurus	110-115
25600905-11	2015	Aerobic training alone or in combination with L-carnitine had favorable effect on serum Il-6 and Hs-CRP levels as markers of inflammation in studied subjects.	Carnitine	46-57	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	88-92
26294258-4	2015	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) depletion and evidence of increased poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1)activity were apparent in sedentary mtDNA mutator mouse cortex, along with deficits in carnitine metabolites and an upregulated antioxidant response that largely normalized with exercise.	Carnitine	218-227	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	125-130
26514444-7	2015	Because Drp1 blocking also impaired the mitochondrial membrane potential, we tested whether supplementing with L-carnitine, a compound that restores mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP synthesis, could revert the defects induced by Drp1 inhibition.	Carnitine	111-122	dynamin 1 like	Homo sapiens	8-12
26514444-7	2015	Because Drp1 blocking also impaired the mitochondrial membrane potential, we tested whether supplementing with L-carnitine, a compound that restores mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP synthesis, could revert the defects induced by Drp1 inhibition.	Carnitine	111-122	dynamin 1 like	Homo sapiens	237-241
26451842-4	2015	In experiment 2, cows in control (CON) or receiving 50 g/d of L-carnitine (C50) from -14 through 21 d had increased FGF21, PPARA, and NFIL3 on d 10 compared with d 2 postpartum.	Carnitine	62-73	fibroblast growth factor 21	Bos taurus	116-121
26451842-4	2015	In experiment 2, cows in control (CON) or receiving 50 g/d of L-carnitine (C50) from -14 through 21 d had increased FGF21, PPARA, and NFIL3 on d 10 compared with d 2 postpartum.	Carnitine	62-73	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Bos taurus	123-128
26451842-4	2015	In experiment 2, cows in control (CON) or receiving 50 g/d of L-carnitine (C50) from -14 through 21 d had increased FGF21, PPARA, and NFIL3 on d 10 compared with d 2 postpartum.	Carnitine	62-73	nuclear factor, interleukin 3 regulated	Bos taurus	134-139
26451842-5	2015	In contrast, compared with CON and C50, 100 g/d L-carnitine (C100) resulted in lower FGF21, KLB, ANGPTL4, and ARNTL expression on d 10.	Carnitine	48-59	fibroblast growth factor 21	Bos taurus	85-90
26451842-5	2015	In contrast, compared with CON and C50, 100 g/d L-carnitine (C100) resulted in lower FGF21, KLB, ANGPTL4, and ARNTL expression on d 10.	Carnitine	48-59	klotho beta	Bos taurus	92-95
26451842-5	2015	In contrast, compared with CON and C50, 100 g/d L-carnitine (C100) resulted in lower FGF21, KLB, ANGPTL4, and ARNTL expression on d 10.	Carnitine	48-59	angiopoietin like 4	Bos taurus	97-104
26440109-9	2015	We find that in K. lactis, but not in S. cerevisiae, the Sip4 protein plays an essential role in C2 carbon assimilation including induction of the glyoxylate cycle and the carnitine shuttle genes.	Carnitine	172-181	Sip4p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	57-61
26576346-0	2015	Effect of Genistein and L-Carnitine and Their Combination on Gene Expression of Hepatocyte HMG-COA Reductase and LDL Receptor in Experimental Nephrotic Syndrome.	Carnitine	24-35	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase	Homo sapiens	91-108
26218418-6	2015	SUMMARY: A growing body of work demonstrates that nutrients present in high-fat foods (phosphatidylcholine, choline and L-carnitine) can be metabolized by the gut microbial enzymes to generate trimethylamine, which is then further metabolized by the host enzyme FMO3 to produce proatherogenic TMAO.	Carnitine	120-131	flavin containing monooxygenase 3	Mus musculus	262-266
26576346-0	2015	Effect of Genistein and L-Carnitine and Their Combination on Gene Expression of Hepatocyte HMG-COA Reductase and LDL Receptor in Experimental Nephrotic Syndrome.	Carnitine	24-35	low density lipoprotein receptor	Homo sapiens	113-125
26576346-3	2015	In the present study, we have delved into the separate and the twin-effects of L-carnitine and genistein on the gene expressions of HMG-COA reductase and LDL receptor in experimental nephrotic syndrome.	Carnitine	79-90	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase	Homo sapiens	132-149
26576346-3	2015	In the present study, we have delved into the separate and the twin-effects of L-carnitine and genistein on the gene expressions of HMG-COA reductase and LDL receptor in experimental nephrotic syndrome.	Carnitine	79-90	low density lipoprotein receptor	Homo sapiens	154-166
26576346-11	2015	CONCLUSION: This study shows a significant decreasing (P&lt;0.001) and non-significant increasing trend in HMG-COA Reductase and LDLr gene expression, respectively, and synergistic effect of L-carnitine and genistein on these genes in experimental nephrotic syndrome.	Carnitine	191-202	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase	Homo sapiens	107-124
26576346-11	2015	CONCLUSION: This study shows a significant decreasing (P&lt;0.001) and non-significant increasing trend in HMG-COA Reductase and LDLr gene expression, respectively, and synergistic effect of L-carnitine and genistein on these genes in experimental nephrotic syndrome.	Carnitine	191-202	low density lipoprotein receptor	Homo sapiens	129-133
26043725-11	2015	SW480 cells were found to transport carnitine primarily via the OCTN2 transporter.	Carnitine	36-45	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	64-69
26165742-5	2015	We found the expression levels of BTB factors (Connexin43, ZO-1, Vimentin, Claudin1, Claudin5) were disrupted in TM-4 cells after HS treatment, which were recovered by the addition of carnitine.	Carnitine	184-193	gap junction protein, alpha 1	Mus musculus	47-57
26165742-5	2015	We found the expression levels of BTB factors (Connexin43, ZO-1, Vimentin, Claudin1, Claudin5) were disrupted in TM-4 cells after HS treatment, which were recovered by the addition of carnitine.	Carnitine	184-193	vimentin	Mus musculus	65-73
26165742-5	2015	We found the expression levels of BTB factors (Connexin43, ZO-1, Vimentin, Claudin1, Claudin5) were disrupted in TM-4 cells after HS treatment, which were recovered by the addition of carnitine.	Carnitine	184-193	claudin 1	Mus musculus	75-83
26165742-5	2015	We found the expression levels of BTB factors (Connexin43, ZO-1, Vimentin, Claudin1, Claudin5) were disrupted in TM-4 cells after HS treatment, which were recovered by the addition of carnitine.	Carnitine	184-193	claudin 5	Mus musculus	85-93
26268514-16	2015	Simultaneous administration of Carnitine with IVIR abolished the IVIR-induced oxidative stress as evident by preventing the elevations in AOPP and NGAL, preferentially in patients with Hp2-2 phenotype.	Carnitine	31-40	lipocalin 2	Homo sapiens	147-151
26268514-16	2015	Simultaneous administration of Carnitine with IVIR abolished the IVIR-induced oxidative stress as evident by preventing the elevations in AOPP and NGAL, preferentially in patients with Hp2-2 phenotype.	Carnitine	31-40	ADP ribosylation factor like GTPase 6 interacting protein 5	Homo sapiens	185-190
26046127-6	2015	Among these biomarkers, the levels of bile acids increased with the progression of PBC, while the levels of carnitines, such as propionyl carnitine and butyryl carnitine, decreased with the progression of PBC.	Carnitine	108-118	dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	205-208
26046127-7	2015	In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that the circulating levels of bile acids and carnitine are differentially altered in patients with PBC.	Carnitine	103-112	dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	157-160
26002427-5	2015	Since there are no studies in the literature reporting the inflammatory profile of MSUD patients and the L-car role on the inflammatory response in this disorder, the present study evaluates the effect of L-car supplementation on plasma inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-gamma (INF-gamma), and a correlation with malondialdehyde (MDA), as a marker of oxidative damage, and with free L-car plasma levels in treated MSUD patients.	Carnitine	205-210	interleukin 1 beta	Homo sapiens	260-277
26240137-7	2015	Treatment of LCAD(-/-) mice with mildronate, a drug that inhibits carnitine synthesis, eliminates acylcarnitines and improves lung function.	Carnitine	66-75	acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, long-chain	Mus musculus	13-17
25943046-2	2015	A 4-year-old male with autism and two episodes of neurodevelopmental regression was identified to have a mutation in the TMLHE gene, which encodes the first enzyme in the carnitine biosynthesis pathway, and concurrent carnitine deficiency.	Carnitine	171-180	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	121-126
26365120-11	2015	Western blot and real-time PCR results showed that L-carnitine treatment can significantly up-regulate the LC3-II and Beclin-1 expression in the CP+L-carnitine group when compared with the control group (P&lt;0.05).	Carnitine	51-62	annexin A3	Rattus norvegicus	107-110
26365120-11	2015	Western blot and real-time PCR results showed that L-carnitine treatment can significantly up-regulate the LC3-II and Beclin-1 expression in the CP+L-carnitine group when compared with the control group (P&lt;0.05).	Carnitine	51-62	beclin 1	Rattus norvegicus	118-126
26365120-11	2015	Western blot and real-time PCR results showed that L-carnitine treatment can significantly up-regulate the LC3-II and Beclin-1 expression in the CP+L-carnitine group when compared with the control group (P&lt;0.05).	Carnitine	148-159	annexin A3	Rattus norvegicus	107-110
26365120-11	2015	Western blot and real-time PCR results showed that L-carnitine treatment can significantly up-regulate the LC3-II and Beclin-1 expression in the CP+L-carnitine group when compared with the control group (P&lt;0.05).	Carnitine	148-159	beclin 1	Rattus norvegicus	118-126
25446285-5	2015	All studies in this field, except one, showed that L-carnitine could significantly reduce C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A, as two systemic inflammation markers, in HD patients.	Carnitine	51-62	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	90-108
26190559-8	2015	L-Carnitine supplementation attenuated these high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced changes, together with modifications in lipid metabolism including the inhibition of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 activity, reduced storage of short-chain monounsaturated fatty acids in the tissues with decreased linoleic acid content and trans fatty acids stored in retroperitoneal fat.	Carnitine	0-11	stearoyl-CoA desaturase	Rattus norvegicus	171-196
26190559-9	2015	Thus, L-carnitine supplementation attenuated the signs of metabolic syndrome through inhibition of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 activity, preferential beta-oxidation of some fatty acids and increased storage of saturated fatty acids and relatively inert oleic acid in the tissues.	Carnitine	6-17	stearoyl-CoA desaturase	Rattus norvegicus	99-124
25852008-3	2015	Differentiated C2C12 myotubes treated with l-C14, C16, C18, and C18:1 carnitine displayed dose-dependent increases in IL-6 production with a concomitant rise in markers of cell permeability and death, which was not observed for shorter chain lengths.	Carnitine	70-79	Bardet-Biedl syndrome 9	Homo sapiens	64-67
25852008-3	2015	Differentiated C2C12 myotubes treated with l-C14, C16, C18, and C18:1 carnitine displayed dose-dependent increases in IL-6 production with a concomitant rise in markers of cell permeability and death, which was not observed for shorter chain lengths.	Carnitine	70-79	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	118-122
26154055-2	2015	Short-chain carnitine conjugates, including acetylcarnitine, derive from their corresponding acyl-CoA precursors via the action of carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT), a bidirectional mitochondrial matrix enzyme.	Carnitine	12-21	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	131-158
26154055-2	2015	Short-chain carnitine conjugates, including acetylcarnitine, derive from their corresponding acyl-CoA precursors via the action of carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT), a bidirectional mitochondrial matrix enzyme.	Carnitine	12-21	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	160-164
25271595-10	2015	CONCLUSIONS: l-carnitine, erythritol and betaine function as osmoprotectants to suppress inflammatory responses via TRPV1 pathway in HCECs exposed to hyperosmotic stress.	Carnitine	13-24	transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1	Homo sapiens	116-121
25817784-0	2015	Carnitine protects the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans from glucose-induced reduction of survival depending on the nuclear hormone receptor DAF-12.	Carnitine	0-9	Nuclear hormone receptor family member daf-12	Caenorhabditis elegans	140-146
25892691-0	2015	The pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulates expression of the carnitine transporter OCTN2 (novel organic cation transporter 2) and carnitine uptake via nuclear factor-kappaB in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells.	Carnitine	87-96	tumor necrosis factor	Bos taurus	30-57
25892691-2	2015	It has been shown recently that pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), stimulate OCTN2 expression and carnitine uptake in intestinal cells and inflamed intestinal mucosa.	Carnitine	141-150	tumor necrosis factor	Bos taurus	70-97
25892691-2	2015	It has been shown recently that pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), stimulate OCTN2 expression and carnitine uptake in intestinal cells and inflamed intestinal mucosa.	Carnitine	141-150	tumor necrosis factor	Bos taurus	99-107
25892691-4	2015	Thus, in the present study, we tested the hypothesis that TNFalpha stimulates OCTN2 gene expression and carnitine uptake via NF-kappaB in the bovine Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell line.	Carnitine	104-113	tumor necrosis factor	Bos taurus	58-66
25892691-5	2015	Treatment with TNFalpha caused activation of NF-kappaB, increased the mRNA and protein concentration of OCTN2, and stimulated the uptake of carnitine in MDBK cells.	Carnitine	140-149	tumor necrosis factor	Bos taurus	15-23
25892691-6	2015	In contrast, combined treatment of MDBK cells with TNFalpha and the NF-kappaB inhibitor BAY 11-7085 completely blocked the effect of TNFalpha on OCTN2 mRNA and protein concentration and uptake of carnitine.	Carnitine	196-205	tumor necrosis factor	Bos taurus	51-59
25892691-6	2015	In contrast, combined treatment of MDBK cells with TNFalpha and the NF-kappaB inhibitor BAY 11-7085 completely blocked the effect of TNFalpha on OCTN2 mRNA and protein concentration and uptake of carnitine.	Carnitine	196-205	tumor necrosis factor	Bos taurus	133-141
25817784-5	2015	Under daf-12 RNAi rescue of survival by carnitine was abolished.	Carnitine	40-49	Nuclear hormone receptor family member daf-12	Caenorhabditis elegans	6-12
25502333-0	2015	Investigation of protective effect of L-carnitine on L-asparaginase-induced acute pancreatic injury in male Balb/c mice.	Carnitine	38-49	asparaginase like 1	Mus musculus	53-67
25827849-4	2015	The findings of serum acyl-carnitines were consistent with CDSP manifesting as decreased free and total carnitines in serum.	Carnitine	27-37	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	59-63
25502333-1	2015	INTRODUCTION: The present analysis deals with the biochemical and histopathological effects of L-carnitine in mice with L-asparaginase (ASNase)-induced experimental acute pancreatic injury (API).	Carnitine	95-106	asparaginase like 1	Mus musculus	120-134
25502333-1	2015	INTRODUCTION: The present analysis deals with the biochemical and histopathological effects of L-carnitine in mice with L-asparaginase (ASNase)-induced experimental acute pancreatic injury (API).	Carnitine	95-106	asparaginase like 1	Mus musculus	136-142
25502333-10	2015	As a result, L-carnitine for ASNase-induced API mice may be protective against pancreatic tissue degeneration and oxidative stress or lipid peroxidation.	Carnitine	13-24	asparaginase like 1	Mus musculus	29-35
25857234-5	2015	The uptake was strongly inhibited by quinidine, pyrilamine and verapamil, and was moderately inhibited by TEA (substrate of OCTs and OCTNs) and l-carnitine (substrate of OCTN2), but was not inhibited by MPP(+) (substrate of OCTs and PMAT) or ergothioneine (substrate of OCTN1).	Carnitine	144-155	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	170-175
25771043-5	2015	The milk samples from cows with the DGAT1 KK genotype contained more stomatin, sphingomyelin, choline, and carnitine, and less citrate, creatine or phosphocreatine, glycerol-phosphocholine, mannose-like sugar, acetyl sugar phosphate, uridine diphosphate (UDP)-related sugar, and orotic acid compared with milk samples from cows with the DGAT1 AA genotype.	Carnitine	107-116	diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1	Bos taurus	36-41
25751282-9	2015	MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE: Mutation in the neuronal isoform of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase (CPT1C) gene.	Carnitine	62-71	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1C	Homo sapiens	95-100
25857234-5	2015	The uptake was strongly inhibited by quinidine, pyrilamine and verapamil, and was moderately inhibited by TEA (substrate of OCTs and OCTNs) and l-carnitine (substrate of OCTN2), but was not inhibited by MPP(+) (substrate of OCTs and PMAT) or ergothioneine (substrate of OCTN1).	Carnitine	144-155	solute carrier family 29 member 4	Homo sapiens	233-237
25857234-5	2015	The uptake was strongly inhibited by quinidine, pyrilamine and verapamil, and was moderately inhibited by TEA (substrate of OCTs and OCTNs) and l-carnitine (substrate of OCTN2), but was not inhibited by MPP(+) (substrate of OCTs and PMAT) or ergothioneine (substrate of OCTN1).	Carnitine	144-155	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	270-275
25600394-5	2015	Carnitine supplementation has been reported to counteract some of these alterations and has been associated with some clinical benefits, such as enhanced response to erythropoietin as well as improvement in exercise tolerance, intradialytic symptom, hyperparathyroidism, insulin resistance, inflammatory and oxidant status, protein balance, lipid profile, cardiac function, and quality of life.	Carnitine	0-9	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	166-180
25627022-4	2015	RESULTS: The both L-carnitine concentrations significantly increased the intracellular glutathione (P&lt;0.001), nuclear maturation (P&lt;0.01) and expression levels of cyclin-dependent kinase1 (CDK1) (P&lt;0.05).	Carnitine	18-29	cyclin-dependent kinase 1	Mus musculus	169-193
25627022-4	2015	RESULTS: The both L-carnitine concentrations significantly increased the intracellular glutathione (P&lt;0.001), nuclear maturation (P&lt;0.01) and expression levels of cyclin-dependent kinase1 (CDK1) (P&lt;0.05).	Carnitine	18-29	cyclin-dependent kinase 1	Mus musculus	195-199
25627022-5	2015	Moreover, treated oocytes with 0.6 mg/ml L-carnitine showed increased (P &lt; 0.05) expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase1 (MAPK1) mRNA.	Carnitine	41-52	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Mus musculus	98-131
25627022-5	2015	Moreover, treated oocytes with 0.6 mg/ml L-carnitine showed increased (P &lt; 0.05) expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase1 (MAPK1) mRNA.	Carnitine	41-52	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Mus musculus	133-138
28356827-0	2015	Effect of L-carnitine Supplementation on Circulating C-reactive Protein Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.	Carnitine	10-21	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	53-71
28356827-2	2015	There have been a number of clinical reports suggesting that supplementation with L-carnitine can modulate systemic inflammation and lower circulating CRP concentrations, but the results have not been consistent.	Carnitine	82-93	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	151-154
28356827-3	2015	METHODS: A comprehensive literature search in Medline, Scopus and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was performed in December 2012 to identify clinical trials investigating the impact of oral L-carnitine supplementation on serum/plasma CRP concentration.	Carnitine	205-216	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	249-252
28356827-6	2015	Meta-analysis of included trials revealed a significant reduction of circulating CRP concentrations in subjects under L-carnitine intervention compared to the control treatment.	Carnitine	118-129	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	81-84
28356827-9	2015	CONCLUSIONS: The overall findings of the present meta-analysis support the clinically relevant benefit of L-carnitine supplementation in lowering the circulating levels of CRP.	Carnitine	106-117	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	172-175
25465043-6	2015	Western blot analysis indicated that L-carnitine increased levels of phosphorylated high-molecular weight neurofilament (pNFH), concurrent with a reduction in phosphorylated phosphatase tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), and increased phosphorylated Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) at 28 days after chronic hypoperfusion.	Carnitine	37-48	phosphatase and tensin homolog	Homo sapiens	227-231
25465043-6	2015	Western blot analysis indicated that L-carnitine increased levels of phosphorylated high-molecular weight neurofilament (pNFH), concurrent with a reduction in phosphorylated phosphatase tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), and increased phosphorylated Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) at 28 days after chronic hypoperfusion.	Carnitine	37-48	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Homo sapiens	263-266
25465043-6	2015	Western blot analysis indicated that L-carnitine increased levels of phosphorylated high-molecular weight neurofilament (pNFH), concurrent with a reduction in phosphorylated phosphatase tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), and increased phosphorylated Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) at 28 days after chronic hypoperfusion.	Carnitine	37-48	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	271-300
25465043-6	2015	Western blot analysis indicated that L-carnitine increased levels of phosphorylated high-molecular weight neurofilament (pNFH), concurrent with a reduction in phosphorylated phosphatase tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), and increased phosphorylated Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) at 28 days after chronic hypoperfusion.	Carnitine	37-48	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	302-306
25465043-8	2015	L-carnitine regulates the PTEN/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, and enhances axonal plasticity while concurrently ameliorating oxidative stress and increasing oligodendrocyte myelination of axons, thereby improving WMLs and cognitive impairment in a rat chronic hypoperfusion model.	Carnitine	0-11	phosphatase and tensin homolog	Rattus norvegicus	26-30
25465043-8	2015	L-carnitine regulates the PTEN/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, and enhances axonal plasticity while concurrently ameliorating oxidative stress and increasing oligodendrocyte myelination of axons, thereby improving WMLs and cognitive impairment in a rat chronic hypoperfusion model.	Carnitine	0-11	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	31-34
25465043-8	2015	L-carnitine regulates the PTEN/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, and enhances axonal plasticity while concurrently ameliorating oxidative stress and increasing oligodendrocyte myelination of axons, thereby improving WMLs and cognitive impairment in a rat chronic hypoperfusion model.	Carnitine	0-11	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Rattus norvegicus	35-39
25600394-5	2015	Carnitine supplementation has been reported to counteract some of these alterations and has been associated with some clinical benefits, such as enhanced response to erythropoietin as well as improvement in exercise tolerance, intradialytic symptom, hyperparathyroidism, insulin resistance, inflammatory and oxidant status, protein balance, lipid profile, cardiac function, and quality of life.	Carnitine	0-9	insulin	Homo sapiens	271-278
25787908-0	2015	L-carnitine affects osteoblast differentiation in NIH3T3 fibroblasts by the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway.	Carnitine	0-11	insulin-like growth factor 1	Mus musculus	76-81
25787908-0	2015	L-carnitine affects osteoblast differentiation in NIH3T3 fibroblasts by the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway.	Carnitine	0-11	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	87-90
25661380-0	2015	Role of NF-E2-related factor 2 in neuroprotective effect of l-carnitine against high glucose-induced oxidative stress in the retinal ganglion cells.	Carnitine	60-71	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Homo sapiens	8-30
25497809-9	2015	Greater expression during early lactation of BBOX1 in MBCS and LBCS suggested greater de novo carnitine synthesis.	Carnitine	94-103	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Bos taurus	45-50
25269560-5	2015	For example, drug conjugates with carnitine can provide improved muscle uptake via OCTN2 transport.	Carnitine	34-43	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	83-88
25947923-2	2015	We hypothesized that the absorption of 5-ASA is mediated by the polyspecific carnitine/organic cation transporter (OCTN1/SLC22A4), based on the similarity of chemical structure between 5-ASA and other OCTN1 substrates.	Carnitine	77-86	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	115-120
25947923-2	2015	We hypothesized that the absorption of 5-ASA is mediated by the polyspecific carnitine/organic cation transporter (OCTN1/SLC22A4), based on the similarity of chemical structure between 5-ASA and other OCTN1 substrates.	Carnitine	77-86	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	121-128
25947923-2	2015	We hypothesized that the absorption of 5-ASA is mediated by the polyspecific carnitine/organic cation transporter (OCTN1/SLC22A4), based on the similarity of chemical structure between 5-ASA and other OCTN1 substrates.	Carnitine	77-86	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	201-206
26075114-0	2015	Identification of SLC22A5 Gene Mutation in a Family with Carnitine Uptake Defect.	Carnitine	57-66	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	18-25
25445284-5	2015	In addition, l-carnitine administration decreased levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (GPT), glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and triglyceride (TG), which were significantly elevated by the irregular feeding.	Carnitine	13-24	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	92-95
25445284-7	2015	Furthermore, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that l-carnitine counteracted the negative alterations of lipid metabolic gene expression (fatty acid synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase, cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase) in the liver and fat of mice caused by the irregular feeding.	Carnitine	96-107	cytochrome P450, family 7, subfamily a, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	253-283
25445284-7	2015	Furthermore, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that l-carnitine counteracted the negative alterations of lipid metabolic gene expression (fatty acid synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase, cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase) in the liver and fat of mice caused by the irregular feeding.	Carnitine	96-107	solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase), member 20	Mus musculus	285-320
25994341-12	2015	Almost simultaneously, a human epidemiological study showed that narcolepsy, which is caused by orexin system abnormality, is associated with the polymorphism of the gene coding for carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B, which is involved in carnitine metabolism.	Carnitine	182-191	hypocretin neuropeptide precursor	Homo sapiens	96-102
26875483-10	2015	The decrease in albumin (Alb) was significantly suppressed in the carnitine+BCAA and BCAA-alone groups.	Carnitine	66-75	albumin	Homo sapiens	25-28
26875483-10	2015	The decrease in albumin (Alb) was significantly suppressed in the carnitine+BCAA and BCAA-alone groups.	Carnitine	66-75	AT-rich interaction domain 4B	Homo sapiens	76-80
26875483-12	2015	Administration of levocarnitine and/or BCAAs during invasive treatments reduced blood NH3 concentrations and suppressed decreases in Alb.	Carnitine	18-31	albumin	Homo sapiens	133-136
25772322-3	2015	We report a patient found to have CblC disease who initially presented with low carnitine and normal propionylcarnitine (C3) levels on newborn screen.	Carnitine	80-89	Cbl proto-oncogene C	Homo sapiens	34-38
25475471-0	2014	Trimethylamine-N-oxide: a carnitine-derived metabolite that prolongs the hypertensive effect of angiotensin II in rats.	Carnitine	26-35	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	96-110
26452216-0	2015	L-Carnitine Ameliorates Cancer Cachexia in Mice Partly via the Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase-Associated PPAR-gamma Signaling Pathway.	Carnitine	0-11	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	105-115
26452216-2	2015	In the present study, we sought to investigate the role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) signaling pathway in the ameliorative effects of L-carnitine on cancer cachexia in a colon-26 tumor-bearing mouse model.	Carnitine	174-185	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	63-111
26452216-2	2015	In the present study, we sought to investigate the role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) signaling pathway in the ameliorative effects of L-carnitine on cancer cachexia in a colon-26 tumor-bearing mouse model.	Carnitine	174-185	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	113-123
26452216-10	2015	The elevated serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were decreased by L-carnitine.	Carnitine	118-129	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	37-55
26452216-10	2015	The elevated serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were decreased by L-carnitine.	Carnitine	118-129	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	60-87
26452216-10	2015	The elevated serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were decreased by L-carnitine.	Carnitine	118-129	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	89-98
26452216-11	2015	These ameliorative effects of L-carnitine were lessened by the carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) inhibitor, etomoxir.	Carnitine	30-41	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	63-95
26452216-11	2015	These ameliorative effects of L-carnitine were lessened by the carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) inhibitor, etomoxir.	Carnitine	30-41	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	97-102
26452216-12	2015	The mRNA and protein expression levels of PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma were decreased in the livers of cancer cachectic mice and increased after L-carnitine administration, which attenuated the increased mRNA expression levels of sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and fatty acid synthase (FAS).	Carnitine	142-153	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	42-52
26452216-12	2015	The mRNA and protein expression levels of PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma were decreased in the livers of cancer cachectic mice and increased after L-carnitine administration, which attenuated the increased mRNA expression levels of sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and fatty acid synthase (FAS).	Carnitine	142-153	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	57-67
26452216-12	2015	The mRNA and protein expression levels of PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma were decreased in the livers of cancer cachectic mice and increased after L-carnitine administration, which attenuated the increased mRNA expression levels of sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and fatty acid synthase (FAS).	Carnitine	142-153	sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1	Mus musculus	227-271
26452216-12	2015	The mRNA and protein expression levels of PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma were decreased in the livers of cancer cachectic mice and increased after L-carnitine administration, which attenuated the increased mRNA expression levels of sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and fatty acid synthase (FAS).	Carnitine	142-153	sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1	Mus musculus	273-281
26452216-12	2015	The mRNA and protein expression levels of PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma were decreased in the livers of cancer cachectic mice and increased after L-carnitine administration, which attenuated the increased mRNA expression levels of sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and fatty acid synthase (FAS).	Carnitine	142-153	fatty acid synthase	Mus musculus	287-306
26452216-12	2015	The mRNA and protein expression levels of PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma were decreased in the livers of cancer cachectic mice and increased after L-carnitine administration, which attenuated the increased mRNA expression levels of sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and fatty acid synthase (FAS).	Carnitine	142-153	fatty acid synthase	Mus musculus	308-311
26452216-13	2015	Similar to pioglitazone, L-carnitine augmented the phosphorylation of PPAR-gamma and attenuated the expression levels of phospho-p65 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2.	Carnitine	25-36	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	70-80
26452216-13	2015	Similar to pioglitazone, L-carnitine augmented the phosphorylation of PPAR-gamma and attenuated the expression levels of phospho-p65 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2.	Carnitine	25-36	cytochrome c oxidase II, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	137-159
26452216-15	2015	CONCLUSION: L-Carnitine exerts its ameliorative effects in cancer cachexia in association with the PPAR-gamma signaling pathway.	Carnitine	12-23	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	99-109
25289702-1	2015	BACKGROUND: Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency- (MADD-), also called glutaric aciduria type 2, associated leukodystrophy may be severe and progressive despite conventional treatment with protein- and fat-restricted diet, carnitine, riboflavin, and coenzyme Q10.	Carnitine	229-238	MAP kinase activating death domain	Homo sapiens	57-61
25220073-5	2014	L-carnitine suppress the endoplasmic reticulum dilation and activation of ER stress-associated proteins including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP), JNK, Bax and Bim induced by H2O2 or TM.	Carnitine	0-11	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Homo sapiens	114-142
23369036-0	2014	Relationship between serum fibronectin levels and carnitine administration: an experimental study in rats.	Carnitine	50-59	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	27-38
23369036-1	2014	We aimed to investigate the relationship between dorsal flap viability and serum fibronectin levels in carnitine-administered rats.	Carnitine	103-112	arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase activating protein	Rattus norvegicus	56-60
23369036-1	2014	We aimed to investigate the relationship between dorsal flap viability and serum fibronectin levels in carnitine-administered rats.	Carnitine	103-112	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	81-92
23369036-14	2014	The results of this study demonstrated that 100 mg/kg carnitine administration led to an increase in flap viability, and increased serum fibronectin levels might have a role in this process.	Carnitine	54-63	arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase activating protein	Rattus norvegicus	101-105
25220073-5	2014	L-carnitine suppress the endoplasmic reticulum dilation and activation of ER stress-associated proteins including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP), JNK, Bax and Bim induced by H2O2 or TM.	Carnitine	0-11	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5	Homo sapiens	144-149
25220073-5	2014	L-carnitine suppress the endoplasmic reticulum dilation and activation of ER stress-associated proteins including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP), JNK, Bax and Bim induced by H2O2 or TM.	Carnitine	0-11	DNA damage inducible transcript 3	Homo sapiens	152-201
25220073-5	2014	L-carnitine suppress the endoplasmic reticulum dilation and activation of ER stress-associated proteins including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP), JNK, Bax and Bim induced by H2O2 or TM.	Carnitine	0-11	DNA damage inducible transcript 3	Homo sapiens	203-207
25220073-5	2014	L-carnitine suppress the endoplasmic reticulum dilation and activation of ER stress-associated proteins including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP), JNK, Bax and Bim induced by H2O2 or TM.	Carnitine	0-11	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	210-213
25220073-5	2014	L-carnitine suppress the endoplasmic reticulum dilation and activation of ER stress-associated proteins including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP), JNK, Bax and Bim induced by H2O2 or TM.	Carnitine	0-11	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	215-218
25220073-5	2014	L-carnitine suppress the endoplasmic reticulum dilation and activation of ER stress-associated proteins including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP), JNK, Bax and Bim induced by H2O2 or TM.	Carnitine	0-11	BCL2 like 11	Homo sapiens	223-226
25220073-8	2014	CHOP/Bim or JNK/Bim-dependent ER stress signaling pathways maybe related to the neuroprotective effects of L-carnitine against H2O2-induced apoptosis and oxidative injury.	Carnitine	107-118	DNA damage inducible transcript 3	Homo sapiens	0-4
25220073-8	2014	CHOP/Bim or JNK/Bim-dependent ER stress signaling pathways maybe related to the neuroprotective effects of L-carnitine against H2O2-induced apoptosis and oxidative injury.	Carnitine	107-118	BCL2 like 11	Homo sapiens	5-8
25220073-8	2014	CHOP/Bim or JNK/Bim-dependent ER stress signaling pathways maybe related to the neuroprotective effects of L-carnitine against H2O2-induced apoptosis and oxidative injury.	Carnitine	107-118	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	12-15
25220073-8	2014	CHOP/Bim or JNK/Bim-dependent ER stress signaling pathways maybe related to the neuroprotective effects of L-carnitine against H2O2-induced apoptosis and oxidative injury.	Carnitine	107-118	BCL2 like 11	Homo sapiens	16-19
25220864-1	2014	Trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH) catalyses the first step in carnitine biosynthesis - the conversion of N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-l-lysine to 3-hydroxy-N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-l-lysine.	Carnitine	63-72	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	0-27
25220864-1	2014	Trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH) catalyses the first step in carnitine biosynthesis - the conversion of N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-l-lysine to 3-hydroxy-N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-l-lysine.	Carnitine	63-72	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	29-33
25220864-3	2014	Previous efforts have been devoted towards the inhibition of gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase, which catalyses the last step in carnitine biosynthesis.	Carnitine	127-136	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	61-92
25266780-1	2014	gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX) is a 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II) dependent oxygenase that catalyses an essential step during carnitine biosynthesis in animals.	Carnitine	130-139	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	0-31
25266780-1	2014	gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX) is a 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II) dependent oxygenase that catalyses an essential step during carnitine biosynthesis in animals.	Carnitine	130-139	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	33-37
25266780-1	2014	gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX) is a 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II) dependent oxygenase that catalyses an essential step during carnitine biosynthesis in animals.	Carnitine	130-139	jumonji domain containing 4	Homo sapiens	44-89
25164544-1	2014	gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX) is a 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenase that catalyzes the final hydroxylation step in the biosynthesis of carnitine.	Carnitine	146-155	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	0-31
25164544-1	2014	gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX) is a 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenase that catalyzes the final hydroxylation step in the biosynthesis of carnitine.	Carnitine	146-155	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	33-37
24824278-4	2014	Plasma carnitine levels were measured by tandem-mass spectrometry, and the effect of carnitine on the proliferative capacity of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific and non-specific CD8 T cells was studied in vitro.	Carnitine	85-94	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	178-181
25132046-11	2014	Based on the analysis of case studies, a clear relationship between free carnitine (C0) level in plasma and OCTN2 genotype was not found in the present work, however, the low plasma C0 level could not indicate disease severity or genotype.	Carnitine	73-82	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	108-113
24117927-1	2014	We aimed to investigate the impact of various varicocelectomy techniques and/or L-carnitine as an adjunct treatment, following the emergence of oxidative stress, on the expression levels of SCF/c-kit signalling pathways in spermatogenesis.	Carnitine	80-91	KIT ligand	Rattus norvegicus	190-193
24824278-7	2014	Furthermore, we demonstrated that carnitine suppressed HBV-specific CD8 T cell proliferation.	Carnitine	34-43	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	68-71
24824278-9	2014	Our results further suggest that a lower baseline plasma carnitine level increases the proliferative capacity of CD8 T cells, making patients more susceptible to the immunological effect of this treatment.	Carnitine	57-66	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	113-116
25129409-2	2014	Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS), we developed an assay that allows for simultaneous quantitation of plasma and urinary levels of N(1)-methylnicotinamide (a substrate of hOCT2/hMATEs), L-carnitine (a substrate of hOCTN2), and creatinine (an indicator of glomerular filtration).	Carnitine	206-217	POU class 2 homeobox 2	Homo sapiens	191-196
25090113-0	2014	L-carnitine protects against carboplatin-mediated renal injury: AMPK- and PPARalpha-dependent inactivation of NFAT3.	Carnitine	0-11	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	74-83
25299939-1	2014	BACKGROUND: The novel organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) is the physiologically most important carnitine transporter in tissues and is responsible for carnitine absorption in the intestine, carnitine reabsorption in the kidney and distribution of carnitine between tissues.	Carnitine	97-106	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	22-50
25299939-1	2014	BACKGROUND: The novel organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) is the physiologically most important carnitine transporter in tissues and is responsible for carnitine absorption in the intestine, carnitine reabsorption in the kidney and distribution of carnitine between tissues.	Carnitine	97-106	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	52-57
25299939-1	2014	BACKGROUND: The novel organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) is the physiologically most important carnitine transporter in tissues and is responsible for carnitine absorption in the intestine, carnitine reabsorption in the kidney and distribution of carnitine between tissues.	Carnitine	153-162	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	22-50
25299939-1	2014	BACKGROUND: The novel organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) is the physiologically most important carnitine transporter in tissues and is responsible for carnitine absorption in the intestine, carnitine reabsorption in the kidney and distribution of carnitine between tissues.	Carnitine	153-162	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	52-57
25299939-1	2014	BACKGROUND: The novel organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) is the physiologically most important carnitine transporter in tissues and is responsible for carnitine absorption in the intestine, carnitine reabsorption in the kidney and distribution of carnitine between tissues.	Carnitine	153-162	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	22-50
25299939-1	2014	BACKGROUND: The novel organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) is the physiologically most important carnitine transporter in tissues and is responsible for carnitine absorption in the intestine, carnitine reabsorption in the kidney and distribution of carnitine between tissues.	Carnitine	153-162	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	52-57
25299939-8	2014	This suggests that regulation of genes involved in carnitine uptake by PPARalpha is highly conserved across species.	Carnitine	51-60	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	71-80
25352733-2	2014	This study investigated the suppressive effect of osmoprotectants (L-carnitine, erythritol, and betaine) on the production and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in primary human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) exposed to hyperosmotic stress.	Carnitine	67-78	matrix metallopeptidase 2	Homo sapiens	166-170
25352733-8	2014	The stimulated mRNA expression and protein production of these MMPs were significantly but differentially suppressed by L-carnitine, erythritol, or betaine, as evaluated with RT-qPCR and immunofluorescent staining.	Carnitine	120-131	matrix metallopeptidase 2	Homo sapiens	63-67
25352733-10	2014	CONCLUSIONS: Our findings for the first time demonstrate that osmoprotectants, L-carnitine, erythritol, and betaine, suppress the gene expression, protein production, and enzymatic activity of MMPs in HCECs exposed to hyperosmotic stress.	Carnitine	79-90	matrix metallopeptidase 2	Homo sapiens	193-197
25352733-11	2014	L-carnitine appears to have the broadest and strongest suppressive effect on these MMPs.	Carnitine	0-11	matrix metallopeptidase 2	Homo sapiens	83-87
24623196-5	2014	Increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in patients receiving carnitine supplementation probably reflects a compensatory mechanism for scavenging reactive species formation.	Carnitine	80-89	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	22-42
24623196-5	2014	Increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in patients receiving carnitine supplementation probably reflects a compensatory mechanism for scavenging reactive species formation.	Carnitine	80-89	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	44-47
24623196-9	2014	The underlying mechanisms behind the increased SOD activity upon carnitine supplementation need to be determined.	Carnitine	65-74	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	47-50
25170293-9	2014	Western blotting analyses suggested that levocarnitine pretreatment increased plasma protein levels of Bcl-2, reduced Bax, and attenuated cytochrome C leakage from the mitochondria in the cells.	Carnitine	41-54	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	103-108
25170293-9	2014	Western blotting analyses suggested that levocarnitine pretreatment increased plasma protein levels of Bcl-2, reduced Bax, and attenuated cytochrome C leakage from the mitochondria in the cells.	Carnitine	41-54	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	118-121
25090113-0	2014	L-carnitine protects against carboplatin-mediated renal injury: AMPK- and PPARalpha-dependent inactivation of NFAT3.	Carnitine	0-11	nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin dependent 4	Mus musculus	110-115
25090113-7	2014	These carboplatin-mediated effects were prevented by L-carnitine through a mechanism dependent on AMPK phosphorylation and subsequent PPARalpha activation.	Carnitine	53-64	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	134-143
25090113-9	2014	The coimmunoprecipitation of the nuclear factor (NF) kappaB proteins increased following the induction of PPARalpha by L-carnitine, which reduced NFkappaB transactivational activity and cytokine expression.	Carnitine	119-130	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	106-115
25090113-9	2014	The coimmunoprecipitation of the nuclear factor (NF) kappaB proteins increased following the induction of PPARalpha by L-carnitine, which reduced NFkappaB transactivational activity and cytokine expression.	Carnitine	119-130	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	146-154
25090113-10	2014	The in vivo study showed that the inactivation of AMPK suppressed the protective effect of L-carnitine in carboplatin-treated mice, indicating that AMPK phosphorylation is required for PPARalpha activation in the L-carnitine-mediated protection of RTC apoptosis caused by carboplatin.	Carnitine	91-102	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	185-194
25090113-10	2014	The in vivo study showed that the inactivation of AMPK suppressed the protective effect of L-carnitine in carboplatin-treated mice, indicating that AMPK phosphorylation is required for PPARalpha activation in the L-carnitine-mediated protection of RTC apoptosis caused by carboplatin.	Carnitine	213-224	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	185-194
25090113-11	2014	The results of our study provide molecular evidence that L-carnitine prevents carboplatin-mediated apoptosis through AMPK-mediated PPARalpha activation.	Carnitine	57-68	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	131-140
25012467-1	2014	BACKGROUND: Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha and PPARdelta causes an elevation of tissue carnitine concentrations through induction of genes involved in carnitine uptake [novel organic cation transporter 2, (OCTN2)], and carnitine biosynthesis [gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD), 4-N-trimethyl-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABA-DH)].	Carnitine	125-134	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	70-80
25119904-8	2014	After the establishment of diagnosis of RR-MADD, the condition of the patient has improved greatly with supplementation of high doses of riboflavin along with continuous carnitine supplement.	Carnitine	170-179	MAP kinase activating death domain	Homo sapiens	43-47
24823859-0	2014	Protein kinase C restricts transport of carnitine by amino acid transporter ATB(0,+) apically localized in the blood-brain barrier.	Carnitine	40-49	proline rich transmembrane protein 2	Homo sapiens	0-16
24823859-8	2014	ATB(0,+) was phosphorylated by PKC, what correlated with inhibition of carnitine transport.	Carnitine	71-80	proline rich transmembrane protein 2	Homo sapiens	31-34
25012467-1	2014	BACKGROUND: Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha and PPARdelta causes an elevation of tissue carnitine concentrations through induction of genes involved in carnitine uptake [novel organic cation transporter 2, (OCTN2)], and carnitine biosynthesis [gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD), 4-N-trimethyl-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABA-DH)].	Carnitine	125-134	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	244-249
25012467-1	2014	BACKGROUND: Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha and PPARdelta causes an elevation of tissue carnitine concentrations through induction of genes involved in carnitine uptake [novel organic cation transporter 2, (OCTN2)], and carnitine biosynthesis [gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD), 4-N-trimethyl-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABA-DH)].	Carnitine	125-134	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	281-312
25012467-1	2014	BACKGROUND: Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha and PPARdelta causes an elevation of tissue carnitine concentrations through induction of genes involved in carnitine uptake [novel organic cation transporter 2, (OCTN2)], and carnitine biosynthesis [gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD), 4-N-trimethyl-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABA-DH)].	Carnitine	125-134	aldehyde dehydrogenase 9 family, member A1	Rattus norvegicus	320-366
25012467-1	2014	BACKGROUND: Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha and PPARdelta causes an elevation of tissue carnitine concentrations through induction of genes involved in carnitine uptake [novel organic cation transporter 2, (OCTN2)], and carnitine biosynthesis [gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD), 4-N-trimethyl-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABA-DH)].	Carnitine	125-134	aldehyde dehydrogenase 9 family, member A1	Rattus norvegicus	368-376
25012467-1	2014	BACKGROUND: Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha and PPARdelta causes an elevation of tissue carnitine concentrations through induction of genes involved in carnitine uptake [novel organic cation transporter 2, (OCTN2)], and carnitine biosynthesis [gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD), 4-N-trimethyl-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABA-DH)].	Carnitine	189-198	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	70-80
25012467-1	2014	BACKGROUND: Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha and PPARdelta causes an elevation of tissue carnitine concentrations through induction of genes involved in carnitine uptake [novel organic cation transporter 2, (OCTN2)], and carnitine biosynthesis [gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD), 4-N-trimethyl-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABA-DH)].	Carnitine	189-198	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	244-249
25012467-1	2014	BACKGROUND: Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha and PPARdelta causes an elevation of tissue carnitine concentrations through induction of genes involved in carnitine uptake [novel organic cation transporter 2, (OCTN2)], and carnitine biosynthesis [gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD), 4-N-trimethyl-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABA-DH)].	Carnitine	189-198	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	281-312
25012467-1	2014	BACKGROUND: Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha and PPARdelta causes an elevation of tissue carnitine concentrations through induction of genes involved in carnitine uptake [novel organic cation transporter 2, (OCTN2)], and carnitine biosynthesis [gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD), 4-N-trimethyl-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABA-DH)].	Carnitine	189-198	aldehyde dehydrogenase 9 family, member A1	Rattus norvegicus	320-366
25012467-1	2014	BACKGROUND: Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha and PPARdelta causes an elevation of tissue carnitine concentrations through induction of genes involved in carnitine uptake [novel organic cation transporter 2, (OCTN2)], and carnitine biosynthesis [gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD), 4-N-trimethyl-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABA-DH)].	Carnitine	189-198	aldehyde dehydrogenase 9 family, member A1	Rattus norvegicus	368-376
25012467-2	2014	Recent studies showed that administration of the plasma lipid-lowering drug niacin causes activation of PPARalpha and/or PPARdelta in tissues of obese Zucker rats, which have a compromised carnitine status and an impaired fatty acid oxidation capacity.	Carnitine	189-198	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	104-113
25012467-3	2014	Thus, we hypothesized that niacin administration to obese Zucker rats is also able to improve the diminished carnitine status of obese Zucker rats through PPAR-mediated stimulation of genes involved in carnitine uptake and biosynthesis.	Carnitine	202-211	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	155-159
25012467-8	2014	We assume that the induction of genes involved in carnitine uptake and biosynthesis by niacin administration is mediated by PPAR-activation.	Carnitine	50-59	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	124-128
24986124-0	2014	The effect of homozygous deletion of the BBOX1 and Fibin genes on carnitine level and acyl carnitine profile.	Carnitine	66-75	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	41-46
24279609-7	2014	After administering L-carnitine with FA to the animals, the activities of SOD and GSH increased, but the levels of MDA decreased in hippocampus tissue.	Carnitine	20-31	superoxide dismutase 1	Rattus norvegicus	74-77
24925768-9	2014	Results also showed that gamma-ray-irradiation up-regulated TNF-alpha, IL1-beta and IFN-gamma mRNA expressions compared to either controls or the L-carnitine treated group.	Carnitine	146-157	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	60-69
24986124-0	2014	The effect of homozygous deletion of the BBOX1 and Fibin genes on carnitine level and acyl carnitine profile.	Carnitine	66-75	fin bud initiation factor homolog	Homo sapiens	51-56
24986124-0	2014	The effect of homozygous deletion of the BBOX1 and Fibin genes on carnitine level and acyl carnitine profile.	Carnitine	91-100	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	41-46
24986124-4	2014	CASE PRESENTATION: We identified by array comparative genomic hybridization a 42 months-old girl homozygote for a 221 Kb interstitial deletions at 11p14.2, that overlaps the genes encoding Fibin and butyrobetaine-gamma 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase 1 (BBOX1), an enzyme essential for the biosynthesis of carnitine de novo.	Carnitine	301-310	fin bud initiation factor homolog	Homo sapiens	189-194
24986124-4	2014	CASE PRESENTATION: We identified by array comparative genomic hybridization a 42 months-old girl homozygote for a 221 Kb interstitial deletions at 11p14.2, that overlaps the genes encoding Fibin and butyrobetaine-gamma 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase 1 (BBOX1), an enzyme essential for the biosynthesis of carnitine de novo.	Carnitine	301-310	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	199-247
24652292-2	2014	In this work, a member of this family, SLC25A29, previously reported to be a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine- or ornithine-like carrier, has been thoroughly characterized biochemically.	Carnitine	91-100	solute carrier family 25 member 29	Homo sapiens	39-47
24962334-0	2014	L-carnitine and PPARalpha-agonist fenofibrate are involved in the regulation of Carnitine Acetyltransferase (CrAT) mRNA levels in murine liver cells.	Carnitine	0-11	carnitine acetyltransferase	Mus musculus	80-107
24962334-0	2014	L-carnitine and PPARalpha-agonist fenofibrate are involved in the regulation of Carnitine Acetyltransferase (CrAT) mRNA levels in murine liver cells.	Carnitine	0-11	carnitine acetyltransferase	Mus musculus	109-113
24962334-7	2014	Analysis of the promoter activity of CrAT by luciferase assays uncovered a L-carnitine sensitive region within -342 bp of the transcription start.	Carnitine	75-86	carnitine acetyltransferase	Mus musculus	37-41
24962334-8	2014	Electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays proved the sequence element (-228/-222) to be an L-carnitine sensitive RXRalpha binding site, which also showed sensitivity to application of anti-PPARalpha and anti-PPARbp antibodies.	Carnitine	102-113	retinoid X receptor alpha	Mus musculus	124-132
24962334-8	2014	Electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays proved the sequence element (-228/-222) to be an L-carnitine sensitive RXRalpha binding site, which also showed sensitivity to application of anti-PPARalpha and anti-PPARbp antibodies.	Carnitine	102-113	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	200-209
24962334-8	2014	Electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays proved the sequence element (-228/-222) to be an L-carnitine sensitive RXRalpha binding site, which also showed sensitivity to application of anti-PPARalpha and anti-PPARbp antibodies.	Carnitine	102-113	mediator complex subunit 1	Mus musculus	219-225
24962334-11	2014	CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate a cooperative interplay of L-carnitine and PPARalpha in transcriptional regulation of murine CrAT, which is of nutrigenomical relevance.	Carnitine	61-72	carnitine acetyltransferase	Mus musculus	127-131
24962334-13	2014	Both L-carnitine and fenofibrate are inducers of CrAT transcripts, but the important hyperlipidemic drug fenofibrate being a more potent one, as a consequence of its pharmacological interaction.	Carnitine	5-16	carnitine acetyltransferase	Mus musculus	49-53
24986327-8	2014	However, treatment of rats with l-carnitine decreased the intensity of P53-ir and CD68-ir and increased the intensity of Bcl-2 in lung when compared with amethopterin rat group.	Carnitine	32-43	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	71-74
24986327-8	2014	However, treatment of rats with l-carnitine decreased the intensity of P53-ir and CD68-ir and increased the intensity of Bcl-2 in lung when compared with amethopterin rat group.	Carnitine	32-43	Cd68 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	82-86
24986327-8	2014	However, treatment of rats with l-carnitine decreased the intensity of P53-ir and CD68-ir and increased the intensity of Bcl-2 in lung when compared with amethopterin rat group.	Carnitine	32-43	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	121-126
27896095-8	2014	There was a significant positive correlation between free carnitine levels and residual OCTN2 transporter activities in PCD patients (R2 = 0.430, p &lt; 0.01).	Carnitine	58-67	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	88-93
27896095-9	2014	CONCLUSION: There was a significant positive correlation between carnitine levels and OCTN2 transporter activities.	Carnitine	65-74	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	86-91
24310723-10	2014	Consistent with this finding, metabolome analysis revealed that ACLY positively regulates the carnitine system, which plays as an essential cofactor for fatty acid transport across mitochondrial membrane.	Carnitine	94-103	ATP citrate lyase	Homo sapiens	64-68
24771673-5	2014	Among them, some medium-/long-chain acylcarnitines, for example, cis-3,4-methylene heptanoylcarnitine, were found to be downregulated while carnitine was upregulated in urine samples from the cancer group compared to the control group.	Carnitine	40-49	suppressor of cytokine signaling 3	Homo sapiens	65-70
24836867-0	2014	Selective inhibition of OCTN2 is more effective than inhibition of gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase to decrease the availability of l-carnitine and to reduce myocardial infarct size.	Carnitine	131-142	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	24-29
24836867-0	2014	Selective inhibition of OCTN2 is more effective than inhibition of gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase to decrease the availability of l-carnitine and to reduce myocardial infarct size.	Carnitine	131-142	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	67-98
24836867-3	2014	Here, we tested whether the inhibition of GBB dioxygenase (BBOX) or organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) is the most effective strategy to decrease l-carnitine content.	Carnitine	148-159	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	59-63
24836867-3	2014	Here, we tested whether the inhibition of GBB dioxygenase (BBOX) or organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) is the most effective strategy to decrease l-carnitine content.	Carnitine	148-159	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	68-96
24836867-3	2014	Here, we tested whether the inhibition of GBB dioxygenase (BBOX) or organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) is the most effective strategy to decrease l-carnitine content.	Carnitine	148-159	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	98-103
24836867-5	2014	In contrast to selective inhibitors of BBOX, OCTN2 inhibitors induced a 10-fold decrease in l-carnitine content in the heart tissues and a significant 35% reduction of myocardial infarct size.	Carnitine	92-103	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	45-50
24836867-7	2014	In conclusion, the results of this study confirm that selective inhibition of OCTN2, compared to selective inhibition of BBOX, is a far more effective approach to decrease l-carnitine content and to induce cardioprotective effects.	Carnitine	172-183	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	78-83
24836867-7	2014	In conclusion, the results of this study confirm that selective inhibition of OCTN2, compared to selective inhibition of BBOX, is a far more effective approach to decrease l-carnitine content and to induce cardioprotective effects.	Carnitine	172-183	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	121-125
24392990-6	2014	We also found that ET-1 disturbed carnitine metabolism, resulting in the attenuation of mitochondrial bioenergetics.	Carnitine	34-43	endothelin 1	Rattus norvegicus	19-23
24671746-9	2014	On the other hand, L-carnitine decreased fibrinogen, FVII, FDP, PAI-1, MDA, and platelet aggregation and increased PT, aPTT, coagulation time, protein C, ATIII, and antioxidants in diabetic rats.	Carnitine	19-30	serpin family E member 1	Rattus norvegicus	64-69
24671746-9	2014	On the other hand, L-carnitine decreased fibrinogen, FVII, FDP, PAI-1, MDA, and platelet aggregation and increased PT, aPTT, coagulation time, protein C, ATIII, and antioxidants in diabetic rats.	Carnitine	19-30	serpin family C member 1	Rattus norvegicus	154-159
25001658-3	2014	In fact, carnitine normalized the increase in caspase-3, cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein (CAS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression by stabilizing mitochondrial membranes, as assessed by quantitative and qualitative analysis.	Carnitine	9-18	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	46-55
26682037-0	2014	Modulating carnitine levels by targeting its biosynthesis pathway - selective inhibition of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase.	Carnitine	11-20	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	92-123
26682037-2	2014	We report the identification of potent, selective and cell active inhibitors of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX), which catalyses the final step of carnitine biosynthesis in animals.	Carnitine	154-163	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	80-111
26682037-2	2014	We report the identification of potent, selective and cell active inhibitors of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX), which catalyses the final step of carnitine biosynthesis in animals.	Carnitine	154-163	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	113-117
24808895-4	2014	One clone, SMG 9, was found to be positive for utilization/transport of L-carnitine (a well-characterized osmoprotectant) in the presence of 6% w/v sodium chloride (NaCl).	Carnitine	72-83	SMG9 nonsense mediated mRNA decay factor	Homo sapiens	11-16
24716857-0	2014	Carnitine transporter OCTN2 and carnitine uptake in bovine kidney cells is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta.	Carnitine	32-41	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta	Bos taurus	88-141
24716857-2	2014	Whether PPARbeta/delta, another PPAR subtype, which has partially overlapping functions as PPARalpha and is known to share a large set of common target genes with PPARalpha, also regulates OCTN2 and carnitine transport in cattle is currently unknown.	Carnitine	199-208	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta	Bos taurus	8-16
24716857-2	2014	Whether PPARbeta/delta, another PPAR subtype, which has partially overlapping functions as PPARalpha and is known to share a large set of common target genes with PPARalpha, also regulates OCTN2 and carnitine transport in cattle is currently unknown.	Carnitine	199-208	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Bos taurus	91-100
24716857-2	2014	Whether PPARbeta/delta, another PPAR subtype, which has partially overlapping functions as PPARalpha and is known to share a large set of common target genes with PPARalpha, also regulates OCTN2 and carnitine transport in cattle is currently unknown.	Carnitine	199-208	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Bos taurus	163-172
24716857-3	2014	To close this gap of knowledge, we studied the effect of the PPARbeta/delta activator GW0742 on mRNA and protein levels of OCTN2 and carnitine uptake in the presence and absence of the PPARbeta/delta antagonist GSK3787 in the bovine Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell line.	Carnitine	133-142	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta	Bos taurus	61-69
24716857-6	2014	In addition, GW0742 increased Na+-dependent carnitine uptake, which is mediated by OCTN2, into MDBK cells, whereas treatment of cells with the PPARbeta/delta antagonist completely abolished the stimulatory effect of GW0742 on carnitine uptake.	Carnitine	226-235	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta	Bos taurus	143-151
24716857-7	2014	CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows for the first time that gene expression of the carnitine transporter OCTN2 and carnitine transport are regulated by PPARbeta/delta in bovine cells.	Carnitine	84-93	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta	Bos taurus	153-161
25001658-3	2014	In fact, carnitine normalized the increase in caspase-3, cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein (CAS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression by stabilizing mitochondrial membranes, as assessed by quantitative and qualitative analysis.	Carnitine	9-18	chromosome segregation 1 like	Homo sapiens	57-98
25001658-3	2014	In fact, carnitine normalized the increase in caspase-3, cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein (CAS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression by stabilizing mitochondrial membranes, as assessed by quantitative and qualitative analysis.	Carnitine	9-18	chromosome segregation 1 like	Homo sapiens	100-103
25001658-3	2014	In fact, carnitine normalized the increase in caspase-3, cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein (CAS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression by stabilizing mitochondrial membranes, as assessed by quantitative and qualitative analysis.	Carnitine	9-18	nitric oxide synthase 2	Homo sapiens	109-140
25001658-3	2014	In fact, carnitine normalized the increase in caspase-3, cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein (CAS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression by stabilizing mitochondrial membranes, as assessed by quantitative and qualitative analysis.	Carnitine	9-18	nitric oxide synthase 2	Homo sapiens	142-146
25001658-5	2014	It is suggested that the molecular conformation of carnitine can facilitate its easy binding to mitochondria, and regulate the expression of different signal molecules, hence maintaining normal cellular signaling and survival by modulating caspase-3 activity.	Carnitine	51-60	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	240-249
24586778-1	2014	The aim of the present study is to clarify the functional expression and physiological role in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4, which accepts the naturally occurring food-derived antioxidant ergothioneine (ERGO) as a substrate in vivo.	Carnitine	129-138	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	166-171
24361041-0	2014	Effect of systemic carnitine therapy on serum fibronectin level in diabetic rats.	Carnitine	19-28	fibronectin 1	Rattus norvegicus	46-57
24571165-0	2014	Targeting carnitine biosynthesis: discovery of new inhibitors against gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase.	Carnitine	10-19	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	70-101
24571165-1	2014	gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX) catalyzes the conversion of gamma butyrobetaine (GBB) to l-carnitine, which is involved in the generation of metabolic energy from long-chain fatty acids.	Carnitine	96-107	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	0-31
24571165-1	2014	gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX) catalyzes the conversion of gamma butyrobetaine (GBB) to l-carnitine, which is involved in the generation of metabolic energy from long-chain fatty acids.	Carnitine	96-107	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	33-37
24413708-0	2014	L-carnitine attenuates the development of kidney fibrosis in hypertensive rats by upregulating PPAR-gamma.	Carnitine	0-11	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Rattus norvegicus	95-105
24413708-5	2014	Cultured rat kidney cells were also used to examine the role of PPAR-gamma in L-carnitine effect.	Carnitine	78-89	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Rattus norvegicus	64-74
24413708-10	2014	Furthermore, the antifibrotic effect of L-carnitine could be blocked by PPAR-gamma inhibition.	Carnitine	40-51	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Rattus norvegicus	72-82
24413708-11	2014	CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the efficacy of L-carnitine against hypertension-associated renal fibrosis from in vivo and in vitro studies and suggests that the L-carnitine effect occurs in a PPAR-gamma-dependent manner.	Carnitine	164-175	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Rattus norvegicus	195-205
24587332-3	2014	L-Carnitine transport is mainly mediated by novel organic cation transporters 1 (Octn1, Na(+)-independent) and 2 (Octn2, Na(+)-dependent); however, their kinetic properties and potential consequences in hypertension are unknown.	Carnitine	0-11	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	81-86
24587332-3	2014	L-Carnitine transport is mainly mediated by novel organic cation transporters 1 (Octn1, Na(+)-independent) and 2 (Octn2, Na(+)-dependent); however, their kinetic properties and potential consequences in hypertension are unknown.	Carnitine	0-11	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	114-119
24587332-14	2014	CGRP effect was endothelium-dependent and restored by L-carnitine.	Carnitine	54-65	calcitonin-related polypeptide alpha	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
24587332-15	2014	All together these results suggest that reduced L-carnitine transport (likely via Na(+)-dependent Octn2) could limit this compound"s potential beneficial effects in RAECs from SHR.	Carnitine	48-59	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	98-103
24586778-1	2014	The aim of the present study is to clarify the functional expression and physiological role in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4, which accepts the naturally occurring food-derived antioxidant ergothioneine (ERGO) as a substrate in vivo.	Carnitine	129-138	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	172-179
24239319-7	2014	RESULTS: Although the ALT and AST values in the group administered CCl4 were significantly higher than in all the other groups (P&lt;0.05), there was no significant difference between the control group and the groups administered CCl4 combined with L-carnitine, N-acetylcysteine and genistein (P&gt;0.05).	Carnitine	249-260	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	67-71
23379544-1	2014	Solute carrier family 22 member 5 (SLC22A5) encodes a sodium-dependent ion transporter responsible for shuffling carnitine across the plasma membrane.	Carnitine	113-122	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	0-33
23379544-1	2014	Solute carrier family 22 member 5 (SLC22A5) encodes a sodium-dependent ion transporter responsible for shuffling carnitine across the plasma membrane.	Carnitine	113-122	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	35-42
24368434-1	2014	BACKGROUND: A previous meta-analysis indicated that l-carnitine significantly increased hemoglobin and decreased the required erythropoietin dose in maintenance hemodialysis patients.	Carnitine	52-63	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	126-140
24368434-5	2014	l-Carnitine significantly decreased serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (mean difference: -5.82 mg/dL; 95% CI: -11.61, -0.04 mg/dL) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (-3.65 mg/L; -6.19, -1.12 mg/L).	Carnitine	0-11	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	136-154
24368434-5	2014	l-Carnitine significantly decreased serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (mean difference: -5.82 mg/dL; 95% CI: -11.61, -0.04 mg/dL) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (-3.65 mg/L; -6.19, -1.12 mg/L).	Carnitine	0-11	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	156-159
24368434-8	2014	CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis failed to confirm the previous findings regarding the effects of l-carnitine on hemoglobin and the erythropoietin dose but showed that l-carnitine significantly decreased serum LDL and CRP.	Carnitine	167-178	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	217-220
24239319-2	2014	In this study, we aimed to investigate the possible protective effects of L-carnitine, N-acetylcysteine and genistein in liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).	Carnitine	74-85	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	169-173
24239319-10	2014	CONCLUSIONS: In our study, L-carnitine, N-acetylcysteine and genistein showed significant protective effects in liver fibrosis induced by CCl4.	Carnitine	27-38	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	138-142
25170901-0	2014	L-carnitine reduces in human conjunctival epithelial cells hypertonic-induced shrinkage through interacting with TRPV1 channels.	Carnitine	0-11	transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1	Homo sapiens	113-118
24383876-0	2014	Carnitine modulates crucial myocardial adenosine triphosphatases and acetylcholinesterase enzyme activities in choline-deprived rats.	Carnitine	0-9	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	69-89
24383876-7	2014	Choline deficiency seems to affect the activity of the aforementioned parameters, but only the combination of choline deprivation and carnitine supplementation increased myocardial Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity along with a concomitant decrease in the activities of Mg(2+)-ATPase and AChE.	Carnitine	134-143	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	281-285
25170901-8	2014	On the other hand, in TRPV1 gene-silenced cells, this protective effect by L-carnitine was obviated.	Carnitine	75-86	transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1	Homo sapiens	22-27
25170901-9	2014	CONCLUSION: The described L-carnitine osmoprotective effect is elicited through suppression of hypertonic-induced TRPV1 activation leading to increases in L-carnitine uptake through a described Na(+)-dependent L-carnitine transporter.	Carnitine	26-37	transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1	Homo sapiens	114-119
25170901-9	2014	CONCLUSION: The described L-carnitine osmoprotective effect is elicited through suppression of hypertonic-induced TRPV1 activation leading to increases in L-carnitine uptake through a described Na(+)-dependent L-carnitine transporter.	Carnitine	155-166	transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1	Homo sapiens	114-119
25048262-8	2014	The high content of carnitine in the lens is possibly transported from aqueous humor by SLC22A5.	Carnitine	20-29	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Canis lupus familiaris	88-95
23877104-3	2014	These results are consistent with the properties of OCTN2-mediated L-carnitine transport.	Carnitine	67-78	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	52-57
23877104-5	2014	[(3)H]L-Carnitine uptake was dramatically suppressed by silencing of the OCTN2 gene.	Carnitine	6-17	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	73-78
23877104-7	2014	These results indicate that OCTN2 is involved in L-carnitine transport at the human BBB.	Carnitine	49-60	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	28-33
24210485-0	2014	Short communication: the pharmacological peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist WY-14,643 increases expression of novel organic cation transporter 2 and carnitine uptake in bovine kidney cells.	Carnitine	171-180	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Bos taurus	41-89
24595197-0	2014	Decreased cerebrospinal fluid levels of L-carnitine in non-apolipoprotein E4 carriers at early stages of Alzheimer"s disease.	Carnitine	40-51	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	59-76
24595197-5	2014	We found that non-APOE4 carriers show lower levels of L-carnitine in CSF early in AD.	Carnitine	54-65	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	18-23
24595197-6	2014	L-carnitine levels correlate with amyloid-beta (Abeta) levels and Mini-Mental State Examination score, but do not add to the specificity or sensitivity of the classical AD CSF biomarkers, Abeta42, phospho-tau, and total-tau.	Carnitine	0-11	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	34-46
24595197-6	2014	L-carnitine levels correlate with amyloid-beta (Abeta) levels and Mini-Mental State Examination score, but do not add to the specificity or sensitivity of the classical AD CSF biomarkers, Abeta42, phospho-tau, and total-tau.	Carnitine	0-11	amyloid beta precursor protein	Homo sapiens	48-53
24595197-7	2014	Our results suggest APOE genotype-dependent differences in L-carnitine synthesis or metabolism along AD, and insinuate that L-carnitine treatments would be more beneficial for AD patients not carrying the APOE4 isoform.	Carnitine	59-70	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	20-24
24595197-7	2014	Our results suggest APOE genotype-dependent differences in L-carnitine synthesis or metabolism along AD, and insinuate that L-carnitine treatments would be more beneficial for AD patients not carrying the APOE4 isoform.	Carnitine	124-135	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	20-24
24595197-7	2014	Our results suggest APOE genotype-dependent differences in L-carnitine synthesis or metabolism along AD, and insinuate that L-carnitine treatments would be more beneficial for AD patients not carrying the APOE4 isoform.	Carnitine	124-135	apolipoprotein E	Homo sapiens	205-210
24210485-6	2014	In conclusion, our results indicate that OCTN2 expression and carnitine transport in cattle, as in rodents, are regulated by PPARalpha.	Carnitine	62-71	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Bos taurus	125-134
23563854-0	2013	Carnitine supplementation attenuates myocardial lipid accumulation in long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase knockout mice.	Carnitine	0-9	acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, long-chain	Mus musculus	70-103
25247444-8	2014	RESULTS: L-Carnitine (12 h) inhibited high glucose-mediated cell loss and restored mitochondrial function including a reversion of DeltaPsim loss and cytochrome c release.	Carnitine	9-20	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	150-162
25247444-9	2014	Cell apoptosis triggered by high glucose was also inhibited by L-carnitine, characterized by the downregulation of caspase-9, caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2.	Carnitine	63-74	caspase 9	Homo sapiens	115-124
25247444-9	2014	Cell apoptosis triggered by high glucose was also inhibited by L-carnitine, characterized by the downregulation of caspase-9, caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2.	Carnitine	63-74	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	126-135
25247444-9	2014	Cell apoptosis triggered by high glucose was also inhibited by L-carnitine, characterized by the downregulation of caspase-9, caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2.	Carnitine	63-74	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	140-143
25247444-9	2014	Cell apoptosis triggered by high glucose was also inhibited by L-carnitine, characterized by the downregulation of caspase-9, caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2.	Carnitine	63-74	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	144-149
25247444-10	2014	Furthermore, L-carnitine inhibited high glucose-induced ROS production and lipid peroxidation and promoted endogenous antioxidant defense components including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and T-AOC in a concentration-dependent manner.	Carnitine	13-24	catalase	Homo sapiens	205-213
24349196-4	2013	Activation of PKC with phorbol ester stimulated L-carnitine transport and increased cell surface presence of the transporter, although no PKC-specific phosphorylation of Octn2 could be detected.	Carnitine	48-59	protein kinase C, gamma	Rattus norvegicus	14-17
24349196-8	2013	Functioning of a multi-protein complex regulated by PKC has been postulated in rOctn2 trafficking to the cell surface, a process which could be important both under physiological conditions, when carnitine facilitates fatty acids catabolism and controls free Coenzyme A pool as well as in pathology, when transport of several drugs can induce secondary carnitine deficiency.	Carnitine	196-205	protein kinase C, gamma	Rattus norvegicus	52-55
24349196-8	2013	Functioning of a multi-protein complex regulated by PKC has been postulated in rOctn2 trafficking to the cell surface, a process which could be important both under physiological conditions, when carnitine facilitates fatty acids catabolism and controls free Coenzyme A pool as well as in pathology, when transport of several drugs can induce secondary carnitine deficiency.	Carnitine	196-205	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	79-85
23661316-8	2013	LC supplementation improved the energy charge by increasing the levels of ATP, tissue glycogen, reduced GSH, plasma triglyceride, plasma glucose levels, and enzymatic antioxidant status, i.e., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase.	Carnitine	0-2	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	215-223
23909402-10	2013	Oral L-carnitine supplementation for 6 months significantly increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, total, free, and acyl carnitine levels, while it decreased alanine transaminase, acyl/free carnitine ratio, beta2-microglobulin, and skin AGE values.	Carnitine	5-16	beta-2-microglobulin	Homo sapiens	238-257
23909402-10	2013	Oral L-carnitine supplementation for 6 months significantly increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, total, free, and acyl carnitine levels, while it decreased alanine transaminase, acyl/free carnitine ratio, beta2-microglobulin, and skin AGE values.	Carnitine	7-16	beta-2-microglobulin	Homo sapiens	238-257
23725973-0	2013	Effect of an L-carnitine-containing peritoneal dialysate on insulin sensitivity in patients treated with CAPD: a 4-month, prospective, multicenter randomized trial.	Carnitine	13-24	insulin	Homo sapiens	60-67
23725973-2	2013	We evaluate the efficacy of a peritoneal dialysis solution containing l-carnitine as an additive to improve insulin sensitivity.	Carnitine	70-81	insulin	Homo sapiens	108-115
23725973-15	2013	CONCLUSIONS: The use of l-carnitine in dialysis solutions may represent a new approach to improving insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic peritoneal dialysis patients.	Carnitine	24-35	insulin	Homo sapiens	100-107
23948593-4	2013	METHODS: The effect of GSH and GSSG on the [(3)H]-carnitine/carnitine antiport catalyzed by the CAC in proteoliposomes has been studied.	Carnitine	50-59	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	96-99
23563854-10	2013	Carnitine supplementation lowered myocardial TG, normalizing myocardial TG levels in LCAD KO mice.	Carnitine	0-9	acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, long-chain	Mus musculus	85-89
24409760-5	2013	It was determined that choline, betaine, glycine, carnitine, acetoin and ectoine all improved the growth of R15 at cold.	Carnitine	50-59	ribonuclease A family member 2	Rattus norvegicus	108-111
24199158-6	2013	However, life style intervention such as exercise, which is the most potent physiological activator of muscle PDC, along with pharmacological intervention such as administration of dichloroacetate or L-carnitine can prove to be viable strategies for treating muscle insulin resistance in obesity and T2D as they can potentially restore whole body glucose disposal.	Carnitine	200-211	insulin	Homo sapiens	266-273
22805261-7	2013	Moreover, there were positive linear correlations between hepatic mRNA concentration of FGF21 and mRNA concentrations of genes involved in ketogenesis as well as carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake at various time-points during lactation, indicating that FGF21 could play a role in ketogenesis and carnitine metabolism in the liver of dairy cows (p &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	162-171	fibroblast growth factor 21	Bos taurus	88-93
22805261-7	2013	Moreover, there were positive linear correlations between hepatic mRNA concentration of FGF21 and mRNA concentrations of genes involved in ketogenesis as well as carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake at various time-points during lactation, indicating that FGF21 could play a role in ketogenesis and carnitine metabolism in the liver of dairy cows (p &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	186-195	fibroblast growth factor 21	Bos taurus	88-93
22805261-7	2013	Moreover, there were positive linear correlations between hepatic mRNA concentration of FGF21 and mRNA concentrations of genes involved in ketogenesis as well as carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake at various time-points during lactation, indicating that FGF21 could play a role in ketogenesis and carnitine metabolism in the liver of dairy cows (p &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	186-195	fibroblast growth factor 21	Bos taurus	88-93
24068862-7	2013	Addition of L-carnitine during hyperosmotic stress partly restored cell volume and significantly reduced the concentration of TNF-alpha released (p = 0.005) and caspase-9 activity (p = 0.0125).	Carnitine	12-23	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	126-135
24157049-8	2013	In the kidney, L-carnitine induced dose-dependent improvement of renal function, inflammation, and fibrosis in parallel with suppression of the expression of TGF-beta1 and 8-OHdG.	Carnitine	15-26	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	158-167
24157049-9	2013	Furthermore, the administration of L-carnitine at a high dose inhibited the expression of caspase-3 and LC3-II.	Carnitine	35-46	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	90-99
24068862-7	2013	Addition of L-carnitine during hyperosmotic stress partly restored cell volume and significantly reduced the concentration of TNF-alpha released (p = 0.005) and caspase-9 activity (p = 0.0125).	Carnitine	12-23	caspase 9	Homo sapiens	161-170
23771822-5	2013	OCTN2 maintains the carnitine homeostasis, resulting from intestinal absorption, distribution to tissues, and renal excretion/reabsorption.	Carnitine	20-29	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	0-5
23970467-5	2013	RESULTS: Compared with vehicle, prophylactic administration of betaine, L-carnitine, or erythritol significantly decreased corneal staining and expression of TNF-alpha and IL-17 on day 21 (schedule 1).	Carnitine	72-83	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	158-167
23970467-5	2013	RESULTS: Compared with vehicle, prophylactic administration of betaine, L-carnitine, or erythritol significantly decreased corneal staining and expression of TNF-alpha and IL-17 on day 21 (schedule 1).	Carnitine	72-83	interleukin 17A	Mus musculus	172-177
23970467-7	2013	Relative to vehicle, L-carnitine treatment of mouse dry eye for 14 days (days 21 to 35) resulted in a significant reduction in corneal staining, number of TUNEL-positive cells, and expression of TNF-alpha, IL-17, IL-6, or IL-1beta, as well as significantly increased the number of goblet cells.	Carnitine	21-32	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	195-204
23970467-7	2013	Relative to vehicle, L-carnitine treatment of mouse dry eye for 14 days (days 21 to 35) resulted in a significant reduction in corneal staining, number of TUNEL-positive cells, and expression of TNF-alpha, IL-17, IL-6, or IL-1beta, as well as significantly increased the number of goblet cells.	Carnitine	21-32	interleukin 17A	Mus musculus	206-211
23970467-7	2013	Relative to vehicle, L-carnitine treatment of mouse dry eye for 14 days (days 21 to 35) resulted in a significant reduction in corneal staining, number of TUNEL-positive cells, and expression of TNF-alpha, IL-17, IL-6, or IL-1beta, as well as significantly increased the number of goblet cells.	Carnitine	21-32	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	213-217
23970467-7	2013	Relative to vehicle, L-carnitine treatment of mouse dry eye for 14 days (days 21 to 35) resulted in a significant reduction in corneal staining, number of TUNEL-positive cells, and expression of TNF-alpha, IL-17, IL-6, or IL-1beta, as well as significantly increased the number of goblet cells.	Carnitine	21-32	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	222-230
23818692-8	2013	In conclusion, increasing muscle total carnitine in healthy humans can modulate muscle metabolism, energy expenditure and body composition over a prolonged period, which is entirely consistent with a carnitine-mediated increase in muscle long-chain acyl-group translocation via CPT1.	Carnitine	200-209	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	278-282
23771822-6	2013	OCTN3, identified only in mouse, mediates also carnitine transport.	Carnitine	47-56	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 21	Mus musculus	0-5
23609166-5	2013	RESULTS: Average plasma and urinary carnitine values ranged from 60 to 80 muM and 78 to 124 muM, respectively, in both groups, with no significant difference between them.	Carnitine	36-45	latexin	Homo sapiens	74-77
23609166-5	2013	RESULTS: Average plasma and urinary carnitine values ranged from 60 to 80 muM and 78 to 124 muM, respectively, in both groups, with no significant difference between them.	Carnitine	36-45	latexin	Homo sapiens	92-95
23666872-0	2013	Involvement of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4 in gastrointestinal absorption of metformin.	Carnitine	15-24	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	52-57
23636657-7	2013	DISCUSSION: L-Carnitine combined with HDI may have helped with the calcium channel blocker (CCB) poisoning by decreasing insulin resistance, promoting intracellular glucose transport, facilitating the metabolism of free fatty acids, and increasing calcium channel sensitivity.	Carnitine	12-23	insulin	Homo sapiens	121-128
23666872-2	2013	Here, we examined the role of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4, which is localized on apical membranes of small intestine in mice and humans, in metformin absorption.	Carnitine	30-39	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	67-72
23666872-2	2013	Here, we examined the role of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4, which is localized on apical membranes of small intestine in mice and humans, in metformin absorption.	Carnitine	30-39	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	73-80
23733756-12	2013	Serum carnitine level increased with ALC but remained stable with placebo.	Carnitine	6-15	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	37-40
23965166-1	2013	Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) is a molecule derived from acetylation of carnitine in the mitochondria.	Carnitine	9-18	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	20-23
23421623-6	2013	Pretreatment with cyclosporin A or L-carnitine, which might inhibit the transport of (13)C-enriched compounds into chloroplasts and mitochondria, caused a remarkable decline in yields of both [U-(13)C]Gluc and [3-(13)C]Ser in H(13)CHO-treated Arabidopsis.	Carnitine	35-46	beta glucosidase 25	Arabidopsis thaliana	201-205
23485643-3	2013	CPT2 is part of the carnitine shuttle that is necessary to import fatty acids into mitochondria and catalyzes the conversion of acylcarnitines into acyl-CoAs.	Carnitine	20-29	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	0-4
23658353-4	2013	Overall (d 0 to 109), dietary L-carnitine tended to improve ADG (linear, P = 0.07).	Carnitine	30-41	ADG	Sus scrofa	60-63
22999781-3	2013	Genetic studies in large populations have linked mutations in the carnitine transporters OCTN1 and OCTN2 with Crohn"s disease (CD), while other studies at the same time have failed to show a similar association and report normal serum carnitine levels in CD patients.	Carnitine	66-75	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	89-94
22999781-3	2013	Genetic studies in large populations have linked mutations in the carnitine transporters OCTN1 and OCTN2 with Crohn"s disease (CD), while other studies at the same time have failed to show a similar association and report normal serum carnitine levels in CD patients.	Carnitine	66-75	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	99-104
22999781-5	2013	We studied expression of five enzymes involved in carnitine biosynthesis, namely 6-N-trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD), 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABADH), serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 and 2 (SHMT1 and 2) and gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBH) by real-time PCR in mice (C3H strain).	Carnitine	50-59	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Mus musculus	81-112
22999781-5	2013	We studied expression of five enzymes involved in carnitine biosynthesis, namely 6-N-trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD), 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABADH), serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 and 2 (SHMT1 and 2) and gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBH) by real-time PCR in mice (C3H strain).	Carnitine	50-59	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Mus musculus	114-118
22999781-5	2013	We studied expression of five enzymes involved in carnitine biosynthesis, namely 6-N-trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD), 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABADH), serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 and 2 (SHMT1 and 2) and gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBH) by real-time PCR in mice (C3H strain).	Carnitine	50-59	aldehyde dehydrogenase 9, subfamily A1	Mus musculus	166-173
22999781-5	2013	We studied expression of five enzymes involved in carnitine biosynthesis, namely 6-N-trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD), 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABADH), serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 and 2 (SHMT1 and 2) and gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBH) by real-time PCR in mice (C3H strain).	Carnitine	50-59	serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (soluble)	Mus musculus	217-228
22999781-5	2013	We studied expression of five enzymes involved in carnitine biosynthesis, namely 6-N-trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD), 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABADH), serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 and 2 (SHMT1 and 2) and gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBH) by real-time PCR in mice (C3H strain).	Carnitine	50-59	butyrobetaine (gamma), 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase 1 (gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase)	Mus musculus	234-265
22999781-5	2013	We studied expression of five enzymes involved in carnitine biosynthesis, namely 6-N-trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD), 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABADH), serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 and 2 (SHMT1 and 2) and gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBH) by real-time PCR in mice (C3H strain).	Carnitine	50-59	butyrobetaine (gamma), 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase 1 (gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase)	Mus musculus	267-270
23826175-0	2013	Fish oil and the pan-PPAR agonist tetradecylthioacetic acid affect the amino acid and carnitine metabolism in rats.	Carnitine	86-95	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	21-25
23566841-0	2013	Single nucleotide polymorphism in CPT1B and CPT2 genes and its association with blood carnitine levels in acute myocardial infarction patients.	Carnitine	86-95	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	34-39
23566841-0	2013	Single nucleotide polymorphism in CPT1B and CPT2 genes and its association with blood carnitine levels in acute myocardial infarction patients.	Carnitine	86-95	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	44-48
23566841-7	2013	CPT1B heterozygous variants of G320D and S427C among control subjects showed significantly higher levels of total and free carnitine in the blood.	Carnitine	123-132	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	0-5
23566841-8	2013	The homozygous genotype (AA) of CPT2 variant V368I had significantly less blood carnitine in AMI patients.	Carnitine	80-89	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	32-36
23628882-1	2013	BACKGROUND: In our model of a congenital heart defect (CHD) with increased pulmonary blood flow (PBF; shunt), we have recently shown a disruption in carnitine homeostasis, associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/heat shock protein (Hsp)90 interactions that contribute to eNOS uncoupling, increased superoxide levels, and decreased bioavailable nitric oxide (NO).	Carnitine	149-158	nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Ovis aries	228-261
23628882-1	2013	BACKGROUND: In our model of a congenital heart defect (CHD) with increased pulmonary blood flow (PBF; shunt), we have recently shown a disruption in carnitine homeostasis, associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/heat shock protein (Hsp)90 interactions that contribute to eNOS uncoupling, increased superoxide levels, and decreased bioavailable nitric oxide (NO).	Carnitine	149-158	nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Ovis aries	263-267
23628882-1	2013	BACKGROUND: In our model of a congenital heart defect (CHD) with increased pulmonary blood flow (PBF; shunt), we have recently shown a disruption in carnitine homeostasis, associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/heat shock protein (Hsp)90 interactions that contribute to eNOS uncoupling, increased superoxide levels, and decreased bioavailable nitric oxide (NO).	Carnitine	149-158	nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Ovis aries	328-332
23562624-8	2013	A significant increase in serum BNP concentration was found in the CDD group (P&lt;0.004) which was attenuated by carnitine (P&lt;0.05), whereas homocysteine presented contradictory results (higher in the CDD+CARN group).	Carnitine	114-123	natriuretic peptide B	Rattus norvegicus	32-35
23755272-1	2013	Agp2 is a plasma membrane protein of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae amino acid transporter family, involved in high-affinity uptake of various substrates including L-carnitine and polyamines.	Carnitine	162-173	Agp2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	0-4
23837141-3	2013	The purpose of this study is to identify the efficacy and safety of carnitine from entecavir combination therapy in Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevated Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) patients.	Carnitine	68-77	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	116-140
23440281-5	2013	TCA cycle metabolites in THP-1 cells may be derived from acetyl-CoA by fatty acid beta-oxidation, which was supported by abundant detection of carnitine and acetylcarnitine in THP-1 cells.	Carnitine	143-152	GLI family zinc finger 2	Homo sapiens	25-30
24125620-9	2013	CONCLUSION: Levocarnitine could significantly improve the cardiac function, and reduce the levels of serum NT-pro-BNP, creatinine and cystatin C.	Carnitine	12-25	cystatin C	Homo sapiens	134-144
23244702-3	2013	Thus, we determined whether there was a mechanistic link between endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), ADMA, and the disruption of carnitine homeostasis in PAEC.	Carnitine	135-144	nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Ovis aries	65-98
23244702-3	2013	Thus, we determined whether there was a mechanistic link between endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), ADMA, and the disruption of carnitine homeostasis in PAEC.	Carnitine	135-144	nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	Ovis aries	100-104
23525500-8	2013	The functional interplay between the decrease in L-carnitine and the PPARalpha/PGC1alpha pathway-induced redirection of FA metabolism protects the mitochondria against LCFA overload and provides a foundation for novel cardioprotective mechanisms.	Carnitine	49-60	PPARG coactivator 1 alpha	Homo sapiens	79-88
23656565-4	2013	Dietary carnitine (present predominately in red meat) and lecithin (phosphatidyl choline) are shown to be metabolized by gut microbes to trimethylamine (TMA), which in turn is metabolized by liver flavin monoxygenases (especially FMO3 and FMO1) to form trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO).	Carnitine	8-17	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 3	Homo sapiens	230-234
23656565-4	2013	Dietary carnitine (present predominately in red meat) and lecithin (phosphatidyl choline) are shown to be metabolized by gut microbes to trimethylamine (TMA), which in turn is metabolized by liver flavin monoxygenases (especially FMO3 and FMO1) to form trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO).	Carnitine	8-17	flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	239-243
23440281-5	2013	TCA cycle metabolites in THP-1 cells may be derived from acetyl-CoA by fatty acid beta-oxidation, which was supported by abundant detection of carnitine and acetylcarnitine in THP-1 cells.	Carnitine	143-152	GLI family zinc finger 2	Homo sapiens	176-181
23295156-0	2013	L-Carnitine protects against arterial hypertension-related cardiac fibrosis through modulation of PPAR-gamma expression.	Carnitine	0-11	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Rattus norvegicus	98-108
23497718-5	2013	In addition, transcript levels of genes involved in carnitine synthesis (ALDH9A1, TMLHE, BBOX1) and carnitine uptake (SLC22A5) in the liver were greater in lactating than in non-lactating sows (P &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	100-109	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	118-125
23497226-0	2013	Supplementation of carnitine leads to an activation of the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway and down regulates the E3 ligase MuRF1 in skeletal muscle of rats.	Carnitine	19-28	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	59-64
23497226-0	2013	Supplementation of carnitine leads to an activation of the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway and down regulates the E3 ligase MuRF1 in skeletal muscle of rats.	Carnitine	19-28	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	70-73
23497226-0	2013	Supplementation of carnitine leads to an activation of the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway and down regulates the E3 ligase MuRF1 in skeletal muscle of rats.	Carnitine	19-28	tripartite motif containing 63	Rattus norvegicus	126-131
23497226-3	2013	Based on the previous finding that carnitine increases plasma IGF-1 concentration, we investigated the hypothesis that carnitine down-regulates genes of the UPS by modulation of the of the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway which is an important regulator of UPS activity in muscle.	Carnitine	35-44	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	62-67
23497226-3	2013	Based on the previous finding that carnitine increases plasma IGF-1 concentration, we investigated the hypothesis that carnitine down-regulates genes of the UPS by modulation of the of the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway which is an important regulator of UPS activity in muscle.	Carnitine	119-128	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	189-194
23497226-3	2013	Based on the previous finding that carnitine increases plasma IGF-1 concentration, we investigated the hypothesis that carnitine down-regulates genes of the UPS by modulation of the of the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway which is an important regulator of UPS activity in muscle.	Carnitine	119-128	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	200-203
23497226-6	2013	RESULTS: Rats fed the diet supplemented with carnitine had lower mRNA and protein levels of MuRF1, the most important E3 ubiquitin ligase in muscle, decreased concentrations of ubiquitin-protein conjugates in skeletal muscle and higher IGF-1 concentration in plasma than control rats (P &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	45-54	tripartite motif containing 63	Rattus norvegicus	92-97
23497226-6	2013	RESULTS: Rats fed the diet supplemented with carnitine had lower mRNA and protein levels of MuRF1, the most important E3 ubiquitin ligase in muscle, decreased concentrations of ubiquitin-protein conjugates in skeletal muscle and higher IGF-1 concentration in plasma than control rats (P &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	45-54	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	236-241
23497226-7	2013	Moreover, in skeletal muscle of rats fed the diet supplemented with carnitine there was an activation of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, as indicated by increased protein levels of phosphorylated (activated) Akt1 (P &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	68-77	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	114-117
23497226-7	2013	Moreover, in skeletal muscle of rats fed the diet supplemented with carnitine there was an activation of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, as indicated by increased protein levels of phosphorylated (activated) Akt1 (P &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	68-77	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	209-213
23497226-8	2013	CONCLUSION: The present study shows that supplementation of carnitine markedly decreases the expression of MuRF1 and concentrations of ubiquitinated proteins in skeletal muscle of rats, indicating a diminished degradation of myofibrillar proteins by the UPS.	Carnitine	60-69	tripartite motif containing 63	Rattus norvegicus	107-112
23497226-9	2013	The study moreover shows that supplementation of carnitine leads to an activation of the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway which in turn might contribute to the observed down-regulation of MuRF1 and muscle protein ubiquitination.	Carnitine	49-58	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	89-94
23497226-9	2013	The study moreover shows that supplementation of carnitine leads to an activation of the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway which in turn might contribute to the observed down-regulation of MuRF1 and muscle protein ubiquitination.	Carnitine	49-58	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	100-103
23497226-9	2013	The study moreover shows that supplementation of carnitine leads to an activation of the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway which in turn might contribute to the observed down-regulation of MuRF1 and muscle protein ubiquitination.	Carnitine	49-58	tripartite motif containing 63	Rattus norvegicus	189-194
24250943-10	2013	These protective actions were reversed by concomitant use of etomoxir (a CPT-I inhibitor), suggesting that the efficacy of LC could be due to its mitochondrial action, probably related to the raise in glucose oxidation of the reperfused hearts.	Carnitine	123-125	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	73-78
24250945-10	2013	These protective actions were reversed by concomitant use of etomoxir (a CPT-I inhibitor), suggesting that the efficacy of LC could be due to its mitochondrial action, probably related to the raise in glucose oxidation of the reperfused hearts.	Carnitine	123-125	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	73-78
23926565-0	2013	Effects of L-carnitine and Pentoxifylline on the Activity of Lactate Dehydrogenase C4 isozyme and Motility of Testicular Spermatozoa in Mice.	Carnitine	11-22	lactate dehydrogenase C	Mus musculus	61-85
23926565-5	2013	The aim of this study was to evaluate sperm motility and LDH-C4 enzyme activity upon L-carnitine (LC) and Pentoxifylline (PTX) administrations in mice.	Carnitine	85-96	lactate dehydrogenase C	Mus musculus	57-63
23926565-5	2013	The aim of this study was to evaluate sperm motility and LDH-C4 enzyme activity upon L-carnitine (LC) and Pentoxifylline (PTX) administrations in mice.	Carnitine	98-100	lactate dehydrogenase C	Mus musculus	57-63
23926565-13	2013	CONCLUSION: The effects of LC and PTX on motility of sperm can be explained by an increase in LDH-C4 enzyme activity that may influence male fertility status.	Carnitine	27-29	lactate dehydrogenase C	Mus musculus	94-100
23497718-1	2013	BACKGROUND: Convincing evidence exist that carnitine synthesis and uptake of carnitine into cells is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA), a transcription factor which is physiologically activated during fasting or energy deprivation.	Carnitine	43-52	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	114-162
23497718-1	2013	BACKGROUND: Convincing evidence exist that carnitine synthesis and uptake of carnitine into cells is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA), a transcription factor which is physiologically activated during fasting or energy deprivation.	Carnitine	43-52	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	164-169
23497718-1	2013	BACKGROUND: Convincing evidence exist that carnitine synthesis and uptake of carnitine into cells is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA), a transcription factor which is physiologically activated during fasting or energy deprivation.	Carnitine	77-86	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	114-162
23497718-1	2013	BACKGROUND: Convincing evidence exist that carnitine synthesis and uptake of carnitine into cells is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA), a transcription factor which is physiologically activated during fasting or energy deprivation.	Carnitine	77-86	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	164-169
23497718-5	2013	In addition, transcript levels of genes involved in carnitine synthesis (ALDH9A1, TMLHE, BBOX1) and carnitine uptake (SLC22A5) in the liver were greater in lactating than in non-lactating sows (P &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	52-61	aldehyde dehydrogenase 9 family member A1	Homo sapiens	73-80
23497718-5	2013	In addition, transcript levels of genes involved in carnitine synthesis (ALDH9A1, TMLHE, BBOX1) and carnitine uptake (SLC22A5) in the liver were greater in lactating than in non-lactating sows (P &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	52-61	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	82-87
23497718-7	2013	CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study show that PPARalpha is activated in the liver of sows during lactation which leads to an up-regulation of genes involved in carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake.	Carnitine	170-179	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	56-65
23497718-5	2013	In addition, transcript levels of genes involved in carnitine synthesis (ALDH9A1, TMLHE, BBOX1) and carnitine uptake (SLC22A5) in the liver were greater in lactating than in non-lactating sows (P &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	52-61	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	89-94
23497718-7	2013	CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study show that PPARalpha is activated in the liver of sows during lactation which leads to an up-regulation of genes involved in carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake.	Carnitine	194-203	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	56-65
23497718-8	2013	The PPARalpha mediated up-regulation of genes involved in carnitine synthesis and uptake in the liver of lactating sows may be regarded as an adaptive mechanism to maintain hepatic carnitine levels at a level sufficient to transport excessive amounts of fatty acids into the mitochondrion.	Carnitine	58-67	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	4-13
23497718-8	2013	The PPARalpha mediated up-regulation of genes involved in carnitine synthesis and uptake in the liver of lactating sows may be regarded as an adaptive mechanism to maintain hepatic carnitine levels at a level sufficient to transport excessive amounts of fatty acids into the mitochondrion.	Carnitine	181-190	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	4-13
24329505-1	2013	AIM: To investigate the effects of L-carnitine (LCAR) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver damage in rats.	Carnitine	35-46	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	106-110
23333250-0	2013	Protective effects of l-carnitine and piracetam against mitochondrial permeability transition and PC3 cell necrosis induced by simvastatin.	Carnitine	22-33	chromobox 8	Homo sapiens	98-101
23127966-0	2013	A high-fat diet increases L-carnitine synthesis through a differential maturation of the Bbox1 mRNAs.	Carnitine	26-37	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	89-94
22952014-3	2013	Among them, OCTN2 is a sodium-dependent, high-affinity transporter of carnitine, and a functional defect of OCTN2 due to genetic mutation causes primary systemic carnitine deficiency (SCD).	Carnitine	70-79	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	12-17
22952014-4	2013	Since carnitine is essential for beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids to produce ATP, OCTN2 gene mutation causes a range of symptoms, including cardiomyopathy, skeletal muscle weakness, fatty liver and male infertility.	Carnitine	6-15	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	90-95
22952014-9	2013	Rodent Octn3 transports carnitine specifically, particularly in male reproductive tissues.	Carnitine	24-33	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 21	Mus musculus	7-12
23127966-2	2013	l-carnitine is biosynthesized from gamma-butyrobetaine by a reaction catalyzed by the gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (Bbox1).	Carnitine	0-11	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	86-117
23127966-2	2013	l-carnitine is biosynthesized from gamma-butyrobetaine by a reaction catalyzed by the gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (Bbox1).	Carnitine	0-11	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	119-124
23127966-8	2013	Our results show that the maturation of Bbox1 mRNAs is nutritionally regulated in the liver through a selective polyadenylation process to adjust l-carnitine biosynthesis to the energy supply.	Carnitine	146-157	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	40-45
24329505-1	2013	AIM: To investigate the effects of L-carnitine (LCAR) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver damage in rats.	Carnitine	48-52	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	106-110
23173999-1	2013	L-Carnitine (LC) administration has been recommended for specific indications in dialysis patients, including epoetin-resistant anemia, intradialytic hypotension, cardiomyopathy, fatigue, muscle weakness, and exercise performance; it may ameliorate insulin resistance, inflammation, and protein wasting.	Carnitine	13-15	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	110-117
23125349-5	2013	During colonization, efg1(-) null mutant cells expressed higher levels of genes involved in lipid catabolism, carnitine biosynthesis, and carnitine utilization than did colonizing wild-type (WT) cells.	Carnitine	110-119	G elongation factor, mitochondrial 1	Mus musculus	21-25
23125349-5	2013	During colonization, efg1(-) null mutant cells expressed higher levels of genes involved in lipid catabolism, carnitine biosynthesis, and carnitine utilization than did colonizing wild-type (WT) cells.	Carnitine	138-147	G elongation factor, mitochondrial 1	Mus musculus	21-25
23125349-7	2013	The efg1(-) null mutant grew in depleted medium, while WT cells could grow only if the depleted medium was supplemented with carnitine, a compound that promotes the metabolism of fatty acids.	Carnitine	125-134	G elongation factor, mitochondrial 1	Mus musculus	4-8
23173999-1	2013	L-Carnitine (LC) administration has been recommended for specific indications in dialysis patients, including epoetin-resistant anemia, intradialytic hypotension, cardiomyopathy, fatigue, muscle weakness, and exercise performance; it may ameliorate insulin resistance, inflammation, and protein wasting.	Carnitine	0-11	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	110-117
23173999-1	2013	L-Carnitine (LC) administration has been recommended for specific indications in dialysis patients, including epoetin-resistant anemia, intradialytic hypotension, cardiomyopathy, fatigue, muscle weakness, and exercise performance; it may ameliorate insulin resistance, inflammation, and protein wasting.	Carnitine	0-11	insulin	Homo sapiens	249-256
24192517-0	2013	L-carnitine ameliorates L-asparaginase-induced acute liver toxicity in steatotic rat livers.	Carnitine	0-11	asparaginase and isoaspartyl peptidase 1	Rattus norvegicus	24-38
24192517-9	2013	CONCLUSIONS: Our study emphasizes the potential of L-carnitine to reduce L-asparaginase-induced hepatotoxicity in patients with preexisting liver disorders.	Carnitine	51-62	asparaginase and isoaspartyl peptidase 1	Homo sapiens	73-87
22954232-10	2013	L-carnitine increased the expression of metabolism-related ATP6 and COX1 genes in blastocysts.	Carnitine	0-11	ATP synthase F0 subunit 6	Bos taurus	59-63
22954232-10	2013	L-carnitine increased the expression of metabolism-related ATP6 and COX1 genes in blastocysts.	Carnitine	0-11	cytochrome c oxidase subunit I	Bos taurus	68-72
23173999-1	2013	L-Carnitine (LC) administration has been recommended for specific indications in dialysis patients, including epoetin-resistant anemia, intradialytic hypotension, cardiomyopathy, fatigue, muscle weakness, and exercise performance; it may ameliorate insulin resistance, inflammation, and protein wasting.	Carnitine	13-15	insulin	Homo sapiens	249-256
22804770-9	2012	When beta(2)-MG-adjusted skin AGE levels were stratified by serum carnitine levels, a statistical significance and dose-response relationship were observed (P = 0.043).	Carnitine	66-75	beta-2-microglobulin	Homo sapiens	5-15
23344032-2	2012	Utilizing a lamb model with left-to-right shunting of blood and increased PBF that mimics the human disease, we have recently shown that a disruption in carnitine homeostasis, due to a decreased carnitine acetyl transferase (CrAT) activity, correlates with decreased bioavailable NO.	Carnitine	153-162	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	195-223
23344032-2	2012	Utilizing a lamb model with left-to-right shunting of blood and increased PBF that mimics the human disease, we have recently shown that a disruption in carnitine homeostasis, due to a decreased carnitine acetyl transferase (CrAT) activity, correlates with decreased bioavailable NO.	Carnitine	153-162	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	225-229
23344032-5	2012	Our data indicate that silencing the CrAT gene disrupted cellular carnitine homeostasis, reduced the expression of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase-and resulted in an increase in oxidative stress within the mitochondrion.	Carnitine	66-75	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	37-41
22944603-0	2012	Functional expression of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1 in mouse brain neurons: possible involvement in neuronal differentiation.	Carnitine	25-34	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	62-67
22944603-1	2012	The aim of the present study is to clarify the functional expression and physiological role in brain neurons of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4, which accepts the naturally occurring antioxidant ergothioneine (ERGO) as a substrate in vivo.	Carnitine	112-121	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	149-154
22944603-1	2012	The aim of the present study is to clarify the functional expression and physiological role in brain neurons of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4, which accepts the naturally occurring antioxidant ergothioneine (ERGO) as a substrate in vivo.	Carnitine	112-121	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	155-162
23068102-10	2012	Thus, a combined delivery of carnitine and TRAIL may represent a new therapeutic strategy to treat TRAIL-resistant cancer cells.	Carnitine	29-38	tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10	Mus musculus	99-104
22608917-5	2012	Administration of L-carnitine decreases proteasome activity and the expression of genes related with this activity, such as ubiquitin, C8 proteasome subunit and MuRF-1.	Carnitine	18-29	tripartite motif containing 63	Rattus norvegicus	161-167
22608917-6	2012	Interestingly, L-carnitine treatment also decreases caspase-3 mRNA content therefore suggesting a modulation of apoptosis.	Carnitine	15-26	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	52-61
22999793-8	2012	Total and free carnitine correlated inversely to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in patients with PCOS, whereas no associations were found between acylcarnitines and androgenes.	Carnitine	15-24	sex hormone binding globulin	Homo sapiens	49-77
22999793-8	2012	Total and free carnitine correlated inversely to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in patients with PCOS, whereas no associations were found between acylcarnitines and androgenes.	Carnitine	15-24	sex hormone binding globulin	Homo sapiens	79-83
23068102-0	2012	Carnitine sensitizes TRAIL-resistant cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptotic cell death through the up-regulation of Bax.	Carnitine	0-9	tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10	Mus musculus	21-26
23068102-0	2012	Carnitine sensitizes TRAIL-resistant cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptotic cell death through the up-regulation of Bax.	Carnitine	0-9	tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10	Mus musculus	53-58
23068102-0	2012	Carnitine sensitizes TRAIL-resistant cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptotic cell death through the up-regulation of Bax.	Carnitine	0-9	BCL2-associated X protein	Mus musculus	117-120
23068102-4	2012	In our present study, we found that carnitine, a metabolite that transfers long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for beta-oxidation and modulates protein kinase C activity, sensitizes TRAIL-resistant cancer cells to TRAIL.	Carnitine	36-45	tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10	Mus musculus	187-192
23068102-4	2012	In our present study, we found that carnitine, a metabolite that transfers long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for beta-oxidation and modulates protein kinase C activity, sensitizes TRAIL-resistant cancer cells to TRAIL.	Carnitine	36-45	tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10	Mus musculus	219-224
23068102-6	2012	The combination of carnitine and TRAIL reversed the resistance to TRAIL in lung cancer cells, colon carcinoma cells, and breast carcinoma cells.	Carnitine	19-28	tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10	Mus musculus	66-71
23068102-7	2012	We further demonstrate that carnitine, either alone or in combination with TRAIL, enhances the expression of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax).	Carnitine	28-37	tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10	Mus musculus	75-80
23068102-7	2012	We further demonstrate that carnitine, either alone or in combination with TRAIL, enhances the expression of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax).	Carnitine	28-37	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	127-132
23068102-7	2012	We further demonstrate that carnitine, either alone or in combination with TRAIL, enhances the expression of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax).	Carnitine	28-37	BCL2-associated X protein	Mus musculus	149-175
23068102-7	2012	We further demonstrate that carnitine, either alone or in combination with TRAIL, enhances the expression of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax).	Carnitine	28-37	BCL2-associated X protein	Mus musculus	177-180
23068102-9	2012	Taken together, our current results suggest that carnitine can reverse the resistance of cancer cells to TRAIL by up-regulating Bax expression.	Carnitine	49-58	tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10	Mus musculus	105-110
23068102-9	2012	Taken together, our current results suggest that carnitine can reverse the resistance of cancer cells to TRAIL by up-regulating Bax expression.	Carnitine	49-58	BCL2-associated X protein	Mus musculus	128-131
23092983-4	2012	A nonsense mutation in TMLHE, which encodes the e-N-trimethyllysine hydroxylase catalyzing the first step of carnitine biosynthesis, was identified in two brothers with autism and ID.	Carnitine	109-118	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	23-28
23387232-2	2012	METHODS: Triptolide (TP) was conjugated with L-carnitine using succinate as the linker to form TPS-L-Carnitine, which could be specifically recognized by OCTN2, a cationic transporter with high affinity to L-Carnitine and is highly expressed on the apical membrane of renal proximal tubule cells.	Carnitine	45-56	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	154-159
23387232-2	2012	METHODS: Triptolide (TP) was conjugated with L-carnitine using succinate as the linker to form TPS-L-Carnitine, which could be specifically recognized by OCTN2, a cationic transporter with high affinity to L-Carnitine and is highly expressed on the apical membrane of renal proximal tubule cells.	Carnitine	99-110	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	154-159
23387232-2	2012	METHODS: Triptolide (TP) was conjugated with L-carnitine using succinate as the linker to form TPS-L-Carnitine, which could be specifically recognized by OCTN2, a cationic transporter with high affinity to L-Carnitine and is highly expressed on the apical membrane of renal proximal tubule cells.	Carnitine	206-217	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	154-159
23098614-2	2012	CPT1 isoenzymes transfer long chain acyl groups to carnitine.	Carnitine	51-60	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	0-4
22819991-1	2012	The carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase (CACT), an integral protein of the mitochondrial inner membrane, belongs to the carnitine-dependent system of fatty acid transport into mitochondria, where beta-oxidation occurs.	Carnitine	4-13	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Rattus norvegicus	41-45
23090741-3	2012	CDSP is caused by a defect in plasma membrane uptake of carnitine, ultimately caused by the SLC22A5 gene.	Carnitine	56-65	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	0-4
23090741-3	2012	CDSP is caused by a defect in plasma membrane uptake of carnitine, ultimately caused by the SLC22A5 gene.	Carnitine	56-65	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	92-99
23090741-9	2012	The patient was started on L-carnitine supplement after CDSP diagnosis.	Carnitine	27-38	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	56-60
22819991-2	2012	CACT exchanges cytosolic acylcarnitine or free carnitine for carnitine in the mitochondrial matrix.	Carnitine	29-38	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
22819991-2	2012	CACT exchanges cytosolic acylcarnitine or free carnitine for carnitine in the mitochondrial matrix.	Carnitine	47-56	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
22843728-1	2012	CaiT is a homotrimeric antiporter that exchanges l-carnitine (CRN) with gamma-butyrobetaine (GBB) across the bacterial membrane.	Carnitine	49-60	crooked neck pre-mRNA splicing factor 1	Homo sapiens	62-65
22989098-6	2012	This gene encodes organic cation transporter type 2 (OCTN2) which transport carnitine across cell membranes.	Carnitine	76-85	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	18-51
22989098-6	2012	This gene encodes organic cation transporter type 2 (OCTN2) which transport carnitine across cell membranes.	Carnitine	76-85	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	53-58
22989098-10	2012	Carrier screening for at-risk individuals and family members should be obtained by performing targeted mutation analysis of the SLC22A5 gene since plasma carnitine analysis is not a sufficient methodology for determining carrier status.	Carnitine	154-163	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	128-135
22989098-15	2012	Adult women with CDSP who are planning to or are pregnant should meet with a metabolic or genetic specialist ideally before conception to discuss management of carnitine levels during pregnancy since carnitine levels are typically lower during pregnancy.	Carnitine	160-169	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	17-21
22989098-15	2012	Adult women with CDSP who are planning to or are pregnant should meet with a metabolic or genetic specialist ideally before conception to discuss management of carnitine levels during pregnancy since carnitine levels are typically lower during pregnancy.	Carnitine	200-209	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	17-21
22989098-16	2012	The prognosis for individuals with CDSP depends on the age, presentation, and severity of symptoms at the time of diagnosis; however the long-term prognosis is favorable as long as individuals remain on carnitine supplementation.	Carnitine	203-212	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	35-39
22989098-1	2012	Systemic primary carnitine deficiency (CDSP) is an autosomal recessive disorder of carnitine transportation.	Carnitine	17-26	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	39-43
22765904-1	2012	gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX) is a 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase that catalyses the final step of L-carnitine biosynthesis in animals.	Carnitine	123-134	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	0-31
22917873-4	2012	Transport of activated fatty acids into mitochondria is catalyzed by carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I (CPTI) which also requires the metabolite carnitine.	Carnitine	69-78	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	104-108
22796714-7	2012	L-Carnitine treatment restored left-ventricular free-carnitine levels, attenuated left-ventricular fibrosis and stiffening, prevented pulmonary congestion, and improved survival in the HFpEF model independent of the antihypertensive effects, accompanied with increased expression of fatty acid desaturase (FADS) 1/2, rate-limiting enzymes in forming arachidonic acid, and enhanced production of arachidonic acid, a precursor of prostacyclin, and prostacyclin in the LV.	Carnitine	0-11	stearoyl-CoA desaturase	Homo sapiens	283-304
22796714-7	2012	L-Carnitine treatment restored left-ventricular free-carnitine levels, attenuated left-ventricular fibrosis and stiffening, prevented pulmonary congestion, and improved survival in the HFpEF model independent of the antihypertensive effects, accompanied with increased expression of fatty acid desaturase (FADS) 1/2, rate-limiting enzymes in forming arachidonic acid, and enhanced production of arachidonic acid, a precursor of prostacyclin, and prostacyclin in the LV.	Carnitine	0-11	stearoyl-CoA desaturase	Homo sapiens	306-310
22796714-8	2012	In cultured cardiac fibroblasts, L-carnitine attenuated the angiotensin II-induced collagen production with increased FADS1/2 expression and enhanced production of arachidonic acid and prostacyclin.	Carnitine	33-44	angiotensinogen	Homo sapiens	60-74
22796714-8	2012	In cultured cardiac fibroblasts, L-carnitine attenuated the angiotensin II-induced collagen production with increased FADS1/2 expression and enhanced production of arachidonic acid and prostacyclin.	Carnitine	33-44	fatty acid desaturase 1	Homo sapiens	118-123
22796714-9	2012	L-Carnitine-induced increase of arachidonic acid was canceled by knock-down of FADS1 or FADS2 in cultured cardiac fibroblasts.	Carnitine	0-11	fatty acid desaturase 1	Homo sapiens	79-84
22796714-9	2012	L-Carnitine-induced increase of arachidonic acid was canceled by knock-down of FADS1 or FADS2 in cultured cardiac fibroblasts.	Carnitine	0-11	fatty acid desaturase 2	Homo sapiens	88-93
22778252-5	2012	The addition of l-carnitine enabled the metabolic channeling of acyl-CoA through carnitine palmitoyltransferases (CPT-1/2) and attenuated the palmitoyl-CoA-mediated amplification of calcium-induced mPTP opening.	Carnitine	16-27	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	114-121
22765904-1	2012	gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX) is a 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase that catalyses the final step of L-carnitine biosynthesis in animals.	Carnitine	123-134	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	33-37
22743351-3	2012	Transport of carnitine and valproylcarnitine by the proximal tubular carnitine transporter OCTN2 was assessed in vitro.	Carnitine	13-22	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	91-96
22743351-9	2012	In contrast, the EF for valproylcarnitine approached 100%, resulting from a low affinity of valproylcarnitine for the carnitine transporter OCTN2 and competition with concomitantly filtered carnitine.	Carnitine	32-41	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	140-145
22730246-1	2012	Fluoride assays for oxygenases: The 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenase BBOX catalyses the final step in carnitine biosynthesis and is a medicinal chemistry target.	Carnitine	104-113	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	71-75
22805277-7	2012	Increases in serum L-carnitine correlated significantly with postnatal increases in renal organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (Octn2) expression, and was further matched by postnatal increases in intestinal Octn1 expression and hepatic gamma-Bbh activity.	Carnitine	19-30	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	90-128
22805277-7	2012	Increases in serum L-carnitine correlated significantly with postnatal increases in renal organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (Octn2) expression, and was further matched by postnatal increases in intestinal Octn1 expression and hepatic gamma-Bbh activity.	Carnitine	19-30	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	130-135
22805277-8	2012	Postnatal increases in heart L-carnitine levels were significantly correlated to postnatal increases in heart Octn2 expression.	Carnitine	29-40	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	110-115
22805277-7	2012	Increases in serum L-carnitine correlated significantly with postnatal increases in renal organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (Octn2) expression, and was further matched by postnatal increases in intestinal Octn1 expression and hepatic gamma-Bbh activity.	Carnitine	19-30	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	210-215
22805277-7	2012	Increases in serum L-carnitine correlated significantly with postnatal increases in renal organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (Octn2) expression, and was further matched by postnatal increases in intestinal Octn1 expression and hepatic gamma-Bbh activity.	Carnitine	19-30	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	239-248
22578613-6	2012	SCNT embryos that were derived from L-carnitine-treated oocytes showed increased (P&lt;0.05) expression levels of DNMT1, PCNA, FGFR2, and POU5F1 mRNA compared with control embryos.	Carnitine	36-47	DNA methyltransferase 1	Sus scrofa	114-119
22583703-8	2012	Treatment of Shunt lambs with l-carnitine also reduced GCH1/CHIP interactions, attenuated the ubiquitination and degradation of GCH1, and increased BH(4) levels compared to vehicle-treated Shunt lambs.	Carnitine	30-41	GCH1	Ovis aries	55-59
22583703-8	2012	Treatment of Shunt lambs with l-carnitine also reduced GCH1/CHIP interactions, attenuated the ubiquitination and degradation of GCH1, and increased BH(4) levels compared to vehicle-treated Shunt lambs.	Carnitine	30-41	GCH1	Ovis aries	128-132
22578613-6	2012	SCNT embryos that were derived from L-carnitine-treated oocytes showed increased (P&lt;0.05) expression levels of DNMT1, PCNA, FGFR2, and POU5F1 mRNA compared with control embryos.	Carnitine	36-47	proliferating cell nuclear antigen	Sus scrofa	121-125
22578613-6	2012	SCNT embryos that were derived from L-carnitine-treated oocytes showed increased (P&lt;0.05) expression levels of DNMT1, PCNA, FGFR2, and POU5F1 mRNA compared with control embryos.	Carnitine	36-47	fibroblast growth factor receptor 2	Sus scrofa	127-132
22578613-6	2012	SCNT embryos that were derived from L-carnitine-treated oocytes showed increased (P&lt;0.05) expression levels of DNMT1, PCNA, FGFR2, and POU5F1 mRNA compared with control embryos.	Carnitine	36-47	POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1	Sus scrofa	138-144
22578613-7	2012	Treatment of recipient oocytes with L-carnitine increased (P&lt;0.05) the expression of both BAX and p-Bcl-xl mRNA in SCNT blastocysts.	Carnitine	36-47	apoptosis regulator BAX	Sus scrofa	93-96
22212555-9	2012	In functional assays, knockdown of SLC22A5 inhibited L: -carnitine intake, resulted in lipid droplet accumulation, and suppressed the proliferation of breast cancer cells.	Carnitine	53-66	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	35-42
22630369-9	2012	After diagnosis and initiation of treatment, residual MCAD enzyme activities &lt;10% were associated with an increased risk of hypoglycaemia and carnitine supplementation.	Carnitine	145-154	acyl-CoA dehydrogenase medium chain	Homo sapiens	54-58
22245235-7	2012	Free carnitine levels were 15.73+-10.67 in Group I and 34.25+-22.18 muM in Group II (p=0.012) and hexanoyl carnitine levels 2.18+-2.10 in Group I and 0.38+-0.12 muM in Group II, respectively (p=0.005).	Carnitine	5-14	latexin	Homo sapiens	68-71
22360675-4	2012	The reports reviewed in this study, including those more recent from our laboratory, have provided data suggesting that chronic renal failure and particularly hemodialysis patients can benefit from carnitine treatment in particular for renal anemia, insulin sensitivity, and protein catabolism.	Carnitine	198-207	insulin	Homo sapiens	250-257
22285688-9	2012	Together with the recent identification of the mouse BBD and the mouse OCTN2 genes as PPARalpha target genes this finding confirm that PPARalpha plays a key role in the regulation of carnitine homeostasis by controlling genes involved in carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake.	Carnitine	238-247	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	135-144
22566635-2	2012	TMLHE maps to the X chromosome and encodes the first enzyme in carnitine biosynthesis, 6-N-trimethyllysine dioxygenase.	Carnitine	63-72	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	0-5
22560225-5	2012	Studies in muscle-specific Crat knockout mice, primary human skeletal myocytes, and human subjects undergoing L-carnitine supplementation support a model wherein CrAT combats nutrient stress, promotes metabolic flexibility, and enhances insulin action by permitting mitochondrial efflux of excess acetyl moieties that otherwise inhibit key regulatory enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase.	Carnitine	110-121	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	162-166
22285688-9	2012	Together with the recent identification of the mouse BBD and the mouse OCTN2 genes as PPARalpha target genes this finding confirm that PPARalpha plays a key role in the regulation of carnitine homeostasis by controlling genes involved in carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake.	Carnitine	238-247	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	71-76
22285688-0	2012	The mouse gene encoding the carnitine biosynthetic enzyme 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha.	Carnitine	28-37	aldehyde dehydrogenase 9, subfamily A1	Mus musculus	58-103
22285688-0	2012	The mouse gene encoding the carnitine biosynthetic enzyme 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha.	Carnitine	28-37	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	120-168
22285688-9	2012	Together with the recent identification of the mouse BBD and the mouse OCTN2 genes as PPARalpha target genes this finding confirm that PPARalpha plays a key role in the regulation of carnitine homeostasis by controlling genes involved in carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake.	Carnitine	238-247	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	86-95
22285688-1	2012	Genes involved in carnitine uptake and synthesis, such as organic cation transporter-2 (OCTN2) and gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD), have been shown to be regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha directly.	Carnitine	18-27	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	58-86
22285688-9	2012	Together with the recent identification of the mouse BBD and the mouse OCTN2 genes as PPARalpha target genes this finding confirm that PPARalpha plays a key role in the regulation of carnitine homeostasis by controlling genes involved in carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake.	Carnitine	238-247	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	135-144
22285688-1	2012	Genes involved in carnitine uptake and synthesis, such as organic cation transporter-2 (OCTN2) and gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD), have been shown to be regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha directly.	Carnitine	18-27	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	88-93
22339151-1	2012	The human organic cation/carnitine transporter (hOCTN2) is a high affinity cation/carnitine transporter expressed widely in human tissues and is physiologically important for the homeostasis of L-carnitine.	Carnitine	194-205	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	48-54
22285688-1	2012	Genes involved in carnitine uptake and synthesis, such as organic cation transporter-2 (OCTN2) and gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD), have been shown to be regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha directly.	Carnitine	18-27	butyrobetaine (gamma), 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase 1 (gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase)	Mus musculus	99-130
22285688-1	2012	Genes involved in carnitine uptake and synthesis, such as organic cation transporter-2 (OCTN2) and gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD), have been shown to be regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha directly.	Carnitine	18-27	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	217-221
22285688-2	2012	Whether other genes encoding enzymes involved in the carnitine synthesis pathway, such as 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABA-DH) and trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD), are also direct PPARalpha target genes is less clear.	Carnitine	53-62	aldehyde dehydrogenase 9, subfamily A1	Mus musculus	90-135
22285688-2	2012	Whether other genes encoding enzymes involved in the carnitine synthesis pathway, such as 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABA-DH) and trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD), are also direct PPARalpha target genes is less clear.	Carnitine	53-62	aldehyde dehydrogenase 9, subfamily A1	Mus musculus	137-145
22285688-2	2012	Whether other genes encoding enzymes involved in the carnitine synthesis pathway, such as 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABA-DH) and trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD), are also direct PPARalpha target genes is less clear.	Carnitine	53-62	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Mus musculus	151-178
22285688-9	2012	Together with the recent identification of the mouse BBD and the mouse OCTN2 genes as PPARalpha target genes this finding confirm that PPARalpha plays a key role in the regulation of carnitine homeostasis by controlling genes involved in carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake.	Carnitine	183-192	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	71-76
22285688-9	2012	Together with the recent identification of the mouse BBD and the mouse OCTN2 genes as PPARalpha target genes this finding confirm that PPARalpha plays a key role in the regulation of carnitine homeostasis by controlling genes involved in carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake.	Carnitine	183-192	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	86-95
22285688-9	2012	Together with the recent identification of the mouse BBD and the mouse OCTN2 genes as PPARalpha target genes this finding confirm that PPARalpha plays a key role in the regulation of carnitine homeostasis by controlling genes involved in carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake.	Carnitine	183-192	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	135-144
22285688-9	2012	Together with the recent identification of the mouse BBD and the mouse OCTN2 genes as PPARalpha target genes this finding confirm that PPARalpha plays a key role in the regulation of carnitine homeostasis by controlling genes involved in carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake.	Carnitine	238-247	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	71-76
22285688-9	2012	Together with the recent identification of the mouse BBD and the mouse OCTN2 genes as PPARalpha target genes this finding confirm that PPARalpha plays a key role in the regulation of carnitine homeostasis by controlling genes involved in carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake.	Carnitine	238-247	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	86-95
22834149-8	2012	It is possible to be validly of opinion that the same philogenically ancient principles as inhibition of activity of carnitine-palmitoilacylaminotrsansferase, decrease of formation of fatty acid metabolites C4 (ketone bodies), short-chained metabolites of palmitic fatty acid and olein mono fatty acid are applied in realization of philogenically late insulin effect.	Carnitine	117-126	insulin	Homo sapiens	352-359
22389472-0	2012	Inhibition of OCTN2-mediated transport of carnitine by etoposide.	Carnitine	42-51	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	14-19
22389472-1	2012	OCTN2 is a bifunctional transporter that reabsorbs filtered carnitine in a sodium-dependent manner and secretes organic cations into urine as a proton antiport mechanism.	Carnitine	60-69	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	0-5
22389472-2	2012	We hypothesized that inhibition of OCTN2 by anticancer drugs can influence carnitine resorption.	Carnitine	75-84	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	35-40
22389472-5	2012	Five of 27 tested drugs (50-100 mumol/L) inhibited hOCTN2-mediated carnitine uptake by 42% to 85% (P &lt; 0.001).	Carnitine	67-76	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	51-57
22389472-7	2012	Etoposide uptake by hOCTN2 was reversed in the presence of excess carnitine.	Carnitine	66-75	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	20-26
22435679-9	2012	The role of PPAR-alpha in L-carnitine-enhanced expression of SOD and CAT was also explored.	Carnitine	26-37	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	12-22
22837861-4	2012	Layered transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (hPMVEC) expressing two different disease-causing mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) confirmed previously described increases in aerobic glycolysis but also uncovered significant upregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway, increases in nucleotide salvage and polyamine biosynthesis pathways, decreases in carnitine and fatty acid oxidation pathways, and major impairment of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and failure of anaplerosis.	Carnitine	440-449	bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2	Homo sapiens	166-208
22837861-4	2012	Layered transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (hPMVEC) expressing two different disease-causing mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) confirmed previously described increases in aerobic glycolysis but also uncovered significant upregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway, increases in nucleotide salvage and polyamine biosynthesis pathways, decreases in carnitine and fatty acid oxidation pathways, and major impairment of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and failure of anaplerosis.	Carnitine	440-449	bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2	Homo sapiens	210-215
22435679-9	2012	The role of PPAR-alpha in L-carnitine-enhanced expression of SOD and CAT was also explored.	Carnitine	26-37	catalase	Homo sapiens	69-72
22435679-13	2012	The decreased expressions of PPAR-alpha, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX) induced by H2O2 can be attenuated by L-carnitine.	Carnitine	147-158	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	29-39
22435679-13	2012	The decreased expressions of PPAR-alpha, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX) induced by H2O2 can be attenuated by L-carnitine.	Carnitine	147-158	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	41-74
22435679-13	2012	The decreased expressions of PPAR-alpha, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX) induced by H2O2 can be attenuated by L-carnitine.	Carnitine	147-158	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	76-80
22435679-13	2012	The decreased expressions of PPAR-alpha, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX) induced by H2O2 can be attenuated by L-carnitine.	Carnitine	147-158	acyl-CoA oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	86-102
22435679-13	2012	The decreased expressions of PPAR-alpha, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX) induced by H2O2 can be attenuated by L-carnitine.	Carnitine	147-158	acyl-CoA oxidase 1	Homo sapiens	104-108
22435679-14	2012	Besides, we also found that the promotion of SOD and CAT protein expression induced by L-carnitine was blocked by PPAR-alpha inhibitor MK886.	Carnitine	87-98	catalase	Homo sapiens	53-56
22435679-14	2012	Besides, we also found that the promotion of SOD and CAT protein expression induced by L-carnitine was blocked by PPAR-alpha inhibitor MK886.	Carnitine	87-98	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	114-124
22435679-15	2012	CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our findings suggest that L-carnitine could protect HL7702 cells against oxidative stress through the antioxidative effect and the regulation of PPAR-alpha also play an important part in the protective effect.	Carnitine	55-66	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	174-184
22417075-1	2012	BACKGROUND: In rodents and pigs, it has shown that carnitine synthesis and uptake of carnitine into cells are regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA), a transcription factor which is physiologically activated during fasting or energy deprivation.	Carnitine	51-60	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Sus scrofa	123-171
22417075-1	2012	BACKGROUND: In rodents and pigs, it has shown that carnitine synthesis and uptake of carnitine into cells are regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA), a transcription factor which is physiologically activated during fasting or energy deprivation.	Carnitine	51-60	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Sus scrofa	173-178
22417075-1	2012	BACKGROUND: In rodents and pigs, it has shown that carnitine synthesis and uptake of carnitine into cells are regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA), a transcription factor which is physiologically activated during fasting or energy deprivation.	Carnitine	85-94	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Sus scrofa	123-171
22417075-1	2012	BACKGROUND: In rodents and pigs, it has shown that carnitine synthesis and uptake of carnitine into cells are regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA), a transcription factor which is physiologically activated during fasting or energy deprivation.	Carnitine	85-94	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Sus scrofa	173-178
22417075-6	2012	Simultaneously, mRNA abundances of enzymes of carnitine synthesis (TMLHE: 10-fold; ALDH9A1: 6-fold; BBOX1: 1.8-fold) and carnitine uptake (SLC22A5: 13-fold) and the concentration of carnitine in the liver were increased from 3 wk prepartum to 1 wk postpartum (P &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	46-55	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Bos taurus	67-72
22333562-3	2012	RECENT FINDINGS: The pool of different carnitine derivatives is formed by acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), propionyl-L-carnitine (PLC), and isovaleryl-carnitine.	Carnitine	39-48	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	94-97
22325173-3	2012	Modified transport of carnitine in vitro has been reported for a polymorphism of OCTN1.	Carnitine	22-31	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	81-86
22157348-6	2012	Perioperative metabolic conditioning using glutamine and L-carnitine may be used to modulate insulin sensitivity but further studies need to determine whether these interventions result in clinical benefit.	Carnitine	57-68	insulin	Homo sapiens	93-100
22325173-11	2012	Carnitine transport tended to be higher in subjects with mutant homozygous and heterozygous OCTN1 and OCTN2 genotypes (0.19 vs 0.59 and 0.25 vs 0.6, respectively).	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	92-97
22325173-11	2012	Carnitine transport tended to be higher in subjects with mutant homozygous and heterozygous OCTN1 and OCTN2 genotypes (0.19 vs 0.59 and 0.25 vs 0.6, respectively).	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	102-107
22325173-14	2012	However, there was a trend towards higher carnitine transport in subjects with OCTN1 and OCTN2 mutations.	Carnitine	42-51	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	79-84
22325173-14	2012	However, there was a trend towards higher carnitine transport in subjects with OCTN1 and OCTN2 mutations.	Carnitine	42-51	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	89-94
22240810-8	2012	The changes in fat metabolism observed correlate with steatotic liver and altered acyl carnitine metabolomic profiles in CaMKK2 KO mice.	Carnitine	87-96	calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2, beta	Mus musculus	121-127
22266133-1	2012	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), catalyzing the transfer of the acyl group from acyl-CoA to carnitine to form acylcarnitine, is located at the outer mitochondrial membrane.	Carnitine	100-109	diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	34-38
22310714-0	2012	Muscle contraction increases carnitine uptake via translocation of OCTN2.	Carnitine	29-38	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	67-72
22310714-2	2012	OCTN2 (SLC22A5), a sodium-dependent solute carrier, is assumed to transport carnitine into skeletal muscle cells.	Carnitine	76-85	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
22310714-2	2012	OCTN2 (SLC22A5), a sodium-dependent solute carrier, is assumed to transport carnitine into skeletal muscle cells.	Carnitine	76-85	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	7-14
22310714-6	2012	To test the hypothesis that increased carnitine uptake involves the translocation of OCTN2, contraction-induced alteration in the subcellular localization of OCTN2 was examined.	Carnitine	38-47	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	85-90
22310714-11	2012	The present study showed that muscle contraction facilitated carnitine uptake in skeletal muscles, possibly via the contraction-induced translocation of its specific transporter OCTN2 to the plasma membrane.	Carnitine	61-70	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	178-183
22134503-2	2012	Since intracellular accumulation of acyl-CoA derivatives has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance, carnitine supplementation has gained attention as a tool for the treatment of insulin resistance.	Carnitine	119-128	insulin	Homo sapiens	99-106
22134503-2	2012	Since intracellular accumulation of acyl-CoA derivatives has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance, carnitine supplementation has gained attention as a tool for the treatment of insulin resistance.	Carnitine	119-128	insulin	Homo sapiens	197-204
22134503-3	2012	More recent studies even point toward a causative role for carnitine insufficiency in developing insulin resistance during states of chronic metabolic stress, such as obesity, which can be reversed by carnitine supplementation.	Carnitine	59-68	insulin	Homo sapiens	97-104
22134503-5	2012	RESULTS: Carnitine supplementation studies in both humans and animals demonstrate an improvement of glucose tolerance, in particular during insulin-resistant states.	Carnitine	9-18	insulin	Homo sapiens	140-147
22134503-8	2012	CONCLUSIONS: In view of the abovementioned beneficial effect of carnitine supplementation on glucose tolerance during insulin-resistant states, carnitine supplementation might be an effective tool for improvement of glucose utilization in obese type 2 diabetic patients.	Carnitine	64-73	insulin	Homo sapiens	118-125
22134503-8	2012	CONCLUSIONS: In view of the abovementioned beneficial effect of carnitine supplementation on glucose tolerance during insulin-resistant states, carnitine supplementation might be an effective tool for improvement of glucose utilization in obese type 2 diabetic patients.	Carnitine	144-153	insulin	Homo sapiens	118-125
25035813-9	2012	It is hypothesized that combined antibiotic and indomethacin treatment promoted AKI resulting in reduced proximal renal tubule reabsorption of carnitine and that beta-lactam antibiotics blocked renal carnitine uptake by human organic cation transporter, hOCTN2.	Carnitine	200-209	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	254-260
22079397-6	2012	CONCLUSION: The results suggest that an increased free radicals formation may be involved in the decrease of butyrylcholinesterase activity, possibly contributing to the neurological damage of these disorders, and that treatment with L-carnitine and low-protein diet possibly is able to prevent this damage.	Carnitine	234-245	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	109-130
22436156-7	2012	In the liver of piglets fed the carnitine-supplemented diet, the relative mRNA levels of atrogin-1, E214k and Psma1 were lower than in those of the control piglets (P &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	32-41	F-box protein 32	Homo sapiens	89-98
22436156-7	2012	In the liver of piglets fed the carnitine-supplemented diet, the relative mRNA levels of atrogin-1, E214k and Psma1 were lower than in those of the control piglets (P &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	32-41	proteasome 20S subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	110-115
22436156-8	2012	In skeletal muscle, the relative mRNA levels of atrogin-1, MuRF1, E214k, Psma1 and ubiquitin were lower in piglets fed the carnitine-supplemented diet than that in control piglets (P &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	123-132	F-box protein 32	Homo sapiens	48-57
22436156-8	2012	In skeletal muscle, the relative mRNA levels of atrogin-1, MuRF1, E214k, Psma1 and ubiquitin were lower in piglets fed the carnitine-supplemented diet than that in control piglets (P &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	123-132	tripartite motif containing 63	Homo sapiens	59-64
22436156-8	2012	In skeletal muscle, the relative mRNA levels of atrogin-1, MuRF1, E214k, Psma1 and ubiquitin were lower in piglets fed the carnitine-supplemented diet than that in control piglets (P &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	123-132	proteasome 20S subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	73-78
22436156-11	2012	These data suggest that the inhibitory effect of carnitine on the expression of genes of the UPS is mediated indirectly, probably via modulating the release of inhibitors of the UPS such as IGF-1.	Carnitine	49-58	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	190-195
22359436-11	2012	Meanwhile, HSP70 showed significantly decreased levels after 10 days and 56 days in the fourth group after L-Carnitine treatment simultaneously with cadmium chloride.	Carnitine	107-118	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	11-16
22359436-13	2012	This damaging effect increases the synthesis of HSP70 that upregulated by L-Carnitine treatment and showed ameliorative effect of the cells for recovery.	Carnitine	74-85	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	48-53
23130577-11	2012	The results contrast with those in humans and mice that show a significant effect of synthetic PPARalpha agonists on carnitine homeostasis in humans and mice.	Carnitine	117-126	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	95-104
22079397-0	2012	Reduction of butyrylcholinesterase activity in plasma from patients with disorders of propionate metabolism is prevented by treatment with L-carnitine and protein restriction.	Carnitine	139-150	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	13-34
21853252-8	2012	Analyses of the abscisic acid mutants, aba1-1 and abi1-1, indicate that carnitine and proline may act through a modulation of the ABA pathway.	Carnitine	72-81	zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) (ABA1)	Arabidopsis thaliana	39-45
22720143-7	2012	Erythropoietin dose was significantly decreased in both the carnitine (-4750 +- 5772 mg, P = 0.001) and the placebo group (-2000 +- 4296 mg, P &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	60-69	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	0-14
22720143-9	2012	In ESRD patients under maintenance hemodialysis, oral L-carnitine supplementation may reduce triglyceride and cholesterol and increase HDL and hemoglobin and subsequently reduce needed erythropoietin dose without effect on QOL.	Carnitine	54-65	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	185-199
23430868-2	2012	CPT1 deficiency is included in newborn screening programs in a number of countries to allow presymptomatic detection and early treatment of affected patients.We present a case of presymptomatic CPT1A deficiency detected through newborn screening in Denmark with diagnostic levels of carnitine and acylcarnitines in the initial dried blood spot.	Carnitine	283-292	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	194-199
21833537-8	2012	Bad and calpain-1 protein expressions were significantly inhibited by treatment with valsartan or carnitine, while expression of Bcl-xL protein was increased (P&lt;0.05).	Carnitine	98-107	calpain 1	Canis lupus familiaris	8-17
21853252-8	2012	Analyses of the abscisic acid mutants, aba1-1 and abi1-1, indicate that carnitine and proline may act through a modulation of the ABA pathway.	Carnitine	72-81	Protein phosphatase 2C family protein	Arabidopsis thaliana	50-56
23285100-0	2012	HDAC inhibitor L-carnitine and proteasome inhibitor bortezomib synergistically exert anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo.	Carnitine	15-26	histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens	0-4
23285100-2	2012	We have recently confirmed that L-carnitine (LC) is an endogenous HDAC inhibitor.	Carnitine	32-43	histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens	66-70
23285100-2	2012	We have recently confirmed that L-carnitine (LC) is an endogenous HDAC inhibitor.	Carnitine	45-47	histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens	66-70
23139833-0	2012	L-carnitine is an endogenous HDAC inhibitor selectively inhibiting cancer cell growth in vivo and in vitro.	Carnitine	0-11	histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens	29-33
23209572-11	2012	A supplementation with L-carnitine partly restored the fatty acid profile by increasing saturated fatty acid content and decreasing the amounts of MUFA, PUFA, VLCFA.	Carnitine	23-34	pumilio RNA binding family member 3	Homo sapiens	153-157
23139833-8	2012	A molecular docking study was carried out with CDOCKER protocol of Discovery Studio 2.0 to predict the molecular interaction between L-carnitine and HDAC.	Carnitine	133-144	histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens	149-153
22984394-6	2012	These changes in carnitine homeostasis correlated with decreases in the protein levels of carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) 1 and 2.	Carnitine	17-26	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Rattus norvegicus	123-135
23112839-2	2012	The tissue carnitine content of neonatal homozygous (OCTN2(-/-)) mouse small intestine was markedly reduced; the intestine displayed signs of stunted villous growth, early signs of inflammation, lymphocytic and macrophage infiltration and villous structure breakdown.	Carnitine	11-20	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	53-58
23112839-8	2012	We conclude that carnitine plays a major role in neonatal OCTN2(-/-) mouse gut development and differentiation, and that severe carnitine deficiency leads to increased apoptosis of enterocytes, villous atrophy, inflammation and gut injury.	Carnitine	17-26	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	58-63
22962578-0	2012	PPAR-gamma regulates carnitine homeostasis and mitochondrial function in a lamb model of increased pulmonary blood flow.	Carnitine	21-30	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Ovis aries	0-10
22962578-2	2012	Our recent studies have also indicated that the disruption in carnitine homeostasis correlates with a decrease in PPAR-gamma expression in Shunt lambs.	Carnitine	62-71	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Ovis aries	114-124
22962578-9	2012	CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that PPAR-gamma signaling plays an important role in maintaining mitochondrial function through the regulation of carnitine homeostasis both in vitro and in vivo.	Carnitine	146-155	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Ovis aries	37-47
22180034-0	2011	Carnitine and carnitine orotate  affect the expression of the prolactin-releasing  peptide gene.	Carnitine	0-9	prolactin releasing hormone	Mus musculus	62-90
22180034-6	2011	Expression of PrRP in  mice treated with carnitine and carnitine orotate was significantly increased  in the ovary and significantly reduced in the pituitary gland.	Carnitine	41-50	prolactin releasing hormone	Mus musculus	14-18
22180034-7	2011	Compared with  the control, hypothalamus PrRP mRNA increased significantly in the carnitine  and low-dose carnitine orotate groups and decreased significantly in the  high-dose carnitine orotate group.	Carnitine	82-91	prolactin releasing hormone	Mus musculus	41-45
22180034-8	2011	We conclude that carnitine and carnitine  orotate regulate expression of PrRP in the pituitary gland and ovaries.	Carnitine	17-26	prolactin releasing hormone	Mus musculus	73-77
21864509-1	2011	The human organic cation/carnitine transporter-2 (hOCTN2; SLC22A5) mediates the cellular influx of organic cations such as carnitine, which is essential for fatty acid oxidation.	Carnitine	25-34	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	50-56
21999946-5	2011	Na(+)-dependent uptake of alpha-methyl-d-glucopyranoside (alphaMG), ergothioneine and carnitine by the PTCs suggests functional expression of Sglts, Octn1 and Octn2, respectively.	Carnitine	86-95	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	149-154
21999946-5	2011	Na(+)-dependent uptake of alpha-methyl-d-glucopyranoside (alphaMG), ergothioneine and carnitine by the PTCs suggests functional expression of Sglts, Octn1 and Octn2, respectively.	Carnitine	86-95	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	159-164
22014179-2	2011	Carnitine, an essential cofactor in the oxidation of fatty acids, is released into the plasma following hydroxylation by gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBH), the final enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway found primarily in the liver.	Carnitine	0-9	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	121-152
22014179-2	2011	Carnitine, an essential cofactor in the oxidation of fatty acids, is released into the plasma following hydroxylation by gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBH), the final enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway found primarily in the liver.	Carnitine	0-9	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	154-157
22014179-3	2011	The organic cation transporter (OCTN2), the carnitine transporter found in kidney, is important in the distribution of carnitine by facilitating its renal reabsorption from urine.	Carnitine	44-53	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	32-37
22014179-4	2011	In this study, we tested the hypothesis that exercise training increases gene and protein expression of BBH and OCTN2, resulting in enhanced plasma carnitine levels.	Carnitine	148-157	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	104-107
22014179-4	2011	In this study, we tested the hypothesis that exercise training increases gene and protein expression of BBH and OCTN2, resulting in enhanced plasma carnitine levels.	Carnitine	148-157	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	112-117
22014179-11	2011	The observation that OCTN2 expression was increased in kidney suggests a potential role of the kidney in the reabsorption of carnitine from the urine.	Carnitine	125-134	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	21-26
21864509-1	2011	The human organic cation/carnitine transporter-2 (hOCTN2; SLC22A5) mediates the cellular influx of organic cations such as carnitine, which is essential for fatty acid oxidation.	Carnitine	25-34	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	58-65
21864509-8	2011	Transporter kinetic studies indicated a decrease in the V(max) for l-carnitine influx by K302E-hOCTN2 to 49% of wild-type control, while K(m) remained unchanged; kinetic evaluation of D122Y-hOCTN2 was not possible due to its low transport function.	Carnitine	67-78	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	95-101
21864509-10	2011	These findings indicate that impaired plasma membrane targeting of the D122Y and K302E-hOCTN2 variants that occur in Singaporean populations contributes to decreased carnitine influx.	Carnitine	166-175	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	87-93
22093454-11	2011	Carnitine treatment increased the mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, and carnitine-lipoic acid further augmented the mRNA expression.	Carnitine	0-9	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Rattus norvegicus	53-139
21439850-0	2011	Effects of l-carnitine supplement on serum amyloid A and vascular inflammation markers in hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial.	Carnitine	11-22	serum amyloid A1 cluster	Homo sapiens	37-52
21439850-1	2011	OBJECTIVE: We studied the effects of l-carnitine supplement on serum amyloid A (SAA), a systemic inflammation marker, and vascular inflammation markers in hemodialysis patients.	Carnitine	37-48	serum amyloid A1 cluster	Homo sapiens	63-78
21439850-1	2011	OBJECTIVE: We studied the effects of l-carnitine supplement on serum amyloid A (SAA), a systemic inflammation marker, and vascular inflammation markers in hemodialysis patients.	Carnitine	37-48	serum amyloid A1 cluster	Homo sapiens	80-83
21439850-11	2011	CONCLUSION: The study indicates that l-carnitine supplement reduces serum SAA, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in hemodialysis patients, but has no effect on vascular inflammation markers.	Carnitine	37-48	serum amyloid A1 cluster	Homo sapiens	74-77
21077943-5	2011	We also recorded an improvement in vaspin with orlistat plus l-carnitine not reached with orlistat alone.	Carnitine	61-72	serpin family A member 12	Homo sapiens	35-41
21764223-5	2011	Measures which enhance adipocyte insulin sensitivity--such as pioglitazone, astaxanthin, and spirulina--may also be helpful in this regard, as may agents that boost hepatocyte capacity for fatty acid oxidation, such as metformin, carnitine, hydroxycitrate, long-chain omega-3 fats, and glycine.	Carnitine	230-239	insulin	Homo sapiens	33-40
22012571-3	2011	Mechanism of action of L-carnitine on inflammation via iNOS and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) is unclear.	Carnitine	23-34	nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible	Mus musculus	55-59
22012571-3	2011	Mechanism of action of L-carnitine on inflammation via iNOS and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) is unclear.	Carnitine	23-34	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	79-85
22012571-3	2011	Mechanism of action of L-carnitine on inflammation via iNOS and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) is unclear.	Carnitine	23-34	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	87-96
22012571-7	2011	Our results showed that treatment with L-carnitine suppressed nitric oxide production, iNOS protein expression and NF-kappaB activity.	Carnitine	39-50	nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible	Mus musculus	87-91
22012571-7	2011	Our results showed that treatment with L-carnitine suppressed nitric oxide production, iNOS protein expression and NF-kappaB activity.	Carnitine	39-50	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	115-124
22012571-8	2011	We demonstrated that inhibitory effect of L-carnitine on iNOS protein expression is at transcriptional level.	Carnitine	42-53	nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible	Mus musculus	57-61
21816645-5	2011	L-carnitine, a substrate of CPT II, boosted the effects of bezafibrate on cellular ATP levels in WT and IAE fibroblasts, even in severe IAE fibroblasts with thermolabile compound variations of F352C+V368I at 37 C and 41 C. The results suggest the potential usefulness of bezafibrate for the treatment of IAE.	Carnitine	0-11	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	28-34
21571893-7	2011	Dietary CARN increased (P &lt; 0.05) the proportion of total SFA in the intermuscular fat layer, increased (P &lt; 0.05) the proportion of total MUFA in the primary and secondary lean layers, and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the proportion of total PUFA in the intermuscular fat and secondary lean layers of pork bellies.	Carnitine	8-12	Monounsaturated fatty acid percentage	Sus scrofa	145-149
21571893-7	2011	Dietary CARN increased (P &lt; 0.05) the proportion of total SFA in the intermuscular fat layer, increased (P &lt; 0.05) the proportion of total MUFA in the primary and secondary lean layers, and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the proportion of total PUFA in the intermuscular fat and secondary lean layers of pork bellies.	Carnitine	8-12	Polyunsaturated fatty acid percentage	Sus scrofa	244-248
21455979-0	2011	Synthesis and in vitro characterization of drug conjugates of l-carnitine as potential prodrugs that target human Octn2.	Carnitine	62-73	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	114-119
21455979-1	2011	The objective was to evaluate the potential of drug conjugates with l-carnitine as prodrugs that target organic cation/carnitine transporter (OCTN2).	Carnitine	68-79	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	142-147
21455979-6	2011	All three drug-l-carnitine conjugates and ketoprofen-glycine-l-carnitine were OCTN2 inhibitors, as well as substrates.	Carnitine	15-26	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	78-83
21455979-10	2011	The results demonstrate the potential of drug-l-carnitine conjugates to serve as prodrugs that target OCTN2.	Carnitine	46-57	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	102-107
21756550-6	2011	Endogenous anti-oxidant defense components including total anti-oxidative capacity, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase were also promoted by L-carnitine.	Carnitine	165-176	catalase	Homo sapiens	108-116
21525850-5	2011	About half of the ultrafiltration generated by L-carnitine reflected facilitated water transport by aquaporin-1 (AQP1) water channels of endothelial cells.	Carnitine	47-58	aquaporin 1 (Colton blood group)	Homo sapiens	100-111
21525850-5	2011	About half of the ultrafiltration generated by L-carnitine reflected facilitated water transport by aquaporin-1 (AQP1) water channels of endothelial cells.	Carnitine	47-58	aquaporin 1 (Colton blood group)	Homo sapiens	113-117
21525850-7	2011	Addition of L-carnitine to endothelial cells in culture increased the expression of AQP1, significantly improved viability, and prevented glucose-induced apoptosis.	Carnitine	12-23	aquaporin 1 (Colton blood group)	Homo sapiens	84-88
21756550-7	2011	Meanwhile, H(2)O(2)-induced down-regulation of Bcl-2, up-regulation of Bax, and DNA damage and apoptosis were also inhibited in the presence of L-carnitine.	Carnitine	144-155	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	47-52
21756550-7	2011	Meanwhile, H(2)O(2)-induced down-regulation of Bcl-2, up-regulation of Bax, and DNA damage and apoptosis were also inhibited in the presence of L-carnitine.	Carnitine	144-155	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	71-74
21756550-8	2011	DISCUSSION: Taken together, these results suggest that L-carnitine may function as an anti-oxidant to inhibit H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress as well as regulation of Bcl-2 family and prevent the apoptotic death of neuronal cells, which might be beneficial for the treatment of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases.	Carnitine	55-66	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	169-174
21606177-5	2011	HEK293 cells overexpressing rOctn1, rOctn2, human OCTN1, and human OCTN2 showed increased uptake and cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin compared with mock-transfected HEK293 controls; in addition, both uptake and cytotoxicity were inhibited by ergothioneine and L-carnitine.	Carnitine	255-266	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	28-34
21371264-8	2011	l-CAR exhibited partial protective effects on the immobilized group, reducing the striatal LP and recovering the striatal MF and Mn-SOD activity.	Carnitine	0-5	superoxide dismutase 2	Rattus norvegicus	129-135
21606177-5	2011	HEK293 cells overexpressing rOctn1, rOctn2, human OCTN1, and human OCTN2 showed increased uptake and cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin compared with mock-transfected HEK293 controls; in addition, both uptake and cytotoxicity were inhibited by ergothioneine and L-carnitine.	Carnitine	255-266	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	36-42
21606177-5	2011	HEK293 cells overexpressing rOctn1, rOctn2, human OCTN1, and human OCTN2 showed increased uptake and cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin compared with mock-transfected HEK293 controls; in addition, both uptake and cytotoxicity were inhibited by ergothioneine and L-carnitine.	Carnitine	255-266	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	50-55
21606177-6	2011	The uptake of ergothioneine mediated by OCTN1 and of L-carnitine mediated by OCTN2 was decreased during oxaliplatin exposure.	Carnitine	53-64	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	77-82
22020112-6	2011	The functional data indicate that CAC plays the important function of catalyzing transport of acylcarnitines into the mitochondria in exchange for intramitochondrial free carnitine.	Carnitine	98-107	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	34-37
22020112-8	2011	The essential role of the transporter in cell metabolism is demonstrated by the fact that alterations of the human gene SLC25A20 coding for CAC are associated with a severe disease known as carnitine carrier deficiency.	Carnitine	190-199	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	120-128
22020112-8	2011	The essential role of the transporter in cell metabolism is demonstrated by the fact that alterations of the human gene SLC25A20 coding for CAC are associated with a severe disease known as carnitine carrier deficiency.	Carnitine	190-199	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	140-143
22020112-10	2011	Until now 35 different mutations of CAC gene have been identified in carnitine carrier deficient patients.	Carnitine	69-78	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	36-39
21532335-8	2011	These effects of L-carnitine on cancer cachexia mice were accompanied by the upregulation of mRNA level of CPT I and II and increased enzyme activity of CPT I in the liver, as well as the downregulation of serum TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels.	Carnitine	17-28	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	107-119
21532335-8	2011	These effects of L-carnitine on cancer cachexia mice were accompanied by the upregulation of mRNA level of CPT I and II and increased enzyme activity of CPT I in the liver, as well as the downregulation of serum TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels.	Carnitine	17-28	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	107-112
21532335-4	2011	In the present study, we aim to assess the effects of L-carnitine on the activity and expression of CPT I and II in the liver of cachectic cancer mice.	Carnitine	54-65	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	100-105
21549104-1	2011	Convincing evidence from studies with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha-deficient mice suggested that the carnitine biosynthetic enzyme gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD) is regulated by PPARalpha.	Carnitine	127-136	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	82-92
21532335-8	2011	These effects of L-carnitine on cancer cachexia mice were accompanied by the upregulation of mRNA level of CPT I and II and increased enzyme activity of CPT I in the liver, as well as the downregulation of serum TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels.	Carnitine	17-28	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	212-221
21549104-1	2011	Convincing evidence from studies with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha-deficient mice suggested that the carnitine biosynthetic enzyme gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD) is regulated by PPARalpha.	Carnitine	127-136	butyrobetaine (gamma), 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase 1 (gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase)	Mus musculus	157-188
21532335-8	2011	These effects of L-carnitine on cancer cachexia mice were accompanied by the upregulation of mRNA level of CPT I and II and increased enzyme activity of CPT I in the liver, as well as the downregulation of serum TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels.	Carnitine	17-28	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	226-230
21549104-1	2011	Convincing evidence from studies with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha-deficient mice suggested that the carnitine biosynthetic enzyme gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD) is regulated by PPARalpha.	Carnitine	127-136	butyrobetaine (gamma), 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase 1 (gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase)	Mus musculus	190-193
21549104-1	2011	Convincing evidence from studies with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha-deficient mice suggested that the carnitine biosynthetic enzyme gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD) is regulated by PPARalpha.	Carnitine	127-136	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	211-220
21532335-9	2011	Moreover, free carnitine levels were negatively correlated with serum TNF-alpha or IL-6 level.	Carnitine	15-24	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	70-79
21549104-7	2011	The results confirm emerging evidence from recent studies that PPARalpha plays a key role in the regulation of carnitine homeostasis by controlling genes involved in both, carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake.	Carnitine	111-120	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	63-72
21532335-9	2011	Moreover, free carnitine levels were negatively correlated with serum TNF-alpha or IL-6 level.	Carnitine	15-24	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	83-87
21549104-7	2011	The results confirm emerging evidence from recent studies that PPARalpha plays a key role in the regulation of carnitine homeostasis by controlling genes involved in both, carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake.	Carnitine	172-181	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	63-72
21549104-7	2011	The results confirm emerging evidence from recent studies that PPARalpha plays a key role in the regulation of carnitine homeostasis by controlling genes involved in both, carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake.	Carnitine	172-181	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	63-72
21809308-2	2011	These processes activate several metabolic and cellular functions, and L-carnitine supplementation proved able to reduce insulin resistance and improve lipid metabolism, muscle tropism and erythrocyte rheology.	Carnitine	71-82	insulin	Homo sapiens	121-128
20963457-0	2011	Effects of oral L-carnitine supplementation on insulin sensitivity indices in response to glucose feeding in lean and overweight/obese males.	Carnitine	16-27	insulin	Homo sapiens	47-54
21809308-9	2011	Some authors observed significant lowering of apolipoprotein B without changes in cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids and apoliporotein A after administration for short periods of high-dose oral L-carnitine to adult or, more often, pediatric patients.	Carnitine	219-230	apolipoprotein B	Homo sapiens	46-62
21914371-11	2011	Through the interventions of valsartan and carnitine, the protein expression of PYK2 significantly increased while that of caveolin-1 significantly decreased (all P &lt; 0.01).	Carnitine	43-52	caveolin 1	Canis lupus familiaris	123-133
21205027-10	2011	It is hypothesized that the administration of omega-3 fatty acids in combination with l-carnitine would increase CPT-I activity and improve chronic fatigue syndrome symptomology.	Carnitine	86-97	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	113-118
20423740-4	2011	Sibutramine plus L-carnitine gave a faster improvement of fasting plasma glucose, postprandial plasma glucose, lipid profile, leptin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein compared with sibutramine alone.	Carnitine	17-28	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	134-161
21641380-2	2011	Genetic variants of OCTN2, for example, reduce uptake of carnitine, leading to heart failure.	Carnitine	57-66	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	20-25
21359964-11	2011	The OCT1- and OCTN2-expressing cells transported the canonical substrates, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium (MPP(+)) and carnitine, respectively.	Carnitine	117-126	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	4-8
21359964-11	2011	The OCT1- and OCTN2-expressing cells transported the canonical substrates, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium (MPP(+)) and carnitine, respectively.	Carnitine	117-126	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	14-19
21781600-0	2011	[Effect of valsartan and carnitine on cardiomyocyte Calpain-1 and Bcl-xl expressions of dogs with chronic alcohol intake-induced cardiomyopathy].	Carnitine	25-34	BCL2 like 1	Canis lupus familiaris	66-72
21781600-9	2011	In alcohol fed group, expressions of Bad and Calpain-1 protein were significantly increased while Bcl-xl protein expression was downregulated, all changes could be significantly attenuated by intervention with valsartan and carnitine (all P &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	224-233	calpain 1	Canis lupus familiaris	45-54
21781600-9	2011	In alcohol fed group, expressions of Bad and Calpain-1 protein were significantly increased while Bcl-xl protein expression was downregulated, all changes could be significantly attenuated by intervention with valsartan and carnitine (all P &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	224-233	BCL2 like 1	Canis lupus familiaris	98-104
21781600-10	2011	CONCLUSION: These data suggest that alcohol could promote cardiac myocyte apoptosis, reduce cardiac function and aggravate myocardial remodeling which valsartan and carnitine could reduce alcoholic cardiomyopathy by downregulating Calpain-1 and Bad protein expression and upregulating expression of Bcl-xl protein.	Carnitine	165-174	calpain 1	Canis lupus familiaris	231-240
21781600-10	2011	CONCLUSION: These data suggest that alcohol could promote cardiac myocyte apoptosis, reduce cardiac function and aggravate myocardial remodeling which valsartan and carnitine could reduce alcoholic cardiomyopathy by downregulating Calpain-1 and Bad protein expression and upregulating expression of Bcl-xl protein.	Carnitine	165-174	BCL2 like 1	Canis lupus familiaris	299-305
21886589-11	2011	Interestingly, the glutamate transporter slc17a7, carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase Slc25a20 and heat shock proteins genes, Hsp27, Hmox1 (Hsp32, HO1) as well as Hspa 1a (Hsp 70) increased only when both ALC and small dose of 3-NPA were present.	Carnitine	50-59	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Rattus norvegicus	86-94
20423748-5	2011	Plasma concentrations of long-chain fatty acids were lower and concentrations of free carnitine, butyrylcarnitine, and methylbutyrylcarnitine were higher in NASH.	Carnitine	86-95	SAM domain, SH3 domain and nuclear localization signals 1	Homo sapiens	157-161
20938991-8	2011	Furthermore, atrophy-related genes such as atrogin-1, MuRF1, and DRE1 were significantly down-regulated by carnitine.	Carnitine	107-116	F-box protein 32	Homo sapiens	43-52
21380499-7	2011	L-Car prevented lipoperoxidation, measured by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, protein damage, measured by sulfhydryl and protein carbonyl content and alteration on catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity in rat cortex from a chemically-induced model of MSUD.	Carnitine	0-5	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	173-181
20938991-8	2011	Furthermore, atrophy-related genes such as atrogin-1, MuRF1, and DRE1 were significantly down-regulated by carnitine.	Carnitine	107-116	tripartite motif containing 63	Homo sapiens	54-59
20938991-8	2011	Furthermore, atrophy-related genes such as atrogin-1, MuRF1, and DRE1 were significantly down-regulated by carnitine.	Carnitine	107-116	kelch like family member 24	Homo sapiens	65-69
21130740-1	2011	This study investigates the transcriptional role of the human mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (CAC) proximal promoter.	Carnitine	76-85	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	109-112
21497767-5	2011	Compared with placebo-treated males, carnitine-treated males had greater horizontal activity (HA), movement time (MT), NVM, STT, TDT, STC, MD, LRT, and clockwise revolutions (CRs), but smaller left front time (LFT) and RFT.	Carnitine	37-46	stanniocalcin 1	Mus musculus	134-137
21497767-6	2011	Compared with placebo-treated females, carnitine-treated females had greater NST, STC, STT, LFT, and RFT, but smaller NM, HA, NVM, VA, MT, anticlockwise revolutions (ACRs), CR, TDT, and MD; right rear time (RRT) remained statistically insignificant across all comparisons.	Carnitine	39-48	stanniocalcin 1	Mus musculus	82-85
21497767-7	2011	CONCLUSIONS: In summary, l-carnitine caused gender differences to persist for STC, diminish for NST and STT, disappear for LRT and NVM, change in the opposite direction for TDT and MD, appear de novo for HA, VA, NM, MT, and LFT, and remain absent for RRT and ACR.	Carnitine	25-36	stanniocalcin 1	Mus musculus	78-81
19552975-8	2011	RESULTS: L-carnitine inhibited doxorubicin-induced reactive oxygen species generation and NADPH oxidase activation, reduced the quantity of cleaved caspase-3 and cytosol cytochrome c, and increased Bcl-x(L) expression, resulting in protecting cardiomyocytes from doxorubicin-induced apoptosis.	Carnitine	9-20	Bcl2-like 1	Rattus norvegicus	198-206
19552975-11	2011	Furthermore, blockade the potential PGI(2) receptors, including PGI(2) receptors (IP receptors), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and delta (PPARalpha and PPARdelta), revealed that the siRNA-mediated blockage of PPARalpha considerably reduced the anti-apoptotic effect of L-carnitine.	Carnitine	293-304	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	233-242
19552975-12	2011	CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that L-carnitine protects cardiomyocytes from doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in part through PGI(2) and PPARalpha-signaling pathways, which may potentially protect the heart from the severe toxicity of doxorubicin.	Carnitine	41-52	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	139-148
21167265-4	2011	OCTN2 particularly transports l-carnitine through cell membrane.	Carnitine	30-41	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
21224234-3	2011	Here we determined the effects of chronic l-carnitine and carbohydrate (CHO; to elevate serum insulin) ingestion on muscle TC content and exercise metabolism and performance in humans.	Carnitine	42-53	insulin	Homo sapiens	94-101
20219053-0	2010	OCTN2 is associated with carnitine transport capacity of rat skeletal muscles.	Carnitine	25-34	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
21168767-1	2010	The final step in carnitine biosynthesis is catalyzed by gamma-butyrobetaine (gammaBB) hydroxylase (BBOX), an iron/2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenase.	Carnitine	18-27	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	57-98
21168767-1	2010	The final step in carnitine biosynthesis is catalyzed by gamma-butyrobetaine (gammaBB) hydroxylase (BBOX), an iron/2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenase.	Carnitine	18-27	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	100-104
20977356-6	2010	Cumulative (13)CO2 excretion increased from median (interquartile range; IQR) of 3.25 (2.55-4.2) to 4.51 (4.12-5.2) in the carnitine arm; from 3.79 (2.67-4.37) to 4.83 (4.25-5.56) in the LA/NAC arm; p = 0.004, 0.02, respectively.	Carnitine	123-132	synuclein alpha	Homo sapiens	190-193
20658442-7	2010	L-carnitine therapy induced a significant increase in plasma adiponectin from 20.2 +- 12.7 mug/ml (baseline) to 32.7 +- 20.2 mug/ml in week 2 (p&lt;0.05) and 35.4 +- 19.6 mug/ml in week 12 (p &lt; 0.03), which remained unchanged in the post-carnitine period.	Carnitine	0-11	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Homo sapiens	61-72
20658442-7	2010	L-carnitine therapy induced a significant increase in plasma adiponectin from 20.2 +- 12.7 mug/ml (baseline) to 32.7 +- 20.2 mug/ml in week 2 (p&lt;0.05) and 35.4 +- 19.6 mug/ml in week 12 (p &lt; 0.03), which remained unchanged in the post-carnitine period.	Carnitine	2-11	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Homo sapiens	61-72
20658442-8	2010	Plasma insulin levels correlated positively with leptin (r = 0.525, p&lt;0.0001) and resistin (r = 0.284, p&lt;0.005); adiponectin levels correlated inversely with leptin (r = -0.255, p&lt;0.02) and resistin (r = -0.213, p&lt;0.04) irrespective of carnitine status.	Carnitine	248-257	insulin	Homo sapiens	7-14
20658442-8	2010	Plasma insulin levels correlated positively with leptin (r = 0.525, p&lt;0.0001) and resistin (r = 0.284, p&lt;0.005); adiponectin levels correlated inversely with leptin (r = -0.255, p&lt;0.02) and resistin (r = -0.213, p&lt;0.04) irrespective of carnitine status.	Carnitine	248-257	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Homo sapiens	119-130
20658442-10	2010	L-carnitine administration further augmented the plasma levels of protective adiponectin, therefore it may have a role in preventing cardiovascular complications of uremia.	Carnitine	0-11	adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing	Homo sapiens	77-88
20858838-0	2010	Cisplatin-induced downregulation of OCTN2 affects carnitine wasting.	Carnitine	50-59	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	36-41
20858838-1	2010	PURPOSE: Carnitine is an essential cofactor for mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation that is actively reabsorbed by the luminal transporter Octn2 (Slc22a5).	Carnitine	9-18	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	138-143
20858838-1	2010	PURPOSE: Carnitine is an essential cofactor for mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation that is actively reabsorbed by the luminal transporter Octn2 (Slc22a5).	Carnitine	9-18	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	145-152
20858838-2	2010	Because the nephrotoxic agent cisplatin causes urinary loss of carnitine in humans, we hypothesized that cisplatin may affect Octn2 function.	Carnitine	63-72	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	126-131
20858838-4	2010	The transport of carnitine was assessed in cells that were transfected with OCT1 or OCT2.	Carnitine	17-26	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	76-80
20858838-4	2010	The transport of carnitine was assessed in cells that were transfected with OCT1 or OCT2.	Carnitine	17-26	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2	Mus musculus	84-88
20858838-6	2010	RESULTS: In wild-type mice, urinary carnitine excretion at baseline was ~3-fold higher than in mice lacking the basolateral cisplatin transporters Oct1 and Oct2 [Oct1/2(-/-) mice], indicating that carnitine itself undergoes basolateral uptake into the kidney.	Carnitine	36-45	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2	Mus musculus	156-160
20858838-7	2010	Transport of carnitine by OCT2, but not OCT1, was confirmed in transfected cells.	Carnitine	13-22	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2	Mus musculus	26-30
20601551-0	2010	Functional expression of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4 in mouse small intestine and liver.	Carnitine	25-34	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	62-67
20601551-0	2010	Functional expression of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4 in mouse small intestine and liver.	Carnitine	25-34	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	68-75
20532823-3	2010	Supplementation with L-carnitine does not prevent low tissue carnitine levels and induces acylcarnitine production having potentially toxic effects, as presented in very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD)-deficient mice.	Carnitine	21-32	acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, very long chain	Mus musculus	165-203
20532823-3	2010	Supplementation with L-carnitine does not prevent low tissue carnitine levels and induces acylcarnitine production having potentially toxic effects, as presented in very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD)-deficient mice.	Carnitine	21-32	acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, very long chain	Mus musculus	205-210
20532823-3	2010	Supplementation with L-carnitine does not prevent low tissue carnitine levels and induces acylcarnitine production having potentially toxic effects, as presented in very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD)-deficient mice.	Carnitine	23-32	acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, very long chain	Mus musculus	165-203
20532823-3	2010	Supplementation with L-carnitine does not prevent low tissue carnitine levels and induces acylcarnitine production having potentially toxic effects, as presented in very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD)-deficient mice.	Carnitine	23-32	acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, very long chain	Mus musculus	205-210
21035315-2	2011	The discovery of the G1528C homozygote mutation provided the diagnosis of long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (LCHAD); an adapted dietary plan with prevention of fasting and L-carnitine supplementation was initiated.	Carnitine	181-192	hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	74-116
21035315-2	2011	The discovery of the G1528C homozygote mutation provided the diagnosis of long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (LCHAD); an adapted dietary plan with prevention of fasting and L-carnitine supplementation was initiated.	Carnitine	181-192	hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	118-123
21997971-0	2011	Carnitine precursor gamma-butyrobetaine is a novel substrate of the Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent GABA transporter Gat2.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, betaine/GABA), member 12	Mus musculus	112-116
21997971-1	2011	To study transport of the carnitine precursor gamma-butyrobetaine (GBB) by rat liver-specific GABA transporter 2 (rGat2), we measured the uptake of deuterated GBB (d(3)-GBB) by Xenopus oocytes expressing rGat2.	Carnitine	26-35	solute carrier family 6 member 13	Rattus norvegicus	114-119
21997971-3	2011	In carnitine transporter Octn2-deficient Jvs mice, mRNA expression of mGat3, the mouse ortholog of GAT2, decreased in liver, but increased in brain, while mRNA expression of mBbox1, which hydroxylates GBB to carnitine, increased in kidney and brain.	Carnitine	3-12	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, GABA), member 13	Mus musculus	70-75
21997971-3	2011	In carnitine transporter Octn2-deficient Jvs mice, mRNA expression of mGat3, the mouse ortholog of GAT2, decreased in liver, but increased in brain, while mRNA expression of mBbox1, which hydroxylates GBB to carnitine, increased in kidney and brain.	Carnitine	3-12	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, betaine/GABA), member 12	Mus musculus	99-103
21997971-3	2011	In carnitine transporter Octn2-deficient Jvs mice, mRNA expression of mGat3, the mouse ortholog of GAT2, decreased in liver, but increased in brain, while mRNA expression of mBbox1, which hydroxylates GBB to carnitine, increased in kidney and brain.	Carnitine	3-12	butyrobetaine (gamma), 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase 1 (gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase)	Mus musculus	174-180
21169901-0	2011	Carnitine regulates myocardial metabolism by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) in alcoholic cardiomyopathy.	Carnitine	0-9	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	45-93
21169901-0	2011	Carnitine regulates myocardial metabolism by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) in alcoholic cardiomyopathy.	Carnitine	0-9	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	95-104
21169901-16	2011	Carnitine may improve myocardial metabolism by elevating the content of PPARalpha, CPT-I and MCAD.	Carnitine	0-9	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	72-81
21169901-16	2011	Carnitine may improve myocardial metabolism by elevating the content of PPARalpha, CPT-I and MCAD.	Carnitine	0-9	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	83-88
21169901-16	2011	Carnitine may improve myocardial metabolism by elevating the content of PPARalpha, CPT-I and MCAD.	Carnitine	0-9	acyl-CoA dehydrogenase medium chain	Rattus norvegicus	93-97
20831193-1	2010	Organic cation/carnitine transporter (OCTN2; SLC22A5) is an important transporter for L-carnitine homeostasis, but can be inhibited by drugs, which may cause L-carnitine deficiency and possibly other OCTN2-mediated drug-drug interactions.	Carnitine	86-97	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	38-43
20831193-1	2010	Organic cation/carnitine transporter (OCTN2; SLC22A5) is an important transporter for L-carnitine homeostasis, but can be inhibited by drugs, which may cause L-carnitine deficiency and possibly other OCTN2-mediated drug-drug interactions.	Carnitine	86-97	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	45-52
20831193-1	2010	Organic cation/carnitine transporter (OCTN2; SLC22A5) is an important transporter for L-carnitine homeostasis, but can be inhibited by drugs, which may cause L-carnitine deficiency and possibly other OCTN2-mediated drug-drug interactions.	Carnitine	86-97	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	200-205
20686180-3	2010	Generation of ATP from lipids occurs within mitochondria via beta-oxidation of fatty acids, with the rate-limiting step catalyzed by carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT1B), a process also requiring carnitine.	Carnitine	133-142	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	168-173
20946020-5	2010	l-Carnitine treatment also prevented decreased mRNA expressions of nephrin and podocin in the high glucose-stimulated podocytes.	Carnitine	0-11	NPHS1 adhesion molecule, nephrin	Homo sapiens	67-74
20946020-5	2010	l-Carnitine treatment also prevented decreased mRNA expressions of nephrin and podocin in the high glucose-stimulated podocytes.	Carnitine	0-11	NPHS2 stomatin family member, podocin	Homo sapiens	79-86
20946020-7	2010	When these data are taken together, l-carnitine can increase glucose uptake in podocytes under high glucose conditions, and its mechanism may be at least partly related to the up-regulation of nephrin and podocin.	Carnitine	36-47	NPHS1 adhesion molecule, nephrin	Homo sapiens	193-200
20946020-7	2010	When these data are taken together, l-carnitine can increase glucose uptake in podocytes under high glucose conditions, and its mechanism may be at least partly related to the up-regulation of nephrin and podocin.	Carnitine	36-47	NPHS2 stomatin family member, podocin	Homo sapiens	205-212
20858838-10	2010	CONCLUSION: Our study shows a pivotal role of Oct1 and Oct2 in cisplatin-related disturbances in carnitine homeostasis.	Carnitine	97-106	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	46-50
20858838-10	2010	CONCLUSION: Our study shows a pivotal role of Oct1 and Oct2 in cisplatin-related disturbances in carnitine homeostasis.	Carnitine	97-106	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2	Mus musculus	55-59
20858838-11	2010	We postulate that this phenomenon is triggered by deactivation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha and leads to deregulation of carnitine-shuttle genes.	Carnitine	144-153	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	66-114
20637671-13	2010	Carnitine supplementation presumably inhibits gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase and results in high gamma-butyrobetaine.	Carnitine	0-9	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	46-77
20647382-6	2010	While the NCAPG I442M mutation affected the arginine metabolism, the 204X allele in the GDF8 gene predominantly raised the carnitine level and had concordant effects on glycerophosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins.	Carnitine	123-132	myostatin	Bos taurus	88-92
21045919-1	2010	PURPOSE: Previously we demonstrated expression and localization of carnitine/organic cation transporters, OCTN1 and OCTN2, in human corneal and conjunctival epithelia.	Carnitine	67-76	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	106-111
21045919-1	2010	PURPOSE: Previously we demonstrated expression and localization of carnitine/organic cation transporters, OCTN1 and OCTN2, in human corneal and conjunctival epithelia.	Carnitine	67-76	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	116-121
20219053-2	2010	OCTN2, a sodium-dependent solute carrier, is assumed to transport carnitine into various organs.	Carnitine	66-75	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
20219053-4	2010	We tested the hypothesis that OCTN2 is expressed at higher levels in oxidative muscles than in other muscles, and that the carnitine uptake capacity of skeletal muscles depends on the amount of OCTN2.	Carnitine	123-132	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	194-199
20219053-14	2010	CONCLUSION: OCTN2 is functionally expressed in skeletal muscles and is involved in the import of carnitine for fatty acid oxidation, especially in highly oxidative muscles.	Carnitine	97-106	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	12-17
20538056-3	2010	A possibility exists that carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2), member of the carnitine shuttle, is involved in the intramitochondrial synthesis of acylcarnitines from accumulated acyl-CoA metabolites.	Carnitine	26-35	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	60-64
20558736-1	2010	In the large intestine organic cation transporter type-2 (OCTN2) is recognized as a transporter of compounds such as carnitine and colony sporulation factor, promoting health of the colon intestinal epithelium.	Carnitine	117-126	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	23-56
20558736-1	2010	In the large intestine organic cation transporter type-2 (OCTN2) is recognized as a transporter of compounds such as carnitine and colony sporulation factor, promoting health of the colon intestinal epithelium.	Carnitine	117-126	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	58-63
20558736-11	2010	Interestingly, animals overexpressing colon PPARgamma showed a significant increase in plasma carnitine, thus demonstrating the functional contribution of large intestine to systemic carnitine homeostasis.	Carnitine	94-103	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens	44-53
20599753-1	2010	Gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (GBBH) is a 2-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase that catalyzes the biosynthesis of l-carnitine by hydroxylation of gamma-butyrobetaine (GBB).	Carnitine	117-128	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	0-31
20443048-0	2010	L-carnitine is essential to beta-oxidation of quarried fatty acid from mitochondrial membrane by PLA(2).	Carnitine	0-11	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	97-103
20443048-4	2010	In this study, we investigated whether L-carnitine is essential to the beta-oxidation of quarried fatty acids from the mitochondrial membrane by phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) using isolated mitochondria from the liver of rats.	Carnitine	39-50	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	145-163
20443048-4	2010	In this study, we investigated whether L-carnitine is essential to the beta-oxidation of quarried fatty acids from the mitochondrial membrane by phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) using isolated mitochondria from the liver of rats.	Carnitine	39-50	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	165-171
20443048-11	2010	These results suggest that L-carnitine might be essential to the beta-oxidation of quarried fatty acids from the mitochondrial membrane by PLA(2).	Carnitine	27-38	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	139-145
20638986-2	2010	CPT-1A catalyzes the transfer of long chain fatty acids from acyl-CoA to carnitine for translocation across the mitochondrial membranes and is an initiating step in the mitochondrial oxidation of long chain fatty acids.	Carnitine	73-82	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Rattus norvegicus	0-6
20470772-10	2010	Interestingly, carnitine supplementation restored doxorubicin-induced inhibition of gene expression of H-FABP and OCTN2, decrease in myocardial carnitine and ATP to the control values.	Carnitine	15-24	fatty acid binding protein 3	Rattus norvegicus	103-109
20470772-10	2010	Interestingly, carnitine supplementation restored doxorubicin-induced inhibition of gene expression of H-FABP and OCTN2, decrease in myocardial carnitine and ATP to the control values.	Carnitine	15-24	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	114-119
20599753-1	2010	Gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (GBBH) is a 2-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase that catalyzes the biosynthesis of l-carnitine by hydroxylation of gamma-butyrobetaine (GBB).	Carnitine	117-128	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	33-37
20560540-7	2010	The E337 and C550 residues (numbering from hChAT) were previously shown to dictate the acyl-CoA cosubstrate specificity in the carnitine series.	Carnitine	127-136	choline O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	43-48
21364667-7	2010	In particular, L-carnitine reduces the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase, ubiquitin and caspase 3 typical markers of cell stress.	Carnitine	15-26	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	133-142
20303936-0	2010	The plasma carnitine concentration regulates renal OCTN2 expression and carnitine transport in rats.	Carnitine	11-20	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	51-56
20223299-5	2010	Age-associated carnitine deficiency from a variety of etiologies, including organic cation transporter (OCTN2) mutation and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT) deficiency, may potentially explain the relationship between carnitine-associated mitochondrial dysfunction and geriatric frailty.	Carnitine	15-24	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	104-109
19447019-0	2010	L-Carnitine attenuates angiotensin II-induced proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts: role of NADPH oxidase inhibition and decreased sphingosine-1-phosphate generation.	Carnitine	0-11	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	23-37
19447019-2	2010	The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of L-carnitine on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiac fibroblast proliferation and to explore its intracellular mechanism(s).	Carnitine	53-64	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	68-82
19447019-2	2010	The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of L-carnitine on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiac fibroblast proliferation and to explore its intracellular mechanism(s).	Carnitine	53-64	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	84-90
19447019-4	2010	Ang II increased fibroblast proliferation and endothelin-1 expression, which were partially inhibited by L-carnitine.	Carnitine	105-116	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	0-6
19447019-4	2010	Ang II increased fibroblast proliferation and endothelin-1 expression, which were partially inhibited by L-carnitine.	Carnitine	105-116	endothelin 1	Rattus norvegicus	46-58
19447019-5	2010	L-carnitine also attenuated Ang II-induced NADPH oxidase activity, reactive oxygen species formation, extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, activator protein-1-mediated reporter activity and sphingosine-1-phosphate generation.	Carnitine	0-11	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	28-34
19447019-8	2010	Furthermore, blockading potential PGI(2) receptors, including immunoprecipitation (IP) receptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha (PPAR alpha) and delta, revealed that siRNA-mediated blockage of PPAR alpha considerably reduced the anti-proliferation effect of L-carnitine.	Carnitine	281-292	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	216-226
19447019-9	2010	In summary, these results suggest that L-carnitine attenuates Ang II-induced effects (including NADPH oxidase activation, sphingosine-1-phosphate generation and cell proliferation) in part through PGI(2) and PPAR alpha-signaling pathways.	Carnitine	39-50	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	62-68
19447019-9	2010	In summary, these results suggest that L-carnitine attenuates Ang II-induced effects (including NADPH oxidase activation, sphingosine-1-phosphate generation and cell proliferation) in part through PGI(2) and PPAR alpha-signaling pathways.	Carnitine	39-50	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	208-218
20303936-7	2010	Similarly, renal mRNA expression of OCTN2 increased by a factor of 1.7 in carnitine deficient rats, whereas OCTN2 mRNA expression remained unchanged in gut, liver or skeletal muscle.	Carnitine	74-83	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	36-41
20303936-8	2010	Our study supports the hypothesis that a decrease in the carnitine plasma and/or glomerular filtrate concentration increases renal expression and activity of OCTN2.	Carnitine	57-66	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	158-163
20608353-5	2010	RT-PCR showed that L-carnitine increased the expressions of Acr, Prm1, Dazl and ATPase 6.	Carnitine	19-30	acrosin	Homo sapiens	60-63
20068559-8	2010	CONCLUSIONS: L-carnitine supplementation to diet is useful for reducing TNF-alpha and CRP, and for improving liver function, glucose plasma level, lipid profile, HOMA-IR, and histological manifestations of NASH.	Carnitine	13-24	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	72-81
20068559-8	2010	CONCLUSIONS: L-carnitine supplementation to diet is useful for reducing TNF-alpha and CRP, and for improving liver function, glucose plasma level, lipid profile, HOMA-IR, and histological manifestations of NASH.	Carnitine	13-24	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	86-89
20571306-7	2010	RESULTS: In carnitine treatment group, ALT, AST, and total bilirubin were reduced after medication.	Carnitine	12-21	solute carrier family 17 member 5	Homo sapiens	44-47
20197121-3	2010	Our report enlarges the phenotypic spectrum of SUCLG1 mutations and confirms that a characteristic metabolic profile (presence of MMA and C4-DC carnitine in urines) and basal ganglia MRI lesions are the hallmarks of SCS defects.	Carnitine	144-153	succinate-CoA ligase GDP/ADP-forming subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	47-53
20608353-5	2010	RT-PCR showed that L-carnitine increased the expressions of Acr, Prm1, Dazl and ATPase 6.	Carnitine	19-30	protamine 1	Homo sapiens	65-69
20608353-5	2010	RT-PCR showed that L-carnitine increased the expressions of Acr, Prm1, Dazl and ATPase 6.	Carnitine	19-30	deleted in azoospermia like	Homo sapiens	71-75
20608353-5	2010	RT-PCR showed that L-carnitine increased the expressions of Acr, Prm1, Dazl and ATPase 6.	Carnitine	19-30	mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase 6	Homo sapiens	80-88
20199579-7	2010	Central elements of the oxidative stress response, specifically the transcription factors Yap1p and Skn7p, are shown to be required for carnitine"s protective effect, but several downstream effectors are dispensable.	Carnitine	136-145	DNA-binding transcription factor YAP1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	90-95
20199579-7	2010	Central elements of the oxidative stress response, specifically the transcription factors Yap1p and Skn7p, are shown to be required for carnitine"s protective effect, but several downstream effectors are dispensable.	Carnitine	136-145	kinase-regulated stress-responsive transcription factor SKN7	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	100-105
20199579-8	2010	A DNA microarray-based analysis identifies Cyc3p, a cytochrome c heme lyase, as being important for carnitine"s impact during oxidative stress.	Carnitine	100-109	holocytochrome c synthase CYC3	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	43-48
20093144-5	2010	Also L-carnitine promoted endogenous antioxidant defense components including total antioxidative capacity, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase.	Carnitine	5-16	catalase	Homo sapiens	132-140
20224991-0	2010	Gene knockout and metabolome analysis of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1.	Carnitine	41-50	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	78-83
20112288-2	2010	OCTN2 mediates the Na(+)/L-carnitine transport activity measured in medulla because (i) the transport showed the same characteristics as the cortical Na(+)/L-carnitine transporter and (ii) the medulla expressed OCTN2 mRNA and protein.	Carnitine	27-36	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
20112288-2	2010	OCTN2 mediates the Na(+)/L-carnitine transport activity measured in medulla because (i) the transport showed the same characteristics as the cortical Na(+)/L-carnitine transporter and (ii) the medulla expressed OCTN2 mRNA and protein.	Carnitine	27-36	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	211-216
20112288-3	2010	The Na(+)-independent L-carnitine transport activity appears to be mediated by both OCTN2 and OCTN3 since: (i) Na(+)-independent L-carnitine uptake was inhibited by both, anti-OCTN2 and anti-OCTN3 antibodies, (ii) kinetics studies revealed the involvement of a high- and a low-affinity transport systems, and (iii) Western and immunohistochemistry studies revealed that OCTN3 protein is located at the apical membrane of the kidney epithelia.	Carnitine	22-33	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	84-89
20112288-3	2010	The Na(+)-independent L-carnitine transport activity appears to be mediated by both OCTN2 and OCTN3 since: (i) Na(+)-independent L-carnitine uptake was inhibited by both, anti-OCTN2 and anti-OCTN3 antibodies, (ii) kinetics studies revealed the involvement of a high- and a low-affinity transport systems, and (iii) Western and immunohistochemistry studies revealed that OCTN3 protein is located at the apical membrane of the kidney epithelia.	Carnitine	22-33	up-regulator of carnitine transporter, OCTN2	Rattus norvegicus	94-99
20112288-3	2010	The Na(+)-independent L-carnitine transport activity appears to be mediated by both OCTN2 and OCTN3 since: (i) Na(+)-independent L-carnitine uptake was inhibited by both, anti-OCTN2 and anti-OCTN3 antibodies, (ii) kinetics studies revealed the involvement of a high- and a low-affinity transport systems, and (iii) Western and immunohistochemistry studies revealed that OCTN3 protein is located at the apical membrane of the kidney epithelia.	Carnitine	22-33	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	176-181
20112288-3	2010	The Na(+)-independent L-carnitine transport activity appears to be mediated by both OCTN2 and OCTN3 since: (i) Na(+)-independent L-carnitine uptake was inhibited by both, anti-OCTN2 and anti-OCTN3 antibodies, (ii) kinetics studies revealed the involvement of a high- and a low-affinity transport systems, and (iii) Western and immunohistochemistry studies revealed that OCTN3 protein is located at the apical membrane of the kidney epithelia.	Carnitine	22-33	up-regulator of carnitine transporter, OCTN2	Rattus norvegicus	191-196
20112288-3	2010	The Na(+)-independent L-carnitine transport activity appears to be mediated by both OCTN2 and OCTN3 since: (i) Na(+)-independent L-carnitine uptake was inhibited by both, anti-OCTN2 and anti-OCTN3 antibodies, (ii) kinetics studies revealed the involvement of a high- and a low-affinity transport systems, and (iii) Western and immunohistochemistry studies revealed that OCTN3 protein is located at the apical membrane of the kidney epithelia.	Carnitine	22-33	up-regulator of carnitine transporter, OCTN2	Rattus norvegicus	191-196
20112288-3	2010	The Na(+)-independent L-carnitine transport activity appears to be mediated by both OCTN2 and OCTN3 since: (i) Na(+)-independent L-carnitine uptake was inhibited by both, anti-OCTN2 and anti-OCTN3 antibodies, (ii) kinetics studies revealed the involvement of a high- and a low-affinity transport systems, and (iii) Western and immunohistochemistry studies revealed that OCTN3 protein is located at the apical membrane of the kidney epithelia.	Carnitine	129-140	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	84-89
20112288-3	2010	The Na(+)-independent L-carnitine transport activity appears to be mediated by both OCTN2 and OCTN3 since: (i) Na(+)-independent L-carnitine uptake was inhibited by both, anti-OCTN2 and anti-OCTN3 antibodies, (ii) kinetics studies revealed the involvement of a high- and a low-affinity transport systems, and (iii) Western and immunohistochemistry studies revealed that OCTN3 protein is located at the apical membrane of the kidney epithelia.	Carnitine	129-140	up-regulator of carnitine transporter, OCTN2	Rattus norvegicus	94-99
20112288-3	2010	The Na(+)-independent L-carnitine transport activity appears to be mediated by both OCTN2 and OCTN3 since: (i) Na(+)-independent L-carnitine uptake was inhibited by both, anti-OCTN2 and anti-OCTN3 antibodies, (ii) kinetics studies revealed the involvement of a high- and a low-affinity transport systems, and (iii) Western and immunohistochemistry studies revealed that OCTN3 protein is located at the apical membrane of the kidney epithelia.	Carnitine	129-140	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	176-181
20112288-3	2010	The Na(+)-independent L-carnitine transport activity appears to be mediated by both OCTN2 and OCTN3 since: (i) Na(+)-independent L-carnitine uptake was inhibited by both, anti-OCTN2 and anti-OCTN3 antibodies, (ii) kinetics studies revealed the involvement of a high- and a low-affinity transport systems, and (iii) Western and immunohistochemistry studies revealed that OCTN3 protein is located at the apical membrane of the kidney epithelia.	Carnitine	129-140	up-regulator of carnitine transporter, OCTN2	Rattus norvegicus	191-196
20112288-3	2010	The Na(+)-independent L-carnitine transport activity appears to be mediated by both OCTN2 and OCTN3 since: (i) Na(+)-independent L-carnitine uptake was inhibited by both, anti-OCTN2 and anti-OCTN3 antibodies, (ii) kinetics studies revealed the involvement of a high- and a low-affinity transport systems, and (iii) Western and immunohistochemistry studies revealed that OCTN3 protein is located at the apical membrane of the kidney epithelia.	Carnitine	129-140	up-regulator of carnitine transporter, OCTN2	Rattus norvegicus	191-196
20112288-5	2010	This trans-stimulation was inhibited by anti-OCTN3 antibody, but not by anti-OCTN2 antibody, indicating that OCTN3 can function as an L-carnitine/organic compound exchanger.	Carnitine	134-145	up-regulator of carnitine transporter, OCTN2	Rattus norvegicus	45-50
20112288-5	2010	This trans-stimulation was inhibited by anti-OCTN3 antibody, but not by anti-OCTN2 antibody, indicating that OCTN3 can function as an L-carnitine/organic compound exchanger.	Carnitine	134-145	up-regulator of carnitine transporter, OCTN2	Rattus norvegicus	109-114
20467011-0	2010	Caloric restriction and L-carnitine administration improves insulin sensitivity in patients with impaired glucose metabolism.	Carnitine	24-35	insulin	Homo sapiens	60-67
20467011-1	2010	BACKGROUND: Reduced circulating and tissue carnitine levels, possibly leading to impaired mitochondrial function, have been postulated to be involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.	Carnitine	43-52	insulin	Homo sapiens	173-180
20467011-2	2010	However, whether L-carnitine administration may improve insulin sensitivity in patients with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2) is still controversial.	Carnitine	17-28	insulin	Homo sapiens	56-63
20467011-2	2010	However, whether L-carnitine administration may improve insulin sensitivity in patients with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2) is still controversial.	Carnitine	17-28	immunoglobulin heavy diversity 1-14 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	153-157
20467011-3	2010	The aim of the study was to explore the role of L-carnitine supplementation in influencing insulin sensitivity.	Carnitine	48-59	insulin	Homo sapiens	91-98
20467011-11	2010	Only in the L-carnitine-supplemented group did plasma insulin levels and HOMA-IR significantly decrease when compared to baseline values.	Carnitine	12-23	insulin	Homo sapiens	54-61
20467011-12	2010	CONCLUSIONS: Considering the role of caloric restriction in increasing the intestinal uptake of carnitine, the results suggest that oral L-carnitine administration, when associated with a hypocaloric feeding regimen, improves insulin resistance and may represent an adjunctive treatment for IFG and DM-2.	Carnitine	137-148	insulin	Homo sapiens	226-233
20467011-12	2010	CONCLUSIONS: Considering the role of caloric restriction in increasing the intestinal uptake of carnitine, the results suggest that oral L-carnitine administration, when associated with a hypocaloric feeding regimen, improves insulin resistance and may represent an adjunctive treatment for IFG and DM-2.	Carnitine	137-148	immunoglobulin heavy diversity 1-14 (non-functional)	Homo sapiens	299-303
20093144-6	2010	In parallel, cell apoptosis triggered by H(2)O(2) characterized with the DNA fragment and caspase-3 activity were also inhibited by L-carnitine.	Carnitine	132-143	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	90-99
20093144-7	2010	Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction associated with cell apoptosis including membrane potential loss, down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax and the release of cytochrome c were abrogated in the presence of L-carnitine.	Carnitine	221-232	BCL2 apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	124-129
20093144-7	2010	Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction associated with cell apoptosis including membrane potential loss, down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax and the release of cytochrome c were abrogated in the presence of L-carnitine.	Carnitine	221-232	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	151-154
20093144-7	2010	Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction associated with cell apoptosis including membrane potential loss, down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax and the release of cytochrome c were abrogated in the presence of L-carnitine.	Carnitine	221-232	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	174-186
19941851-3	2010	Since both, fasting and clofibrate treatment lead to an activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), the hypothesis has been raised that activation of this nuclear receptor could lead to an up-regulation of novel organic cation transporters (OCTN) which facilitate transport of carnitine and several other organic cations through membranes.	Carnitine	309-318	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	70-118
22371726-9	2010	Haemoglobin levels, peak GH, IGF-1 and growth velocity (cm &amp; SDS) were significantly higher and the number of blood transfusions was significantly lower in GH deficiency patients after L-carnitine treatment (p &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	189-200	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	25-27
22371726-9	2010	Haemoglobin levels, peak GH, IGF-1 and growth velocity (cm &amp; SDS) were significantly higher and the number of blood transfusions was significantly lower in GH deficiency patients after L-carnitine treatment (p &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	189-200	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	29-34
22371726-12	2010	L-carnitine can promote GH secretion and growth.	Carnitine	0-11	growth hormone 1	Homo sapiens	24-26
20438503-4	2010	In addition, at 24 days of age the carnitine-supplemented group showed higher expression of interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma mRNA, but lower expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the Con A-stimulated splenic MNC than the control group.	Carnitine	35-44	nitric oxide synthase 2	Gallus gallus	168-199
20438503-4	2010	In addition, at 24 days of age the carnitine-supplemented group showed higher expression of interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma mRNA, but lower expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the Con A-stimulated splenic MNC than the control group.	Carnitine	35-44	nitric oxide synthase 2	Gallus gallus	201-205
20438503-5	2010	The enhancement effect of L-carnitine on MNC proliferation and IL-2 mRNA expression was not found in chicks at 14 days of age.	Carnitine	26-37	interleukin 15	Gallus gallus	63-67
20438503-6	2010	Addition of L-carnitine (50 nmol/mL) to the culture medium enhanced proliferation and IL-2 mRNA expression of splenic MNC obtained from 24-day-old but not from 14-day-old broiler chickens.	Carnitine	12-23	interleukin 15	Gallus gallus	86-90
20438503-7	2010	The results suggest that L-carnitine is capable of enhancing MNC proliferation in broiler chickens at 24 days of age partly through increasing IL-2 and IFN-gamma production and decreasing NO production.	Carnitine	25-36	interleukin 15	Gallus gallus	143-147
20438503-7	2010	The results suggest that L-carnitine is capable of enhancing MNC proliferation in broiler chickens at 24 days of age partly through increasing IL-2 and IFN-gamma production and decreasing NO production.	Carnitine	25-36	interferon gamma	Gallus gallus	152-161
20079880-4	2010	However, enhancing the cellular oxidation capacity by the addition of l-carnitine 1) significantly increased beta-oxidation of EPA in HPCs, but only marginally elevated the oxidation of AA in HPCs and the oxidation of both fatty acids in KCs; 2) decreased the esterification, but did not alter the preferential incorporation of AA into glycerolipids; and 3) alleviated the significant competitive inhibition of AA-dependent PGE(2) synthesis and COX-2 expression by EPA.	Carnitine	70-81	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	445-450
20534325-6	2010	The ratio of acyl carnitine to free carnitine was significantly lower on day 5 in the LCS compared with the LCNS group.	Carnitine	18-27	LCS1	Homo sapiens	86-89
19941851-3	2010	Since both, fasting and clofibrate treatment lead to an activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), the hypothesis has been raised that activation of this nuclear receptor could lead to an up-regulation of novel organic cation transporters (OCTN) which facilitate transport of carnitine and several other organic cations through membranes.	Carnitine	309-318	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	120-129
19941851-6	2010	An up-regulation of OCTN by PPARalpha activation could be regarded as a means to supply cells with sufficient carnitine required for transport of excessive amounts of fatty acids into the mitochondrion during fasting, and therefore plays an important role in the adaptive response of the metabolism to fasting.	Carnitine	110-119	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	28-37
19899138-9	2010	Further, it was also seen that OCTN2, a transporter that is thought to be responsible for the accumulation of L-carnitine in the epididymal lumen, is regulated in response to changes in tonicity.	Carnitine	110-121	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	31-36
20390577-6	2010	In ovo carnitine treatment increased CWT, CWT%, glycogen in the liver and pectoral muscle, glycogen index and plasma IGF-1 of hatched chicks, and did not influence hatchability traits and hatching period.	Carnitine	7-16	insulin like growth factor 1	Gallus gallus	117-122
20390577-10	2010	It was concluded that in ovo administration of carnitine at 25-500 microg/egg increased chick weight at hatch and IGF-1, and did not influence hatchability traits and hatching period of eggs.	Carnitine	47-56	insulin like growth factor 1	Gallus gallus	114-119
20208395-2	2010	It can function as a carnitine co-transporter with higher affinity for carnitine than OCTN1 but also functions as a uniporter for other cations.	Carnitine	21-30	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	86-91
19684012-11	2010	These transport properties are consistent with those of carnitine transport by OCTN2.	Carnitine	56-65	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	79-84
20683173-0	2010	Orlistat and L-carnitine compared to orlistat alone on insulin resistance in obese diabetic patients.	Carnitine	13-24	insulin	Homo sapiens	55-62
20683173-1	2010	Our study wants to evaluate the effects of one year treatment with orlistat plus L-carnitine compared to orlistat alone on body weight, glycemic and lipid control, and insulin resistance state in type 2 diabetic patients.	Carnitine	81-92	insulin	Homo sapiens	168-175
20683173-5	2010	A faster improvement of TC, Tg, FPI, resistin, RBP-4, visfatin, and Hs-CRP was reached with orlistat plus L-carnitine compared to orlistat.	Carnitine	106-117	retinol binding protein 4	Homo sapiens	47-52
20683173-5	2010	A faster improvement of TC, Tg, FPI, resistin, RBP-4, visfatin, and Hs-CRP was reached with orlistat plus L-carnitine compared to orlistat.	Carnitine	106-117	nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens	54-62
20683173-6	2010	We can safely conclude that the association of orlistat plus L-carnitine was better than orlistat in improving body weight, glycemic and lipid profile, insulin resistance, and inflammatory parameters and no significant adverse events were recorded.	Carnitine	61-72	insulin	Homo sapiens	152-159
20720348-0	2010	Sibutramine and L-carnitine compared to sibutramine alone on insulin resistance in diabetic patients.	Carnitine	16-27	insulin	Homo sapiens	61-68
19914430-0	2009	Asymptomatic maternal combined homocystinuria and methylmalonic aciduria (cblC) detected through low carnitine levels on newborn screening.	Carnitine	101-110	Cbl proto-oncogene C	Homo sapiens	74-78
20720348-1	2010	OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of one year of treatment with sibutramine plus L-carnitine compared to sibutramine on body weight, glycemic control, and insulin resistance state in type 2 diabetic patients.	Carnitine	82-93	insulin	Homo sapiens	156-163
20720348-6	2010	Furthermore, only sibutramine plus L-carnitine improved Tg, and visfatin.	Carnitine	35-46	nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens	64-72
20720348-7	2010	CONCLUSION: Sibutramine plus L-carnitine gave a faster improvement of lipid profile, insulin resistance parameters, glycemic control, and body weight compared to sibutramine.	Carnitine	29-40	insulin	Homo sapiens	85-92
19814996-1	2009	ETT (originally designated as OCTN1; human gene symbol SLC22A4) and CTT (OCTN2; SLC22A5) are highly specific transporters of ergothioneine and carnitine, respectively.	Carnitine	143-152	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	73-78
19814996-1	2009	ETT (originally designated as OCTN1; human gene symbol SLC22A4) and CTT (OCTN2; SLC22A5) are highly specific transporters of ergothioneine and carnitine, respectively.	Carnitine	143-152	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	80-87
19821448-5	2009	The higher accumulation in heart slices of jvs mice was abolished by lowering the temperature, by increasing the substrate concentration, and in the presence of other H(1) antagonists or another OCTN2 substrate, carnitine, suggesting that OCTN2 extrudes pyrilamine from heart tissue.	Carnitine	212-221	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	195-200
19821448-5	2009	The higher accumulation in heart slices of jvs mice was abolished by lowering the temperature, by increasing the substrate concentration, and in the presence of other H(1) antagonists or another OCTN2 substrate, carnitine, suggesting that OCTN2 extrudes pyrilamine from heart tissue.	Carnitine	212-221	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	239-244
20197690-0	2010	Fatty acid-bearing albumin induces VCAM-1 expression through c-Src kinase-AP-1/NF-kB pathways: effect of L-carnitine.	Carnitine	105-116	vascular cell adhesion molecule 1	Homo sapiens	35-41
20197690-9	2010	L-Carnitine suppressed the FA(+) albumin-induced VCAM-1 expression via inhibition of c-Src kinase.	Carnitine	0-11	vascular cell adhesion molecule 1	Homo sapiens	49-55
20197690-9	2010	L-Carnitine suppressed the FA(+) albumin-induced VCAM-1 expression via inhibition of c-Src kinase.	Carnitine	0-11	C-terminal Src kinase	Homo sapiens	85-97
20863217-9	2010	CONCLUSION: l-Carnitine supplement reduces serum CRP, a marker of systemic inflammation, and plasma fibrinogen, an inflammation-related coagulation factor, in hemodialysis patients.	Carnitine	12-23	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	49-52
20863217-9	2010	CONCLUSION: l-Carnitine supplement reduces serum CRP, a marker of systemic inflammation, and plasma fibrinogen, an inflammation-related coagulation factor, in hemodialysis patients.	Carnitine	12-23	fibrinogen beta chain	Homo sapiens	100-110
19814996-1	2009	ETT (originally designated as OCTN1; human gene symbol SLC22A4) and CTT (OCTN2; SLC22A5) are highly specific transporters of ergothioneine and carnitine, respectively.	Carnitine	143-152	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	30-35
19814996-1	2009	ETT (originally designated as OCTN1; human gene symbol SLC22A4) and CTT (OCTN2; SLC22A5) are highly specific transporters of ergothioneine and carnitine, respectively.	Carnitine	143-152	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	55-62
19912061-1	2009	Carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT; EC 2.3.1.7) catalyzes the reversible transfer of acetyl groups between acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) and L-carnitine; it also regulates the cellular pool of CoA and the availability of activated acetyl groups.	Carnitine	141-152	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-27
19912061-1	2009	Carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT; EC 2.3.1.7) catalyzes the reversible transfer of acetyl groups between acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) and L-carnitine; it also regulates the cellular pool of CoA and the availability of activated acetyl groups.	Carnitine	141-152	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	29-33
19912061-3	2009	The obtained results show that mildronate inhibits CrAT in a competitive manner through binding to the carnitine binding site, not the acetyl-CoA binding site.	Carnitine	103-112	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	51-55
19748481-1	2009	Solute carrier family 25, member 20 (SLC25A20) is a key molecule that transfers acylcarnitine esters in exchange for free carnitine across the mitochondrial membrane in the mitochondrial beta-oxidation.	Carnitine	84-93	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	0-35
19748481-1	2009	Solute carrier family 25, member 20 (SLC25A20) is a key molecule that transfers acylcarnitine esters in exchange for free carnitine across the mitochondrial membrane in the mitochondrial beta-oxidation.	Carnitine	84-93	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	37-45
19619983-10	2009	At the molecular level, the expression of proapoptotic Bax and Bak proteins were increased in cells incubated with butyrate and carnitine, whereas expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-x(L) was decreased.	Carnitine	128-137	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	55-58
18926685-1	2009	In rodents, fasting increases the carnitine concentration in the liver by an up-regulation of enzymes of hepatic carnitine synthesis and novel organic cation transporter (OCTN) 2, mediated by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha.	Carnitine	34-43	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Sus scrofa	143-178
18926685-1	2009	In rodents, fasting increases the carnitine concentration in the liver by an up-regulation of enzymes of hepatic carnitine synthesis and novel organic cation transporter (OCTN) 2, mediated by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha.	Carnitine	34-43	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Sus scrofa	206-261
18926685-4	2009	Fasted pigs had a higher activity of gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD), enzyme that catalyses the last step of carnitine biosynthesis in liver and kidney, and higher relative mRNA concentrations of OCTN2, the most important carnitine transporter, in liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, and small intestinal mucosa than control pigs (P&lt;.05).	Carnitine	115-124	LOC100620393	Sus scrofa	37-68
18926685-4	2009	Fasted pigs had a higher activity of gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD), enzyme that catalyses the last step of carnitine biosynthesis in liver and kidney, and higher relative mRNA concentrations of OCTN2, the most important carnitine transporter, in liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, and small intestinal mucosa than control pigs (P&lt;.05).	Carnitine	115-124	LOC100620393	Sus scrofa	70-73
19619983-10	2009	At the molecular level, the expression of proapoptotic Bax and Bak proteins were increased in cells incubated with butyrate and carnitine, whereas expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-x(L) was decreased.	Carnitine	128-137	BCL2 like 1	Homo sapiens	175-183
19619983-11	2009	Cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression was decreased in cells incubated with butyrate and carnitine.	Carnitine	80-89	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Homo sapiens	0-17
20055125-1	2009	Novel organic cation transporter-2 (OCTN2), a member of the organic cation transporter family, may transport carnitine and multiple organic cationic drugs.	Carnitine	109-118	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	6-34
19679820-1	2009	Gamma-butyrobetaine (GBB) is a precursor in the biosynthesis of carnitine, which plays an important role in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids, and is converted to carnitine by gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD) predominantly in liver.	Carnitine	64-73	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	176-207
19679820-1	2009	Gamma-butyrobetaine (GBB) is a precursor in the biosynthesis of carnitine, which plays an important role in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids, and is converted to carnitine by gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD) predominantly in liver.	Carnitine	163-172	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	176-207
19679820-11	2009	Accordingly, the present study clearly demonstrates that GBB is taken up by hepatocytes for carnitine biosynthesis not only via Octn2 but also via the GABA transporter, possibly Gat2.	Carnitine	92-101	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	128-133
19679820-11	2009	Accordingly, the present study clearly demonstrates that GBB is taken up by hepatocytes for carnitine biosynthesis not only via Octn2 but also via the GABA transporter, possibly Gat2.	Carnitine	92-101	solute carrier family 6 member 13	Rattus norvegicus	178-182
19491382-0	2009	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha plays a crucial role in L-carnitine anti-apoptosis effect in renal tubular cells.	Carnitine	73-84	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	0-48
19491382-9	2009	L-carnitine was found to increase the prostacyclin (PGI(2)) generation in NRK-52E cells.	Carnitine	0-11	prostaglandin I receptor (IP)	Mus musculus	52-57
19491382-10	2009	The siRNA transfection for PGI(2) synthase significantly reduced L-carnitine-induced PGI(2) and L-carnitine"s protective effect.	Carnitine	65-76	prostaglandin I receptor (IP)	Mus musculus	27-32
19491382-10	2009	The siRNA transfection for PGI(2) synthase significantly reduced L-carnitine-induced PGI(2) and L-carnitine"s protective effect.	Carnitine	65-76	prostaglandin I receptor (IP)	Mus musculus	85-90
19491382-10	2009	The siRNA transfection for PGI(2) synthase significantly reduced L-carnitine-induced PGI(2) and L-carnitine"s protective effect.	Carnitine	96-107	prostaglandin I receptor (IP)	Mus musculus	27-32
19491382-11	2009	We found that the activity of the potential PGI(2) nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), was elevated by L-carnitine treatment.	Carnitine	147-158	prostaglandin I receptor (IP)	Mus musculus	44-49
19491382-11	2009	We found that the activity of the potential PGI(2) nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), was elevated by L-carnitine treatment.	Carnitine	147-158	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	69-117
19491382-11	2009	We found that the activity of the potential PGI(2) nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), was elevated by L-carnitine treatment.	Carnitine	147-158	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	119-128
19491382-12	2009	The siRNA-mediated blockage of PPARalpha considerably reduced the anti-apoptotic effect of L-carnitine.	Carnitine	91-102	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	31-40
19491382-13	2009	In PPARalpha-deficient mice, L-carnitine treatment also lost the inhibitory effect on gentamicin-induced apoptosis in kidneys.	Carnitine	29-40	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	3-12
19491382-14	2009	CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, we suggest that L-carnitine protects renal tubular cells from gentamicin-induced apoptosis through PGI(2)-mediated PPARalpha activation.	Carnitine	54-65	prostaglandin I receptor (IP)	Mus musculus	137-142
19491382-14	2009	CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, we suggest that L-carnitine protects renal tubular cells from gentamicin-induced apoptosis through PGI(2)-mediated PPARalpha activation.	Carnitine	54-65	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	153-162
20055125-1	2009	Novel organic cation transporter-2 (OCTN2), a member of the organic cation transporter family, may transport carnitine and multiple organic cationic drugs.	Carnitine	109-118	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	36-41
19662615-4	2009	Hyperinsulemic/euglycemic clamp studies in humans and carnitine supplementation studies in rodents provide "proof-of-concept" that carnitine is effective at improving insulin-stimulated glucose utilization and in reversing abnormalities of fuel metabolism associated with T2D.	Carnitine	131-140	insulin	Homo sapiens	167-174
19646658-0	2009	Influence of pharmacological PPARalpha activators on carnitine homeostasis in proliferating and non-proliferating species.	Carnitine	53-62	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Sus scrofa	29-38
19646658-3	2009	Since both, fasting and clofibrate treatment lead to an activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), a ligand-activated transcription factor that acts as an important regulator of lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis, the hypothesis has been raised that activation of this nuclear receptor is responsible for the alterations in carnitine homeostasis observed in rodents by either stimulating carnitine uptake or carnitine biosynthesis or both of them.	Carnitine	362-371	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Sus scrofa	70-118
19646658-3	2009	Since both, fasting and clofibrate treatment lead to an activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), a ligand-activated transcription factor that acts as an important regulator of lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis, the hypothesis has been raised that activation of this nuclear receptor is responsible for the alterations in carnitine homeostasis observed in rodents by either stimulating carnitine uptake or carnitine biosynthesis or both of them.	Carnitine	362-371	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Sus scrofa	120-129
19646658-3	2009	Since both, fasting and clofibrate treatment lead to an activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), a ligand-activated transcription factor that acts as an important regulator of lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis, the hypothesis has been raised that activation of this nuclear receptor is responsible for the alterations in carnitine homeostasis observed in rodents by either stimulating carnitine uptake or carnitine biosynthesis or both of them.	Carnitine	426-435	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Sus scrofa	70-118
19646658-3	2009	Since both, fasting and clofibrate treatment lead to an activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), a ligand-activated transcription factor that acts as an important regulator of lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis, the hypothesis has been raised that activation of this nuclear receptor is responsible for the alterations in carnitine homeostasis observed in rodents by either stimulating carnitine uptake or carnitine biosynthesis or both of them.	Carnitine	426-435	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Sus scrofa	120-129
19646658-3	2009	Since both, fasting and clofibrate treatment lead to an activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), a ligand-activated transcription factor that acts as an important regulator of lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis, the hypothesis has been raised that activation of this nuclear receptor is responsible for the alterations in carnitine homeostasis observed in rodents by either stimulating carnitine uptake or carnitine biosynthesis or both of them.	Carnitine	426-435	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Sus scrofa	70-118
19646658-3	2009	Since both, fasting and clofibrate treatment lead to an activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), a ligand-activated transcription factor that acts as an important regulator of lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis, the hypothesis has been raised that activation of this nuclear receptor is responsible for the alterations in carnitine homeostasis observed in rodents by either stimulating carnitine uptake or carnitine biosynthesis or both of them.	Carnitine	426-435	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Sus scrofa	120-129
19646658-4	2009	The present review summarizes recent evidence from studies with rodents and pigs supporting the hypothesis that activation of PPARalpha is responsible for the alterations in carnitine homeostasis previously observed.	Carnitine	174-183	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Sus scrofa	126-135
19646658-5	2009	According to these novel results an essential role for PPARalpha in the regulation of carnitine uptake and carnitine biosynthesis in rodents and pigs has been clearly established.	Carnitine	86-95	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Sus scrofa	55-64
19646658-5	2009	According to these novel results an essential role for PPARalpha in the regulation of carnitine uptake and carnitine biosynthesis in rodents and pigs has been clearly established.	Carnitine	107-116	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Sus scrofa	55-64
19539806-0	2009	Interaction between pivaloylcarnitine and L-carnitine transport into L6 cells overexpressing hOCTN2.	Carnitine	42-53	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	93-99
19553674-4	2009	Consistent with this prediction whole body carnitine diminution was identified as a common feature of insulin-resistant states such as advanced age, genetic diabetes, and diet-induced obesity.	Carnitine	43-52	insulin	Homo sapiens	102-109
19539806-6	2009	Pivaloylcarnitine was also transported by OCTN2 (K(m) 212 microM) and its transport could be inhibited competitively by L-carnitine (K(i) 7.8 microM).	Carnitine	120-131	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	42-47
19539806-8	2009	Our data indicate that both carnitine and pivaloylcarnitine bind to OCTN2 at a single, identical site.	Carnitine	28-37	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	68-73
19618992-5	2009	RESULTS: At the end of treatment in the carnitine and simvastatin combined group compared with the simvastatin alone group, we observed a significant decrease in glycemia (p &lt; 0.001), triglycerides (p &lt; 0.001), Apo B (p &lt; 0.05), Lp(a) (p &lt; 0.05), apo(a) (p &lt; 0.05), while HDL significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	40-49	aminopeptidase O (putative)	Homo sapiens	217-220
19618992-5	2009	RESULTS: At the end of treatment in the carnitine and simvastatin combined group compared with the simvastatin alone group, we observed a significant decrease in glycemia (p &lt; 0.001), triglycerides (p &lt; 0.001), Apo B (p &lt; 0.05), Lp(a) (p &lt; 0.05), apo(a) (p &lt; 0.05), while HDL significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	40-49	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	238-243
19618992-6	2009	CONCLUSIONS: The coadministration of carnitine and simvastatin resulted in a significant reduction in Lp(a) and apo(a) and may represent a new therapeutic option in reducing plasma Lp(a) levels, LDL cholesterol and Apo B100.	Carnitine	37-46	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	102-107
19618992-5	2009	RESULTS: At the end of treatment in the carnitine and simvastatin combined group compared with the simvastatin alone group, we observed a significant decrease in glycemia (p &lt; 0.001), triglycerides (p &lt; 0.001), Apo B (p &lt; 0.05), Lp(a) (p &lt; 0.05), apo(a) (p &lt; 0.05), while HDL significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	40-49	aminopeptidase O (putative)	Homo sapiens	259-262
19618992-6	2009	CONCLUSIONS: The coadministration of carnitine and simvastatin resulted in a significant reduction in Lp(a) and apo(a) and may represent a new therapeutic option in reducing plasma Lp(a) levels, LDL cholesterol and Apo B100.	Carnitine	37-46	aminopeptidase O (putative)	Homo sapiens	112-115
18980943-5	2009	Exercise resulted in significant lowering of the free carnitine pool in VLCAD(-/-) muscle.	Carnitine	54-63	acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, very long chain	Mus musculus	72-77
19618992-6	2009	CONCLUSIONS: The coadministration of carnitine and simvastatin resulted in a significant reduction in Lp(a) and apo(a) and may represent a new therapeutic option in reducing plasma Lp(a) levels, LDL cholesterol and Apo B100.	Carnitine	37-46	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	181-186
19618992-6	2009	CONCLUSIONS: The coadministration of carnitine and simvastatin resulted in a significant reduction in Lp(a) and apo(a) and may represent a new therapeutic option in reducing plasma Lp(a) levels, LDL cholesterol and Apo B100.	Carnitine	37-46	apolipoprotein B	Homo sapiens	215-223
19406626-0	2009	Effect of short term treatment of L-carnitine on tissue ACE activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.	Carnitine	34-45	angiotensin I converting enzyme	Rattus norvegicus	56-59
26953751-0	2009	Upstream genetic variant near INSIG2, influences response to carnitine supplementation in bipolar patients with valproate-induced weight gain.	Carnitine	61-70	insulin induced gene 2	Homo sapiens	30-36
26953751-9	2009	RESULTS: There was a significant interaction between rs7566605/INSIG2 genetic status and treatment with carnitine or placebo.	Carnitine	104-113	insulin induced gene 2	Homo sapiens	63-69
19437106-2	2009	METHODS: Twenty-seven drugs were screened initially for their potential to inhibit uptake of L-carnitine into a stably transfected hOCTN2-MDCK cell monolayer.	Carnitine	93-104	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	131-137
19437106-6	2009	Among the 33 tested drugs that were predicted to map to the pharmacophore, 27 inhibited hOCTN2 in vitro (40% or less L-carnitine uptake from 2.5 microM L-carnitine solution in presence of 500 microM drug, compared to L-carnitine uptake without drug present).	Carnitine	117-128	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	88-94
19437106-6	2009	Among the 33 tested drugs that were predicted to map to the pharmacophore, 27 inhibited hOCTN2 in vitro (40% or less L-carnitine uptake from 2.5 microM L-carnitine solution in presence of 500 microM drug, compared to L-carnitine uptake without drug present).	Carnitine	152-163	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	88-94
19437106-6	2009	Among the 33 tested drugs that were predicted to map to the pharmacophore, 27 inhibited hOCTN2 in vitro (40% or less L-carnitine uptake from 2.5 microM L-carnitine solution in presence of 500 microM drug, compared to L-carnitine uptake without drug present).	Carnitine	152-163	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	88-94
19285565-3	2009	We found that among several pig tissues, a considerable activity of gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD), the last enzyme of carnitine synthesis, exists, like in humans and several other species, only in liver and kidney.	Carnitine	126-135	LOC100620393	Sus scrofa	68-99
19285565-3	2009	We found that among several pig tissues, a considerable activity of gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD), the last enzyme of carnitine synthesis, exists, like in humans and several other species, only in liver and kidney.	Carnitine	126-135	LOC100620393	Sus scrofa	101-104
19406626-3	2009	In this study the effects of orally administered L-carnitine, a natural amino acid, on ACE activity in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were investigated.	Carnitine	49-60	angiotensin I converting enzyme	Rattus norvegicus	87-90
19406626-9	2009	In conclusion, L-carnitine can reduce tissue ACE activity in aorta, heart and kidney in streptozotocin diabetic rats, which may be due to higher NO production.	Carnitine	15-26	angiotensin I converting enzyme	Rattus norvegicus	45-48
18629605-6	2009	In aged animals, administration of L-carnitine for 21 days significantly decreased the levels of lipid peroxides and improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase.	Carnitine	35-46	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	191-199
19503597-7	2009	rs12356193 within SLC16A9 was associated with DL-carnitine (p = 4.0x10(-26)) and propionyl-L-carnitine (p = 5.0x10(-8)) concentrations, which in turn were associated with serum UA levels (p = 1.4x10(-57) and p = 8.1x10(-54), respectively), forming a triangle between SNP, metabolites, and UA levels.	Carnitine	46-58	solute carrier family 16 member 9	Homo sapiens	18-25
19220985-0	2009	Carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2 (Slc22a5) is responsible for renal secretion of cephaloridine in mice.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	37-42
19220985-0	2009	Carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2 (Slc22a5) is responsible for renal secretion of cephaloridine in mice.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	44-51
19220985-1	2009	Carnitine/organic cation transporter (OCTN) 2 (SLC22A5) plays a pivotal role in renal tubular reabsorption of carnitine, a vitamin-like compound, on apical membranes of proximal tubules, but its role in relation to therapeutic drugs remains to be clarified.	Carnitine	110-119	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	47-54
19220985-7	2009	The OCTN2-mediated CER transport was inhibited by carnitine and independent of Na(+) replacement in the medium.	Carnitine	50-59	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	4-9
19323528-14	2009	Furthermore, carnitine transporter (OCTN2) deficiency can reliably be diagnosed by examining acylcarnitine profiles, which can supplement free carnitine levels as a discriminatory marker.	Carnitine	13-22	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	36-41
18993041-0	2009	Cisplatin-induced kidney injury in the rat: L-carnitine modulates the relationship between MMP-9 and TIMP-3.	Carnitine	44-55	matrix metallopeptidase 9	Rattus norvegicus	91-96
18993041-0	2009	Cisplatin-induced kidney injury in the rat: L-carnitine modulates the relationship between MMP-9 and TIMP-3.	Carnitine	44-55	TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3	Rattus norvegicus	101-107
18993041-6	2009	It can also be postulated that L-carnitine protects from cisplatin injury, by modulating the relationship between MMP-9 and TIMP-3.	Carnitine	31-42	matrix metallopeptidase 9	Rattus norvegicus	114-119
18993041-6	2009	It can also be postulated that L-carnitine protects from cisplatin injury, by modulating the relationship between MMP-9 and TIMP-3.	Carnitine	31-42	TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3	Rattus norvegicus	124-130
18629605-6	2009	In aged animals, administration of L-carnitine for 21 days significantly decreased the levels of lipid peroxides and improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase.	Carnitine	35-46	glutathione-disulfide reductase	Rattus norvegicus	228-249
18629605-7	2009	L-Carnitine enhanced T-cell proliferative responses as evaluated by T-cell proliferation assay using [3H] thymidine incorporation and also significantly reduced DNA damage, apoptosis and TNF-alpha level in lymphocytes of aged animals.	Carnitine	0-11	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	187-196
19141711-11	2009	Further in vivo studies of OCTN2 promoter variants on carnitine disposition and variation in drug response are warranted.	Carnitine	54-63	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	27-32
19320933-0	2009	Increased plasma leptin through l-carnitine supplementation is associated with an enhanced glucose tolerance in healthy ponies.	Carnitine	32-43	leptin	Homo sapiens	17-23
19320933-1	2009	In this study 0 or 4 g of l-carnitine was supplemented for 7 days in a cross-over design of six healthy ponies to modulate glucose metabolism and leptin production.	Carnitine	26-37	leptin	Homo sapiens	146-152
19320933-3	2009	l-carnitine supplementation was associated with a decrease in postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentration, indicating an enhanced glucose tolerance.	Carnitine	0-11	insulin	Homo sapiens	94-101
19320933-4	2009	In contrast, postprandial plasma leptin concentration was increased when l-carnitine was supplemented.	Carnitine	73-84	leptin	Homo sapiens	33-39
19175620-1	2009	Allele variants in the L-carnitine (LCAR) transporters OCTN1 (SLC22A4, 1672 C --&gt; T) and OCTN2 (SLC22A5, -207 G --&gt; C) have been implicated in susceptibility to Crohn"s disease (CD).	Carnitine	23-34	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	55-60
19175620-1	2009	Allele variants in the L-carnitine (LCAR) transporters OCTN1 (SLC22A4, 1672 C --&gt; T) and OCTN2 (SLC22A5, -207 G --&gt; C) have been implicated in susceptibility to Crohn"s disease (CD).	Carnitine	23-34	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	62-69
19175620-1	2009	Allele variants in the L-carnitine (LCAR) transporters OCTN1 (SLC22A4, 1672 C --&gt; T) and OCTN2 (SLC22A5, -207 G --&gt; C) have been implicated in susceptibility to Crohn"s disease (CD).	Carnitine	23-34	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	92-97
19175620-1	2009	Allele variants in the L-carnitine (LCAR) transporters OCTN1 (SLC22A4, 1672 C --&gt; T) and OCTN2 (SLC22A5, -207 G --&gt; C) have been implicated in susceptibility to Crohn"s disease (CD).	Carnitine	23-34	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	99-106
19791468-9	2009	CONCLUSION: PPARalpha and RXRalpha downregulation is significantly correlated with cardiac dysfunction in this alcoholic cardiomyopathy model, carnitine ameliorated the cardiac fibrosis and remodeling possibly through upregulating the metabolic pathways of PPARalpha and RXRalpha.	Carnitine	143-152	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	257-266
19150623-1	2009	The kidney synthesizes L-carnitine and reabsorbs it via the Na(+)/L-carnitine cotransporter OCTN2.	Carnitine	23-34	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	92-97
19791468-9	2009	CONCLUSION: PPARalpha and RXRalpha downregulation is significantly correlated with cardiac dysfunction in this alcoholic cardiomyopathy model, carnitine ameliorated the cardiac fibrosis and remodeling possibly through upregulating the metabolic pathways of PPARalpha and RXRalpha.	Carnitine	143-152	retinoid X receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	271-279
18987259-0	2009	Endogenous plasma carnitine pool composition and response to erythropoietin treatment in chronic haemodialysis patients.	Carnitine	18-27	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	61-75
19294768-12	2009	In the carnitine-depleted rat model, DENA induced a dramatic increase in serum ALT, G-GT, ALP and total bilirubin, as well as a progressive reduction in total carnitine content in liver tissues.	Carnitine	7-16	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	84-88
19294768-13	2009	Interestingly, L-carnitine supplementation resulted in a complete reversal of the increase in liver enzymes, TBARS and NOx, and a decrease in total carnitine, GSH, GSHPx, and CAT induced by DENA, compared with the control values.	Carnitine	15-26	glutathione peroxidase 1	Rattus norvegicus	164-169
19294768-13	2009	Interestingly, L-carnitine supplementation resulted in a complete reversal of the increase in liver enzymes, TBARS and NOx, and a decrease in total carnitine, GSH, GSHPx, and CAT induced by DENA, compared with the control values.	Carnitine	15-26	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	175-178
19294768-13	2009	Interestingly, L-carnitine supplementation resulted in a complete reversal of the increase in liver enzymes, TBARS and NOx, and a decrease in total carnitine, GSH, GSHPx, and CAT induced by DENA, compared with the control values.	Carnitine	17-26	glutathione peroxidase 1	Rattus norvegicus	164-169
19294768-13	2009	Interestingly, L-carnitine supplementation resulted in a complete reversal of the increase in liver enzymes, TBARS and NOx, and a decrease in total carnitine, GSH, GSHPx, and CAT induced by DENA, compared with the control values.	Carnitine	17-26	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	175-178
18981167-9	2009	Thus, OCTN2 is not a general drug transporter but a highly specific carrier for carnitine and closely related molecules.	Carnitine	80-89	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	6-11
19178874-6	2009	The Cmax of ALC (12.9+/-5.5 micromol x L(-1)) and PLC (5.08+/-3.08 micromol x L(-1)) was lower than L-carnitine (P &lt; 0.01), so as the AUC 0-infinity (166.2+/-77.4 and 155.6+/-264.2 micromol x L(-1) x h, respectively, P &lt; 0.01).	Carnitine	100-111	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	12-15
19178874-11	2009	These data may have important implications in the designing of dosing regimens for L-carnitine or its analogues, such as ALC or PLC.	Carnitine	83-94	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	121-124
18443897-3	2009	mRNA and protein levels of TNF-alpha, Fas, and caspase-8, which are closely related to cell apoptosis by a death ligand/receptor-dependent apoptosis pathway, were increased by L-carnitine treatment.	Carnitine	176-187	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	27-36
18443897-3	2009	mRNA and protein levels of TNF-alpha, Fas, and caspase-8, which are closely related to cell apoptosis by a death ligand/receptor-dependent apoptosis pathway, were increased by L-carnitine treatment.	Carnitine	176-187	caspase 8	Mus musculus	47-56
18443897-4	2009	In addition, L-carnitine treatment regulated mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathways by inducing the up-regulation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and the down-regulation of Bcl-2 in hepa1c1c 7 cells.	Carnitine	13-24	caspase 9	Mus musculus	120-129
18443897-4	2009	In addition, L-carnitine treatment regulated mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathways by inducing the up-regulation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and the down-regulation of Bcl-2 in hepa1c1c 7 cells.	Carnitine	13-24	caspase 3	Mus musculus	134-143
18443897-4	2009	In addition, L-carnitine treatment regulated mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathways by inducing the up-regulation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and the down-regulation of Bcl-2 in hepa1c1c 7 cells.	Carnitine	13-24	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	171-176
18443897-5	2009	Taken together, the findings of this study have demonstrated that L-carnitine could induce apoptosis in hepa1c1c7 cells by regulating Fas ligands and inhibiting the expression of Bcl-2.	Carnitine	66-77	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	179-184
18945875-0	2009	Metabolic profiling of PPARalpha-/- mice reveals defects in carnitine and amino acid homeostasis that are partially reversed by oral carnitine supplementation.	Carnitine	60-69	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	23-32
18249387-9	2009	L-Carnitine at 0.3 and 0.6 mg/mL significantly reduced the blocking effect of AD, H(2)O(2), and TNF-alpha and significantly decreased the level of DNA damage.	Carnitine	0-11	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	96-105
18945875-0	2009	Metabolic profiling of PPARalpha-/- mice reveals defects in carnitine and amino acid homeostasis that are partially reversed by oral carnitine supplementation.	Carnitine	133-142	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	23-32
18945875-6	2009	PPARalpha(-/-) mice had 40-50% lower plasma and tissue levels of free carnitine, corresponding with diminished hepatic expression of genes involved in carnitine biosynthesis and transport.	Carnitine	70-79	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	0-9
18945875-6	2009	PPARalpha(-/-) mice had 40-50% lower plasma and tissue levels of free carnitine, corresponding with diminished hepatic expression of genes involved in carnitine biosynthesis and transport.	Carnitine	151-160	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	0-9
18945875-7	2009	One week of oral carnitine supplementation conferred partial metabolic recovery in the PPARalpha(-/-) mice.	Carnitine	17-26	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	87-96
19154956-0	2009	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and enzymes of carnitine biosynthesis in the liver are down-regulated during lactation in rats.	Carnitine	64-73	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	0-48
19154956-6	2009	In conclusion, the present study demonstrates for the first time that lactation leads to a down-regulation of PPARalpha and genes involved in hepatic carnitine synthesis and uptake of carnitine (OCTN1) in the liver, irrespective of litter size.	Carnitine	150-159	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	110-119
19154956-6	2009	In conclusion, the present study demonstrates for the first time that lactation leads to a down-regulation of PPARalpha and genes involved in hepatic carnitine synthesis and uptake of carnitine (OCTN1) in the liver, irrespective of litter size.	Carnitine	184-193	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	110-119
19154956-6	2009	In conclusion, the present study demonstrates for the first time that lactation leads to a down-regulation of PPARalpha and genes involved in hepatic carnitine synthesis and uptake of carnitine (OCTN1) in the liver, irrespective of litter size.	Carnitine	184-193	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Rattus norvegicus	195-200
18641280-0	2008	Expression and localization of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1 and OCTN2 in ocular epithelium.	Carnitine	31-40	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	68-73
19881261-1	2009	The novel organic cation transporter 1 (OCTN1) is a multispecific, bidirectional and pH-dependent organic cation transporter with low carnitine transport activity.	Carnitine	134-143	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens	10-38
19881261-1	2009	The novel organic cation transporter 1 (OCTN1) is a multispecific, bidirectional and pH-dependent organic cation transporter with low carnitine transport activity.	Carnitine	134-143	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens	40-45
20530934-0	2009	Relationship between carnitine, fatty acids and insulin resistance.	Carnitine	21-30	insulin	Homo sapiens	48-55
20530934-5	2009	The results of the present study provide evidence that L-carnitine supplementation in pregnancy (2 g/day) avoids a striking increase in plasma FFA, which are thought to be the main cause of insulin resistance and consequently gestational diabetes mellitus.	Carnitine	55-66	insulin	Homo sapiens	190-197
19012611-4	2008	Insulin-like growth factor-I messenger RNA (mRNA) was lower (p = 0.05) in hepatic tissue in the foetuses collected from gilts fed L-carnitine.	Carnitine	130-141	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	0-28
18930039-0	2009	Serum free L-carnitine in association with myoglobin as a diagnostic marker of acute myocardial infarction.	Carnitine	11-22	myoglobin	Homo sapiens	43-52
18930039-6	2009	In addition, serum free L-carnitine level was negatively correlated to CK-MB and Myo (r=-0.61 and -0.52) respectively.	Carnitine	24-35	myoglobin	Homo sapiens	81-84
18930039-8	2009	CONCLUSION: Comparing the changes in serum total CK, levels of CK-MB, Myo and carnitine, the sensitivity and specificity were significantly higher for serum free L-carnitine.	Carnitine	162-173	myoglobin	Homo sapiens	70-73
19233567-4	2009	The hOCTN2 deficiency presents with carnitine-responsive cardiomyopathy.	Carnitine	36-45	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	4-10
18641280-11	2008	These findings suggest potential involvement of OCTN1 and OCTN2 in the transport of carnitine in ocular tissues.	Carnitine	84-93	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	48-53
18641280-11	2008	These findings suggest potential involvement of OCTN1 and OCTN2 in the transport of carnitine in ocular tissues.	Carnitine	84-93	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	58-63
18166247-0	2008	Study on the binding interaction between carnitine optical isomer and bovine serum albumin.	Carnitine	41-50	albumin	Homo sapiens	77-90
19080238-7	2008	CONCLUSION: Metabolic disorder and cardiac remodeling occur in the development process of ACM; they are partly prevented by L-carnitine through downregulating mRNA and protein expressions of PPARalpha, RXRalpha, CPT-I, MCAD and PPARgamma.	Carnitine	124-135	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	191-200
19080238-7	2008	CONCLUSION: Metabolic disorder and cardiac remodeling occur in the development process of ACM; they are partly prevented by L-carnitine through downregulating mRNA and protein expressions of PPARalpha, RXRalpha, CPT-I, MCAD and PPARgamma.	Carnitine	124-135	retinoid X receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	202-210
19080238-7	2008	CONCLUSION: Metabolic disorder and cardiac remodeling occur in the development process of ACM; they are partly prevented by L-carnitine through downregulating mRNA and protein expressions of PPARalpha, RXRalpha, CPT-I, MCAD and PPARgamma.	Carnitine	124-135	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	212-217
19080238-7	2008	CONCLUSION: Metabolic disorder and cardiac remodeling occur in the development process of ACM; they are partly prevented by L-carnitine through downregulating mRNA and protein expressions of PPARalpha, RXRalpha, CPT-I, MCAD and PPARgamma.	Carnitine	124-135	acyl-CoA dehydrogenase medium chain	Homo sapiens	219-223
19080238-7	2008	CONCLUSION: Metabolic disorder and cardiac remodeling occur in the development process of ACM; they are partly prevented by L-carnitine through downregulating mRNA and protein expressions of PPARalpha, RXRalpha, CPT-I, MCAD and PPARgamma.	Carnitine	124-135	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens	228-237
18166247-1	2008	The reaction between carnitine and bovine serum albumin (BSA) in aqueous solution has been studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and absorbance spectra.	Carnitine	21-30	albumin	Homo sapiens	42-55
18689527-4	2008	Acetyl-CoA is trafficked in the form of acetate by the carnitine shuttle, and we hypothesized that the enzymes that convert acetyl-CoA to/from acetate, i.e., acetyl-CoA hydrolase (ACH1) and acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS1 and ACS2), would regulate alternative carbon utilization and virulence.	Carnitine	55-64	acetyl-CoA hydrolase	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	180-184
18689527-4	2008	Acetyl-CoA is trafficked in the form of acetate by the carnitine shuttle, and we hypothesized that the enzymes that convert acetyl-CoA to/from acetate, i.e., acetyl-CoA hydrolase (ACH1) and acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS1 and ACS2), would regulate alternative carbon utilization and virulence.	Carnitine	55-64	acetate--CoA ligase ACS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	222-226
18166247-6	2008	The influence of Fe3+ on the interactions between carnitine optical isomer and bovine serum albumin were also explored in this work.	Carnitine	50-59	albumin	Homo sapiens	86-99
18758058-6	2008	In addition, carnitine was produced by incubated liver homogenates from the VC-depleted SMP30/GNL KO mice irrespective of the presence or absence of 1 mM VC.	Carnitine	13-22	regucalcin	Mus musculus	88-93
18987586-4	2008	Diagnosis of CPT II was confirmed (free carnitine level in blood 12.2 micromol/l; ratio (C16+C18):1/C2 was 0.760 by tandem mass spectrometry; activity of CPT II in leukocytes was 0.082 micromol/min x gram protein).	Carnitine	40-49	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	13-19
18758058-2	2008	Vitamin C (VC) has long been considered a requirement for the activities of two enzymes in the carnitine biosynthetic pathway, i.e., 6-N-trimethyllysine dioxygenase and gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase.	Carnitine	95-104	butyrobetaine (gamma), 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase 1 (gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase)	Mus musculus	169-200
18539446-9	2008	Dietary carnitine significantly decreased the mRNA level of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), an indicator of bone resorption by 72.8%, and decreased the mRNA abundance of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and collagen type-1 (COL), measures of bone formation by 63.6% and 61.2%, respectively.	Carnitine	8-17	acid phosphatase 5, tartrate resistant	Rattus norvegicus	60-95
18539446-9	2008	Dietary carnitine significantly decreased the mRNA level of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), an indicator of bone resorption by 72.8%, and decreased the mRNA abundance of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and collagen type-1 (COL), measures of bone formation by 63.6% and 61.2%, respectively.	Carnitine	8-17	acid phosphatase 5, tartrate resistant	Rattus norvegicus	97-101
18567754-11	2008	Relative to d 10, enhanced expression of OCTN2 and ATB(0,+) in mammary glands at d 4 of lactation and higher M/S (L-carnitine and cefepime) suggests cefepime competes with L-carnitine for L-carnitine transporters expressed in the lactating mammary gland to adversely affect L-carnitine milk concentrations and these effects depend upon lactation stage.	Carnitine	172-183	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	41-46
18366149-2	2008	The cationic polyrotaxanes effectively inhibited the OCTN2-mediated carnitine transport.	Carnitine	68-77	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	53-58
18378560-8	2008	L-Carnitine level was negatively correlated with FAI, but positively correlated with SHBG.	Carnitine	0-11	sex hormone binding globulin	Homo sapiens	85-89
18378560-9	2008	Multiple regression analysis revealed that SHBG was a strong predictor of serum total L-carnitine level.	Carnitine	86-97	sex hormone binding globulin	Homo sapiens	43-47
18378560-10	2008	CONCLUSIONS: Decreased total L-carnitine levels may be associated with hyperandrogenism and/or insulin resistance in non-obese women with PCOS.	Carnitine	29-40	insulin	Homo sapiens	95-102
18567754-11	2008	Relative to d 10, enhanced expression of OCTN2 and ATB(0,+) in mammary glands at d 4 of lactation and higher M/S (L-carnitine and cefepime) suggests cefepime competes with L-carnitine for L-carnitine transporters expressed in the lactating mammary gland to adversely affect L-carnitine milk concentrations and these effects depend upon lactation stage.	Carnitine	172-183	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	41-46
19024534-8	2008	The contents of sialic acid and carnitine in the epididymis were significantly negatively correlated with the HIF-1alpha expression (r = -0.649, P = 0.017; r = -0.666, P = 0.013).	Carnitine	32-41	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Rattus norvegicus	110-120
18620058-0	2008	Treatment with pharmacological peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist clofibrate increases intestinal carnitine absorption in rats.	Carnitine	120-129	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	31-79
18620058-2	2008	This strongly suggests that PPARalpha activation in response to clofibrate treatment improves the absorption of carnitine from the diet.	Carnitine	112-121	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	28-37
18620058-7	2008	In conclusion, the present study shows that administration of clofibrate to rats increases carnitine absorption in small intestine which is probably due to the observed upregulation of OCTN2 mediated by activation of PPARalpha.	Carnitine	91-100	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	185-190
18427809-4	2008	The two pathways, therefore, provide a metabolic bypass for each other, and carnitine-dependent phenotypes have only been described in strains with non-functional peroxisomal citrate synthase, Cit2p.	Carnitine	76-85	citrate (Si)-synthase CIT2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	193-198
18520060-1	2008	The tissue distribution and disposition of carnitine, which plays an important role in the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial inner membrane for beta-oxidation, are well controlled by carnitine transporter organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2).	Carnitine	43-52	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	232-270
18520060-1	2008	The tissue distribution and disposition of carnitine, which plays an important role in the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial inner membrane for beta-oxidation, are well controlled by carnitine transporter organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2).	Carnitine	43-52	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	272-277
18520060-7	2008	In conclusion, our results indicate that the nuclear receptor PPARalpha directly up-regulates the expression of rOctn2 and increases the hepatic uptake of carnitine via rOctn2.	Carnitine	155-164	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	62-71
18520060-7	2008	In conclusion, our results indicate that the nuclear receptor PPARalpha directly up-regulates the expression of rOctn2 and increases the hepatic uptake of carnitine via rOctn2.	Carnitine	155-164	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	169-175
18600520-4	2008	There were increases for HPRT in C4-, C6-, and C3-DC (malonyl)-carnitines, and decreased serine.	Carnitine	63-73	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	25-29
18322073-2	2008	Here, we show key roles of postsynaptic density 95/disk-large/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-containing protein, PDZK1, as a regulatory mechanism of two solute carriers, Slc15a1 (oligopeptide transporter PEPT1) and Slc22a5 (carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2) in mouse small intestine by using pdzk1 gene knockout (pdzk1(-/-)) mice.	Carnitine	211-220	PDZ domain containing 1	Mus musculus	100-105
18322073-2	2008	Here, we show key roles of postsynaptic density 95/disk-large/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-containing protein, PDZK1, as a regulatory mechanism of two solute carriers, Slc15a1 (oligopeptide transporter PEPT1) and Slc22a5 (carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2) in mouse small intestine by using pdzk1 gene knockout (pdzk1(-/-)) mice.	Carnitine	211-220	solute carrier family 15 (oligopeptide transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	157-164
18322073-2	2008	Here, we show key roles of postsynaptic density 95/disk-large/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-containing protein, PDZK1, as a regulatory mechanism of two solute carriers, Slc15a1 (oligopeptide transporter PEPT1) and Slc22a5 (carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2) in mouse small intestine by using pdzk1 gene knockout (pdzk1(-/-)) mice.	Carnitine	211-220	solute carrier family 15 (oligopeptide transporter), member 1	Mus musculus	191-196
18322073-2	2008	Here, we show key roles of postsynaptic density 95/disk-large/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-containing protein, PDZK1, as a regulatory mechanism of two solute carriers, Slc15a1 (oligopeptide transporter PEPT1) and Slc22a5 (carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2) in mouse small intestine by using pdzk1 gene knockout (pdzk1(-/-)) mice.	Carnitine	211-220	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	202-209
18322073-2	2008	Here, we show key roles of postsynaptic density 95/disk-large/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-containing protein, PDZK1, as a regulatory mechanism of two solute carriers, Slc15a1 (oligopeptide transporter PEPT1) and Slc22a5 (carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2) in mouse small intestine by using pdzk1 gene knockout (pdzk1(-/-)) mice.	Carnitine	211-220	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	248-253
18322073-2	2008	Here, we show key roles of postsynaptic density 95/disk-large/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-containing protein, PDZK1, as a regulatory mechanism of two solute carriers, Slc15a1 (oligopeptide transporter PEPT1) and Slc22a5 (carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2) in mouse small intestine by using pdzk1 gene knockout (pdzk1(-/-)) mice.	Carnitine	211-220	PDZ domain containing 1	Mus musculus	289-294
18322073-2	2008	Here, we show key roles of postsynaptic density 95/disk-large/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-containing protein, PDZK1, as a regulatory mechanism of two solute carriers, Slc15a1 (oligopeptide transporter PEPT1) and Slc22a5 (carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2) in mouse small intestine by using pdzk1 gene knockout (pdzk1(-/-)) mice.	Carnitine	211-220	PDZ domain containing 1	Mus musculus	310-315
18322073-5	2008	Absorption of carnitine, a substrate of OCTN2, was also decreased in pdzk1(-/-) mice.	Carnitine	14-23	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	40-45
18322073-5	2008	Absorption of carnitine, a substrate of OCTN2, was also decreased in pdzk1(-/-) mice.	Carnitine	14-23	PDZ domain containing 1	Mus musculus	69-74
18317232-0	2008	Carnitine supplementation induces acylcarnitine production in tissues of very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase-deficient mice, without replenishing low free carnitine.	Carnitine	0-9	acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, very long chain	Mus musculus	73-111
18317232-0	2008	Carnitine supplementation induces acylcarnitine production in tissues of very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase-deficient mice, without replenishing low free carnitine.	Carnitine	38-47	acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, very long chain	Mus musculus	73-111
18317232-1	2008	Deficiency of very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) results in accumulation of C14-C18 acylcarnitines and low free carnitine.	Carnitine	100-109	acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, very long chain	Mus musculus	54-59
18317232-4	2008	VLCAD(+/-) mice were fed with carnitine dissolved in drinking water.	Carnitine	30-39	acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, very long chain	Mus musculus	0-5
17984191-0	2008	Effect of L-carnitine administration on the modulated rat brain protein concentration, acetylcholinesterase, Na+K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities induced by forced swimming.	Carnitine	10-21	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	87-107
18299183-14	2008	Finally, d4T-induced alteration of SREBP1c and MTP expression was partially prevented by l-carnitine.	Carnitine	89-100	sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	35-42
18299183-14	2008	Finally, d4T-induced alteration of SREBP1c and MTP expression was partially prevented by l-carnitine.	Carnitine	89-100	microsomal triglyceride transfer protein	Rattus norvegicus	47-50
17984191-5	2008	L-C administration resulted in a profound restoration of TAS and protein concentration whereas AChE and Na(+)K(+)-ATPase were increased before exercise, followed by AChE restoration and Na(+)K(+)-ATPase reduction after exercise.	Carnitine	0-3	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	165-169
18408886-0	2008	Pharmacological manipulation of L-carnitine transport into L6 cells with stable overexpression of human OCTN2.	Carnitine	32-43	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	104-109
18408886-1	2008	The high-affinity Na+-dependent carnitine transporter OCTN2 (SLC22A5) has a high renal expression and reabsorbs most filtered carnitine.	Carnitine	32-41	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	54-59
18408886-1	2008	The high-affinity Na+-dependent carnitine transporter OCTN2 (SLC22A5) has a high renal expression and reabsorbs most filtered carnitine.	Carnitine	32-41	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	61-68
18194214-3	2008	In this work, we evaluated the effects of the antioxidant and energy precursor, levocarnitine (L-CAR), on the oxidative damage and the behavioral, morphological, and neurochemical alterations produced in nerve tissue by the excitotoxin and free radical precursor, quinolinic acid (2,3-pyrindin dicarboxylic acid; QUIN), and the mitochondrial toxin, 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP).	Carnitine	80-93	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3	Rattus norvegicus	97-100
18405497-7	2008	RESULTS: There was an increase in VO2 peak on L-carnitine group from 16.3 (2.8) mL x Kg(-1) x min(-1) to 19.5 (3.3) mL x Kg(-1) x min(-1), and the same was seen in the placebo group (increase in VO2 peak from 14.8 (3.8) mL x Kg(-1) x min(-1) to 18.9 (4.8) mL x Kg(-1) x min(-1)).	Carnitine	46-57	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	94-100
18405497-7	2008	RESULTS: There was an increase in VO2 peak on L-carnitine group from 16.3 (2.8) mL x Kg(-1) x min(-1) to 19.5 (3.3) mL x Kg(-1) x min(-1), and the same was seen in the placebo group (increase in VO2 peak from 14.8 (3.8) mL x Kg(-1) x min(-1) to 18.9 (4.8) mL x Kg(-1) x min(-1)).	Carnitine	46-57	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	130-136
18405497-7	2008	RESULTS: There was an increase in VO2 peak on L-carnitine group from 16.3 (2.8) mL x Kg(-1) x min(-1) to 19.5 (3.3) mL x Kg(-1) x min(-1), and the same was seen in the placebo group (increase in VO2 peak from 14.8 (3.8) mL x Kg(-1) x min(-1) to 18.9 (4.8) mL x Kg(-1) x min(-1)).	Carnitine	46-57	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	130-136
18405497-7	2008	RESULTS: There was an increase in VO2 peak on L-carnitine group from 16.3 (2.8) mL x Kg(-1) x min(-1) to 19.5 (3.3) mL x Kg(-1) x min(-1), and the same was seen in the placebo group (increase in VO2 peak from 14.8 (3.8) mL x Kg(-1) x min(-1) to 18.9 (4.8) mL x Kg(-1) x min(-1)).	Carnitine	46-57	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	130-136
18258227-1	2008	Recent studies have shown that treatment of rodents with agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha causes an up-regulation of novel organic cation transporter (OCTN)-2, a carnitine transporter, and increases carnitine concentration in the liver.	Carnitine	197-206	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Sus scrofa	69-124
18336417-8	2008	Supplemental l-carnitine reduced plasma MDA, increased SOD, inhibited remodelling and postponed the occurrence of PHS for 1 week in cold-exposed broilers; nevertheless, it did not significantly influence the cumulative PHS mortality (p &gt; 0.05).	Carnitine	13-24	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	55-58
18307045-6	2008	In contrast, mitochondrial cofactors such as L-carnitine and acetyl-L: -carnitine attenuated mitochondrial membrane depolarization, abrogated cellular ATP depletion and reversed PI uptake without affecting Annexin-V positive cells.	Carnitine	45-56	annexin A5	Homo sapiens	206-215
17939042-7	2008	CONCLUSIONS: Combined treatment with L: -carnitine, ribavirin and IFN alpha resulted in greater antihyperlipidaemic effects and than with ribavirin and IFN alpha alone.	Carnitine	37-50	interferon alpha 1	Homo sapiens	152-161
17939042-8	2008	The results of this study suggest that L: -carnitine may have a role among the reduction of steatosis strategies in patients with hepatitis C treated with IFN alpha and ribavirin.	Carnitine	39-52	interferon alpha 1	Homo sapiens	155-164
18258227-1	2008	Recent studies have shown that treatment of rodents with agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha causes an up-regulation of novel organic cation transporter (OCTN)-2, a carnitine transporter, and increases carnitine concentration in the liver.	Carnitine	197-206	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Sus scrofa	158-193
18258227-6	2008	Concentrations of gamma-butyrobetaine, the precursor of endogenous formation of carnitine, in liver, muscle and plasma did not differ between both groups; the activity of gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase, the rate limiting enzyme of carnitine synthesis, in the liver was lower in pigs treated with clofibrate than in control pigs (P&lt;0.05).	Carnitine	232-241	LOC100620393	Sus scrofa	171-202
18296741-0	2008	PPAR alpha mediates transcriptional upregulation of novel organic cation transporters-2 and -3 and enzymes involved in hepatic carnitine synthesis.	Carnitine	127-136	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	0-10
17977676-4	2008	The aim of this study was to determine the effects of fluoroquinolones, inhibitors of OCTN2, on L-carnitine transport in the placenta which is known to have a high expression level of OCTN2.	Carnitine	96-107	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	86-91
17977676-4	2008	The aim of this study was to determine the effects of fluoroquinolones, inhibitors of OCTN2, on L-carnitine transport in the placenta which is known to have a high expression level of OCTN2.	Carnitine	96-107	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	184-189
18296741-8	2008	In conclusion, this study shows that transcriptional upregulation of OCTN2 and OCTN3 in tissues and of enzymes involved in hepatic carnitine biosynthesis are mediated by PPAR alpha.	Carnitine	131-140	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	170-180
18296741-9	2008	It also shows that PPAR alpha mediates changes of whole-body carnitine homeostasis in mice by upregulation of carnitine transporters and enzymes involved in carnitine synthesis.	Carnitine	61-70	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	19-29
18296741-0	2008	PPAR alpha mediates transcriptional upregulation of novel organic cation transporters-2 and -3 and enzymes involved in hepatic carnitine synthesis.	Carnitine	127-136	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	58-94
18296741-9	2008	It also shows that PPAR alpha mediates changes of whole-body carnitine homeostasis in mice by upregulation of carnitine transporters and enzymes involved in carnitine synthesis.	Carnitine	110-119	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	19-29
18296741-8	2008	In conclusion, this study shows that transcriptional upregulation of OCTN2 and OCTN3 in tissues and of enzymes involved in hepatic carnitine biosynthesis are mediated by PPAR alpha.	Carnitine	131-140	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	69-74
18296741-8	2008	In conclusion, this study shows that transcriptional upregulation of OCTN2 and OCTN3 in tissues and of enzymes involved in hepatic carnitine biosynthesis are mediated by PPAR alpha.	Carnitine	131-140	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 21	Mus musculus	79-84
17962380-0	2008	Carnitine-mediated improved response to erythropoietin involves induction of haem oxygenase-1: studies in humans and in an animal model.	Carnitine	0-9	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	40-54
17962380-10	2008	HO-1 and Bcl-2 protein levels in untreated heart failure rat"s gastrocnemious muscle were reduced when compared with controls: 3.41 +/- 0.49 versus 5.32 +/- 0.38 and 0.69 +/- 0.11 versus 1.65 +/- 0.37, respectively, but were higher in carnitine-treated heart failure rats: 4.8 +/- 0.32 versus 3.41 +/- 0.49, P &lt; 0.0002 and 1.09 +/- 0.08 versus 0.69 +/- 0.11, P = 0.0007, respectively.	Carnitine	235-244	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	9-14
17977516-0	2008	Contributions of phosphorylation to regulation of OCTN2 uptake of carnitine are minimal in BeWo cells.	Carnitine	66-75	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	50-55
18045815-2	2008	We have used a randomised, matched-paired, double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental design to determine the capability of intravenous L-carnitine supplementation to modify insulin resistance and protein catabolism in non-diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing chronic haemodialysis treatment.	Carnitine	139-150	insulin	Homo sapiens	177-184
18045815-7	2008	Insulin-mediated glucose disappearance was improved by L-carnitine only in those patients (n = 5) (+18 +/- 3%, P &lt; 0.05 vs placebo group, n = 5) with greater baseline insulin resistance, selected according to the median value of insulin sensitivity before treatment.	Carnitine	55-66	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
18045815-7	2008	Insulin-mediated glucose disappearance was improved by L-carnitine only in those patients (n = 5) (+18 +/- 3%, P &lt; 0.05 vs placebo group, n = 5) with greater baseline insulin resistance, selected according to the median value of insulin sensitivity before treatment.	Carnitine	55-66	insulin	Homo sapiens	170-177
18045815-7	2008	Insulin-mediated glucose disappearance was improved by L-carnitine only in those patients (n = 5) (+18 +/- 3%, P &lt; 0.05 vs placebo group, n = 5) with greater baseline insulin resistance, selected according to the median value of insulin sensitivity before treatment.	Carnitine	55-66	insulin	Homo sapiens	232-239
18488339-4	2008	CONCLUSION: The human epididymis may rely on OCTN2 for transporting L-Carnitine into the epididymal duct to promote sperm maturation.	Carnitine	68-79	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	45-50
18045815-0	2008	Insulin action on glucose and protein metabolism during L-carnitine supplementation in maintenance haemodialysis patients.	Carnitine	56-67	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
17977516-2	2008	OCTN2 transports carnitine with high affinity, and the transport of several drugs has also been shown to be mediated by this transporter.	Carnitine	17-26	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	0-5
17977516-3	2008	In this work, the role of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation mechanisms in regulating OCTN2 was investigated by observing the effects of various activators and inhibitors of kinases and phosphatases on the uptake of carnitine in BeWo cells, a human choriocarcinoma trophoblast cell line frequently used as an in vitro model of the rate-limiting barrier for maternal-fetal exchange.	Carnitine	219-228	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	89-94
17977516-5	2008	Levamisole, an ALP inhibitor, caused a more substantial decrease in carnitine uptake than expected from its corresponding decrease in ALP activity.	Carnitine	68-77	alkaline phosphatase, placental	Homo sapiens	15-18
17977516-5	2008	Levamisole, an ALP inhibitor, caused a more substantial decrease in carnitine uptake than expected from its corresponding decrease in ALP activity.	Carnitine	68-77	alkaline phosphatase, placental	Homo sapiens	134-137
17977516-6	2008	It was determined that levamisole competitively inhibits carnitine uptake, with a K(i) value of 1.01+/-0.05mM, and this effect has a greater role in decreasing carnitine uptake than any indirect effects of ALP inhibition upon OCTN2 function.	Carnitine	57-66	alkaline phosphatase, placental	Homo sapiens	206-209
17977516-6	2008	It was determined that levamisole competitively inhibits carnitine uptake, with a K(i) value of 1.01+/-0.05mM, and this effect has a greater role in decreasing carnitine uptake than any indirect effects of ALP inhibition upon OCTN2 function.	Carnitine	57-66	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	226-231
18307102-7	2008	Results obtained from amino acid substitutions of residues Arg275, Asn280 and Phe284 of human CAC together with structural analysis using molecular modelling of the carrier suggest that R275, N280 and F284 are involved in substrate binding during acylcarnitine/carnitine translocation.	Carnitine	251-260	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	94-97
17988778-6	2008	Since L-carnitine has been reported to have antioxidant potential, antioxidant defense enzymes in the cauda epididymis such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were evaluated.	Carnitine	6-17	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	155-163
18199095-3	2008	In January 2003, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (USA) implemented coverage of intravenous L-carnitine for the treatment of erythropoietin-resistant anaemia and/or intradialytic hypotension in patients with low endogenous L-carnitine concentrations.	Carnitine	106-117	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	139-153
17988778-6	2008	Since L-carnitine has been reported to have antioxidant potential, antioxidant defense enzymes in the cauda epididymis such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were evaluated.	Carnitine	6-17	glutathione-disulfide reductase	Rattus norvegicus	192-213
18309235-1	2008	BACKGROUND: Recently, we have shown that activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha by clofibrate leads to an upregulation of novel organic cation transporter (OCTN)-2, a carnitine transporter, and in turn increases the carnitine concentration in the liver of rats.	Carnitine	198-207	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	55-110
18024721-4	2008	Our data indicate that at 2 wk of age, shunt lambs have significantly reduced expression (P &lt; 0.05) of the key enzymes in carnitine metabolism: carnitine palmitoyltransferases 1 and 2 as well as carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT).	Carnitine	125-134	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Ovis aries	227-231
18417958-1	2008	BACKGROUND/AIMS: Juvenile visceral steatosis (jvs-/-) mice lack the activity of the carnitine transporter OCTN2 and are dependent on carnitine substitution.	Carnitine	84-93	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	106-111
18714152-0	2008	Effect of oral L-carnitine administration on insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.	Carnitine	15-26	insulin	Homo sapiens	45-52
18309235-10	2008	Increased tissue carnitine concentrations in fasted and calorie-restricted rats might be at least in part due to increased uptake of carnitine by OCTN2.	Carnitine	17-26	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	146-151
18714152-1	2008	AIM: It was the aim of this study to evaluate the effect of oral L-carnitine administration on insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.	Carnitine	65-76	insulin	Homo sapiens	95-102
18309235-10	2008	Increased tissue carnitine concentrations in fasted and calorie-restricted rats might be at least in part due to increased uptake of carnitine by OCTN2.	Carnitine	133-142	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	146-151
18762717-7	2008	These results suggest that low renal reabsorption and interaction of hOCTN2 for these acylcarnitines might possibly affect the decrease of L-carnitine concentration in humans.	Carnitine	139-150	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	69-75
18296364-5	2008	Diabetes: In an animal study, streptozptpcin-induced diabetic rats had markedly lower IGFBP-3 than normal rats, and IGFBP-3 was increased by L-carnitine treatment, demonstrating that L-carnitine treatment of diabetic rats modulates the IGFs/IGFBPs axis.	Carnitine	141-152	insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3	Rattus norvegicus	116-123
18296364-5	2008	Diabetes: In an animal study, streptozptpcin-induced diabetic rats had markedly lower IGFBP-3 than normal rats, and IGFBP-3 was increased by L-carnitine treatment, demonstrating that L-carnitine treatment of diabetic rats modulates the IGFs/IGFBPs axis.	Carnitine	141-152	insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3	Rattus norvegicus	241-247
18296364-5	2008	Diabetes: In an animal study, streptozptpcin-induced diabetic rats had markedly lower IGFBP-3 than normal rats, and IGFBP-3 was increased by L-carnitine treatment, demonstrating that L-carnitine treatment of diabetic rats modulates the IGFs/IGFBPs axis.	Carnitine	183-194	insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3	Rattus norvegicus	86-93
18296364-5	2008	Diabetes: In an animal study, streptozptpcin-induced diabetic rats had markedly lower IGFBP-3 than normal rats, and IGFBP-3 was increased by L-carnitine treatment, demonstrating that L-carnitine treatment of diabetic rats modulates the IGFs/IGFBPs axis.	Carnitine	183-194	insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3	Rattus norvegicus	116-123
18296364-5	2008	Diabetes: In an animal study, streptozptpcin-induced diabetic rats had markedly lower IGFBP-3 than normal rats, and IGFBP-3 was increased by L-carnitine treatment, demonstrating that L-carnitine treatment of diabetic rats modulates the IGFs/IGFBPs axis.	Carnitine	183-194	insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3	Rattus norvegicus	241-247
17576045-8	2008	CONCLUSIONS: hOCTN2 deficiency presents with carnitine-responsive cardiomyopathy, myopathy and hypoglycemic, hypoketotic coma with strokes, seizures and delays.	Carnitine	45-54	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	13-19
18328148-4	2008	Since both the OCTN1 and OCTN2 play a central role in the transmembrane transport of carnitine, we also determined the quantitative serum carnitine ester profile by ESI tandem mass spectrometry.	Carnitine	85-94	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	15-20
18328148-4	2008	Since both the OCTN1 and OCTN2 play a central role in the transmembrane transport of carnitine, we also determined the quantitative serum carnitine ester profile by ESI tandem mass spectrometry.	Carnitine	85-94	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	25-30
18194084-0	2008	The in vivo and in vitro effects of L-carnitine supplementation on the erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase, Na+, K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities in basketball players.	Carnitine	36-47	acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group)	Homo sapiens	92-112
18574325-0	2008	Involvement of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2 (SLC22A5) in distribution of its substrate carnitine to the heart.	Carnitine	15-24	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	52-57
18574325-0	2008	Involvement of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2 (SLC22A5) in distribution of its substrate carnitine to the heart.	Carnitine	15-24	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	59-66
18574325-0	2008	Involvement of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2 (SLC22A5) in distribution of its substrate carnitine to the heart.	Carnitine	101-110	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	52-57
18574325-0	2008	Involvement of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2 (SLC22A5) in distribution of its substrate carnitine to the heart.	Carnitine	101-110	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	59-66
18574325-10	2008	These results demonstrate that OCTN2 is functionally expressed on the plasma membrane of muscle cells and is involved in distribution of carnitine to the heart.	Carnitine	137-146	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	31-36
17995936-8	2008	Localization of OCTN2 suggest that carnitine can be also transported from the brain, playing an important role in removal of certain acyl esters.	Carnitine	35-44	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	16-21
17855766-1	2007	L-carnitine is absorbed in the intestinal tract via the carnitine transporter OCTN2 and the amino acid transporter ATB(0,+).	Carnitine	0-11	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	78-83
18025760-9	2007	When JVS mice were fed a carnitine-rich diet, suppression of expression of orexin mRNA in hypothalamus was eliminated, and on day 28 lactose and cellulose were detected in the stomach without hypoglycemia.	Carnitine	25-34	hypocretin	Mus musculus	75-81
17855766-2	2007	Loss-of-function mutations in OCTN2 may be associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), suggesting a role for carnitine in intestinal/colonic health.	Carnitine	115-124	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	30-35
17855766-13	2007	BC also inhibited OCTN2-mediated carnitine uptake (IC(50), 1.5 +/- 0.3 microM).	Carnitine	33-42	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	18-23
17540457-6	2007	However, the elevations in circulating HX and AGP levels were more pronounced in the L-carnitine supplemented chickens, especially in the 100mg L-carnitine group.	Carnitine	85-96	hemopexin	Gallus gallus	39-41
17524183-1	2007	It has been shown that treatment of rats with clofibrate, a synthetic agonist of PPARalpha, increases mRNA concentration of organic cation transporters (OCTN)-1 and -2 and concentration of carnitine in the liver.	Carnitine	189-198	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	81-90
17524183-8	2007	The present study supports the hypothesis that nutrients acting as PPARalpha agonists influence whole-body carnitine homeostasis.	Carnitine	107-116	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	67-76
17965255-0	2007	Transport of carnitine and acetylcarnitine by carnitine/organic cation transporter (OCTN) 2 and OCTN3 into epididymal spermatozoa.	Carnitine	13-22	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	46-91
17965255-0	2007	Transport of carnitine and acetylcarnitine by carnitine/organic cation transporter (OCTN) 2 and OCTN3 into epididymal spermatozoa.	Carnitine	13-22	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 21	Mus musculus	96-101
17965255-7	2007	We conclude that both Na(+)-dependent and -independent carnitine transporters, OCTN2 and OCTN3, mediate the supply of carnitine and acetylcarnitine to epididymal spermatozoa in mice.	Carnitine	55-64	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	79-84
17965255-7	2007	We conclude that both Na(+)-dependent and -independent carnitine transporters, OCTN2 and OCTN3, mediate the supply of carnitine and acetylcarnitine to epididymal spermatozoa in mice.	Carnitine	55-64	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 21	Mus musculus	89-94
17693145-13	2007	Since L-carnitine is involved in muscle energy production its decreased absorption due to OCTN2 reduction might explain muscular symptoms in celiac disease patients.	Carnitine	6-17	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	90-95
17693145-14	2007	The diet-induced OCTN2 increase, improving carnitine absorption, might explain the L-carnitine treatment efficacy.	Carnitine	43-52	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	17-22
17693145-14	2007	The diet-induced OCTN2 increase, improving carnitine absorption, might explain the L-carnitine treatment efficacy.	Carnitine	83-94	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	17-22
17716880-7	2007	Administration of L-carnitine significantly reduced AA-induced elevations in AST, ALT, TSA and MDA concentrations and increased GSH levels at all sampling points.	Carnitine	18-29	transmembrane protease, serine 11d	Mus musculus	77-80
17716880-7	2007	Administration of L-carnitine significantly reduced AA-induced elevations in AST, ALT, TSA and MDA concentrations and increased GSH levels at all sampling points.	Carnitine	18-29	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	82-85
17565063-5	2007	Postfeeding and overall insulin and connecting peptide of insulin (c-peptide) was decreased for sows fed diets with CrP or L-carnitine and was greatest for sows fed the control diet; however, sows fed both L-carnitine and CrP had an intermediate response (L-carnitine x CrP, P &lt; 0.01).	Carnitine	123-134	insulin	Homo sapiens	58-65
17565063-5	2007	Postfeeding and overall insulin and connecting peptide of insulin (c-peptide) was decreased for sows fed diets with CrP or L-carnitine and was greatest for sows fed the control diet; however, sows fed both L-carnitine and CrP had an intermediate response (L-carnitine x CrP, P &lt; 0.01).	Carnitine	123-134	insulin	Homo sapiens	67-76
17565063-5	2007	Postfeeding and overall insulin and connecting peptide of insulin (c-peptide) was decreased for sows fed diets with CrP or L-carnitine and was greatest for sows fed the control diet; however, sows fed both L-carnitine and CrP had an intermediate response (L-carnitine x CrP, P &lt; 0.01).	Carnitine	206-217	insulin	Homo sapiens	58-65
17565063-5	2007	Postfeeding and overall insulin and connecting peptide of insulin (c-peptide) was decreased for sows fed diets with CrP or L-carnitine and was greatest for sows fed the control diet; however, sows fed both L-carnitine and CrP had an intermediate response (L-carnitine x CrP, P &lt; 0.01).	Carnitine	206-217	insulin	Homo sapiens	58-65
17565063-10	2007	Sows fed diets with L-carnitine had greater (P &lt; 0.008) IGF-I from 3 to 24 h after feeding and tended to exhibit greater (P &lt; 0.06) overall IGFBP-3.	Carnitine	20-31	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	59-64
17565063-10	2007	Sows fed diets with L-carnitine had greater (P &lt; 0.008) IGF-I from 3 to 24 h after feeding and tended to exhibit greater (P &lt; 0.06) overall IGFBP-3.	Carnitine	20-31	insulin like growth factor binding protein 3	Homo sapiens	146-153
17692817-0	2007	PPAR alpha-activation results in enhanced carnitine biosynthesis and OCTN2-mediated hepatic carnitine accumulation.	Carnitine	42-51	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	0-10
17692817-0	2007	PPAR alpha-activation results in enhanced carnitine biosynthesis and OCTN2-mediated hepatic carnitine accumulation.	Carnitine	92-101	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	0-10
17692817-0	2007	PPAR alpha-activation results in enhanced carnitine biosynthesis and OCTN2-mediated hepatic carnitine accumulation.	Carnitine	92-101	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	69-74
17692817-1	2007	In fasted rodents hepatic carnitine concentration increases considerably which is not observed in PPAR alpha-/- mice, indicating that PPAR alpha is involved in carnitine homeostasis.	Carnitine	26-35	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	134-144
17692817-2	2007	To investigate the mechanisms underlying the PPAR alpha-dependent hepatic carnitine accumulation we measured carnitine biosynthesis enzyme activities, levels of carnitine biosynthesis intermediates, acyl-carnitines and OCTN2 mRNA levels in tissues of untreated, fasted or Wy-14643-treated wild type and PPAR alpha-/- mice.	Carnitine	74-83	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	45-55
17692817-3	2007	Here we show that both enhancement of carnitine biosynthesis (due to increased gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase activity), extra-hepatic gamma-butyrobetaine synthesis and increased hepatic carnitine import (OCTN2 expression) contributes to the increased hepatic carnitine levels after fasting and that these processes are PPAR alpha-dependent.	Carnitine	188-197	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	206-211
17692817-3	2007	Here we show that both enhancement of carnitine biosynthesis (due to increased gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase activity), extra-hepatic gamma-butyrobetaine synthesis and increased hepatic carnitine import (OCTN2 expression) contributes to the increased hepatic carnitine levels after fasting and that these processes are PPAR alpha-dependent.	Carnitine	188-197	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	321-331
17692817-3	2007	Here we show that both enhancement of carnitine biosynthesis (due to increased gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase activity), extra-hepatic gamma-butyrobetaine synthesis and increased hepatic carnitine import (OCTN2 expression) contributes to the increased hepatic carnitine levels after fasting and that these processes are PPAR alpha-dependent.	Carnitine	188-197	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	206-211
17692817-3	2007	Here we show that both enhancement of carnitine biosynthesis (due to increased gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase activity), extra-hepatic gamma-butyrobetaine synthesis and increased hepatic carnitine import (OCTN2 expression) contributes to the increased hepatic carnitine levels after fasting and that these processes are PPAR alpha-dependent.	Carnitine	188-197	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	321-331
17664396-1	2007	Primary systemic carnitine deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a decreased renal reabsorption of carnitine because of mutations of the carnitine transporter OCTN2 gene, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a common clinical feature of homozygotes.	Carnitine	17-26	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	177-182
17664396-9	2007	In conclusion, cardiomyopathy and heart failure with energy depletion may be induced by pressure overload in heterozygotes for OCTN2 mutations and could be prevented by l-carnitine supplementation.	Carnitine	169-180	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	127-132
17654045-0	2007	l-carnitine and its propionate: improvement of endothelial function in SHR through superoxide dismutase-dependent mechanisms.	Carnitine	0-11	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	83-103
17142029-5	2007	Glutathione reductase and catalase activities, which were higher in SHR, tended to increase after LC treatment.	Carnitine	98-100	glutathione-disulfide reductase	Rattus norvegicus	0-21
17142029-5	2007	Glutathione reductase and catalase activities, which were higher in SHR, tended to increase after LC treatment.	Carnitine	98-100	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	26-34
17725851-6	2007	Hypoxia resulted in significant reductions in OCTN2-mediated carnitine uptake.	Carnitine	61-70	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	46-51
17725851-8	2007	The OCTN1 substrate ergothioneine reversed the effects of hypoxia on carnitine transport, but identical concentrations of N-acetylcysteine, another water-soluble intracellular antioxidant, did not have the same effect.	Carnitine	69-78	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	4-9
17666635-2	2007	Affected individuals have very low carnitine levels in blood, decreased carnitine transport in fibroblasts, and commonly have mutations in the OCTN2 gene.	Carnitine	35-44	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	143-148
17622482-6	2007	A significant correlation was found between CAR and OPG changes (r = 0.51, P &lt; 0.001) in the supplemented patients.	Carnitine	44-47	TNF receptor superfamily member 11b	Homo sapiens	52-55
17653123-2	2007	The prototype, OAT1 (SLC22A6), first identified as NKT in 1996, is the best-studied member of the OAT subgroup of the SLC22 transporter family, which also includes OCTs (organic cation transporters), OCTNs (organic cation transporters of carnitine) and Flipts (fly-like putative transporters).	Carnitine	238-247	ornithine aminotransferase L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	15-19
17644405-1	2007	Activation of PPARalpha by clofibrate has recently been shown to cause upregulation of carnitine transporter organic cation transporter (OCTN) 2 and elevated carnitine concentrations in rat liver.	Carnitine	87-96	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	14-23
17644405-7	2007	The present study shows that clofibrate causes not only upregulation of OCTN2 in the liver but also in small intestine, and thus suggests that an increased intestinal absorption of carnitine might also contribute to the clofibrate-induced increase in hepatic carnitine concentration.	Carnitine	181-190	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	72-77
17496329-9	2007	Data show that up-regulation of liver activities, peripheral lipolysis, and lipoprotein lipase activity were likely essential factors for excess fat deposit and release alternately occurring in liver and adipose tissue of carnitine-depleted rats during the fed/fasted transition.	Carnitine	222-231	lipoprotein lipase	Rattus norvegicus	76-94
17540457-6	2007	However, the elevations in circulating HX and AGP levels were more pronounced in the L-carnitine supplemented chickens, especially in the 100mg L-carnitine group.	Carnitine	144-155	hemopexin	Gallus gallus	39-41
17521409-0	2007	Disruption of AtOCT1, an organic cation transporter gene, affects root development and carnitine-related responses in Arabidopsis.	Carnitine	87-96	organic cation/carnitine transporter1	Arabidopsis thaliana	14-20
17371786-7	2007	Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 mRNA (P = 0.05) and IGFBP-5 mRNA (P = 0.01) increased in the endometrium of gilts supplemented with l-carnitine.	Carnitine	145-156	insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3	Sus scrofa	0-44
17371786-7	2007	Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 mRNA (P = 0.05) and IGFBP-5 mRNA (P = 0.01) increased in the endometrium of gilts supplemented with l-carnitine.	Carnitine	145-156	insulin like growth factor binding protein 5	Sus scrofa	65-72
17582127-16	2007	Serum insulin was greater for all carnitine treatments, although plasma glucose was unaffected.	Carnitine	34-43	insulin	Bos taurus	6-13
17521409-4	2007	AtOCT1 functionally complemented the Deltacit2/Deltaagp2p yeast strain that is defective in plasma membrane carnitine transport.	Carnitine	108-117	organic cation/carnitine transporter1	Arabidopsis thaliana	0-6
17521409-5	2007	Disruption of AtOCT1 in an Arabidopsis oct1-1 knockout mutant affected both the expression of carnitine-related genes and the developmental defects induced by exogenous carnitine.	Carnitine	94-103	organic cation/carnitine transporter1	Arabidopsis thaliana	14-20
17521409-5	2007	Disruption of AtOCT1 in an Arabidopsis oct1-1 knockout mutant affected both the expression of carnitine-related genes and the developmental defects induced by exogenous carnitine.	Carnitine	94-103	organic cation/carnitine transporter1	Arabidopsis thaliana	39-43
17521409-5	2007	Disruption of AtOCT1 in an Arabidopsis oct1-1 knockout mutant affected both the expression of carnitine-related genes and the developmental defects induced by exogenous carnitine.	Carnitine	169-178	organic cation/carnitine transporter1	Arabidopsis thaliana	14-20
17521409-5	2007	Disruption of AtOCT1 in an Arabidopsis oct1-1 knockout mutant affected both the expression of carnitine-related genes and the developmental defects induced by exogenous carnitine.	Carnitine	169-178	organic cation/carnitine transporter1	Arabidopsis thaliana	39-43
17452323-1	2007	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) catalyzes the conversion of palmitoyl-CoA to palmitoylcarnitine in the presence of l-carnitine, thus facilitating the entry of fatty acids to mitochondria, in a process that is physiologically inhibited by malonyl-CoA.	Carnitine	123-134	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	0-32
17452323-1	2007	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) catalyzes the conversion of palmitoyl-CoA to palmitoylcarnitine in the presence of l-carnitine, thus facilitating the entry of fatty acids to mitochondria, in a process that is physiologically inhibited by malonyl-CoA.	Carnitine	123-134	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	34-38
17547782-6	2007	L-Carnitine treatment prevented the stress-induced increase in lesion index, lipid peroxidation and a stress-induced decline in prostaglandin E(2), and mucus content in gastric mucosa, but it increased catalase activity.	Carnitine	0-11	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	202-210
17408883-2	2007	Here, we report a detailed analysis of the expression and transcriptional control of TMLH gene, which codifies for the first enzyme of carnitine biosynthesis.	Carnitine	135-144	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Mus musculus	85-89
17509700-1	2007	A novel organic cation transporter OCTN2 is indispensable for carnitine transport across plasma membrane and subsequent fatty acid metabolism in the mitochondria.	Carnitine	62-71	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	35-40
17174085-0	2007	Analysis of cholinesterase binding to a carnitine-modified EQCM sensor.	Carnitine	40-49	butyrylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens	12-26
17418802-1	2007	Sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) has been investigated by nearly native electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry in the presence of long chain fatty acyl CoAs (LCFA-CoAs) and carnitine derivatives of equivalent fatty acid chain length (LCFA-carnitines).	Carnitine	175-184	sterol carrier protein 2	Homo sapiens	0-24
17418802-1	2007	Sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) has been investigated by nearly native electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry in the presence of long chain fatty acyl CoAs (LCFA-CoAs) and carnitine derivatives of equivalent fatty acid chain length (LCFA-carnitines).	Carnitine	175-184	sterol carrier protein 2	Homo sapiens	26-30
17418802-1	2007	Sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) has been investigated by nearly native electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry in the presence of long chain fatty acyl CoAs (LCFA-CoAs) and carnitine derivatives of equivalent fatty acid chain length (LCFA-carnitines).	Carnitine	241-251	sterol carrier protein 2	Homo sapiens	0-24
17418802-1	2007	Sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) has been investigated by nearly native electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry in the presence of long chain fatty acyl CoAs (LCFA-CoAs) and carnitine derivatives of equivalent fatty acid chain length (LCFA-carnitines).	Carnitine	241-251	sterol carrier protein 2	Homo sapiens	26-30
17418802-7	2007	The physiological significance of the lack of LCFA-carnitine binding by SCP2 is discussed.	Carnitine	51-60	sterol carrier protein 2	Homo sapiens	72-76
17615973-5	2007	The results obtained were statistically calculated with an SPSS 12.0 program to evaluate the difference between the control group and the infertile one and the correlation of the free L-carnitine levels with the seminal plasma components of alpha-glucosidase, fructose and acid phosphatase.	Carnitine	184-195	sucrase-isomaltase	Homo sapiens	241-258
17615973-7	2007	There was a statistically significant positive correlation between seminal plasma free L-carnitine level and alpha-glucosidase activity (r = 0.504, P &lt; 0.001.	Carnitine	87-98	sucrase-isomaltase	Homo sapiens	109-126
17309516-7	2007	On the other hand, combined treatment with cisplatin and d-carnitine induced a dramatic increase in serum alanine transaminase and gamma-glutamyl transferase, as well as progressive reduction in total carnitine and ATP content in liver tissue.	Carnitine	59-68	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	131-157
17479441-3	2007	Therefore, we investigated the effect of a single intravenous injection of leptin on palmitoyl-CoA and palmitoyl-carnitine oxidation rate in liver and skeletal muscle followed by measurements of the carnitine-palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) activity and activities of ss-oxidation enzymes in mitochondria (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase) and in peroxisomes (acyl-CoA oxidase) of rats.	Carnitine	113-122	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	75-81
17374651-9	2007	Collectively, these findings suggest that postnatal increases in CPT I activity during the suckling period are accompanied by increased tissue carnitine; however, the lack of hepatic CPT I mRNA induction and low activity reported in both tissues prior to 1 wk of age may limit postnatal lipid utilization during the piglet"s transition to extra-uterine life.	Carnitine	143-152	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Sus scrofa	65-70
17301081-8	2007	Defects in SUCLA2 can be found at the metabolite level and are defined by mildly elevated methylmalonic acid and C4-dicarboxylic carnitine concentrations in body fluids in association with variable lactic acidosis.	Carnitine	129-138	succinate-CoA ligase ADP-forming subunit beta	Homo sapiens	11-17
17696592-6	2007	Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), the acetyl ester of L-carnitine, plays an essential role in intermediary metabolism.	Carnitine	7-18	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	20-23
17432542-4	2007	HSP70 in the supernatant of the homogenized cardiac and hepatic tissues after short-term adriamycin treatment was determined by Western blot analysis with and without L-carnitine protection and compared to the subcellular characteristics of both tissues by transmission electron microscopic analysis.	Carnitine	167-178	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
17432542-8	2007	HSP70 was higher in the liver than in the heart both with and without L-carnitine protection.	Carnitine	70-81	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
17432542-12	2007	L-carnitine may enhance HSP70 in a cellular-type manner.	Carnitine	0-11	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	24-29
17132710-0	2007	Effect of L-carnitine administration on erythropoietin use in thalassemic minor haemodialysis patients.	Carnitine	10-21	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	40-54
17047160-0	2007	A threshold exists for the stimulatory effect of insulin on plasma L-carnitine clearance in humans.	Carnitine	67-78	insulin	Homo sapiens	49-56
17047160-1	2007	Maintaining hyperinsulinemia ( approximately 160 mU/l) during steady-state hypercarnitinemia ( approximately 550 mumol/l) increases skeletal muscle total carnitine (TC) content by approximately 15% within 5 h. The aim of the present study was to further examine the relationship between serum insulin concentration and skeletal muscle carnitine accumulation by attempting to identify the serum insulin concentration at which this stimulatory effect of insulin on carnitine retention becomes apparent.	Carnitine	154-163	insulin	Homo sapiens	17-24
17047160-1	2007	Maintaining hyperinsulinemia ( approximately 160 mU/l) during steady-state hypercarnitinemia ( approximately 550 mumol/l) increases skeletal muscle total carnitine (TC) content by approximately 15% within 5 h. The aim of the present study was to further examine the relationship between serum insulin concentration and skeletal muscle carnitine accumulation by attempting to identify the serum insulin concentration at which this stimulatory effect of insulin on carnitine retention becomes apparent.	Carnitine	154-163	insulin	Homo sapiens	17-24
17047160-6	2007	The findings demonstrate that only high circulating serum insulin concentrations (&gt; or =90 mU/l) are capable of stimulating skeletal muscle carnitine accumulation.	Carnitine	143-152	insulin	Homo sapiens	58-65
16917073-9	2007	Seventy-five to eighty percent of ASP(+) uptake was inhibited by L-carnitine, an OCTN2-carried zwitterion.	Carnitine	65-76	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	81-86
17138832-1	2007	Maintaining hyperinsulinemia (approximately 150 mU/l) during steady-state hypercarnitinemia (approximately 550 micromol/l) increases skeletal muscle total carnitine (TC) content by approximately 15% within 5 h. The present study aimed to investigate whether an increase in whole body carnitine retention can be achieved through L-carnitine feeding in conjunction with a dietary-induced elevation in circulating insulin.	Carnitine	155-164	insulin	Homo sapiens	17-24
17138832-1	2007	Maintaining hyperinsulinemia (approximately 150 mU/l) during steady-state hypercarnitinemia (approximately 550 micromol/l) increases skeletal muscle total carnitine (TC) content by approximately 15% within 5 h. The present study aimed to investigate whether an increase in whole body carnitine retention can be achieved through L-carnitine feeding in conjunction with a dietary-induced elevation in circulating insulin.	Carnitine	328-339	insulin	Homo sapiens	17-24
17125927-0	2007	Changes of cholinesterase activities in the plasma and some tissues following administration of L-carnitine and galanthamine to rats.	Carnitine	96-107	butyrylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	11-25
16935015-1	2007	Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPTI), which converts acyl-CoA and carnitine into acyl-carnitine and free CoASH, is the rate limiting enzyme of hepatic mitochondrial beta-oxidation.	Carnitine	70-79	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	0-33
21901057-0	2007	Long-term L-carnitine administration reduces erythropoietin resistance in chronic hemodialysis patients with thalassemia minor.	Carnitine	10-21	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	45-59
21901057-9	2007	CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence of the lowering of EPO resistance in beta-thalassemia patients on hemodialysis due to long-term carnitine administration.	Carnitine	137-146	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	60-63
21901057-10	2007	Thus, prolonged carnitine supplementation should be suggested to patients on dialysis affected by beta-thalassemia with poorly responsive anemia, or requiring large doses of erythropoietin.	Carnitine	16-25	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	174-188
17021052-6	2007	Furthermore, measurements with tandem mass spectrometry determined that carnitine and acylcarnitines in serum, the products of beta-oxidation, were increased in V1aR-/- mice.	Carnitine	72-81	arginine vasopressin receptor 1A	Mus musculus	161-165
17198928-6	2007	In particular, carnitine supplementation in patients on hemodialysis may enhance response to erythropoietin, resulting in improved hematologic status.	Carnitine	15-24	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	93-107
17198928-8	2007	Carnitine supplementation may enhance insulin resistance, inflammatory and antioxidant status, protein balance, lipid profile, and cardiac function.	Carnitine	0-9	insulin	Homo sapiens	38-45
16935015-1	2007	Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPTI), which converts acyl-CoA and carnitine into acyl-carnitine and free CoASH, is the rate limiting enzyme of hepatic mitochondrial beta-oxidation.	Carnitine	70-79	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	35-39
17065219-0	2006	Experimental colitis: decreased Octn2 and Atb0+ expression in rat colonocytes induces carnitine depletion that is reversible by carnitine-loaded liposomes.	Carnitine	86-95	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	32-37
17274673-7	2007	The observed kinetics, immunohistolocalization, and inhibition studies indicate that the high-affinity uptake of carnitine in the Caki-1 cell line is most likely mediated by OCTN2.	Carnitine	113-122	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	174-179
17642201-1	2007	OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of combined therapy with L-carnitine and erythropoietin on selected blood morphology parameters in patients treated with hemodialysis and to assess whether combined therapy could decrease the requirement for exogenous erythropoietin.	Carnitine	88-99	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	281-295
16997449-5	2006	OCTN1 exhibited high-affinity, low-capacity BLM transport of l-carnitine.	Carnitine	61-72	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	0-5
17274673-0	2007	OCTN2-mediated carnitine uptake in a newly discovered human proximal tubule cell line (Caki-1).	Carnitine	15-24	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	0-5
17052844-11	2006	3-NPA caused a significant increase in UCP-2 and DA D(1) receptor gene expression in the striatum and both effects were attenuated by pre-treatment with LC.	Carnitine	153-155	uncoupling protein 2	Rattus norvegicus	39-44
17018521-7	2006	Recent evidence suggests that the brain-specific carnitine:palmitoyl-CoA transferase-1 (CPT1c) may be a regulated target of malonyl-CoA that relays the "malonyl-CoA signal" in hypothalamic neurons that express the orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides that regulate food intake and peripheral energy expenditure.	Carnitine	49-58	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1c	Mus musculus	88-93
17110165-1	2006	Gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX1) is the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of l-carnitine, a key molecule of fatty acid metabolism.	Carnitine	90-101	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	0-31
17110165-1	2006	Gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX1) is the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of l-carnitine, a key molecule of fatty acid metabolism.	Carnitine	90-101	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	33-38
17065219-0	2006	Experimental colitis: decreased Octn2 and Atb0+ expression in rat colonocytes induces carnitine depletion that is reversible by carnitine-loaded liposomes.	Carnitine	86-95	solute carrier family 6 member 14	Rattus norvegicus	42-46
17065219-0	2006	Experimental colitis: decreased Octn2 and Atb0+ expression in rat colonocytes induces carnitine depletion that is reversible by carnitine-loaded liposomes.	Carnitine	128-137	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	32-37
17065219-0	2006	Experimental colitis: decreased Octn2 and Atb0+ expression in rat colonocytes induces carnitine depletion that is reversible by carnitine-loaded liposomes.	Carnitine	128-137	solute carrier family 6 member 14	Rattus norvegicus	42-46
17199800-0	2006	Carnitine"S protective effect on oxidative stress is mediated by heme oxygenase-1.	Carnitine	0-9	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	65-81
17106113-12	2006	In cows fed for ad libitum intake, carnitine infusion affected beta-hydroxybutyric acid, insulin, and urea N in serum, liver glycogen concentration, and in vitro alanine oxidation by liver slices, suggesting that hepatic and peripheral nutrient metabolism was influenced.	Carnitine	35-44	insulin	Bos taurus	89-96
17083430-10	2006	L-carnitine-treated sows had higher plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on day 80 of pregnancy (experiment 2, p &lt; 0.05) and on day 95 (experiment 1, p &lt; 0.10), and a higher plasma concentration of IGF-II on day 80 (experiment 2, p &lt; 0.05) than control sows.	Carnitine	0-11	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	61-89
17083430-10	2006	L-carnitine-treated sows had higher plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on day 80 of pregnancy (experiment 2, p &lt; 0.05) and on day 95 (experiment 1, p &lt; 0.10), and a higher plasma concentration of IGF-II on day 80 (experiment 2, p &lt; 0.05) than control sows.	Carnitine	0-11	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	91-96
17083430-10	2006	L-carnitine-treated sows had higher plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on day 80 of pregnancy (experiment 2, p &lt; 0.05) and on day 95 (experiment 1, p &lt; 0.10), and a higher plasma concentration of IGF-II on day 80 (experiment 2, p &lt; 0.05) than control sows.	Carnitine	0-11	insulin like growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	229-235
17204911-1	2006	The inhibition of gamma-butyrobetaine (GBB) hydroxylase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of carnitine, contributes to lay ground for the cardioprotective mechanism of action of mildronate.	Carnitine	93-102	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	18-55
17204911-2	2006	By inhibiting the biosynthesis of carnitine, mildronate is supposed to induce the accumulation of GBB, a substrate of GBB hydroxylase.	Carnitine	34-43	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	118-133
17159811-0	2006	Effect of galantamine on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities in the presence of L-carnitine in rat selected brain and peripheral tissues.	Carnitine	102-113	butyrylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	50-71
16896066-3	2006	In HEK293 cells, coexpression with PDZK2 increased the uptake of carnitine by OCTN2 with minimal effect on its substrate recognition specificity, but not for transport activity of OCT3 or OCTN1.	Carnitine	65-74	PDZ domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	35-40
16928358-4	2006	Kinetic analysis showed that the half-saturation Na+ concentration, Hill coefficient and Km value of L-carnitine uptake in Caco-2 cells were 10.3 +/- 4.5 mM, 1.09 and 8.0 +/- 1.0 microM, respectively, suggesting that OCTN2 mainly transports L-carnitine.	Carnitine	101-112	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	217-222
17011512-3	2006	In this study, we observed for the first time that treatment of rats with the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha agonist clofibrate increases hepatic mRNA concentrations of organic cation transporters (OCTNs)-1 and -2 which act as transporters of carnitine into the cell.	Carnitine	268-277	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	122-133
17011512-3	2006	In this study, we observed for the first time that treatment of rats with the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha agonist clofibrate increases hepatic mRNA concentrations of organic cation transporters (OCTNs)-1 and -2 which act as transporters of carnitine into the cell.	Carnitine	268-277	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	194-238
17011512-6	2006	We conclude that PPARalpha agonists increase carnitine concentrations in livers of rats and cells by an increased uptake of carnitine into the cell but not by an increased carnitine biosynthesis.	Carnitine	45-54	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	17-26
17011512-6	2006	We conclude that PPARalpha agonists increase carnitine concentrations in livers of rats and cells by an increased uptake of carnitine into the cell but not by an increased carnitine biosynthesis.	Carnitine	124-133	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	17-26
17011512-6	2006	We conclude that PPARalpha agonists increase carnitine concentrations in livers of rats and cells by an increased uptake of carnitine into the cell but not by an increased carnitine biosynthesis.	Carnitine	124-133	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	17-26
16896066-3	2006	In HEK293 cells, coexpression with PDZK2 increased the uptake of carnitine by OCTN2 with minimal effect on its substrate recognition specificity, but not for transport activity of OCT3 or OCTN1.	Carnitine	65-74	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	78-83
16896066-7	2006	The present data have thus proposed an "intracellular pool" for OCTN2 that may be relevant to the stabilization of cell surface expression of OCTN2, thereby increasing transport activity for carnitine.	Carnitine	191-200	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	64-69
16896066-7	2006	The present data have thus proposed an "intracellular pool" for OCTN2 that may be relevant to the stabilization of cell surface expression of OCTN2, thereby increasing transport activity for carnitine.	Carnitine	191-200	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	142-147
16861734-6	2006	RESULTS: CRP levels were significantly decreased in carnitine group in contrast to the increase in the control group.	Carnitine	52-61	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	9-12
16861734-7	2006	Transferrin, total protein and albumin levels and body mass index (BMI) of the patients rose in the carnitine group.	Carnitine	100-109	transferrin	Homo sapiens	0-11
16861734-8	2006	CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant benefit of L-carnitine on CRP, transferrin, total protein and albumin levels of the haemodialysis patients.	Carnitine	48-59	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	63-66
16861734-8	2006	CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant benefit of L-carnitine on CRP, transferrin, total protein and albumin levels of the haemodialysis patients.	Carnitine	48-59	transferrin	Homo sapiens	68-79
16384561-3	2006	We investigated the effects of l-carnitine, co-administered with simvastatin, on hyper-Lp(a) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.	Carnitine	31-42	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	87-92
16931768-0	2006	Functional genetic diversity in the high-affinity carnitine transporter OCTN2 (SLC22A5).	Carnitine	50-59	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	72-77
16931768-0	2006	Functional genetic diversity in the high-affinity carnitine transporter OCTN2 (SLC22A5).	Carnitine	50-59	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	79-86
16931768-1	2006	Systemic carnitine deficiency (SCD) is a rare autosomal recessive disease resulting from defects in the OCTN2 (SLC22A5) gene, which encodes the high-affinity plasma membrane carnitine transporter.	Carnitine	9-18	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	104-109
16931768-1	2006	Systemic carnitine deficiency (SCD) is a rare autosomal recessive disease resulting from defects in the OCTN2 (SLC22A5) gene, which encodes the high-affinity plasma membrane carnitine transporter.	Carnitine	9-18	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	111-118
16931768-6	2006	When assayed for functional activity by expression in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, using as probes both the endogenous substrate (l-carnitine) and the organic cation tetraethylammonium, three variants showed functional differences from the reference OCTN2 (Phe17Leu, Tyr449Asp, Val481Phe; p < 0.05).	Carnitine	135-146	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	255-260
16931768-7	2006	Further studies of the Phe17Leu polymorphism showed a reduced V(max) for l-carnitine transport to approximately 50% of the reference OCTN2.	Carnitine	73-84	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	133-138
16931768-10	2006	This study suggests that although loss-of-function mutations in OCTN2 are likely to be rare, common variants of OCTN2 found in healthy populations may contribute to variation in the disposition of carnitine and some clinically used drugs.	Carnitine	197-206	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	64-69
16931768-10	2006	This study suggests that although loss-of-function mutations in OCTN2 are likely to be rare, common variants of OCTN2 found in healthy populations may contribute to variation in the disposition of carnitine and some clinically used drugs.	Carnitine	197-206	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	112-117
16384561-0	2006	Efficacy and tolerability of combined treatment with L-carnitine and simvastatin in lowering lipoprotein(a) serum levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.	Carnitine	53-64	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	93-107
16384561-11	2006	Our findings provide support for a possible role of combined treatment with l-carnitine and simvastatin in lowering Lp(a) serum levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus than with simvastatin alone.	Carnitine	76-87	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	116-121
16707092-3	2006	We developed two simple tandem mass spectrometry-based methods to determine the activity of three carnitine biosynthesis enzymes (6-N-trimethyllysine dioxygenase, 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase, and 4-trimethylaminobutyric acid dioxygenase) in total homogenates that can be prepared from frozen tissue.	Carnitine	98-107	aldehyde dehydrogenase 9, subfamily A1	Mus musculus	163-206
16870616-3	2006	To help define in molecular detail the catalytic mechanism of these enzymes, we report here the high resolution crystal structure of wild-type murine carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) in a ternary complex with its substrates acetyl-CoA and carnitine, and the structure of the S554A/M564G double mutant in a ternary complex with the substrates CoA and hexanoylcarnitine.	Carnitine	150-159	carnitine acetyltransferase	Mus musculus	179-183
16130180-9	2006	L-Carnitine (100 mg kg(-1)) administrated intravenously 5 min before ischemia significantly reduced both the gastric injury and myeloperoxidase activity compared with the ischemia-reperfusion group.	Carnitine	0-11	myeloperoxidase	Rattus norvegicus	128-143
16754783-0	2006	Organic cation/carnitine transporter OCTN2 (Slc22a5) is responsible for carnitine transport across apical membranes of small intestinal epithelial cells in mouse.	Carnitine	15-24	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	37-42
16754783-0	2006	Organic cation/carnitine transporter OCTN2 (Slc22a5) is responsible for carnitine transport across apical membranes of small intestinal epithelial cells in mouse.	Carnitine	15-24	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	44-51
16754783-1	2006	The organic cation/carnitine transporter OCTN2 is responsible for renal tubular reabsorption of its endogenous substrate, carnitine, although its physiological role in small intestine remains controversial.	Carnitine	19-28	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	41-46
16754783-2	2006	Here we present direct evidence for a predominant role of OCTN2 in small intestinal absorption of carnitine based on experiments with juvenile visceral steatosis (jvs) mice, which have a hereditary deficiency of the octn2 gene.	Carnitine	98-107	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	58-63
16754783-4	2006	Saturable uptake of carnitine was also confirmed in isolated enterocytes obtained from wild-type mice, and the Km value obtained (approximately 20 microM) was close to that reported for carnitine uptake by human embryonic kidney 293 cells stably expressing mouse OCTN2 (Slc22a5).	Carnitine	20-29	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	263-268
16754783-4	2006	Saturable uptake of carnitine was also confirmed in isolated enterocytes obtained from wild-type mice, and the Km value obtained (approximately 20 microM) was close to that reported for carnitine uptake by human embryonic kidney 293 cells stably expressing mouse OCTN2 (Slc22a5).	Carnitine	20-29	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	270-277
16754783-5	2006	The carnitine uptake by enterocytes was decreased in the presence of various types of organic cations, and this inhibition profile was similar to that of mouse OCTN2, whereas uptake of carnitine was quite small and unsaturable in enterocytes obtained from jvs mice.	Carnitine	4-13	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	160-165
16754783-8	2006	These findings indicate that OCTN2 is predominantly responsible for the uptake of carnitine from the apical surface of mouse small intestinal epithelial cells, and it may therefore be a promising target for oral delivery of therapeutic agents that are OCTN2 substrates.	Carnitine	82-91	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	29-34
16729965-10	2006	This suggests an important yet different role for OCTN1 from other OCTN family members in intracellular carnitine homeostasis.	Carnitine	104-113	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	50-55
16764345-10	2006	For 63% of patients treated with immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapies, oral levocarnitine adjunction decreased fatigue intensity, especially in patients treated with cyclophosphamide and interferon beta.	Carnitine	87-100	interferon beta 1	Homo sapiens	198-213
16616465-4	2006	L-carnitine did not affect cytochrome P450 but it significantly increased at 72 and 96 h NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase.	Carnitine	0-11	cytochrome p450 oxidoreductase	Rattus norvegicus	89-120
16616465-6	2006	L-carnitine, combined with the lower dose of methanol, stimulated NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase after 48 h and cytochrome b5 and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase over the whole period of observation.	Carnitine	0-11	cytochrome b5 type A	Rattus norvegicus	66-126
16616465-7	2006	L-carnitine stimulated CYP2B1/2 but not CYP2E1 and CYP1A2.	Carnitine	0-11	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily b, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	23-29
16616465-9	2006	CYP2B1/2 was induced by the lower dose of methanol at 24 h but by the higher one at 96 h. When given together, L-carnitine and methanol (1/2 LD50) significantly stimulated CYP2E1 up to 170% at 24 h and 145% at 96 h.	Carnitine	111-122	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily b, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-6
16616465-9	2006	CYP2B1/2 was induced by the lower dose of methanol at 24 h but by the higher one at 96 h. When given together, L-carnitine and methanol (1/2 LD50) significantly stimulated CYP2E1 up to 170% at 24 h and 145% at 96 h.	Carnitine	111-122	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily e, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	172-178
16893411-7	2006	More data exist to support the use of L-carnitine in selected anemic dialysis patients with very large erythropoietin requirements in whom extensive examination for reversible causes of anemia was unrevealing.	Carnitine	38-49	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	103-117
16651524-5	2006	All three CPTs bind malonyl-CoA, and CPT1a and CPT1b catalyze acyl transfer from various fatty acyl-CoAs to carnitine, whereas CPT1c does not.	Carnitine	108-117	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a, liver	Mus musculus	37-42
16833185-9	2006	The contents of IL-6, IFN-gamma and carnitine in the bilateral vas injection group were 772.7 pg/ml, 350.7 pg/ml and 491.1 mol/L.	Carnitine	36-45	arginine vasopressin	Rattus norvegicus	63-66
16602102-2	2006	This transfer requires enzymes and transporters that accumulate carnitine within the cell (OCTN2 carnitine transporter), conjugate it with long chain fatty acids (carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1, CPT1), transfer the acylcarnitine across the inner plasma membrane (carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase, CACT), and conjugate the fatty acid back to Coenzyme A for subsequent beta oxidation (carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2, CPT2).	Carnitine	64-73	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	91-96
16602102-2	2006	This transfer requires enzymes and transporters that accumulate carnitine within the cell (OCTN2 carnitine transporter), conjugate it with long chain fatty acids (carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1, CPT1), transfer the acylcarnitine across the inner plasma membrane (carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase, CACT), and conjugate the fatty acid back to Coenzyme A for subsequent beta oxidation (carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2, CPT2).	Carnitine	64-73	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	198-202
16602102-2	2006	This transfer requires enzymes and transporters that accumulate carnitine within the cell (OCTN2 carnitine transporter), conjugate it with long chain fatty acids (carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1, CPT1), transfer the acylcarnitine across the inner plasma membrane (carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase, CACT), and conjugate the fatty acid back to Coenzyme A for subsequent beta oxidation (carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2, CPT2).	Carnitine	64-73	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	303-307
16602102-2	2006	This transfer requires enzymes and transporters that accumulate carnitine within the cell (OCTN2 carnitine transporter), conjugate it with long chain fatty acids (carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1, CPT1), transfer the acylcarnitine across the inner plasma membrane (carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase, CACT), and conjugate the fatty acid back to Coenzyme A for subsequent beta oxidation (carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2, CPT2).	Carnitine	64-73	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	424-428
16602102-13	2006	Treatment for deficiency of CPT1, CPT2, and CACT consists in a low-fat diet supplemented with medium chain triglycerides that can be metabolized by mitochondria independently from carnitine, carnitine supplements, and avoidance of fasting and sustained exercise.	Carnitine	180-189	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	44-48
16602102-13	2006	Treatment for deficiency of CPT1, CPT2, and CACT consists in a low-fat diet supplemented with medium chain triglycerides that can be metabolized by mitochondria independently from carnitine, carnitine supplements, and avoidance of fasting and sustained exercise.	Carnitine	191-200	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	44-48
16967760-6	2006	However, the PCNA expression in the liver was barely influenced by the treatment with carnitine.	Carnitine	86-95	proliferating cell nuclear antigen	Rattus norvegicus	13-17
16651524-5	2006	All three CPTs bind malonyl-CoA, and CPT1a and CPT1b catalyze acyl transfer from various fatty acyl-CoAs to carnitine, whereas CPT1c does not.	Carnitine	108-117	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	47-52
16649574-1	2006	Recently, it has been shown that supplementation of sows with L-carnitine increases their plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, and it has been hypothesized that this may stimulate fetal myogenesis.	Carnitine	62-73	insulin like growth factor 1	Sus scrofa	115-149
16539668-13	2006	These results suggest that OCTN2 is functionally expressed in rat astrocytes, and is responsible for L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine uptake in these cells.	Carnitine	101-112	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	27-32
16763898-0	2006	Carnitine supplementation induces long-chain acylcarnitine production--studies in the VLCAD-deficient mouse.	Carnitine	0-9	acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, very long chain	Mus musculus	86-91
16195500-4	2006	Our results show that the mammary gland cells express mRNA and proteins of human (h) novel organic cation transporters (OCTN) 1 and hOCTN2 (a Na+-dependent carnitine carrier with Na+-independent xenobiotics transport function), which belong to the solute carrier superfamily (SLC) of transporters.	Carnitine	156-165	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	132-138
16195500-8	2006	Carnitine uptake was dependent on Na+, and partly on Cl-, compatible with hOCTN2 and ATB0+ function.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	74-80
16195500-8	2006	Carnitine uptake was dependent on Na+, and partly on Cl-, compatible with hOCTN2 and ATB0+ function.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 1 member 5	Homo sapiens	85-89
16195500-9	2006	Modeling analyses predicted multiplicity of the uptake mechanisms with the high-affinity systems characterized by K(m) of 5.1 microM for carnitine and 1.6 mM for TEA, apparently similar to the reported hOCTN2 parameter for carnitine, and that of EMT/hOCT3 for TEA.	Carnitine	223-232	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	202-208
16362726-11	2006	Co-treatment of L-carnitine and genistein additively increases CPT1A enzyme activity in HepG2 cells.	Carnitine	16-27	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	63-68
16614957-4	2006	Supplementation of L-carnitine to acetic acid-treated rats did not prove to induce any improvements in macroscopic scores, while L-carnitine administration improved histopathologic scores and significantly decreased malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase levels in treatment groups.	Carnitine	129-140	myeloperoxidase	Rattus norvegicus	236-251
16362726-0	2006	Positive regulation of hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A) activities by soy isoflavones and L-carnitine.	Carnitine	108-119	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	67-72
16467150-4	2006	Here, we show that, in addition to beta-oxidation and energy dissipation, activation of PPARdelta by VLDL particles induces key genes involved in carnitine biosynthesis and lipid mobilization mediated by a recently identified TG lipase, transport secretion protein 2 (also named desnutrin, iPLA2zeta, and adipose triglyceride lipase), resulting in increased fatty acid catabolism.	Carnitine	146-155	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta	Homo sapiens	88-97
16362726-3	2006	AIM OF STUDY: To investigate the effect of co-treatment of genistein and L-carnitine on CPT1A enzyme activity and to determine whether daidzein also increases CPT1A activity and to establish a cell line that can be used to screen chemicals to regulate CPT1A transcription.	Carnitine	73-84	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	88-93
16362726-4	2006	METHODS: The enzyme activities of CPT1A were determined after HepG2 cells were incubated with 10 microM genistein or 10 microM daidzein or 1 mM L-carnitine or in combination with 10 microM genistein and 1 mM L-carnitine or in combination with 10 microM daidzein and 1 mM L-carnitine.	Carnitine	144-155	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	34-39
16362726-4	2006	METHODS: The enzyme activities of CPT1A were determined after HepG2 cells were incubated with 10 microM genistein or 10 microM daidzein or 1 mM L-carnitine or in combination with 10 microM genistein and 1 mM L-carnitine or in combination with 10 microM daidzein and 1 mM L-carnitine.	Carnitine	208-219	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	34-39
16362726-4	2006	METHODS: The enzyme activities of CPT1A were determined after HepG2 cells were incubated with 10 microM genistein or 10 microM daidzein or 1 mM L-carnitine or in combination with 10 microM genistein and 1 mM L-carnitine or in combination with 10 microM daidzein and 1 mM L-carnitine.	Carnitine	208-219	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	34-39
16362726-7	2006	RESULTS: The enzyme activity of CPT1A was at least 2.3- fold higher in L-carnitine and genistein co-treated HepG2 cells than either single-agent treated cells.	Carnitine	71-82	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	32-37
16457849-9	2006	L-carnitine, vitamin E, and their combination restored MDA levels and SOD activities, with a tendency to increase surviving neurons in CA1 and CA3 subfield.	Carnitine	0-11	carbonic anhydrase 1	Rattus norvegicus	135-138
16457849-9	2006	L-carnitine, vitamin E, and their combination restored MDA levels and SOD activities, with a tendency to increase surviving neurons in CA1 and CA3 subfield.	Carnitine	0-11	carbonic anhydrase 3	Rattus norvegicus	143-146
16490820-2	2006	A candidate protein is the organic cation transporter novel type 2 (OCTN2) (SLC22A5), physiologically acting as a sodium-dependent transport protein for carnitine.	Carnitine	153-162	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	27-66
16490820-2	2006	A candidate protein is the organic cation transporter novel type 2 (OCTN2) (SLC22A5), physiologically acting as a sodium-dependent transport protein for carnitine.	Carnitine	153-162	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	68-73
16490820-2	2006	A candidate protein is the organic cation transporter novel type 2 (OCTN2) (SLC22A5), physiologically acting as a sodium-dependent transport protein for carnitine.	Carnitine	153-162	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	76-83
16467150-4	2006	Here, we show that, in addition to beta-oxidation and energy dissipation, activation of PPARdelta by VLDL particles induces key genes involved in carnitine biosynthesis and lipid mobilization mediated by a recently identified TG lipase, transport secretion protein 2 (also named desnutrin, iPLA2zeta, and adipose triglyceride lipase), resulting in increased fatty acid catabolism.	Carnitine	146-155	patatin like phospholipase domain containing 2	Homo sapiens	279-288
16467150-4	2006	Here, we show that, in addition to beta-oxidation and energy dissipation, activation of PPARdelta by VLDL particles induces key genes involved in carnitine biosynthesis and lipid mobilization mediated by a recently identified TG lipase, transport secretion protein 2 (also named desnutrin, iPLA2zeta, and adipose triglyceride lipase), resulting in increased fatty acid catabolism.	Carnitine	146-155	patatin like phospholipase domain containing 2	Homo sapiens	290-299
16337498-4	2006	RESULTS: HO-1 as well as ecNOS gene and protein expression significantly increased upon Carnitines incubation.	Carnitine	88-98	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	9-13
16467150-4	2006	Here, we show that, in addition to beta-oxidation and energy dissipation, activation of PPARdelta by VLDL particles induces key genes involved in carnitine biosynthesis and lipid mobilization mediated by a recently identified TG lipase, transport secretion protein 2 (also named desnutrin, iPLA2zeta, and adipose triglyceride lipase), resulting in increased fatty acid catabolism.	Carnitine	146-155	patatin like phospholipase domain containing 2	Homo sapiens	305-332
16337498-4	2006	RESULTS: HO-1 as well as ecNOS gene and protein expression significantly increased upon Carnitines incubation.	Carnitine	88-98	nitric oxide synthase 3	Homo sapiens	25-30
16633995-5	2006	EPO cellular mechanisms are not completely known, and the identification of close biochemical and molecular relationships between EPO and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which has potent antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties, could provide the rationale for the beneficial effect of carnitine having been shown to possess antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and erythropoietic activities and to induce HO-1 expression, not only in dialysis patients who fail to respond adequately to EPO, but also in patients with heart failure.	Carnitine	280-289	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	138-154
16337498-9	2006	CONCLUSION: This is the first report that has utilized a molecular biological approach to demonstrate a direct stimulatory effect of Carnitines on gene and protein expression of the oxidative stress related markers HO-1 and ecNOS.	Carnitine	133-143	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	215-219
16337498-9	2006	CONCLUSION: This is the first report that has utilized a molecular biological approach to demonstrate a direct stimulatory effect of Carnitines on gene and protein expression of the oxidative stress related markers HO-1 and ecNOS.	Carnitine	133-143	nitric oxide synthase 3	Homo sapiens	224-229
16337498-10	2006	As HO-1 and NO are known as antioxidant, antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory, their increased expression would be expected to protect from oxidative stress related cardiovascular risk factors and myocardial damage, therefore adding this effect to the multiple pathways involved in the effects of carnitines.	Carnitine	300-310	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	3-7
16368715-0	2006	Insulin stimulates L-carnitine accumulation in human skeletal muscle.	Carnitine	19-30	insulin	Homo sapiens	0-7
16368715-3	2006	We hypothesized that insulin could augment Na+-dependent skeletal muscle carnitine transport.	Carnitine	73-82	insulin	Homo sapiens	21-28
16361853-6	2006	Data analysis performed by expert panels convened by both the American Association of Kidney Patients and, subsequently, the National Kidney Foundation recommended a trial of levocarnitine therapy for specific subsets of dialysis patients including those with EPO resistance, dialysis-related hypotension, cardiomyopathy and muscle weakness.	Carnitine	175-188	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	260-263
16361854-4	2006	Positive effects reported from carnitine administration in dialysis patients include decreased erythropoietin dose, increased hematocrit, less intradialytic hypotension, and less fatigue.	Carnitine	31-40	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	95-109
16283381-7	2006	Carnitine treated patients showed a rise in plasma carnitine which led to an increase of relative mRNA levels from CPT1A (liver isoform of carnitine palmitoyltransferase) and OCTN2 (carnitine transporter).	Carnitine	0-9	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	115-120
16283381-7	2006	Carnitine treated patients showed a rise in plasma carnitine which led to an increase of relative mRNA levels from CPT1A (liver isoform of carnitine palmitoyltransferase) and OCTN2 (carnitine transporter).	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	175-180
16283381-7	2006	Carnitine treated patients showed a rise in plasma carnitine which led to an increase of relative mRNA levels from CPT1A (liver isoform of carnitine palmitoyltransferase) and OCTN2 (carnitine transporter).	Carnitine	51-60	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	115-120
16283381-7	2006	Carnitine treated patients showed a rise in plasma carnitine which led to an increase of relative mRNA levels from CPT1A (liver isoform of carnitine palmitoyltransferase) and OCTN2 (carnitine transporter).	Carnitine	51-60	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	175-180
16412993-6	2006	The present study demonstrates that oral administration of L-carnitine prior to disease onset significantly delayed the onset of signs of disease (log-rank P=0.0008), delayed deterioration of motor activity, and extended life span (log-rank P=0.0001) in transgenic mice carrying a human SOD1 gene with a G93A mutation (Tg).	Carnitine	59-70	superoxide dismutase 1	Homo sapiens	287-291
16410189-0	2006	Hsp70 accumulation and ultrastructural features of lung and liver induced by ethanol treatment with and without L-carnitine protection in rats.	Carnitine	112-123	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1B	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
16633995-5	2006	EPO cellular mechanisms are not completely known, and the identification of close biochemical and molecular relationships between EPO and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which has potent antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties, could provide the rationale for the beneficial effect of carnitine having been shown to possess antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and erythropoietic activities and to induce HO-1 expression, not only in dialysis patients who fail to respond adequately to EPO, but also in patients with heart failure.	Carnitine	280-289	heme oxygenase 1	Homo sapiens	156-160
16489261-1	2005	The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and L-carnitine (LCAR) supplementations on polymorphonuclear leukocytes myeloperoxidase (MPO) and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) in acetic acid (AA)-induced ulcerative colitis model.	Carnitine	87-98	myeloperoxidase	Rattus norvegicus	155-170
17201630-6	2006	Especially in liver, the results showed that genistein with carnitine transcriptionally up-regulated expressions of acyl-coenzyme A synthetase (ACS) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I) by approximately 50% and 40%, respectively, compared with genistein alone.	Carnitine	60-69	acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1	Mus musculus	116-142
17201630-6	2006	Especially in liver, the results showed that genistein with carnitine transcriptionally up-regulated expressions of acyl-coenzyme A synthetase (ACS) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I) by approximately 50% and 40%, respectively, compared with genistein alone.	Carnitine	60-69	acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1	Mus musculus	144-147
17201630-6	2006	Especially in liver, the results showed that genistein with carnitine transcriptionally up-regulated expressions of acyl-coenzyme A synthetase (ACS) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I) by approximately 50% and 40%, respectively, compared with genistein alone.	Carnitine	60-69	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	153-185
17201630-6	2006	Especially in liver, the results showed that genistein with carnitine transcriptionally up-regulated expressions of acyl-coenzyme A synthetase (ACS) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I) by approximately 50% and 40%, respectively, compared with genistein alone.	Carnitine	60-69	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	187-192
17201630-8	2006	On the other hand, the effects of genistein and genistein with carnitine on the expressions of ACS and CPT-I in muscle were not significant.	Carnitine	63-72	acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1	Mus musculus	95-98
17201630-8	2006	On the other hand, the effects of genistein and genistein with carnitine on the expressions of ACS and CPT-I in muscle were not significant.	Carnitine	63-72	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	103-108
17201631-5	2006	However, the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and adipose-specific fatty acid-binding protein, which are involved in adipogenesis, were down-regulated by L-carnitine in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (P &lt; .05).	Carnitine	184-195	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens	27-75
16387893-2	2006	The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of carnitine therapy in these selected groups of hemodialysis patients on quality-of-life measures and erythropoietin dose.	Carnitine	63-72	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	163-177
16387893-12	2006	carnitine therapy, SF-36 scores were improved and erythropoietin doses were reduced in hemodialysis patients, relative to the control group.	Carnitine	0-9	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	50-64
16328043-0	2006	L-carnitine inhibits apoptotic DNA fragmentation induced by a new spin-labeled derivative of podophyllotoxin via caspase-3 in Raji cells.	Carnitine	0-11	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	113-122
16328043-5	2006	L-carnitine treatment prevented GP7-induced caspase-3 activation, suppressed caspase-3 cleavage and abrogated GP7-induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation in Raji cells.	Carnitine	0-11	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	44-53
16328043-5	2006	L-carnitine treatment prevented GP7-induced caspase-3 activation, suppressed caspase-3 cleavage and abrogated GP7-induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation in Raji cells.	Carnitine	0-11	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	77-86
16328043-6	2006	Our findings suggest that L-carnitine is a potent anti-apoptotic agent to human lymphoma cells and may exert its anti-apoptotic effect via inhibition of caspase-3 activity in GP7-treated Raji cells.	Carnitine	26-37	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	153-162
16412827-3	2006	In addition, carnitine reduces erythropoietin requirements, the number of hypotensive episodes, improves ejection fraction, and decreases hospitalization.	Carnitine	13-22	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	31-45
16084747-1	2006	We investigated the effect of carnitine supplementation during vitamin C (ASC) deficiency by measuring the levels of ASC and carnitine in plasma and cardiac muscle cells (CMC), and histological analysis with electron microscopy.	Carnitine	30-39	PYD and CARD domain containing	Rattus norvegicus	74-77
16084747-1	2006	We investigated the effect of carnitine supplementation during vitamin C (ASC) deficiency by measuring the levels of ASC and carnitine in plasma and cardiac muscle cells (CMC), and histological analysis with electron microscopy.	Carnitine	30-39	PYD and CARD domain containing	Rattus norvegicus	117-120
16084747-2	2006	The levels of carnitine were significantly decreased in ASC-deficient rats in plasma and the heart than those in the control.	Carnitine	14-23	PYD and CARD domain containing	Rattus norvegicus	56-59
16084747-3	2006	In carnitine supplemented ASC-deficient rats, a significant increase of carnitine levels were observed in both plasma and heart.	Carnitine	3-12	PYD and CARD domain containing	Rattus norvegicus	26-29
16084747-3	2006	In carnitine supplemented ASC-deficient rats, a significant increase of carnitine levels were observed in both plasma and heart.	Carnitine	72-81	PYD and CARD domain containing	Rattus norvegicus	26-29
16288981-8	2005	Given the impermeability of the peroxisomal membrane and the key role of carnitine in the transport of different chain-shortened products out of peroxisomes, there appears to be a critical need for the intermediate-affinity carnitine/organic cation transporter, OCTN3, on peroxisomal membranes now shown to be expressed in both human and murine peroxisomes.	Carnitine	224-233	OCTN3	Homo sapiens	262-267
16288981-9	2005	This Octn3 localization is in keeping with the essential role of carnitine in peroxisomal lipid metabolism.	Carnitine	65-74	OCTN3	Homo sapiens	5-10
16489261-1	2005	The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and L-carnitine (LCAR) supplementations on polymorphonuclear leukocytes myeloperoxidase (MPO) and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) in acetic acid (AA)-induced ulcerative colitis model.	Carnitine	87-98	myeloperoxidase	Rattus norvegicus	172-175
16489261-1	2005	The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and L-carnitine (LCAR) supplementations on polymorphonuclear leukocytes myeloperoxidase (MPO) and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) in acetic acid (AA)-induced ulcerative colitis model.	Carnitine	87-98	superoxide dismutase 1	Rattus norvegicus	181-207
16489261-1	2005	The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and L-carnitine (LCAR) supplementations on polymorphonuclear leukocytes myeloperoxidase (MPO) and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) in acetic acid (AA)-induced ulcerative colitis model.	Carnitine	87-98	superoxide dismutase 1	Rattus norvegicus	209-218
16322553-0	2005	Carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2-mediated transport of carnitine in primary-cultured epididymal epithelial cells.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	37-42
16601783-3	2005	The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of pretreatment with CAR on AChE inhibition caused by GAL in selected brain parts in rat (basal ganglia, septum, frontal cortex, hippocampus) and in hypophysis, which does not lay beyond the blood-brain-barrier.	Carnitine	73-76	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	80-84
16601783-9	2005	Pretreatment with CAR enhanced trend of AChE inhibition in all selected brain parts comparing with single GAL administration, however, significant difference was not observed.	Carnitine	18-21	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	40-44
16322553-0	2005	Carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2-mediated transport of carnitine in primary-cultured epididymal epithelial cells.	Carnitine	65-74	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	37-42
16322553-5	2005	The uptake of carnitine by the cells was significantly reduced by inhibitors of carnitine/organic cation transporter (OCTN2), such as carnitine analogues and cationic compounds.	Carnitine	14-23	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	118-123
16322553-5	2005	The uptake of carnitine by the cells was significantly reduced by inhibitors of carnitine/organic cation transporter (OCTN2), such as carnitine analogues and cationic compounds.	Carnitine	80-89	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	118-123
16322553-5	2005	The uptake of carnitine by the cells was significantly reduced by inhibitors of carnitine/organic cation transporter (OCTN2), such as carnitine analogues and cationic compounds.	Carnitine	80-89	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	118-123
16322553-7	2005	These results demonstrated that the high-affinity carnitine transporter OCTN2, which is localized at the basolateral membrane of epididymal epithelial cells, mediates carnitine supply into those cells from the systemic circulation as the first step of permeation from blood to spermatozoa.	Carnitine	50-59	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	72-77
16227137-4	2005	AIMS: To investigate the interrelationship between TNFalpha and sphingosine (SPH), which induce muscle wastage, and plasma levels of l-carnitine.	Carnitine	133-144	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	51-59
15979102-1	2005	Mildronate (3-(2,2,2,-trimethylhydrazinium)propionate), is a butyrobetaine analogue that is known to inhibit gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase, the enzyme catalyzing the last step of carnitine biosynthesis.	Carnitine	181-190	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	109-140
15919137-4	2005	METHODS: In the present study we have evaluated the efficacy of carnitine, a mitochondrial metabolite and lipoic acid, a potent antioxidant on the activities of the tri carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes like succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, Isocitrate dehydrogenase and electron transport complex I-IV in young and aged heart mitochondria.	Carnitine	64-73	malic enzyme 1	Homo sapiens	235-255
15795384-9	2005	Because ET is transported &gt;100 times more efficiently than tetraethylammonium and carnitine, we propose the functional name ETT (ET transporter) instead of OCTN1.	Carnitine	85-94	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	127-130
16051193-2	2005	The gene products octn2 and octn3, which transport carnitine with high affinity, are both expressed in testis, where carnitine is required to maintain sperm cell motility.	Carnitine	51-60	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	18-23
16051193-2	2005	The gene products octn2 and octn3, which transport carnitine with high affinity, are both expressed in testis, where carnitine is required to maintain sperm cell motility.	Carnitine	51-60	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 21	Mus musculus	28-33
16051193-2	2005	The gene products octn2 and octn3, which transport carnitine with high affinity, are both expressed in testis, where carnitine is required to maintain sperm cell motility.	Carnitine	117-126	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	18-23
16051193-2	2005	The gene products octn2 and octn3, which transport carnitine with high affinity, are both expressed in testis, where carnitine is required to maintain sperm cell motility.	Carnitine	117-126	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 21	Mus musculus	28-33
16051193-9	2005	Furthermore, the expressions of both of octn2 and octn3 genes in TM4 cells were up-regulated by palmitic acid, whereas carnitine increased only the expression of octn2 without any change in octn3 expression.	Carnitine	119-128	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	162-167
16051193-9	2005	Furthermore, the expressions of both of octn2 and octn3 genes in TM4 cells were up-regulated by palmitic acid, whereas carnitine increased only the expression of octn2 without any change in octn3 expression.	Carnitine	119-128	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 21	Mus musculus	190-195
16051193-10	2005	Accordingly, the expressions of octn2 and 3 are regulated by distinct mechanisms, suggesting distinct roles of octn2 and octn3 in carnitine transport.	Carnitine	130-139	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	32-43
16051193-10	2005	Accordingly, the expressions of octn2 and 3 are regulated by distinct mechanisms, suggesting distinct roles of octn2 and octn3 in carnitine transport.	Carnitine	130-139	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	32-37
16051193-10	2005	Accordingly, the expressions of octn2 and 3 are regulated by distinct mechanisms, suggesting distinct roles of octn2 and octn3 in carnitine transport.	Carnitine	130-139	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 21	Mus musculus	121-126
15896819-1	2005	Among the organic cation transporters, OCTN2 is identified as the most important carnitine transporter owing to the ability to transport carnitine.	Carnitine	81-90	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	39-44
15896819-5	2005	OCTN2 was not expressed in B-cells, notwithstanding that the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids, which are transported into the mitochondria with the help of carnitine, was expected for fatty acid-stimulated insulin secretion.	Carnitine	160-169	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	0-5
15896819-6	2005	Thus, this study suggests the possibility of carnitine uptake in the pancreatic A-cells through OCTN2 and implies the presence of carnitine transporter(s) other than OCTN2 in the B-cell.	Carnitine	45-54	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	96-101
15814607-9	2005	High-energy phosphates and total muscle carnitine and CoA were also greater in Ucp3-tg compared with WT mice.	Carnitine	40-49	uncoupling protein 3 (mitochondrial, proton carrier)	Mus musculus	79-83
15814607-12	2005	In conjunction with our observed increases in CoA and carnitine in muscle of Ucp3 overexpressors, the findings support the hypothesized role for Ucp3 in facilitating fatty acid oxidation in muscle.	Carnitine	54-63	uncoupling protein 3 (mitochondrial, proton carrier)	Mus musculus	77-81
15923388-0	2005	OCTN2-mediated transport of carnitine in isolated Sertoli cells.	Carnitine	28-37	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
15923388-8	2005	These results demonstrate that OCTN2 mediates carnitine supply to Sertoli cells from the circulation.	Carnitine	46-55	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	31-36
15958269-11	2005	Results in the presence of SOD plus catalase show that it might be related to antioxidant properties of L-carnitine and propionyl-L-carnitine.	Carnitine	104-115	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	36-44
15754339-1	2005	epsilon-N-Trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH) (EC 1.14.11.8) is a non-heme-ferrous iron hydroxylase, Fe(++) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent, catalyzing the first of four enzymatic reactions of the highly conserved carnitine biosynthetic pathway.	Carnitine	216-225	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	39-43
15754339-2	2005	Otherwise from all the other enzymes of carnitine biosynthesis, TMLH was found to be associated to the mitochondrial fraction.	Carnitine	40-49	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	64-68
16024700-17	2005	The PEM isolated from sows fed L-carnitine had decreased IGF-II (P = 0.02), IGFBP-3 (P = 0.03), and myogenin (P = 0.04; 61, 59, and 67%, respectively) mRNA abundance compared with controls.	Carnitine	31-42	insulin-like growth factor II	Sus scrofa	57-63
16024700-17	2005	The PEM isolated from sows fed L-carnitine had decreased IGF-II (P = 0.02), IGFBP-3 (P = 0.03), and myogenin (P = 0.04; 61, 59, and 67%, respectively) mRNA abundance compared with controls.	Carnitine	31-42	insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3	Sus scrofa	76-83
16024700-17	2005	The PEM isolated from sows fed L-carnitine had decreased IGF-II (P = 0.02), IGFBP-3 (P = 0.03), and myogenin (P = 0.04; 61, 59, and 67%, respectively) mRNA abundance compared with controls.	Carnitine	31-42	myogenin	Sus scrofa	100-108
15757911-1	2005	The proximity of the Cys residues present in the mitochondrial rat carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (CAC) primary structure was studied by using site-directed mutagenesis in combination with chemical modification.	Carnitine	67-76	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Rattus norvegicus	100-103
15757911-3	2005	The effect of SH oxidizing, cross-linking, and coordinating reagents was evaluated on the carnitine/carnitine exchange catalyzed by the recombinant reconstituted CAC proteins.	Carnitine	90-99	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Rattus norvegicus	162-165
15757911-3	2005	The effect of SH oxidizing, cross-linking, and coordinating reagents was evaluated on the carnitine/carnitine exchange catalyzed by the recombinant reconstituted CAC proteins.	Carnitine	100-109	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Rattus norvegicus	162-165
15741989-5	2005	RESULTS: FPG in the L-carnitine group decreased significantly from 143 +/- 35 to 130 +/- 33 mg/dl (P = 0.03), and we observed a significant increase of triglycerides (TG) from 196+/-61 to 233+/-12 mg/dl (P = 0.05), of Apo A1 from 94 +/- 20 to 103 +/- 23 mg/dl (P = 0.02), and of Apo B100 from 98 +/- 18 to 108 +/- 22 mg/dl (P = 0.02) after 12 weeks of treatment.	Carnitine	20-31	apolipoprotein B	Homo sapiens	279-287
15654129-7	2005	Investigation of carnitine biosynthesis revealed that PPARalpha is likely involved in the regulation of carnitine homeostasis.	Carnitine	17-26	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	54-63
15654129-7	2005	Investigation of carnitine biosynthesis revealed that PPARalpha is likely involved in the regulation of carnitine homeostasis.	Carnitine	104-113	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus	54-63
15827896-0	2005	L-carnitine infusions may suppress serum C-reactive protein and improve nutritional status in maintenance hemodialysis patients.	Carnitine	0-11	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	41-59
15795431-2	2005	In addition, pivalate supplementation has been linked with increased renal and hepatic trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH) activity, whereas carnitine supplementation has been associated with significantly decreased hepatic gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBH) activity.	Carnitine	140-149	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	223-254
15795431-3	2005	The purpose of this study was to determine whether pivalate or carnitine supplementation affects the activity and genetic expression of 2 enzymes of carnitine (Cn) biosynthesis, TMLH and BBH, expressed as mRNA abundance, relative to the abundance of beta-actin mRNA.	Carnitine	63-72	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Rattus norvegicus	178-182
15795431-3	2005	The purpose of this study was to determine whether pivalate or carnitine supplementation affects the activity and genetic expression of 2 enzymes of carnitine (Cn) biosynthesis, TMLH and BBH, expressed as mRNA abundance, relative to the abundance of beta-actin mRNA.	Carnitine	63-72	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	187-190
15795431-3	2005	The purpose of this study was to determine whether pivalate or carnitine supplementation affects the activity and genetic expression of 2 enzymes of carnitine (Cn) biosynthesis, TMLH and BBH, expressed as mRNA abundance, relative to the abundance of beta-actin mRNA.	Carnitine	149-158	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Rattus norvegicus	178-182
15795431-3	2005	The purpose of this study was to determine whether pivalate or carnitine supplementation affects the activity and genetic expression of 2 enzymes of carnitine (Cn) biosynthesis, TMLH and BBH, expressed as mRNA abundance, relative to the abundance of beta-actin mRNA.	Carnitine	149-158	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	187-190
15811520-3	2005	The present study has examined whether administration of L-carnitine to young female mice alters the percentage of immune cells in peritoneal exudates and the uterus as well as the levels of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, VEGF, GM-CSF and IGF-I in blood serum, peritoneal fluid and supernatants of uterine cultured cells as tested by immunofluorescence or ELISA techniques, respectively, leading to a pathological disorder resembling human endometriosis.	Carnitine	57-68	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	225-229
15811520-3	2005	The present study has examined whether administration of L-carnitine to young female mice alters the percentage of immune cells in peritoneal exudates and the uterus as well as the levels of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, VEGF, GM-CSF and IGF-I in blood serum, peritoneal fluid and supernatants of uterine cultured cells as tested by immunofluorescence or ELISA techniques, respectively, leading to a pathological disorder resembling human endometriosis.	Carnitine	57-68	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Mus musculus	231-235
15811520-3	2005	The present study has examined whether administration of L-carnitine to young female mice alters the percentage of immune cells in peritoneal exudates and the uterus as well as the levels of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, VEGF, GM-CSF and IGF-I in blood serum, peritoneal fluid and supernatants of uterine cultured cells as tested by immunofluorescence or ELISA techniques, respectively, leading to a pathological disorder resembling human endometriosis.	Carnitine	57-68	colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)	Mus musculus	237-243
15827896-4	2005	The carnitine-treated group showed a statistically significant decrease in serum C-reactive protein and increase in serum albumin and transferrin, blood hemoglobin, and body mass index.	Carnitine	4-13	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	81-99
15811520-3	2005	The present study has examined whether administration of L-carnitine to young female mice alters the percentage of immune cells in peritoneal exudates and the uterus as well as the levels of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, VEGF, GM-CSF and IGF-I in blood serum, peritoneal fluid and supernatants of uterine cultured cells as tested by immunofluorescence or ELISA techniques, respectively, leading to a pathological disorder resembling human endometriosis.	Carnitine	57-68	insulin-like growth factor 1	Mus musculus	248-253
15827896-4	2005	The carnitine-treated group showed a statistically significant decrease in serum C-reactive protein and increase in serum albumin and transferrin, blood hemoglobin, and body mass index.	Carnitine	4-13	albumin	Homo sapiens	116-129
15811520-4	2005	The results showed that, except from infertility, L-carnitine treatment resulted in a significant increase of macrophages and to a lesser degree an increase of T-cells, while elevated levels of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha were detected in both serum and peritoneal fluid compared to controls.	Carnitine	50-61	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	208-217
15827896-4	2005	The carnitine-treated group showed a statistically significant decrease in serum C-reactive protein and increase in serum albumin and transferrin, blood hemoglobin, and body mass index.	Carnitine	4-13	transferrin	Homo sapiens	134-145
15827896-6	2005	These preliminary findings suggest that in MHD patients, L-carnitine therapy may suppress inflammation, particularly among those patients with C-reactive protein &gt; or =3 mg/dL, and may improve protein-energy nutritional status.	Carnitine	57-68	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	143-161
15389639-10	2005	They also suggest that OCTN3 could mediate the passive, Na+ and pH-independent L-carnitine transport activity measured in the three experimental conditions.	Carnitine	79-90	OCTN3	Homo sapiens	23-28
16207659-8	2005	Clinical trials have examined the efficacy of levocarnitine therapy in a number of conditions common in dialysis patients, including skeletal-muscle weakness and fatigue, cardiomyopathy, dialysis-related hypotension, hyperlipidemia, and anemia poorly responsive to recombinant human erythropoietin therapy (rHuEPO).	Carnitine	46-59	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	283-297
15725067-6	2005	Regulation of carnitine biology either by carnitine supply or by gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase inhibitors have led to controversial data both in pharmacological and clinical concerns.	Carnitine	14-23	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	65-96
15579906-1	2005	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) I catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs to acyl carnitines in the presence of l-carnitine, a rate-limiting step in the transport of long-chain fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix.	Carnitine	132-143	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	0-38
15764413-6	2005	Moreover, considering the Cdv-1R has a similar expression distribution in epididymis to the OCTN2, it would appear that Cdv-1R might be involved in the carnitine pathway in the epididimis.	Carnitine	152-161	intraflagellar transport 81	Mus musculus	26-32
15764413-6	2005	Moreover, considering the Cdv-1R has a similar expression distribution in epididymis to the OCTN2, it would appear that Cdv-1R might be involved in the carnitine pathway in the epididimis.	Carnitine	152-161	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	92-97
15764413-6	2005	Moreover, considering the Cdv-1R has a similar expression distribution in epididymis to the OCTN2, it would appear that Cdv-1R might be involved in the carnitine pathway in the epididimis.	Carnitine	152-161	intraflagellar transport 81	Mus musculus	120-126
15523054-7	2005	Finally, double transfection of OCTN2 with PDZK1 stimulated the uptake by OCTN2 of its endogenous substrate carnitine, and this increase could be accounted for by the 6-fold increase in transport capacity.	Carnitine	108-117	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	32-37
15523054-7	2005	Finally, double transfection of OCTN2 with PDZK1 stimulated the uptake by OCTN2 of its endogenous substrate carnitine, and this increase could be accounted for by the 6-fold increase in transport capacity.	Carnitine	108-117	PDZ domain containing 1	Homo sapiens	43-48
15523054-7	2005	Finally, double transfection of OCTN2 with PDZK1 stimulated the uptake by OCTN2 of its endogenous substrate carnitine, and this increase could be accounted for by the 6-fold increase in transport capacity.	Carnitine	108-117	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	74-79
15705374-0	2005	Oral carnitine supplementation increases sperm motility in asthenozoospermic men with normal sperm phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase levels.	Carnitine	5-14	glutathione peroxidase 4	Homo sapiens	99-148
15693859-7	2005	GSH-Px and GR activities were increased in the untreated, the L-arginine and the L-carnitine-treated H/R groups when compared to the control group.	Carnitine	81-92	glutathione reductase	Mus musculus	11-13
15647999-6	2005	On the contrary, 3 months of L-carnitine supplementation significantly lowered intracellular levels of phosphorylated proteins and JNK activity in PBMC from C-treated patients.	Carnitine	29-40	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	131-134
16463656-5	2005	From the end of CPB to 3 days after operation, the serum levels of cTnI in the L-carnitine group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	79-90	troponin I3, cardiac type	Homo sapiens	67-71
15316089-0	2005	Novel organic cation transporter 2-mediated carnitine uptake in placental choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells.	Carnitine	44-53	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	6-34
15316089-9	2005	The observed kinetics, Western blot, and inhibition profiles indicate that high-affinity carnitine uptake in the BeWo cell line is mediated by OCTN2.	Carnitine	89-98	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	143-148
15486076-12	2005	Moreover, several lines of evidence indicate that OCTN2 is localized in the apical membrane of syncytiotrophoblasts, thereby suggesting a major role in the uptake of carnitine during fetal development.	Carnitine	166-175	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	50-55
15647999-8	2005	These observations were also confirmed by in vitro experiments, showing the ability of L-carnitine to reduce the JNK activation in normal PBMC exposed to different amounts of hydrogen peroxide.	Carnitine	87-98	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	113-116
15648000-3	2005	Many studies have shown that L-carnitine supplementation leads to improvements in several conditions seen in uremic patients, including cardiac complications, impaired exercise and functional capacities, muscle symptoms, increased symptomatic intradialytic hypotension, and erythropoietin-resistant anemia.	Carnitine	29-40	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	274-288
15648000-6	2005	In a pilot study, we provided preliminary evidence that treatment with L-carnitine, 20 mg/kg 3 times weekly at the end of each hemodialysis treatment, was associated with a reduction in serum CRP levels and improvement in anabolic status.	Carnitine	71-82	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	192-195
16103722-11	2005	CONCLUSION: Treatment with 500 mg/day carnitine taken orally for 2 months reduces serum levels of TG and VLDL-C, and increases HDL-C, HDL2-C and albumin in HD patients.	Carnitine	38-47	junctophilin 3	Homo sapiens	134-138
15591000-6	2004	We have determined the crystal structures of murine CrAT, alone and in complex with its substrate carnitine or CoA.	Carnitine	98-107	carnitine acetyltransferase	Mus musculus	52-56
15487009-0	2004	Phenotypic manifestations of the OCTN2 V295X mutation: sudden infant death and carnitine-responsive cardiomyopathy in Roma families.	Carnitine	79-88	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	33-38
15487009-1	2004	In two non-consanguineous Hungarian Roma (Gypsy) children who presented with cardiomyopathy and decreased plasma carnitine levels, we identified homozygous deletion of 17081C of the SLC22A5 gene that results in a frameshift at R282D and leads ultimately to a premature stop codon (V295X) in the OCTN2 carnitine transporter.	Carnitine	113-122	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	182-189
15487009-1	2004	In two non-consanguineous Hungarian Roma (Gypsy) children who presented with cardiomyopathy and decreased plasma carnitine levels, we identified homozygous deletion of 17081C of the SLC22A5 gene that results in a frameshift at R282D and leads ultimately to a premature stop codon (V295X) in the OCTN2 carnitine transporter.	Carnitine	113-122	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	295-300
15621070-8	2004	CPT 1alpha transfers long-chain fatty acids in the cytosol from CoA to carnitine, which is the precondition for the entry of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria and the rate-controlling step in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation.	Carnitine	71-80	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Rattus norvegicus	0-10
15591007-9	2004	In conclusion, both L-carnitine and ALC are effective in improving insulin-mediated glucose disposal either in healthy subjects or in type 2 diabetic patients.	Carnitine	20-31	insulin	Homo sapiens	67-74
15591012-0	2004	Modulatory effects of L-carnitine on glucocorticoid receptor activity.	Carnitine	22-33	nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1	Homo sapiens	37-60
15386443-0	2004	Carnitine prevents cyclic GMP-induced inhibition of peroxisomal enzyme activities.	Carnitine	0-9	5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic II	Homo sapiens	26-29
15386443-6	2004	Cyclic GMP (250-1000 muM) significantly inhibited (p &lt; 0.01) the specific activities of catalase, acyl CoA oxidase and dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferase (DHAPATase) in human dermal fibroblasts, and treatment of cells with 1-5 mM of carnitine significantly (p &lt; 0.001) reduced the inhibitory effects of cGMP on peroxisomal enzyme activities.	Carnitine	244-253	5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic II	Homo sapiens	7-10
15386443-6	2004	Cyclic GMP (250-1000 muM) significantly inhibited (p &lt; 0.01) the specific activities of catalase, acyl CoA oxidase and dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferase (DHAPATase) in human dermal fibroblasts, and treatment of cells with 1-5 mM of carnitine significantly (p &lt; 0.001) reduced the inhibitory effects of cGMP on peroxisomal enzyme activities.	Carnitine	244-253	latexin	Homo sapiens	21-24
15363639-1	2004	The carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) is one of the components of the carnitine cycle.	Carnitine	4-13	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	41-45
22062403-3	2004	The animals which had higher concentration of L-CA, also had the highest amounts of myoglobin as an index to the redness of the muscle.	Carnitine	46-50	myoglobin	Gallus gallus	84-93
15449958-0	2004	Pig muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPTI beta), with low Km for carnitine and low sensitivity to malonyl-CoA inhibition, has kinetic characteristics similar to those of the rat liver (CPTI alpha) enzyme.	Carnitine	11-20	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	45-54
15449958-0	2004	Pig muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPTI beta), with low Km for carnitine and low sensitivity to malonyl-CoA inhibition, has kinetic characteristics similar to those of the rat liver (CPTI alpha) enzyme.	Carnitine	11-20	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Rattus norvegicus	45-49
15449958-3	2004	Kinetic hallmarks of the CPTIalpha are high affinity for carnitine and low sensitivity to malonyl-CoA inhibition, while the opposite characteristics, low affinity for carnitine and high sensitivity to malonyl-CoA, are intrinsic to the CPTIbeta isotype.	Carnitine	57-66	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Rattus norvegicus	25-34
15449958-3	2004	Kinetic hallmarks of the CPTIalpha are high affinity for carnitine and low sensitivity to malonyl-CoA inhibition, while the opposite characteristics, low affinity for carnitine and high sensitivity to malonyl-CoA, are intrinsic to the CPTIbeta isotype.	Carnitine	167-176	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Rattus norvegicus	25-34
15449958-6	2004	Thus, the pig CPTIbeta, unlike the corresponding human or rat enzyme, has a high affinity for carnitine (K(m) = 197 microM) and low sensitive to malonyl-CoA inhibition (IC(50) = 906 nM).	Carnitine	94-103	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	14-22
15363639-4	2004	Metabolic consequences of a defective CACT are hypoketotic hypoglycaemia under fasting conditions, hyperammonemia, elevated creatine kinase and transaminases, dicarboxylic aciduria, very low free carnitine and an abnormal acylcarnitine profile with marked elevation of the long-chain acylcarnitines.	Carnitine	196-205	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	38-42
15363641-2	2004	Carnitine accumulates to lower extent in the brain than in peripheral tissues and the mechanism of its transport through the blood-brain barrier is discussed, with the involvement of two transporters, OCTN2 and B(0,+) being presented.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	201-206
15490412-6	2004	Moreover, several studies have shown that L-carnitine supplementation improves the response to erythropoietin.	Carnitine	42-53	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	95-109
15240869-10	2004	The levels of carnitine were markedly reduced (&lt;20%) in homozygous OCTN2(-/-) null fetuses and placentas compared with wild-type OCTN2(+/+) controls.	Carnitine	14-23	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	70-75
15240869-10	2004	The levels of carnitine were markedly reduced (&lt;20%) in homozygous OCTN2(-/-) null fetuses and placentas compared with wild-type OCTN2(+/+) controls.	Carnitine	14-23	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	132-137
15240869-14	2004	These data show that placental OCTN2 is obligatory for accumulation of carnitine in placenta and fetus, that fatty acid beta-oxidation enzymes are expressed in placenta, and that reduced carnitine levels up-regulate the expression of SCHAD in placenta.	Carnitine	71-80	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	31-36
15240869-14	2004	These data show that placental OCTN2 is obligatory for accumulation of carnitine in placenta and fetus, that fatty acid beta-oxidation enzymes are expressed in placenta, and that reduced carnitine levels up-regulate the expression of SCHAD in placenta.	Carnitine	187-196	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	31-36
15240869-14	2004	These data show that placental OCTN2 is obligatory for accumulation of carnitine in placenta and fetus, that fatty acid beta-oxidation enzymes are expressed in placenta, and that reduced carnitine levels up-regulate the expression of SCHAD in placenta.	Carnitine	187-196	hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase	Mus musculus	234-239
15381830-9	2004	L-carnitine pretreatment increased the tissue catalase activity and prostaglandin E2 to the levels of sham-operated rats but did not change superoxide dismutase activity.	Carnitine	0-11	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	46-54
15490412-9	2004	Treatment with L-carnitine (20 mg/kg, given intravenously at the end of each dialysis session for 6 mo), significantly decreased serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, a proinflammatory cytokine known to inhibit erythropoiesis.	Carnitine	15-26	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	135-153
15490412-9	2004	Treatment with L-carnitine (20 mg/kg, given intravenously at the end of each dialysis session for 6 mo), significantly decreased serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, a proinflammatory cytokine known to inhibit erythropoiesis.	Carnitine	15-26	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	155-158
15490412-13	2004	Many studies showed that carnitine allowed mitochondrial fatty acid usage to link to the rate of glucose usage, thus improving insulin resistance.	Carnitine	25-34	insulin	Homo sapiens	127-134
15155769-2	2004	Carnitine acetyltransferases (CrAT) catalyze the reversible conversion of acetyl-CoA and carnitine to acetylcarnitine and free CoA.	Carnitine	89-98	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-28
15297149-5	2004	CPT-I transfers the acyl moiety from fatty acyl-CoA to carnitine for the translocation of long chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane.	Carnitine	55-64	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	0-5
15155769-2	2004	Carnitine acetyltransferases (CrAT) catalyze the reversible conversion of acetyl-CoA and carnitine to acetylcarnitine and free CoA.	Carnitine	89-98	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	30-34
14711372-1	2004	CPT I (carnitine palmitoyltransferase I) catalyses the conversion of palmitoyl-CoA into palmitoylcarnitine in the presence of L-carnitine, facilitating the entry of fatty acids into mitochondria.	Carnitine	126-137	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	0-5
15246746-10	2004	Supplementation of carnitine and lipoic acid to aged rats significantly increased the GSH levels thereby increasing the activity of GPx, GR, and G6PDH in skeletal muscle and heart of aged rats.	Carnitine	19-28	glutathione-disulfide reductase	Rattus norvegicus	137-139
15246746-10	2004	Supplementation of carnitine and lipoic acid to aged rats significantly increased the GSH levels thereby increasing the activity of GPx, GR, and G6PDH in skeletal muscle and heart of aged rats.	Carnitine	19-28	glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Rattus norvegicus	145-150
14751860-3	2004	We measured the steady-state level of transcripts of the CPT1A and CPT1B genes, which encode the liver (L-CPT I) and muscle CPT I (M-CPT I) isoforms, respectively, as well as the amount of these proteins, their total activity, and the amount of carnitine in left ventricular tissue from fetal and newborn lambs.	Carnitine	245-254	carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Ovis aries	57-62
15499185-5	2004	We propose that sodium-dependent affinity for carnitine is dependent on sodium recognition by these critical amino acids in hOCTN2, whereas carnitine transport by OCTN2 requires functional linkage between TMD1-7 and TMD11.	Carnitine	46-55	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	124-130
15499185-5	2004	We propose that sodium-dependent affinity for carnitine is dependent on sodium recognition by these critical amino acids in hOCTN2, whereas carnitine transport by OCTN2 requires functional linkage between TMD1-7 and TMD11.	Carnitine	46-55	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	125-130
15238359-0	2004	L-Carnitine transport in human placental brush-border membranes is mediated by the sodium-dependent organic cation transporter OCTN2.	Carnitine	0-11	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	127-132
15238359-5	2004	The reported properties of OCTN2 resemble those observed for l-carnitine uptake in placental BBM vesicles, suggesting that OCTN2 may mediate most maternofetal carnitine transport in humans.	Carnitine	61-72	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	27-32
15238359-5	2004	The reported properties of OCTN2 resemble those observed for l-carnitine uptake in placental BBM vesicles, suggesting that OCTN2 may mediate most maternofetal carnitine transport in humans.	Carnitine	63-72	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	27-32
15499185-0	2004	Functional regions of organic cation/carnitine transporter OCTN2 (SLC22A5): roles in carnitine recognition.	Carnitine	37-46	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	59-64
15499185-0	2004	Functional regions of organic cation/carnitine transporter OCTN2 (SLC22A5): roles in carnitine recognition.	Carnitine	37-46	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	66-73
15499185-1	2004	The organic cation/carnitine transporter OCTN2 transports carnitine in a sodium-dependent manner, whereas it transports organic cations sodium-independently.	Carnitine	19-28	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	41-46
15100168-6	2004	The apparent K(m) values for the uptake of mOat3 that mediated the transport of 6-MP, 5-FU, and l-carnitine were 4.01 +/- 0.7 microM, 53.9 +/- 8.9 nM, and 61.9 +/- 1.1 nM, respectively.	Carnitine	96-107	solute carrier family 22 (organic anion transporter), member 8	Mus musculus	43-48
15051838-6	2004	Mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) and carnitine-dependent palmitate oxidation activities were also significantly greater in CLA2-fed mice than in the two other groups.	Carnitine	14-23	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a, liver	Mus musculus	48-53
15057979-1	2004	Deficiency of carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) is an autosomal recessive disorder of the carnitine cycle resulting in the inability to transfer fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane.	Carnitine	14-23	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	51-55
15114520-6	2004	Actually, an increased expression of the mRNA coding for the membrane Glucose Transporter-1 (GLUT-1) and a decreased expression of mRNA coding for the negative modulator insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) were induced by in vitro treatment with L-carnitine and L- acetylcarnitine separately and in combination; in fact, the effects observed were far more pronounced following concomitant treatment with both compounds.	Carnitine	265-276	solute carrier family 2 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	93-99
15114520-6	2004	Actually, an increased expression of the mRNA coding for the membrane Glucose Transporter-1 (GLUT-1) and a decreased expression of mRNA coding for the negative modulator insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) were induced by in vitro treatment with L-carnitine and L- acetylcarnitine separately and in combination; in fact, the effects observed were far more pronounced following concomitant treatment with both compounds.	Carnitine	265-276	insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4	Rattus norvegicus	170-214
15114520-6	2004	Actually, an increased expression of the mRNA coding for the membrane Glucose Transporter-1 (GLUT-1) and a decreased expression of mRNA coding for the negative modulator insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) were induced by in vitro treatment with L-carnitine and L- acetylcarnitine separately and in combination; in fact, the effects observed were far more pronounced following concomitant treatment with both compounds.	Carnitine	265-276	insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4	Rattus norvegicus	216-223
14665638-0	2004	Tyrosine residues affecting sodium stimulation of carnitine transport in the OCTN2 carnitine/organic cation transporter.	Carnitine	50-59	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	77-82
15149558-1	2004	L-Carnitine (LC) and acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) are highly concentrated in the epididymis and play a crucial role in sperm metabolism and maturation.	Carnitine	0-11	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	41-44
14748882-3	2004	In the present study we investigated the protective effect of L-carnitine in experimental acute liver damage induced by CCl4.	Carnitine	62-73	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	120-124
14748882-21	2004	CONCLUSION: It appears that L-carnitine has a protective effect in the early stage of experimental acute liver damage induced by CCl4.	Carnitine	28-39	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	129-133
15125318-6	2004	Since the carnitine plays a regulatory role in the mitochondrial oxidation of the long chain fatty acids, loss of OCTN2 function lead to severe impairment of the intracellular metabolism at biochemical level, which can explain the development of a severe, even life threatening condition.	Carnitine	10-19	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	114-119
15025677-0	2004	Changes in blood carnitine and acylcarnitine profiles of very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase-deficient mice subjected to stress.	Carnitine	17-26	acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, very long chain	Mus musculus	57-95
15025677-2	2004	In this paper we have used the VLCAD knockout mouse as a model to study changes in blood carnitine and acylcarnitine profiles under stress.	Carnitine	89-98	acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, very long chain	Mus musculus	31-36
15030182-5	2004	The compartmentation of carnitine at its main functional location was expected to allow the increased CPT-I activity to ensure in vivo correct fatty acid oxidation rates.	Carnitine	24-33	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	102-107
14665638-1	2004	Primary carnitine deficiency is a disorder of fatty acid oxidation caused by mutations in the Na+-dependent carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2.	Carnitine	8-17	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	145-150
14732448-0	2004	Dietary L-carnitine increases plasma leptin concentrations of gestating sows fed one meal per day.	Carnitine	8-19	leptin	Homo sapiens	37-43
14732448-5	2004	Sows fed diets containing carnitine had greater (P&lt;0.02) overall mean plasma leptin concentrations and greater (P&lt;0.05) leptin concentrations at 2.25, 3, 6, 15, 20, and 24h after feeding compared to sows fed either the control diet or the diet containing chromium.	Carnitine	26-35	leptin	Homo sapiens	80-86
14732448-5	2004	Sows fed diets containing carnitine had greater (P&lt;0.02) overall mean plasma leptin concentrations and greater (P&lt;0.05) leptin concentrations at 2.25, 3, 6, 15, 20, and 24h after feeding compared to sows fed either the control diet or the diet containing chromium.	Carnitine	26-35	leptin	Homo sapiens	126-132
14732448-6	2004	Leptin concentrations of sows fed diets containing carnitine also were greater (P&lt;0.05) than control sows at 2.5 and 2.75 h postprandial and greater than (P&lt;0.05) sows fed diets with both carnitine and chromium at 6h after feeding.	Carnitine	51-60	leptin	Homo sapiens	0-6
14732448-6	2004	Leptin concentrations of sows fed diets containing carnitine also were greater (P&lt;0.05) than control sows at 2.5 and 2.75 h postprandial and greater than (P&lt;0.05) sows fed diets with both carnitine and chromium at 6h after feeding.	Carnitine	194-203	leptin	Homo sapiens	0-6
14732448-8	2004	These results suggest that dietary carnitine, but not chromium, increases circulating leptin in gestating sows fed one meal per day.	Carnitine	35-44	leptin	Homo sapiens	86-92
14654989-12	2004	L-carnitine treatment prevented GP7-induced caspase-3 activation in both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner.	Carnitine	0-11	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	44-53
15617188-0	2004	Carnitine transporter defect due to a novel mutation in the SLC22A5 gene presenting with peripheral neuropathy.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	60-67
15303004-1	2004	The truncating R254X mutation in the OCTN2 gene results in defective high-affinity carnitine transport and has been previously described as a founder mutation in the Chinese population.	Carnitine	83-92	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	37-42
15617188-1	2004	The carnitine transporter defect (McKusick 212140) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the SLC22A5 gene, which encodes the high-affinity carnitine transporter OCTN2 (Wang et al 2001).	Carnitine	4-13	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	113-120
15617188-1	2004	The carnitine transporter defect (McKusick 212140) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the SLC22A5 gene, which encodes the high-affinity carnitine transporter OCTN2 (Wang et al 2001).	Carnitine	4-13	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	181-186
15617188-1	2004	The carnitine transporter defect (McKusick 212140) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the SLC22A5 gene, which encodes the high-affinity carnitine transporter OCTN2 (Wang et al 2001).	Carnitine	159-168	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	113-120
15617188-1	2004	The carnitine transporter defect (McKusick 212140) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the SLC22A5 gene, which encodes the high-affinity carnitine transporter OCTN2 (Wang et al 2001).	Carnitine	159-168	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	181-186
12915513-5	2003	Pretreatment with L-carnitine also significantly blunted ethanol-induced stimulation of TNF-alpha release by isolated Kupffer cells.	Carnitine	18-29	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	88-97
14704298-8	2004	Milk of L-carnitine-treated sows had higher concentrations of total and free carnitine than milk of control sows (P&lt;0.001); concentrations of fat, protein and lactose and the amounts of gross energy in the milk did not differ between the two groups of sows.	Carnitine	8-19	FAT atypical cadherin 1	Homo sapiens	145-148
14506273-4	2003	Substitution of the C terminus of OCTN2 (amino acid residues 342-557) with the corresponding residues of OCTN1 completely abolished carnitine transport.	Carnitine	132-141	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	34-39
14506273-4	2003	Substitution of the C terminus of OCTN2 (amino acid residues 342-557) with the corresponding residues of OCTN1 completely abolished carnitine transport.	Carnitine	132-141	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	105-110
14506273-5	2003	The progressive substitution of the N terminus of OCTN2 with OCTN1 resulted in a decrease in carnitine transport associated with a progressive increase in the Km toward carnitine from 3.9 +/- 0.5 to 141 +/- 19 microM.	Carnitine	93-102	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	50-55
14506273-5	2003	The progressive substitution of the N terminus of OCTN2 with OCTN1 resulted in a decrease in carnitine transport associated with a progressive increase in the Km toward carnitine from 3.9 +/- 0.5 to 141 +/- 19 microM.	Carnitine	93-102	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	61-66
14506273-5	2003	The progressive substitution of the N terminus of OCTN2 with OCTN1 resulted in a decrease in carnitine transport associated with a progressive increase in the Km toward carnitine from 3.9 +/- 0.5 to 141 +/- 19 microM.	Carnitine	169-178	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	50-55
14506273-5	2003	The progressive substitution of the N terminus of OCTN2 with OCTN1 resulted in a decrease in carnitine transport associated with a progressive increase in the Km toward carnitine from 3.9 +/- 0.5 to 141 +/- 19 microM.	Carnitine	169-178	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	61-66
14506273-6	2003	The largest drop in carnitine transport (and increase in Km toward carnitine) was observed with the substitution of residues 341-454 of OCTN2.	Carnitine	20-29	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	136-141
14506273-6	2003	The largest drop in carnitine transport (and increase in Km toward carnitine) was observed with the substitution of residues 341-454 of OCTN2.	Carnitine	67-76	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	136-141
14506273-7	2003	An additional chimeric transporter (CHIM-9) in which only residues 341-454 of OCTN2 were substituted by OCTN1 had markedly reduced carnitine transport, with an elevated Km toward carnitine (63 +/- 5 microM).	Carnitine	131-140	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	78-83
14506273-7	2003	An additional chimeric transporter (CHIM-9) in which only residues 341-454 of OCTN2 were substituted by OCTN1 had markedly reduced carnitine transport, with an elevated Km toward carnitine (63 +/- 5 microM).	Carnitine	131-140	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	104-109
14506273-7	2003	An additional chimeric transporter (CHIM-9) in which only residues 341-454 of OCTN2 were substituted by OCTN1 had markedly reduced carnitine transport, with an elevated Km toward carnitine (63 +/- 5 microM).	Carnitine	179-188	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	78-83
14506273-7	2003	An additional chimeric transporter (CHIM-9) in which only residues 341-454 of OCTN2 were substituted by OCTN1 had markedly reduced carnitine transport, with an elevated Km toward carnitine (63 +/- 5 microM).	Carnitine	179-188	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	104-109
14506273-8	2003	Site-directed mutagenesis and introduction of residues nonconserved between OCTN1 and OCTN2 in the OCTN2 cDNA indicated that the R341A, L409W, L424Y, and T429I substitutions significantly decreased carnitine transport.	Carnitine	198-207	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	76-81
14506273-8	2003	Site-directed mutagenesis and introduction of residues nonconserved between OCTN1 and OCTN2 in the OCTN2 cDNA indicated that the R341A, L409W, L424Y, and T429I substitutions significantly decreased carnitine transport.	Carnitine	198-207	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	99-104
14506273-12	2003	Involvement of these residues in carnitine transport was further supported by the partial restoration of carnitine transport by the introduction of these OCTN2 residues in the OCTN1 portion of CHIM-9.	Carnitine	33-42	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	154-159
14506273-12	2003	Involvement of these residues in carnitine transport was further supported by the partial restoration of carnitine transport by the introduction of these OCTN2 residues in the OCTN1 portion of CHIM-9.	Carnitine	33-42	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	176-181
14506273-12	2003	Involvement of these residues in carnitine transport was further supported by the partial restoration of carnitine transport by the introduction of these OCTN2 residues in the OCTN1 portion of CHIM-9.	Carnitine	105-114	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	154-159
14506273-12	2003	Involvement of these residues in carnitine transport was further supported by the partial restoration of carnitine transport by the introduction of these OCTN2 residues in the OCTN1 portion of CHIM-9.	Carnitine	105-114	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	176-181
14506273-13	2003	These studies indicate that multiple domains of the OCTN2 transporter are required for carnitine transport and identify transmembrane residues important for carnitine recognition.	Carnitine	87-96	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	52-57
14506273-13	2003	These studies indicate that multiple domains of the OCTN2 transporter are required for carnitine transport and identify transmembrane residues important for carnitine recognition.	Carnitine	157-166	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	52-57
14523637-0	2003	Carnitine supplementation improves apolipoprotein B levels in pediatric peritoneal dialysis patients.	Carnitine	0-9	apolipoprotein B	Homo sapiens	35-51
14523637-8	2003	Oral l-carnitine supplementation (50 mg/kg per day for 30 days) led to a significant decrease (from a baseline value of 146.6+/-51.8 mg/dl to 63.6+/-22.2 mg/dl, P&lt;0.001) in apolipoprotein B levels, and no significant change in the other lipid parameters of the treatment group.	Carnitine	5-16	apolipoprotein B	Homo sapiens	176-192
14523637-9	2003	Oral l-carnitine supplementation does not ameliorate the lipid profile in pediatric PD patients, but it causes a significant decrease in apolipoprotein B levels.	Carnitine	5-16	apolipoprotein B	Homo sapiens	137-153
14523637-10	2003	Hence, carnitine supplementation may be recommended for decreasing apolipoprotein B levels in this patient population.	Carnitine	7-16	apolipoprotein B	Homo sapiens	67-83
12882971-2	2003	In this system, the fatty acid moiety of acyl-CoA is transferred enzymatically to carnitine, and the resultant product, acylcarnitine, is imported into the mitochondrial matrix through a transporter named carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT).	Carnitine	82-91	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	205-240
12882971-2	2003	In this system, the fatty acid moiety of acyl-CoA is transferred enzymatically to carnitine, and the resultant product, acylcarnitine, is imported into the mitochondrial matrix through a transporter named carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT).	Carnitine	82-91	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	242-246
14618447-5	2003	In skeletal muscle, the importance of the function of the carnitine system in the control and regulation of fuel partitioning not only relates to the metabolism of fatty acids and the capacity for fatty acid utilization, but also to systemic fat balance and insulin resistance.	Carnitine	58-67	insulin	Homo sapiens	258-265
14618447-6	2003	The carnitine system is shown to be determinant in insulin regulation of fat and glucose metabolic rate in skeletal muscle, this being critical in determining body composition and relevant raised levels of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes.	Carnitine	4-13	insulin	Homo sapiens	51-58
12826662-1	2003	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPTI) catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs to acylcarnitines in the presence of l-carnitine.	Carnitine	132-143	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Rattus norvegicus	34-38
12824292-0	2003	L-carnitine: A nutritional modulator of glucocorticoid receptor functions.	Carnitine	0-11	nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1	Homo sapiens	40-63
12968701-16	2003	The improvements in growth performance during Phase 2 were of great enough magnitude that carnitine addition tended to increase ADG (linear, P &lt; 0.10) and improve G:F (quadratic, P &lt; 0.02) for the entire 38-d period.	Carnitine	90-99	ADG	Sus scrofa	128-131
12824292-3	2003	To explore the molecular basis of this effect, we tested the influence of L-carnitine on glucocorticoid receptor-alpha (GRalpha) functions.	Carnitine	74-85	nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1	Homo sapiens	89-112
12824292-7	2003	Finally, similarly to glucocorticoids, L-carnitine suppressed tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-12 release by human primary monocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide ex vivo.	Carnitine	39-50	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	91-99
12621117-4	2003	This study was devised to investigate the effect of CARN on altered CPT I and CPT II activity in the cardiomyopathy associated with ADR therapy.	Carnitine	52-56	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	68-73
12736383-6	2003	The highly elevated plasma C4-carnitine levels in the three infants detected by newborn screening tandem mass spectrometry differentiated them from infants and children who were homozygous or compound heterozygous for one of two SCAD gene susceptibility variations; for the latter group the C4-carnitine levels were normal.	Carnitine	294-303	acyl-CoA dehydrogenase short chain	Homo sapiens	229-233
12867219-2	2003	OBJECTIVE: To test a tolerable Lp(a)-reducing agent in diabetic patients, we assessed the effect of a dietary supplementation of L-carnitine on plasma lipid levels, particularly Lp(a), of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypercholesterolemia.	Carnitine	129-140	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	31-36
12867219-15	2003	We observed a significant improvement after 6 months (P &lt; 0.05) in the Lp(a) value in patients taking L-carnitine compared with those taking placebo.	Carnitine	105-116	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	74-79
12867219-18	2003	CONCLUSION: In this preliminary study, after 3 and 6 months, L-carnitine significantly lowered the plasma Lp(a) level compared with placebo in selected hypercholesterolemic patients with newly diagnosed type 2 DM.	Carnitine	61-72	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	106-111
12684680-9	2003	We have also found that L-carnitine can inhibit recombinant caspase-3 activity in vitro.	Carnitine	24-35	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	60-69
12880668-2	2003	This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that treatment with carnitine would protect the wound tissue, which was evaluated by measuring nitrite and nitrate, thus nitric oxide, malondialdehyde and cholinesterase in blood, and examining the histopathological changes.	Carnitine	69-78	butyrylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	204-218
12880668-9	2003	However, serum nitric oxide levels were close to each other in both groups (P &gt; 0.05), while serum cholinesterase level was higher in the carnitine-administered group than in the control group (P &lt; 0.01).	Carnitine	141-150	butyrylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	102-116
12948009-7	2003	The amount of OCTN2 protein was also decreased in L-carnitine-fed rats, this reduction being similar to that of the Vmax.	Carnitine	50-61	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	14-19
12948009-9	2003	CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a downregulation of OCTN2 at the renal level, in the presence of high levels of carnitine.	Carnitine	115-124	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	55-60
12807975-0	2003	Modulation of methylation in the FMR1 promoter region after long term treatment with L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine.	Carnitine	85-96	fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1	Homo sapiens	33-37
12684216-4	2003	The purpose of this study was to determine whether the uptake of l-carnitine in Caco-2 cells is mediated by the recently identified organic cation/carnitine transporter (OCTN2).	Carnitine	65-76	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	170-175
12684216-13	2003	Our results demonstrate that l-carnitine uptake in differentiated Caco-2 cells is primarily mediated by OCTN2, located on the BBM.	Carnitine	29-40	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	104-109
12621117-4	2003	This study was devised to investigate the effect of CARN on altered CPT I and CPT II activity in the cardiomyopathy associated with ADR therapy.	Carnitine	52-56	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Rattus norvegicus	78-84
12621117-10	2003	In rats supplemented with CARN alone, the activities of CPT I and CPT II were elevated approximately 50% above those of the control rats (p &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	26-30	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	56-61
12621117-10	2003	In rats supplemented with CARN alone, the activities of CPT I and CPT II were elevated approximately 50% above those of the control rats (p &lt; 0.05).	Carnitine	26-30	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Rattus norvegicus	66-72
12535646-5	2003	We show that the human OCTN3 protein, whose corresponding gene is not yet cloned or annotated in the human reference DNA sequence, does indeed exist and is uniquely involved in carnitine-dependent transport in peroxisomes.	Carnitine	177-186	OCTN3	Homo sapiens	23-28
12757029-5	2003	After L-carnitine application delta CP was significantly increased (1.33 +/- 0.63 vs. 2.24 +/- 1.0 nmol/L; p&lt;0.05) and also the area of the stimulated secretion under the CP curve (14.93 +/- 11.11 vs. 36.88 +/- 25.36 nmol/L x 60 min.	Carnitine	6-17	insulin	Homo sapiens	36-38
12757029-5	2003	After L-carnitine application delta CP was significantly increased (1.33 +/- 0.63 vs. 2.24 +/- 1.0 nmol/L; p&lt;0.05) and also the area of the stimulated secretion under the CP curve (14.93 +/- 11.11 vs. 36.88 +/- 25.36 nmol/L x 60 min.	Carnitine	6-17	insulin	Homo sapiens	174-176
12715624-7	2003	On the other hand, there is little data to support the hypothesis that L-carnitine enhances the response to EPO or overcomes EPO resistance.	Carnitine	71-82	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	108-111
12715624-7	2003	On the other hand, there is little data to support the hypothesis that L-carnitine enhances the response to EPO or overcomes EPO resistance.	Carnitine	71-82	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	125-128
12715624-14	2003	If strict guidelines for use of L-carnitine are adhered to (i.e., the patient has true EPO-resistant anemia unexplained by any identifiable factor and true unexplained hypotension), then the use of L-carnitine in ESRD patients should be very uncommon.	Carnitine	32-43	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	87-90
12715628-3	2003	Given the limited side effects, a trial of L-carnitine with ongoing evaluation of beneficial effect is a reasonable therapeutic option for chronic dialysis patients with clinical conditions related to DCD.	Carnitine	43-54	dermcidin	Homo sapiens	201-204
12612967-5	2003	Many studies have shown that L-carnitine supplementation leads to improvements in several complications seen in uremic patients, including cardiac complications, impaired exercise and functional capacities, muscle symptoms, increased symptomatic intradialytic hypotension, and erythropoietin-resistant anemia, normalizing the reduced carnitine palmitoyl transferase activity in red cells.	Carnitine	29-40	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	277-291
12612967-8	2003	Regular carnitine supplementation in hemodialysis patients can improve their lipid metabolism, protein nutrition, antioxidant status, and anemia requiring large doses of erythropoietin, It also may reduce the incidence of intradialytic muscle cramps, hypotension, asthenia, muscle weakness, and cardiomyopathy.	Carnitine	8-17	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	170-184
12705401-6	2003	Addition of 50, 75, or 100 mg/kg L-carnitine to the diet decreased total activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and lipoprotein lipase (P &lt; 0.05) in the subcutaneous fat and total activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (P &lt; 0.05) in breast muscles.	Carnitine	33-44	glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	87-120
12479865-0	2003	L-Carnitine alters nitric oxide synthase activity in fibroblasts depending on the peroxisomal status.	Carnitine	0-11	nitric oxide synthase 2	Homo sapiens	19-40
12479865-3	2003	The application of physiological (0.1mM) or super-physiological (1mM) doses of L-carnitine causes a significant decrease of the specific activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS, 2.25+/-0.10 to 1.36 pmol/(minmg)+/-0.09 pmol/(minmg) at 0.1mM), proliferation and a tendentious decrease of the antioxidant defence potential against hydrogen peroxide only in control cells.	Carnitine	79-90	nitric oxide synthase 2	Homo sapiens	149-170
12644265-1	2003	The transport of L-carnitine (4-N-trimethylamino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a compound known to be transported by the organic cation transporter/carnitine transporter OCTN2, was studied in immortalized rat brain endothelial cells (RBE4).	Carnitine	17-28	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	164-169
12644265-7	2003	The HeLa cells expressing the RBE4 OCTN2 cDNA showed a sixfold increase in L-carnitine uptake and a fourfold increase in TEA uptake in a sodium-containing buffer.	Carnitine	75-86	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	35-40
12540837-1	2003	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPTI) catalyzes the conversion of long chain fatty acyl-CoAs to acylcarnitines in the presence of l-carnitine.	Carnitine	132-143	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	0-32
12540837-1	2003	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPTI) catalyzes the conversion of long chain fatty acyl-CoAs to acylcarnitines in the presence of l-carnitine.	Carnitine	132-143	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	34-38
12499375-7	2003	The catalytic efficiency (V(max)/K(m)) of CPT I in mutants A478G and C608A and all Met(593) mutants toward carnitine as substrate was clearly increased.	Carnitine	107-116	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	42-47
12602467-0	2003	Plasma carnitine profile during chronic renal anemia treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin.	Carnitine	7-16	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	86-100
12526798-3	2003	We report the crystal structures of murine carnitine acetyltransferase (CRAT), alone and in complex with its substrate carnitine or CoA.	Carnitine	43-52	carnitine acetyltransferase	Mus musculus	72-76
12804452-3	2003	Acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) is derived from carnitine and is described as having several properties which may be beneficial in dementia.	Carnitine	9-18	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	20-23
12602467-10	2003	In the third and six month of epoetin treatment, along with a significant increase in mean reticulocyte count and the highest increment of RBC count and Hb levels, probably due to increased erythropoiesis, a significant, transient decrease of mean total and free plasma carnitine levels was observed.	Carnitine	270-279	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	30-37
12602467-12	2003	It also indicates that there is a need for L-carnitine in carnitine deficient maintenance hemodialysis patients particularily during erythropoiesis induced by epoetin treatment.	Carnitine	43-54	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	159-166
12514272-0	2003	Carnitine and choline supplementation with exercise alter carnitine profiles, biochemical markers of fat metabolism and serum leptin concentration in healthy women.	Carnitine	0-9	leptin	Homo sapiens	126-132
12889657-2	2003	The diagnosis can be established by demonstration of impaired carnitine uptake in cultured skin fibroblasts or lymphoblasts and confirmed by mutation analysis of the human OCTN2 gene in the affected child and obligate heterozygote parents.	Carnitine	62-71	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	172-177
12889657-7	2003	A third organic/cation carnitine transporter with high specificity for carnitine, Octn3, has been cloned in mice.	Carnitine	23-32	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 21	Mus musculus	82-87
14605509-2	2003	In all three individuals, the same homozygous mutation in the OCTN2 gene (R471H) was present and carnitine uptake in fibroblasts was deficient.	Carnitine	97-106	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	62-67
12549821-2	2002	Previous studies based on JVS mouse, an animal model of this disease, showed that Cdv-1 was highly expressed in ventricles of normal mouse, but was remarkably down-regulated in JVS mouse and can be up-regulated to normal level by breeding carnitine, which suggested Cdv-1 was possibly involved in cardiac hypertrophy caused by carnitine deficiency.	Carnitine	239-248	intraflagellar transport 81	Mus musculus	82-87
12707492-0	2003	L-carnitine decreases severity and type of fatigue induced by interferon-alpha in the treatment of patients with hepatitis C. BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the major agents of chronic hepatitis and liver disease worldwide.	Carnitine	0-11	interferon alpha 1	Homo sapiens	62-72
12707492-4	2003	The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of carnitine on IFN-induced fatigue in subjects with chronic hepatitis C. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 50 patients (30 males and 20 females) with chronic hepatitis C. Chronic hepatitis was diagnosed by determination of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (at least 2-fold upper normal values for 1 year).	Carnitine	53-62	interferon alpha 1	Homo sapiens	66-69
12359334-5	2002	The up-regulation of CDV-3 gene in the ventricles of JVS mice was significantly relieved by carnitine administration within 6 h. The entire cDNA nucleotide sequences showed that two kinds of cDNA, long and short versions (CDV-3A and -3B), corresponding to the detected mRNAs, are different in a 711 base fragment.	Carnitine	92-101	carnitine deficiency-associated gene expressed in ventricle 3	Mus musculus	21-26
12396307-5	2002	These results show that L-carnitine induced endothelium-dependent relaxation in the rat aorta and the mechanism of this relaxation appeared to be mostly mediated by endothelial production of nitric oxide but#10; also could involve prevention of the action of cyclooxygenase endothelial products acting on the thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptor.	Carnitine	24-35	UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide A7C	Rattus norvegicus	321-349
12089149-8	2002	When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, CT2 mediates the high affinity transport of l-carnitine but does not accept mainstream OCT/OCTN cationic or OAT anionic substrates.	Carnitine	79-90	solute carrier family 22 member 16	Homo sapiens	35-38
12176737-5	2002	Treatment of rats with L-carnitine, known for its protective effect on muscle metabolism injuries, was found to inhibit caspases and to decrease the levels of TNF-alpha and sphingosine, as well as the number of apoptotic myonuclei.	Carnitine	23-34	caspase 9	Rattus norvegicus	120-128
12176737-5	2002	Treatment of rats with L-carnitine, known for its protective effect on muscle metabolism injuries, was found to inhibit caspases and to decrease the levels of TNF-alpha and sphingosine, as well as the number of apoptotic myonuclei.	Carnitine	23-34	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	159-168
12183691-1	2002	The organic cation/carnitine transporter OCTN2 mediates transport of carnitine and organic cations in Na(+)-dependent and Na(+)-independent manners, respectively.	Carnitine	19-28	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	41-46
12408185-1	2002	Systemic carnitine deficiency (CDSP) (McKusick 212140) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by defective plasma membrane uptake of carnitine.	Carnitine	9-18	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	31-35
12408185-3	2002	CDSP is a treatable disease provided an early diagnosis is made and prompt treatment with L-carnitine is initiated.	Carnitine	90-101	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	0-4
12408185-5	2002	Recently, a human gene, SLC22A5, encoding a sodium-dependent high-affinity carnitine transporter OCTN2 was cloned from human kidney and shown to be mutated in systemic carnitine deficiency.	Carnitine	75-84	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	24-31
12408185-5	2002	Recently, a human gene, SLC22A5, encoding a sodium-dependent high-affinity carnitine transporter OCTN2 was cloned from human kidney and shown to be mutated in systemic carnitine deficiency.	Carnitine	75-84	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	97-102
12183691-3	2002	We previously found a single amino acid change in OCTN2, Ser467Cys (S467C), in the Japanese population and observed a decreased carnitine transport but unchanged organic cation transport compared with wild type.	Carnitine	128-137	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	50-55
12183691-7	2002	Several organic anions such as valproate, as well as organic cations, significantly inhibited carnitine and TEA uptake by OCTN2, and valproate showed Na(+)-dependent inhibition of OCTN2-mediated TEA uptake.	Carnitine	94-103	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	122-127
12183691-10	2002	These observations suggest that the decrease in affinity of S467C-mutant OCTN2 for carnitine was caused by functional alteration of the anion (carboxyl moiety of carnitine) recognition site located in trans-membrane domain 11, which is closely related to the Na(+)-binding site, on OCTN2 protein.	Carnitine	83-92	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	73-78
12183691-10	2002	These observations suggest that the decrease in affinity of S467C-mutant OCTN2 for carnitine was caused by functional alteration of the anion (carboxyl moiety of carnitine) recognition site located in trans-membrane domain 11, which is closely related to the Na(+)-binding site, on OCTN2 protein.	Carnitine	83-92	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	282-287
12183691-10	2002	These observations suggest that the decrease in affinity of S467C-mutant OCTN2 for carnitine was caused by functional alteration of the anion (carboxyl moiety of carnitine) recognition site located in trans-membrane domain 11, which is closely related to the Na(+)-binding site, on OCTN2 protein.	Carnitine	162-171	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	73-78
12183691-11	2002	These results demonstrate that OCTN2 has functional sites for carnitine and Na(+) and that the carnitine-binding site is involved, in part, in the recognition of organic cations.	Carnitine	62-71	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	31-36
12183691-11	2002	These results demonstrate that OCTN2 has functional sites for carnitine and Na(+) and that the carnitine-binding site is involved, in part, in the recognition of organic cations.	Carnitine	95-104	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	31-36
12144852-0	2002	Carnitine prevents NMDA receptor-mediated activation of MAP-kinase and phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 2 in cerebellar neurons in culture.	Carnitine	0-9	microtubule-associated protein 2	Rattus norvegicus	90-122
12144852-3	2002	We show that carnitine inhibits NMDA-induced phosphorylation of MAP-2 and that this is due to decreased activation of MAP-kinase.	Carnitine	13-22	microtubule-associated protein 2	Rattus norvegicus	64-69
12144852-5	2002	Carnitine also inhibits the increase in phosphorylation of MAP-2 induced by the nitric oxide-generating agent S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, but not nitric oxide-induced activation of soluble guanylate cyclase.	Carnitine	0-9	microtubule-associated protein 2	Rattus norvegicus	59-64
12093282-1	2002	By use of site-directed mutagenesis in combination with chemical modification of mutated proteins, the role of the six Cys residues in the transport function of the rat mitochondrial carnitine carrier (CAC) was studied.	Carnitine	183-192	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Rattus norvegicus	202-205
12093282-5	2002	On the basis of the values of internal and external transport affinities (K(m)) for carnitine and of their comparison with those measured in mitochondria, the recombinant CAC is oriented unidirectionally in the liposomes, right side out compared to mitochondria.	Carnitine	84-93	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Rattus norvegicus	171-174
12080034-2	2002	Recently, an organic cation transporter, OCTN2, was cloned from rat intestinal epithelium and shown to transport L-carnitine in a sodium-dependent manner.	Carnitine	113-124	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	41-46
12080034-9	2002	In conclusion, OCTN2 is present in the rat epididymis in a region-dependent manner and is likely to be responsible for the transport of L-carnitine into the cells of the epididymal epithelium.	Carnitine	136-147	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	15-20
12132580-0	2002	Carnitine uptake by AGP2 in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is dependent on Hog1 MAP kinase pathway.	Carnitine	0-9	Agp2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	20-24
12132580-0	2002	Carnitine uptake by AGP2 in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is dependent on Hog1 MAP kinase pathway.	Carnitine	0-9	mitogen-activated protein kinase HOG1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	75-79
12132580-7	2002	Furthermore, carnitine uptake was inhibited by the constitutive expression of PBS2, which encodes a MAPKK that activates Hog1.	Carnitine	13-22	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase PBS2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	78-82
12132580-7	2002	Furthermore, carnitine uptake was inhibited by the constitutive expression of PBS2, which encodes a MAPKK that activates Hog1.	Carnitine	13-22	mitogen-activated protein kinase HOG1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	121-125
12215207-7	2002	Apoptotic CD4 and CD8 cells, lymphocytes with disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential, and lymphocytes undergoing oxidant stress were greatly reduced in subjects treated with AZT and DDI plus L-carnitine compared with those who did not receive L-carnitine.	Carnitine	195-206	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	10-13
12215207-7	2002	Apoptotic CD4 and CD8 cells, lymphocytes with disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential, and lymphocytes undergoing oxidant stress were greatly reduced in subjects treated with AZT and DDI plus L-carnitine compared with those who did not receive L-carnitine.	Carnitine	195-206	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	18-21
12215207-8	2002	Fas and caspase-1 were down-expressed and p35 over-expressed in lymphocytes from patients of the L-carnitine group.	Carnitine	97-108	caspase 1	Homo sapiens	8-17
12215207-8	2002	Fas and caspase-1 were down-expressed and p35 over-expressed in lymphocytes from patients of the L-carnitine group.	Carnitine	97-108	cyclin dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit 1	Homo sapiens	42-45
11878804-5	2002	In this single-tube reaction system palmitoylcarnitine is converted by CPT-II to free carnitine, which is subsequently esterified to acetylcarnitine by carnitine acetyltransferase.	Carnitine	45-54	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	71-77
11991847-0	2002	Decreased mitochondrial carnitine translocase in skeletal muscles impairs utilization of fatty acids in insulin-resistant patients.	Carnitine	24-33	insulin	Homo sapiens	104-111
11790778-2	2002	Pig and rat liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (L-CPTI) share common K(m) values for palmitoyl-CoA and carnitine.	Carnitine	18-27	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Sus scrofa	52-58
11788422-2	2002	Palmitate-induced cell death, assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, was enhanced by carnitine, a cofactor needed for palmitate transport into mitochondria via CPT-1.	Carnitine	131-140	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Gallus gallus	206-211
11964131-0	2002	Thyroid hormone controls carnitine status through modifications of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity and gene expression.	Carnitine	25-34	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	67-98
11964131-2	2002	The effects of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were studied on gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBH), the enzyme responsible for carnitine biosynthesis in the rat.	Carnitine	132-141	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	66-97
11964131-2	2002	The effects of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were studied on gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBH), the enzyme responsible for carnitine biosynthesis in the rat.	Carnitine	132-141	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	99-102
12003327-0	2002	Dietary L-carnitine increases plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentration in chicks fed a diet with adequate dietary protein level.	Carnitine	8-19	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	37-65
12003327-8	2002	There was an interaction between dietary L-carnitine and protein content on plasma IGF-I concentration.	Carnitine	41-52	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	83-88
12003327-10	2002	When dietary L-carnitine concentrations were increased from 0 to 1000 mg/kg in the adequate protein (200 g/kg) diet, plasma IGF-I concentrations were also increased.	Carnitine	13-24	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	124-129
12003327-11	2002	However, when dietary L-carnitine content was more than 500 mg/kg in the 400 g/kg protein group, plasma IGF-I concentration decreased with increasing dietary L-carnitine content.	Carnitine	22-33	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	104-109
12003327-11	2002	However, when dietary L-carnitine content was more than 500 mg/kg in the 400 g/kg protein group, plasma IGF-I concentration decreased with increasing dietary L-carnitine content.	Carnitine	158-169	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	104-109
12003327-15	2002	In conclusion, the improvement in body weight gain caused by dietary L-carnitine supplementation was achieved when chicks were given their dietary protein requirement, which may be partially explained by an increase in plasma IGF-I concentration.	Carnitine	69-80	insulin like growth factor 1	Homo sapiens	226-231
11856775-9	2002	Before the erythropoietin (EPO) era, L-carnitine treatment was associated with improved hemoglobin (P &lt; 0.01) and with a decreased EPO dose (P &lt; 0.01) and improved resistance to EPO when patients routinely received EPO.	Carnitine	37-48	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	11-25
11856775-9	2002	Before the erythropoietin (EPO) era, L-carnitine treatment was associated with improved hemoglobin (P &lt; 0.01) and with a decreased EPO dose (P &lt; 0.01) and improved resistance to EPO when patients routinely received EPO.	Carnitine	37-48	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	27-30
11856775-9	2002	Before the erythropoietin (EPO) era, L-carnitine treatment was associated with improved hemoglobin (P &lt; 0.01) and with a decreased EPO dose (P &lt; 0.01) and improved resistance to EPO when patients routinely received EPO.	Carnitine	37-48	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	134-137
11856775-9	2002	Before the erythropoietin (EPO) era, L-carnitine treatment was associated with improved hemoglobin (P &lt; 0.01) and with a decreased EPO dose (P &lt; 0.01) and improved resistance to EPO when patients routinely received EPO.	Carnitine	37-48	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	134-137
11856775-9	2002	Before the erythropoietin (EPO) era, L-carnitine treatment was associated with improved hemoglobin (P &lt; 0.01) and with a decreased EPO dose (P &lt; 0.01) and improved resistance to EPO when patients routinely received EPO.	Carnitine	37-48	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	134-137
11788422-4	2002	The CPT-1 inhibitor oxfenicine significantly (P &lt; 0.05) blocked the cell death induced by the combination of palmitate and carnitine.	Carnitine	126-135	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Gallus gallus	4-9
11799139-7	2002	Carnitine-fed old rats had a significant (p&lt;0.05) 8-12-fold higher mean transcription rate of CPT1 and CRAT compared to aged controls, adult carnitine-fed animals, and adult controls, whereas the transcription rate of CPT2 was stimulated 2-3-fold in carnitine-fed animals of both age groups.	Carnitine	0-9	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	106-110
11799139-9	2002	RNA in situ hybridization also indicated an enhanced expression of CPT1A in hepatocytes from l-carnitine-supplemented animals.	Carnitine	93-104	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Rattus norvegicus	67-72
11799139-7	2002	Carnitine-fed old rats had a significant (p&lt;0.05) 8-12-fold higher mean transcription rate of CPT1 and CRAT compared to aged controls, adult carnitine-fed animals, and adult controls, whereas the transcription rate of CPT2 was stimulated 2-3-fold in carnitine-fed animals of both age groups.	Carnitine	0-9	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Rattus norvegicus	221-225
11799139-10	2002	These results suggest that l-carnitine stimulates transcription of CPT1, CPT2, and CRAT as well as the enzyme activity of CPT1 in the livers of aged rats.	Carnitine	27-38	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Rattus norvegicus	73-77
11737414-4	2001	Carnitine, but not prostatic secretions, positive and significantly correlate with mitochondrial respiratory complex activities and the citric acid cycle enzymes citrate synthase and succinate dehydrogenase.	Carnitine	0-9	citrate synthase	Homo sapiens	162-178
11799139-10	2002	These results suggest that l-carnitine stimulates transcription of CPT1, CPT2, and CRAT as well as the enzyme activity of CPT1 in the livers of aged rats.	Carnitine	27-38	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	83-87
15618652-2	2002	This phenotype is caused by a missense mutation (Leu352Arg) of a sodium-dependent carnitine/organic cation transporter, Octn2 (Slc22a5).	Carnitine	82-91	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	120-125
15618652-2	2002	This phenotype is caused by a missense mutation (Leu352Arg) of a sodium-dependent carnitine/organic cation transporter, Octn2 (Slc22a5).	Carnitine	82-91	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	127-134
11891565-1	2002	The carnitine transporter OCTN2 is responsible for the renal reabsorption of filtered L-carnitine.	Carnitine	86-97	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Gallus gallus	26-31
12094827-1	2002	BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that L-carnitine may improve clinical status and reduce the need for erythropoietin in dialysis patients with cardiovascular diseases.	Carnitine	43-54	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	107-121
12111367-1	2002	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) is one of the carnitine cycle enzymes that plays a role in the transportation of long-fatty acids into the mitochondria for beta-oxidation.	Carnitine	55-64	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	0-32
12111367-1	2002	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) is one of the carnitine cycle enzymes that plays a role in the transportation of long-fatty acids into the mitochondria for beta-oxidation.	Carnitine	55-64	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	34-39
11737414-5	2001	It is remarkable that the ratios of the respiratory chain complexes to citrate synthase or succinate dehydrogenase, significant but negatively correlated with L-carnitine concentration.	Carnitine	159-170	citrate synthase	Homo sapiens	71-87
11553629-1	2001	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) and carnitine octanoyltransferase (COT) catalyze the conversion of long- and medium-chain acyl-CoA to acylcarnitines in the presence of carnitine.	Carnitine	45-54	carnitine O-octanoyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	76-79
11811466-2	2001	Our hypothesis was that an increase in the ratio of acetyl CoA:CoA-SH produced by stimulation of fatty acid oxidation by supplemental L-carnitine may decrease branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase activity and increase pyruvate carboxylase activity.	Carnitine	134-145	pyruvate carboxylase	Sus scrofa	226-246
11811466-9	2001	Flux through pyruvate carboxylase was increased (linear, P &lt; 0.01) in isolated mitochondria from liver of pigs fed carnitine, and assays with particle-free extracts indicated that the amount of mitochondrial pyruvate carboxylase was tripled by feeding carnitine (linear, P &lt; 0.01).	Carnitine	118-127	pyruvate carboxylase	Sus scrofa	13-33
11811466-9	2001	Flux through pyruvate carboxylase was increased (linear, P &lt; 0.01) in isolated mitochondria from liver of pigs fed carnitine, and assays with particle-free extracts indicated that the amount of mitochondrial pyruvate carboxylase was tripled by feeding carnitine (linear, P &lt; 0.01).	Carnitine	118-127	pyruvate carboxylase	Sus scrofa	211-231
11811466-9	2001	Flux through pyruvate carboxylase was increased (linear, P &lt; 0.01) in isolated mitochondria from liver of pigs fed carnitine, and assays with particle-free extracts indicated that the amount of mitochondrial pyruvate carboxylase was tripled by feeding carnitine (linear, P &lt; 0.01).	Carnitine	255-264	pyruvate carboxylase	Sus scrofa	13-33
11811466-9	2001	Flux through pyruvate carboxylase was increased (linear, P &lt; 0.01) in isolated mitochondria from liver of pigs fed carnitine, and assays with particle-free extracts indicated that the amount of mitochondrial pyruvate carboxylase was tripled by feeding carnitine (linear, P &lt; 0.01).	Carnitine	255-264	pyruvate carboxylase	Sus scrofa	211-231
11811466-10	2001	The association of increased protein accretion and reduced backfat thickness with greater rates of palmitate oxidation, more rapid flux through pyruvate carboxylase, and reduced flux through branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase suggests pigs fed carnitine are more able to use fat for energy, divert carbon toward synthesis of amino acids, and spare branched-chain amino acids for protein synthesis.	Carnitine	254-263	pyruvate carboxylase	Sus scrofa	144-164
11739607-0	2001	Functional relevance of carnitine transporter OCTN2 to brain distribution of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine across the blood-brain barrier.	Carnitine	77-88	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	46-51
11739607-5	2001	These transport properties are consistent with those of carnitine transport by OCTN2.	Carnitine	56-65	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	79-84
11739607-9	2001	These results suggest that OCTN2 is involved in transport of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine from the circulating blood to the brain across the BBB.	Carnitine	61-72	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	27-32
11718711-1	2001	In this paper we show that the only known Na(+) dependent transporter of carnitine in mammals, organic cation transporter number 2 (OCTN2), is subject to differential splicing.	Carnitine	73-82	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	95-130
11718711-1	2001	In this paper we show that the only known Na(+) dependent transporter of carnitine in mammals, organic cation transporter number 2 (OCTN2), is subject to differential splicing.	Carnitine	73-82	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	132-137
11826365-1	2001	Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) deficiency is an inherited defect of the co-transport of free and esterified carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane.	Carnitine	14-23	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	37-41
11597572-7	2001	In the presence of inorganic phosphate (P(i)), Ca2+-induced MPT was suppressed by BSA, L-carnitine, and chlorpromazine, an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.	Carnitine	87-98	phospholipase A2 group IB	Rattus norvegicus	136-152
11748499-1	2001	A premature boy with a congenital form of nemaline myopathy due to mutation in the ACTA1-gene showed decreased carnitine levels in the eighth week of life.	Carnitine	111-120	actin alpha 1, skeletal muscle	Homo sapiens	83-88
11576925-5	2001	Recent meta-analyses of the literature indicate that carnitine supplementation in hemodialysis patients may improve the hematological status (allowing a reduction of the requirement for erythropoietin), the exercise tolerance, the plasma lipid profile, and the intradialytic symptoms.	Carnitine	53-62	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	186-200
11576925-6	2001	In addition, carnitine supplementation may improve cardiac functions, protein metabolism, and insulin resistance.	Carnitine	13-22	insulin	Homo sapiens	94-101
11576925-8	2001	Furthermore, clinical guidelines developed by both American and European nephrological societies suggest that a trial with carnitine supplementation could be recommended in selected dialysis patients who do not adequately respond to standard therapy for certain conditions, such as severe and persistent muscle cramps or hypotension during dialysis, lack of energy affecting quality of life, skeletal muscle weakness or myopathy, cardiomyopathy, and anemia of uremia unresponsive to or requiring large doses of erythropoietin.	Carnitine	123-132	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	511-525
11568084-9	2001	The ratio of free carnitine to the sum of palmitoylcarnitine and stearoylcarnitine [C0/(C16 + C18)] is highly specific for CPT-I deficiency and may allow presymptomatic diagnosis.	Carnitine	18-27	Bardet-Biedl syndrome 9	Homo sapiens	94-97
11814147-5	2001	Total IGF-I in serum from diabetic rats was increased dose-dependently by carnitine treatment, but was statistically significant only in the D200 group.	Carnitine	74-83	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	6-11
11814147-6	2001	The expression of liver IGF-I mRNA was lower in diabetic rats than in normal rats and increased by L-carnitine treatment.	Carnitine	99-110	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	24-29
11814147-9	2001	Diabetic rats had markedly lower IGFBP-3 than normal rats did, and IGFBP-3 was increased by L-carnitine treatment.	Carnitine	92-103	insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3	Rattus norvegicus	67-74
11814147-10	2001	These results demonstrate that L-carnitine treatment of diabetic rats modulates the IGFs/IGFBPs axis.	Carnitine	31-42	insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3	Rattus norvegicus	89-95
11814147-11	2001	Especially note-worthy is that L-carnitine at a dose of 200 mg/kg/48 h for four weeks was able to restore serum total IGF-I in STZ-induced diabetic rats to nearly normal levels.	Carnitine	31-42	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	118-123
11472585-9	2001	Plasma carnitine was correlated with albumin, triglyceride and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in patients with chronic liver disease (P<0.05).	Carnitine	7-16	inactive glutathione hydrolase 2	Homo sapiens	63-92
11472585-10	2001	Liver carnitine was correlated with GGT in cirrhotic patients (P<0.005).	Carnitine	6-15	inactive glutathione hydrolase 2	Homo sapiens	36-39
11509010-8	2001	Most of the OCTN2 mutations identified in humans with SCD result in loss of carnitine transport function.	Carnitine	76-85	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	12-17
11472585-9	2001	Plasma carnitine was correlated with albumin, triglyceride and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in patients with chronic liver disease (P<0.05).	Carnitine	7-16	inactive glutathione hydrolase 2	Homo sapiens	94-97
11406104-9	2001	These results clarified that OCTN2 is important for the concentrative reabsorption of L-carnitine after glomerular filtration in the kidney.	Carnitine	86-97	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	29-34
11497173-9	2001	In rats receiving L-carnitine but not exposed to CRS, gastric acid secretion, mucin and PGE2 content of gastric mucosa were similar to those in control rats.	Carnitine	18-29	solute carrier family 13 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	78-83
11406104-0	2001	Na(+)-coupled transport of L-carnitine via high-affinity carnitine transporter OCTN2 and its subcellular localization in kidney.	Carnitine	27-38	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	79-84
11306651-19	2001	This transporter, known as OCTN2 (novel organic cation transporter 2), is expressed in most tissues and transports carnitine with high affinity.	Carnitine	115-124	solute carrier family 22 member 5 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	27-32
11406104-1	2001	The mechanism of Na(+)-dependent transport of L-carnitine via the carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2 and the subcellular localization of OCTN2 in kidney were studied.	Carnitine	46-57	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	103-108
11406104-2	2001	Using plasma membrane vesicles prepared from HEK293 cells that were stably transfected with human OCTN2, transport of L-carnitine via human OCTN2 was characterized.	Carnitine	118-129	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	98-103
11406104-2	2001	Using plasma membrane vesicles prepared from HEK293 cells that were stably transfected with human OCTN2, transport of L-carnitine via human OCTN2 was characterized.	Carnitine	118-129	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	140-145
11406104-5	2001	Changes of inorganic anions in the extravesicular medium and of membrane potential by valinomycin altered the initial uptake activity of L-carnitine by OCTN2.	Carnitine	137-148	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	152-157
11395170-3	2001	100 mg/kg per body weight per day L-carnitine was administered orally to old (21 months) male Sprague-Dawley rats (OLD-CAR) for a period of 2 months.	Carnitine	34-45	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3	Rattus norvegicus	119-122
11306651-19	2001	This transporter, known as OCTN2 (novel organic cation transporter 2), is expressed in most tissues and transports carnitine with high affinity.	Carnitine	115-124	solute carrier family 22 member 5 L homeolog	Xenopus laevis	40-68
11324725-6	2001	RESULTS: CRS caused a significant decrease in gastric mucin and PGE2 content, while in the gastric mucosa of rats pretreated with L-carnitine, the changes in gastric mucin and PGE2 content, as well as gastric lesion development and enhanced lipid peroxide formation due to stress, were prevented.	Carnitine	130-141	solute carrier family 13 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	54-59
11324725-6	2001	RESULTS: CRS caused a significant decrease in gastric mucin and PGE2 content, while in the gastric mucosa of rats pretreated with L-carnitine, the changes in gastric mucin and PGE2 content, as well as gastric lesion development and enhanced lipid peroxide formation due to stress, were prevented.	Carnitine	130-141	solute carrier family 13 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	166-171
11114574-0	2001	Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on renal anemia in poor responders to erythropoietin.	Carnitine	11-22	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	77-91
11257506-3	2001	The acylation state of the mobile carnitine pool is linked to that of the limited and compartmentalised coenzyme A pools by the action of the family of carnitine acyltransferases and the mitochondrial membrane transporter, CACT.	Carnitine	34-43	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	223-227
11316253-0	2001	Erythropoietin-resistant refractory renal anemia: effects of oral L-carnitine supplementation.	Carnitine	66-77	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	0-14
11253151-0	2001	Protective efficacy of L-carnitine on acetylcholinesterase activity in aged rat brain.	Carnitine	23-34	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	38-58
11253151-1	2001	The purpose of this research was to study the activity of acetylcholinesterase in various regions of young and aged rat brain before and after L-carnitine supplementation.	Carnitine	143-154	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	58-78
11253151-6	2001	Our results indicate that treatment of aged rats with L-carnitine restored the level of acetylcholinesterase.	Carnitine	54-65	acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	88-108
11329295-4	2001	When expressed in Pichia pastoris, the pig L-CPTI enzyme shows kinetic characteristics (carnitine, K(m) = 126 microM; palmitoyl-CoA, K(m) = 35 microM) similar to human or rat L-CPTI.	Carnitine	88-97	phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class L	Sus scrofa	39-44
11329295-4	2001	When expressed in Pichia pastoris, the pig L-CPTI enzyme shows kinetic characteristics (carnitine, K(m) = 126 microM; palmitoyl-CoA, K(m) = 35 microM) similar to human or rat L-CPTI.	Carnitine	88-97	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Sus scrofa	45-49
11160873-0	2001	Molecular and physiological evidence for multifunctionality of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2.	Carnitine	63-72	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	100-105
11160873-1	2001	OCTN2 is an Na(+)-dependent transporter for carnitine, which is essential for fatty acid metabolism, and its functional defect leads to fatal systemic carnitine deficiency (SCD).	Carnitine	44-53	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	0-5
11160873-7	2001	In transport experiments using OCTN2-expressing cells, TEA and carnitine showed mutual trans-stimulation effects in their transport, implying a carnitine/TEA exchange mechanism.	Carnitine	63-72	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	31-36
11160873-7	2001	In transport experiments using OCTN2-expressing cells, TEA and carnitine showed mutual trans-stimulation effects in their transport, implying a carnitine/TEA exchange mechanism.	Carnitine	144-153	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	31-36
11160873-8	2001	In addition, Na(+) affected the affinity of carnitine for OCTN2, whereas Na(+) is unlikely to be involved in TEA transport.	Carnitine	44-53	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	58-63
11114574-7	2001	These results suggest that RBC carnitine may be essential for RBCs to perform their metabolic function in renal anemia and that oral L-carnitine treatment could improve anemia in poor responders to EPO.	Carnitine	133-144	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	198-201
11588988-3	2001	Carnitine and polyunsaturated fatty acids have been reported to be reduced in NCL English Setters.	Carnitine	0-9	nucleolin	Canis lupus familiaris	78-81
11588988-6	2001	Carnitine, with or without lipid supplements, dramatically delayed the progression of cognitive decline in NCL dogs.	Carnitine	0-9	nucleolin	Canis lupus familiaris	107-110
11588988-11	2001	Our study suggests that dietary supplementation with carnitine is a promising new approach for delaying or preventing the cognitive decline in dogs, and perhaps, with human NCL patients.	Carnitine	53-62	nucleolin	Homo sapiens	173-176
10969089-9	2000	However, deletion of residues 3-18 from M-CPT I affected the K(m) for carnitine of this isoform, but not of L-CPT I.	Carnitine	70-79	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	42-47
11010964-6	2000	Carnitine transport by OCTN1 and OCTN2 was Na(+)-dependent, whereas that by OCTN3 was Na(+)-independent.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	23-28
11010964-6	2000	Carnitine transport by OCTN1 and OCTN2 was Na(+)-dependent, whereas that by OCTN3 was Na(+)-independent.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	33-38
11010964-8	2000	The relative uptake activity ratios of carnitine to TEA were 1.78, 11.3, and 746 for OCTN1, -2, and -3, respectively, suggesting high specificity of OCTN3 for carnitine and significantly lower carnitine transport activity of OCTN1.	Carnitine	39-48	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	85-102
11010964-8	2000	The relative uptake activity ratios of carnitine to TEA were 1.78, 11.3, and 746 for OCTN1, -2, and -3, respectively, suggesting high specificity of OCTN3 for carnitine and significantly lower carnitine transport activity of OCTN1.	Carnitine	39-48	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 21	Mus musculus	149-154
11010964-8	2000	The relative uptake activity ratios of carnitine to TEA were 1.78, 11.3, and 746 for OCTN1, -2, and -3, respectively, suggesting high specificity of OCTN3 for carnitine and significantly lower carnitine transport activity of OCTN1.	Carnitine	39-48	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 4	Mus musculus	85-90
11010964-8	2000	The relative uptake activity ratios of carnitine to TEA were 1.78, 11.3, and 746 for OCTN1, -2, and -3, respectively, suggesting high specificity of OCTN3 for carnitine and significantly lower carnitine transport activity of OCTN1.	Carnitine	159-168	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 21	Mus musculus	149-154
11010964-8	2000	The relative uptake activity ratios of carnitine to TEA were 1.78, 11.3, and 746 for OCTN1, -2, and -3, respectively, suggesting high specificity of OCTN3 for carnitine and significantly lower carnitine transport activity of OCTN1.	Carnitine	159-168	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 21	Mus musculus	149-154
11010964-9	2000	Thus, OCTN3 is unique in its limited tissue distribution and Na(+)-independent carnitine transport, whereas OCTN1 efficiently transported TEA with minimal expression of carnitine transport activity and may have a different role from other members of the OCTN family.	Carnitine	79-88	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 21	Mus musculus	6-11
10969089-10	2000	These observations (i) provide the first evidence for negative determinants of malonyl-CoA sensitivity within the amino-terminal segment of L-CPT I and (ii) suggest a mechanism for the inverse relationship between affinity for malonyl-CoA and for carnitine of the two isoforms of the enzyme.	Carnitine	247-256	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	142-147
19081329-7	2000	Before the pacing period, ANF remained constant during the DST in dogs with normal total plasma carnitine concentration, while it significantly decreased in dogs with low total plasma carnitine concentration.	Carnitine	96-105	natriuretic peptide A	Canis lupus familiaris	26-29
11120451-1	2000	We have previously shown that the combination of caffeine, carnitine, and choline supplementation decreased body fat and serum leptin concentration in rats and was attributed to increased fat utilization for energy.	Carnitine	59-68	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	127-133
10956641-1	2000	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I) catalyzes the transfer of long chain fatty acyl groups from CoA to carnitine for translocation across the mitochondrial inner membrane.	Carnitine	108-117	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Rattus norvegicus	0-32
10956641-1	2000	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I) catalyzes the transfer of long chain fatty acyl groups from CoA to carnitine for translocation across the mitochondrial inner membrane.	Carnitine	108-117	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Rattus norvegicus	34-39
11052958-4	2000	The CPT-1-independent event of palmitoyl carnitine oxidation was also depressed (P &lt; 0.01) by approximately 45%.	Carnitine	41-50	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	4-9
11069438-1	2000	AIMS: Propionyl-L-carnitine (PLC) is an endogenous compound which, along with L-carnitine (LC) and acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), forms a component of the endogenous carnitine pool in humans and most, if not all, animal species.	Carnitine	16-27	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	119-122
11069438-1	2000	AIMS: Propionyl-L-carnitine (PLC) is an endogenous compound which, along with L-carnitine (LC) and acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), forms a component of the endogenous carnitine pool in humans and most, if not all, animal species.	Carnitine	30-32	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	119-122
11069438-1	2000	AIMS: Propionyl-L-carnitine (PLC) is an endogenous compound which, along with L-carnitine (LC) and acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), forms a component of the endogenous carnitine pool in humans and most, if not all, animal species.	Carnitine	18-27	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	119-122
11093075-2	2000	MET-88, 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazinium)propionate dihydrate, inhibits gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase which catalyzes conversion of gamma-butyrobetaine to carnitine.	Carnitine	154-163	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	69-100
11286283-5	2000	The crop milk from the supplemented groups in both Exp2 and Exp3 had increased levels of carnitine.	Carnitine	89-98	chromosome segregation 1 like	Homo sapiens	51-55
11130971-1	2000	We have previously reported that CDV (carnitine deficiency-associated gene expressed in ventricle)-1 was a downregulated gene in the hypertrophied ventricle of carnitine-deficient juvenile visceral steatosis mice and that the related gene (CDV-1R) showed no tissue specificity and no sensitivity to carnitine deficiency.	Carnitine	38-47	intraflagellar transport 81	Mus musculus	240-246
11130971-7	2000	The presumed promoter sequence for CDV-1 located in the intron 14 of CDV-1R contained the common TATA box and consensus binding sites for various transcription factors (Nkx-2.5, Spl, C/EBP, SRF, YY1, and CREB), which seem to play roles in the heart-specific expression and carnitine deficiency-associated suppression of CDV-1.	Carnitine	273-282	intraflagellar transport 81	Mus musculus	35-40
11130971-7	2000	The presumed promoter sequence for CDV-1 located in the intron 14 of CDV-1R contained the common TATA box and consensus binding sites for various transcription factors (Nkx-2.5, Spl, C/EBP, SRF, YY1, and CREB), which seem to play roles in the heart-specific expression and carnitine deficiency-associated suppression of CDV-1.	Carnitine	273-282	intraflagellar transport 81	Mus musculus	69-75
11130971-7	2000	The presumed promoter sequence for CDV-1 located in the intron 14 of CDV-1R contained the common TATA box and consensus binding sites for various transcription factors (Nkx-2.5, Spl, C/EBP, SRF, YY1, and CREB), which seem to play roles in the heart-specific expression and carnitine deficiency-associated suppression of CDV-1.	Carnitine	273-282	intraflagellar transport 81	Mus musculus	69-74
11015474-6	2000	Because tissue carnitine concentrations were within the range of the respective K:(m) for both liver and muscle tissue, it is inferred that alteration of tissue carnitine concentrations via dietary supplementation could modulate CPT-I activity in young pigs.	Carnitine	161-170	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Sus scrofa	229-234
10922462-8	2000	These alterations may be due to inactivation of beta-oxidation or to an increase in the activity of the enzyme that converts carnitine to palmitoylcarnitine, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I).	Carnitine	125-134	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	158-190
11213533-0	2000	L-carnitine reduces plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in patients with hyper Lp(a).	Carnitine	0-11	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	72-77
11213533-3	2000	METHODS AND RESULTS: L-carnitine, a natural compound stimulating fatty acid oxidation at the mitochondrial level, was tested in a double blind study in 36 subjects with Lp(a) levels ranging between 40-80 mg/dL, in most with concomitant LDL cholesterol and triglyceride elevations.	Carnitine	21-32	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	169-174
11213533-4	2000	L-carnitine (2 g/day) significantly reduced Lp(a) levels (-7.7% vs baseline and -11.7% vs placebo treatment), the reduction being more dramatic in the subjects with the more marked elevations.	Carnitine	0-11	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	44-49
11213533-5	2000	In particular, in the L-carnitine group, 14 out of 18 subjects (77.8%) had a significant reduction of Lp(a) vs only 7 out of 18 (38.9%) in the placebo group (chi 2 = 4.11, p = 0.0452).	Carnitine	22-33	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	102-107
11213533-7	2000	CONCLUSIONS: L-carnitine offers a potentially useful therapeutic agent for atherogenic conditions characterized by high Lp(a) levels, also in view of the excellent tolerability and essential lack of major side effects.	Carnitine	13-24	lipoprotein(a)	Homo sapiens	120-125
11196742-6	2000	The study showed a significant correlation between urinary carnitine excretion and serum PTH levels.	Carnitine	59-68	parathyroid hormone	Homo sapiens	89-92
10922462-0	2000	Regulation of the activity of caspases by L-carnitine and palmitoylcarnitine.	Carnitine	42-53	caspase 8	Homo sapiens	30-38
10966938-2	2000	It is taken up into the cells by the recently cloned Na(+)-driven carnitine organic cation transporter OCTN2.	Carnitine	66-75	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	103-108
10966938-14	2000	In summary, hOCTN2 mediates electrogenic Na(+)-dependent stereoselective high-affinity transport of L-carnitine and Na(+).	Carnitine	100-111	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	12-18
11128385-0	2000	Enhanced specific antibody response to bovine serum albumin in pigeons due to L-carnitine supplementation.	Carnitine	78-89	serum albumin	Columba livia	46-59
10922462-8	2000	These alterations may be due to inactivation of beta-oxidation or to an increase in the activity of the enzyme that converts carnitine to palmitoylcarnitine, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I).	Carnitine	125-134	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	192-197
10922462-5	2000	In addition, 5 mM carnitine potently inhibited the activity of recombinant caspases 3, 7 and 8, whereas its long-chain fatty acid derivative palmitoylcarnitine stimulated the activity of all the caspases.	Carnitine	18-27	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	75-94
10922462-5	2000	In addition, 5 mM carnitine potently inhibited the activity of recombinant caspases 3, 7 and 8, whereas its long-chain fatty acid derivative palmitoylcarnitine stimulated the activity of all the caspases.	Carnitine	18-27	caspase 8	Homo sapiens	75-83
10861226-12	2000	In contrast with the variable response to malonyl-CoA, the liposomal L-CPT I displayed a pH profile and kinetics with regard to the carnitine and acyl-CoA substrates similar to those of the enzyme in fed or fasted liver mitochondria.	Carnitine	132-141	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	71-76
10825452-7	2000	Carnitine, a zwitterion, interacts with rat OCTN1 with a very low affinity.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	44-49
10864034-1	2000	MET-88, 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazinium) propionate, suppresses carnitine synthesis by inhibiting (gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase.	Carnitine	62-71	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	97-128
10867544-0	2000	L-Carnitine supplementation in a hemodialysis patient with a mutation in the mitochondrial tRNA(Leu(UUR)) gene.	Carnitine	0-11	mitochondrially encoded tRNA glycine	Homo sapiens	91-105
10766754-1	2000	The two isoforms of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I; muscle (M)- and liver (L)-type) of the mitochondrial outer membrane have distinct kinetic characteristics with respect to their affinity for one of the substrates (l-carnitine) and the inhibitor malonyl-CoA.	Carnitine	225-236	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	54-59
10825452-8	2000	However, the transport of carnitine via rat OCTN1 is not evident in the presence or absence of Na(+).	Carnitine	26-35	solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	44-49
10767668-6	2000	Amino acids, including L-carnitine, taurine, and L-arginine, might also play a role in the reversal of insulin resistance.	Carnitine	23-34	insulin	Homo sapiens	103-110
10702312-1	2000	The penultimate step in carnitine biosynthesis is mediated by gamma-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.47), a cytosolic NAD(+)-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase that converts gamma-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde into gamma-butyrobetaine.	Carnitine	24-33	aldehyde dehydrogenase 9 family, member A1	Rattus norvegicus	62-109
10826498-7	2000	A decreased ratio can relieve the inhibition of PDH as shown by the transfer of acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA to carnitine, forming acetylcarnitine, a reaction catalyzed by carnitine acetyl-transferase.	Carnitine	113-122	pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Homo sapiens	48-51
10826498-16	2000	The actions of L-carnitine and propionyl-L-carnitine cannot be explained as exclusively dependent on the stimulation of fatty acid oxidation but rather on a marked increase in glucose oxidation, via a relief of PDH inhibition caused by the elevated acetyl-CoA/CoA ratio.	Carnitine	15-26	pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Homo sapiens	211-214
10702312-9	2000	This indicates that human aldehyde dehydrogenase 9 is the gamma-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase, which functions in carnitine biosynthesis.	Carnitine	126-135	aldehyde dehydrogenase 9 family, member A1	Rattus norvegicus	58-105
10720162-0	2000	Caffeine, carnitine and choline supplementation of rats decreases body fat and serum leptin concentration as does exercise.	Carnitine	10-19	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	85-91
10655497-6	2000	These studies revealed that OCTN2, a gene recently shown to play a role in carnitine transport, was able to correct the triglyceride abnormalities.	Carnitine	75-84	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	28-33
10655497-7	2000	The discovery of this previously unappreciated relationship between OCTN2, carnitine, and hepatic triglyceride production is of particular importance because of the clinical consequence of hypertriglyceridemia and the paucity of genes known to modulate triglyceride secretion.	Carnitine	75-84	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	68-73
10623637-4	2000	These features of carnitine transport did not fully correspond to the known characteristics of the proteins transporting carnitine in other tissues (OCTN2 and CT1); however, they did not exclude an involvement of a transporter belonging to the same superfamily.	Carnitine	18-27	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	159-162
10636865-3	2000	OCTN2 is an organic cation/carnitine transporter that is responsible for Na(+)-coupled transport of carnitine in the kidney and other tissues.	Carnitine	27-36	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	0-5
10636865-5	2000	The beta-lactam antibiotics cephaloridine, cefoselis, cefepime, and cefluprenam were found to inhibit OCTN2-mediated carnitine transport.	Carnitine	117-126	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	102-107
10636865-8	2000	The interaction of cephaloridine with OCTN2 is competitive with respect to carnitine.	Carnitine	75-84	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	38-43
10636865-13	2000	These studies show that OCTN2 plays a crucial role in the pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of certain beta-lactam antibiotics such as cephaloridine and that cephaloridine-induced carnitine deficiency is likely to be due to inhibition of carnitine reabsorption in the kidney.	Carnitine	188-197	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	24-29
10697964-1	2000	Carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) transports acylcarnitines into mitochondria in exchange for free carnitine, and is therefore an essential component within the fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway.	Carnitine	14-23	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	37-41
10679939-0	2000	A missense mutation in the OCTN2 gene associated with residual carnitine transport activity.	Carnitine	63-72	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	27-32
10679939-8	2000	Stable expression of the mutant E452K-OCTN2 cDNA in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells caused a partial increase in carnitine transport to 2-4% of the levels measured in the wild type transporter.	Carnitine	115-124	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	38-43
10608918-1	1999	Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) is an ester of the trimethylated amino acid, L-carnitine, and is synthesized in the human brain, liver, and kidney by the enzyme ALC-transferase.	Carnitine	7-18	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	20-23
10559218-0	1999	Mutations in novel organic cation transporter (OCTN2), an organic cation/carnitine transporter, with differential effects on the organic cation transport function and the carnitine transport function.	Carnitine	73-82	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	47-52
10641876-6	1999	Sows fed 100 mg/d of added L-carnitine had increased IGF-I concentration on d 60 (71.3 vs. 38.0 ng/mL, P&lt;.01) and 90 of gestation (33.0 vs. 25.0 ng/mL, P = .04).	Carnitine	27-38	insulin like growth factor 1	Sus scrofa	53-58
10570078-0	1999	Saving erythropoietin by administering L-carnitine?	Carnitine	39-50	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	7-21
10559218-5	1999	Studies with human OCTN2/rat OCTN2 chimeric transporters indicated that the carnitine transport site and the organic cation transport site were not identical.	Carnitine	76-85	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	19-24
10559218-5	1999	Studies with human OCTN2/rat OCTN2 chimeric transporters indicated that the carnitine transport site and the organic cation transport site were not identical.	Carnitine	76-85	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	29-34
10545096-0	1999	Molecular characterization of carnitine-dependent transport of acetyl-CoA from peroxisomes to mitochondria in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and identification of a plasma membrane carnitine transporter, Agp2p.	Carnitine	30-39	Agp2p	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	198-203
10544029-0	1999	GFP-Human high-affinity carnitine transporter OCTN2 protein: subcellular localization and functional restoration of carnitine uptake in mutant cell lines with the carnitine transporter defect.	Carnitine	24-33	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	46-51
10545605-0	1999	Genetic epidemiology of the carnitine transporter OCTN2 gene in a Japanese population and phenotypic characterization in Japanese pedigrees with primary systemic carnitine deficiency.	Carnitine	28-37	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	50-55
10545605-3	1999	The OCTN2 (organic cation transporter) gene was sequenced for these 14 subjects, for 22 subjects whose carnitine levels were below the fifth percentile in the first screening but were normal in the second measurement and in 69 individuals with normal carnitine levels for two separate measurements.	Carnitine	103-112	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	4-9
10545605-3	1999	The OCTN2 (organic cation transporter) gene was sequenced for these 14 subjects, for 22 subjects whose carnitine levels were below the fifth percentile in the first screening but were normal in the second measurement and in 69 individuals with normal carnitine levels for two separate measurements.	Carnitine	251-260	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	4-9
12038470-1	1999	OBJECTIVE: The goal of this work is to assess the effect of L-carnitine on glucose disposal, particularly on insulin sensitivity, in healthy volunteers.	Carnitine	60-71	insulin	Homo sapiens	109-116
10425211-0	1999	Carnitine transporter OCTN2 mutations in systemic primary carnitine deficiency: a novel Arg169Gln mutation and a recurrent Arg282ter mutation associated with an unconventional splicing abnormality.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	22-27
10525100-0	1999	Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance.	Carnitine	16-25	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	67-72
10525100-3	1999	In this study, we further characterized the functional properties of hOCTN2 and examined the interaction between hOCTN2-mediated carnitine transport and clinically used drugs to assess possible toxicological effects.	Carnitine	129-138	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	113-119
10525100-7	1999	To examine the transport activity for organic cations other than carnitine and the possible relationship of drug-induced carnitine deficiency with hOCTN2, the inhibitory effect of several drugs on hOCTN2-mediated L-carnitine transport was examined.	Carnitine	213-224	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	197-203
10525100-10	1999	The results suggest that the carnitine deficiency-related toxicological effects by long-term treatment with such drugs might be ascribed to a functional alteration of hOCTN2-mediated carnitine transport.	Carnitine	29-38	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	167-173
10564497-0	1999	Positive co-regulation of the Escherichia coli carnitine pathway cai and fix operons by CRP and the CaiF activator.	Carnitine	47-56	catabolite gene activator protein	Escherichia coli	88-91
10564497-1	1999	Activation of the two divergent Escherichia coli cai and fix operons involved in anaerobic carnitine metabolism is co-dependent on the cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) and on CaiF, the specific carnitine-sensitive transcriptional regulator.	Carnitine	91-100	catabolite gene activator protein	Escherichia coli	135-162
10564497-1	1999	Activation of the two divergent Escherichia coli cai and fix operons involved in anaerobic carnitine metabolism is co-dependent on the cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) and on CaiF, the specific carnitine-sensitive transcriptional regulator.	Carnitine	91-100	catabolite gene activator protein	Escherichia coli	164-167
10454528-2	1999	OCTN2 transports organic cations without involving Na(+), but it transports carnitine only in the presence of Na(+).	Carnitine	76-85	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	0-5
10454528-3	1999	The ability to transport organic cations and carnitine is demonstrable with human, rat, and mouse OCTN2s.	Carnitine	45-54	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	98-103
10454528-5	1999	The short-chain acyl esters of carnitine are also transported by OCTN2.	Carnitine	31-40	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Homo sapiens	65-70
10333485-1	1999	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-I catalyses the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from CoA to carnitine for translocation across the mitochondrial inner membrane.	Carnitine	100-109	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Rattus norvegicus	0-38
10364635-6	1999	Thus, the FAB-MS analysis clearly demonstrated that contrary to the likely prediction, the 270% extra free carnitine output was a consequence of a dose-dependent dTML-induced depletion of the free carnitine reserves from the newborns.	Carnitine	107-116	FA complementation group B	Homo sapiens	10-13
10480371-2	1999	This form of carnitine deficiency is caused by a defect in the active cellular uptake of carnitine, and the gene encoding the high affinity carnitine transporter OCTN2 has recently been shown to be mutated in patients suffering from this disorder.	Carnitine	13-22	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	162-167
10480371-6	1999	Reintroduction of wild-type OCTN2 cDNA into fibroblasts of the three patients by transient transfection restored the cellular carnitine uptake, confirming that mutations in OCTN2 are the cause of systemic carnitine deficiency.	Carnitine	126-135	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	28-33
10504033-1	1999	The recently cloned organic cation transporter, OCTN2, isolated as a homologue of OCTN1, has been shown to be of physiological importance in the renal tubular reabsorption of filtered L-carnitine as a high-affinity Na+ carnitine transporter in man.	Carnitine	184-195	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	48-53
10504033-1	1999	The recently cloned organic cation transporter, OCTN2, isolated as a homologue of OCTN1, has been shown to be of physiological importance in the renal tubular reabsorption of filtered L-carnitine as a high-affinity Na+ carnitine transporter in man.	Carnitine	184-195	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	82-87
10504033-3	1999	In this study, the characteristics of L-carnitine transport into hepatocytes were studied by use of cultured human hepatoma HLF cells, which expressed OCTN2 mRNA to a greater extent than OCTN1 mRNA.	Carnitine	38-49	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	151-156
10504033-3	1999	In this study, the characteristics of L-carnitine transport into hepatocytes were studied by use of cultured human hepatoma HLF cells, which expressed OCTN2 mRNA to a greater extent than OCTN1 mRNA.	Carnitine	38-49	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	187-192
10504033-11	1999	In conclusion, L-carnitine is absorbed by hepatocytes from man by an active carrier-mediated transport system which is Na+-, energy- and pH-dependent and has properties very similar to those of the carnitine transporter OCTN2.	Carnitine	15-26	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	220-225
18031163-5	1999	RESULTS: Serum carnitine levels, which were statistically lower in hepatitis C patients than in controls before therapy, increased after IFNalpha (p = 0.0003 vs pretreatment).	Carnitine	15-24	interferon alpha 1	Homo sapiens	137-145
18031163-7	1999	Serum carnitine levels were correlated with age (r = 0.35; p = 0.02), type of response (r = - 03; p = 0.04), duration of disease (r = - 0.8; p = 0.0001) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (r = 0.43; p = 0.005) after completion of IFNalpha treatment.	Carnitine	6-15	interferon alpha 1	Homo sapiens	243-251
10051646-6	1999	Transfection of patient"s fibroblasts with the OCTN2 cDNA partially restored carnitine transport.	Carnitine	77-86	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	47-52
10072434-0	1999	Mutations of OCTN2, an organic cation/carnitine transporter, lead to deficient cellular carnitine uptake in primary carnitine deficiency.	Carnitine	38-47	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	13-18
10072434-1	1999	Systemic primary carnitine deficiency (CDSP, OMIM 212140) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by low serum and intracellular concentrations of carnitine.	Carnitine	17-26	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	39-43
10072434-5	1999	A recently cloned homologue of the organic cation transporter, OCTN2, which has sodium-dependent carnitine uptake properties, was also mapped to the same locus.	Carnitine	97-106	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	63-68
10341026-9	1999	Both carnitine and DHEAS alone and in an additive fashion increased ALP activity and COL levels.	Carnitine	5-14	alkaline phosphatase, placental	Homo sapiens	68-71
10087170-6	1999	Carnitine uptake was not inhibited by amino acid substrates of transport systems A, ASC, and X-AG, but was inhibited competitively (in potency order) by butyrobetaine &gt; carnitine &gt; palmitoylcarnitine = acetylcarnitine &gt; betaine.	Carnitine	0-9	PYD and CARD domain containing	Homo sapiens	84-87
10087008-1	1999	We kinetically analyzed the disposition of L-carnitine of juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mice compared with that of normal mice to elucidate the mechanism of the systemic L-carnitine deficiency of JVS mice.	Carnitine	43-54	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	87-90
10087008-6	1999	The cumulative urinary excretion of total radioactive carnitine in JVS mice was about 10-fold more than that in normal mice, and the total clearance of unchanged L-[3H]carnitine for JVS mice (6.70 ml/min) was significantly higher than that for normal mice (2.45 ml/min).	Carnitine	54-63	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	67-70
10087008-10	1999	In conclusion, this in vivo disposition kinetic study of L-carnitine supports the previous in vitro finding that the L-carnitine transporter is absent or functionally deficient in JVS mice because the renal reabsorption, the intestinal absorption, and the apparent tissue-to-plasma concentration ratios in JVS mice are significantly lower than those in normal mice.	Carnitine	57-68	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	180-183
10087008-10	1999	In conclusion, this in vivo disposition kinetic study of L-carnitine supports the previous in vitro finding that the L-carnitine transporter is absent or functionally deficient in JVS mice because the renal reabsorption, the intestinal absorption, and the apparent tissue-to-plasma concentration ratios in JVS mice are significantly lower than those in normal mice.	Carnitine	57-68	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	306-309
10334668-13	1999	L-Carnitine supplementation may be appropriate in some patients with anaemia of chronic renal failure (CRF) unresponsive to, or requiring large doses of, epoetin.	Carnitine	0-11	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	154-161
10025944-0	1999	Cardiomegaly in the juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mouse is reduced with acute elevation of heart short-chain acyl-carnitine level after L-carnitine injection.	Carnitine	140-151	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	49-52
10025944-1	1999	The long-term administration of L-carnitine was very effective in preventing cardiomegaly in juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mice, which was confirmed by heart weight as well as the lipid contents in heart tissue.	Carnitine	32-43	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	122-125
10025944-5	1999	These results suggest that increased levels of short-chain acyl-carnitine, not free carnitine, might be a key compound in the protective effect of L-carnitine administration in JVS mice.	Carnitine	64-73	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	177-180
10025944-5	1999	These results suggest that increased levels of short-chain acyl-carnitine, not free carnitine, might be a key compound in the protective effect of L-carnitine administration in JVS mice.	Carnitine	147-158	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	177-180
10609898-4	1999	On the other hand, carnitine administration reduced the high level of PDK4 mRNA in JVS mice to the control fed level.	Carnitine	19-28	pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isoenzyme 4	Mus musculus	70-74
10609898-4	1999	On the other hand, carnitine administration reduced the high level of PDK4 mRNA in JVS mice to the control fed level.	Carnitine	19-28	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	83-86
10210276-7	1999	Northern blot analysis showed that the altered expression of ANP and CDV-1 was not corrected in the ventricles of JVS mice treated with any of the drugs except carnitine.	Carnitine	160-169	natriuretic peptide type A	Mus musculus	61-64
9916797-6	1999	Our observation that OCTN2 has the ability to transport carnitine in a sodium-dependent manner prompted us to search for mutations in the gene encoding OCTN2, SLC22A5.	Carnitine	56-65	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	21-26
9916797-6	1999	Our observation that OCTN2 has the ability to transport carnitine in a sodium-dependent manner prompted us to search for mutations in the gene encoding OCTN2, SLC22A5.	Carnitine	56-65	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	152-157
9916797-6	1999	Our observation that OCTN2 has the ability to transport carnitine in a sodium-dependent manner prompted us to search for mutations in the gene encoding OCTN2, SLC22A5.	Carnitine	56-65	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	159-166
10350421-7	1999	CONCLUSION: reduced carnitine availability correlates with the age-related decline of DHEAS levels.	Carnitine	20-29	sulfotransferase family 2A member 1	Homo sapiens	86-91
10084293-13	1999	According to our data, L-carnitine, in addition to iron supplementation, may have an effect on erythropoietin resistance and erythrocyte survival time in HD patients.	Carnitine	23-34	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	95-109
10067662-1	1999	OBJECTIVE: Aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of L-carnitine on insulin-mediated glucose uptake and oxidation in type II diabetic patients and compare the results with those in healthy controls.	Carnitine	66-77	insulin	Homo sapiens	81-88
10067662-10	1999	CONCLUSIONS: L-carnitine constant infusion improves insulin sensitivity in insulin resistant diabetic patients; a significant effect on whole body insulin-mediated glucose uptake is also observed in normal subjects.	Carnitine	13-24	insulin	Homo sapiens	52-59
10067662-10	1999	CONCLUSIONS: L-carnitine constant infusion improves insulin sensitivity in insulin resistant diabetic patients; a significant effect on whole body insulin-mediated glucose uptake is also observed in normal subjects.	Carnitine	13-24	insulin	Homo sapiens	75-82
10067662-10	1999	CONCLUSIONS: L-carnitine constant infusion improves insulin sensitivity in insulin resistant diabetic patients; a significant effect on whole body insulin-mediated glucose uptake is also observed in normal subjects.	Carnitine	13-24	insulin	Homo sapiens	75-82
10709635-2	1999	gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase catalyse the last step in carnitine biosynthesis, the formation of L-carnitine from gamma-butyrobetaine, a reaction dependent on Fe2+, alpha-ketoglutarate, ascorbate and oxygen.	Carnitine	58-67	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-31
10709635-2	1999	gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase catalyse the last step in carnitine biosynthesis, the formation of L-carnitine from gamma-butyrobetaine, a reaction dependent on Fe2+, alpha-ketoglutarate, ascorbate and oxygen.	Carnitine	99-110	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-31
10203002-0	1999	The effect of L-carnitine on insulin resistance in hemodialysed patients with chronic renal failure.	Carnitine	14-25	insulin	Homo sapiens	29-36
10203002-6	1999	This result suggests that L-carnitine may improve the insulin resistance common among uremic patients.	Carnitine	26-37	insulin	Homo sapiens	54-61
10575305-0	1999	L-Carnitine effects on anemia in uremic rats treated with erythropoietin.	Carnitine	0-11	erythropoietin	Rattus norvegicus	58-72
9821158-7	1998	Carnitine did not inhibit phospholipase C activity but inhibits partially (43%) the hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids induced by direct activation of G proteins with AIF4-.	Carnitine	0-9	itchy E3 ubiquitin protein ligase	Homo sapiens	169-173
9864270-6	1998	These observations suggest that there is a close relationship between increased polyol pathway activity and carnitine deficiency in the development of diabetic neuropathy and that an aldose reductase inhibitor, TAT, and a carnitine analog, ALC, have therapeutic potential for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.	Carnitine	108-117	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Rattus norvegicus	183-199
9837782-1	1998	The carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) transports acylcarnitines into mitochondria in exchange for free carnitine and it is, therefore, essential for the fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway.	Carnitine	4-13	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	41-45
9875758-7	1998	RESULTS: At 60 minutes of reperfusion, left ventricular developed pressure was significantly better in hearts from both groups (diabetic and euglycemic) with carnitine supplementation (DM-CAR versus DM-STD and E-CAR versus E-STD, p &lt; 0.01 for both, by analysis of variance).	Carnitine	158-167	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3	Rattus norvegicus	188-191
9875758-7	1998	RESULTS: At 60 minutes of reperfusion, left ventricular developed pressure was significantly better in hearts from both groups (diabetic and euglycemic) with carnitine supplementation (DM-CAR versus DM-STD and E-CAR versus E-STD, p &lt; 0.01 for both, by analysis of variance).	Carnitine	158-167	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3	Rattus norvegicus	212-215
9881103-1	1998	Carnitine palmitoyltransferases 1 and 2 (CPT-1 and CPT-2) catalyze the transfer of long chain fatty acids between carnitine and coenzyme A.	Carnitine	114-123	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	0-39
9794789-2	1998	Two isoforms of CPT I, the liver type (L) and muscle type (M), have been identified, the latter being 100 times more sensitive to malonyl-CoA and having a much higher Km for the substrate carnitine.	Carnitine	188-197	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	16-21
9794789-3	1998	Here we have examined the roles of different regions of the CPT I molecules in their response to malonyl-CoA, etomoxir (an irreversible inhibitor) and carnitine.	Carnitine	151-160	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	60-65
9893954-2	1998	When fenofibrate was administered with mildronate (a gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase inhibitor) in suitable amount, the content in carnitine was found to be normalized in liver.	Carnitine	131-140	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	53-84
9893954-5	1998	Data suggest that the normal carnitine concentration is largely sufficient to meet the usual requirement for carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity (CPT I).	Carnitine	29-38	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	152-157
9881103-1	1998	Carnitine palmitoyltransferases 1 and 2 (CPT-1 and CPT-2) catalyze the transfer of long chain fatty acids between carnitine and coenzyme A.	Carnitine	114-123	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	41-46
9881103-1	1998	Carnitine palmitoyltransferases 1 and 2 (CPT-1 and CPT-2) catalyze the transfer of long chain fatty acids between carnitine and coenzyme A.	Carnitine	114-123	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	51-56
9792817-4	1998	When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, CT1 mediated a high-affinity transport of L-carnitine (Km = 25 microM).	Carnitine	77-88	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	35-38
9792817-5	1998	The replacement of extracellular sodium with Li reduced CT1-mediated L-carnitine uptake to 19.8%.	Carnitine	69-80	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	56-59
9792817-7	1998	Octanoylcarnitine, acetylcarnitine, and gamma-butyrobetaine showed potent inhibitory effects on CT1-mediated L-carnitine uptake; betaine and d-carnitine showed moderate inhibition.	Carnitine	109-120	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Rattus norvegicus	96-99
9685390-7	1998	OCTN2-mediated L-[3H]carnitine transport was inhibited by the D-isomer, acetyl-D,L-carnitine, and gamma-butyrobetaine with high affinity and by glycinebetaine with lower affinity, whereas choline, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, lysine, and taurine were not inhibitory.	Carnitine	81-92	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	0-5
9753662-0	1998	Carnitine biosynthesis: identification of the cDNA encoding human gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase.	Carnitine	0-9	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	66-97
9753662-1	1998	gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.1) is the last enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of L-carnitine and catalyzes the formation of L-carnitine from gamma-butyrobetaine, a reaction dependent on alpha-ketoglutarate, Fe2+, and oxygen.	Carnitine	97-108	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	0-31
9753662-1	1998	gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.1) is the last enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of L-carnitine and catalyzes the formation of L-carnitine from gamma-butyrobetaine, a reaction dependent on alpha-ketoglutarate, Fe2+, and oxygen.	Carnitine	140-151	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	0-31
9781268-4	1998	In addition, we studied the effects of pretreatment with L-carnitine (5 days and 2 h before the hypoxia) on endogenous PAF concentration in the hypoxic-ischemic brain.	Carnitine	57-68	PCNA clamp associated factor	Rattus norvegicus	119-122
9781268-6	1998	However, a significantly decreased PAF concentration was found in the group of pups that received carnitine pretreatment for 5 days (Group 3, 30.5 +/- 11.0 pg/mg protein).	Carnitine	98-107	PCNA clamp associated factor	Rattus norvegicus	35-38
9781268-8	1998	The suppressor effect of L-carnitine on PAF production may give new insight into the treatment of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.	Carnitine	25-36	PCNA clamp associated factor	Rattus norvegicus	40-43
9657346-6	1998	Upon carnitine supplementation, C8 to C12 fatty acylcarnitines, with decanoylcarnitine as well as C10 to C14 dicarboxylylcarnitines being prominent, were observed in urine.	Carnitine	5-14	chromosome 12 open reading frame 57	Homo sapiens	98-101
9627904-0	1998	Carnitine as an ergogenic aid in health and disease.	Carnitine	0-9	activation induced cytidine deaminase	Homo sapiens	26-29
9691089-4	1998	CPT I is the key enzyme in the carnitine-dependent transport across the mitochondrial inner membrane and its deficiency results in a decreased rate of fatty acid beta-oxidation.	Carnitine	31-40	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	0-5
9675303-0	1998	Gsalpha-mediated regulation of the carnitine carrier in S49 lymphoma cells.	Carnitine	35-44	GNAS (guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha stimulating) complex locus	Mus musculus	0-7
9675303-5	1998	Plasma membranes derived from cyc- cells displayed six times more carnitine binding sites and a 1.35 times faster uptake rate than plasma membranes from wild-type cells.	Carnitine	66-75	peptidylprolyl isomerase A, pseudogene 1	Mus musculus	30-33
9675303-6	1998	In vitro mixing of plasma membranes from cyc- and wild-type cells transferred a factor reducing the number of expected carnitine binding sites by about 30%.	Carnitine	119-128	peptidylprolyl isomerase A, pseudogene 1	Mus musculus	41-44
9675303-7	1998	Cyclic AMP could not substitute for wild-type membranes as the inhibitor of carnitine binding to plasma membranes derived from cyc- cells.	Carnitine	76-85	peptidylprolyl isomerase A, pseudogene 1	Mus musculus	127-130
9675303-8	1998	Cholera toxin induced ADP-ribosylation of Gsalpha causing activation of Gsalpha present in wild-type but not in cyc- cells, further reducing carnitine uptake and carnitine binding to plasma membranes.	Carnitine	141-150	GNAS (guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha stimulating) complex locus	Mus musculus	42-49
9675303-8	1998	Cholera toxin induced ADP-ribosylation of Gsalpha causing activation of Gsalpha present in wild-type but not in cyc- cells, further reducing carnitine uptake and carnitine binding to plasma membranes.	Carnitine	141-150	GNAS (guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha stimulating) complex locus	Mus musculus	72-79
9675303-8	1998	Cholera toxin induced ADP-ribosylation of Gsalpha causing activation of Gsalpha present in wild-type but not in cyc- cells, further reducing carnitine uptake and carnitine binding to plasma membranes.	Carnitine	162-171	GNAS (guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha stimulating) complex locus	Mus musculus	42-49
9675303-8	1998	Cholera toxin induced ADP-ribosylation of Gsalpha causing activation of Gsalpha present in wild-type but not in cyc- cells, further reducing carnitine uptake and carnitine binding to plasma membranes.	Carnitine	162-171	GNAS (guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha stimulating) complex locus	Mus musculus	72-79
9675303-9	1998	Our findings thus supported the notion that Gsalpha by a mechanism not involving cyclic AMP inhibited cellular uptake of carnitine by reducing the number of available carnitine binding sites in plasma membranes.	Carnitine	121-130	GNAS (guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha stimulating) complex locus	Mus musculus	44-51
9675303-9	1998	Our findings thus supported the notion that Gsalpha by a mechanism not involving cyclic AMP inhibited cellular uptake of carnitine by reducing the number of available carnitine binding sites in plasma membranes.	Carnitine	167-176	GNAS (guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha stimulating) complex locus	Mus musculus	44-51
9633746-0	1998	CSF levels of carnitine in children with meningitis, neurologic disorders, acute gastroenteritis, and seizure.	Carnitine	14-23	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	0-3
9633746-1	1998	Carnitine concentrations in CSF, serum, and urine in normal febrile children and children with meningitis, neurologic disorders, and dehydration were studied.	Carnitine	0-9	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	28-31
9633746-2	1998	Carnitine levels in CSF were 1/10 compared with serum in normal febrile children.	Carnitine	0-9	colony stimulating factor 2	Homo sapiens	20-23
9634010-0	1998	Gene-dose effect on carnitine transport activity in embryonic fibroblasts of JVS mice as a model of human carnitine transporter deficiency.	Carnitine	20-29	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	77-80
9573019-4	1998	The aim of this study was to study, in a preliminary fashion, the impact of long-term L-carnitine administration on CD4 and CD8 absolute counts, rate, and apoptosis in HIV-1-infected subjects.	Carnitine	86-97	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	116-119
9573019-4	1998	The aim of this study was to study, in a preliminary fashion, the impact of long-term L-carnitine administration on CD4 and CD8 absolute counts, rate, and apoptosis in HIV-1-infected subjects.	Carnitine	86-97	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	124-127
9573019-8	1998	L-carnitine therapy resulted in an increase of absolute CD4 counts, which was statistically significant on day 90 and 150 (P = .	Carnitine	0-11	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	56-59
9573019-11	1998	L-carnitine therapy also led to a drop in the frequency of apoptotic CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes.	Carnitine	0-11	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	69-72
9573019-11	1998	L-carnitine therapy also led to a drop in the frequency of apoptotic CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes.	Carnitine	0-11	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	77-80
9573019-16	1998	In HIV-1-infected subjects, long-term infusions of L-carnitine produced substantial increases in the rate and absolute counts of CD4 and, to a lesser degree, of CD8 lymphocytes.	Carnitine	51-62	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	129-132
9573019-16	1998	In HIV-1-infected subjects, long-term infusions of L-carnitine produced substantial increases in the rate and absolute counts of CD4 and, to a lesser degree, of CD8 lymphocytes.	Carnitine	51-62	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	161-164
9634010-1	1998	Recently, the marked decline in renal carnitine reabsorption has been thought to account fotr the systemic carnitine deficiency in juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mice.	Carnitine	38-47	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	160-163
9634010-3	1998	Moreover, a gene dose-dependent decrease of carnitine transport activity, which was due to a decrease in the number of the transporter molecules, was found in heterozygous jvs mice.	Carnitine	44-53	solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5	Mus musculus	172-175
9654057-0	1998	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II specificity towards beta-oxidation intermediates--evidence for a reverse carnitine cycle in mitochondria.	Carnitine	107-116	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Rattus norvegicus	0-33
9546635-5	1998	Addition of L-carnitine to the incubation medium, which stimulates carnitine palmitoyl-transferase I (CPTI) accelerated palmitate oxidation 3 fold in NB and approximately 2 fold in HY and 2 week cells.	Carnitine	12-23	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	67-100
9546643-5	1998	This stimulation was attributed to an increase in the affinity of hypoxic CPT-I for carnitine, suggesting that the liver CPT-I isoform is more dominant following hypoxia.	Carnitine	84-93	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	74-79
9497180-5	1998	After treatment with L-carnitine, we observed a significant increase in CPT and LAT activities as well as in the LCCoA-FCoA ratio, and a significant decrease in the ratio of LCAC to free carnitine.	Carnitine	21-32	linker for activation of T cells	Homo sapiens	80-83
9497180-5	1998	After treatment with L-carnitine, we observed a significant increase in CPT and LAT activities as well as in the LCCoA-FCoA ratio, and a significant decrease in the ratio of LCAC to free carnitine.	Carnitine	23-32	linker for activation of T cells	Homo sapiens	80-83
9546635-5	1998	Addition of L-carnitine to the incubation medium, which stimulates carnitine palmitoyl-transferase I (CPTI) accelerated palmitate oxidation 3 fold in NB and approximately 2 fold in HY and 2 week cells.	Carnitine	12-23	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	102-106
9546643-9	1998	The tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, pervanadate, reversed the hypoxia-induced activation of CPT-I and returned the affinity of cardiac CPT-I for carnitine to control.	Carnitine	145-154	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	135-140
9546638-3	1998	(2) While, in control hearts, the estimated intracellular concentrations of free carnitine are in the range of the respective Km of mitochondrial CPT I, a kinetic limitation of this enzyme could occur in hypertrophied hearts due to a 40% decrease in free carnitine.	Carnitine	81-90	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	146-151
9546638-3	1998	(2) While, in control hearts, the estimated intracellular concentrations of free carnitine are in the range of the respective Km of mitochondrial CPT I, a kinetic limitation of this enzyme could occur in hypertrophied hearts due to a 40% decrease in free carnitine.	Carnitine	255-264	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	146-151
9461513-1	1998	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPTI) catalyses the transfer of long chain fatty acids to carnitine for translocation across the mitochondrial inner membrane.	Carnitine	92-101	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	0-32
9461513-1	1998	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPTI) catalyses the transfer of long chain fatty acids to carnitine for translocation across the mitochondrial inner membrane.	Carnitine	92-101	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	34-38
9730556-1	1998	The administration of L-carnitine to patients undergoing hemodialysis increases hematocrit and improves the response to recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO).	Carnitine	22-33	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	138-152
9473275-5	1998	In this assay, time-dependent conversion of free carnitine by CPT I to palmitoylcarnitine is measured quantitatively, relative to isotopically labelled palmitoylcarnitine, by parent ion monitoring of fragment ion m/z 85.	Carnitine	49-58	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	62-67
9855215-7	1998	However, MDA, GSH, and CP demonstrated a negative correlation with carnitine (r=-0.719, p&lt;0.001; r=-0.559, p&lt;0.01, and r=-0.635, p&lt;0.001, respectively) in the patient group but not in controls.	Carnitine	67-76	ceruloplasmin	Homo sapiens	23-25
9443096-9	1997	Also, correlation between serum concentrations of carnitine and the activities of serum GOT and GPT was not significant.	Carnitine	50-59	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	96-99
9502050-6	1997	The observed changes in activity of CAT of heart might be due to theophylline-enhanced mobilization of lipid from adipose tissues which consequently stimulated increased L-carnitine transport into the heart tissues to form fatty acyl-carnitine groups for subsequent beta-oxidation inside the heart mitochondria.	Carnitine	170-181	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	36-39
9266222-6	1997	In the MADM patient the influence of carnitine therapy (or deprivation) on the utilization of 1-13C palmitic acid was also examined.	Carnitine	37-46	nuclear receptor binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	7-11
9344464-11	1997	The I50 for malonyl-CoA inhibition of the heart enzyme is 30 times lower than that of the yeast-expressed liver CPT-I, and the Km for carnitine is more than 20 times higher than that of the liver CPT-I.	Carnitine	134-143	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	112-117
9344464-11	1997	The I50 for malonyl-CoA inhibition of the heart enzyme is 30 times lower than that of the yeast-expressed liver CPT-I, and the Km for carnitine is more than 20 times higher than that of the liver CPT-I.	Carnitine	134-143	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	196-201
9365072-7	1997	Administration of carnitine decreased the respiratory quotient to 0.90 +/- 0.01 on the 8th day of treatment, consumption of fats increased, and the oxidation of carbohydrates decreased.	Carnitine	18-27	chromosome 10 open reading frame 90	Homo sapiens	124-128
9284767-0	1997	The effect of acute administration of ACTH and levothyroxine on serum carnitine.	Carnitine	70-79	proopiomelanocortin	Homo sapiens	38-42
9069584-7	1997	Thus, we investigated the in vitro effects of L-carnitine on CD95 cross-linking-induced apoptosis through an anti-CD95 mAb in Fas-sensitive cell lines (HuT78 and U937).	Carnitine	46-57	Fas cell surface death receptor	Homo sapiens	61-65
9288928-7	1997	This single mutation resulted in a greater than 1650-fold increase in the Km value for COT towards carnitine, but had little effect on the value of k(cat) or the Km value for the acyl-CoA substrate.	Carnitine	99-108	carnitine O-octanoyltransferase	Bos taurus	87-90
9288928-9	1997	These data support the notion that Arg505 in COT, and other carnitine acyltransferases, contributes to substrate binding by forming a salt bridge with the carboxylate moiety of carnitine.	Carnitine	60-69	carnitine O-octanoyltransferase	Bos taurus	45-48
9168927-0	1997	Palmitoyl-CoA stimulates cellular uptake and plasma membrane binding of carnitine.	Carnitine	72-81	HPS3, biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex 2 subunit 1	Mus musculus	10-13
9168927-2	1997	Palmitoyl-CoA was found to increase membrane binding of carnitine from 506 +/- 48 to 8,690 +/- 235 pmol/mg membrane protein.	Carnitine	56-65	HPS3, biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex 2 subunit 1	Mus musculus	10-13
9168927-3	1997	Palmitate and CoA acted synergistically and increased carnitine binding to plasma membranes but could not replace palmitoyl-CoA.	Carnitine	54-63	HPS3, biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex 2 subunit 1	Mus musculus	14-17
9168927-4	1997	The effect of palmitoyl-CoA on membrane binding of carnitine was maximal at 10 microM and required the presence of ATP.	Carnitine	51-60	HPS3, biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex 2 subunit 1	Mus musculus	24-27
9168927-5	1997	Palmitoyl-CoA increased the cellular uptake rate of carnitine from 181 +/- 5 to 884 +/- 25 amol/cell and h-1.	Carnitine	52-61	HPS3, biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex 2 subunit 1	Mus musculus	10-13
9168927-6	1997	We conclude that palmitoyl-CoA is a major regulator of cellular uptake of carnitine and, based on quantitative estimations, that the carnitine carrier binds more than one carnitine molecule.	Carnitine	74-83	HPS3, biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex 2 subunit 1	Mus musculus	27-30
9168927-6	1997	We conclude that palmitoyl-CoA is a major regulator of cellular uptake of carnitine and, based on quantitative estimations, that the carnitine carrier binds more than one carnitine molecule.	Carnitine	133-142	HPS3, biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex 2 subunit 1	Mus musculus	27-30
9168927-6	1997	We conclude that palmitoyl-CoA is a major regulator of cellular uptake of carnitine and, based on quantitative estimations, that the carnitine carrier binds more than one carnitine molecule.	Carnitine	133-142	HPS3, biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex 2 subunit 1	Mus musculus	27-30
9141253-1	1997	Carnitine CAR) plays an important role in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids.	Carnitine	0-9	CXADR pseudogene 1	Homo sapiens	10-13
9069583-2	1997	In this study, we examined the effects of a short-term (5-day) intravenous treatment with L-carnitine (6 g/day) on apoptosis of CD4 and CD8 cells from 10 AIDS patients.	Carnitine	90-101	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	128-131
9069583-2	1997	In this study, we examined the effects of a short-term (5-day) intravenous treatment with L-carnitine (6 g/day) on apoptosis of CD4 and CD8 cells from 10 AIDS patients.	Carnitine	90-101	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	136-139
9069583-3	1997	L-carnitine administration has been shown to induce a strong reduction in the percentage of both CD4 and CD8 cells undergoing apoptosis.	Carnitine	0-11	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	97-100
9069583-3	1997	L-carnitine administration has been shown to induce a strong reduction in the percentage of both CD4 and CD8 cells undergoing apoptosis.	Carnitine	0-11	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	105-108
9069583-4	1997	Interestingly, the L-carnitine treatment, which did not show relevant side effects in four patients, led to a strong and significant reduction of peripheral blood mononuclear cell-associated ceramide, an intracellular messenger of apoptosis, that positively correlated with the decrease of apoptotic CD4- and CD8-positive cells.	Carnitine	19-30	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	300-303
9069583-4	1997	Interestingly, the L-carnitine treatment, which did not show relevant side effects in four patients, led to a strong and significant reduction of peripheral blood mononuclear cell-associated ceramide, an intracellular messenger of apoptosis, that positively correlated with the decrease of apoptotic CD4- and CD8-positive cells.	Carnitine	19-30	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	309-312
9069584-0	1997	Influence of L-carnitine on CD95 cross-lining-induced apoptosis and ceramide generation in human cell lines: correlation with its effects on purified acidic and neutral sphingomyelinases in vitro.	Carnitine	13-24	Fas cell surface death receptor	Homo sapiens	28-32
9069584-1	1997	Recently, we examined the effects of a short-term (5-days) intravenous L-carnitine (6 g/die) treatment on apoptosis of CD4 and CD8 cells from 10 AIDS patients.	Carnitine	71-82	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	119-122
9069584-1	1997	Recently, we examined the effects of a short-term (5-days) intravenous L-carnitine (6 g/die) treatment on apoptosis of CD4 and CD8 cells from 10 AIDS patients.	Carnitine	71-82	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	127-130
9069584-2	1997	Without inducing side effects, L-carnitine administration has been shown to induce a potent reduction in the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis, paralleled by a significant increase of CD4 an CD8 cells.	Carnitine	31-42	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	191-194
9069584-2	1997	Without inducing side effects, L-carnitine administration has been shown to induce a potent reduction in the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis, paralleled by a significant increase of CD4 an CD8 cells.	Carnitine	31-42	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	198-201
9069584-3	1997	Interestingly, L-carnitine treatment led to a significant reduction of peripheral blood mononuclear cell-associated ceramide (an intracellular messenger for apoptosis) that correlated with the decrease of apoptotic CD4- and CD8-positive cells.	Carnitine	15-26	CD4 molecule	Homo sapiens	215-218
9069584-3	1997	Interestingly, L-carnitine treatment led to a significant reduction of peripheral blood mononuclear cell-associated ceramide (an intracellular messenger for apoptosis) that correlated with the decrease of apoptotic CD4- and CD8-positive cells.	Carnitine	15-26	CD8a molecule	Homo sapiens	224-227
9069584-9	1997	Our data indicate that L-carnitine is able to inhibit CD95-induced apoptosis of these cells, most likely by preventing sphingomyelin breakdown and consequent ceramide synthesis.	Carnitine	23-34	Fas cell surface death receptor	Homo sapiens	54-58
9059510-4	1997	The purpose of this study was to determine whether dietary supplementation with DHEAS would also increase tissue L-carnitine levels, carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT) activity and mitochondrial respiration in oophorectomized rats.	Carnitine	113-124	sulfotransferase family 2A member 1	Homo sapiens	80-85
9059510-6	1997	Supplementation with DHEAS was not associated with further elevation of plasma L-carnitine levels, but with increased hepatic total and free L-carnitine (P = 0.021 and P &lt; 0.0001, respectively) and cardiac total L-carnitine concentrations (P = 0.045).	Carnitine	141-152	sulfotransferase family 2A member 1	Homo sapiens	21-26
9059510-6	1997	Supplementation with DHEAS was not associated with further elevation of plasma L-carnitine levels, but with increased hepatic total and free L-carnitine (P = 0.021 and P &lt; 0.0001, respectively) and cardiac total L-carnitine concentrations (P = 0.045).	Carnitine	141-152	sulfotransferase family 2A member 1	Homo sapiens	21-26
9059510-8	1997	CAT activity positively correlated with the total and free carnitine levels in both liver and heart (r = 0.764, r = 0.785 and r = 0.700, r = 0.519, respectively).	Carnitine	59-68	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
9059510-10	1997	These results demonstrate that in oophorectomized rats, dietary DHEAS supplementation increases the liver and heart L-carnitine levels and CAT activities.	Carnitine	116-127	sulfotransferase family 2A member 1	Homo sapiens	64-69
9059510-11	1997	In conclusion, DHEAS may modulate L-carnitine level and CAT activity in estrogen deficient rats.	Carnitine	34-45	sulfotransferase family 2A member 1	Homo sapiens	15-20
9140816-5	1997	Carnitine administration ameliorated the cardiac hypertrophy and suppressed the augmentation of ANP mRNA in the ventricles.	Carnitine	0-9	natriuretic peptide type A	Mus musculus	96-99
8877865-5	1996	The calibration plots indicated good linearity over a sample concentration ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 mg ml-1, and the detection limit at 254 nm was 0.05 mg ml-1 for each carnitine enantiomer.	Carnitine	168-177	interleukin 17F	Homo sapiens	154-158
8888280-11	1996	This effect, not observed in coculture including an adult CPT II-deficient cell line, was carnitine-dependent.	Carnitine	90-99	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	58-64
9049519-8	1997	Cardiac free carnitine balance changed from uptake (255 +/- 107 pmol.min-1, mean +/- SEM) to release, (-150 +/- 66 pmol.min-1) at 30 min after pacing in the group with lactate production.	Carnitine	13-22	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	69-74
9049519-8	1997	Cardiac free carnitine balance changed from uptake (255 +/- 107 pmol.min-1, mean +/- SEM) to release, (-150 +/- 66 pmol.min-1) at 30 min after pacing in the group with lactate production.	Carnitine	13-22	CD59 molecule (CD59 blood group)	Homo sapiens	120-125
9526175-5	1997	Study results showed that the administration of carnitine lead to an improvement in glucose metabolism, as demonstrated by a saving in insulin secretion accompanied, at least on a temporary basis, by a corresponding decrease in blood glucose which, however, remained within normal parameters.	Carnitine	48-57	insulin	Homo sapiens	135-142
8636126-6	1996	When expressed in COS cells, the novel cDNA and our previously described cDNA for rat liver CPT I (L-CPT I) gave rise to products with the same kinetic characteristics (sensitivity to malonyl-CoA and Km for carnitine) as CPT I in skeletal muscle and liver mitochondria, respectively.	Carnitine	207-216	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	92-97
8653874-10	1996	Conversely, after L-carnitine administration, all but one patient in group IC2 (n=7) showed an increase in plasma acetylcarnitine concentration during exercise versus the decrease observed without L-carnitine.	Carnitine	18-29	dynein cytoplasmic 1 intermediate chain 2	Homo sapiens	75-78
8653874-10	1996	Conversely, after L-carnitine administration, all but one patient in group IC2 (n=7) showed an increase in plasma acetylcarnitine concentration during exercise versus the decrease observed without L-carnitine.	Carnitine	197-208	dynein cytoplasmic 1 intermediate chain 2	Homo sapiens	75-78
8653874-12	1996	Interestingly, in group IC1 patients (n=5), L-carnitine neither improved walking capacity nor modified the metabolic profile.	Carnitine	44-55	ICR1 differentially methylated region	Homo sapiens	24-27
8636126-6	1996	When expressed in COS cells, the novel cDNA and our previously described cDNA for rat liver CPT I (L-CPT I) gave rise to products with the same kinetic characteristics (sensitivity to malonyl-CoA and Km for carnitine) as CPT I in skeletal muscle and liver mitochondria, respectively.	Carnitine	207-216	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	101-106
8636126-6	1996	When expressed in COS cells, the novel cDNA and our previously described cDNA for rat liver CPT I (L-CPT I) gave rise to products with the same kinetic characteristics (sensitivity to malonyl-CoA and Km for carnitine) as CPT I in skeletal muscle and liver mitochondria, respectively.	Carnitine	207-216	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	101-106
7559795-0	1995	Influences of silicates and carnitine-silicate mixtures on the inhibition of aggregation of erythrocytes elicited by the presence of fibrinogen.	Carnitine	28-37	fibrinogen beta chain	Homo sapiens	133-143
8830050-0	1996	Increased expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I gene is repressed by administering L-carnitine in the hearts of carnitine-deficient juvenile visceral steatosis mice.	Carnitine	92-103	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	24-56
8830050-6	1996	When the JVS mice were treated with carnitine, CPT I gene expression was repressed to the level of normal mice.	Carnitine	36-45	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	47-52
8605222-1	1996	We conducted a quantitative study of the effect of carnitine deficiency on the mRNA level of carnitine palmitoyltransferase II in the liver, muscle and heart of mice with juvenile visceral steatosis, a strain that is systematically deficient in carnitine.	Carnitine	51-60	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Mus musculus	93-126
8605222-5	1996	These results suggest that carnitine displays some effect on the mRNA level of the carnitine palmitoyltransferase II gene in liver and muscle, probably through fatty acid metabolic change.	Carnitine	27-36	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Mus musculus	83-116
8820505-0	1996	Effect of oral L-carnitine on serum myoglobin in hemodialysis patients.	Carnitine	15-26	myoglobin	Homo sapiens	36-45
8820505-1	1996	Oral L-carnitine has been reported to lower the elevated serum myoglobin of renal failure in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients, and intravenous L-carnitine can improve muscle fatigue and cramps in chronic hemodialysis patients.	Carnitine	5-16	myoglobin	Homo sapiens	63-72
8820505-6	1996	Four weeks after carnitine was discontinued, mean serum myoglobin had risen to 320 +/- 118 ng/mL.	Carnitine	17-26	myoglobin	Homo sapiens	56-65
8820505-9	1996	We conclude that oral L-carnitine may lower serum myoglobin and improve muscle cramps and weakness in hemodialysis patients.	Carnitine	22-33	myoglobin	Homo sapiens	50-59
8820505-10	1996	The maximal effect of carnitine on myoglobin occurs 2 weeks before the maximal improvement in muscular symptoms.	Carnitine	22-31	myoglobin	Homo sapiens	35-44
8595089-1	1995	This paper describes the interference of heparin (CAS 9005-49-6) in whole plasma used for free and total levocarnitine (L-carnitine, CAS 541-15-1) analysis.	Carnitine	105-118	BCAR1 scaffold protein, Cas family member	Homo sapiens	50-53
8595089-1	1995	This paper describes the interference of heparin (CAS 9005-49-6) in whole plasma used for free and total levocarnitine (L-carnitine, CAS 541-15-1) analysis.	Carnitine	120-131	BCAR1 scaffold protein, Cas family member	Homo sapiens	50-53
7485128-0	1995	L-carnitine effects on anemia in hemodialyzed patients treated with erythropoietin.	Carnitine	0-11	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	68-82
7485128-1	1995	To demonstrate whether L-carnitine treatment could further improve the anemia in dialyzed patients under recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) therapy, leading to a reduction in r-HuEPO requirements, L-carnitine (1 g intravenously after every dialysis session) was administered for 6 months to a group of 13 patients; the results were compared with data from a placebo control group (N = 11).	Carnitine	23-34	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	123-137
7485128-3	1995	L-Carnitine treatment promoted a 38.1% reduction in r-HuEPO requirements in the active group (102.2 +/- 52.6 U/kg/wk v 63.3 +/- 37.8 U/kg/wk; P &lt; 0.02), with globular osmotic fragility and endogenous EPO levels remaining unchanged and thus not accounting for carnitine effect on anemia.	Carnitine	0-11	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	56-59
7485128-6	1995	It is concluded that L-carnitine deficiency might promote EPO resistance in dialyzed patients, which is corrected by L-carnitine supplementation, ultimately reducing r-HuEPO requirements.	Carnitine	21-32	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	58-61
7577464-11	1995	Levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (pg ml-1) were also lowered by carnitine in both LPS (IL-1 beta: 536 +/- 65 vs 378 +/- 44: IL-6: 271 +/- 29 vs 222 +/- 32; TNF-alpha: 618 +/- 86 vs 367 +/- 54, P &lt; or = 0.02) and sarcoma models (IL-1 beta: 423 +/- 33 vs 221 +/- 60; IL-6: 222 +/- 18 vs 139 +/- 38; TNF-alpha: 617 +/- 69 vs 280 +/- 77, P &lt; or = 0.05) for control and carnitine groups respectively.	Carnitine	139-148	interleukin 1 beta	Rattus norvegicus	10-28
7577464-11	1995	Levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (pg ml-1) were also lowered by carnitine in both LPS (IL-1 beta: 536 +/- 65 vs 378 +/- 44: IL-6: 271 +/- 29 vs 222 +/- 32; TNF-alpha: 618 +/- 86 vs 367 +/- 54, P &lt; or = 0.02) and sarcoma models (IL-1 beta: 423 +/- 33 vs 221 +/- 60; IL-6: 222 +/- 18 vs 139 +/- 38; TNF-alpha: 617 +/- 69 vs 280 +/- 77, P &lt; or = 0.05) for control and carnitine groups respectively.	Carnitine	139-148	interleukin 1 beta	Rattus norvegicus	30-39
7577464-11	1995	Levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (pg ml-1) were also lowered by carnitine in both LPS (IL-1 beta: 536 +/- 65 vs 378 +/- 44: IL-6: 271 +/- 29 vs 222 +/- 32; TNF-alpha: 618 +/- 86 vs 367 +/- 54, P &lt; or = 0.02) and sarcoma models (IL-1 beta: 423 +/- 33 vs 221 +/- 60; IL-6: 222 +/- 18 vs 139 +/- 38; TNF-alpha: 617 +/- 69 vs 280 +/- 77, P &lt; or = 0.05) for control and carnitine groups respectively.	Carnitine	139-148	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	42-55
7577464-11	1995	Levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (pg ml-1) were also lowered by carnitine in both LPS (IL-1 beta: 536 +/- 65 vs 378 +/- 44: IL-6: 271 +/- 29 vs 222 +/- 32; TNF-alpha: 618 +/- 86 vs 367 +/- 54, P &lt; or = 0.02) and sarcoma models (IL-1 beta: 423 +/- 33 vs 221 +/- 60; IL-6: 222 +/- 18 vs 139 +/- 38; TNF-alpha: 617 +/- 69 vs 280 +/- 77, P &lt; or = 0.05) for control and carnitine groups respectively.	Carnitine	139-148	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	57-61
7577464-11	1995	Levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (pg ml-1) were also lowered by carnitine in both LPS (IL-1 beta: 536 +/- 65 vs 378 +/- 44: IL-6: 271 +/- 29 vs 222 +/- 32; TNF-alpha: 618 +/- 86 vs 367 +/- 54, P &lt; or = 0.02) and sarcoma models (IL-1 beta: 423 +/- 33 vs 221 +/- 60; IL-6: 222 +/- 18 vs 139 +/- 38; TNF-alpha: 617 +/- 69 vs 280 +/- 77, P &lt; or = 0.05) for control and carnitine groups respectively.	Carnitine	139-148	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	97-106
7577464-11	1995	Levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (pg ml-1) were also lowered by carnitine in both LPS (IL-1 beta: 536 +/- 65 vs 378 +/- 44: IL-6: 271 +/- 29 vs 222 +/- 32; TNF-alpha: 618 +/- 86 vs 367 +/- 54, P &lt; or = 0.02) and sarcoma models (IL-1 beta: 423 +/- 33 vs 221 +/- 60; IL-6: 222 +/- 18 vs 139 +/- 38; TNF-alpha: 617 +/- 69 vs 280 +/- 77, P &lt; or = 0.05) for control and carnitine groups respectively.	Carnitine	139-148	interleukin 1 beta	Rattus norvegicus	162-171
7577464-11	1995	Levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (pg ml-1) were also lowered by carnitine in both LPS (IL-1 beta: 536 +/- 65 vs 378 +/- 44: IL-6: 271 +/- 29 vs 222 +/- 32; TNF-alpha: 618 +/- 86 vs 367 +/- 54, P &lt; or = 0.02) and sarcoma models (IL-1 beta: 423 +/- 33 vs 221 +/- 60; IL-6: 222 +/- 18 vs 139 +/- 38; TNF-alpha: 617 +/- 69 vs 280 +/- 77, P &lt; or = 0.05) for control and carnitine groups respectively.	Carnitine	139-148	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	199-203
7577464-11	1995	Levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (pg ml-1) were also lowered by carnitine in both LPS (IL-1 beta: 536 +/- 65 vs 378 +/- 44: IL-6: 271 +/- 29 vs 222 +/- 32; TNF-alpha: 618 +/- 86 vs 367 +/- 54, P &lt; or = 0.02) and sarcoma models (IL-1 beta: 423 +/- 33 vs 221 +/- 60; IL-6: 222 +/- 18 vs 139 +/- 38; TNF-alpha: 617 +/- 69 vs 280 +/- 77, P &lt; or = 0.05) for control and carnitine groups respectively.	Carnitine	139-148	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	231-240
7577464-11	1995	Levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (pg ml-1) were also lowered by carnitine in both LPS (IL-1 beta: 536 +/- 65 vs 378 +/- 44: IL-6: 271 +/- 29 vs 222 +/- 32; TNF-alpha: 618 +/- 86 vs 367 +/- 54, P &lt; or = 0.02) and sarcoma models (IL-1 beta: 423 +/- 33 vs 221 +/- 60; IL-6: 222 +/- 18 vs 139 +/- 38; TNF-alpha: 617 +/- 69 vs 280 +/- 77, P &lt; or = 0.05) for control and carnitine groups respectively.	Carnitine	139-148	interleukin 1 beta	Rattus norvegicus	162-171
7577464-11	1995	Levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (pg ml-1) were also lowered by carnitine in both LPS (IL-1 beta: 536 +/- 65 vs 378 +/- 44: IL-6: 271 +/- 29 vs 222 +/- 32; TNF-alpha: 618 +/- 86 vs 367 +/- 54, P &lt; or = 0.02) and sarcoma models (IL-1 beta: 423 +/- 33 vs 221 +/- 60; IL-6: 222 +/- 18 vs 139 +/- 38; TNF-alpha: 617 +/- 69 vs 280 +/- 77, P &lt; or = 0.05) for control and carnitine groups respectively.	Carnitine	139-148	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	199-203
7577464-11	1995	Levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (pg ml-1) were also lowered by carnitine in both LPS (IL-1 beta: 536 +/- 65 vs 378 +/- 44: IL-6: 271 +/- 29 vs 222 +/- 32; TNF-alpha: 618 +/- 86 vs 367 +/- 54, P &lt; or = 0.02) and sarcoma models (IL-1 beta: 423 +/- 33 vs 221 +/- 60; IL-6: 222 +/- 18 vs 139 +/- 38; TNF-alpha: 617 +/- 69 vs 280 +/- 77, P &lt; or = 0.05) for control and carnitine groups respectively.	Carnitine	139-148	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	231-240
8671269-7	1996	CA 125 did not correlate with the prostatic marker zinc, but did do so with the seminal vesicle marker fructose and the epididymal marker carnitine.	Carnitine	138-147	mucin 16, cell surface associated	Homo sapiens	0-6
8817642-11	1996	Other drugs like the cholinesterase inhibitors, tacrine and eserine, also had a small inhibitory effect on L-C uptake, reducing it at 1 microM by 22 and 21% respectively, although higher concentrations were toxic (&gt; 100 microM).	Carnitine	107-110	butyrylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus	21-35
8598540-1	1995	Km estimates for carnitine and palmitoyl-CoA of heterologously expressed rat liver carnitine palmitoyl-transferase-II (rCPT-II) were 950 +/- 27 microM and 34 +/- 6 microM, respectively.	Carnitine	17-26	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Rattus norvegicus	119-126
7563233-4	1995	Results showed that carnitine and its associated forms produced a choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) activity increase in the striatum and the hippocampus.	Carnitine	20-29	choline O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	66-92
7563233-5	1995	Carnitine acetyl transferase activity was stimulated by the treatment of l-carnitine in the hippocampus but it remained unchanged in the striatum and the cerebral cortex.	Carnitine	73-84	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-28
7721804-6	1995	Because the myocardial carnitine content is very low at birth and rises dramatically over the next several weeks, it can be estimated that L-CPT I (Km for carnitine of only 30 microM compared with a value of 500 microM for M-CPT I) is responsible for some 60% of total cardiac fatty acid oxidation in the newborn rat; the value falls to approximately 4% in adult animals.	Carnitine	23-32	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	141-146
7721804-6	1995	Because the myocardial carnitine content is very low at birth and rises dramatically over the next several weeks, it can be estimated that L-CPT I (Km for carnitine of only 30 microM compared with a value of 500 microM for M-CPT I) is responsible for some 60% of total cardiac fatty acid oxidation in the newborn rat; the value falls to approximately 4% in adult animals.	Carnitine	155-164	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	141-146
7626037-6	1995	Kinetic analysis of soluble rCPT-II revealed Km values for carnitine and palmitoyl-CoA of 950 +/- 27 microM and 34 +/- 5.6 microM respectively.	Carnitine	59-68	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Rattus norvegicus	28-35
7566367-8	1995	However, carnitine acetyltransferase activity of AD CBL (n = 7) was significantly lower than that of control CBL (n = 6) (1.33 +/- 0.88 versus 2.26 +/- 0.66 nmol/min/mg protein; p = 0.05).	Carnitine	9-18	Cbl proto-oncogene	Homo sapiens	52-55
7832757-7	1995	Like the native enzyme, rCAT was capable of acylating carnitine with a preference for small-chain acyl-CoAs of carbon chain lengths C2-C4.	Carnitine	54-63	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	24-28
7825532-8	1995	The plasma insulin concentration tended to be positively correlated with the degree of fat infiltration and negatively correlated with the liver carnitine content.	Carnitine	145-154	insulin	Homo sapiens	11-18
7474896-11	1995	Clearly, in 3-MCC deficiency the available glycine and carnitine pools are not sufficient to meet the potential for conjugation of accumulated metabolites, suggesting a possible therapeutic role for glycine and carnitine therapy in this disorder.	Carnitine	55-64	MCC regulator of WNT signaling pathway	Homo sapiens	14-17
7474896-11	1995	Clearly, in 3-MCC deficiency the available glycine and carnitine pools are not sufficient to meet the potential for conjugation of accumulated metabolites, suggesting a possible therapeutic role for glycine and carnitine therapy in this disorder.	Carnitine	211-220	MCC regulator of WNT signaling pathway	Homo sapiens	14-17
7913595-4	1994	Moreover, the sensitivity of myocyte CPT-I to malonyl-CoA, its substrate preference for decanoyl-CoA and the affinity of CPT-I for l-carnitine (0.19 mM) are comparable with similar measurements published for isolated cardiac mitochondrial membranes.	Carnitine	131-142	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	121-126
7803487-3	1994	Addition of L-carnitine to cells that had grown confluently in medium supplemented with HGF, significantly delayed the onset of cell death (apoptosis) initiated after HGF deprivation.	Carnitine	12-23	hepatocyte growth factor	Mus musculus	88-91
7803487-3	1994	Addition of L-carnitine to cells that had grown confluently in medium supplemented with HGF, significantly delayed the onset of cell death (apoptosis) initiated after HGF deprivation.	Carnitine	12-23	hepatocyte growth factor	Mus musculus	167-170
7929365-10	1994	Taking the Km for carnitine of L-CPT I and M-CPT I to be 30 and 500 microM, respectively, it could be calculated that the former contributes approximately 2% to the total CPT I in heart.	Carnitine	18-27	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	33-38
7929365-10	1994	Taking the Km for carnitine of L-CPT I and M-CPT I to be 30 and 500 microM, respectively, it could be calculated that the former contributes approximately 2% to the total CPT I in heart.	Carnitine	18-27	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	45-50
7929365-10	1994	Taking the Km for carnitine of L-CPT I and M-CPT I to be 30 and 500 microM, respectively, it could be calculated that the former contributes approximately 2% to the total CPT I in heart.	Carnitine	18-27	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	45-50
8034673-8	1994	The data suggest that the mechanism by which CPT II effects transesterification between palmitoyl-CoA and carnitine possibly involves histidine 372 and one of these aspartate residues, interacting with the carnitine hydroxyl group, in a reaction analogous to that carried out by a histidine/aspartate/serine catalytic triad in certain other enzyme systems.	Carnitine	106-115	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Rattus norvegicus	45-51
8040784-6	1994	We conclude that carnitine depletion, a known adverse effect of valproic acid administration, may result in inhibited fatty acid oxidation, leading to a shift of substrates utilized from fats to carbohydrates.	Carnitine	17-26	chromosome 10 open reading frame 90	Homo sapiens	187-191
8034622-11	1994	The results likely explain why previous studies of heart CPT I yielded an apparent Km for carnitine and I50 value for malonyl-CoA inhibition that were intermediate between those of the liver and skeletal muscle enzymes.	Carnitine	90-99	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	57-62
8034673-9	1994	Mutagenic analysis of a region of CPT II that is highly conserved among the carnitine and choline acyltransferases, and which is homologous to the "adenine binding loop" of citrate synthase, implies that it has no similar function in CPT II.	Carnitine	76-85	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Rattus norvegicus	34-40
8034673-9	1994	Mutagenic analysis of a region of CPT II that is highly conserved among the carnitine and choline acyltransferases, and which is homologous to the "adenine binding loop" of citrate synthase, implies that it has no similar function in CPT II.	Carnitine	76-85	citrate synthase	Rattus norvegicus	173-189
8207327-2	1994	Carnitine acetyltransferase occurs in several tissues and transfers acetyl groups from ACoA to carnitine forming acetylcarnitine and exhibits weak choline acetyltransferase activity.	Carnitine	95-104	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-27
7764849-3	1994	The addition of 20 microM L-Cn to cultures of Mark3 hybridoma cells that had been adapted to L-Cn significantly stimulated monoclonal antibody (mAb) production without affecting cell growth.	Carnitine	27-30	MAP/microtubule affinity regulating kinase 3	Mus musculus	46-51
8189376-4	1993	Carnitine prevented hepatic lipid accumulation caused by CCl4 under these conditions.	Carnitine	0-9	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	57-61
8137928-0	1994	Effects of L-carnitine on the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and carnitine palmitoyl transferase activities in muscle of endurance athletes.	Carnitine	11-22	pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Homo sapiens	30-52
8137928-1	1994	The effects of L-carnitine on the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex and carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) were studied in muscle of 16 long-distance runners (LDR).	Carnitine	15-26	pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Homo sapiens	34-56
8137928-1	1994	The effects of L-carnitine on the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex and carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) were studied in muscle of 16 long-distance runners (LDR).	Carnitine	15-26	pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Homo sapiens	58-61
8137928-3	1994	Athletes receiving L-carnitine showed a dramatic increase (P &lt; 0.001) in the PDH complex activities.	Carnitine	19-30	pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase catalytic subunit 1	Homo sapiens	80-83
8222066-10	1993	Preincubation of PBLs with different doses of L-carnitine, before exposure to 0.5 mM ENU, increased SSB disappearance dependent on the dose and donor PBLs.	Carnitine	46-57	small RNA binding exonuclease protection factor La	Homo sapiens	100-103
8142416-2	1994	Carnitine acetyltransferase provides one of the control mechanisms for this ratio during changing energy demand in the heart muscle, possibly by buffering the CoA and carnitine concentration for sustained beta-oxidation.	Carnitine	167-176	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-27
7758398-0	1994	The effect of L-carnitine, administered through intravenous infusion of glucose, on both glucose and insulin levels in healthy subjects.	Carnitine	14-25	insulin	Homo sapiens	101-108
7758398-1	1994	The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effect of L-carnitine on plasma glucose and insulin levels.	Carnitine	60-71	insulin	Homo sapiens	94-101
8036622-0	1994	A preterm infant with secondary carnitine deficiency due to MCT formula--effective treatment of L-carnitine.	Carnitine	96-107	solute carrier family 16 member 1	Homo sapiens	60-63
8130774-0	1993	Modulation of ethanol-mediated CYP2E1 induction by clofibrate and L-carnitine in rat liver.	Carnitine	66-77	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily e, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	31-37
8130774-5	1993	Co-administration of L-carnitine, however, increased liver microsomal CYP2E1 protein (2.5-fold) in rats given an ethanol-containing diet.	Carnitine	21-32	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily e, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	70-76
8130774-7	1993	These results indicate that clofibrate and L-carnitine modulate ethanol-mediated induction of hepatic CYP2E1 independent of blood levels of ketone bodies.	Carnitine	43-54	cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily e, polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	102-108
8236505-0	1993	Prevention by L-carnitine of interleukin-2 related cardiac toxicity during cancer immunotherapy.	Carnitine	14-25	interleukin 2	Homo sapiens	29-42
8379919-4	1993	Product-inhibition studies established that COT follows a rapid-equilibrium random-order mechanism, but CPT-II follows a strictly ordered mechanism in which acyl-CoA or CoA must bind before the carnitine substrate.	Carnitine	194-203	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	104-110
8219654-3	1993	Carnitine levels were observed before and during metabolic intervention with dietary measures and either sulfonylurea or insulin treatment.	Carnitine	0-9	insulin	Homo sapiens	121-128
8236505-2	1993	Because of its trophic action on the myocardial tissue, the use of L-carnitine has been evaluated during IL-2 therapy in advanced cancer patients with clinically important cardiac diseases.	Carnitine	67-78	interleukin 2	Homo sapiens	105-109
8236505-6	1993	CONCLUSIONS: The results would suggest that L-carnitine may be used successfully to prevent cardiac complications during IL-2 immunotherapy in cancer patients with clinically relevant cardiac disorders.	Carnitine	44-55	interleukin 2	Homo sapiens	121-125
8236505-7	1993	Since cardiac metabolism depends mainly on fatty acid oxidation, the stimulatory role of L-carnitine on fatty acid oxidation could explain at least in part its ability to prevent heart disturbances in response to IL-2 administration.	Carnitine	89-100	interleukin 2	Homo sapiens	213-217
1408468-0	1992	Enterohepatic distribution of carnitine in developing piglets: relation to glucagon and insulin.	Carnitine	30-39	insulin	Homo sapiens	88-95
18475562-5	1993	The paper concludes with a discussion on the possible protective effect of carnitine congeners against the lethal action of LPS.	Carnitine	75-84	interferon regulatory factor 6	Homo sapiens	124-127
18475568-7	1993	The results indicate that the levels of circulating TNFalpha were strongly increased following surgery and that L-carnitine administration resulted in a strong reduction of TNFalpha.	Carnitine	112-123	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	173-181
18475568-8	1993	Thus, the data suggest that L-carnitine could be helpful in protecting surgical patients against dysmetabolism dependent on dysregulated production of TNFalpha.	Carnitine	28-39	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	151-159
18475569-1	1993	The effect of carnitine, a drug that plays an essential role in mitochondria metabolism, on some of the most important human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) activation steps including modulation of adhesion molecule density, reactive oxygen species production, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) production was investigated.	Carnitine	14-23	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	298-306
8473887-7	1993	L-Carnitine, which protects rats against ammonia toxicity, also prevented MAP-2 degradation.	Carnitine	0-11	microtubule-associated protein 2	Rattus norvegicus	74-79
8423595-3	1993	(+)-HPC inhibits carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT-I) activity for the forward reaction (palmitoyl-CoA + carnitine--&gt;) in intact mitochondria from rat heart and rat liver.	Carnitine	17-26	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	49-54
8423595-4	1993	(+)-HPC competitively (versus carnitine) inhibits CPT-I activity in both rat heart and liver mitochondria with Ki = 2.8 +/- 0.5 and 4.2 +/- 0.7 microM, respectively.	Carnitine	30-39	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	50-55
18475569-4	1993	Although the ultimate effect was often donor dependent, TNFalpha production was exceptional in that carnitine was able to consistently reduce TNFalpha production in Staphylococcus aureus stimulated PMN in a clear dose-dependent fashion.	Carnitine	100-109	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	56-64
18475569-4	1993	Although the ultimate effect was often donor dependent, TNFalpha production was exceptional in that carnitine was able to consistently reduce TNFalpha production in Staphylococcus aureus stimulated PMN in a clear dose-dependent fashion.	Carnitine	100-109	tumor necrosis factor	Homo sapiens	142-150
18475570-1	1993	The effect of L-carnitine and some of its acyl derivatives on serum TNF production and lethality in a murine experimental endotoxin shock model was investigated.	Carnitine	14-25	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	68-71
18475573-0	1993	Effects of carnitine and its congeners on eicosanoid discharge from rat cells: implications for release of TNFalpha.	Carnitine	11-20	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	107-115
1329742-4	1992	Athletes receiving L-carnitine showed a significant increase (p &lt; 0.01) in the activities of rotenone-sensitive NADH cytochrome c reductase, succinate cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome oxidase.	Carnitine	19-30	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	120-132
1329742-4	1992	Athletes receiving L-carnitine showed a significant increase (p &lt; 0.01) in the activities of rotenone-sensitive NADH cytochrome c reductase, succinate cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome oxidase.	Carnitine	19-30	cytochrome c, somatic	Homo sapiens	154-166
1408468-9	1992	The finding of a similar pattern in glucagon-to-insulin ratio suggests that both hormones may participate in the regulation of enterohepatic carnitine distribution in newborns.	Carnitine	141-150	insulin	Homo sapiens	48-55
1634532-7	1992	2-Bromooctanoate and carnitine stimulated the T3-induced accumulation of the mRNAs for malic enzyme and fatty acid synthase.	Carnitine	21-30	fatty acid synthase	Gallus gallus	104-123
1571363-7	1992	Kinetic studies revealed that the inhibition by chenodeoxycholic acid was competitive with respect to carnitine with an apparent Ki of 890 microM for carnitine acetyltransferase, 650 microM for carnitine octanoyltransferase and 600 microM for carnitine palmitoyltransferase.	Carnitine	102-111	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	150-177
1586154-0	1992	Regulation of the malic enzyme and fatty acid synthase genes in chick embryo hepatocytes in culture: corticosterone and carnitine regulate responsiveness to triiodothyronine.	Carnitine	120-129	fatty acid synthase	Gallus gallus	35-54
1735445-4	1992	These results indicate that peroxisomes contain gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase, the enzyme which catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of carnitine.	Carnitine	146-155	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Homo sapiens	48-79
1544887-4	1992	Carnitine administration relieved the suppression of the developmental induction of two urea cycle enzymes examined, carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase and argininosuccinate synthase, and kept the activities of enzymes normal.	Carnitine	0-9	argininosuccinate synthetase 1	Mus musculus	152-178
1778112-0	1991	Carnitine improves peripheral glucose disposal in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients.	Carnitine	0-9	insulin	Homo sapiens	54-61
1436358-0	1992	Effect of low doses of L-carnitine on the response to recombinant human erythropoietin in hemodialyzed children: about two cases.	Carnitine	23-34	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	72-86
1438381-6	1992	Quantitative data in 2 patients with MCAD deficiency showed that plasma concentrations of OC and AcC are dependent on both the availability of free carnitine and the severity of metabolic decompensation.	Carnitine	148-157	acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha	Homo sapiens	97-100
1778112-7	1991	We conclude that an acute carnitine administration is able to improve insulin sensitivity in NIDDM patients.	Carnitine	26-35	insulin	Homo sapiens	70-77
1932127-11	1991	CAT activity appears to be critical for carnitine-mediated reversal of propionate-induced inhibition of pyruvate oxidation.	Carnitine	40-49	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
1959869-5	1991	The redistribution of the hepatic carnitine pool toward acylcarnitines, which is characteristic of starvation, was complete after fasting for 12 hr in the CCl4-treated rats, compared with the 24 hr required in control rats.	Carnitine	34-43	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4	Rattus norvegicus	155-159
1748719-0	1991	Clustering of erythrocytes by fibrinogen is inhibited by carnitine: evidence that sulfhydryl groups on red blood cell membranes are involved in carnitine actions.	Carnitine	144-153	fibrinogen beta chain	Homo sapiens	30-40
1748719-3	1991	Incubation or preincubation of red blood cell preparations with carnitine inhibits the aggregation of erythrocytes otherwise elicited by fibrinogen.	Carnitine	64-73	fibrinogen beta chain	Homo sapiens	137-147
2046808-0	1991	The response to recombinant human erythropoietin in patients with the anemia of end-stage renal disease is correlated with serum carnitine levels.	Carnitine	129-138	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	34-48
1996622-5	1991	Insulin (with glucose) administration abolished the carnitine effect.	Carnitine	52-61	insulin	Canis lupus familiaris	0-7
1945750-2	1991	Total cellular activities of carnitine:palmitoyl-CoA transferase, crotonase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 3-keto-acyl-CoA thiolase, citrate synthase, NADH:cytochrome c oxidoreductase, succinate: cytochrome c oxidoreductase, and cytochrome c oxidase were measured in contralateral and stimulated muscles at various times.	Carnitine	29-38	cytochrome c	Oryctolagus cuniculus	159-171
1945750-2	1991	Total cellular activities of carnitine:palmitoyl-CoA transferase, crotonase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 3-keto-acyl-CoA thiolase, citrate synthase, NADH:cytochrome c oxidoreductase, succinate: cytochrome c oxidoreductase, and cytochrome c oxidase were measured in contralateral and stimulated muscles at various times.	Carnitine	29-38	cytochrome c	Oryctolagus cuniculus	199-211
1945750-2	1991	Total cellular activities of carnitine:palmitoyl-CoA transferase, crotonase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 3-keto-acyl-CoA thiolase, citrate synthase, NADH:cytochrome c oxidoreductase, succinate: cytochrome c oxidoreductase, and cytochrome c oxidase were measured in contralateral and stimulated muscles at various times.	Carnitine	29-38	cytochrome c	Oryctolagus cuniculus	199-211
33807231-1	2021	The SLC25A20 transporter, also known as carnitine acyl-carnitine carrier (CAC), catalyzes the transport of short, medium and long carbon chain acyl-carnitines across the mitochondrial inner membrane in exchange for carnitine.	Carnitine	40-49	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	4-12
2253348-0	1990	Fluorometric determination of carnitine in serum with immobilized carnitine dehydrogenase and diaphorase.	Carnitine	30-39	dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	94-104
2253348-1	1990	A fluorometric flow-injection method for determining carnitine with use of immobilized enzymes carnitine dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.108) and diaphorase (EC 1.8.1.4) was developed and applied to the assay of carnitine in serum of patients treated with valproic acid.	Carnitine	53-62	dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase	Homo sapiens	138-148
2122630-7	1990	The only significant difference between the groups was higher BOB-concentrations in the carnitine group 2 days after the start of parenteral nutrition.	Carnitine	88-97	G protein-coupled receptor 15	Homo sapiens	62-65
2122630-8	1990	Elevated BOB concentrations are an indicator of improved fatty acid oxidation in the carnitine group.	Carnitine	85-94	G protein-coupled receptor 15	Homo sapiens	9-12
2344445-1	1990	Carnitine-dependent transport of fatty acids into mitochondria is believed to require participation of two carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) activities, one outer, overt (CPTo) and the other inner, latent (CPTi).	Carnitine	0-9	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Homo sapiens	209-213
2333732-7	1990	GnRH agonist treatment suppressed serum bioactive LH, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels, testicular size, sperm production, and seminal carnitine content.	Carnitine	146-155	gonadotropin releasing hormone 1	Macaca mulatta	0-4
2375793-3	1990	In CBL and db/db mice, heart muscle was found to have the greatest and brain the least content of carnitine.	Carnitine	98-107	Casitas B-lineage lymphoma	Mus musculus	3-6
33805796-5	2021	L-carnitine participates in the long-chain oxidation of fatty acids in the brain, stimulates acetylcholine synthesis (donor of the acyl groups), stimulates expression of growth-associated protein-43, prevents cell apoptosis and neuron damage and stimulates neurotransmission.	Carnitine	0-11	growth associated protein 43	Homo sapiens	170-198
31555131-7	2019	Specifically, oxidation of fatty acids (FAO) was reduced in these cells, which linked to reduced carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (Cpt1a), an essential enzyme for carnitine shuttle.	Carnitine	97-106	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Rattus norvegicus	132-137
33801983-7	2021	The latter option involves using PPAR agonists and drugs that modulate the transport of fatty acids via carnitine into the interior of the mitochondria or the redirection of long-chain fatty acids to peroxisomes.	Carnitine	104-113	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	33-37
31555131-9	2019	L-Carnitine treatment augmented FAO but attenuated CSE-induced apoptosis by upregulating Cpt1a.	Carnitine	0-11	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	89-94
25363063-3	2015	KEY RESULTS: In this study, we used a novel compound, 4-[ethyl(dimethyl)ammonio]butanoate (Methyl-GBB), which inhibits gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (IC50 3 muM) and organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2, IC50 3 muM), and, in turn, decreases levels of L-carnitine and acylcarnitines in heart tissue.	Carnitine	252-263	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	119-150
25363063-8	2015	CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Reduction of L-carnitine and long-chain acylcarnitine content by the inhibition of OCTN2 represents an effective strategy to protect the heart against ischaemia-reperfusion-induced damage.	Carnitine	43-54	solute carrier family 22 member 2	Rattus norvegicus	113-118
23150726-0	2012	Regulation of Genes Involved in Carnitine Homeostasis by PPARalpha across Different Species (Rat, Mouse, Pig, Cattle, Chicken, and Human).	Carnitine	32-41	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	57-66
23150726-1	2012	Recent studies in rodents convincingly demonstrated that PPARalpha is a key regulator of genes involved in carnitine homeostasis, which serves as a reasonable explanation for the phenomenon that energy deprivation and fibrate treatment, both of which cause activation of hepatic PPARalpha, causes a strong increase of hepatic carnitine concentration in rats.	Carnitine	107-116	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	57-66
23150726-4	2012	However, despite demonstrating a well-conserved role of PPARalpha as a key regulator of carnitine homeostasis in general, our comprehensive analysis shows that this assumption particularly applies to the regulation by PPARalpha of carnitine uptake which is obviously highly conserved across species, whereas regulation by PPARalpha of carnitine biosynthesis appears less well conserved across species.	Carnitine	88-97	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	218-227
23150726-1	2012	Recent studies in rodents convincingly demonstrated that PPARalpha is a key regulator of genes involved in carnitine homeostasis, which serves as a reasonable explanation for the phenomenon that energy deprivation and fibrate treatment, both of which cause activation of hepatic PPARalpha, causes a strong increase of hepatic carnitine concentration in rats.	Carnitine	107-116	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	279-288
23150726-4	2012	However, despite demonstrating a well-conserved role of PPARalpha as a key regulator of carnitine homeostasis in general, our comprehensive analysis shows that this assumption particularly applies to the regulation by PPARalpha of carnitine uptake which is obviously highly conserved across species, whereas regulation by PPARalpha of carnitine biosynthesis appears less well conserved across species.	Carnitine	88-97	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	218-227
23150726-4	2012	However, despite demonstrating a well-conserved role of PPARalpha as a key regulator of carnitine homeostasis in general, our comprehensive analysis shows that this assumption particularly applies to the regulation by PPARalpha of carnitine uptake which is obviously highly conserved across species, whereas regulation by PPARalpha of carnitine biosynthesis appears less well conserved across species.	Carnitine	88-97	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	56-65
23150726-4	2012	However, despite demonstrating a well-conserved role of PPARalpha as a key regulator of carnitine homeostasis in general, our comprehensive analysis shows that this assumption particularly applies to the regulation by PPARalpha of carnitine uptake which is obviously highly conserved across species, whereas regulation by PPARalpha of carnitine biosynthesis appears less well conserved across species.	Carnitine	231-240	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	56-65
23150726-4	2012	However, despite demonstrating a well-conserved role of PPARalpha as a key regulator of carnitine homeostasis in general, our comprehensive analysis shows that this assumption particularly applies to the regulation by PPARalpha of carnitine uptake which is obviously highly conserved across species, whereas regulation by PPARalpha of carnitine biosynthesis appears less well conserved across species.	Carnitine	231-240	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	218-227
23150726-4	2012	However, despite demonstrating a well-conserved role of PPARalpha as a key regulator of carnitine homeostasis in general, our comprehensive analysis shows that this assumption particularly applies to the regulation by PPARalpha of carnitine uptake which is obviously highly conserved across species, whereas regulation by PPARalpha of carnitine biosynthesis appears less well conserved across species.	Carnitine	231-240	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	218-227
34979196-12	2022	Caspase-3 expression in hepatocytes was decreased in Pb-treated group supplemented with l-carnitine.	Carnitine	88-99	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	0-9
34979196-15	2022	l-Carnitine shows significant protective effects against hepatocellular apoptosis and inflammation induced by Pb acetate through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways in part mediated by GSK-3beta inhibition.	Carnitine	0-11	glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha	Rattus norvegicus	208-217
34728372-2	2021	N6-trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD) is the first enzyme in the carnitine/acylcarnitine biosynthesis pathway.	Carnitine	65-74	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Mus musculus	0-30
34974445-4	2022	L-carnitine (L-CAR) is known for its antioxidant properties, which can protect against neuronal damage.	Carnitine	0-11	CXADR pseudogene 1	Homo sapiens	15-18
34944922-3	2021	We previously reported a central role of mitochondrial protein carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1A) in PCa progression, but its role in regulating PCa survival under hypoxia remains unknown.	Carnitine	63-72	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a, liver	Mus musculus	95-100
34713479-0	2022	The mechanism analysis using PI3K/AKT pathway for the effects of levocarnitine in the treatment of spermatogenic dysfunction.	Carnitine	65-78	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	34-37
34713479-9	2022	We can to the conclusion that LEV may operate via the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, with increases in PI3K, p-AKT, and BCL-2 protein and mRNA expression, so that the percentages of GC-1 spg cells apoptosis decrease, and the sperm count and motility improve.	Carnitine	30-33	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	59-62
34713479-9	2022	We can to the conclusion that LEV may operate via the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, with increases in PI3K, p-AKT, and BCL-2 protein and mRNA expression, so that the percentages of GC-1 spg cells apoptosis decrease, and the sperm count and motility improve.	Carnitine	30-33	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	109-112
34713479-9	2022	We can to the conclusion that LEV may operate via the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, with increases in PI3K, p-AKT, and BCL-2 protein and mRNA expression, so that the percentages of GC-1 spg cells apoptosis decrease, and the sperm count and motility improve.	Carnitine	30-33	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	118-123
34821957-1	2022	The present study was designed to evaluate the possible protective effects of melatonin (MEL) and/or L-carnitine (L-CAR) against methotrexate (MTX)-induced toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes.	Carnitine	101-112	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3	Rattus norvegicus	116-119
34728372-2	2021	N6-trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD) is the first enzyme in the carnitine/acylcarnitine biosynthesis pathway.	Carnitine	65-74	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Mus musculus	32-36
34489184-8	2021	Treatment with L-carnitine + Co Q10 ameliorated cognitive impairment and oxidative stress, decreased the brain contents of inflammatory mediators; TNF-alpha, IL-6, and NF-kappabeta elevated AMPK and AKT, as compared to each drug.	Carnitine	15-26	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	147-156
34489184-8	2021	Treatment with L-carnitine + Co Q10 ameliorated cognitive impairment and oxidative stress, decreased the brain contents of inflammatory mediators; TNF-alpha, IL-6, and NF-kappabeta elevated AMPK and AKT, as compared to each drug.	Carnitine	15-26	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	158-162
34489184-8	2021	Treatment with L-carnitine + Co Q10 ameliorated cognitive impairment and oxidative stress, decreased the brain contents of inflammatory mediators; TNF-alpha, IL-6, and NF-kappabeta elevated AMPK and AKT, as compared to each drug.	Carnitine	15-26	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Rattus norvegicus	190-194
34489184-8	2021	Treatment with L-carnitine + Co Q10 ameliorated cognitive impairment and oxidative stress, decreased the brain contents of inflammatory mediators; TNF-alpha, IL-6, and NF-kappabeta elevated AMPK and AKT, as compared to each drug.	Carnitine	15-26	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	199-202
34489184-10	2021	L-carnitine + Co Q10 play important role in AMPK/AKT/NF-kappabeta pathway that responsible for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects against PD-induced brain injury in rats.	Carnitine	0-11	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Rattus norvegicus	44-48
34489184-10	2021	L-carnitine + Co Q10 play important role in AMPK/AKT/NF-kappabeta pathway that responsible for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects against PD-induced brain injury in rats.	Carnitine	0-11	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	49-52
34489184-0	2021	L-carnitine and Co Q10 ameliorate potassium dichromate -induced acute brain injury in rats targeting AMPK/AKT/NF-kappabeta.	Carnitine	0-11	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Rattus norvegicus	101-105
34565280-0	2021	Carnitine is a pharmacological allosteric chaperone of the human lysosomal alpha-glucosidase.	Carnitine	0-9	alpha glucosidase	Homo sapiens	65-92
34489184-0	2021	L-carnitine and Co Q10 ameliorate potassium dichromate -induced acute brain injury in rats targeting AMPK/AKT/NF-kappabeta.	Carnitine	0-11	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	106-109
34489184-4	2021	The study aimed to investigate the influence of administration of L-carnitine or/and Co Q10 as theraputic agents against potassium dichromate (PD)-induced brain injury via AMPK/AKT/NF-kappabeta signaling pathway.	Carnitine	66-77	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	177-180
34426648-8	2021	Also, the decrease in L-carnitine was significantly related to decreases in Chol in LDL with apoCIII (p = 0.034) and Chol in (LDL + VLDL) with apoCIII (p = 0.018).	Carnitine	22-33	apolipoprotein C3	Homo sapiens	93-100
34426648-8	2021	Also, the decrease in L-carnitine was significantly related to decreases in Chol in LDL with apoCIII (p = 0.034) and Chol in (LDL + VLDL) with apoCIII (p = 0.018).	Carnitine	22-33	apolipoprotein C3	Homo sapiens	143-150
34565280-8	2021	This synergistic effect of L-carnitine and rhGAA has the potential to be translated into improved therapeutic efficacy of ERT in Pompe disease.	Carnitine	27-38	E74 like ETS transcription factor 3	Homo sapiens	122-125
34464873-10	2021	The copper group (39.1 mg/kg) showed up-regulated gene expression levels of carnitine palmitoyl transferases (CPT-1 and CPT-2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-alpha) in liver (P < 0.05, N = 8) and down-regulated gene expression levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) (P < 0.05, N = 8).	Carnitine	76-85	carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial	Oryctolagus cuniculus	120-125
34727201-0	2022	The effect of L-carnitine supplementation on insulin resistance, sex hormone-binding globulin and lipid profile in overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial.	Carnitine	14-25	sex hormone binding globulin	Homo sapiens	65-93
34901512-6	2021	The level of iNOS was increased in the control group, whereas a decrease in the level of iNOS was found in the L-carnitine treated group.	Carnitine	111-122	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	13-17
34901512-6	2021	The level of iNOS was increased in the control group, whereas a decrease in the level of iNOS was found in the L-carnitine treated group.	Carnitine	111-122	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	89-93
34824054-10	2021	Reduced carnitine levels were associated with mitochondrial dysfunction via decreases in pathway enrichment scores of fatty acid metabolism and reduced expression of the carnitine transporter SLC22A5 in sputum and bronchial brushings.	Carnitine	8-17	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	192-199
34824054-10	2021	Reduced carnitine levels were associated with mitochondrial dysfunction via decreases in pathway enrichment scores of fatty acid metabolism and reduced expression of the carnitine transporter SLC22A5 in sputum and bronchial brushings.	Carnitine	170-179	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	192-199
34789120-5	2022	By inhibiting the ubiquitin-proteasome system, down-regulation of apelin receptor in cardiac tissue, and reducing beta-oxidation of fatty acid, carnitine may decrease vasopressor requirement in septic shock and improve clinical outcomes of this group of patients.	Carnitine	144-153	apelin receptor	Homo sapiens	66-81
34899326-4	2021	In this study, we established a mouse model of obesity-related AF through high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, and used l-carnitine (LCA, 150 mg/kg BW/d), an endogenous cofactor of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase-1B (CPT1B; the rate-limiting enzyme of FAO) to investigate whether FAO promotion can attenuate the AF susceptibility in obesity.	Carnitine	112-123	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	173-207
34899326-4	2021	In this study, we established a mouse model of obesity-related AF through high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, and used l-carnitine (LCA, 150 mg/kg BW/d), an endogenous cofactor of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase-1B (CPT1B; the rate-limiting enzyme of FAO) to investigate whether FAO promotion can attenuate the AF susceptibility in obesity.	Carnitine	112-123	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	209-214
34899326-4	2021	In this study, we established a mouse model of obesity-related AF through high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, and used l-carnitine (LCA, 150 mg/kg BW/d), an endogenous cofactor of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase-1B (CPT1B; the rate-limiting enzyme of FAO) to investigate whether FAO promotion can attenuate the AF susceptibility in obesity.	Carnitine	125-128	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	173-207
34899326-9	2021	Mechanistically, LCA activated AMPK/PGC1alpha signaling both in vivo and in vitro, and pharmacological inhibition of AMPK via Compound C attenuated LCA-induced cardio-protection in palmitate-treated primary atrial cardiomyocytes.	Carnitine	17-20	peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha	Mus musculus	36-45
34938856-6	2021	Furthermore, LC-MS/MS and RNA-seq assays reveal that SOS1 negatively regulates the expression of SLC22A4, a member of the carnitine/organic cation transporter family, which mediates the active uptake of imatinib into chronic myeloid leukemia cells.	Carnitine	122-131	SOS Ras/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1	Homo sapiens	53-57
34938856-6	2021	Furthermore, LC-MS/MS and RNA-seq assays reveal that SOS1 negatively regulates the expression of SLC22A4, a member of the carnitine/organic cation transporter family, which mediates the active uptake of imatinib into chronic myeloid leukemia cells.	Carnitine	122-131	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	97-104
34833964-5	2021	Compared to control rats, the low free carnitine in the plasma of diabetic rats was accompanied by decreased expression of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase in liver and kidney, suggesting impaired carnitine biosynthesis.	Carnitine	39-48	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	123-154
34833964-5	2021	Compared to control rats, the low free carnitine in the plasma of diabetic rats was accompanied by decreased expression of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase in liver and kidney, suggesting impaired carnitine biosynthesis.	Carnitine	196-205	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	123-154
34831363-8	2021	Pathway analysis revealed that lipid, amino acid, and vitamin metabolism pathways were altered in NVAMD, IAMD, or AMD in general, including the carnitine shuttle pathway which was significantly altered in all comparisons.	Carnitine	144-153	adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 1	Homo sapiens	114-117
34909045-0	2022	L-carnitine supplementation ameliorates insulin resistance in critically ill acute stroke patients: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.	Carnitine	0-11	insulin	Homo sapiens	40-47
34909045-8	2022	LC administration showed a decrease in mean difference of HOMA-IR and insulin levels at day 7 compared to placebo, -0.94 +- 1.92 vs 0.87 +- 2.24 (P = 0.01) and -2.26 +- 6.81 vs 0.88 +- 4.95 (P = 0.03), respectively.	Carnitine	0-2	insulin	Homo sapiens	70-77
34748631-2	2022	We report a statistically significant sex-dependent association with age of a panel of metabolites and lipids involving, in women cohort, linoleic acid, alpha-linoleic acid, and carnitine, and, in men sub-group, monoacylglycerols and lysophosphatidylcholines.	Carnitine	178-187	renin binding protein	Homo sapiens	69-72
34748631-4	2022	The association of ratio between molecular features with age reveals that the ratio between decanoyl L-carnitine and lysophosphatidylcholine in women have a negative association with age, while the ratios between L-carnitine, L-acetylcarnitine, and phosphatidylcholines in men have a positive association with age.	Carnitine	101-112	renin binding protein	Homo sapiens	57-60
34748631-4	2022	The association of ratio between molecular features with age reveals that the ratio between decanoyl L-carnitine and lysophosphatidylcholine in women have a negative association with age, while the ratios between L-carnitine, L-acetylcarnitine, and phosphatidylcholines in men have a positive association with age.	Carnitine	101-112	renin binding protein	Homo sapiens	183-186
34748631-4	2022	The association of ratio between molecular features with age reveals that the ratio between decanoyl L-carnitine and lysophosphatidylcholine in women have a negative association with age, while the ratios between L-carnitine, L-acetylcarnitine, and phosphatidylcholines in men have a positive association with age.	Carnitine	101-112	renin binding protein	Homo sapiens	310-313
34748631-4	2022	The association of ratio between molecular features with age reveals that the ratio between decanoyl L-carnitine and lysophosphatidylcholine in women have a negative association with age, while the ratios between L-carnitine, L-acetylcarnitine, and phosphatidylcholines in men have a positive association with age.	Carnitine	213-224	renin binding protein	Homo sapiens	57-60
34748631-4	2022	The association of ratio between molecular features with age reveals that the ratio between decanoyl L-carnitine and lysophosphatidylcholine in women have a negative association with age, while the ratios between L-carnitine, L-acetylcarnitine, and phosphatidylcholines in men have a positive association with age.	Carnitine	213-224	renin binding protein	Homo sapiens	310-313
34805230-1	2021	Background: Carnitine supplementation improves various dialysis-related symptoms including erythropoietin-resistant anemia in patients who are undergoing hemodialysis.	Carnitine	12-21	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	91-105
34805230-8	2021	Conclusion: Carnitine supplementation may improve erythropoietin resistance in patients who are undergoing PD.	Carnitine	12-21	erythropoietin	Homo sapiens	50-64
34740538-10	2022	RESULTS: Although oral L-carnitine supplementation led to the decreased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, this change was not significant compared with the placebo.	Carnitine	23-34	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	89-107
34740538-11	2022	Also, L-carnitine supplementation has significantly reduced serum levels of IL-6 and FBS, which has also raised serum FC and Pediatrics Quality of Life scores compared with the placebo.	Carnitine	6-17	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	76-80
34740538-13	2022	CONCLUSION: Given the significant reductions in IL-6 and FBS levels, L-carnitine supplementation appeared to have some positive effects on the inflammation, blood glucose control, and prevention of cardiovascular events in these patients, as well as the improvement of quality of life.	Carnitine	69-80	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	48-52
34727201-4	2022	The effect of L-carnitine supplementation on insulin resistance, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and lipid profile in overweight/obese women with PCOS was investigated.	Carnitine	14-25	sex hormone binding globulin	Homo sapiens	65-93
34727201-4	2022	The effect of L-carnitine supplementation on insulin resistance, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and lipid profile in overweight/obese women with PCOS was investigated.	Carnitine	14-25	sex hormone binding globulin	Homo sapiens	95-99
34727201-9	2022	CONCLUSION: 12-week L-carnitine supplementation in overweight or obese women with PCOS ameliorate insulin resistance, but has no effect on SHBG and lipid profile.	Carnitine	20-31	insulin	Homo sapiens	98-105
34558577-6	2021	Meanwhile, CGA caused strong inhibition against the increase of liver injury markers (i.e. AST, ALT and ALP), hepatic inflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha and TNF-beta) and dyslipidemia (i.e. TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C) in L-carnitine-fed mice (p < 0.05).	Carnitine	234-245	glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble	Mus musculus	96-99
34507121-0	2021	L-carnitine protects cardiac damage by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory response via inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction.	Carnitine	0-11	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	109-136
34507121-0	2021	L-carnitine protects cardiac damage by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory response via inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction.	Carnitine	0-11	interleukin 1 beta	Rattus norvegicus	141-158
34507121-10	2021	The elevated levels of uric acid and creatinine kinase and ALP, AST and ALT activities in ISO-rats were also significantly reduced by L-carnitine administration.	Carnitine	134-145	PDZ and LIM domain 3	Rattus norvegicus	59-62
34507121-13	2021	RELEVANT CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE: These results suggest that L-carnitine plays a defensive role against cardiac and renal damage in ISO-treated MI rat model via suppressing oxidative stress and increasing antioxidant enzyme functions through inhibition of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta.	Carnitine	63-74	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	258-267
34507121-13	2021	RELEVANT CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE: These results suggest that L-carnitine plays a defensive role against cardiac and renal damage in ISO-treated MI rat model via suppressing oxidative stress and increasing antioxidant enzyme functions through inhibition of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta.	Carnitine	63-74	interleukin 1 alpha	Rattus norvegicus	272-280
34558577-6	2021	Meanwhile, CGA caused strong inhibition against the increase of liver injury markers (i.e. AST, ALT and ALP), hepatic inflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha and TNF-beta) and dyslipidemia (i.e. TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C) in L-carnitine-fed mice (p < 0.05).	Carnitine	234-245	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	153-157
34724970-12	2021	In addition to regulating the ubiquitination of muscle proteins, L-carnitine also increased the levels of p-p70S6K and p70S6K, which are involved in protein synthesis.	Carnitine	65-76	ribosomal protein S6 kinase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	108-114
34724970-12	2021	In addition to regulating the ubiquitination of muscle proteins, L-carnitine also increased the levels of p-p70S6K and p70S6K, which are involved in protein synthesis.	Carnitine	65-76	ribosomal protein S6 kinase, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	119-125
34724970-0	2021	L-carnitine ameliorates the muscle wasting of cancer cachexia through the AKT/FOXO3a/MaFbx axis.	Carnitine	0-11	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	74-77
34724970-15	2021	Moreover, L-carnitine reduced the serum levels of IL-1 and IL-6, factors known to induce cancer cachexia.	Carnitine	10-21	interleukin 1 complex	Mus musculus	50-54
34724970-15	2021	Moreover, L-carnitine reduced the serum levels of IL-1 and IL-6, factors known to induce cancer cachexia.	Carnitine	10-21	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	59-63
34724970-0	2021	L-carnitine ameliorates the muscle wasting of cancer cachexia through the AKT/FOXO3a/MaFbx axis.	Carnitine	0-11	forkhead box O3	Mus musculus	78-84
34679988-2	2021	The regulator enzymes of the carnitine system (CS), responsible for the transport of fatty acids across mitochondrial membranes for beta-oxidation are deregulated in tumorigenesis.	Carnitine	29-38	citrate synthase	Canis lupus familiaris	47-49
34724970-0	2021	L-carnitine ameliorates the muscle wasting of cancer cachexia through the AKT/FOXO3a/MaFbx axis.	Carnitine	0-11	F-box protein 32	Mus musculus	85-90
34724970-6	2021	Then siRNA-Akt was used to determine that L-carnitine ameliorated cancer cachexia via the Akt/FOXO3/MaFbx.	Carnitine	42-53	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	90-93
34724970-6	2021	Then siRNA-Akt was used to determine that L-carnitine ameliorated cancer cachexia via the Akt/FOXO3/MaFbx.	Carnitine	42-53	forkhead box O3	Mus musculus	94-99
34724970-6	2021	Then siRNA-Akt was used to determine that L-carnitine ameliorated cancer cachexia via the Akt/FOXO3/MaFbx.	Carnitine	42-53	F-box protein 32	Mus musculus	100-105
34724970-9	2021	RESULTS: L-carnitine increased the gastrocnemius muscle (GM) weight in the CT26-bearing cachexia mouse model and the cross-sectional fiber area of the GM and myotube diameters of C2C12 cells treated with TNF-alpha.	Carnitine	9-20	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	204-213
34724970-10	2021	Additionally, L-carnitine reduced the protein expression of MuRF1, MaFbx and FOXO3a, and increased the p-FOXO3a level in vivo and in vitro.	Carnitine	14-25	tripartite motif-containing 63	Mus musculus	60-65
34724970-10	2021	Additionally, L-carnitine reduced the protein expression of MuRF1, MaFbx and FOXO3a, and increased the p-FOXO3a level in vivo and in vitro.	Carnitine	14-25	F-box protein 32	Mus musculus	67-72
34724970-10	2021	Additionally, L-carnitine reduced the protein expression of MuRF1, MaFbx and FOXO3a, and increased the p-FOXO3a level in vivo and in vitro.	Carnitine	14-25	forkhead box O3	Mus musculus	77-83
34724970-10	2021	Additionally, L-carnitine reduced the protein expression of MuRF1, MaFbx and FOXO3a, and increased the p-FOXO3a level in vivo and in vitro.	Carnitine	14-25	forkhead box O3	Mus musculus	105-111
34724970-11	2021	Inhibition of Akt, upstream of FOXO3a, reversed the effects of L-carnitine on the FOXO3a/MaFbx pathway and myotube diameters, without affecting FOXO3a/MuRF-1.	Carnitine	63-74	thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1	Mus musculus	14-17
34724970-11	2021	Inhibition of Akt, upstream of FOXO3a, reversed the effects of L-carnitine on the FOXO3a/MaFbx pathway and myotube diameters, without affecting FOXO3a/MuRF-1.	Carnitine	63-74	forkhead box O3	Mus musculus	31-37
34724970-11	2021	Inhibition of Akt, upstream of FOXO3a, reversed the effects of L-carnitine on the FOXO3a/MaFbx pathway and myotube diameters, without affecting FOXO3a/MuRF-1.	Carnitine	63-74	forkhead box O3	Mus musculus	82-88
34724970-11	2021	Inhibition of Akt, upstream of FOXO3a, reversed the effects of L-carnitine on the FOXO3a/MaFbx pathway and myotube diameters, without affecting FOXO3a/MuRF-1.	Carnitine	63-74	F-box protein 32	Mus musculus	89-94
34478916-5	2021	In EpiAlveolar  we performed a characterization of Organic Cation Transporters (OCTs and OCTNs) expression and activity and we found that OCTN2, OCT1 and OCT3 are expressed on the basolateral membrane; instead, ATB0,+ transporter for cationic and neutral amino acids, which shares with OCTN2 the affinity for carnitine as substrate, is readily detectable and functional at the apical side.	Carnitine	309-318	solute carrier family 1 member 5	Homo sapiens	211-215
34478916-5	2021	In EpiAlveolar  we performed a characterization of Organic Cation Transporters (OCTs and OCTNs) expression and activity and we found that OCTN2, OCT1 and OCT3 are expressed on the basolateral membrane; instead, ATB0,+ transporter for cationic and neutral amino acids, which shares with OCTN2 the affinity for carnitine as substrate, is readily detectable and functional at the apical side.	Carnitine	309-318	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	286-291
34245263-4	2021	RESULTS: IUGR fetuses exhibited an upregulation of key genes associated with fatty acid breakdown and beta-oxidation (Acadvl, Acadl, Acaa2), and mitochondrial carnitine shuttle (Cpt1a, Cpt2), instigating a metabolic gene reprogramming in the heart.	Carnitine	159-168	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	178-183
34245263-4	2021	RESULTS: IUGR fetuses exhibited an upregulation of key genes associated with fatty acid breakdown and beta-oxidation (Acadvl, Acadl, Acaa2), and mitochondrial carnitine shuttle (Cpt1a, Cpt2), instigating a metabolic gene reprogramming in the heart.	Carnitine	159-168	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	185-189
34765928-6	2021	Gene expression analysis revealed increased carnitine palmitoyltransferase IA (CPT1a) levels in T cells, the rate-limiting enzyme for mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid oxidation.	Carnitine	44-53	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	79-84
34679988-4	2021	In this study, we examined the protein expression of the three remaining enzymes of CS (Carnitine Acylcarnitine Translocase (CACT), Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 2 (CPT2), Carnitine O-acetyltransferase (CrAT), in canine mammary cells and tissues by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.	Carnitine	88-97	citrate synthase	Canis lupus familiaris	84-86
34684691-3	2021	The current study aims to assess the profiles of carnitine and acylcarnitines in gliomas with respect to their grade, the presence of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations, and 1p/19q co-deletion.	Carnitine	49-58	isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1	Homo sapiens	134-158
34155781-3	2021	The aim of this study is to examine whether daily L-carnitine supplementation is safe and feasible, and will improve muscle strength and reduce fatigue in children with NF1.	Carnitine	50-61	neurofibromin 1	Homo sapiens	169-172
34658942-2	2021	Endogenous L-carnitine (LC) and its derivative acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) play antidepressant roles by improving brain energy metabolism, regulating neurotransmitters and neural plasticity.	Carnitine	11-22	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	67-70
34709299-0	2021	Novel Cardioprotective Effect of L-Carnitine on Obese Diabetic Mice: Regulation of Chemerin and CMKLRI Expression in Heart and Adipose Tissues.	Carnitine	33-44	retinoic acid receptor responder (tazarotene induced) 2	Mus musculus	83-91
34709299-1	2021	BACKGROUND: L-carnitine (LC) has many beneficial effects on diabetic animals and humans, but its regulatory effect on chemerin as an inflammatory cytokine, and its receptor in diabetes status is unknown.	Carnitine	12-23	retinoic acid receptor responder 2	Homo sapiens	118-126
34709299-1	2021	BACKGROUND: L-carnitine (LC) has many beneficial effects on diabetic animals and humans, but its regulatory effect on chemerin as an inflammatory cytokine, and its receptor in diabetes status is unknown.	Carnitine	25-27	retinoic acid receptor responder 2	Homo sapiens	118-126
34709299-10	2021	The treatment with LC caused a significant decrease in the expression of both genes in studied tissues and the reduction of insulin resistance symptoms and serum chemerin levels (p<0.05).	Carnitine	19-21	retinoic acid receptor responder (tazarotene induced) 2	Mus musculus	162-170
34658942-2	2021	Endogenous L-carnitine (LC) and its derivative acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) play antidepressant roles by improving brain energy metabolism, regulating neurotransmitters and neural plasticity.	Carnitine	24-26	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	67-70
34513489-0	2021	L-Asparaginase-Induced Hepatotoxicity Treated Successfully With L-Carnitine and Vitamin B Infusion.	Carnitine	64-75	asparaginase and isoaspartyl peptidase 1	Homo sapiens	0-14
34603016-9	2021	OCTN2 function in patient-derived cancer cells was evaluated by assessing L-carnitine uptake and sensitivity to oxaliplatin.	Carnitine	74-85	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	0-5
34506728-4	2022	Intriguingly, the interaction of lactone-vitamin D3 with HADHA does not affect the HADHA enzymatic activity but instead limits biosynthesis of carnitine, an endogenous metabolite required for the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria for beta-oxidation.	Carnitine	143-152	hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	57-62
34506728-5	2022	Lactone-vitamin D3 dissociates the protein-protein interaction of HADHA with trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD), thereby impairing the TMLD enzyme activity essential in carnitine biosynthesis.	Carnitine	169-178	hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	66-71
34506728-5	2022	Lactone-vitamin D3 dissociates the protein-protein interaction of HADHA with trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD), thereby impairing the TMLD enzyme activity essential in carnitine biosynthesis.	Carnitine	169-178	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	77-104
34506728-5	2022	Lactone-vitamin D3 dissociates the protein-protein interaction of HADHA with trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD), thereby impairing the TMLD enzyme activity essential in carnitine biosynthesis.	Carnitine	169-178	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	106-110
34506728-5	2022	Lactone-vitamin D3 dissociates the protein-protein interaction of HADHA with trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD), thereby impairing the TMLD enzyme activity essential in carnitine biosynthesis.	Carnitine	169-178	trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon	Homo sapiens	135-139
34434943-6	2021	Based on the "multiple hit" hypothesis, carnitine inhibits beta-oxidation, improves mitochondrial dysfunction, and reduces insulin resistance to ameliorate NAFLD.	Carnitine	40-49	insulin	Homo sapiens	123-130
34436463-4	2021	In the culture medium of primary human skeletal muscle cells, NAT and ACT concentrations significantly increased when they were cultured with taurine and acetate or with carnitine and palmitic acid, respectively.	Carnitine	170-179	bromodomain containing 2	Homo sapiens	62-65
34528297-1	2021	BACKGROUND: Levocarnitine deficiency has been observed in patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) and can cause or worsen hypertriglyceridemia.	Carnitine	12-25	U6 snRNA biogenesis phosphodiesterase 1	Homo sapiens	99-101
34528297-2	2021	The objective was to characterize use of levocarnitine supplementation in PN and evaluate its effect on triglyceride levels in hospitalized adults.	Carnitine	41-54	U6 snRNA biogenesis phosphodiesterase 1	Homo sapiens	74-76
34528297-4	2021	A piecewise linear regression was used to evaluate trends in triglyceride levels before and after the intervention, defined as initiation of levocarnitine in PN for the levocarnitine group, or reduction in lipid injectable emulsion alone for the control group.	Carnitine	141-154	U6 snRNA biogenesis phosphodiesterase 1	Homo sapiens	158-160
34528297-8	2021	The addition of levocarnitine to PN was associated with a significantly greater rate of reduction in triglyceride levels pre-intervention to post-intervention compared with a reduction in lipid injectable emulsion alone (-11 vs -3 mg/dl per day; 95% CI, -15 to -2; P = .012).	Carnitine	16-29	U6 snRNA biogenesis phosphodiesterase 1	Homo sapiens	33-35
34528297-9	2021	CONCLUSION: In hospitalized adults with hypertriglyceridemia who had a lipid injectable emulsion dose reduction, the addition of levocarnitine in PN was not associated with a difference in triglyceride levels at 30 days; however, a greater rate of improvement in pre-intervention to post-intervention triglyceride levels was observed.	Carnitine	129-142	U6 snRNA biogenesis phosphodiesterase 1	Homo sapiens	146-148
34382806-7	2021	Multiple amino acids (including alanine, glutamic acid, leucine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine), carnitines, and members of the fatty acid oxidation pathway were significantly increased in APP/PSEN1 mice on HFD compared to those on LFD.	Carnitine	97-107	presenilin 1	Mus musculus	193-198
34449920-7	2021	Furthermore, L-carnitine, an intermediate of fatty acid degradation, is required for goat brown adipocyte differentiation and thermogenesis through activating AMPK pathway.	Carnitine	13-24	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	159-163
34436463-6	2021	Elevations of NAT and ACT in the blood of humans during endurance exercises might serve the buffering of the acetyl-moiety in mitochondria by taurine and carnitine, respectively.	Carnitine	154-163	bromodomain containing 2	Homo sapiens	14-17
34308664-7	2021	Higher expression of transforming growth factor-betaR1 and beta-catenin and suppressed expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A in nephrin-positive cells were found in the kidneys of diabetic GRPKO mice.	Carnitine	101-110	nephrosis 1, nephrin	Mus musculus	138-145
34181098-0	2021	Correction to: Tooth loss and adiposity: possible role of carnitine transporter (OCTN1/2) polymorphisms in women but not in men.	Carnitine	58-67	solute carrier family 22 member 4	Homo sapiens	81-88
34448864-16	2021	The metabolites TMAO, carnitine, gamma-butyrobetaine, and crotonobetaine may be associated with insulin resistance, and betaine and choline may be associated with greater insulin sensitivity, but temporality of the associations was not established.	Carnitine	22-31	insulin	Homo sapiens	96-103
34333924-10	2021	After being treated with leucine diet restriction and L-carnitine, 4 patients with AUH gene variation who were from asymptomatic phase developed normally, whereas those 2 patients with SERAC1 gene variation had a poor prognosis.	Carnitine	54-65	AU RNA binding methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase	Homo sapiens	83-86
34532275-0	2021	Effects of L-carnitine combined with pancreatic kininogenase on thioredoxin 2, thioredoxin reductase 1, and sperm quality in patients with oligoasthenospermia.	Carnitine	11-22	thioredoxin 2	Homo sapiens	64-77
34532275-0	2021	Effects of L-carnitine combined with pancreatic kininogenase on thioredoxin 2, thioredoxin reductase 1, and sperm quality in patients with oligoasthenospermia.	Carnitine	11-22	thioredoxin reductase 1	Homo sapiens	79-102
34532275-1	2021	Background: To study the effects of L-carnitine (LC) combined with pancreatic kininogenase on thioredoxin 2 (Trx 2), thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR 1), and sperm quality in patients with oligoasthenospermia.	Carnitine	36-47	thioredoxin 2	Homo sapiens	94-107
34532275-1	2021	Background: To study the effects of L-carnitine (LC) combined with pancreatic kininogenase on thioredoxin 2 (Trx 2), thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR 1), and sperm quality in patients with oligoasthenospermia.	Carnitine	36-47	thioredoxin 2	Homo sapiens	109-114
34532275-1	2021	Background: To study the effects of L-carnitine (LC) combined with pancreatic kininogenase on thioredoxin 2 (Trx 2), thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR 1), and sperm quality in patients with oligoasthenospermia.	Carnitine	36-47	thioredoxin reductase 1	Homo sapiens	117-140
34532275-1	2021	Background: To study the effects of L-carnitine (LC) combined with pancreatic kininogenase on thioredoxin 2 (Trx 2), thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR 1), and sperm quality in patients with oligoasthenospermia.	Carnitine	36-47	thioredoxin reductase 1	Homo sapiens	142-148
34532275-1	2021	Background: To study the effects of L-carnitine (LC) combined with pancreatic kininogenase on thioredoxin 2 (Trx 2), thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR 1), and sperm quality in patients with oligoasthenospermia.	Carnitine	49-51	thioredoxin 2	Homo sapiens	94-107
34532275-1	2021	Background: To study the effects of L-carnitine (LC) combined with pancreatic kininogenase on thioredoxin 2 (Trx 2), thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR 1), and sperm quality in patients with oligoasthenospermia.	Carnitine	49-51	thioredoxin 2	Homo sapiens	109-114
34532275-1	2021	Background: To study the effects of L-carnitine (LC) combined with pancreatic kininogenase on thioredoxin 2 (Trx 2), thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR 1), and sperm quality in patients with oligoasthenospermia.	Carnitine	49-51	thioredoxin reductase 1	Homo sapiens	117-140
34532275-1	2021	Background: To study the effects of L-carnitine (LC) combined with pancreatic kininogenase on thioredoxin 2 (Trx 2), thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR 1), and sperm quality in patients with oligoasthenospermia.	Carnitine	49-51	thioredoxin reductase 1	Homo sapiens	142-148
34233743-5	2021	Increased free carnitine levels and a significantly increased C0/(C16 + C18) ratio were detected by tandem mass spectrometry, and subsequently, mutations in CPT1A were found by gene sequence analysis.	Carnitine	15-24	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	157-162
34233743-12	2021	CONCLUSION: This is the first case of CPT1A deficiency detected through newborn screening based on diagnostic levels of free carnitine, in China.	Carnitine	125-134	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	38-43
34249102-2	2021	It is caused by a defect in the carnitine transporter encoded by SLC22A5 (Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5, MIM:603377).	Carnitine	32-41	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	65-72
34249102-2	2021	It is caused by a defect in the carnitine transporter encoded by SLC22A5 (Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5, MIM:603377).	Carnitine	32-41	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	74-107
34167568-0	2021	Exogenous L-carnitine ameliorates burn-induced cellular and mitochondrial injury of hepatocytes by restoring CPT1 activity.	Carnitine	10-21	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	109-113
34167568-10	2021	Carnitine administration recovered CPT1 activity and improved all indicators related to cellular and fatty acid metabolism and mitochondrial injury.	Carnitine	0-9	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	35-39
34167568-11	2021	Inhibition of CPT1 activity with etomoxir induced hepatocyte injuries similar to those in burn patients and burned rats; carnitine supplementation restored CPT1 activity and ameliorated these injuries.	Carnitine	121-130	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	156-160
34167568-12	2021	The expression levels of the differentially expressed genes Fabp4, Acacb, Acsm5, and Pnpla3 in the liver tissue from burned rats and etomoxir-treated hepatocytes were also restored by treatment with exogenous carnitine.	Carnitine	209-218	fatty acid binding protein 4	Rattus norvegicus	60-65
34167568-12	2021	The expression levels of the differentially expressed genes Fabp4, Acacb, Acsm5, and Pnpla3 in the liver tissue from burned rats and etomoxir-treated hepatocytes were also restored by treatment with exogenous carnitine.	Carnitine	209-218	acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta	Rattus norvegicus	67-72
34167568-12	2021	The expression levels of the differentially expressed genes Fabp4, Acacb, Acsm5, and Pnpla3 in the liver tissue from burned rats and etomoxir-treated hepatocytes were also restored by treatment with exogenous carnitine.	Carnitine	209-218	acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 5	Rattus norvegicus	74-79
34167568-12	2021	The expression levels of the differentially expressed genes Fabp4, Acacb, Acsm5, and Pnpla3 in the liver tissue from burned rats and etomoxir-treated hepatocytes were also restored by treatment with exogenous carnitine.	Carnitine	209-218	patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3	Rattus norvegicus	85-91
34167568-13	2021	CONCLUSION: Exogenous carnitine exerts protective effects against severe burn-induced cellular, fatty-acid metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction of hepatocytes by restoring CPT1 activity.	Carnitine	22-31	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Homo sapiens	177-181
34169163-0	2021	L-carnitine alleviated acute lung injuries induced by potassium dichromate in rats: involvement of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.	Carnitine	0-11	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	104-108
34169163-2	2021	The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic role of L-carnitine (LC) against potassium dichromate (PD) - induced acute lung injury in adult male albino rats via modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.	Carnitine	60-71	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	183-187
34169163-8	2021	Post-treatment with L-carnitine effectively increased the levels of GSH and AKT, elevated Nrf2 and its target genes and decreased the levels of MDA and TGFbeta1 in comparison with PD control rats.	Carnitine	20-31	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	76-79
34169163-8	2021	Post-treatment with L-carnitine effectively increased the levels of GSH and AKT, elevated Nrf2 and its target genes and decreased the levels of MDA and TGFbeta1 in comparison with PD control rats.	Carnitine	20-31	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	90-94
34169163-2	2021	The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic role of L-carnitine (LC) against potassium dichromate (PD) - induced acute lung injury in adult male albino rats via modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.	Carnitine	60-71	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	188-192
34169163-8	2021	Post-treatment with L-carnitine effectively increased the levels of GSH and AKT, elevated Nrf2 and its target genes and decreased the levels of MDA and TGFbeta1 in comparison with PD control rats.	Carnitine	20-31	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	152-160
34169163-2	2021	The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic role of L-carnitine (LC) against potassium dichromate (PD) - induced acute lung injury in adult male albino rats via modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.	Carnitine	73-75	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	183-187
34169163-2	2021	The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic role of L-carnitine (LC) against potassium dichromate (PD) - induced acute lung injury in adult male albino rats via modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.	Carnitine	73-75	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	188-192
34063237-8	2021	Additionally, CL improved the catalytic efficiency for CPT II WT and the investigated variants by twofold when carnitine was the varied substrate due to a decrease in KM.	Carnitine	111-120	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	55-61
34150780-11	2021	These findings demonstrated that melatonin exposure and/or NOGGIN overexpression in hair follicle stem cells might promote the expression of pluripotency markers Homeobox protein NANOG, Organic cation/carnitine transporter 4, and Hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34.	Carnitine	201-210	noggin	Homo sapiens	59-65
34776465-10	2021	Furthermore, three months after levocarnitine treatment, the serum carnitine concentrations were significantly increased, and the serum thioredoxin levels were decreased in the patients with cirrhosis who underwent levocarnitine treatment (p<0.05).	Carnitine	32-45	thioredoxin	Homo sapiens	136-147
34776465-10	2021	Furthermore, three months after levocarnitine treatment, the serum carnitine concentrations were significantly increased, and the serum thioredoxin levels were decreased in the patients with cirrhosis who underwent levocarnitine treatment (p<0.05).	Carnitine	215-228	thioredoxin	Homo sapiens	136-147
35396750-5	2022	Furthermore, the transcriptional and translational levels of CYP19A1, CYP17A1, AR, SRD5A2 and PCNA in GC-1spg cells in ZGW group were found to be considerably elevated than the LEV group (p < 0.05 or 0.01).	Carnitine	177-180	3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 2	Cricetulus griseus	83-89
35567992-5	2022	RESULTS: Based on the construction of the rhein-target-metabolic enzyme-metabolite network, we found that rhein played an antifibrotic role through the PPAR-alpha-CPT1A-l-palmitoyl-carnitine axis.	Carnitine	181-190	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	152-162
35567992-5	2022	RESULTS: Based on the construction of the rhein-target-metabolic enzyme-metabolite network, we found that rhein played an antifibrotic role through the PPAR-alpha-CPT1A-l-palmitoyl-carnitine axis.	Carnitine	181-190	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A	Rattus norvegicus	163-168
35396750-5	2022	Furthermore, the transcriptional and translational levels of CYP19A1, CYP17A1, AR, SRD5A2 and PCNA in GC-1spg cells in ZGW group were found to be considerably elevated than the LEV group (p < 0.05 or 0.01).	Carnitine	177-180	proliferating cell nuclear antigen	Cricetulus griseus	94-98
35396750-6	2022	The findings indicate that ZGW and LEV could increase the expression of PCNA, CYP17A1, CYP19A1, SRD5A2 and AR at transcriptional and translational levels, inhibit GC-1spg cell apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation, and the effect of ZGW was found to be significantly better than that of LEV.	Carnitine	35-38	proliferating cell nuclear antigen	Mus musculus	72-76
35396750-6	2022	The findings indicate that ZGW and LEV could increase the expression of PCNA, CYP17A1, CYP19A1, SRD5A2 and AR at transcriptional and translational levels, inhibit GC-1spg cell apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation, and the effect of ZGW was found to be significantly better than that of LEV.	Carnitine	35-38	cytochrome P450, family 17, subfamily a, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	78-85
35396750-6	2022	The findings indicate that ZGW and LEV could increase the expression of PCNA, CYP17A1, CYP19A1, SRD5A2 and AR at transcriptional and translational levels, inhibit GC-1spg cell apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation, and the effect of ZGW was found to be significantly better than that of LEV.	Carnitine	35-38	cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily a, polypeptide 1	Mus musculus	87-94
35396750-6	2022	The findings indicate that ZGW and LEV could increase the expression of PCNA, CYP17A1, CYP19A1, SRD5A2 and AR at transcriptional and translational levels, inhibit GC-1spg cell apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation, and the effect of ZGW was found to be significantly better than that of LEV.	Carnitine	35-38	steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2	Mus musculus	96-102
35396750-6	2022	The findings indicate that ZGW and LEV could increase the expression of PCNA, CYP17A1, CYP19A1, SRD5A2 and AR at transcriptional and translational levels, inhibit GC-1spg cell apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation, and the effect of ZGW was found to be significantly better than that of LEV.	Carnitine	35-38	ferredoxin reductase	Mus musculus	107-109
35608746-3	2022	This study aims to find conditions for the expression of a membrane transporter known as the carnitine transporter CT2.	Carnitine	93-102	solute carrier family 22 member 16	Homo sapiens	115-118
35367451-2	2022	The inhibitory effect of Pr3+ has been tested using mitochondrial transporters reconstituted into liposomes being effective in the micromolar range, acting as a competitive inhibitor of the human basic amino acids carrier (BAC, Slc25A29), the human carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (CAC, Slc25A20).	Carnitine	249-258	proteinase 3	Homo sapiens	25-28
35623869-11	2022	l-Carnitine supplementation significantly reduced the levels of CRP (mean change +- SE: -34.9 +- 6.5) and IL-6 (mean change +- SE: -10.64 +- 2.16) compared to the baseline, which is both statistically significant compared with the control group (p < 0.05).	Carnitine	0-11	C-reactive protein	Homo sapiens	64-67
35623869-11	2022	l-Carnitine supplementation significantly reduced the levels of CRP (mean change +- SE: -34.9 +- 6.5) and IL-6 (mean change +- SE: -10.64 +- 2.16) compared to the baseline, which is both statistically significant compared with the control group (p < 0.05).	Carnitine	0-11	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	106-110
35622436-9	2022	Three SNPs, all in the gene for the carnitine transporter (SLC22A5), were associated with the cardiomyopathy phenotype.	Carnitine	36-45	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	59-66
35622436-11	2022	Further study of SLC22A5 variation in ARV-exposed people is warranted carnitine transporter dysfunction-related cardiomyopathy may be treatable.	Carnitine	70-79	solute carrier family 22 member 5	Homo sapiens	17-24
35578012-2	2022	The carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) catalyzes the reaction between acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine to produce CoA which is difficult to detect directly by electrochemical methods owing to steric hindrance and electrostatic effect of CoA.	Carnitine	85-96	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	4-31
35578012-2	2022	The carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) catalyzes the reaction between acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine to produce CoA which is difficult to detect directly by electrochemical methods owing to steric hindrance and electrostatic effect of CoA.	Carnitine	85-96	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Homo sapiens	33-37
35546751-0	2022	L-carnitine reduced cellular aging of bone marrow resident C-kit+ hematopoietic stem cells through telomere dependent pathways.	Carnitine	0-11	KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	59-64
35630602-6	2022	Pharmacological inhibition of CPT1, the rate-limiting enzyme of the carnitine cycle, ameliorates the HD symptoms in Drosophila, likely acting on the expression of carnitine-related genes.	Carnitine	68-77	withered	Drosophila melanogaster	30-34
35630602-6	2022	Pharmacological inhibition of CPT1, the rate-limiting enzyme of the carnitine cycle, ameliorates the HD symptoms in Drosophila, likely acting on the expression of carnitine-related genes.	Carnitine	163-172	withered	Drosophila melanogaster	30-34
35546751-4	2022	This study aimed to evaluate the effects of L-carnitine (LC) on the aging of C-kit+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) via examining the expression of some signaling pathway components.	Carnitine	57-59	KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	77-82
35500571-9	2022	KEY RESULTS: In the autografted+l-carnitine group, the total volume of the ovary, the volume of the cortex, the number of follicles, the serum concentrations of IL-10, estradiol and progesterone significantly increased compared to the autografted group.	Carnitine	32-43	interleukin 10	Mus musculus	161-166
35500571-10	2022	In the autografted+l-carnitine group, serum concentrations of IL-6, TNF-alpha and MDA were significantly decreased compared to the autografted group.	Carnitine	19-30	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	62-66
35500571-10	2022	In the autografted+l-carnitine group, serum concentrations of IL-6, TNF-alpha and MDA were significantly decreased compared to the autografted group.	Carnitine	19-30	tumor necrosis factor	Mus musculus	68-77
35563000-1	2022	The mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (CAC) transports short-, medium- and long-carbon chain acylcarnitines across the mitochondrial inner membrane in exchange for carnitine.	Carnitine	18-27	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	51-54
35227690-12	2022	Furthermore, the inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1alpha abolished the protective effect of FXR in cisplatin-treated mice.	Carnitine	31-40	nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4	Mus musculus	104-107
35473947-8	2022	Interestingly, feeding fish with L-carnitine-enriched diets decreased the protein levels indicative of ER stress, such as glucose-regulated protein 78, p-eukaryotic translational initiation factor 2a, and activating transcription factor 6.	Carnitine	33-44	cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha	Larimichthys crocea	205-238
35563000-1	2022	The mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (CAC) transports short-, medium- and long-carbon chain acylcarnitines across the mitochondrial inner membrane in exchange for carnitine.	Carnitine	176-185	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	51-54
35392289-8	2022	Coffee by-products" bioactive compounds decreased lipid accumulation (23-41%) and fatty acid synthase activity (32-65%) and triggered carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 activity (1.3 to 1.7-fold) by activating AMPK and SREBP-1c pathways.	Carnitine	134-143	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1	Homo sapiens	208-212
35453430-6	2022	Carnitine pool includes the un-esterified l-carnitine (LC) and carnitine esters, such as acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) and propionyl-l-carnitine (PLC).	Carnitine	0-9	allantoicase	Homo sapiens	109-112
35455976-8	2022	Some observed myotoxic effects, such as disruption of skeletal muscle and increase in atrogin-1 expression, heart contraction could be rescued by the addition of L-carnitine.	Carnitine	162-173	F-box protein 32	Danio rerio	86-95
35392289-8	2022	Coffee by-products" bioactive compounds decreased lipid accumulation (23-41%) and fatty acid synthase activity (32-65%) and triggered carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 activity (1.3 to 1.7-fold) by activating AMPK and SREBP-1c pathways.	Carnitine	134-143	sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens	217-225
35409465-10	2022	The reduced lipid accumulation was associated with low expression of fatty acid synthase (Cpt1; p <= 0.05) and an upregulation of the fatty acid oxidation gene, carnitine palmitoyltransferase (Cpt1; p <= 0.01), as compared with the obese control mice.	Carnitine	161-170	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle	Mus musculus	193-197
35360862-1	2022	Background: Disorders of mitochondrial carnitine-acylcarnitine cycle is a heterogeneous group of hereditary diseases of mitochondrial beta-oxidation of fatty acids tested in NBS program in Zhejiang province, China.	Carnitine	39-48	nibrin	Homo sapiens	174-177
35304586-7	2022	Therefore, by reducing the level of IRE1alpha, L-Carnitine reduced the levels of Beclin and LC3BII, consequently reducing the level of apoptotic biomarkers including Bax and cleaving PARP and caspase 3.	Carnitine	47-58	endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1	Homo sapiens	36-45
35304586-7	2022	Therefore, by reducing the level of IRE1alpha, L-Carnitine reduced the levels of Beclin and LC3BII, consequently reducing the level of apoptotic biomarkers including Bax and cleaving PARP and caspase 3.	Carnitine	47-58	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Homo sapiens	166-169
35304586-7	2022	Therefore, by reducing the level of IRE1alpha, L-Carnitine reduced the levels of Beclin and LC3BII, consequently reducing the level of apoptotic biomarkers including Bax and cleaving PARP and caspase 3.	Carnitine	47-58	collagen type XI alpha 2 chain	Homo sapiens	183-187
35304586-7	2022	Therefore, by reducing the level of IRE1alpha, L-Carnitine reduced the levels of Beclin and LC3BII, consequently reducing the level of apoptotic biomarkers including Bax and cleaving PARP and caspase 3.	Carnitine	47-58	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	192-201
35051422-5	2022	We showed that l-carnitine supplementation to the diet of 15-month-old mice increased expression of the PGC-1alpha gene, which is responsible for the regulation of fatty acid oxidation, and the Nrf2 gene, which is responsible for protecting mitochondria by regulating the expression of antioxidants and mitophagy, in the heart.	Carnitine	15-26	peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha	Mus musculus	104-114
35051422-5	2022	We showed that l-carnitine supplementation to the diet of 15-month-old mice increased expression of the PGC-1alpha gene, which is responsible for the regulation of fatty acid oxidation, and the Nrf2 gene, which is responsible for protecting mitochondria by regulating the expression of antioxidants and mitophagy, in the heart.	Carnitine	15-26	nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2	Mus musculus	194-198
35360862-8	2022	Results: Overall, 20 patients (12 with CPT1D, 4 with CPT2D, and 4 with CACTD) with disorders of mitochondrial carnitine-acylcarnitine cycle were diagnosed by NBS.	Carnitine	110-119	nibrin	Homo sapiens	158-161
35360862-2	2022	Large-scale studies reporting disorders of mitochondrial carnitine-acylcarnitine cycle among Chinese population in NBS are limited.	Carnitine	57-66	nibrin	Homo sapiens	115-118
35360862-18	2022	The most common variant in SLC25A20 gene was c.199-10T > G. Conclusion: Disorders of mitochondrial carnitine-acylcarnitine cycle can be detected by NBS, and the combined incidence of these disorders in newborns was rare in Zhejiang province, China.	Carnitine	99-108	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Homo sapiens	27-35
35360862-3	2022	The aim of this study was to explain the incidence and biochemical, clinical, and genetic characteristics of disorders of mitochondrial carnitine-acylcarnitine cycle in NBS.	Carnitine	136-145	nibrin	Homo sapiens	169-172
35141787-1	2022	The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of dietary supplementation with methyl methionine sulfonium chloride (MMSC), and L-carnitine (L-CAR) alone or in combination on the growth performance of broilers through their impact on the expression of IGF-1 and MSTN genes associated with growth in broilers.	Carnitine	133-144	insulin like growth factor 1	Gallus gallus	257-262
34999386-8	2022	In addition, l-Car lowered the levels of leptin and ghrelin and increased transforming growth factor beta 1 in the blood plasma, and consumption of Res was accompanied by a decrease in interleukin-17A and increase in interferon gamma in spleen lysates.	Carnitine	13-18	leptin	Rattus norvegicus	41-47
34999386-8	2022	In addition, l-Car lowered the levels of leptin and ghrelin and increased transforming growth factor beta 1 in the blood plasma, and consumption of Res was accompanied by a decrease in interleukin-17A and increase in interferon gamma in spleen lysates.	Carnitine	13-18	ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Rattus norvegicus	52-59
34999386-8	2022	In addition, l-Car lowered the levels of leptin and ghrelin and increased transforming growth factor beta 1 in the blood plasma, and consumption of Res was accompanied by a decrease in interleukin-17A and increase in interferon gamma in spleen lysates.	Carnitine	13-18	transforming growth factor, beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	74-107
34999386-8	2022	In addition, l-Car lowered the levels of leptin and ghrelin and increased transforming growth factor beta 1 in the blood plasma, and consumption of Res was accompanied by a decrease in interleukin-17A and increase in interferon gamma in spleen lysates.	Carnitine	13-18	interleukin 17A	Rattus norvegicus	185-200
34999386-8	2022	In addition, l-Car lowered the levels of leptin and ghrelin and increased transforming growth factor beta 1 in the blood plasma, and consumption of Res was accompanied by a decrease in interleukin-17A and increase in interferon gamma in spleen lysates.	Carnitine	13-18	interferon gamma	Rattus norvegicus	217-233
35330412-8	2022	Network analysis identified differential associations between four variants (in/near INTU, FAT1, CNTN6, and TM9SF2) and plasma metabolites (phosphatidylcholines, carnitines, biogenic amines, and amino acids) in early- compared with adult-onset MDD.	Carnitine	162-172	inturned planar cell polarity protein	Homo sapiens	85-89
35330412-8	2022	Network analysis identified differential associations between four variants (in/near INTU, FAT1, CNTN6, and TM9SF2) and plasma metabolites (phosphatidylcholines, carnitines, biogenic amines, and amino acids) in early- compared with adult-onset MDD.	Carnitine	162-172	transmembrane 9 superfamily member 2	Homo sapiens	108-114
35176959-0	2022	L-Carnitine alleviates hepatic and renal mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic progression induced by letrozole in female rats through modulation of Nrf-2, Cyt c and CASP-3 signaling.	Carnitine	0-11	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	145-150
35176959-0	2022	L-Carnitine alleviates hepatic and renal mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic progression induced by letrozole in female rats through modulation of Nrf-2, Cyt c and CASP-3 signaling.	Carnitine	0-11	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	162-168
35176959-11	2022	It can be concluded that LC alleviates LTZ induced hepatorenal oxidative stress (OS) and mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic progression through modulation of Nrf-2, Cyt c, and CASP-3 signaling in female rats.	Carnitine	25-27	NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	157-162
35176959-11	2022	It can be concluded that LC alleviates LTZ induced hepatorenal oxidative stress (OS) and mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic progression through modulation of Nrf-2, Cyt c, and CASP-3 signaling in female rats.	Carnitine	25-27	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	175-181
35224109-10	2022	After the adjustment for other potential confounding factors, such as other carnitines and conventional risk factors, Factor 2 was positively associated with an increased risk of DPN (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.13-1.69).	Carnitine	76-86	transcription termination factor 2	Homo sapiens	118-126
35141787-1	2022	The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of dietary supplementation with methyl methionine sulfonium chloride (MMSC), and L-carnitine (L-CAR) alone or in combination on the growth performance of broilers through their impact on the expression of IGF-1 and MSTN genes associated with growth in broilers.	Carnitine	133-144	myostatin	Gallus gallus	267-271
35057527-7	2022	The change in KES was significantly higher (p = 0.01) in the carnitine group (0.02 (0.01-0.04) kgf/kg) as compared to the non-carnitine group (-0.02 (-0.04 to 0.01) kgf/kg).	Carnitine	61-70	fibroblast growth factor 7	Homo sapiens	95-98
35108516-0	2022	Erythrocyte transglutaminase-2 combats hypoxia and chronic kidney disease by promoting oxygen delivery and carnitine homeostasis.	Carnitine	107-116	transglutaminase 2	Homo sapiens	12-30
35108516-3	2022	In a pathological hypoxia model with chronic kidney disease (CKD), eTG2 is critical to combat renal hypoxia-induced reduction of Slc22a5 transcription and OCNT2 protein levels via HIF-1alpha-PPARalpha signaling to maintain carnitine homeostasis.	Carnitine	223-232	hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha	Homo sapiens	180-190
35154245-0	2021	Identification of Six Novel Variants of ACAD8 in Isobutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency With Increased C4 Carnitine Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry and NGS Sequencing.	Carnitine	107-116	acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family member 8	Homo sapiens	40-45
35057527-7	2022	The change in KES was significantly higher (p = 0.01) in the carnitine group (0.02 (0.01-0.04) kgf/kg) as compared to the non-carnitine group (-0.02 (-0.04 to 0.01) kgf/kg).	Carnitine	61-70	fibroblast growth factor 7	Homo sapiens	165-168
35104825-6	2022	L-Carnitine treatment suppressed mtROS production in both proximal tubular cells and CD11b low Mphis (p < 0.01), with improved SOD2 expression in the kidney (p < 0.01), decreased circulating mtDNA content, and reduced albuminuria.	Carnitine	0-11	integrin alpha M	Mus musculus	85-90
35104825-6	2022	L-Carnitine treatment suppressed mtROS production in both proximal tubular cells and CD11b low Mphis (p < 0.01), with improved SOD2 expression in the kidney (p < 0.01), decreased circulating mtDNA content, and reduced albuminuria.	Carnitine	0-11	superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	127-131
2697461-0	1989	Effect of exogenous insulin on plasma free carnitine levels during exercise in normal man.	Carnitine	43-52	insulin	Homo sapiens	20-27
2597132-10	1989	(6) Transfer to carnitine of all three fatty acids (as potassium salts) by carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I) was similarly inhibited by increasing concentrations of malonyl-CoA.	Carnitine	16-25	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	75-107
2597132-10	1989	(6) Transfer to carnitine of all three fatty acids (as potassium salts) by carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I) was similarly inhibited by increasing concentrations of malonyl-CoA.	Carnitine	16-25	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B	Rattus norvegicus	109-114
2622586-0	1989	[Serum myoglobin in pregnant women treated with tocolytics and carnitine].	Carnitine	63-72	myoglobin	Homo sapiens	7-16
2809620-7	1989	The CPT1 and CPT2 activities were suppressed to a strikingly similar degree under different kinetic conditions as compared to control muscle and were found to have similar Km values for carnitine and PCoA.	Carnitine	186-195	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	4-8
2809620-7	1989	The CPT1 and CPT2 activities were suppressed to a strikingly similar degree under different kinetic conditions as compared to control muscle and were found to have similar Km values for carnitine and PCoA.	Carnitine	186-195	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	13-17
2809620-8	1989	With Km concentrations of carnitine, the mean residual activities of CPT1 for patients 1 and 2 were 49 and 44%, respectively (control range 40-53%); the mean residual activities of CPT2 were 60 and 46%, respectively (control range 49-59%).	Carnitine	26-35	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens	69-73
2622586-8	1989	Moreover, the use of carnitine did not modify the blood concentration of myoglobin, whereas it obtained beneficial results on the onset of beta 2-mimetic induced side-effects.	Carnitine	21-30	potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 2	Homo sapiens	139-145
2818568-7	1989	Only C16, C14 and C12 intermediates were detected in uncoupled mitochondria oxidizing [U-14C]hexadecanoyl-CoA in the presence of fluorocitrate and carnitine, providing evidence for some organization of the enzymes of beta-oxidation [Garland, Shepherd &amp; Yates (1965) Biochem.	Carnitine	147-156	anti-Mullerian hormone receptor type 2	Rattus norvegicus	10-13
2774175-1	1989	Carnitine acetyltransferase is used in a radioenzymatic assay to measure the concentration of carnitine.	Carnitine	94-103	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-27
3059823-0	1988	Interaction of carnitine with insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism in humans.	Carnitine	15-24	insulin	Homo sapiens	30-37
3059823-3	1988	At similar steady-state plasma insulin levels (75 microU/ml), carnitine infusion was associated with a 17 +/- 3% stimulation of whole body glucose utilization (6.56 +/- 0.60 vs. 5.57 +/- 0.44 mg.min-1.kg-1, P less than 0.001).	Carnitine	62-71	insulin	Homo sapiens	31-38
3178716-1	1988	Relation between hepatic carnitine concentration and carnitine acetyltransferase activity.	Carnitine	25-34	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	53-80
3335535-4	1988	Carnitine greatly reduced the amounts of propionyl-CoA derived from alpha-ketoisovalerate, while smaller effects were obtained on the branched-chain acyl-CoA levels, consistent with the latter acyl moieties being poorer substrates for carnitine acetyltransferase and also poorer substrates for the carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase.	Carnitine	0-9	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	235-262
3335535-4	1988	Carnitine greatly reduced the amounts of propionyl-CoA derived from alpha-ketoisovalerate, while smaller effects were obtained on the branched-chain acyl-CoA levels, consistent with the latter acyl moieties being poorer substrates for carnitine acetyltransferase and also poorer substrates for the carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase.	Carnitine	0-9	solute carrier family 25 member 20	Rattus norvegicus	298-333
3683188-14	1987	ACAT activity increased (1.5 times) with the high fat diet and increased further (4.5 times) following carnitine treatment.	Carnitine	103-112	sterol O-acyltransferase 1	Oryctolagus cuniculus	0-4
2472418-0	1989	Novel action of carnitine: inhibition of aggregation of dispersed cells elicited by clusterin in vitro.	Carnitine	16-25	clusterin	Mus musculus	84-93
2472418-4	1989	The concentrations required for inhibition by approximately 50% of aggregation of erythrocytes by clusterin under in vitro conditions defined were determined to be 1.5 mM for L(-) or D(+) enantiomers of carnitine; 0.5 mM for decanoyl(-)- or (+)-carnitine; 0.13 mM for lauroyl(-)- or (+)-carnitine, and 0.05 mM for myristoyl(-)- or (+)-carnitine.	Carnitine	203-212	clusterin	Mus musculus	98-107
2472418-4	1989	The concentrations required for inhibition by approximately 50% of aggregation of erythrocytes by clusterin under in vitro conditions defined were determined to be 1.5 mM for L(-) or D(+) enantiomers of carnitine; 0.5 mM for decanoyl(-)- or (+)-carnitine; 0.13 mM for lauroyl(-)- or (+)-carnitine, and 0.05 mM for myristoyl(-)- or (+)-carnitine.	Carnitine	241-254	clusterin	Mus musculus	98-107
2472418-4	1989	The concentrations required for inhibition by approximately 50% of aggregation of erythrocytes by clusterin under in vitro conditions defined were determined to be 1.5 mM for L(-) or D(+) enantiomers of carnitine; 0.5 mM for decanoyl(-)- or (+)-carnitine; 0.13 mM for lauroyl(-)- or (+)-carnitine, and 0.05 mM for myristoyl(-)- or (+)-carnitine.	Carnitine	283-296	clusterin	Mus musculus	98-107
2472418-4	1989	The concentrations required for inhibition by approximately 50% of aggregation of erythrocytes by clusterin under in vitro conditions defined were determined to be 1.5 mM for L(-) or D(+) enantiomers of carnitine; 0.5 mM for decanoyl(-)- or (+)-carnitine; 0.13 mM for lauroyl(-)- or (+)-carnitine, and 0.05 mM for myristoyl(-)- or (+)-carnitine.	Carnitine	283-296	clusterin	Mus musculus	98-107
2472418-8	1989	We consider possible mechanisms by which carnitine inhibits aggregation of erythrocytes and other populations of dispersed cells incubated in the presence of clusterin.	Carnitine	41-50	clusterin	Mus musculus	158-167
2763883-3	1989	The levels of free carnitine were measured through the enzyme-colorimetry method of Marquis and Fritz.	Carnitine	19-28	WD repeat containing planar cell polarity effector	Homo sapiens	96-101
3214166-17	1988	The combined data demonstrate further differences between the carnitine recognition sites in CPT and CAT.	Carnitine	62-71	carnitine O-acetyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	101-104
3416821-0	1988	Effects of prolactin and growth hormone on tissue and serum carnitine in the rat.	Carnitine	60-69	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	11-20
3416821-0	1988	Effects of prolactin and growth hormone on tissue and serum carnitine in the rat.	Carnitine	60-69	gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	25-39
3378057-1	1988	Interaction of rat liver gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.1) with various ligands was studied by following the decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate, formation of L-carnitine, or both.	Carnitine	175-186	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	25-56
3378057-2	1988	Potassium ion stimulates rat liver gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase catalyzed L-carnitine synthesis and alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylation by 630% and 240%, respectively, and optimizes the coupling efficiency of these two activities.	Carnitine	77-88	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	35-66
3378057-4	1988	gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase catalyzed decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate was dependent on the presence of gamma-butyrobetaine, L-carnitine, or D-carnitine in the reaction and exhibited Km(app) values of 29, 52, and 470 microM, respectively.	Carnitine	135-146	gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-31
3346778-1	1988	Carnitine status was evaluated in 12 patients with hyperammonemic attacks caused by a deficiency in ornithine transcarbamylase.	Carnitine	0-9	ornithine transcarbamylase	Homo sapiens	100-126